Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3827 692969 596801 2026-07-31T03:55:06Z Chikerenma Ndubuka 8900 Ref Error 692969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Ama|nativename=''Sawiyanu''|states=[[Papua New Guinea]]|region=[[East Sepik Province]]|speakers=490|date=2000|familycolor=Papuan|fam1=[[Arai–Samaia languages|Arai–Samaia]]|fam2=[[Left May languages|Left May]] (Arai)|iso3=amm}} '''Ama''' Aha "Siawi" bụ okwu na-ezighi ezi nke aha njirimara, Siafli, nke e ji mee ihe na maapụ gọọmentị. Aha ochie maka asụsụ ahụ, "Musan", bụ aha ebo. Ethnologue na-akọ na a na-asụ ya na Ama (Wopolu I) (4°06′12′′S 141°39′54′′E / 4.1035012°E / -4.103263; 141.665012 (Ama)), Kauvia (Kawiya) (4°07′24′′E /4.1336S 14167E /14161616163161616""EEEE1413131 (Kavia) WWWW1616161), Wanik (4°12°12°141414141S1""E141414164164168EEE12°141""EE1414168E1""E12°171""E168E161""E1""SSSS1""S1""NNN1""E11""E1248""E124262626268EE12481""E""E1236""EE1""N1""S11""EE1241248""S14,1416""E12""EE16""E16""S1S14,16""E<ref name="UN-PNG">{{Cite web|url=https://data.humdata.org/dataset/village-coordinates-lookup|title=Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup|author=United Nations in Papua New Guinea|work=Humanitarian Data Exchange|date=2018}}</ref> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == Ama nwere ụdaume iri na abụọ, nke bụ: <ref name="Foley-Sepik"/>:: 344  Ama nwere ụdaume asaa, nke bụ: <ref name="Foley-Sepik">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=197–432|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoley2018">Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">197–</span>432. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|<bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref>:: 344  == Aha nnọchiaha == Ndị nnọchiaha bụ: <ref name="Foley-Sepik">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=197–432|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoley2018">Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">197–</span>432. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|<bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref>:: 345  == Asụsụ == Ama nwere oge anọ, nke a na-eji nsonaazụ akara. * n'oge gara aga (-''ki'') * nso g''a'' aga (ya bụ ụnyaahụ) (-a) * ugbu a (today) (Ø, unmarked) * ọdịn''i'' (-''imoi'' ~ -i) == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 599m4mocxo9rx4d92hp3md2kkkvdie2 0 9588 692712 621266 2026-07-30T13:24:05Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Funke Opeke''' bụ onye injinia nke ihe ọbụla gbasara eletriki, doro anya. Ọ bụ ya guzobere otu akpọrọ 'Main Street Technologies' ma nnukwu onye isi nke ụlọ ọrụ [[:en:Main_One|Main One Cable Company]], Ụlọ ọrụ a na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi nakwa nzikọrịta ozi. Ụlọ ọrụ a di na Lagos nke Nigeria. Ụlọ ọrụ ya bụ 'MainOne bu ụlọ ọrrụ kacha n;ihe gbasara igbo mkpa nzikọrita ozi nakwa mbasa ozi na West Africa. == Agụmakwụkwọ na mbido ndụ ya == Funke Opeke gụrụ kọleji n' ụlọ akwụkwọ Queens, ọ bụ naani kọleji umu nwaanyị dị na Ibaban Oyo Steeti mgbe ahụ. O toro n'Ibadan isi obodo Oyo Steeti na agbanyeghị na ọ bụ onye IIe-Oluji nke di n'Ondo Steeti. Nne na Nna ya mụrụ ha iteolu. Nna ya bụ ọnye Nigeria izizi rụrụ ọrụ dika Dairektọ n'ụlọ ọrụ Cocoa Research Institute nke Nigeria ebe Nne bụ onye Nkuzi . <ref>{{Cite web|title=5 things you didn’t know about Funke Opeke, CEO of MainOne|url=https://techpoint.africa/2017/05/05/things-didnt-know-funke-opeke/|last=Oludimu|first=Titilola|date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web|title=5 things you didn’t know about Funke Opeke, CEO of MainOne|url=https://techpoint.africa/2017/05/05/things-didnt-know-funke-opeke/|last=Oludimu|first=Titilola|date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Opeke nwetara nzere digiri nke bachelọ nakwa nke Mastas na [[:en:Obafemi_Awolowo_University|Obafemi Awolowo University]] na [[:en:Columbia_University|Columbia University]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Executive Profile|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=108452770&privcapId=105897653|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=13 October 2016}}</ref> Ka ọ gụchara na Mahadum nke Columbia, ọ gara n'ihu ịrụ ọrụ na ngalaba na-ahụ maka nkanụzụ na America dika Dairektọ nke na-achịkọta ngalaba nke 'Verizon Communications di na Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Columbia, ọ gbasoro ọrụ na ICT na United States dị ka onye isi otu yana nnukwu ngalaba Verizon Communications na [[New York City]] . N'afọ 2005, ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTN_Nigeria" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="MTN Nigeria" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="18">MTN Nigeria</a> dị ka onye isi ndị ọrụ aka tụmadị ịhụ na nsogbu anaghị n'igwe nzikọrịta ozi nke a kpọrọ 'Chief Technical Office site na Portugal r' (CTO). N' aka nke ọzọ ọ rụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na [[:en:Transcorp|Transcorp]] ma rụkwa na [[:en:NITEL|NITEL]] obere oge dika onye na-ahụ ọrụ na-aga nke ọma . <ref name="Aljazeera">{{Cite news|title=Funke Opeke: Nigeria's cyber revolutionary|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/my-nigeria/2015/09/funke-opeke-nigeria-cyber-revolutionary-150921085229827.html|accessdate=13 October 2016|publisher=Aljazeera}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/07/shittu-ndukwe-ovia-others-enter-ds-ihub-hall-fame/|title=Shittu, Ndukwe, Ovia, others to enter DS-IHUB hall of fame|accessdate=13 October 2016|publisher=Vanguard Newspapers}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Govt Urged to Leverage Power of Broadband Technology|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/11/govt-urged-to-leverage-power-of-broadband-technology/|accessdate=13 October 2016|publisher=This Day Live Newspapers}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Mainone becomes first west African carrier to connect London internet exchange point|url=http://technologytimes.ng/main-one-becomes-first-west-african-carrier-to-connect-london-internet-exchange-point/|accessdate=13 October 2016|publisher=Technology Times}}</ref> == Ụlọ ọrụ 'MainOneCable' == Ka ọ lachitere azụ na Nigeria n'afọ 2008, Funke Opeke chọpụtara na ndi Nigeria, na enwe nsogbụ ịntanetị, ọbụ udi nsogbu a ọ hụrụ mere oji guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ya nke ahụ ọ kpọrọ 'MainOne Cable'. Ụlọ ọrụ a gboro mkpa nsogbụ ịntanetị ndi Nigeria na enwe site iwepụta akọrọ ngwa di iche iji gbochie nsogbu a. 'MainOne Cable bụ ụlọ ọrụ izizi otu onye na -eguzobe na mba West Africa niile bu nke achọrọ ka ọnye nwereike isonye ma nwetaba intanetị. Cable a gara Kilometa puku asaa n'okpuru oshimiri site na Portugal wee ruo West Africa site n'akụkụ Accara di na Ghana,Dakar di na Senegal n'afọ 2019, Abidjan di na Cote d'Ivoire n'afọ 2019 nakwa Lagos di na Nigeria <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://techpoint.ng/2017/05/05/things-didnt-know-funke-opeke/ |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2020-05-03 |archivedate=2017-09-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914173043/https://techpoint.ng/2017/05/05/things-didnt-know-funke-opeke/ }}</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170914173154/https://techpoint.ng/2015/08/14/mainones-premier-tier-iii-data-center-receives-pci-dss-global-payment-license/ leading communications</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170914173156/https://techpoint.ng/2015/09/16/main-one-mdx-i-lagos-tour/ company built</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://techpoint.ng/2015/09/04/mainone-partners-microsoft-provide-cloud-computing-subscription-service/ |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2020-05-03 |archivedate=2017-09-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914173224/https://techpoint.ng/2015/09/04/mainone-partners-microsoft-provide-cloud-computing-subscription-service/ }}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techpoint.ng/2017/06/06/how-funke-opeke-funded-mainone/|title="Raising money is the most difficult thing I ever did as an entrepreneur" -- Funke Opeke, MainOne CEO|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-03|archivedate=2017-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914215447/https://techpoint.ng/2017/06/06/how-funke-opeke-funded-mainone/}}</ref> == Ebe Nsinweta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Opeke, Funke}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c965suon9194d377y5mj1x2co34xgbz 692713 692712 2026-07-30T13:24:35Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Funke Opeke''' bụ onye injinia nke ihe ọbụla gbasara eletriki, doro anya. Ọ bụ ya guzobere otu akpọrọ 'Main Street Technologies' ma nnukwu onye isi nke ụlọ ọrụ [[:en:Main_One|Main One Cable Company]], Ụlọ ọrụ a na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi nakwa nzikọrịta ozi. Ụlọ ọrụ a di na Lagos nke Nigeria. Ụlọ ọrụ ya bụ 'MainOne bu ụlọ ọrrụ kacha n;ihe gbasara igbo mkpa nzikọrita ozi nakwa mbasa ozi na West Africa. == Agụmakwụkwọ na mbido ndụ ya == Funke Opeke gụrụ kọleji n' ụlọ akwụkwọ Queens, ọ bụ naani kọleji umu nwaanyị dị na Ibaban Oyo Steeti mgbe ahụ. O toro n'Ibadan isi obodo Oyo Steeti na agbanyeghị na ọ bụ onye IIe-Oluji nke di n'Ondo Steeti. Nne na Nna ya mụrụ ha iteolu. Nna ya bụ ọnye Nigeria izizi rụrụ ọrụ dika Dairektọ n'ụlọ ọrụ Cocoa Research Institute nke Nigeria ebe Nne bụ onye Nkuzi . <ref>{{Cite web|title=5 things you didn’t know about Funke Opeke, CEO of MainOne|url=https://techpoint.africa/2017/05/05/things-didnt-know-funke-opeke/|last=Oludimu|first=Titilola|date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web|title=5 things you didn’t know about Funke Opeke, CEO of MainOne|url=https://techpoint.africa/2017/05/05/things-didnt-know-funke-opeke/|last=Oludimu|first=Titilola|date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> Opeke nwetara nzere digiri nke bachelọ nakwa nke Mastas na [[:en:Obafemi_Awolowo_University|Obafemi Awolowo University]] na [[:en:Columbia_University|Columbia University]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Executive Profile|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=108452770&privcapId=105897653|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=13 October 2016}}</ref> Ka ọ gụchara na Mahadum nke Columbia, ọ gara n'ihu ịrụ ọrụ na ngalaba na-ahụ maka nkanụzụ na America dika Dairektọ nke na-achịkọta ngalaba nke 'Verizon Communications di na Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Columbia, ọ gbasoro ọrụ na ICT na United States dị ka onye isi otu yana nnukwu ngalaba Verizon Communications na [[New York City]] . N'afọ 2005, ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTN_Nigeria" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="MTN Nigeria" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="18">MTN Nigeria</a> dị ka onye isi ndị ọrụ aka tụmadị ịhụ na nsogbu anaghị n'igwe nzikọrịta ozi nke a kpọrọ 'Chief Technical Office site na Portugal r' (CTO). N' aka nke ọzọ ọ rụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na [[:en:Transcorp|Transcorp]] ma rụkwa na [[:en:NITEL|NITEL]] obere oge dika onye na-ahụ ọrụ na-aga nke ọma . <ref name="Aljazeera">{{Cite news|title=Funke Opeke: Nigeria's cyber revolutionary|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/my-nigeria/2015/09/funke-opeke-nigeria-cyber-revolutionary-150921085229827.html|accessdate=13 October 2016|publisher=Aljazeera}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/07/shittu-ndukwe-ovia-others-enter-ds-ihub-hall-fame/|title=Shittu, Ndukwe, Ovia, others to enter DS-IHUB hall of fame|accessdate=13 October 2016|publisher=Vanguard Newspapers}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Govt Urged to Leverage Power of Broadband Technology|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/08/11/govt-urged-to-leverage-power-of-broadband-technology/|accessdate=13 October 2016|publisher=This Day Live Newspapers}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Mainone becomes first west African carrier to connect London internet exchange point|url=http://technologytimes.ng/main-one-becomes-first-west-african-carrier-to-connect-london-internet-exchange-point/|accessdate=13 October 2016|publisher=Technology Times}}</ref> == Ụlọ ọrụ 'MainOneCable' == Ka ọ lachitere azụ na Nigeria n'afọ 2008, Funke Opeke chọpụtara na ndi Nigeria, na enwe nsogbụ ịntanetị, ọbụ udi nsogbu a ọ hụrụ mere oji guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ya nke ahụ ọ kpọrọ 'MainOne Cable'. Ụlọ ọrụ a gboro mkpa nsogbụ ịntanetị ndi Nigeria na enwe site iwepụta akọrọ ngwa di iche iji gbochie nsogbu a. 'MainOne Cable bụ ụlọ ọrụ izizi otu onye na -eguzobe na mba West Africa niile bu nke achọrọ ka ọnye nwereike isonye ma nwetaba intanetị. Cable a gara Kilometa puku asaa n'okpuru oshimiri site na Portugal wee ruo West Africa site n'akụkụ Accara di na Ghana,Dakar di na Senegal n'afọ 2019, Abidjan di na Cote d'Ivoire n'afọ 2019 nakwa Lagos di na Nigeria <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://techpoint.ng/2017/05/05/things-didnt-know-funke-opeke/ |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2020-05-03 |archivedate=2017-09-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914173043/https://techpoint.ng/2017/05/05/things-didnt-know-funke-opeke/ }}</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170914173154/https://techpoint.ng/2015/08/14/mainones-premier-tier-iii-data-center-receives-pci-dss-global-payment-license/ leading communications</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170914173156/https://techpoint.ng/2015/09/16/main-one-mdx-i-lagos-tour/ company built</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://techpoint.ng/2015/09/04/mainone-partners-microsoft-provide-cloud-computing-subscription-service/ |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2020-05-03 |archivedate=2017-09-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914173224/https://techpoint.ng/2015/09/04/mainone-partners-microsoft-provide-cloud-computing-subscription-service/ }}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techpoint.ng/2017/06/06/how-funke-opeke-funded-mainone/|title="Raising money is the most difficult thing I ever did as an entrepreneur" -- Funke Opeke, MainOne CEO|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-03|archivedate=2017-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914215447/https://techpoint.ng/2017/06/06/how-funke-opeke-funded-mainone/}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{DEFAULTSORT:Opeke, Funke}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ilx203yrxlvvoxritxewf5z5xmhy2nx 0 9905 692727 692109 2026-07-30T13:43:32Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Akindele-Bello Olufunke Ayotunde'''<ref name="vanguard">{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/01/i-didnt-snatch-anybodys-husband-funke-akindele/|title=I didn’t snatch anybody’s husband – Funke Akindele|accessdate=1 March 2011}}</ref> (ónyé amaara dị́ ka Funke '''Akindele /Jenifa''')<ref name="olufunkeakindele.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.olufunkeakindele.com/about-funke-akindele/|title=About |accessdate=8 October 2016|archivedate=21 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021201726/http://www.olufunkeakindele.com/about-funke-akindele/}}</ref> bụ ónyé n'eme ihe nkiri ma na-arụ́pụ̀tákwa ihe nkiri. Funke gosipụ̀tara na emume sitcom ''I Need to Know'' site áfọ̀ 1998 ruo 2002, n'áfọ̀ 2009 ọ̀ nwetara awọdụ na Africa Movie Academy Award màkà ngósìpụ̀tà ézígbò ákpárámàgwà nlégárá ányā n'éjìjé<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2009|title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2009|accessdate=1 March 2011|archivedate=5 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405090903/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2009}}</ref> ọ́ nọ̀ dịka onye ánà-èlégárá ányá n'éjìjé ''Jenifa's Diary'',<ref name="PulseJenifa">{{Cite web|title="Jenifa's Diary" Watch Funke Akindele in season 4 trailer|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/jenifas-diary-watch-funke-akindele-in-season-4-trailer-id4609524.html|accessdate=28 January 2016|archivedate=24 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824180655/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/jenifas-diary-watch-funke-akindele-in-season-4-trailer-id4609524.html}}</ref> nke akpọ́pụ̀tàrà ya dịka nwanyị kachasị n'éjìjé egwuregwu/ị́kpā ọ́chị̀ [[Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards]]. == Mmàlíté ńdụ̀ nà mmụ̀tá == Á mụrụ Akindele n'ọ́nwá ọgọọs 24, 1977, na Ikorodu, [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos State]], Naijiria. <ref name="Origin">Olivia Kabir, January 2019 [https://www.legit.ng/1215364-funke-akindeles-state-origin.html Funke Akindele's state of origin Read more: https://www.legit.ng/1215364-funke-akindeles-state-origin.html], ''[[Legit.ng]]''</ref> Funke bụ nwa abụọ n'ime ụmụ atọ (ụmụ nwanyị abụọ na otu nwoke). Nne Akindele bụ̀ onye dibị̀a bekee ebe nna ya bụ̀ onye isi ụ́lọ̀ akwụkwọ ndị sekọ́ndị̀rị̀ lagoro ezumike ńkā. <ref name="olufunkeakindele.com"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/529267-10-things-need-know-funke-akindele.html|title=10 Things You Need To Know About Funke Akindele ▷ NAIJ.COM|author=Bodunrin|date=|work=naij.com|accessdate=8 October 2016}}</ref> Funke nwetara asambodo National Diploma (OND) na Mass Communication site na ụlọakwụkwọ bụbụrụ Ogun State Polytechnic,bụzi Moshood Abiola ugbu a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unilag.edu.ng/|title=Unilag Home|work=University of Lagos|accessdate=2020-01-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Birthday Shout! Celebrating versatile screen diva Funke Akindele aka Jenifa|url=https://www.happenings.com.ng/lifestyle/2016/08/24/birthday-shout-celebrating-versatile-screen-diva-funke-akindele-aka-jenifa|author=Williams|work=Happenings Media|accessdate=2020-05-25|archivedate=2020-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019150439/https://www.happenings.com.ng/lifestyle/2016/08/24/birthday-shout-celebrating-versatile-screen-diva-funke-akindele-aka-jenifa}}</ref> <ref name="ghanaweb1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Nollywood-s-Funke-Akindele-turns-40-years-today-464762|title=Nollywood's Funke Akindele turns 40 years today|date=2016-08-24|accessdate=2020-04-05}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Akindele bụ̀ụ̀rụ̀ onye ámà ama mgbe ó gósìpụ̀tàra ònwé ya na United Nations Population Fund ( UNFPA ) nke na-akwado sitcom/Need to know, nke malitere site na 1998 ruo 2002. Funke zàrà Bisi, ma gosipụta ákpárámàgwà nwa akwụkwọ sekọndrị nwere ọgụgụ isi ma nwee ọ̀nụ̀nụ̀ ọ́kụ́ n'obi.Funke Akindele chawapụtara na 2008 mgbe ọ pụtara n'ihe nkiri ''Jenifa'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch: Funke Akindele – My Best Friend Can Only Call My Husband On His Birthday|url=https://guardian.ng/life/funke-akindele-says-friends-not-allowed-to-call-her-husband/|last=Akindele|first=Funke|date=|accessdate=2020-11-09|archivedate=2020-11-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102195839/https://guardian.ng/life/funke-akindele-says-friends-not-allowed-to-call-her-husband/}}</ref> <ref name="ghanaweb1"/> Na Jenụwarị 2018, enwere esemokwu mgbe a kọrọ na Akindele ga-enweta ya Hollywood izizi na Marvel's ''Avengers: Infinity War'' dịka e depụtara ya dịka onye so na IMDb .Onye Ọrụ nta akụkọ ndị mainstream nke Naịjirịa kwuru na ọ jikerela ichawapụta na ''infinity War'' dị ka onye nche Dora Milaje, na-akowa IMDb. <ref name="Sun">January 11, 2018 [https://www.sunnewsonline.com/funke-akindele-to-star-in-hollywood-movie-avengers-infinity-war/ Funke Akindele to star in Hollywood movie “Avengers: Infinity War”], ''[[The Sun (Nigeria)|Sun News]]''</ref> Izu ole na ole ka nke ahụ gasịrị, e dochiri aha onye otu nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri na Naịjirịa bụ [[Genevieve Nnaji]], <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/01/whats-story-funke-akindele-bello-genevieve-nnaji-avengers-infinity-war/|title=What's the Story on Funke Akindele Bello, Genevieve Nnaji & "Avengers: Infinity War"?|date=2018-01-15}}</ref> na ntinye nke Akindele gosiri na ọ bụ mbanye anataghị ikike. <ref name="Freeze">Nsikak Nseyen, January 16, 2018 [http://dailypost.ng/2018/01/16/hackers-uploaded-funke-akindeles-photo-avengers-cast-freeze/ How hackers uploaded Funke Akindele’s photo as Avenger’s cast – Freeze], ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''</ref> Na February 2018, a kọrọ na Onye isi oche Senate na Onye isi oche nke National Assembly, Dr Bukola Saraki gwara ndị Marvel Studios ka ha gosipụta Akindele na ''Infinity War.'' <ref name="AkindelePost">Nasikak Nseye, February 5, 2018[http://dailypost.ng/2018/02/05/avengers-infinity-war-saraki-makes-case-actress-funke-akindele/ ‘Avengers Infinity War’: Saraki makes case for actress, Funke Akindele], ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''</ref> N’ọnwa Julaị 2016, n’ajụjụ ọnụ o kwuru na ya anaghị eme ọtụtụ ihe nkiri n’ụlọ ọrụ ndị Yoruba n’oge ahụ n’ihi ịzonari ụfọdụ ihe. <ref name="Cable">July 18, 2016 [https://www.thecable.ng/funke-akindele-im-not-producing-yoruba-movies-now Funke Akindele: I’m not producing Yoruba movies for now], ''[[The Cable]]''</ref> Akindele bụ ísí ahụrụ kwawa okpu n'ihe nkiri na-aga n'ihu bụ ''Jenifa Diary'', gbakwunyere Fisayo Ajisola, Falz, Juliana Olayode, na Aderounmu Adejumoke . Ihe ngosi a na - emetụta ụfọdụ ngalaba ihe nkiri ''Jenifa'' . <ref name="PulseJenifa"/> Ihe Nkiri egwu/ịkpa ọchị 2018 bụ ''moms at war gósìpûtàwanyere'' Akindele na Michelle Dede . N’ọnwa Julaị 2019, Akindele bidoro usoro intanetị ọhụrụ ọ kpọrọ Aiyetoro ''Town'', <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/aiyetoro-town-jenifas-diary-spinoff-from-funke-akindele-is-hilarious/19k58np|title=Aiyetoro town: Funke Akindele has kicked off ‘Jenifa’s Diary’ spinoff, and it’s hilarious|date=2019-07-10|accessdate=2020-02-15}}</ref> nke na-esite na nsonye TV ya ama ama, ''Jenifa’s Diary.'' <ref name="Pulse">July 24, 2018 [https://web.archive.org/web/20190424041723/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/moms-at-war-heres-when-omoni-obolis-new-film-will-be-released-in-cinemas/mevk6zr Here's when Omoni Oboli's new film will be released in cinemas], ''Pulse Nigeria''</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi nke [https://web.archive.org/web/20201101100048/https://www.sceneone.tv/ Scene One] Film Production. <ref name="TheNet">Mosope Olumide, September 14, 2018 [http://thenet.ng/poverty-and-failure-funke-akindele-reveals-her-greatest-fears-in-life/ Poverty And Failure: Funke Akindele Reveals Her Greatest Fears In Life], ''[[The Net (website)|The Net]]''</ref> O mere ihe nler site ituziaka aka na ihe nkiri bụ ''your Excellency na 2019''. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/bi/lifestyle/your-excellency-funke-akindeles-directorial-debut-makes-n175-million-in-2-days/qw46jqh|title=‘Your Excellency’: Funke Akindele’s directorial debut makes N17.5 million in 2 days|date=2019-12-17|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-11-09|archivedate=2020-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103034211/https://www.pulse.ng/bi/lifestyle/your-excellency-funke-akindeles-directorial-debut-makes-n175-million-in-2-days/qw46jqh}}</ref> == Nkwenye Nnọchiteanya == Funke Akindele nwere nkwado dị ka edebanyere aha ya n'akwụkwọ dị ka onye nnọchi anya nke Dettol . Funke Akindele nwere nkwado dị iche iche dịka itinyere ya aka n'akwụkwọ dị ka onye nnọchi anya nke Irokotv . edebanyere aha ya n'akwụkwọ dị ka onye nnọchianya nke Keystone Bank na afọ 2018 <ref name="Vangaurd">August 27, 2018 [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/08/keystone-bank-signs-actress-funke-akindele-as-brand-ambassador/ Keystone Bank signs Actress, Funke Akindele as brand ambassador], ''[[Vanguard Nigeria]]''</ref> Na Nọvemba 2019, ọ binyere aka na nkwado Waw Nigeria, ụlọ ọrụ na-arụpụta ncha. <ref name="The Nation">November 6,2019, "[[The Nation]]"</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Na May 26, 2012, Akindele lụrụ Adeola Kehinde Oloyede. <ref name="Bellanija">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/05/bn-exclusive-its-official-jenifa-star-funke-akindele-is-a-married-woman-photos-details-of-the-beautiful-union-with-her-beau-kehinde-oloyede-only-on-bn/|title=BN Exclusive: It’s Official, "Jenifa" Star Funke Akindele is a Married Woman! Photos & Details of the Beautiful Union with Her Beau Kehinde Oloyede Only On BN|author=|date=|work=bellanaija.com|accessdate=8 October 2016}}</ref> Di na nwunye ahụ gbara alụkwaghịm na July 2013, na-ekwu maka esemokwu na-enweghị ntinye ọnụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/07/funke-akindele-yes-my-marriage-has-crashed-nollywood-star-confirms-split-read-the-official-statement-her-recent-interview/|title=Funke Akindele: "Yes, My Marriage has Crashed" - Nollywood Star confirms Split – Read the Official Statement + Her Recent Interview|author=|date=|work=bellanaija.com|accessdate=8 October 2016}}</ref> Akindele lụrụ onye egwu Naịjirịa bụ JJC Skillz na London na Mee 2016. <ref>[http://sunnewsonline.com/marriage-to-funke-akindele-jjc-breaks-silence/ Marriage</ref> ọ̀tụ́tụ́ akụkọ kọrọ maka afọ ime ya so na nsonaazụ ọchụchọ kachasị na nchọgharị ọchụchọ Google na August 2017. <ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/08/funke-akindeles-pregnancy-jamb-dominate-google-searches/</ref> Akindele mụrụ ụmụ nwoke ejima na Disemba 2018 ma nwee ọtụtụ ụmụ Dị ya mụtara na mbụ <ref>http://dailypost.ng/2017/08/02/jjc-reveals-convinced-marry-funke-akindele/</ref> <ref name="Post">Fikayo Olowolagba, December 22, 2018. [http://dailypost.ng/2018/12/22/funke-akindele-welcomes-first-child-despite-pastors-prophecy/ Nollywood actress, Funke Akindele defies prophecy, welcomes twins], ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)Daily Post]]''</ref> <ref name="Legit">Seun Durojaiye, January 2019 [https://www.legit.ng/1215098-actress-funke-akindele-stuns-native-owambe-outfit.html Actress Funke Akindele stuns in native owambe outfit], ''[[Legit.ng]]''</ref> == Arụmarụ == N’ọnwa Eprel afọ 2020, e jidere Akindele ma bo ya ebubo n’ụlọ ikpe mgbe ha mechara nnọkọ ncheta ọmụmụ iji kwanyere di ya ugwu n’oge mkpọchi igbochi ọrịa koronaviros. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-04-06|title=Nigerian actress fined over lockdown party|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52174832|accessdate=2020-05-25}}</ref>. O mechara pụta na ihe nkiri video Nigeria center for Disease Control iji mee ka a mata banyere koronavirus. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus: Nigerian actress Funke Akindele arrested for Lagos party amid lockdown|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52174832|accessdate=6 April 2020|date=6 April 2020}}</ref> A mara onye omee ahụ na di ya ikpe ị́rụ́ ọrụ obodo mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na anọ mgbe ha kwuchara na ha dara iwu megidere mkpọchi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fellowpress.com/g-news/news/68807/coronavirus-funke-akindele-husband-sentenced-to-community-service/|title=Coronavirus: Funke Akindele, husband sentenced to community service|date=2020-04-07|accessdate=2020-04-07|archivedate=2020-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522095702/https://fellowpress.com/g-news/news/68807/coronavirus-funke-akindele-husband-sentenced-to-community-service/}}</ref> == Ńghọ̀tá Ihe nkiri ọ́ nọ̀ == {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * My siblings and I *''[[Jenifa]]'' *''[[Jenifa's Diary]]'' *''[[Your Excellency (film)|Your Excellency]]'' *''[[Maami]]'' *''Industreet'' *''[[A Trip to Jamaica]]'' *''[[The Return of Jenifa|Return of Jenifa]]'' *''[[Isoken]]'' *''[[Moms at War]]'' *''[[Chief Daddy]]'' *''[[Omo Ghetto]]'' *''[[Married but Living Single]]'' *''Apaadi'' *''Emi Abata'' *''Love Wahala'' *''Ladies Gang'' *''Anointed Liars'' *''Bolode O'ku'' *''Farayola'' *''Ija Ola'' *''Aje Metta'' *''Apoti Orogun'' *''Atanpako Meta'' *''Kakaki 'leku'' *''Omo Pupa'' *''Taiwo Taiwo'' *''Akandun'' *''Baye se Nlo'' *''Edunjobi'' *''Egun'' *''Maku'' *''Oba Irawo'' *''Okun Ife Yi'' *''Agbefo'' *''Kòséfowórà'' *''Odun Baku'' *''Oreke Mulero'' *''Osuwon Edaf'' {{div col end}}My siblings and I Jenifa Jenifa's Diary Your Excellency Maami Industreet A Trip to jamaica Return of Jenifa Isoken Mom's at war Chief Daddy Omo ghetto Married but living single Apaadi Emi Abata Love wahala Ladies gang Anionted liars Bolide O'ku Farayola ija ola Aje metta Apoti orogun Kakaki 'leku Omo pupa Taiwo Taiwo Akandun Baye de Nlo Edunjobi Egun Maku Ọbá irawo Ọkụ ife yi Agbefo Kòséfowórà Ọdụm bako Otele mulero Osuson Edaf == Ihe nrite == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Mmemme ! Nrite ! Ọrụ ! Nsonaazụ |- | rowspan="2" | 2009 | Afrika Movie Academy Award | Onye Ndu Nwanyị Kacha Mma | rowspan="" ||{{won}} |- | Onyinye Ntụrụndụ Naịjirịa nke 2009 | Nwanyị kacha mma | ''Jenifa'' |{{won}} |- | 2010 | Onyinye Nollywood nke 2010 | Nwanyị Kacha Mma N’ebe Nduzi (Yoruba) | ''Oguni Aiku''|{{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" | 2012 | Onyinye nturu ugo nke 2012 Nigeria | Nwanyị kacha mma | ''Troj'' |{{won}} |- | Nollywood Movies Awards | Nwanyị kacha mma (Indmụ amaala) | ''Emi Abata'' |{{won}} |- | Ihe onyinye 2012 Nollywood kacha mma | Onye kacha mma (English) | ''Di na Nwaanyị Ma Living Na-alụghị Di Ma Ọ Bụ Nwunye'' |{{nom}} |- | Zulu African Film Academy Awards | Nwanyị kacha mma | ''Maami'' na ''Nlaghachi nke Jenifa''|{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2013 | rowspan="2" | Nollywood Movies Awards | Nwanyị Kacha Mma (Na-eduga Ọrụ) | rowspan="2" | ''Maami'' |{{nom}} |- | Nwanyị kacha mma (Indmụ amaala)|{{won}} |- | rowspan="3" | 2014 | Onyinye Ntụrụndụ 2014 Nigeria | Nwanyị Kacha Mma (Na-eduga Ọrụ) | ''Agnetta O'Mpa'' |{{won}} |- | Afrịka Ime Anwansi Anwansi ahọrọ Nhọrọ | Nwanyị kacha mma (ọchị) | ''Nloghachi nke Sheri Koko'' |{{won}} |- | ELOY Awards | Brand Brand nke Afọ | Omo |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pulse.ng/lifestyle/omoni-oboli-funke-akindele-omawumi-all-the-winners-from-the-2014-eloy-awards-id3316786.html |title=Omoni Oboli, Funke Akindele, Omawumi: All the winners from the 2014 ELOY awards - Lifestyle - Pulse |language=de |publisher=Pulse.ng |date=2014-12-01 |accessdate=2016-12-17 |archivedate=2016-12-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220183558/http://pulse.ng/lifestyle/omoni-oboli-funke-akindele-omawumi-all-the-winners-from-the-2014-eloy-awards-id3316786.html }}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" | 2016 | Ihe Nlere Anya n'Africa 2016 Afrika | Nwanyị kacha mma na ihe nkiri | rowspan="4" | ''Akwụkwọ Jenifa'' |{{won}} |- | Onyinye Ntụrụndụ Naịjirịa | Best Omee usoro |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" | Naija FM onyinye | Sitcom Nke Afọ |{{won}} |- | Nwanyị kacha mma na ihe ọchị |{{won}} |- | Ihe Nlegha Anya Ochie nke Afrika | Nwanyị kacha mma n'afọ ||{{won}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aelaawards.com/poll-survey/ |title=Winners List - Ael Awards (Aela) |publisher=Aelaawards.com |date= |accessdate=2016-12-17 |archivedate=2018-08-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813222709/http://aelaawards.com/poll-survey/ }}</ref> |- | Onyinye Ihe Nkiri 2016 Ghana Ghana | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'Africa | ''Njem njem na Jamaica'' |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/ghana-movie-awards-2016-funke-akindele-wins-best-actress-african-collaboration-id5895546.html |title=Ghana Movie Awards 2016: Funke Akindele wins best actress African collaboration - Movies - Pulse |language=de |publisher=Pulse.ng |date= |accessdate=2016-12-17 |archivedate=2016-12-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220183556/http://pulse.ng/movies/ghana-movie-awards-2016-funke-akindele-wins-best-actress-african-collaboration-id5895546.html }}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" | 2017 | rowspan="3" | Ihe nhota ndi Afrika Magic Magic 2017 | Usoro TV kacha mma | rowspan="2" | ''Akwụkwọ Jenifa'' |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thenet.ng/2017/03/amvca-2017-see-full-list-winners/|title=AMVCA 2017: See the full list of winners|publisher=The NET |author=Adeleke Afolayan|date=4 March 2017}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | Nwanyị kacha mma na Comedy Movie ma ọ bụ TV |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2017-funke-akindele-wins-best-actress-in-a-comedy-id6318252.html|title=Funke Akindele wins Best Actress in a Comedy|publisher=Pulse.Ng|author=Chidumga Izuzu|date=4 March 2017|accessdate=9 November 2020|archivedate=10 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810180902/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2017-funke-akindele-wins-best-actress-in-a-comedy-id6318252.html}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | ''Njem njem na Jamaica'' |{{nom}} |- | Onyinye onyinye 2017 Nigeria Entertainment | Onye Ndu Nwanyị Kacha Mma |{{won}} |- | 2020 | Afrịka Ime Anwansi Anwansi ahọrọ Nhọrọ | Nwanyị kacha mma na ihe ọchị | Ndị Nne Na Agha | Imeri |} == Edensibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Akindele, Funke}} {{Reflist}} bdtzggleitx35oztjtjvzcezu2j8qj7 0 10103 692725 208477 2026-07-30T13:42:02Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Funke Bucknor-Obruthe''' (a mụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 27 n'ọnwa Juun n'afọ 1976) bụ onye ọchụnta ego na onye ọka iwu Naijiria. Ọ bụ onye hiwere na onye isi oche nke Zapphaire Events ma bụrụ otu n'ime ndị mdụ bidoro ọrụ ị hazi mmemme na Naịjirịa. == Mmalite ndu na mmuta == Bucknor-Obruthe bu onye a muru nye Segun na Shola Bucknor na [[Ȯra Lagos|Legọs Steeti]],na Saụtwestị Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://businessinnigeria.com.ng/funke-bucknor-obruthe/|title=Funke Bucknor-Obruthe|author=|date=5 June 2015|accessdate=1 December 2016|archivedate=1 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201222944/http://businessinnigeria.com.ng/funke-bucknor-obruthe/}}</ref> Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị na nke sekọndrị na Fountain Nursery and Primary School,nke Legọs, na Nigeria Navy Secondary School,nke Legọs, tupu ọ gaa agụmagụ Iwu na Mahadum nke Legọs . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uncova.com/i-dont-regret-not-having-a-brother-funke-bucknor-obruthe|title=I don’t regret not having a brother —Funke Bucknor-Obruthe|author=|date=9 August 2015|accessdate=1 December 2016|archivedate=2 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202035205/http://uncova.com/i-dont-regret-not-having-a-brother-funke-bucknor-obruthe}}</ref> N’afọ 2000, a kpọrọ ya n'ọkwa okaikpe ka ọ gachara [[:en:Nigerian_Law_School|Nigerian Law School]] n'[[Abuja]] . <ref name="va">{{Cite web|url=http://venturesafrica.com/master-event-planner-funke-bucknor-obruthe-shares-her-journey/|title=Master Event Planner, Funke Bucknor-Obruthe And Her Passion For Planning|author=Folake Soetan|date=2 December 2012|accessdate=1 December 2016}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ ọkaikpe nwa oge, Bucknor-Obruthe nwetere n'ọrụ na Tie Communications, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge. N'afọ 2003, ịhụnanya o nwere maka ịhazi ihe omume mere ka o bido Zapphaire Events, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahazi mmemme. <ref name="va"/> Kemgbe ahụ, ọ gara n'ihu ịhazi ọtụtụ ihe omume dị elu n'ime na n'èzí Naijiria ma nweta mmeri na nkwanye ùgwù gụnyere ị bụ ndị egosipụtara na ''Inside Africa'' nke CNN maka ịhazi agbamakwụkwọ ndị eze nke Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://afrikangoddessmag.com/2013/03/18/touring-zapphaire-events-with-funke-bucknor-obruthe/|title=Touring Zapphaire Events with Funke Bucknor-Obruthe|date=18 March 2013|accessdate=1 December 2016|archivedate=1 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201213809/http://afrikangoddessmag.com/2013/03/18/touring-zapphaire-events-with-funke-bucknor-obruthe/}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a gụnyere onyinye Future Award for "Entrepreneur of the Year" (2006), ''Wedding Planner Magazine'' Award for "Wedding Planner of the Year" (2007), Go2girl Life Achievement Awards (2011), Nigerian Events Awards for Outstanding Contribution to the Events Industry (2012). <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://businessinnigeria.com.ng/funke-bucknor-obruthe/|title=Funke Bucknor-Obruthe|accessdate=2016-12-08}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == * ''The Essential Bridal Handbook'' <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Essential Bridal Handbook|date=10 June 2015|publisher=Funke Bucknor - Obruthe|edition=1}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == N’afọ 2014, akwụkwọ nchịkọta ọnlaịnụ nke Naịjirịa a kpọrọ <nowiki><i id="mwLw">YNaija</i></nowiki> depụtara Bucknor-Obruthe na “10 Most Powerful Under-40s in Business”. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ynaija.com/tara-fela-durotoye-tayo-oviosu-funke-bucknor-more-we-present-the-10-most-powerful-under-40s-in-business-ynaijapowerlist/|title=Tara Fela-Durotoye, Tayo Oviosu, Funke Bucknor & more! We present the 10 most powerful Under-40s in Business – #YNaijaPowerList|author=Wilfred Okiche|date=31 March 2014|accessdate=1 December 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, ọ nọ na ndepụta usoro ''100 Women'' ndị BBC . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pulse.ng/weddings/bbc-100-women-2016-funke-bucknor-obruthe-makes-the-list-id5794797.html|title=Funke Bucknor-Obruthe Top wedding planner makes BBC 100 women list 2016|author=Ayoola Adetayo|date=22 November 2016|accessdate=1 December 2016}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Bucknor-Obruthe lụrụ Onome Obruthe, onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ abụọ. Ọ bụ nwanne nwanyị nke okenye nke onye mgbasa ozi Naijiria Tosyn Bucknor . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Event planner Funke Bucknor sets up decor company|last=Osagie Alonge}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Funke Bucknor-Obruthe celebrates her Husband on his birthday today Says: ‘My Hubby of life, friend, partner & gbogbo e sha’|last=Sean}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bucknor-Obruthe, Funke}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] [[Òtù:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria nọ n'ọrụ ịhazi mmemme]] [[Òtù:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria bụ ndị ọkaikpe]] 50dutqe6cebii1iuoxpst9f16ltjzbc 0 10119 692688 638003 2026-07-30T13:01:23Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}  '''Olufunmilola Aduke Iyanda''' (a mụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 27 n'ọnwa Julaị nke afọ 1971), onye a mara nke ọma dịka '''Funmi Iyanda <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funmi Iyanda discusses beauty with John Maclean|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/ask-funmi-funmi-iyanda-discusses-beauty-with-john-maclean/6krzkx7|date=2017-06-20|language=en-US}}</ref>''', bụ onye Naịjirịa na-ahazi mkparịtaụka n'onyonyo, onye mgbasa ozi, onye nta akụkọ na onye na-ede blọọgụ. [2] <ref>[http://theguardianlifemagazine.blogspot.com/2009/10/sharing-dawn-with-funmi.html "Sharing a dawn with Funmi"], The Guardian Life'', 26 October 2009.''</ref> O weputara ma kwado ngosi mkparịtaụka a, ''New Dawn with Funmi'', [4] nke gosipụtara na netwọkụ Naijiria ihe karịrị afọ asatọ. Funmi bu onye isi ndi Ignite Media. N’afọ 2011 ka a kwanyere Funmi Iyanda ugwu maka usoro weebụ ya <ref>{{Cite web|title=ASK, FUNMI|url=http://www.askfunmi.com/|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-11-19|archivedate=2023-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121125853/https://www.askfunmi.com/}}</ref> nke World Economic Forum <ref>{{Cite web|title=World Economic Forum as a Young Global Leader (YGL), Funmi Iyanda Chief Executive Officer,|url=https://en.tubefollow.com/worldeconomicforum/1297737658574868731/|language=en|accessdate=2020-11-19|archivedate=2020-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127180350/https://en.tubefollow.com/worldeconomicforum/1297737658574868731/}}</ref> were kpọọ aha ya n'otu n'ime Forbes “20 Youngest Power Women in Africa” <ref>{{Cite news|title=Funmi Iyanda: ‘I’m Not Competing With Mo’ Abudu’|date=21 February 2010|url=http://www.thenetng.com/2010/02/21/funmi-iyanda-exclusive-im-not-competing-with-mo-abudu/}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ == A mụrụ Funmi Iyanda na Legọs n'ezinụlọ Gabriel na Yetunde Iyanda. Nna ya si n'obodo Ogbomoso, ma nne ya si n'obodo Ijebu-Ode . O tolitere na mpaghara Legọs Menlandị; kosiladị, nne ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ African Church Princess Primary School, nke Akoka, yana Herbert Macaulay School na [[Lagos|Legọs]], [[Naijiria|nke Naijiria]] maka agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị ya na International School Ibadan maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndịrị ya. O mechara gaa Mahadum nke Ibadan ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma nweta nzere bachelọ na Jiogụrafi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Group Patron {{!}} Africa Research Group {{!}} University of Leicester|url=https://le.ac.uk/africa-research-group/about/who-we-are/meet-our-interdisciplinary-team/group-patron|work=le.ac.uk|accessdate=2020-11-19|archivedate=2020-10-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026073209/https://le.ac.uk/africa-research-group/about/who-we-are/meet-our-interdisciplinary-team/group-patron}}</ref> == ''Good Morning Nigeria'' na akwụkwọ akụkọ egwuregwu == Funmi i me ihe ngosi mkparịtaụka onyonyo bidoro mgbe ọ malitere ma na-ahazi ''Good Morning Nigeria'', ihe ngosi ụtụtụ nke televishọn. Mpaghara "Heroes", nke buliri mmeta nke ndị kwesiri ekwesi nye ọhaneze, na "Street Life", nke na-a dịghị ka ọtụtụ ihe ngosi oge ahụ, gara n'okporo ámá ịchọ akụkọ ndị na-akpali mmasị ndị mmadụ na Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funmi Iyanda Comes Out ‘Walking with Shadows’|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/09/21/funmi-iyanda-comes-out-walking-with-shadows/|last=editor|date=2019-09-21|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe ngosi a lekwasịrị anya na ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ndị Naijiria tara ahụhụ, ọkachasị ndị otu ndị na-adịghị ike dịka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka. E gosipụtara ihe ngosi a na telivishọn Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funmi Iyanda; The Multi-Talented Media Personality and TV Icon|url=https://www.konnectafrica.net/funmi-iyanda/|last=Nkem-Eneanya|date=2014-05-19|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-11-19|archivedate=2023-03-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327163715/https://konnectafrica.net/funmi-iyanda/}}</ref> Ihe ngosi izizi ọ haziri bụ MITV Live, nke Segun Odegbami na Tunde Kelani rụpụtara . <ref>Jumoke Giwa, [http://www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/articles/conversations-meet-funmi-iyanda-nigerias-queen-of-talk.html "Conversations: Meet Funmi Iyanda 'Nigeria's queen of talk'"], ''Nigeria Village Square'', 26 August 2006.</ref> Ọ sorokwara agụụ miri emi o nwere n'egwuregwu site na ị banye na akwụkwọ akụkọ nke egwuregwu. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ nke 2006 Africa Cup of Nations ma kpuchie 1999 World Football World Cup, All Africa Games na Zimbabwe, yana Olympic Games na Sydney na Athens n'afọ 2000 na 2004. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funmi Iyanda, Olumide Makanjuola, Kunle Afolayan, Others, Witness ’Walking With Shadows’ Premiere (See photos)|url=https://www.nextedition.com.ng/funmi-iyanda-olumide-makanjuola-kunle-afolayan-others-witness-walking-with-shadows-premiere-see-photos|date=2019-11-16|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funmi Iyanda: The Legend Of A Woman|url=https://guardian.ng/life/funmi-iyanda-the-legend-of-a-woman-2/|date=|accessdate=2020-11-19|archivedate=2023-05-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528155303/https://guardian.ng/life/funmi-iyanda-the-legend-of-a-woman-2/}}</ref> == ''New Dawn with Funmi'' == ''New Dawn with Funmi'' bidoro n’afọ 2000 ma na-aga kwa ụbọchị na NTA 10 Legọs. Ihe ịga nke ọma nke ihe ngosi ahụ mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngosi kachasị ogologo oge arụpụtara n'onwe ya na NTA. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2020-11-19|archivedate=2020-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020071807/https://guardian.ng/life/walking-with-shadows-is-proof-that-funmi-iyanda-is-still-invested-in-telling-human-interest-stories/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesheet.ng/the-sheet-woman-of-the-week-funmi-iyanda-meet-nigerias-finest-female-tv-host/|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2020-11-19|archivedate=2016-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826185703/http://thesheet.ng/the-sheet-woman-of-the-week-funmi-iyanda-meet-nigerias-finest-female-tv-host/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://woman.ng/2017/06/funmi-iyanda-answers-the-question-are-you-religious-agnostic-or-atheist/|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2020-11-19|archivedate=2019-06-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616212604/http://woman.ng/2017/06/funmi-iyanda-answers-the-question-are-you-religious-agnostic-or-atheist}}</ref> Funmi dekwara kolum oge nile na ''Tempo Magazin''. N'oge ụfọdụ, ọ ka na-eje ozi dị ka onye ode akwụkwọ nke <nowiki><i id="mwRg">Farafina Magazin</i></nowiki> . O dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ nye PM NEWS, ''The Punch'', ''Daily Trust'', na akwụkwọ akụkọ Vanguard . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funmi Iyanda Comes Out ‘Walking with Shadows’|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/09/21/funmi-iyanda-comes-out-walking-with-shadows/|date=2019-09-21|work=THISDAYLIVE}}</ref> == ''Talk With Funmi'' == N'afọ 2010, mgbe ezumike afọ abụọ ya gasịrị, ọ laghachiri na ihuenyo site na ''Talk with Funmi'' ( ''TWF'' ), ihe ngosi telivishọn nke Chris Dada duziri. ''Talk With Funmi na-'' ejegharị na Naịjirịa niile, site na steeti ruo na steeti, na-ejide ndị mmadụ ma na-akparịta ụka na mba dum. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Oya Media UK Announces Season 2 Of ASK Funmi Series {{!}} CR|url=https://paradisenews.ng/29320/ask-funmi-season-2-series|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-11-19|archivedate=2025-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221060420/https://paradisenews.ng/29320/ask-funmi-season-2-series}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funmi Iyanda Comes Out 'Walking with Shadows'|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/09/21/funmi-iyanda-comes-out-walking-with-shadows/|language=en-US}}</ref> == ''My Country: Nigeria'' == N'afọ 2010, Funmi Iyanda rụchara ihe omume ''My Country: Nigeria'', nke nwere akuko akwukwo ato nke na-eme emume ncheta afọ iri ise nke nnwere onwe obodo a, nke e wepụtara na BBC World Service. ''Lagos Stories'', otu n'ime ngosipụta nke ihe nkiri ahụ ka a họpụtara na katigori maka "Best News Documentary" na Monte Carlo Television Festival na Monaco n'afọ 2011. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funmi Iyanda Dazzles At Monte Carlo Television Festival|url=https://thenet.ng/funmi-iyanda-dazzles-at-monte-carlo-television-festival/|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Occupy Nigeria|url=https://africasacountry.com/tag/occupy-nigeria/|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-11-19|archivedate=2023-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202083848/https://africasacountry.com/tag/occupy-nigeria}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funmi Iyanda: Blazing a Trail as a Debutante Movie Producer|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/10/11/funmi-iyanda-blazing-a-trail-as-a-debutante-movie-producer/|language=en-US}}</ref> == Chopcassava == N’afọ 2012, Funmi Iyanda na onye otu ya Chris Dada rụpụtara Chopcassava.com, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funmi-iyanda Chop Cassava - FabWoman {{!}} News, Style, Living Content For The Nigerian Woman|url=https://fabwoman.ng/funmilola-aduke-iyanda-biography-profile-fabwoman/funmi-iyanda-chop-cassava/|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chopcassava - Documenting Nigeria's Fuel Subsidy Struggle - Video Blog|url=http://www.chopcassava.com/|language=en}}</ref> websaịtị nke na-ede akwụkwọ ngosiputa ngaharị iwe enyemaka mmanụ ọkụ nke Jenụwarị afọ 2012 e mere na Legọs, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funmi Iyanda has a bold new movie out. But don’t call it a comeback.|url=https://africanarguments.org/2019/11/25/funmi-iyanda-has-a-bold-new-movie-out-but-dont-call-it-a-comeback/|language=en-GB}}</ref> nke Naijiria. E nweghi ike i gosipụta ya n'ihe onyonyo Naijiria, usoro ịntanetị a na-enye echiche nke ime maka ngaharị iwe nke Legọs a, bụ nke ndị mmadụ niile gara n'okporo ámá na-achọ ka a gbanwee ntụgharị nke pasentị 117 na ọnụahịa mmanụ ụgbọ ala. A hoputara ya na akwukwo ndi ozo mere eme na 2012 BANFF World Media Festival, na Alberta,nke Kanada. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/world-economic-forum-names-funmi-iyanda-young-global-leader/|title=World Economic Forum names Funmi Iyanda Young Global Leader|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://womenafrica.com/whats-not-to-love-about-media-activist-funmi-iyanda/|title=What’s Not To Love About Media Activist- Funmi Iyanda|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-11-19|archivedate=2023-07-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726145736/https://womenafrica.com/whats-not-to-love-about-media-activist-funmi-iyanda/}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Funmi bụ onye otu African Leadership Institute, Tutu Fellow, na onye sonyere na ASPEN Institute's Forum for Communications and Society. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria’s Funmi Iyanda, Appointed UN Women Gender Equality Champion [@Funmilola]|url=http://newswirengr.com/2015/05/07/nigerias-funmi-iyanda-appointed-un-women-gender-equality-champion-funmilola/|last=writer|first=Staff|date=2015-05-07|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-11-19|archivedate=2023-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121125853/https://newswirengr.com/2015/05/07/nigerias-funmi-iyanda-appointed-un-women-gender-equality-champion-funmilola/}}</ref> N’afọ 2012, onye Gọvanọ Legọs Steeti, [[Babatunde Fashola|Babatunde Raji Fashola]] kwanyeere ya ugwu maka mbọ ọ gbara maka ị kwado ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị ka ọ laghachitere ụbọchị ise nkwado UN advocacy trek n’ugwu Kilimanjaro . Ọ bụ UN haziri ọrịrị a iji bulite mmata ụwa niile na mgbasa ozi ya iji kwụsị ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka nwanyị, were mee ka ndị na-arị elu si mba karịrị 32 nke Afrịka gaa njem akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ugwu Kilimanjaro. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/bisi-alimi-nigeria-gay-homosexuality-lgbt-survivor/|title=‘I Was the First Person to Come Out as Gay on Live TV in Nigeria’|accessdate=2020-05-02}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Voices and profiles .:. Gender equality champions|url=https://beijing20.unwomen.org/en/voices-and-profiles/champions|accessdate=2020-05-02}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fashola Receives Funmi Iyanda On Return From Mt. Kilimanjaro In Aid Of Women’s Cause|url=http://www.tundefashola.com/archives/news/2012/03/16/20120316N11.html|accessdate=2020-05-02}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thenet.ng/funmi-iyanda-to-climb-mt-kilimanjaro/|title=Funmi Iyanda To Climb Mt. Kilimanjaro|date=2012-02-28|accessdate=2020-05-02}}</ref> Funmi na-eje ozi n'otu bọọdụ nke Farafina Trust nakwa Positive Impact Youth Network. O sonyere na usoro ngagharị iwe nke Occupy Nigeria na Jenụwarị afọ 2012. Ngagharị iwe ndị a bụ iji gbochie atumatu nke mwepu enyemaka mmanụ ọkụ nke gọọmentị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=NIGERIAN WOMEN SAY ABSOLUTE NO TO FUEL SUBSIDY REMOVAL|url=https://www.worldpulse.com/community/users/titilope/posts/19210|date=2012-01-10|language=en|accessdate=2020-11-19|archivedate=2023-07-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726145739/https://www.worldpulse.org/story/nigerian-women-say-absolute-no-to-fuel-subsidy-removal-43082}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://funmiiyanda.com/funmi/|title=About|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-11-19|archivedate=2023-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121125858/https://funmiiyanda.com/funmi/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/is-funmi-iyanda-staging-a-comeback/|title=Is Funmi Iyanda staging a comeback? » Tribune Online|date=2019-03-02|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Nrụtụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Oyeleye, Albert (2012). "Interaction Management in Nigerian Television Talk Shows". International Journal of English Linguistics. 2. doi:10.5539/ijel.v2n1p149. * {{Cite news|last=Nsehe|first=Nfonobong|date=1 August 2011|title=The 20 Youngest Power Women In Africa|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2011/08/18/the-20-youngest-power-women-in-africa/#77f0b5ea6a23}} * {{Cite book|last=Makwemoisa|first=Anthonia|date=2006|title=Women of valour|url=}} == Njikọ dị na mpụga == * [http://fiyanda.blogspot.com Funmi Iyanda blog] {{DEFAULTSORT:Iyanda, Funmi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] [[Òtù:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria nọ n'ọrụ mgbasa ozi]] [[Òtù:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria na-ahazi ihe nkiri]] b189mhbuxjwe639aoliokce1bulcnnq 0 10127 692808 90123 2026-07-30T19:50:47Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox boxer|name=Friday Ahunanya|death_date=|draws=3|losses=8|KO=13|wins=24|total=36|style=[[Orthodox Stance|Orthodox]]|death_place=|birth_place=[[Port Harcourt]], [[Nigeria]]|nationality=Nigerian|birth_date={{birth date and age|1971|11|19|df=y}}|weight=[[Heavyweight]]|height={{height|ft=6|in=0}}|nickname=The 13th|realname=Friday Chinedu Ahunanya|imagesize=|image=<!-- only free-content images are allowed for depicting living people- see [[WP:NONFREE]] -->|no contests=1}}Friday Ahunanya Aha Friday Chinedu Ahunanya Aha otutu The 13th Arọ Oke Arọ Ogo 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) Mba Naịjịrịa Ọmụmụ 19 Nọvamba 1971 (afọ 48) Port Harcourt, Naịjirịa Ọnọdụ Ọtọdọsụ Ndekọta Mgba Ọgụ niile 36 Mmeri 24 Mmeri Nkutu 13 Ọdịda 8 Ịha 3 Alụghị 1 '''Friday Chinedu Ahunanya''' (amụrụ ya na 19 Nọvemba 1971 na [[Ugwu Ọcha|Port Harcourt]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] ) bu onye na-akụ ọkpọ. <ref name="ESPN.com 2011">{{Cite web|title=Cris Arreola unsatisfied against Friday Ahunanya, but wins big|date=July 10, 2011|url=http://www.espn.com/sports/boxing/columns/story?id=6753255&columnist=rafael_dan|accessdate=October 1, 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye mgba amaara na-emeri ndị mgba ọzọ atụghị anya na o ga-emeri na kwa maka ọ bị bịa ọ bịara n'ọgụ ESPN. ESPN . Ọ na-alụ ọgụ na Las Vegas, Nevada. == N'amụ ọrụ amụ == * 1994: World Cup, Bangkok, Thailand, Arọ: :* Georgi Kandelaki (Georgia) ji ọnụọgụ merie * 1994: Commonwealth Games, Victoria, Arọ: :* E meriri Roland Raforme (Seychelles) na ọnụọgụ :* E meriri Stephen Gallinger (Canada) na ọnụọgụ == Ọrụ ọkachamara == A maara ya dịka Fraịde "13th", Ahunanya malitere ọrụ ya na 1998 na nkwa dị mma, o meriri ọgụ iri na isii mbụ ya , gunyere mmeri o meriri [[Nate Jones (onye ọkpọ)|Nate Jones]] onye anaghi emeri emeri (16-0-1). N'afọ 2001, Serguei Lyakhovich onye anaghi emeri, meriri ya mbụ. Na 2002, onye French Olimpia Josue Blocus meriri ya. Na 2004 o nwere naanị mbibi mbụ ya mgbe Lance Whitaker kụrụ okpo na anya.Mmeri Whitaker bụ mmalite ọdịda Ahunanya. Ọ gara n'ihu daa na aka Taurus Sykes na "New Mexico", bụ onye a na-anaghị asọpụrụ n'agbanyeghị ndekọ 22-1-1 ya na 2005. Mgbe ahụ, ọ dọtara ya na onye na- esote ya Dominick Guinn, wee nwee ike ịsọ mpi megide atụmanya Sultan Ibragimov (onye nrite ọla ọcha nke Olimpik) na Alexander Povetkin nke 6-0 nke onye nrite ọlaedo. Na 2007, ọ laghachiri azụ were melie Shane Cameron onye New Zealand, mmeri mbụ ya site na ikutu ya ugboro abụọ na agba nke iri na abụọ na agba nke ikpeazụ, mgbe akutusịrị ya nke ikpeazụ, onye refirii gbatara kwusị mgba ahụ ma nyekwa ya mmeri TKO. Na 2008 o meriri onye anaghị emeri bụ Alonzo Butler. David Tua meriri Friday na Machị 2010 na New Zealand site na mkpebi. N'aka nke ọzọ, Friday na onye nlekọta ya kwuru na ọ bụ Friday meriri, na ọ karị ị ka mma ma ọ bụrụ na alụ ọgụ ahụ na USA. Mgbe elegbara anya ime nke ọma o doro anya na David Tua meriri ya bụ mgba. == Ndekọ ọkpọ == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%" | colspan="8" |'''24 Wins''' (13 knockouts, 11 decisions), '''9 Losses''' (1 knockout, 8 decisions), '''3 Draws'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=17665&cat=boxer|title=BoxRec}}</ref> |- !Rịzọọtụ !Ndekọ !Iro !Ụdị !Round !Date !Location !Notes |- |{{no2}}Loss |{{small|17-0}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Mike Perez (boxer)|Mike "The Rebel" Perez]] |UD |10 |30/12/2011 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa]], [[Cabazon, California]] | align="left" |{{small|90-100, 90-100, 90-100.}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |{{small|32-2}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Chris Arreola]] |UD |10 |09/07/2011 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Boardwalk Hall]], [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]] | align="left" |{{small|90-100, 91-99, 91-99.}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |{{small|23-17-2}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|Mali}} Cisse Salif |UD |6 |24/05/2011 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Santa Monica Pier]], [[Santa Monica, California]] | align="left" |{{small|55-59, 56-58, 56-58.}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |{{small|50-3-1}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[David Tua]] |UD |12 |31/03/2010 | align="left" |{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Trusts Stadium]], [[Auckland]] | align="left" |{{small|'''[[WBO]] Asia Pacific/Oriental Heavyweight Titles'''. 109-119, 111-117, 108-120.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|26-0-1}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Alonzo Butler]] |UD |10 |20/06/2008 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Thomas & Mack Center]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" |{{small|95-94, 96-93, 95-94.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|19-0}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Shane Cameron]] |TKO |12 |02/11/2007 | align="left" |{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Skycity Auckland|Skycity Convention Centre]], [[Auckland]] | align="left" |{{small|'''[[Pan Asian Boxing Association|PABA]]/[[WBO]] Asia Pacific/[[World Boxing Association|WBA]] NABA Heavyweight Titles'''. Referee stopped the bout at 2:14 of the 12th round.}} |- |Draw |{{small|7-1}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} Franklin Lawrence |SD |8 |06/07/2007 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[The Orleans]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" |{{small|79-73, 74-78, 76-76.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|21-9-2}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} James "Hurricane" Walton |TKO |2 |15/06/2007 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[The Orleans]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" |{{small|Referee stopped the bout at 2:50 of the second round.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|15-23-1}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} Ramon Hayes |UD |6 |27/04/2007 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[The Orleans]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" |{{small|60-54, 59-55, 59-55.}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |{{small|6-0}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Alexander Povetkin]] |UD |6 |22/04/2006 | align="left" |{{flagicon|Germany}} [[SAP Arena]], [[Mannheim]], [[Baden-Württemberg]] | align="left" | |- |{{no2}}Loss |{{small|17-0}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Sultan Ibragimov]] |TD |9 |16/09/2005 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Gwinnett Center]], [[Duluth, Georgia]] | align="left" |{{small|'''[[WBO]] Asia Pacific Heavyweight Title'''. 84-88, 83-88, 83-87.}} |- |Draw |{{small|25-2}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Dominick Guinn]] |PTS |10 |22/04/2005 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Caesars Palace]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" |{{small|93-97, 95-95, 95-95.}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |{{small|22-1-1}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Taurus Sykes]] |UD |12 |11/03/2005 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Convention center|Lea County Events Center]], [[Hobbs, New Mexico]] | align="left" |{{small|'''[[World Boxing Association|WBA]] NABA Heavyweight Title'''. 112-116, 113-115, 110-118.}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |{{small|27-2-1}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Lance Whitaker]] |TKO |5 |17/04/2004 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Florida State Fairgrounds]], [[Tampa, Florida]] | align="left" |{{small|'''[[WBO]] NABO/[[World Boxing Association|WBA]] NABA Heavyweight Titles'''. Referee stopped the bout at 0:42 of the fifth round.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|28-15}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} Thomas "Top Dawg" Williams |KO |4 |05/12/2003 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Casino|Seminole Casino]], [[Coconut Creek, Florida]] | align="left" |{{small|Williams knocked out at 1:34 of the fourth round.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|15-17}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} Onebo Maxime |UD |10 |23/08/2003 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Casino|Seminole Casino]], [[Coconut Creek, Florida]] | align="left" | |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|12-3-1}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|Brazil}} Francisco Daniel Silva |TKO |1 |28/06/2003 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Casino|Seminole Casino]], [[Coconut Creek, Florida]] | align="left" |{{small|Referee stopped the bout at 1:13 of the first round.}} |- |Draw |{{small|32-12}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} Terrence "KO" Lewis |PTS |10 |28/02/2003 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[The Orleans]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" |{{small|95-95, 95-95, 95-95.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|12-0}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|France}} [[Josue Blocus]] |SD |10 |01/06/2002 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Boardwalk Hall]], [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]] | align="left" |{{small|97-93, 97-93, 95-96.}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |{{small|15-0}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Siarhei Liakhovich]] |UD |12 |17/11/2001 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Mandalay Bay]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" |{{small|'''[[World Boxing Association|WBA]] NABA Heavyweight Title'''. 112-116, 110-118, 112-116.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|6-8-2}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} James V. Lester |TKO |1 |30/06/2001 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Mandalay Bay]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" |{{small|Referee stopped the bout at 2:28 of the first round.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|16-0-1}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Nate Jones (boxer)|Nate Jones]] |SD |12 |03/03/2001 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Mandalay Bay]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" |{{small|'''[[World Boxing Association|WBA]] NABA Heavyweight Title'''. 115-112, 114-113, 113-114.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|11-5-1}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} Otis Tisdale |UD |8 |28/11/2000 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[The Orleans]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" | |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|3-2-1}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} Ivy Calvin |KO |5 |26/10/2000 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Hollywood Park Racetrack]], [[Inglewood, California]] | align="left" |{{small|Calvin knocked out at 1:06 of the fifth round.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|11-1}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Derrell Dixon]] |PTS |8 |16/09/2000 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[MGM Grand Garden Arena]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" | |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|13-25-8}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} Wesley Martin |TKO |8 |11/08/2000 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Paris Las Vegas]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" | |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|8-6-3}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|Mexico}} Agustin Corpus |TKO |3 |01/04/2000 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Casino|The Regent]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" |{{small|Referee stopped the bout at 2:59 of the third round.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|4-2-1}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} Donald Macon |TKO |1 |03/03/2000 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Caesars Palace]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" |{{small|Referee stopped the bout at 1:40 of the first round.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|--}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|Mexico}} Juan Carlos Maldonado |TKO |1 |12/02/1999 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[The Orleans]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" |{{small|Referee stopped the bout at 1:51 of the first round.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|4-5-1}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} Willie Chapman |UD |6 |20/11/1998 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[The Orleans]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" |{{small|60-54, 60-54, 60-54.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|3-2-1}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} James V. Lester |PTS |6 |31/07/1998 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" | |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|--}} | align="left" |Tahavalu Samiu |KO |3 |11/07/1998 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Reno Hilton Casino Resort]], [[Reno, Nevada]] | align="left" | |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|--}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} Joe L. Gray |UD |4 |15/05/1998 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[The Orleans]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" | |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|1-0}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} Darrell Morgan |PTS |4 |09/04/1998 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[Phoenix, Arizona]] | align="left" | |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|6-0}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} Shane William Heavyrunner |TKO |4 |20/03/1998 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[The Orleans]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" |{{small|Referee stopped the bout at 2:22 of the fourth round.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |{{small|--}} | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} Larry Wilson |TKO |1 |27/02/1998 | align="left" |{{flagicon|United States}} [[The Orleans]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] | align="left" |{{small|Referee stopped the bout at 1:18 of the first round.}} |} == Nsidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ dị na mpụga == {{DEFAULTSORT:Ahunanya, Friday}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3m4946ni7gazpafnuh1ajpv6hpc72z6 0 10130 692682 514807 2026-07-30T12:56:58Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}  [[Usòrò:Oslo Forum 2014 - Dr Funmi Olonisakin, H.E. Mr Børge Brende and H.E. Mr Kofi Annan.jpg|thumb|Funmi Olonisakin]] '''Funmi Olonisakin''' (a mụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 8 n'ọnwa '''Febuwarị''' afọ 1965) bụ onye '''ọkammụta bụ onye''' Briten nakwa Naijiria, onye bụ Prọfesọ nke ọchịchị, udo na esemokwu na King's College London, na Prọfesọ nke dị egwu na Mahadum nke Pretoria . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Professor 'Funmi Olonisakin|url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/funmi-olonisakin|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere ma rụbuo ọrụ Daịrektọ nke African Leadership Center (ALC) a tọrọ ntọala ya na ụkpụrụ nke Pan-Africanism iji wuo ndị ndu nke agbụrụ na-esote, na ndị ọkà mmụta na kọntinentị nke Afrịka nwere ụkpụrụ mgbanwe. Olonisakin bụ Daịrektọ ihe omume nke nzere masta nke ọchịchị, udo na nchekwa. <ref name="AdjunctFaculty">[https://web.archive.org/web/20250124234153/https://africanleadershipcentre.org/index.php/2014-10-22-15-37-23/2014-10-22-16-21-41/2014-10-22-16-29-16/81-prof-funmi-olonisakin "Adjunct Faculty"], African Leadership Centre. Retrieved 23 June 2016.</ref> Ọ bụ onye nyocha na-ahụ maka sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum nke Pretoria, ọ bụbukwa ọkà mmụta dị iche nke Andrew Mellon Foundation na onye otu a ma ama nke Geneva Center for Security Policy (GCSP). Ọ bụ onye a họpụtara so na otu ndị ndụmọdụ ndị United Nations Security Council (UNSC). <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250125122356/https://www.africanleadershipcentre.org/index.php/22-news/299-alc-founder-dr-funmi-olonisakin-appointed-to-the-advisory-group-of-experts-for-the-review-of-the-un-peacebuilding-architecture "From the Director: ALC founder Professor Funmi Olonisakin appointed to the advisory group of experts for the Review of the UN Peacebuilding Architecture"], African Leadership Centre, 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</ref> nọ na nnyocha nke UN Peace-building Architecture. <ref name="UN">[https://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sga1541.doc.htm "Secretary-General Nominates Advisory Group of Experts on Review of Peacebuilding Architecture"], United Nations | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, 22 January 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.</ref> <ref>[https://www.carnegie.org/news/articles/dr-funmi-olonisakin-appointed-to-united-nations-advisory-group-of-experts/ "Dr. ‘Funmi Olonisakin appointed to United Nations Advisory Group of Experts"], Carnegie Corporation, 30 January 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2016.</ref> Olonisakin ugbua bụ osote onye isi oche/onye isi ụlọakwụkwọ (Na mba ụwa) nke King's College nke Lọndọn. Ọ bụbu onye osote diin na mba ụwa, Ngalaba nke Sosha Sayensị na Amụma Ọha,nke King's College Lọndọn, ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ ruru ogo prọfesọna nwanyị ojii izizi kuziri nkuzi n'ihu ọha na King's College nke Lọndọn. <ref>Desmond Davis, [http://www.ghananewsagency.org/world/first-black-woman-professor-at-king-s-college-delivers-inaugural-lecture-135874 "First black woman professor at King's College delivers inaugural lecture"], Ghana News Agency, 20 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.</ref> == Mmụta == A mụrụ ya na Saụt Lọndọn n'ezinaụlọ ndị Naịjirịa, <ref>[http://www.ghananewsagency.org/world/first-black-woman-professor-at-king-s-college-delivers-inaugural-lecture-135874 First Black Woman professor at King's College delivers inaugural lesson], Ghana News Agency, June 20, 2018</ref> 'Funmi (Oluwafunmilayo) Olonisakin <ref>[http://www.africanfeministforum.com/funmi-oluwafunmilayo-olonisakin "‘Funmi (Oluwafunmilayo) Olonisakin"], African Feminist Forum. Retrieved 24 June 2016.</ref> nwetara nzere bachelọ ya na Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo, dị na Ile-Ife, na Naijiria, n'ihe gbasara ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị ( BSc ). Ọ gara n'ihu i nweta nzere masta n'agụmagụ agha, yana nzere dọktọreti n'agụmagụ agha na King's College London . == Ọrụ == N'ime ọrụ nke gafegoro ọtụtụ iri afọ, Olonisakin gara n'ihu na-ewulite mkparịta ụka dị oke mkpa nke ndị isi na ndị mmụta Afrịka nwere ụkpụrụ dị iche iche nke na-akwalite pan-Africanism n'iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe, nkwanye ùgwù nye adimiche, ịchụso ịdị mma, na-etinye otu ndị ntorobịa nke Afrịka n'ihe a na-eme, na echiche onwe. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180915155019/https://www.gcsp.ch/News-Knowledge/Experts/Fellows/Olonisakin-Dr-Funmi-Olonisakin Dr 'Funmi Olonisakin], Geneva Centre for Security Policy. Retrieved 24 June 2016.</ref> <ref>[http://awdf.org/grantee-highlight-the-african-leadership-centre-nairobi/ "Grantee Highlight: The African Leadership Centre, Nairobi"], African Development Women Fund, 28 June 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2016.</ref> Ọ na-akwado i mechi àkwà mmiri dị n'etiti agụmakwụkwọ, atumatu na omume . Site na African Leadership Centre (ALC), ị kekọrịta ihe ọmụma na ị nyefe karịsịa site na ọrụ nlekọta bụ otu n'ime ụzọ Olonisakin si arụ ọrụ na nsonye nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara a ma ama na ngalaba iji soro ndị otu ALC. Olonisakin rituru nso nso a dị ka daịrektọ nke ALC mgbe ọ gara n'ihu ịkwado otu ahụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche. <ref name="AdjunctFaculty"/> Ewezuga nkuzi, Olonisakin na-enye aka n'arụmarụ ụka udo na esemokwu nke n'Afrịka, bụ nke onwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ o biputra na ya. Ọ bụ onye otu guzobere Network of Africa Security Sector Network (ASSN), were jee ozi dị ka onye nhazi mpaghara West Afrịka site n'afọ 2008 ruo afọ 2012. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na World Economic Forum's Global Agenda Council on Fragile States site n'afọ 2008 ruo afọ 2010 na-enyocha ma na-atule etu ọchịchị mgbanwe nwere ike isi nwee mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide na gọọmentị na nwughari ma a lụchaa agha. <ref>[http://unsdsn.org/about-us/people/dr-funmi-olonisakin/ Funmi Olonisakin], Sustainable Development Solution Network. Retrieved 21 June 2016.</ref> Olonisakin bụbu onye ọrụ nke United Nations, site n'aka United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict, ebe ọ nọ na-elekọta ngalaba nke Afrịka. N'oge ọrụ ya n'ọkwa a, "ọ gbara mbọ ka e guzobe National Commission for War Affected Children in Sierra Leone na Ngalaba Nchedo ụmụaka na Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS). <ref name="UN"/> O jeela ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na African Union na ECOWAS ọkachasị nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ewu udo, ọchịchị, ụmụaka nọ n'ebe ana-alụ agha. Ọ bụkwa daịrektọ nke Conflict, Security and Development Group na King's College Lọndọn site n'afọ 2003 ruo afọ 2013. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170217134711/http://currentanalyst.com/index.php/caevents/180-uk-parliamentary-discussion-on-youth-and-radicalisation UK Parliamentary Discussion on Youth and Radicalisation], ''The Current Analyst''. Retrieved 24 June 2016.</ref> <ref>[http://fahamubooks.org/book/GCOI=90638100s633050&fa=author&person_ID=265 Women and Security Governance in Africa] Fahamu Books & Pambazuka Press. Retrieved 24 June 2016.</ref> N'ịgawanye n'ihu iji mee akara na-agaghị echefu echefu n'ụwa a, Olonisakin na-enye ihe ọmụma ya ugbu a na African Peace and Security Architecture dị ka onye so n'òtù ndụmọdụ ndị ọkachamara maka nnyocha nke UN Peacebuilding Architecture. <ref name="UN"/> Ọ nọ na Thabo Mbeki African Leadership Institute (TMALI) dịka onye otu ọgbakọ na-ahụ maka ndụmọdụ; Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) board; the Tana High Level Forum on Security in Africa na Boards of Trustees of International Alert na Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. Olonisakin bụ nwa nwanyị ojii mbụ rutere ogo prọfesọ na King's College,nke Lọndọn <ref>Monsur Olowoopeji, [http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/04/nigerian-breaks-187-yr-old-record-university-london/ "Nigerian breaks 187-yr-old record at University of London"], ''Vanguard'', 27 April 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.</ref> ma kpọọ ya aha na ''Powerlist'' nke ndị Briten kachasị nwee mmetụta sitere n'Afrịka, gụnyere Top 10 nke ogụgụ afọ 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Duchess of Sussex in Powerlist of top 100 black people in Britain|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/23/duchess-of-sussex-meghan-markle-in-top-100-on-powerlist-of-black-britons|accessdate=17 April 2020|date=23 October 2018}}</ref> == Echiche == Olonisakin na-akwado ụzọ ndụ na-aga n'ihu, na-akwado adịmiche ma na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ọ na-eme nke ọma na nnyocha dabere na ihe akaebe ma na-akwalite onye ndu mgbanwe . <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWDYQIRGa44 "JSO Interview, Funmi Olonisakin, 21st June Part 1"] (YouTube video), Radio African Group, 24 June 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2015.</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị ahọpụtara == === Akwụkwọ === * ''Militancy and Violence in West Africa: Religion, Politics and Radicalization'', ed.James Gow, Funmi Olonisakin & Ernst Dijxhoorn. London: Routledge, 2013. ISBN 9780415821377 * ''Women and Security Governance in Africa'', ed. Funmi Olonisakin & Awino Okech . Oxford: Pambazuka Press, 2011. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781906387891|9781906387891]] * ''Women, Peace and Security: Translating Policy into Practice'', ed. Funmi Olonisakin, Karen Barnes & Eka Ikpe. London: Routledge, 2011. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780415587976|9780415587976]] * ''Security Sector Transformation in Africa'', ed. Alan Bryden & Funmi Olonisakin. Munster: Lit Verlag, 2010. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9783643800718|9783643800718]] * ''The Challenges of Security Sector Governance in West Africa'', ed. Alan Bryden, Boubacar Ndiaye & Funmi Olonisakin. Munster: Lit Verlag, 2008. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9783037350218|9783037350218]] * ''Peacekeeping in Sierra Leone: The Story of UNAMSIL''. Boulder and London: Lynne Reinner, 2008. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781588265203|9781588265203]] * ''Global Development and Human Security'', ed. Robert Picciotto, Funmi Olonisakin & Michael ClarkeNew Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 2007. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781412811484|9781412811484]] * ''A Handbook of Security Sector Governance in Afric]'', ed. Nicole Ball & Kayode Fayemi. London: Centre for Democracy and Development, 2004. * ''Reinventing Peacekeeping in Africa: Conceptual and Legal Issues in the ECOMOG Operations''. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2000. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789041113214|9789041113214]] * ''Engaging Sierra Leone''. London: Centre for Democracy and Development, 2000. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781902296081|9781902296081]] * ''Peacekeepers, Politicians and Warlords'', by Abiodun Alao, Funmi Olonisakin & John Mackinlay Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1999. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789280810318|9789280810318]] == Nrụtụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ dị na mpụga == * [http://www.africanleadershipcentre.org/ African Leadership Centre] * [http://www.kcl.ac.uk/index.aspx/ King's College London] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160518133206/http://africansecuritynetwork.org/site/ African Security Sector Network] {{DEFAULTSORT:Olonisakin, Funmi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] [[Òtù:Category:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria rụrụ ọrụ na UN]] [[Òtù:Category:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria bụ prọfesọ]] devx7s6mayne7kr5252s6czltucbriz 0 10152 692697 631058 2026-07-30T13:08:48Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox person}} Afọ ọmụmụ - Julai 5, 1954 na Ondo Steetị , Nigeria Protectorate Nwaamala - Nigerian Aha ọzọ - Veronica Akaọrụ - Onye na-agụ egwu oziọma, onye na-ede egwu,Onye nkwusa oziọma. Afọ n'ọrụ - 1983- ugbu a '''Funmi Aragbaye''' (a mụrụ n'abalị ise nke onwa Julaị n'afọ 1954) bụ onye Naijiria na-agụ egwu oziọma, onye na-ede egwu na onye mgbasa oziọma. == Mmalite Ndụ == A mụrụ Aragbaye na Julaị 5, n'afọ 1954 na [[:en:Ondo_City|Ondo town]], n'ime ezinaụlọ ndị otu Kristi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/saturday-beats/funmi-aragbaiye-celebrates-60th-birthday-in-style/|title=Funmi Aragbaiye celebrates 60th birthday in style|work=The Punch - Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper|accessdate=15 March 2015|archivedate=2 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094940/http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/saturday-beats/funmi-aragbaiye-celebrates-60th-birthday-in-style/}}</ref> A zụrụ ya na ''Ondo states civil service training schools'' tupu ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ bekee Oyo Steetị ebe ọ lara ezumike nká dị ka onye isi ọrụ nchịkwa n'afọ 1997. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsafricanow.com/marriage-is-a-life-long-business-funmi-aragbaiye/|title=Marriage is a life long business –Funmi Aragbaiye|work=newsafricanow.com|accessdate=15 March 2015|archivedate=6 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406103451/http://newsafricanow.com/marriage-is-a-life-long-business-funmi-aragbaiye/}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị, ọ malitere ọrụ egwu ya na ''Evangelical Church Winning'' ''All'' na [[Ilorin]], isi obodo [[Ȯra Kwara|Kwara State]], [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] n'obere oge ọ nwetachara Akwụkwọ Asambodo West Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/de-exec/item/5848-day-my-songs-incurred-wrath-of-the-military-funmi-aragbaye.html|title=Day my songs incurred wrath of the military —Funmi Aragbaye|work=tribune.com.ng|accessdate=15 March 2015|archivedate=2 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135128/http://tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/de-exec/item/5848-day-my-songs-incurred-wrath-of-the-military-funmi-aragbaye.html}}</ref> Albọm nke mbụ ya bu ''Olorun Igbala'' tinyere ''Sioni Ilu ayo'' ka e weputara n'afọ 1983. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/tag/evangelist-funmi-aragbaiye|title=Evangelist Funmi Aragbaye|work=The Nation News|accessdate=15 March 2015}}/</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/super-saturday-lounge/i-stopped-my-son-from-launching-a-hip-hop-album-funmi-aragbaye/|title=I stopped my son from launching a hip-hop album –Funmi Aragbaye|work=The Punch - Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper|accessdate=15 March 2015|archivedate=2 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124233/http://www.punchng.com/feature/super-saturday-lounge/i-stopped-my-son-from-launching-a-hip-hop-album-funmi-aragbaye/}}</ref> O mere emume ncheta afọ ọmụmụ nke iri isii ya n'afọ iri atọ ya n’ime egwu ozioma na Julaị 5, 2014 na [[Ȯra Lagos|Legọs steeti]] na ndị bịara ya bụ ndị na-agụ egwu oziọma na ndị omenkà na Naijiria gụnyere onyeisi [[:en:Ebenezer_Obey|Ebenezer Obey]], [[:en:Joseph_Adebayo_Adelakun|Joseph Adebayo Adelakun]], [[Dunni Olanrewaju]], <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunle_Ajayi" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Kunle Ajayi" class="cx-link" data-linkid="50">Kunle Ajayi</a>, onye saxophonist na onye ozioma <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_Are" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Bola Are" class="cx-link" data-linkid="51">Bola Are</a>, onye isi ugboro abụọ nke Gospel Musicians Association of Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/01/gospel-artistes-made-2014-memorable/|title=Gospel artistes that made 2014 memorable|work=Vanguard News|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref> == Ihe Nkiri == * ''Olorun Igbala'' (1983) * ''Sioni ilu ayo''' (1983) * ''pin Rere (Good Portion)''' * ''Glory of God (Ogo Oluwa) '' == Hụ Kwa == * List of Nigerian gospel musicians == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aragbaye, Funmi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1954]] [[Òtù:Ndị na-agụ egwu si Ondo Steetị]] hoi6lxxj5adpnldl18yfj2uh587cx33 0 10180 692691 90854 2026-07-30T13:03:44Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Funmi Falana''' bụ onye ọrụ iwu gbasara Naijiria na onye na- '''alụ ọgụ''' maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thebreakingtimes.com/another-14-year-old-lucy-ejeh-kidnapped-converted-to-islam-in-zamfara/|title=Another 14 Year Old, Lucy Ejeh, Kidnapped Converted to Islam in Zamfara|work=The Breaking Times|date=17 March 2016|accessdate=20 June 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/123609-lets-have-gender-justice-now-by-funmi-falana.html|title=Let’s Have Gender Justice Now, By Funmi Falana|work=[[Premium Times]]|date=7 March 2016|accessdate=20 June 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwunye Femi Falana, onye ama ama na onye ọchụnta ego Naịjirịa ; <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/08/femi-falana-left-me-at-the-mercy-of-judges-funmiwife/|title=Femi Falana left me at the mercy of judges – Funmi,wife|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard News]]|date=5 August 2012|accessdate=20 June 2016}}</ref> nne bụ Falz, onye na- ese ihe na Naijiria na- eme ihe nkiri . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenet.ng/2015/11/falz-why-femi-falanas-son-is-a-legally-bad-guy/|title=Falz! Why Femi Falana’s son is a legally Bad Guy|work=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]]|date=5 November 2015|accessdate=20 June 2016}}</ref> Funmi Falana na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka National Director of Women Empowerment and Legal Aid (WELA), otu na-abụghị nke gọvụmentị na-agbachitere ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/falana-alert-fg-of-abduction-of-another-teenager-in-zamfara/|title=Falana alert FG of abduction of another teenager in Zamfara|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun News]]|date=5 March 2016|accessdate=20 June 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.championnews.com.ng/women-marginalization-must-stop-funmi-falana/|title=Women marginalization must stop – Funmi Falana|work=[[Daily Champion|The Champion News]]|date=17 March 2016|accessdate=20 June 2016}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Falana, Falana}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] b2vypeyxoh2at7o163x0z7ydykox3p8 0 10318 692721 632096 2026-07-30T13:37:57Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Funke Egbemode''' bụ '''nwaada''' nwanyị nta akụkọ Naijiria, onye ntuzi aka nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''New Telegraph'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Thriving in journalism as a woman – Funke Egbemode + Widowhood is hell|url=http://theyesng.com/thriving-in-journalism-as-a-woman-funke-egbemode-widowhood-is-hell/|publisher=YES!|accessdate=10 October 2016|archivedate=11 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011061059/http://theyesng.com/thriving-in-journalism-as-a-woman-funke-egbemode-widowhood-is-hell/}}</ref> Ọ gara Baptist Practising Primary School, Iwo, Osun State . Agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya bụ na Baptist Girls High School, Osogbo (Osun State) Ọ bụ onye ode akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Sun. Funke bụ Onye isi oche nke Guild of Editors nke Nigeria. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Egbemode, Funke}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dnsvhsabuwe8ykneujre8gkjgrm9r09 0 11116 692701 540421 2026-07-30T13:12:51Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi''', amụrụ '''Abibat Oluwafunmilola Aofiyebi''' {{Audio|Yo-Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi.ogg|Audio}} and known informally as '''FAR''', bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Naijiria. O nweela ihe ngosi redio na-eme ogologo oge. Ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri ''The Figurine'', [[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]] na MTV Shuga. [[File:Funlola Raima 001.jpeg|right|thumb|Funlola Raima]] == Ndụ == Funlola bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụaka asaa, nne ya bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego na nna bụrụ onye mmepụta ihe. Aha FAR bịara mgbe ọ lụsịrị di wee bụrụ mbinye aka ya. FAR nwere mmalite n'oge na ogbo na telivishọn, ya na nwanne nne ya [[Teni Aofiyebi]], onye na-eme ihe nkiri. <ref name="Suleiman">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/08/entertain-people-funlola-aofiyebi/|title=I've always wanted to educate and entertain people - Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi|author=Suleiman|first=Yemisi|date=30 August 2009|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|accessdate=29 September 2013}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ onye mgbasa ozi ọkachamara Olayinka Raimi. == Ọrụ == FAR nwetara usoro ihe nkiri TV na Westminster College, yana na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri na Bunkinghamshire. O nwekwara BSc na Sociology site na Mahadum Lagos na Naijiria. <ref name="Suleiman" /> Mpụta ihe nkiri FAR bụ na ihe nkiri [[Amaka Igwe]] ''Violated'' <ref name="Baba Aminu">{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201301070689.html|title=Nigeria: Catching Up With Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi|author=Baba Aminu|first=Abdulkareem|date=5 January 2013|work=[[Daily Trust]]|accessdate=29 September 2013}}</ref> eme ihe n'akụkụ [[Joke Silva]], [[Richard Mofe-Damijo]], Ego Boyo na Kunle Bamtefa. A họpụtara ya maka ihe nrite onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na-abịa na THEMA na 1996. A tụbara FAR dị ka onye ndu n'ime ''Keeping Faith'', site n'aka onye nduzi Steve Gukas. A họpụtara FAR maka ihe nrite AMMA onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị akwado ''The Figurine'' nduzi site na Kunle Afolayan. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funlola Aofiyebi Rami - nlist {{!}} Nollywood, Nigerian Movies & Casting|url=https://nlist.ng//people/funlola-aofiyebi-rami-486/|work=nlist.ng|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> Tupu ọ pụta na M-net TV show ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'', na-egosiputa dị ka Brenda, <ref>weeklytrust.com.ng</ref> FAR egosila na ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ dị ka ''Dọctors Quarters'', ''Solitaire'', na Palace. <ref name="Iyanda">{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200104050510.html|title=Nigeria: Spice Girl|author=Iyanda|first=Olumide|date=12 April 2001|accessdate=30 September 2013}}</ref> FAR emela ihe n'ogbo na ''Sing That Old Song For Me'' and ''The Mansion'' nke Rasheed Badamusi dere, na ''The Vagina Monologues''. <ref name="CCP">{{Cite web|url=https://actors.mandy.com/uk/view.php?uid=312742|title=Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi, actor|work=[[Mandy Actors]]|accessdate=29 September 2013}}</ref> FAR meriri ihe ngosi na-abughi akụkọ ifo ịgba egwu akpọrọ ''Celebrity Takes 2''. Na 2014, FAR na onye omere Britain-Nigeria bụ [[Wale Ojo]] gosiputara. O nwere ihe ngosi redio akpọrọ ''Touch of Spice'' nọrọ afọ 14 (malitere na August 1999). <ref name="Suleiman" /> [[Usòrò:Mrs_Olutu_in_MTV_Shuga_2020.png|áká_èkpè|thumb| Oriakụ Olutu na MTV Shuga "Naanị Ọnụ" na 2020]] FAR nọ na ''MTV Shuga'' na 2019 na 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funlola Aofiyebi|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2175087/|accessdate=2020-08-03|work=IMDb}}</ref> na ọrụ nkwado ya nke " Oriakụ Olutu" gụnyere mgbe ọ banyere na obere usoro akpọrọ MTV Shuga Nanị ọnụ na- akọwapụta nsogbu nke Coronavirus na 20 Eprel 2020. [[Tunde Aladese]] dere usoro a ma gbasaa kwa izu n'abalị - ndị na-akwado ya gụnyere United Nations. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Every Woman Every Child partners with the MTV Staying Alive Foundation to Tackle COVID-19|url=https://www.everywomaneverychild.org/every-woman-every-child-partners-with-the-mtv-staying-alive-foundation-to-tackle-covid-19/|date=2020-04-16|work=Every Woman Every Child|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-30|archivedate=2021-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009232045/https://www.everywomaneverychild.org/every-woman-every-child-partners-with-the-mtv-staying-alive-foundation-to-tackle-covid-19/}}</ref> Usoro a dabere na Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya na Côte d'Ivoire na akụkọ a na-aga n'ihu site na iji mkparịta ụka ịntanetị na ọnọdụ n'etiti ndị agwa. Ihe nkiri a niile bụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri mere ya <ref>{{Cite web|title=MTV Shuga and ViacomCBS Africa Respond to COVID-19 with "Alone Together" Online Series|url=https://bhmng.com/mtv-shuga-and-viacomcbs-africa-respond-to-covid-19-with-alone-together-online-series/|author=Akabogu|first=Njideka|date=2020-04-16|work=BHM|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-30}}</ref> gụnyere [[Lerato Walaza]], [[Mamarumo Marokane]], [[Jemima Osunde]], Folu Storms na FAR. N'August 2009, O mere emume ncheta afọ iri nke mmemme redio ya ''Touch of Spice (TOS)''. O kwere nkwa ime ya n'ụdị ọmarịcha site n'ime ka ndị na-akwado ya nwee njem ụgbọ oloko n'efu ka ha gaa lee ihe nkiri na sinima. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-07-31|title=Funlola Celebrates TOS @ 10|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/07/funlola-celebrates-tos-10/|accessdate=2021-03-05|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''The Figurine'' (2009) * ''Tinsel'' (2008-Ọ dị ugbu a) * ''Grey Dawn'' (2015) * ''Entreat'' (2016) * ''Walking with Shadows'' <ref>{{Cite web|author=O'Kelly|first=Aoife|title=Walking with Shadows|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9043456|publisher=Oya Media|accessdate=23 May 2021|date=2019-10-09}}</ref> (2019) == Ihe nrite == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ ! Ihe nrite ! Otu ! Nsonaazụ ! Nsidee |- | rowspan="2" | 2010 | Ihe nrite ihe nkiri Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'ọrụ nkwado (Figurine) |{{nom}} | |- | Nigeria Entertainment Awards | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ihe nkiri TV (Tinsel) |{{nom}} | |- | 2017 | Best of Nollywood Awards | Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma - bekee |{{nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-23|title=BON Awards 2017: Kannywood’s Ali Nuhu receives Special Recognition Award|url=https://dailytrust.com/bon-awards-2017-kannywood-s-ali-nuhu-receives-special-recognition-award|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=Daily Trust|language=en|archivedate=2021-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007214920/https://dailytrust.com/bon-awards-2017-kannywood-s-ali-nuhu-receives-special-recognition-award}}</ref> |- | 2018 | Best of Nollywood Awards | Onye omere kacha mma n'ọrụ ndu - Bekee |{{nom}} | <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2018-12-09|title=BON Awards 2018: Mercy Aigbe, Tana Adelana shine at 10th edition|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/bon-awards-2018-mercy-aigbe-tana-adelana-shine-at-10th-edition/v9fvvnn|accessdate=2019-12-23|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Nsidee ==  {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|2175087|name=Funlola Aofiyebi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aofiyebi-Raimi, Funlola}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Articles with hCards]] 0t75qh5kbm4pn9kniamfvrvnzjj61rp 692702 692701 2026-07-30T13:14:14Z Adimora chidinma 15845 /* Nsidee */ 692702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi''', amụrụ '''Abibat Oluwafunmilola Aofiyebi''' {{Audio|Yo-Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi.ogg|Audio}} and known informally as '''FAR''', bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Naijiria. O nweela ihe ngosi redio na-eme ogologo oge. Ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri ''The Figurine'', [[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]] na MTV Shuga. [[File:Funlola Raima 001.jpeg|right|thumb|Funlola Raima]] == Ndụ == Funlola bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụaka asaa, nne ya bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego na nna bụrụ onye mmepụta ihe. Aha FAR bịara mgbe ọ lụsịrị di wee bụrụ mbinye aka ya. FAR nwere mmalite n'oge na ogbo na telivishọn, ya na nwanne nne ya [[Teni Aofiyebi]], onye na-eme ihe nkiri. <ref name="Suleiman">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/08/entertain-people-funlola-aofiyebi/|title=I've always wanted to educate and entertain people - Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi|author=Suleiman|first=Yemisi|date=30 August 2009|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|accessdate=29 September 2013}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ onye mgbasa ozi ọkachamara Olayinka Raimi. == Ọrụ == FAR nwetara usoro ihe nkiri TV na Westminster College, yana na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri na Bunkinghamshire. O nwekwara BSc na Sociology site na Mahadum Lagos na Naijiria. <ref name="Suleiman" /> Mpụta ihe nkiri FAR bụ na ihe nkiri [[Amaka Igwe]] ''Violated'' <ref name="Baba Aminu">{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201301070689.html|title=Nigeria: Catching Up With Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi|author=Baba Aminu|first=Abdulkareem|date=5 January 2013|work=[[Daily Trust]]|accessdate=29 September 2013}}</ref> eme ihe n'akụkụ [[Joke Silva]], [[Richard Mofe-Damijo]], Ego Boyo na Kunle Bamtefa. A họpụtara ya maka ihe nrite onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na-abịa na THEMA na 1996. A tụbara FAR dị ka onye ndu n'ime ''Keeping Faith'', site n'aka onye nduzi Steve Gukas. A họpụtara FAR maka ihe nrite AMMA onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị akwado ''The Figurine'' nduzi site na Kunle Afolayan. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funlola Aofiyebi Rami - nlist {{!}} Nollywood, Nigerian Movies & Casting|url=https://nlist.ng//people/funlola-aofiyebi-rami-486/|work=nlist.ng|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> Tupu ọ pụta na M-net TV show ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'', na-egosiputa dị ka Brenda, <ref>weeklytrust.com.ng</ref> FAR egosila na ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ dị ka ''Dọctors Quarters'', ''Solitaire'', na Palace. <ref name="Iyanda">{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200104050510.html|title=Nigeria: Spice Girl|author=Iyanda|first=Olumide|date=12 April 2001|accessdate=30 September 2013}}</ref> FAR emela ihe n'ogbo na ''Sing That Old Song For Me'' and ''The Mansion'' nke Rasheed Badamusi dere, na ''The Vagina Monologues''. <ref name="CCP">{{Cite web|url=https://actors.mandy.com/uk/view.php?uid=312742|title=Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi, actor|work=[[Mandy Actors]]|accessdate=29 September 2013}}</ref> FAR meriri ihe ngosi na-abughi akụkọ ifo ịgba egwu akpọrọ ''Celebrity Takes 2''. Na 2014, FAR na onye omere Britain-Nigeria bụ [[Wale Ojo]] gosiputara. O nwere ihe ngosi redio akpọrọ ''Touch of Spice'' nọrọ afọ 14 (malitere na August 1999). <ref name="Suleiman" /> [[Usòrò:Mrs_Olutu_in_MTV_Shuga_2020.png|áká_èkpè|thumb| Oriakụ Olutu na MTV Shuga "Naanị Ọnụ" na 2020]] FAR nọ na ''MTV Shuga'' na 2019 na 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funlola Aofiyebi|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2175087/|accessdate=2020-08-03|work=IMDb}}</ref> na ọrụ nkwado ya nke " Oriakụ Olutu" gụnyere mgbe ọ banyere na obere usoro akpọrọ MTV Shuga Nanị ọnụ na- akọwapụta nsogbu nke Coronavirus na 20 Eprel 2020. [[Tunde Aladese]] dere usoro a ma gbasaa kwa izu n'abalị - ndị na-akwado ya gụnyere United Nations. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Every Woman Every Child partners with the MTV Staying Alive Foundation to Tackle COVID-19|url=https://www.everywomaneverychild.org/every-woman-every-child-partners-with-the-mtv-staying-alive-foundation-to-tackle-covid-19/|date=2020-04-16|work=Every Woman Every Child|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-30|archivedate=2021-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009232045/https://www.everywomaneverychild.org/every-woman-every-child-partners-with-the-mtv-staying-alive-foundation-to-tackle-covid-19/}}</ref> Usoro a dabere na Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya na Côte d'Ivoire na akụkọ a na-aga n'ihu site na iji mkparịta ụka ịntanetị na ọnọdụ n'etiti ndị agwa. Ihe nkiri a niile bụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri mere ya <ref>{{Cite web|title=MTV Shuga and ViacomCBS Africa Respond to COVID-19 with "Alone Together" Online Series|url=https://bhmng.com/mtv-shuga-and-viacomcbs-africa-respond-to-covid-19-with-alone-together-online-series/|author=Akabogu|first=Njideka|date=2020-04-16|work=BHM|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-30}}</ref> gụnyere [[Lerato Walaza]], [[Mamarumo Marokane]], [[Jemima Osunde]], Folu Storms na FAR. N'August 2009, O mere emume ncheta afọ iri nke mmemme redio ya ''Touch of Spice (TOS)''. O kwere nkwa ime ya n'ụdị ọmarịcha site n'ime ka ndị na-akwado ya nwee njem ụgbọ oloko n'efu ka ha gaa lee ihe nkiri na sinima. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-07-31|title=Funlola Celebrates TOS @ 10|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/07/funlola-celebrates-tos-10/|accessdate=2021-03-05|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''The Figurine'' (2009) * ''Tinsel'' (2008-Ọ dị ugbu a) * ''Grey Dawn'' (2015) * ''Entreat'' (2016) * ''Walking with Shadows'' <ref>{{Cite web|author=O'Kelly|first=Aoife|title=Walking with Shadows|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9043456|publisher=Oya Media|accessdate=23 May 2021|date=2019-10-09}}</ref> (2019) == Ihe nrite == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ ! Ihe nrite ! Otu ! Nsonaazụ ! Nsidee |- | rowspan="2" | 2010 | Ihe nrite ihe nkiri Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'ọrụ nkwado (Figurine) |{{nom}} | |- | Nigeria Entertainment Awards | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ihe nkiri TV (Tinsel) |{{nom}} | |- | 2017 | Best of Nollywood Awards | Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma - bekee |{{nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-23|title=BON Awards 2017: Kannywood’s Ali Nuhu receives Special Recognition Award|url=https://dailytrust.com/bon-awards-2017-kannywood-s-ali-nuhu-receives-special-recognition-award|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=Daily Trust|language=en|archivedate=2021-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007214920/https://dailytrust.com/bon-awards-2017-kannywood-s-ali-nuhu-receives-special-recognition-award}}</ref> |- | 2018 | Best of Nollywood Awards | Onye omere kacha mma n'ọrụ ndu - Bekee |{{nom}} | <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2018-12-09|title=BON Awards 2018: Mercy Aigbe, Tana Adelana shine at 10th edition|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/bon-awards-2018-mercy-aigbe-tana-adelana-shine-at-10th-edition/v9fvvnn|accessdate=2019-12-23|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Edensibịa ==  {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|2175087|name=Funlola Aofiyebi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aofiyebi-Raimi, Funlola}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Articles with hCards]] 7wb7meqbyku0c39i49u1s93qute1dpt 0 11132 692837 123606 2026-07-30T20:24:08Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fulu Mugovhani''' (amụrụ 7 Septemba 1990 na [[Thohoyandou]]) bụ onye ome ihe nkiri nke [[South Africa]]. N'afọ 2015, o gosipụtara na ''Ayanda'' dị ka njirimara aha, ọrụ nke nwetara ọtụtụ nkwanye ùgwù na nhọpụta gụnyere Africa Movie Academy Awards, South African Film and Television Awards na Africa International Film Festival Awards. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Mugovhani na Thohoyandou, obodo dị na mpaghara Limpopo nke [[South Africa]]. <ref name="Sowetan6Aug15">{{Cite news|url=http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/soapies/2015/08/06/who-s-that-girl-fulu-mugovhani-s-star-on-the-rise|title=Who's that girl? Fulu Mugovhani's star on the rise|first=Emmanuel|author=Tjiya|work=[[The Sowetan]]|date=6 August 2015}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ ihe nkiri egwu na Tshwane University of Technology, ebe nna ya kuziri, na-agụcha akara mmụta ya na 2011. <ref name="YouthVillage5Oct20">{{Cite web|url=http://www.youthvillage.co.za/2015/08/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-fulu-mugovhani/|title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Fulu Mugovhani|work=youthvillage.co.za|accessdate=5 October 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.702.co.za/articles/392336/father-had-a-big-influence-in-me-discovering-my-love-for-arts-fulu-mugovhani|title=Father had a big influence in me discovering my love for arts - Fulu Mugovhani|first=Siyamthanda|author=Matiso|publisher=[[Radio 702]]|date=7 August 2020}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ di ịhụnanya ya bụ, Timi Modibedi, onye na-arụ ọrụ dị ka DJ na onye na- edekọ ihe, na June 2018. <ref name="briefly7Sep20">{{Cite web|url=https://briefly.co.za/77453-fulu-mugovhani-bio-age-husband-education-profile-awards-net-worth.html|title=Fulu Mugovhani bio: Age, husband, education, profile, awards, net worth|first=Salma|author=Rashid|work=briefly.co.za|date=7 September 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Na 2012, Mugovhani sonyeere na mmepụta mba ụwa nke egwu bụ ''The Lion King'', nke Hong Kong Disneyland mepụtara, na-arụ ọrụ nke Nala. Maka mmepụta na ihe ngosi a ọ kwagara Hong Kong maka otu afọ na ọkara. <ref name="Sowetan6Aug15" /> Na 2013, ọ rutere ọrụ mbụ ya na orụ telivishọn, na-eme ihe na obere usoro ''Remix'', <ref name="YouthVillage5Oct20" /> yana ime ihe na soap opera bụ ''Scandal!''. <ref name="Sowetan6Aug15" /> Na 2015, gosipụtara dị ka onye ndu ọrụ nke ihe nkiri ''Ayanda'', nke Sara Blecher duziri. Ọrụ a nwetara ọtụtụ nkwanye ùgwù, gụnyere onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na onyinye onye ndu na 12th Africa Movie Academy Awards, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://connect.citizen.co.za/65849/local-movies-win-big-at-the-african-movie-academy-awards/|title=Local movies win big at the African Movie Academy Awards|date=12 June 2016|first=Mbali|author=Mzinyane|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613113955/http://connect.citizen.co.za/65849/local-movies-win-big-at-the-african-movie-academy-awards/|archivedate=13 June 2016}}</ref> onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ihe ngosi ihe nkiri na 10th South African Film and Television Awards, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/media/video/fulu-mugovhani-wins-her-first-award-saftas?playlist=112|title=Fulu Mugovhani wins her first award at Saftas|publisher=[[eNCA]]|date=21 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809210657/https://www.enca.com/media/video/fulu-mugovhani-wins-her-first-award-saftas?playlist=112|archivedate=9 August 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gautengfilm.org.za/news/news-archive/2016/march-2016/1410-mughovani-scoops-best-actress-safta-for-ayanda|title=Mughovani scoops best actress Safta for Afro-hipster Ayanda|publisher=Gauteng Film Commission|date=22 March 2016|accessdate=21 November 2021|archivedate=5 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105170016/http://www.gautengfilm.org.za/news/news-archive/2016/march-2016/1410-mughovani-scoops-best-actress-safta-for-ayanda}}</ref> na ihe nrite onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na 2015 Africa International Film Festival. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sowetan/20160617/281492160602411|title=Fulu's 'African Oscar'|work=[[The Sowetan]]|publisher=[[PressReader]]|first=Lesley|author=Mofokeng|date=17 June 2016}}</ref> Na 2016 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards, a họpụtara ya maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ihe nkiri, ma o meriri. <ref name="briefly7Sep20" /> Na 2017, Mugovhani nwere ọrụ ugboro ugboro na ihe omume soap opera bụ ''Isidingo'' na SABC 3. <ref name="briefly7Sep20" /> Ọzọkwa, n'otu afọ ahụ, ọ gbara na soap opera ''Ring of Lies'' na ọrụ dị ka Rendani, onye agha Musangwe nke na-agbaso nchọ ya ịghọ onye mmeri ọkpọ, n'agbanyeghị ọchịchọ nna ya na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. <ref name="briefly7Sep20" /> Na 2020, ka ọ kwụsịtụrụ otu afọ, ọ gbara n'usoro ihe nkiri ''Still Breathing'', ebe ọ gosipụtara dị ka nne na nwunye na nke mbụ, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2020-02-17-fulu-mugovhani-returns-to-tv-after-year-long-break/|title=Fulu Mugovhani returns to TV after year-long break|first=Emmanuel|author=Tjiya|work=[[The Sowetan]]|date=17 February 2020}}</ref> na na ihe nkiri nrọ ọchị nke South Africa bụ ''Seriously Single''. <ref name="briefly7Sep20" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2020-07-31-fulu-and-tumi-prove-an-unlikely-hit-in-seriously-single/|title=Fulu and Tumi prove an unlikely hit in Seriously Single|first=Emmanuel|author=Tjiya|work=[[The Sowetan]]|date=31 July 2020}}</ref> Mugovhani ekwuola na N'ajụjụ ọnụ na e nwere ihe dị iche na-eme na ogbo ya na ihuenyo, mkpa ikwupụta olu ya dị iche iche. Nke a gbara ya aka mgbe ọ gbanwere site na ụlọ ihe nkiri gaa na telivishọn na ihe nkiri, tinyekwara nke mere ka o siere ya ike ịme ihe na ogbo mgbe ọ mechara ihe nkiri. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2017-09-04-fulu-mugovhanis-theatre-troubles-i-just-cant-seem-to-get-any-roles/|title=Fulu Mugovhani's theatre troubles: 'I just can't seem to get any roles'|first=Kyle|author=Zeeman|work=[[TimesLIVE]]|date=4 September 2017}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Remix'' (2013) * ''Scandal'' (2013) * ''Ayanda'' (2015) * ''The Lucky Specials'' (2017) * ''Isidingo'' (2017) * ''Ring of Lies'' (2017) * ''Still Breathing'' (2020) * ''Seriously Single'' (2020) == Nrụtụaka == {{DEFAULTSORT:Mugovhani, Fulu}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] osgemuwzatgeyr969urkm5oh5yhy8sh 0 11192 692878 692567 2026-07-30T21:53:27Z Sylvaline39 15355 692878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fausat Balogun''' {{Audio|Yo-Fausat Balogun.ogg|Audio}} (nke a makwaara dị ka '''Madam Saje''', <ref name=":0" /> amuru Febụwarị 13, 1959) bụ onye omere Naijiria na- eme ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba.]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.naijagists.com/fausat-balogun-madam-saje-how-i-met-my-husband-rafiu-my-journey-into-nollywood/|title=Fausat Balogun Madam Saje:How I Met My Husband Rafiu & My Journey Into Nollywood|work=Naija Gists|author=Olonilua|first=Ademola|date=16 May 2015|accessdate=10 January 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/why-i-reject-english-rolemadam-saje/|title=Why I Reject English Role... Madam Saje|work=[[Daily Times of Nigeria]]|date=21 May 2015|accessdate=10 January 2016}}</ref> Ọ gbara egwu dị ka '''Mama Saje''' na usoro onyonyo 1990 akpọrọ ''Erin Kee Kee'' . Fausat emeela ihe nkiri n'ihe karịrị ihe nkiri iri asatọ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/movies/madam-saje-i-reject-scripts-from-english-speaking-movies-yoruba-actress-reveals-id3764008.html|title='I reject scripts from English speaking movies,' Yoruba actress reveals|work=Pulse Nigeria|author=Bada|first=Gbenga|date=16 May 2015|accessdate=10 January 2016}}</ref> <ref name="family">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.com.ng/interview-with-yoruba-actress-fausat-balogun-a-k-a-madam-saje/|title=Interview With Yoruba Actress Fausat Balogun a.k.a Madam Saje|work=Daily Mail Nigeria|date=26 January 2015|accessdate=10 January 2016}}</ref> Balogun lụrụ onye omee Rafiu Balogun. Ọ bụ ya bụ onyeisi ya tupu ha alụọ. <ref name=":0" /> Ka ọ na-erule oge a ma ama, ụmụ ya bụ ndị okenye. Ọkpara ya bụ onye nduzi na nwa ya nwanyị nke ọdụdụ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri. <ref name="family" /> == Ihe nkiri ahọpụtara == *''Oyelaja'' *''Owo Onibara'' *''Okan Mi'' *''Akebaje'' *''Ladigbolu'' *''Morenike'' *''Oko Mama E'' *''Tanimola'' *''Nkan Okunkun'' *''Adufe'' *''Leyin Akponle'' *''Laba Laba'' *''Itelorun'' *''Omo Elemosho'' *''Iyawo Ojokan'' *''Ife Kobami'' *''Gbogbo Lomo'' *''Asepamo'' *''Eto Obinrin'' *''Iyawo Elenu Razor'' *''Kokoro Ate'' *''Omoge Elepa'' *''Olaitan Anikura'' *''Oju Elegba'' *''Langbodo'' *''Ologo Nla'' *''Abgara Obinrin'' *''Eepo'' *''Moriyeba'' *''Orisirisi (Kose Gbo)'' *''Serekode'' *''Ojo Ikunle'' *''Alase Aye'' *''Imported Lomo'' *''Adun Ale'' *''Ileri Oluwa'' *''Ogbun Aye'' *''Omo Pupa'' *''Òmìn'' *''O Ti Poju'' *''Olowo Laye Mo'' *''Irenimoyan'' *''Alaimore'' *''Olasunkanmi'' *''Salawa'' == Nkwenye == N'oge mbipụta 2016 nke City People Entertainment Awards, e nyere ya onyinye nkwanye ugwu pụrụ iche maka "onyinye dị ịrịba ama na uto nke ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri na Nigeria". <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thenet.ng/2016/07/full-list-of-winners-at-2016-city-people-entertainment-awards/|title=Full List Of Winners at 2016 City People Entertainment Awards|work=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]]|author=Adedayo Showemimo|date=26 July 2016|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref> == Nsidee ==  {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|nm2329204|Fausat Balogun}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Balogun, Fausat}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pq2zky0noebb12w81fyznoj3qvxrc5x 3 11338 692798 688346 2026-07-30T19:05:39Z MediaWiki message delivery 4554 /* Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #258: Abstract Wikipedia at Wikimania */ nkeji ohúrù 692798 wikitext text/x-wiki Abụ m Olugold ọ na-amasị m inye aka na ọrụ Wikimedia Foundation. == Have you voted in the UCoC enforcement guidelines ratification? == Hi! Olugold, The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]]. Please vote and encourage other editors of Igbo Wikipedia to also vote. Regards, [[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|kwuo]]) 16:39, 11 Ọnwa atọ 2022 (UTC) :Thank you so much [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 20:41, 11 Ọnwa atọ 2022 (UTC) == Stefania Turkewich == Thank you very much for this article, Olugold! [[Ọbanife:Nicola Mitchell|Nicola Mitchell]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Nicola Mitchell|kwuo]]) 10:02, 14 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC) :Anytime!😊👍🏾 [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 11:38, 14 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC) == [[:Òtù:Candidates for speedy deletion]] == Hi, can you please review these deletion requests? '''[[User:Rschen7754|Rs]][[User talk:Rschen7754|chen]][[Special:Contributions/Rschen7754|7754]]''' 23:58, 8 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC) :Done! Thank you! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 07:20, 9 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[file:Ask Me Anything on Movement Charter, Introduction by Érica Azzellini, English, Nov 12, 2022.webm|thumb|320px|Ask Me Anything session introduction (12 November), presented by a Movement Charter Drafting Committee member.]] * MCDC members attended the “[[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#Ask Me Anything on Movement Charter sessions|'''Ask Me Anything about Movement Charter''']]” sessions to provide more information about the Movement Charter, its goal, why it matters and how it impacts the communities. Recordings of the presentations in different languages can be found [[m:c:Category:Movement_Charter_videos|here]]. * [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|'''The Movement Charter Ambassadors Program''']]: Movement Charter Ambassadors (MCA) are individuals or groups interested in helping to ensure that their communities are fully engaged in community consultations. MCA are interested in supporting their communities to understand the content of the Movement Charter as well as ensuring that their communities can easily provide feedback. Anyone can become a MCA! [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/grant|Dedicated funds are available]] to support the MCA and their activities. Are you interested in becoming a Movement Charter Ambassador for your community? Sign up [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/Join|here]]! * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcements/Closing membership|'''The Movement Charter Drafting Committee will close membership''']]: The  Committee decided not to add new members or replace those who step down after 1 January 2023, unless for exceptional reasons. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#October 2022|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in October''']]:  The Committee released its regular monthly update from October 2022. It includes highlights about the Committee's progress in drafting the Movement Charter content, its upcoming community consultation and participation at Wikimedia events. '''Coming up''': * '''[[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#Community_consultation|Regional feedback conversations]]:''' The MCDC’s community consultations to collect feedback on the first three sections of the Movement Charter will take place between November 20 and December 18, 2022. You are invited to join one of the regional conversations planned for the eight regions (and various languages) of the Movement. Please note that interested people can share their feedback in different ways, including on the [[m:Talk:Movement Charter|Meta talk page]], on the [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/c/ensure-equity-in-decision-making/movement-charter/21 Movement Strategy forum], filling out a [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/743832 survey] (anonymously) and sending an email to: [mailto:movementcharter@wikimedia.org movementcharter{{@}}wikimedia.org]. * '''Sign up [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/Join|here]]''' to become a Movement Charter Ambassadors from your community and help ensure that your community is aware of the conversations around the Movement Charter!  <section end="content" /> </div> --13:37, 20 Novemba 2022 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24094585 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2022 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentyfirst newsletter, covering November 2022. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Activities''' * Current: Women in Climate Change editathon in various languages (1 December 2022 - 31 January 2023) (SDG 5 & 13) [17] * Past: Wikipedia and sustainability, how to increase knowledge on climate change? (SDG all) [1] * Past: Wikidata editathon in Swedish during COP 27 (SDG 13) [2] '''News''' * Wikimedia Nederland signed the Wikimedia Affiliates Environmental Sustainability Covenant (SDG all) [3] * WikiProject Govdirectory was featured as Digital Public Goods (SDG 16) [11] * The theme for Wiki Loves Africa 2023 has been revealed: Climate and weather (SDG 13) [16] '''Resources''' * Let's Connect learning report - pilot phase 2022 (SDG 17) [15] '''Research''' * Recommendations for use of annotations and persistent identifiers in taxonomy and biodiversity publishing [SDG 15) [7] * A longitudinal analysis of gender diversity in Wikipedia articles (SDG 5) [13] '''Videos''' * 10 Anos de Wikidata: Wikidata for Open Access to Cultural Heritage, por Susanna Ånäs (AvoinGLAM) (SDG 11) [14] '''New WikiProjects''' * Myosotis Pilot (SDG 15) [12] '''New Wikidata properties''' * Bank of information on the historical and cultural heritage of the Republic of Belarus (SDG 11) [4] * Louisiana Plant ID (SDG 15) [5] * DrugCentral ID (SDG 3) [8] * Probes And Drugs ID (SDG 3) [9] '''New Wikidata query examples''' * Map of water bodies in France (SDG 14) [6] * Gender balances of winners of literary awards (SDG 5) [10] '''Links''' * [1] https://www.wikimedia.nl/session_wikiconnl22/ * [2] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Sweden/Swedish_Riksdag_documents/Kopplingssprint_COP_27 * [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Affiliates_Environmental_Sustainability_Covenant * [4] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11184 * [5] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11189 * [6] https://w.wiki/5wCp * [7] https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.8.e97374 * [8] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11198 * [9] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11199 * [10] https://w.wiki/5$BR * [11] https://mailchi.mp/c3e4c371c62a/announcing-new-dpga-members-and-strengthening-dpi-12387620 * [12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM/Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa/What_We%27ve_Done/Myosotis_Pilot * [13] https://observablehq.com/@pac02/wednesday-index * [14] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vgh5_oD1yec * [15] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Let%27s_Connect_learning_report_-_pilot_phase_2022.pdf * [16] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Africa_2023 * [17] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Climate_Change_2022 This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 22:05, 1 Disemba 2022 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24143847 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:Wikimedia Movement Charter - Values and Principles presentation - November 2022.webm|thumb|256px|right|Presentation about the Values & Principles chapter by MCDC member [[m:User:Geugeor|Georges Fodouop]].]] [[File:Wikimedia Movement Charter - Roles and Responsibilities presentation - November 2022.webm|thumb|256px|right|Presentation about the Roles and Responsibilities chapter (statement of intent) by MCDC member [[m:User:Manavpreet Kaur|Manavpreet Kaur]].]] * [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#November%202022|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in November''']]''':''' As usual, the Committee released its regular monthly updates from November 2022. This month’s updates include highlights about the external facilitator hiring, next in-person meeting of the Committee and updates about the new drafting groups, among others. * [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation|'''First community consultation period:''']] From mid November to mid December 2022 the Committee members took part in 8 regional feedback sessions. Committee members joined the sessions to provide clarifications and answer to questions that came from different language communities on the Movement Charter. ** Recordings of the presentations shared during the regional meetings are available [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Regional Conversations#Regional%20conversation|here]] for those interested. ** A list '''[[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Frequently Asked Questions|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' that came up in the calls is available on Meta. ** If you have not shared your feedback on the drafts of the Movement Charter yet, please do so by filling out this [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/743832 '''anonymous survey'''], which is open until '''January 2, 2023''' and is available in '''more than 12 languages'''. * [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|'''The Movement Charter Ambassador Program''']] received over 15 proposals. The ambassadors are currently putting their initiatives into action in various local communities. The Movement Charter Ambassadors Program will once again be opened for applications in the second quarter of 2023, in preparation for the next  round of Movement Charter consultations. Both individuals and organizations will be able to apply. Those interested in becoming Movement Charter Ambassadors are encouraged to [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/Join|sign-up]]. '''Coming up''': * '''Community Conversations summary:''' [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Team|The Movement Strategy and Governance]] team of the Wikimedia Foundation will prepare and publish the final summary report of the community feedback in January 2023. The report will be shared with the MCDC and the communities on different channels of communication. * '''Feedback on the Movement Charter:''' There will be additional ways to engage with the Movement Charter content, including the early feedback on the proposed ratification process and a new set of draft chapters in the second quarter of 2023. <section end="content" /> </div> --14:27, 22 Disemba 2022 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24275711 --> == Ihe nrite Onye Ntinyeaka == {| style="background-color: #CEF2D4; border: 10px solid Green;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Silverwiki 2 za zásluhy.png|100px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''Onye ntụgharị Pụrụ iche n'afọ 2022''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Anyị n'ekele gị maka ọrụ ị na-arụ na <span class="plainlinks">[https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 Wikipidia Igbo]</span>. '''Daalụ maka ịtụgharị edemede karịrị nari abụọ'''. Ị mere nke ọma, jisie ike! [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|ṅkátá]]) 10:48, 28 Disemba 2022 (UTC) |} :Obi dị mu ụtọ maka ihe nrite nke afọ a. Daalụ nke ukwu! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 20:55, 28 Disemba 2022 (UTC) == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2022 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentysecond newsletter, covering December 2022. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * January 15: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|Online user group meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Plants|Wiki Loves Plants]] (SDG 15) * [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * [[m:Women_in_Climate_Change_2022|Women in Climate Change 2022]] (SDG 5 & 13) '''News''' * [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2022/11/28/museology-myosotis-and-metadata-oh-my-sharing-sustainably-in-wikipedia/ Museology, Myosotis, and metadata oh my! Sharing sustainably in Wikipedia] (SDG 15) '''Resources''' * New Book: [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-05182-1 Open Mapping Towards Sustainable Development Goals] (SDG all) '''Videos''' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t66i3ztg-1E&t=1717s Margaret Donald - Wikidata, OpenRefine & Biota] (SDG 15) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_alismatid_families|List of alismatid families]] (SDG 15) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11231|has biological vector]] (SDG 15) * [[d:Property:P11272|Bureau of Meteorology location ID]] (SDG 13) * [[d:Property:P11277|CIViC gene ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11281|Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11282|Tanzania Parliament member ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11311|Lygaeoidea Species File ID]] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 14:37, 1 Jenụwarị 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24307628 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentythird newsletter, covering January 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14 and 16<!-- insert related SDGs here -->.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|19 February - User group meeting]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Meeting_minutes_20230115|15 January - User group meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Plants|Wiki Loves Plants]] (SDG 14) * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/Dunedin_5|The 2023 Bug of the Year Edit-a-thon]] (SDG 14) * Past: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=74 Lexeme challenge Urology] (SDG 3) * Past: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Veckans_tävling/Grodor_versus_ödlor|Swedish Wikipedia weekly challenge - Frogs versus lizards]] (SDG 14) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December_2022/Contents/New_Zealand_report#Three_hundred_episodes_of_Critter_of_the_Week|Three hundred episodes of Critter of the Week]] (SDG 14) * Past: [https://zenodo.org/record/7521891#.Y9p6MdLMKw4 Wikidata Queries around the SARS-CoV-2 virus and pandemic] (SDG 3) * Past: [[m:Women_in_Climate_Change_2022|Women in Climate Change 2022]] (SDG 5 & 13) '''News''' * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/05/the-stories-behind-the-wiki-loves-earth-2022-photos-from-turkiye/ The stories behind the Wiki Loves Earth 2022 photos from Türkiye] (SDG 14) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/01/05/announcing-our-funding-support-from-the-patient-centered-outcomes-research-institute-pcori/ Announcing our funding support from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)] (SDG 3) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/01/04/jumping-for-science-how-wikipedia-assignments-inspire-stem-students/ Jumping for science: how Wikipedia assignments inspire STEM students] (SDG 14) * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Birds_of_NYC_Photo_Contest/Winners|Birds of NYC Photo Contest Winners announced!]] (SDG 14) * [https://anchor.fm/civichackerpodcast/episodes/Using-Wikidata-to-Connect-Constituents-With-Their-Government-e1or922 Using Wikidata to Connect Constituents With Their Government] (SDG 16) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/23/wiki-loves-earth-2022-presents-the-winners-of-the-special-nomination-human-rights-and-environment/ Wiki Loves Earth 2022 presents the winners of the special nomination “Human rights and environment”!] (SDG 10 & 14) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/19/equity-diversity-inclusion-in-affiliate-governance/ Equity, diversity & inclusion in affiliate governance] (SDG 5 & 10) '''Resources''' * [https://www.databricks.com/blog/2023/01/26/building-life-sciences-knowledge-graph-data-lake.htmlBuilding a Life Sciences Knowledge Graph with a Data Lake] (SDG 3) '''Videos''' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HW6YxXRL18 Editor uses Wikidata to find new uses for existing drugs and speed up approval process for new treatments] (SDG 3) * [[c:File:WikiForHumanRights_Information_Session_2023.webm|WikiForHumanRights Information Session]] (SDG 10) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_birds_of_Tuvalu|List of birds of Tuvalu]] (SDG 14) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Laos|List of World Heritage Sites in Laos]] (SDG 11) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh|List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh]] (SDG 11) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11429|NIP]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11402|NSR doctor ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:/Property:P11430|UniProt disease ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11446|Strazha ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11500|United States House of Representatives ID]] (SDG 16) </div> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 16:25, 1 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24426147 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:Noun Scroll 308110.svg|120px|right]] * '''First Community Consultation:''' A concise summary of the community consultation on the initial three drafts of the Charter is now available for your review [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Summary|on Meta]] and [[wmfblog:2023/02/07/movement-charter-community-consultation-summary/|on the Diff platform]]. In addition, you can read about MC Ambassadors are sharing about their experiences: ** [[wmfblog:2023/02/10/highlights-of-the-movement-charter-drafting-committees-first-community-consultation/|Highlights of the community consultation process, as well as about the Movement Charter Ambassador Program]]. ** [[wmfblog:2023/02/10/igbo-wikimedians-communitys-participation-in-the-movement-charter-consultation/|The Igbo Wikimedia community’s participation in the MC consultation]]. ** [[wmfblog:2023/02/01/ambassadors-of-the-movement-charter-draft-committee-in-the-arabic-speaking-community-share-their-experience/|The experience of Arabic-speaking community members]]. * '''What’s next after the community feedback period?''' The Committee is currently reviewing the detailed feedback which consists of 59 pages of comments, in March the Committee will share their response to the comments. The detailed version of the feedback, which the Committee is reviewing, is also available [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/2022|on this Meta page]]. * '''MCDC’s Virtual Working Session:''' The Committee gathered virtually from 3rd to 5th February to work on the drafts of the following new set of [[m:Movement Charter/Content|chapters of the Movement Charter]]: Global Council, Hubs, Decision Making, and Roles & Responsibilities. The Committee members worked in their smaller drafting groups first. The full Committee then convened, with representatives of each drafting group presenting the progress made so far, as well as about what type of support is needed for their future sessions. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#January 2023|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in January''']]''':''' The update includes details of the meetings held by the Committee in the month of January 2023, stakeholder conversations, completed work as well as about the new drafting groups, creating glossary and independent legal review. '''Coming up:''' * '''Community feedback on the ratification methodology''' proposal of the future Movement Charter. The feedback was postponed until March 2023. The communities will be able to review the ratification methodology and share their early input on the open questions.   * '''The MCDC will soon announce a “Call for Advisors”.''' The call will be an invitation for interested individuals with relevant expertise and knowledge to participate in drafting the Charter. Advisors will be considered non-voting members. * '''Responses to the community consultation feedback''' by the MCDC. The Committee has been carefully reviewing feedback collected in the consultation from November & December 2022, and will publicly share responses to the feedback by March.   <section end="content" /> </div> --14:20, 22 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24476598 --> == A new Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions update is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-02-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: the latest changes in our development team, info about our participation at the latest Conversation with Trustees, links to the recordings of our last week's meetings, and the latest development updates. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 11:28, 27 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24618444 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentyfourth newsletter, covering February 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 2, 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16<!-- insert related SDGs here -->.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|2023-03-05 User group meeting]] (SDG all) * [[m:2023-03-19 User group meeting|Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[wikimania:2023:Program/Submissions|Suggest "Environmental sustainability and climate crisis" topics for Wikimania]] (SDG all) * Ongoing: [[m:Africa_Environment|Africa Environment WikiFocus]] (SDG 13) * Past: [https://www.eventbrite.com/x/edit-for-climate-change-wikipedia-editathon-registration-526291811977 Edit for Climate Change: Wikipedia Editathon] (SDG 13) * Past: WikiForHumanRights 2023 Campaign: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|Capacity Building Sessions on "Tools for Finding the Right Articles" and "Building Article List with Petscan"]] (SDG 10 & 13) * Past: WikiForHumanRights 2023 Campaign: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Resources|Regional Office Hours for Africa and Maghreb Regions]] (SDG 10 & 13) '''News''' * [https://observablehq.com/@thadk/garden NCBI breakdown of common garden foods with photographs by Phytotheca] (SDG 2) '''Resources''' * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January_2023/Contents/Sweden_report|3000 Arctic images]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January_2023/Contents/Content_Partnerships_Hub_report|SMART-Servier Medical Art upload]] (SDG 3) '''Research''' * [https://fosdem.org/2023/schedule/event/sustainability/ Open Source in Environmental Sustainability] (SDG 13) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11576|Norwegian war prisoner detention camp ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11587|Iowa legislator ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11610|National Grid Balancing Mechanism unit ID]] (SDG 7) '''Wikidata query examples''' * [https://w.wiki/5Vu8 Map of disasters by type] (SDG 11) '''Featured articles''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:South_Asian_river_dolphin|South Asian river dolphin]] (SDG 14) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sri_Lanka|List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka]] (SDG 11) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_lamiid_families|List of lamiid families]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96.jpg|Three horses (SDG 15) File:Hunter_baby_chameleon.jpg|Hunter baby chameleon (SDG 15) File:Rice_paper_butterfly_%2816709%29.jpg|Rice paper butterfly (SDG 15) File:Lasiocampa_quercus_4th_instar_caterpillar_Keila_%28top_view%29.jpg|Lasiocampa quercus 4th instar caterpillar Keila (top view) (SDG 15) File:Lasiocampa_quercus_4th_instar_caterpillar_Keila_%28side_view%29.jpg|Lasiocampa quercus 4th instar caterpillar Keila (side view).jpg (SDG 15) File:Mockingbird_on_the_North_Lake_Trail_%2836851%29.jpg|Mockingbird on the North Lake Trail (SDG 15) File:Striated_Pardalote_0012.jpg|Striated Pardalote (SDG 15) File:Kleines_Wiesenv%C3%B6gelchen_am_Morgen.jpg|Wiesenvögelchen (SDG 15) File:Immature_herring_gull_%2816259%29.jpg|Herring gull (SDG 15) File:Northern_shoveler_male_in_Marine_Park_%2833296%29.jpg|Northern shoveler (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 18:57, 1 Maachị 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24647320 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #106 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract_Wikipedia/Updates/2023-03-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: an essay from Denny about deconstructing narratives around functions, links to the recordings of our last presentations, and the latest development updates. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1678127403 today at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 09:21, 6 Maachị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24664700 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #107 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract_Wikipedia/Updates/2023-03-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: an essay from Denny about where to store objects for Abstract Wikipedia (and relative problems with such issue) and the next appointment with the community. About the last point, we remind you that the next Natural Language Generation workstream public meeting will be held on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679416242 March 21, at 16:30 UTC] on Jitsi ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 11:02, 17 Maachị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24726847 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:Noun Scroll 308110.svg|120px|right]] * '''Call for Advisors'''! Individuals interested to support the Drafting Groups or the Subcommittees of the MCDC in the role of an advisor can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd2Fp9NxOox_nxjf9kgV8Q7InIPm4jO9rLmteNkUV34vSHatA/viewform fill out the advisory application form] by May, 2023. The MCDC will be contacting interested individuals on a rolling basis. Do you want to know more about it? Please [[wmfblog:2023/02/21/movement-charter-drafting-committee-call-for-advisors/|read here for more information]]. The information is also available in [[wmfblog:ar/2023/03/02/لجنة-صياغة-ميثاق-الحركة-دعوة-مستشارين/|Arabic]], [[wmfblog:es/2023/03/01/comite-de-redaccion-de-la-carta-del-movimiento-convocatoria-de-asesores/|Spanish]], [[wmfblog:fr/2023/02/27/comite-de-redaction-de-la-charte-du-mouvement-appel-aux-conseillers/|French]], [[wmfblog:pt/2023/02/24/comite-de-redacao-da-carta-do-movimento-wikimedia-chamada-para-pessoas-assessoras/|Brazilian Portuguese]], [[wmfblog:ru/2023/03/02/комитет-по-разработке-устава-движени/|Russian]] and [[wmfblog:zh-hant/2023/03/02/運動憲章起草委員會：徵求顧問/|Chinese]] languages respectively. * '''Movement Charter Ambassadors from the Latin America and the Caribbean region''' share their experiences of organizing community conversations on the Movement Charter. Please read the Diff blog [[wmfblog:pt/2023/03/12/programa-de-pessoas-embaixadoras-da-carta-do-movimento-wikimedia-na-america-latina-e-no-caribe/|in Brazilian Portuguese]] and in [[wmfblog:es/2023/03/16/programa-de-embajadores-de-la-carta-del-movimiento-wikimedia-en-america-latina-y-el-caribe/|Spanish languages]]. * '''Casual updates''': The MCDC publishes regular casual updates after bi-weekly full Committee meetings, as well as after other drafting group and subcommittee meetings. If you are interested, please read casual updates [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates/Casual|here on Meta]] and on [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-drafting-committees-casual-updates/2079 Movement Strategy Forum]. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#February 2023|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in February''']]''':''' As usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work & discussions. The MCDC’s monthly updates are also [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charters-discussion-and-monthly-updates/363/20 shared on the multilingual Movement Strategy forum]. '''Coming up''' * '''[[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Responses|MCDC Responses to the community feedback]]''': The MCDC published responses [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Summary|to the community feedback]] on the first set of drafts (collected during a consultation in November - December 2022). The response includes a [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Responses|Summary]], as well as some [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/2022|specific responses to the full community feedback]] (highlighted in orange). * '''Revised Movement Charter drafts:''' The MCDC will share in the coming month the revised versions of the first two chapters: [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Preamble|Preamble]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Values & Principles|Values & Principles]] (including a newly-added glossary), and the revised [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Roles & Responsibilities|Roles & Responsibilities intentions statement]]. * '''Ratification methodology consultation''': The MCDC is working on a new proposal (not available yet) for a [[m:Movement Charter/Ratification|ratification methodology]]. The proposal will be discussed through a community consultation process, including live meetings to provide feedback. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> --11:34, 21 Maachị 2023 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24745150 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #108 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-03-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue we announce [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-21780-7_6 a new paper] about Natural Language Generation by [https://www.cse.chalmers.se/~aarne/ Aarne Ranta], member of the Abstract Wikipedia NLG Special Interest Group and professor at the [[:w:en:University of Gothenburg|University of Gothenburg, Sweden]]. The paper is also accessible as a pre-print [https://www.grammaticalframework.org/~aarne/preprint-AAM-textgen.pdf here]. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1680543035 April 3, 2023 at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 10:50, 24 Maachị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24759040 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentyfifth newsletter, covering March 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 10, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|User group meeting 2023-04-02]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Meeting_minutes_20230305|User group meeting 2023-03-05]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/30/join-the-wikiforhumanrights-campaign-and-contribute-knowledge-that-connects-human-rights-with-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/ WikiForHumanRights] (SDG 10 & 13) * Upcoming: April 19 - [[m:Translat-a-thon/NYC/2023|LaGuardia Community College Earth Day Translatathon with Casa de las Américas NYC]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: April 22 - [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth_Day_2023_Bushwick|Earth Day 2023 Edit-a-thon Environment of Brooklyn Focus with Sure We Can]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: April 23 - [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth_Day_Wiknic|Earth Day Wiknic NYC]] (SDG 13) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/WMF_GLAM_report|Gender and culture related event to test image suggestions on Wikipedia]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[m:Feminism_and_Folklore_2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[m:Edit_a_thon/artfeminism-edit-a-thon-for-nigerian-female-artists-2023|Art+Feminism edit-a-thon for Nigerian female artists]] (SDG 5) '''News''' * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/03/08/putting-our-energy-into-wikipedia-as-climate-action/ Putting our energy into Wikipedia as climate action] (SDG 13) * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/07/how-artfeminism-is-using-wikipedia-to-promote-equity-in-the-art-world/ How Art+Feminism is using Wikipedia to promote equity in the art world] (SDG 5) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/New_Zealand_report|Biodiversity Heritage Library and Wikidata]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/USA_report|Black history month and more]] (SDG 10) * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/14/women-do-news-tackling-the-gender-divide-in-journalism-through-wikipedia/ Women Do News: Tackling the Gender Divide in Journalism Through Wikipedia] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/17/wiki-loves-earth-2023-is-starting/ Wiki Loves Earth 2023 is starting!] (SDG 15) * [https://medium.com/@openheritagefoundation/the-quest-to-close-the-gender-gap-on-wikipedia-continues-five-year-anniversary-with-feminism-ebd7a3b3185e The Quest to Close the Gender Gap on Wikipedia Continues; Five-Year Anniversary with Feminism & Folklore] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/28/wikigap-malaysia-2023-empowering-women-in-indigenous-languages/ WikiGap Malaysia 2023: Empowering women in indigenous languages] (SDG 5) * [https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/climate-crisis/wikipedia-has-a-climatetech-problem Wikipedia has a climatetech problem] (SDG 13) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11623|NCI Drug Dictionary ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11649|Malaysia Federal Legislation act ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11650|Moscow University Herbarium ID]] (SDG 15) * [[d:Property:P11666|Norwegian Petroleum Directorate field ID]] (SDG 13) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_Saxifragales_families|List of Saxifragales families]] (SDG 15) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:Red-throated_wryneck|Red-throated wryneck]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> Ourapteryx_yerburii_ssp._specimens_and_male_genitalia.jpg|Ourapteryx yerburii ssp. specimens and male genitalia (SDG 15) Pterophorus_pentadactyla_-_Keila.jpg|Pterophorus pentadactyla (SDG 15) Wood_duck_drake_%2886815%29.jpg|Wood duck drake (SDG 15) Cardinal_%2886755%29.jpg|Cardinal (SDG 15) Bunten_Kronwicke_%28Securigera_varia%29_Bl%C3%BCte-20200626-RM-173640.jpg|Bunten Kronwicke (Securigera varia) (SDG 15) Neubrunn_Steinbruch_Blutrote_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_sanguineum%29_8262082.jpg|Sympetrum sanguineum (SDG 15) Boerenkrokus_%28Crocus_tommasinianus%29_28-02-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Crocus tommasinianus (SDG 15) Papaya_-_longitudinal_section_close-up_view.jpg|Papaya - longitudinal section close-up view (SDG 15) Aphantopus_hyperantus_-_Keila.jpg|Aphantopus hyperantus (SDG 15) Australian_Zebra_Finch_0A2A3013.jpg|Australian Zebra Finch (SDG 15) Melospiza_melodia_JRVdH_03.jpg|Melospiza melodia (SDG 15) Roadside_hawk_%28Rupornis_magnirostris_griseocauda%29_eating_speckled_racer_%28Drymobius_margaritiferus%29_Orange_Walk.jpg|Roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris griseocauda) eating speckled racer (Drymobius margaritiferus) (SDG 15) Black_iguana_%28Ctenosaura_similis%29_Cayo.jpg|Black iguana (Ctenosaura similis) (SDG 15) Cerastis_rubricosa_caterpillar_%28side_view%29_-_Keila.jpg|Cerastis rubricosa caterpillar (side view) (SDG 15) Cerastis_rubricosa_caterpillar_%28dorsal_view%29_-_Keila.jpg|Cerastis rubricosa caterpillar (dorsal view) (SDG 15) Fr%C3%BChlings-Knotenblume_%28Leucojum_vernum%29-20230220-RM-161056.jpg|Frühlings-Knotenblume (Leucojum vernum) (SDG 15) Ocellated_turkey_%28Meleagris_ocellata%29_male_Peten.jpg|Ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata) male (SDG 15) Geoffroy%27s_spider_monkey_%28Ateles_geoffroyi_yucatanensis%29_Peten_2.jpg|Geoffroy's spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis) (SDG 15) Bessen_van_een_Ophiopogon_planiscapus_%27Niger%27._28-02-2023._%28d.j.b%29.jpg|Ophiopogon planiscapus (SDG 15) Protaetic_cuprea_ignicollis_2023-03-22_IZE-066.jpg|Protaetic cuprea ignicollis (SDG 15) Monarch_butterflies_%28Danaus_plexippus_plexippus%29_Piedra_Herrada_2.jpg|Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus plexippus) (SDG 15) Cepaea_nemoralis_Paarung-20230314-RM-110511.jpg|Cepaea nemoralis (SDG 15) Wiesen_Pippau_%28Crepis_biennis%29-20220624-RM-123950.jpg|Crepis biennis (SDG 15) Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) Cayo.jpg|Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) (SDG 15) Trifolium_spadiceum_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja.jpg|Trifolium spadiceum (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 07:42, 1 Eprel 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24816279 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:MCDC_pre_work_at_New_York_BoT_retreat.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Committee's meeting in New York, in early March.]] * '''Starting conversations on how to ratify the Movement Charter:''' The Committee invites the Wikimedia movement to express opinions on the [[m:Movement Charter/Ratification|'''proposed Movement Charter ratification methodology''']] from April 10 to April 28. Everyone is invited to share feedback [[m:Talk:Movement Charter#Ratification methodology|on the Meta talk page]] or the [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-ratification-methodology-community-review-from-10-28-april-2023/2930 Movement Strategy forum]. Two community conversation hours are planned to take place: on '''April 18 at 10.00 UTC''' and '''April 24 at 17.00 UTC'''. Please [[m:Movement Charter/Ratification/Ratification methodology review launch|read the details here]]. * [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Responses|'''MCDC’s responses to the community feedback are now on Meta''']]''':''' The Committee has shared a summary of their responses and next steps based on the feedback from the first round of community consultation which took place late 2022. * '''What to read on Diff?''' ** [[wmfblog:2023/03/17/4-movement-charter-ambassadors-from-the-french-speaking-community-share-their-experience/|'''Learn more about the Movement Charter Ambassadors work''']]''':''' Movement Charter Ambassadors from the French-speaking community share their experience. ** MCDC member [[m:User:Manavpreet Kaur|Manavpreet Kaur]] has written a blog post titled “[[wmfblog:2023/03/30/an-excerpt-from-my-life-movement-strategy-and-mcdc/|An excerpt from my life, movement, strategy and MCDC]]”. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#Meetings|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in March''']]''':''' the monthly Committee’s updates include information about the coordination efforts with Wikimedia Germany, update on membership, submission to Wikimania 2023, participation at the Wikimedia Foundations Board of Trustees’ strategic retreat in New York in March 2023. '''Coming up:''' * '''Revised chapters:''' The Committee is preparing to publish the revised draft chapters of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Preamble|The Preamble]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Values & Principles|Values & Principles]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Roles & Responsibilities|Roles & Responsibilities]] intentions statement, based on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/2022|the community feedback]] received in November and December 2022. * '''Inviting advisors and experts:''' The Committee is preparing to welcome a number of advisors from outside the Committee. All interested Wikimedians were invited to apply earlier (you can still [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd2Fp9NxOox_nxjf9kgV8Q7InIPm4jO9rLmteNkUV34vSHatA/viewform apply here]!). Additionally, the Committee is planning and scheduling meetings with individuals with specific sets of expertise in various topics, including stewards, movement committees, Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate staff, and others. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> --19:18, 15 Eprel 2023 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24859561 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #109 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-04-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: a reflection about implementation of functions, a [https://keet.wordpress.com/2023/03/14/some-reflections-on-designing-abstract-wikipedia-so-far/ reflection on Abstract Wikipedia] from [[User:Keet10|Prof. Maria Keet]], and a reminder about an in-person talk about Abstract Wikipedia in Sweden. Also, we remind you that the next Natural Language Generation special interest group public meeting will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682440206 April 25, 2023 at 16:30 UTC]''' on Jitsi ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Special guest of the meeting will be [https://github.com/olpa/multi-nlg Oleg Parashchenko], who will share his experience and thoughts about implementing a multilingual NLG system. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 09:11, 21 Eprel 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24759040 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #110 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-04-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: Wikimedia Endowment finances development of the project, and the team has published its manifesto, Objectives and Key Results (OKRs) and communications principles. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1683567008 May 8, 2023 at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:54, 2 Mee 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24759040 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-sixth newsletter, covering April 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 2, 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting 2023-05-07]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20230402|User group meeting 2023-04-02]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Join_the_Challenge|WikiForHumanRights 2023 International Writing Contest]] (SDG 13, 14, 6) * Ongoing: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Join_Community_Events|WikiForHumanRights 2023 local community events]] (SDG 13, 15, 14, 6) * Ongoing: [[m:Wiki_Climate_Campus_Tour_Nigeria|WikiCampusTourNigeria Project]] (SDG 6, 13, 14, 15) * Upcoming (and past): [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Skrivstuga/Kvinnor,_arkitektur_och_design|Women, architecture and design]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Albania_report|WikiGap Tirana 2023, Albania]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Brazil_report|BBC 100 women editathon]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Kosovo_report|WikiGAP in Prishtina]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Switzerland_report|15 Days of French women writers]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/DC/TSU_USF_Women%27s_History_Month_Wikipedia_Edit-a-thon|TSU USF Women's History Month Wikipedia Edit-a-thon]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[w:en:Wikipedia:WikiProject_Smithsonian_AWHI/Meetup/Crafting_a_Better_Wikipedia:_Women_of_Color_in_the_Renwick_Gallery|Crafting a Better Wikipedia: Women of Color in the Renwick Gallery]] (SDG 5) '''News''' * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/07/tuswug-s2e2-women-in-wiki/ TUSWUG S2E2: Women in Wiki] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/13/inaugural-edition-of-the-organizer-lab-awards-6-community-grants/ Inaugural edition of the organizer lab awards – 6 community grants] (SDG 5 & SDG 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/03/29/bolstering-womens-voices-and-histories-on-wikipedia/ Bolstering women’s voices and histories on Wikipedia] (SDG 5) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Brazil_report|A huge upload for biologists]] (SDG 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycPPBhuQPhs&ab_channel=WikimediaFoundation WikiForHumanRights 2023 Launch Webinar] (SDG 13, 14, 6) * [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|WikiForHumanRights 2023 and WMF Human Rights Team Online Safety Capacity Building for Organizers]] (SDG 13) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLBSSlrI2vo WikiForHummanRights 2023 and Let's Connect Capacity building on good practices for retention] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/20/living-through-a-triple-planetary-emergency-capturing-the-most-impactful-knowledge-to-weather-the-storm/ Living through a Triple Planetary Emergency: Capturing the Most Impactful Knowledge to Weather the Storm] (SDG 10 & SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/20/wikimedia-foundation-environmental-sustainability-report-for-2022/ Wikimedia Foundation Environmental Sustainability Report for 2022] (SDG 13) * [[:File:Wikimedia_h%C3%A5llbarhetsrapport_2022.pdf|Wikimedia Sverige sustainability report 2022]] (in Swedish) (SDG 13) '''Research''' * [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12964 Hypotheses in urban ecology: building a common knowledge base] (SDG 15) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11698|student retention rate]] (SDG 4) * [[d:Property:P11704|INEP ID]] (SDG 4) [51] * [[d:Property:P11729|Kulturenvanteri.com ID]] (SDG 11) * [[d:Property:P11747|holds diplomatic passport of]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11741|SINTA affiliation ID]] (SDG 4) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_afrosoricids|List of afrosoricids]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> Scarlet_macaw_%28Ara_macao_cyanopterus%29_Copan.jpg|Ara macao cyanopterus (SDG 15) Leptura_quadrifasciata_female_-_Keila.jpg|Leptura quadrifasciata (SDG 15) Bursa_lamarckii_01.jpg|Bursa lamarckii (SDG 15) Scarlet_macaw_%28Ara_macao_cyanopterus%29_head_Copan.jpg|Ara macao cyanopterus (SDG 15) Western_Bowerbird_0A2A0436.jpg|Chlamydera guttata (SDG 15) White-breasted_nuthatch_%2826471%29.jpg|Sitta carolinensis (SDG 15) Patzmannsdorf_-_K%C3%BCrbisfeld_mit_Pfarrkirche_und_Raiffeisen-Silo_in_Stronsdorf.jpg|Pumpkin field (SDG 2) Cinnamon-bellied_flowerpiercer_%28Diglossa_baritula%29_male_on_Indian_shot_%28Canna_indica%29_Finca_El_Pilar.jpg|Diglossa baritula & Canna indica (SDG 15) Knoppen_van_een_esdoorn_%28Acer_platanoides%29._03-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Acer platanoides (SDG 15) Cinnamon_hummingbird_%28Amazilia_rutila%29_in_flight_Los_Tarrales.jpg|Amazilia rutila (SDG 15) Passion_fruits_-_whole_and_halved.jpg|Passiflora edulis (SDG 15) Golden-fronted_%28Velasquez%27s%29_woodpecker_%28Melanerpes_aurifrons%29_male_Copan.jpg|Melanerpes aurifrons (SDG 15) Argiope_spider_female_adult_on_her_web_dorsal_view_black_background_Don_Det_Laos.jpg|Argiope versicolor (SDG 15) Daslook._Allium_ursinum%2C_zwellende_bloemknop._18-04-2022_%28actm.%29_04.jpg|Allium ursinum (SDG 15) Fallen_leaf_of_Platanus_x_hispanica_%281%29.jpg|Platanus x hispanica (SDG 15) Thymelicus_lineola_underside_-_Keila.jpg|Thymelicus lineola (SDG 15) Japanse_esdoorn_%28Acer_palmatum%29_03-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Acer palmatum (SDG 15) [38] Common_kestrel_%28Falco_tinnunculus%29_female_%28IMGP1648r2-DNA%29.jpg|Falco tinnunculus (SDG 15) [39] California_sea_lion_nap_time_in_La_Jolla_%2870474%29.jpg|Zalophus californianus (SDG 15) [40] Bladknop_van_een_esdoorn_%28Acer%29._13-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29_01.jpg|Acer pseudoplatanus (SDG 15) Tamarind_fruits_%28Tamarindus_indica_%27Si_Thong%27%29.jpg|Tamarindus indica (SDG 15) White_leucistic_squirrel_with_a_peanut_%2885668%29.jpg|Sciurus carolinensis (SDG 15) [43] Fork-tailed_flycatcher_%28Tyrannus_savana_monachus%29_in_flight_Cayo.jpg|Tyrannus savana monachus (SDG 15) Rapa_incurva_01.jpg|Rapa incurva (SDG 15) Arboreal_stingless_bee_nest_%28Trigona_sp.%29_Flores.jpg|Trigona sp. (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 19:31, 2 Mee 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24969562 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> '''Updates:''' * '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation#April_2023_ratification_methodology_community_review|Charter Ratification Methodology proposal conversations]]''': The Movement Charter Drafting Committee recently held the first conversations regarding the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Ratification|ratification methodology for the Movement Charter]]. The MCDC has received valuable feedback from different communities and the Committees during the community input period. The report of the community input will be shared in May, while the updated version of the ratification methodology will be presented between September and November 2023. * '''Communication evaluation''': The Communications sub-committee of the MCDC together with the support staff conducted an evaluation of the communications. The Communications sub-committee appreciates the time and input of the community members who shared their opinions during the interviews. Several recommendations are going to be implemented in the upcoming period based on the valuable input. * '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Updates#April_2023|Learn about the MCDC’s work in April]]''': The MCDC continues to draft additional chapters: The Global Council, Hubs, Decision-making and Roles & Responsibilities. Alongside the drafting work, the MCDC is planning their in-person meeting scheduled for 2-4 June in Utrecht, Netherlands with the aim of advancing the charter's content. '''What’s coming up?''' * Participants of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiNusantara_2023|WikiNusantara 2023 in Banjarmasin, Indonesia]] are invited to join a [[m:WikiNusantara_2023/Acara/Selayang_Pandang_Arah_Strategis_Gerakan_Wikimedia:_Kolaborasi_WMF_dan_Komunitas|session on the topics around Wikimedia Movement Strategy and community collaboration]] on May 20. [[m:User:RamzyM_(WMF)|Ramzy Muliawan]] will provide updates, share about the Movement Charter Ambassadors Program and answer the questions. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=25016423 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #111 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-05-12|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: a new full stack software engineer joins the development team, and a presentation of a paper co-authored by Denny about the history of Wikidata. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:04, 15 Mee 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24759040 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletters #112 and #113 are out == There are new updates for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions! Please, come and read them! On May 17, 2023, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-05-17|thanked Julia]] for her work and we wished her well for her new work with the Trust & Safety team. On May 25, 2023, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-05-25|presented our new viewing and editing experience]] for Wikifunctions. Want to catch-up with the previous updates? Check [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:58, 26 Mee 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25053227 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #114 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: a very brief note about the Wikimedia Hackathon in Athens. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1685986233 June 5, 2023 at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Note: since last time we've had some network problems with Jitsi, <u>in case of new malfunctions</u> during next meeting we will provide on short notice a Google Meet link to the participants. Thanks for your understanding. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 07:08, 3 Jụn 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25053227 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #115 is out == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue we present the new interface for multilingual editing, and we discuss the results of our "fix-it week". Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:35, 9 Jụn 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25053227 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletters #116 and #117 are out == There are new updates for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions! Please, come and read them! On June 22, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-22|summarised the results]] of our annual in-person meeting in Delft, The Netherlands. On June 28, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-28|thanked Cai and Allan]] for their work and we wished them well for their new endeavours. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1689010212 July 10, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:02, 4 Julaị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25213308 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletters #118 to #121 are out == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> There are new updates for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions! Please, come and read them! On July 20, we shared an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-20|update on our plans for the initial deployment of Wikifunctions]] in the next few weeks, what will be possible, and changes to the development in the last few weeks. Also, a request for suggestions on what should be the very first Function to be created in Wikifunctions. On July 17, we announced a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-17|grant from Google.org]]. On July 12, we announced a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-12|grant from The Rockefeller Foundation]]. On July 7, we welcomed a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-07|new Director of Product]] to the team. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Quiddity (WMF)|talk]]) 21:38, 20 Julaị 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25312292 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:Noun Scroll 308110.svg|180px|right]] ''This newsletter combines content from both June and July, due to a delay in sharing out the previous newsletter.'' '''Updates:''' * '''New Movement Charter content published:''' The Committee published new draft chapters on the [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Global Council|'''Global''' '''Council''']], [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Hubs|'''Hubs''']] and the [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Glossary|'''Glossary''']]. You are invited to share your feedback or ask any questions you may have to the Committee before September 1, 2023 on the following talk pages: ** [[m:Talk:Movement Charter/Content/Global Council|Share your feedback on The Global Council draft]] ** [[m:Talk:Movement Charter/Content/Hubs|Share your feedback on Hubs draft]] * [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft|'''Revised draft chapters published on Meta:''']] The Committee has shared the revised draft chapters: [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Preamble|Preamble]], [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Values & Principles|Values & Principles]], and [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Roles & Responsibilities|Roles & Responsibilities]] intentions statement. These revisions are based on the [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#November-December 2022 consultation|community feedback]] received in November-December 2022. * [[m:wmfblog:2023/06/02/how-will-the-wikimedia-movement-ratify-its-charter/|'''Ratification Methodology community feedback:''']] The summary of community feedback on the proposed methodology for the ratification of the Charter is on Diff. * Listen to the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jy_IQ_G1wEI '''WikiAfrica Hour #46: Africa and Movement Charter'''], where MCDC members [[m:User:Anass Sedrati|Anass Sedrati]] and [[m:User:Geugeor-WMF|Georges Foudoup]]  talk about Movement Charter, its aims and objectives, and the relevance to the African community. * MCDC member’s are busy participating in various community events to discuss Movement Charter. [[m:User:Manavpreet Kaur|Manavpreet Kaur]], a member of the Global Council and Roles and Responsibilities Drafting Groups [[m:EduWiki Conference 2023/Program/MCDC|joined the EduWikiConference 2023]].  The MCDC support staff [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|Ramzy Muliawan]] shared updates about the charter at [[m:WikiNusantara 2023|WikiNustantara 2023]] in Banjarmasin, Indonesia ([https://twitter.com/wikimediaid/status/1659772318913294336 @wikimediaid on Twitter]). The Wikimedia communities in Indonesia were engaged by [[m:Grants:Project/MSIG/Arcuscloud/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program|Movement Charter Ambassador]] [[m:User:Arcuscloud|Arcuscloud]] in the [[m:Grants:Project/MSIG/Arcuscloud/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program|last round of community conversations]]. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#May 2023|'''Learn about MCDC’s work in May & June:''']] as usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work & discussions. '''What’s coming up?''' * [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#MCDC Live Launch Party|'''Join the live launch party''']]: The Drafting Committee is hosting a launch party on July 30th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1690725614 14.00 UTC] to celebrate the new drafts, introduce them to the community and give space for sharing thoughts and feedback. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZYsdOiurT0vHta6stHaiHHEyrwK3RUPveBR#/registration '''Register here to receive a Zoom link to the launch party.'''] * [[m:Movement Charter/Ambassadors Program/Grant|'''Movement Charter Community Conversation grants''']] are open for individuals or groups who want to organize conversations about the Charter content. Talk to us if you need any support on [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/c/ensure-equity-in-decision-making/movement-charter-ambassadors/38 the MS Forum]! Apply for a grant before Jul 30, 2023. * [[m:wmania:2023:Wikimania|'''Wikimania 2023''']]''':''' Wikimania 2023: Members of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee are excited to be attending Wikimania Singapore in August, to speak to and hear from you in person (and hybrid) about the four drafts and the Charter in general. * '''Community events:''' MCDC members will be present in the [[m:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2023|CEE Meeting]] in September in Georgia to discuss the Charter content with the CEE and CA communities. In addition, the MCDC prioritizes participation in the conferences planned for 2023 to continue conversations on the content of the Charter with the communities: [[m:WikiConvention francophone/2023|WikiConvention Francophone]], [[m:WikiWomenCamp 2023|WikiWomen Camp]],  [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2023|WikiIndaba Morocco]], [[m:wikiconference:2023/Main_Page|WikiConference North America]], [[m:GLAM Wiki 2023|GLAM Wiki Conference]], among others. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> --12:25, 30 Julaị 2023 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=25275952 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #122 is out: Wikifunctions is live! == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Wikifunctions:Main_Page Wikifunctions.org] is live (in read-only mode), we welcome a new member of the team, and we announce a new job opening. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:02, 31 Julaị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25357486 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter: August 2023</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> '''Updates''' * '''Community consultation''': The community consultation on the [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Global_Council|Global Council]], [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Hubs|Hubs]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Glossary|Glossary]] drafts is ongoing. We value your input, if you have not already, please take a moment to review the draft chapters and share your thoughts with the MCDC. We’ve posed open questions we would like your opinion on. Feel free to engage in a way that is most comfortable for you and your community. Learn more on our Diff blogs about the [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/07/13/a-global-council-for-our-movement/ Global Council] and [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/07/27/building-wikimedia-movement-hubs-together/ Hubs]. * '''Launch Party''': On July 30 we hosted a Launch Party to share the Global Council and Hubs draft chapters. It was an inspiring event where we had the opportunity to listen to your feedback and address some of your questions. If you missed it, you can catch the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SItWeX78tv8&list=LL&index=4 recording on YouTube]. * '''Community Conversations''': We want to hear from as many people as possible. On July 16, the SWAN meeting opened its doors and offered an opportunity to interact with the MCDC members regarding the new drafts of the charter. [[m:Strategic_Wikimedia_Affiliates_Network/2023_07#Notes|Notes are available here]]. On July 28, a regional conversation with the Francophone community was held. Here comes a [[m:Talk:Movement_Charter/Content/Global_Council#Summary_of_the_feedback_from_the_francophone_conversation|short summary here in English and French]]. Additionally, on August 2 we had a fruitful conversation with the [[m:Talk:Movement_Charter/Content/Hubs#Summary_from_2_August_call|LATAM region]]. * '''[[m:Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Updates#July_2023|MCDC’s Work in July]]''': As usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work & discussions. '''Upcoming''' * '''Join the MCDC at Wikimania''': Whether you’ll be at Wikimania 2023 in person or joining virtually, there are a few events that we would like to invite you to. Please drop by for a casual conversation. We would love to connect to workshop any ideas together. Drop in, get a sweet treat, and share your thoughts with us! [https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/2023:Registration Register] and see below for an overview of our time together: ** Tuesday, August 15 *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-15 02:00|02:00 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/UVKSKQ/ '''Movement Strategy & Governance Connection track - Welcome and opening'''] (Room 325) *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-15 05:45|05:45 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/FJCXUP/ '''Movement Charter Drafting Committee: Open office hour'''] (Room 326) ** Wednesday, August 16 *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-16 03:15|03:15 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/EYGDHC/ '''Role Play the Future Roles and Responsibilities in the Movement'''] (Room 326) ** Thursday, 17 August *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-17 03:15|03:15 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/AWXHMA/ '''Movement Charter Content Discussions'''] (Room 310) * A '''[[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation#Regional_conversation:_Middle_East_and_North_Africa|regional call tailored for the MENA region]]''' will be conducted in Arabic on September 2 at 17.00 UTC. Kindly indicate your interest to attend this meeting. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta-wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> MCDC Support Team, 23:53, 14 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=25458213 --> == Spam article == @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] [[Suraj Rana]] a blank page, requested for speedy deletion under the reason of "no useful content, spam page" [[Ihü kárírí:Contributions/82.115.220.168|82.115.220.168]] 12:16, 20 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :Thanks for this notification [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 17:17, 20 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) == Spam Articles == @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Pages that are requested for speedy deletion, I mentioned the link to the page & reason below : 1) [[Krishnam Kumar]] Reason : Language, written in english language in igbo wikipedia also, Telegram links are included in reference list, it indicates self promotion links. 2) [[Jhonnchefe]] Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included like spotify, apple music, jaxta, YouTube. 3) [[Faaxy]] Reason : Language (English) 4) [[الشيخ محمد حمزة التميمي]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content 5) [[مسكنك]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content 6) [[إيجي سكاي]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content 7) [[أراتوك]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content 8) [[كيرلس مجدي القمص]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 01:30, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :Thanks for this notification. Done! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:05, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) == Spam Articles (for speedy deletion) == @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Again I'm here to show some spam articles, Pages that are requested for speedy deletion, I mentioned the link to the page & reason below : 1) [[اشرف عظيم وخبرته الواسعة في التسويق]] Reason : Language (English) 2) [[Mohamed Mohsen]] Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included like Facebook, TikTok, Instagram 3) [[Exclusive Movies (Streaming Platform)]] Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram 4) [[Iftkhar Mughal ( Actor )]] Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included - Instagram 5) [[Vivek Tripathi - Actor]] Reason : Language (English) 6) [[Nitin Meena]] Reason : Language (English) 7) [[Kiddyong]] Reason : Language, Contains personal informations - "phone number, email adddress," also it is just a self promoting article even you can able to understand by seeing the first line of that article "Kiddyong The Naughty Kid"??? 7) [[Omar Yahya (actor)]] Reason : Language (English), Self Promotional links are included - telegram, I couldn't find any real Movies of his and his biography is disorganized 8) [[King Media]] Reason : Language (English), Self Promotional links are included - telegram 9) [[Yahya Moussa]] Reason : Self Promotional links are included - telegram [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 18:10, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :Thank you once again for bringing these to my notice. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 18:25, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) ::@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Welcome :) [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 01:19, 22 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) == Spam articles == @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Once again here to show some spammy articles written in "Arabic language" with "Self promotional links" 1) [[محمد عتال]] Reason : Language (Arabic), Self Promotional Links - SoundCloud, Spotify Anghami 2) [[وسام شاهين]] Reason : Language (Arabic) 3) [[محمد جابر طه]] Reason : Language (Arabic) [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 14:55, 22 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :Thank you so much! Do not hesitate to tag me for cleanup. I sincerely appreciate your efforts. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 21:27, 22 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) ::@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] 2 more spammy articles too. This time I included reason and additional reasons. ::1) [[Abdul Rahman Al Rubaie]] ::'''• Reason''' : Language (English), No useful content ::'''• Additional Reason''' : I searched about this person and I can't even able to get a single result about this person. This article contains only one paragraph, it says that he is football coach, other than it doesn't includes any notable works about him. ::2) [[Ahmed ALshehri]] ::'''• Reason''' : Language (English), No useful content ::'''• Additional reason''' : as same as mentioned in the first article. :: Another info - [[Nitin Meena]] This page was previously deleted because of language and multiple issues, this article was re-created by the same person [[ 2401:4900:41E8:A08C:D5B9:C39B:83A4:2E9C]] and I noticed that he is the person who is creating autobiography on themself as you can see his message on here: [[Okwu:Nitin Meena]]. ::Also thank you for your each responses. [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 11:18, 24 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :::Thanks @[[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]], I have responded accordingly.-- [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 15:13, 24 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #125 is out: Wikimania digest, CoSMo language, GFpedia demo, CCKS keynote == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-08-31|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we recap what happened at our sessions at Wikimania 2023, we talk about some new updates regarding our Natural Language Generation special interest group (NLG SIG), and we briefly speak about Denny's most recent keynote speech. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:35, 1 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25545271 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #126 is out: Let's start building morphological paradigms! == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-09-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, Denny proposes a call for action for creating morphological paradigms on Wikifunctions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 19:25, 10 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25545271 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #127 is out: Renderers and parsers for types == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-09-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, Denny introduces a discussion about how to represent integers on Wikifunctions and its related challenges. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:07, 22 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25636326 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #128 is out: Serializers and deserializers for types == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-09-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, Denny introduces a discussion about how to make types easier to use, by discussing serializers and deserializers, and their role in Wikifunctions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:47, 29 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25669070 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #129 is out: Arguments made easier == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-10-04|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the recent improvements that made it easy to reference arguments in functions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:58, 5 Ọktoba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25703700 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #130 is out: Running on WebAssembly == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-10-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our decision of rewriting the evaluator encapsulation service, in order to make it run on [[:w:en:WebAssembly|WebAssembly]]. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:31, 27 Ọktoba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25714201 --> == Crosswiki spam == Dear colleague, I have found your name at the page of sysop requests though I cannot figure out if you were elected eventually or not. But as you seem to be esteemed member of ig.wiki community, you know better what to do. It's about the article [[Hacktivist Vanguard]] which seems to be the last remnants of massive crosswiki spam and as such is the subject for speedy deletion. I'd be grateful if you take necessary steps according to the rules and habits of your local wiki. The best, [[Ọbanife:Андрей Романенко|Андрей Романенко]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Андрей Романенко|ṅkátá]]) 19:51, 3 Novemba 2023 (UTC) :Dear@[[Ọbanife:Андрей Романенко|Андрей Романенко]] thanks for bringing this to my notice. Yes, I'm a sysop on the Wiki. I'll do the needful. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 21:02, 3 Novemba 2023 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #131 is out: Python on WebAssembly; Improved Object selector; Next volunteer's corner == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our latest technical improvements on Wikifunctions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1699900200 November 13, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:16, 6 Novemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25809033 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #132 is out: Wikifunctions, the library of functions that anyone can use and edit == [[File:Anyone can edit Wikifunctions.png|center|alt=Wikifunctions can now be edited by anyone!|660x660px]] There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we finally announce that Wikifunctions is on general availability, and that functions can be run also by non-logged in users! Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1699900200 November 13, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:50, 10 Novemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25837034 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #133 is out: What types next? == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss which new types of functions should we support and the latest changes to the software. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:10, 18 Novemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25859261 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #134 is out: Welcome, Grace and Miguel! Appointing Functioneers now by community == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present two new members of the team, we discuss the latest changes in software, and we announce that Functioneer right will be now assigned by the community. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1701714600 December 4, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:01, 1 Disemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25909237 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #135 is out: Announcing Wikifunctions on the Wikimedia Foundation blog. Looking for feedback on the Function page proposal == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-12-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/12/05/introducing-wikifunctions-first-wikimedia-project-to-launch-in-a-decade-creates-new-forms-of-knowledge/ the latest blogpost] about us on WMF blog, and we invite you to share your feedback at the [[:f:Wikifunctions:Project chat#Function page proposal: looking for feedback|Wikifunctions' Project chat]] on the new proposed designs for the Function page. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 19:06, 7 Disemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25930840 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #136 is out: Looking back at 2023 == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-12-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we look back at all the accomplishments that we achieved in 2023 and we thank you all for your help in achieving them. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! This will be the last newsletter for 2023, so see you again in 2024! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:49, 15 Disemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25930840 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-seventh newsletter, a sort of year-in-review for 2023.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> Dear Wikimedians for Sustainable Development, As we bid farewell to 2023, we reflect on a year that has been an uneven year for our user group. While the journey has been marked by some truly inspiring events, most of our efforts have been largely uncoordinated and the user group hasn't been the support it could have been. Yet, there's a glimmer of hope and a world of potential for 2024. '''Highlights of 2023:''' ;Newsletters Galore: We kicked off the year with zeal, sharing updates and inspiration through four newsletters. The number of things happening in the movement is astounding, but we need to rethink the format of the newsletter going into the next year. ;Growing Strong: The Wikimedians for Sustainable Development family welcomed 33 new members in 2023. Your passion and dedication continue to inspire us, and we look forward to nurturing this community spirit in the year ahead. ;Wikimania Talks: Our voices echoed far and wide at Wikimania, where several members of our community took the virtual stage to share insights and ideas about everything from Wikipedians-in-Residence's to open data. Your contributions showcased our commitment to sustainable development on a global scale. ;Content Creation Magic: Throughout the year, our extended community demonstrated incredible dedication to expanding the knowledge base on Wikipedia. Countless hours were spent creating and curating content that aligns with our mission, contributing to a more sustainable digital ecosystem. ;Campaigning hard: We saw a large variety of campaigns, from writing challenges to editathons. The willingness to experiment with new formats and partners, as well as learning from past efforts, shows great promise for the future. '''Acknowledging Challenges:''' While we celebrate these achievements, we acknowledge that 2023 presented its fair share of challenges. A lack of global coordination reminded us that the road to sustainable development is not always linear. However, it is precisely these challenges that fuel our determination to work together more cohesively in the coming year and proof that the user group is needed. '''Hopeful Anticipation for 2024:''' As we turn the page to 2024, let's carry forward the lessons learned and the successes celebrated. We are optimistic that, with renewed energy and a collective commitment, we will overcome obstacles and create an even more impactful and connected Wikimedians for Sustainable Development community. Here's to a year of collaboration, growth, and making a lasting impact on the world through our shared passion for sustainability. Together, we can turn challenges into opportunities and pave the way for a brighter future. Wishing you all a joyous holiday season and a Happy New Year! Warm regards, [[m:User:Ainali|User:Ainali]], [[m:User:Daniel Mietchen|User:Daniel Mietchen]] PS. We have started writing [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2023|our yearly report]], please add your activities to it. This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 17:14, 1 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=25817439 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #137 is out: Introducing our first new type: Lists == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce our newest and much requested type of function, list. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1704738600 January 8, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:37, 5 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26002740 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #138 is out: The Joy of Collaboration; Introducing the Function of the Week: reverse string == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you an essay from Denny and we introduce a new section of the newsletter, dedicated to the "function of the week". Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! We also wanted to note that we are in the process of moving the Updates from Meta to Wikifunctions. We'll keep you updated about it. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:27, 12 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26002740 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #139 is out: Refreshing the Function page; Function of the Week: ROT13 == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-17|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce a redesign and rewrite of the Function page and we present our first "function of the week". Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:05, 19 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26057555 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #140 is out: Getting debug information from code; Function of the Week: Wrap string == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss debugging in implementations and we present our new "function of the week". Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:54, 26 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26096332 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #141 is out: The Igbo Imperative! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-01|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we focus on language functions in Igbo, a language spoken by more than 44 million people in South-Eastern Nigeria. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Starting from this issue, the status updates will be hosted on Wikifunctions, instead of Meta. One more step towards maturation of the project! Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive (on Meta)]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1707157800 February 5, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:14, 2 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26096332 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-eighth newsletter.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * We have submitted our [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2023|2023 annual report]]. * Upcoming meeting: on [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|9 February]], we'll have a call about roles and responsibilities in the user group. This is an attempt to make more opportunities to engage more of the user groups members in its activities. If you want to help out in some way, but don't know how, this is a meeting for you to get help creating that opportunity. If you know how you would like to help, but don't know how to get started, this is also the meeting for you. ; Other news * New Wikiproject for Climate Change on Basque Wikipedia: [[:eu:Wikiproiektu:Klima aldaketa|Wikiproiektu Klima Aldaketa]] * Climate Justice, Digital Rights and Indigenous Voices international Wikimedia event in Huaraz, Peru 2024: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeDIuZQ61v35y3Q293ZV9YjNWOHsgwvq3t2XjP2cQ0OHG-EPA/viewform Engagement Survey] (closes 2 Feb) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:22, 2 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26169519 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #142 is out: Quarterly planning. Thank you, Nick! Function of the Week: is permutation == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss about the results of our last internal planning meeting, whose objective was to define what we will work on in this quarter. Also, we take a look at the latest changes in the team and the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive on Wikifunctions]] and [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|also on Meta]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:22, 8 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26096332 --> == Question from [[User:Assuranc29|Assuranc29]] (16:16, 14 Febụwarị 2024) == Please what it all about --[[Ọbanife:Assuranc29|Assuranc29]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Assuranc29|ṅkátá]]) 16:16, 14 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #143 is out: Fix-it week == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-14|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we take a look at the latest software developments, after our monthly "fix-it week", where we work on technical debt and other issues that pile up in our daily work. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive on Wikifunctions]] and [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|also on Meta]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:19, 16 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26096332 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #144 is out: Updating the function model == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present the new documentation about our [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Function model|function model]] and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:55, 23 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26262834 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #145 is out: Type proposal for natural numbers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our progresses with the new natural numbers type, we talk about events we are taking part to, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1709577000 March 4, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:40, 1 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26316559 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #146 is out: Introducing our second new type: Natural numbers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the launch of the new natural numbers type, we talk about events we are taking part to, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:58, 8 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26316559 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-ninth newsletter.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * On 9 February, we had a user group meeting on roles and responsibilities ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240209|minutes]]) * Upcoming [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|user group meeting 17 March]] ; Other news * Wiki Loves Earth: Reminder that if you want to [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2024/Organise|organize a local competition]], it is time to get started. (SDG 15 and 14) * Wiki for Human Rights: Reminder that if you would like to [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|organize a local event]], there is support available. (SDG 10) * Study: [https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/650852934/Meier_Wiki_Climate.pdf Using Wikipedia Pageview Data to Investigate Public Interest in Climate Change at a Global Scale] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 10:40, 9 Maachị 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26331508 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #147 is out: On identity == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the notion of identity and present our latest document about [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Representing identity|how we represent it]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:27, 14 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26387944 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #148 is out: On the way to internationalizing numbers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-21|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our progresses with the implementation of renderers and parsers for natural numbers, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:11, 22 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26401651 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #149 is out: Creating tests is now much easier! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our progresses with tests and how it is easier to make them, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:22, 29 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26500849 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #150 is out: Product Update on Diff and Upcoming API Improvements == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-04-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/03/27/wikifunctions-where-we-are-now-and-what-you-can-do/ our latest blog post on Diff], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1712615400 April 8, at 22:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:23, 4 Eprel 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26500849 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #151 is out: New API for calling Wikifunctions and celebrating 1000 functions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-04-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the new API for calling Wikifunctions, we celebrate our first 1,000 functions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Also, there's [https://boards.greenhouse.io/wikimedia/jobs/5850672 a job opening] for joining our team! Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:57, 12 Eprel 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26566985 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #152 is out: Welcome, Sharvani! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-04-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we welcome a new member of the team and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 22 Eprel 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26599436 --> == Question from [[User:Henny17|Henny17]] (00:01, 26 Eprel 2024) == Hello I want to start editing --[[Ọbanife:Henny17|Henny17]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Henny17|ṅkátá]]) 00:01, 26 Eprel 2024 (UTC) :Hi @[[Ọbanife:Henny17|Henny17]]! Are you in the community WhatsApp group? That's where must editing sessions and training are announced. You can also join the Igbo community hubs around your area. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:38, 26 Eprel 2024 (UTC) == Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia == Ndewo @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]]! Aha mụ bụ [[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|Uzoma Ozurumba]], ana mụ arụrụ ndi WMF orụ. Biko, onwe ozi ndi WMF Language team zitere ndi Igbo Wikimedians nọ na [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako|igwe nkata Wikipedia]]. Ebe ibu otu onye nime ndi na atughari edemede na Igbo Wikipedia, ọ ga amasi anyi ma [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako#Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia|igụọ ozi anyi]] gbasara mgbanwe ndi otu [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] chọrọ ime na igwe ntughari okwu nke nọ na Igbo Wikipedia, ma gwa anyi ebumunobi gi maka ya. Daalụ sọ maka ọru gi nile na ikwado ọmumu ihe na asụsụ Igbo. [[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 20:17, 30 Eprel 2024 (UTC) :Ndewo@[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]. Daalụ maka ozi a i zitere. A gụrụ m ozi ahụ ma tinye kwa ebumunobi [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako#Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia|ebe a]]. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:34, 1 Mee 2024 (UTC) == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtieth newsletter covering March and April 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 13, 14 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * * Upcoming [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|user group meeting 19 May]] ; Other news * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2024-03-29/Recent_research#Other_recent_publications|Wikipedia Signpost highlighted five papers about climate change editing]]. (SDG 13) * On Wikidata, [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Climate_Change/Models#Emissions|a model for documenting green house gas emissions]] has been created. (SDG 13) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/EPA_Victoria_WiR_April_2024_Update An update] from the Wikipedian in Residence at the Environment Protection Authority in Victoria, Australia. * WikiAcción Perú organized a training session: "[[m:Volunteer Supporters Network/VSN Training: Climate Change Actions and Wikimedia Movement|Climate Change Actions and Wikimedia Movement]]" (SDG 13) * WikiForHumanRights organized a session: "[[m:Event:Adding Sustainability Perspectives to Wikivoyage|Adding Sustainability Perspectives to Wikivoyage]]" ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2024|Wiki Loves Earth]], the international photo contest of protected nature, starts in May. (SDG 14 & 15) * [[m:Wiki For Climate Change 2024 - Maghreb region|Wiki For Climate Change 2024 - Maghreb region]] starts in May. (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 19:17, 1 Mee 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26428292 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #153 is out: Team meeting and Quarterly plan == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the results of our team meeting held in San Francisco, USA, as well as presenting the objectives that we will pursue in the next months. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:57, 4 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26599436 --> == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteer's Corner is on May 6 == We remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1715016600 May 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Apologies for the reaching out to you with a separate message. See you at the meeting! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:12, 4 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26599436 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #154 is out: Flagship type for enumerations: Months of the Gregorian calendar == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our first proposal for a new type for enumerations and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:22, 13 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26599436 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #155 is out: Call for Functions: Spell out the number! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we call on you to help us doing new language functions about numbers and we also take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:01, 16 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26780875 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #156 is out: New type - Gregorian calendar months == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce our initial enumeration Type, Gregorian calendar months, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:18, 23 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26803534 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #157 is out: A single singular or a plurality of plurals? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the various implications of linguistic functions about singulars and plurals, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1717435800 June 3, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:17, 31 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26847493 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtyfirst newsletter, covering May 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 13, 14 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting]], 16 June * [[m:Talk:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development#Mini_report_from_the_Wikimedia_Summit_2024|Mini report from the Wikimedia Summit 2024]] * [https://wikipediapodden.se/jan-ainali-wikimedians-for-sustainable-development-wikimedia-summit-2024-265/ User group representative interviewed by Wikipediapodden] at Wikimedia Summit ([[:File:WP265 - Jan Ainali, Wikimedians for Sustainable Development, Wikimedia Summit 2024.mp3|commons]]) * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240519|Minutes from user group meeting in May]] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/05/02/reflecting-_women-for-sustainability-africa-arts-feminism-her-voice-campaign-2023/ Reflecting _Women For Sustainability Africa Arts + Feminism #Her Voice Campaign 2023] * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report: Climate change and GLAM]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library April monthly highlights]] (SDG 14 & 15) * [https://www.nature.com/articles/d44148-024-00166-y WikiProject Biodiversity featured in Nature Africa] (SDG 14 & 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFWS7hfetZk Wikimedia UK releases a video about their climate focus] (SDG 13) ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2024|Wiki Loves Earth]], the international photo contest of protected nature, continues in some countries. (SDG 14 & 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 13:18, 1 Jụn 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26852366 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #158 is out: New Type: Sign == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a new enumeration type, Sign, and we take a look at the latest software developments. We are also looking for feedback for our next new types. See [[:f:Wikifunctions:Project chat#Testing two new types|the announcement at the Project Chat]] for more information. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:59, 7 Jụn 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26847493 --> == Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Igbo Wikipedia == Ndewo Nwa-ada @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]], Imere otu ole? Enwerem olileanya na ahụ di gi nma. Biko, onwe ozi ndi WMF Language team zitere ndi otu Igbo Wikipedia maka ngwa ọrụ ha chọrọ itineyere anyi. Ọ ga-amasi anyi ma igụọ ihe gbasara [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako#Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Igbo Wikipedia|'''ozi a''']], ma testia ngwa a, ma zaghachi anyi ebunuche gi gbasara itinye ngwa ọrụ a nke a na akpọ "MinT for Wiki Readers" na ịgbo Wiki. Inwekwara ike ime ka ndi otu Igbo Wikipedia ndi ọzọ mata maka ozi a ma gwa anyi uche ha igwe ozi. Daalụ sọ! [[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 23:57, 10 Jụn 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #159 is out: New Type: Igbo calendar months == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a new enumeration type, this time for the thirteen months of the [[:en:Igbo calendar|Igbo calendar]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:21, 14 Jụn 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26847493 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #160 is out: New Type: Integers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we are happy to announce that we introduced another new type, [[:f:Z16683|integers]], that will increase our coverage of mathematical functions. Moreover, we take a look at the (many!) software developments we introduced in the last week. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:07, 21 Jụn 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26945737 --> == Question from [[User:Kwinkate|Kwinkate]] (21:51, 21 Jụn 2024) == Hello --[[Ọbanife:Kwinkate|Kwinkate]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Kwinkate|ṅkátá]]) 21:51, 21 Jụn 2024 (UTC) :Hello [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 04:02, 22 Jụn 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #161 is out: Welcome, Daphne! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we welcome a new member of the team, we ask for feedback about [[:f:Wikifunctions:Design/About widget improvements|our "About" widget designs]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1719855000 July 1, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:20, 27 Jụn 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26945737 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtysecond newsletter, covering June 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 13, 14, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Movement Charter Vote|User group vote on the adoption of the Movement Charter]] (closes 7 July 23.59 UTC) * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Upcoming user group meeting]] 21 July * User group meeting held in June - [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240616|minutes]] * The group was featured in the latest WikiAfrica Hour: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B6VI20qopk #36: Does the Wikimedia movement contribute to the SDGs?] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/18/stories-from-the-anti-disinformation-repository-how-wikiproject-covid-19-and-other-wikimedia-initiatives-counter-health-disinformation/ Stories from the anti-disinformation repository: How WikiProject COVID-19 and other Wikimedia initiatives counter health disinformation] (SDG 3) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/Environment_Centre_NT_Wikipedian_in_Residence Environment Centre Northern Territory Wikipedian in Residence] (SDG 15) * [https://www.gp.se/debatt/med-ai-kan-vi-oka-transparensen-om-foretagens-klimatavtryck.2dd4e006-57e3-4534-a0be-70ca56a289e4 With AI can we increase transparency of companies' carbon footprints] (in Swedish). Op-ed that mentions that the greenhouse gas emissions of the top 150 companies on the Stockholm stock exchange has been uploaded to Wikidata. The model is documented on [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Climate_Change/Models#Emissions|WikiProject Climate Change on Wikidata]]. (SDG 13) * [[wmfblog:2024/06/25/another-year-in-review-where-is-wikimedia-in-the-climate-crisis-seeing-the-impact-of-wikimedia-projects/|Another Year in Review: Where is Wikimedia in the Climate Crisis? Seeing the impact of Wikimedia Projects]] (SDG 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/06/24/46-scholars-self-advocates-bring-knowledge-to-wikipedias-disability-healthcare-content/ 46 scholars, self-advocates bring knowledge to Wikipedia’s disability healthcare content] (SDG 3) * [[c:File:Wikimedia klimatpåverkansrapport 2023.pdf|Wikimedia Sverige publishes their 2023 climate impact report]] (in Swedish) (SDG 13) * WikiProject Govdirectory has started [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Weekly collaboration|weekly collaboration on countries]] (SDG 16) ; Events * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/18/wikimedia-chapters-and-groups-organise-the-first-sharks-and-rays-wikimarathon/ Wikimedia chapters and groups organise the first Sharks and Rays Wikimarathon] (29 June, but edits in the weeks after are welcome) (SDG 14) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 09:27, 1 Julaị 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27039469 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #162 is out: Quarterly planning == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present our objectives and lines of work for this quarter, we remember to give your feedback about [[:f:Wikifunctions:Design/About widget improvements|our "About" widget designs]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1720459800 July 8, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:59, 5 Julaị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27024810 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #163 is out: Type proposals for accessing Lexemes == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our current draft about Type proposals for accessing Lexemes, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:21, 12 Julaị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27076454 --> == First meet == Nnọọ @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]], I came from English WP, and I am a bit interested with languages, since I am a seminarian, and often speak little Igbo. I presume many of our editors are on the English based. I will want you to keep good eye here since I will try creating, revamping, and tagging for deletion also. Asirim ka m gwa gi. It is also part of my learning to advance in it. [[Ọbanife:SafariScribe|SafariScribe]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:SafariScribe|ṅkátá]]) 14:30, 15 Julaị 2024 (UTC) :Ndewo @[[Ọbanife:SafariScribe|SafariScribe]]! It's really great to have you here.👍🏽 I see your works on the English Wikipedia, way to go! I started with the English Wikipedia, then moved to Igbo when I discovered it was available. Though I still edit the English Wikipedia sometimes...You are welcome and if you need assistance or anything you think I can help out with, please feel free to let me know. Obi dị m ụtọ na ị bịara ịnọnyere anyị, nnọọ! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 03:00, 16 Julaị 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #164 is out: Research report on integrating Wikifunctions from Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-18|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you the results of a research about how to integrate Wikifunctions and Wikipedia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:33, 19 Julaị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27076454 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #165 is out: Wikimania 2024 coming soon! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our upcoming Wikifunctions events at Wikimania 2024, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:13, 29 Julaị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27145131 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty third newsletter, covering July 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 5, 10, 13, and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting held in July, [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240721|minutes]] * Next user group meeting will be 18 August ; Other news * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|Climate change editahon and workshop in Macedonia]] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/16/wikiforhumanrights-in-nigeria-2024-campaign-virtual-launch/ WikiForHumanRights in Nigeria 2024 Campaign Virtual Launch] (SDG 10&16) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/16/what-we-learned-from-wiki-women-in-red-8-campaign-2023-women-for-sustainability-africa/ What we Learned from Wiki Women In Red @8 Campaign 2023 Women for Sustainability Africa] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/ghanaian-wikipedians-set-to-educate-students-on-open-climate/ Ghanaian Wikipedians set to educate students on Open Climate] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/23/using-wikipedia-as-a-tool-for-climate-action/ Using Wikipedia as a Tool for Climate Action] (SDG 13) ; Events * 5th August, [[m:Event:Wiki-Green_Conference_2024 Wiki-Green Conference]] (SDG 13) * 7-10 August, Wikimania - [[wikimania:2024:Program/SDG_related_sessions|All SDG related sessions]] * 7-9 November, [https://wikimedia.org.ar/2024/07/03/justicia-climatica-voces-indigenas-y-plataformas-wikimedia/ Justicia climática, voces indígenas y plataformas Wikimedia] (SDG 13) ; Participate * Share an example of a successful [[m:Campaigns/WikiProjects|WikiProject or topical collaboration]] in this on-wiki survey This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 18:57, 1 Ọgọọst 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27042528 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #169 is out: Limits on Name and Description Lengths == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the introduction of more stringent limits on the length of object names, input names, and descriptions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! You might be interested in the [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-02|launch of our "About" widget]], a [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-16|summary of our experience at Wikimania 2024]], or the [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-23|refinement of WasmEdge]]. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1725298200 September 2, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:04, 30 Ọgọọst 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27347529 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDGs 5, 11, 15, and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20240915|Next user group meeting]], 15 September, will be focused on starting to develop a strategy for the group. If you cannot attend, you can leave your input on [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Strategy 2030/Ideas|the ideas page]]. * User group meeting held in August ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240818|minutes]]) ; Other news * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|Report from WikiProject International Botanical Congress 2024]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Meeting for Writing on Femenist Strikes and Wiki for Peace Camp St. Imier]] (SDG 5 & 16) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]] (SDG 15) * Wikimania had a lot of [[wikimania:2024:Program/SDG_related_sessions|SDG related sessions]] and you can watch them back now ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2024|Wiki Loves Monuments]] starts in September (SDG 11) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 06:24, 2 Septemba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27262444 --> == Pages nominated for deletion == Hello @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] this are the pages with no information on Igbo wikipedia I told you about. Please help me delete them. 1 [[Innocent Anyanwu]] 2 [[Ikedi Ohakim]] 3 [[Iheanyi Uwaezuoke]] 4 [[Ifunanyachi Achara]] 5[[Ibezito Ogbonna|I bezito Ogbonna]] 6 [[Holmes Onwukaife]] 7 [[Henry Nwawuba]] 8 [[Francis Okaroh]] 9 [[Francis Arinze]] 10 [[Ezenwa Otorogu]] 11 [[Eric Obinna Chukwunyelu]] 12 [[Ephraim Ikeakor]] 13 [[Emmanuel Okala]] 14 [[Emmanuel Ekwueme]] 15 [[Edwin Ume-Ezeoke]] 16 [[Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi]] 17 [[Clarion Chukwura]] 18 [[Chukwuemeka Chikelu]] 19 [[Chima Anyaso]] 20 [[Chikelue Iloenyosi]] 21 [[Chijioke Ejiogu]] 22 [[Charles Chukwuma Soludo]] 23 [[Cedric Ogbuehi]] 24 [[Bruno Ibeh]] 25 [[Bonaventure Enemali]] 26 [[Augustine Nwagwu]] 27 [[Augustine Aniebo]] 28 [[Anyika Onuora]] 29 [[Jude Aneke]] 30 [[Kennedy Ihenacho]] 31 [[Kelvin Ebuka Nwamora]] 32 [[Kenechuhwu Uchenwa]] 33 [[Kennedy Nzechukwu]] 34 [[Kingsley Chibueze Onyeukwu]][[Ihü kárírí:PermaLink/186940|2]] 35 [[Louis Okoye]][[Ihü kárírí:PermaLink/186939|2]] 36 [[Maxwell Anikwenwa]][[Ihü kárírí:PermaLink/186938|2]] 37 [[Victoria Ohuruogu]] 38 [[Valerian Ume-Ezeoke]] 39 [[Obinna Nwaneri]] 40 [[Ugonna Ozurigbo]] 41 [[Ugonna Anyora]] 42 [[Uchechukwu N. Maduako]] 43 [[Steve Eboh]] 44 [[Rolland Ezuruike]] 45 [[Philomena Obiageliuwa Uyanwah]] 46 [[Obinna Eregbu]] 47 [[Osita Henry Chikere]] 48 [[Okwesilieze Nwodo]] 49 [[Okey Uzoeshi]] 50 [[Sikiratu Sindodo]] 51 [[Abba Moro]] 52 [[Ramatu Tijani Aliyu]] [[Ọbanife:Ogalihillary|Ogalihillary]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Ogalihillary|ṅkátá]]) 13:04, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC) :Thanks @[[Ọbanife:Ogalihillary|Ogalihillary]] thanks for this notification. I'll do the needful. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 16:08, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #171 is out: Dagbani Wikipedia will be our first wiki for Wikifunctions integration == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-09-13|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce Dagbani Wikipedia as our first wiki for Wikifunctions integration, discuss the recent stability challenges we've had in the past few days, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:51, 13 Septemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27347529 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #172 is out: Introducing focus topic areas == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-09-20|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce focus topic areas for generating natural language texts and we update you on last week's site incident. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:30, 21 Septemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27457443 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #173 is out: Quarterly planning for October–December 2024 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-09-26|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we give you an overview of what we will focus on in the next three months, we discuss our presentation at [[:m:Celtic Knot Conference 2024|Celtic Knot conference 2024]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:42, 26 Septemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27457443 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240915|User group meeting held in September on strategy for the group]] ; Other news * [[m:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2024/Submissions/Building a sustainable Wikimedia movement: A contribution from the CEE region|Building a sustainable Wikimedia movement: A contribution from the CEE region]], presentation at CEE meeting. ([https://www.youtube.com/live/iB3KNFtA4xI?t=6739 YouTube]) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/09/30/all-about-wiki-green-conference-2024/ All About Wiki-Green Conference 2024] (SDG 13) ; Events * Course: [https://wikiedu.org/courses/global-approaches-to-climate-finance-4/ Global Approaches to Climate Finance] by WikiEdu (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:26, 1 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27437535 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #174 is out: Focus topic: food == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss one of our next topics we will focus on for our work: food. We hope you have a good appetite for discussion. :) Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1728322200 October 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:42, 4 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27548252 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #175 is out: Wikidata Lexemes in Wikifunctions are coming soon == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present a preview of our planned support for Wikidata lexemes in Wikifunctions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:54, 11 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27548252 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #176 is out: What could abstract content look like? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present some thoughts by [[User:Mahir256]] about how abstract content could look like in the future, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:12, 17 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27548252 --> == Question from [[User:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] (23:51, 17 Ọktoba 2024) == How can I be promoted to administrative level here? --[[Ọbanife:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 23:51, 17 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #177 is out: Our goal for this Quarter: Agreement == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our goal of building up phrases from Lexemes using linguistic agreement, i.e. accordance to number and gender when constructing a phrase. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:32, 25 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27638060 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Upcoming meeting]], 24 November, 17.00 UTC ; Other news * Talk at WikiIndaba: [[m:WikiIndaba 2024/Proposal/Wikimedian collaboration in human knowledge: Wiki For Climate Change in the Maghreb region|Wikimedian collaboration in human knowledge: Wiki For Climate Change in the Maghreb region]] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/10/17/championing-inclusion-in-the-wikimedia-movement-africa-wiki-women-presentation-at-the-wiki-niger-conference/ Championing Inclusion in the Wikimedia Movement: Africa Wiki Women Presentation at the Wiki Niger Conference] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/10/25/mountains-birds-and-lakes-wiki-loves-earth-2024-central-asia-edition/ Mountains, Birds and Lakes: Wiki Loves Earth 2024 – Central Asia Edition] (SDG 15) ; Events * November 6, 12 and 21: [https://universityofexeter.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJAkdeqrrzMoGdEeMYlR6q0A7QMHwwwM2VIZ#/registration Climate Change & Health in the UK - Wikipedia workshop] (SDG 3 and 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:01, 1 Novemba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27587619 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #178 is out: Rewriting the backend == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-01|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss how the team is working hard to rewrite Wikifunctions' backend, to overcome some of the limits we encountered with the current language. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1730745000 November 4, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:19, 2 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27660634 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #179 is out: The dream of a Universal Language == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we talk about several presentation in and around the topics of languages and our work, we discuss the current refactoring of our functions catalogue and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 22:50, 7 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27660634 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #180 is out: New type: Rational numbers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you our newest Type, [[:f:Z19677|rational numbers]], as well as the new renderer and parser for natural numbers, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:40, 14 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27660634 --> == We need your help with Igbo Wikipedia Main Page == Ndewo Goody, Biko nyere anyi aka, mmadu mebisiri ihu mbu Igbo Wikipedia. A na m acho ka mweghachi ya mana okweghi. Biko nyere anyi aka. [[Ojiarụ:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Tochiprecious|ṅkátá]]) 13:38, 19 Novemba 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #181 is out: New special page for missing labels, new type for Gregorian years, and much more == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-21|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a new special page for objects with a missing label, we present two new types (Gregorian year and Wikidata statement rank), we showcase several contributions made by you volunteers, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:23, 22 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27757932 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #182 is out: WordGraph release; New Special page: list functions by tests; new type for day of the year, and much more == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the implications of the release of Google Zurich's WordGraph dataset, we introduce a new special page, support for other Wikidata statements and a new type (day of Roman year), and finally we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:03, 28 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27872982 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 8, 12, 13, 15, 16 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting, 24 November ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20241124|minutes]]) * We are working on our [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|annual plan for 2025]], please add activities that you would like to work on. ; Other news * [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 8 (November 2024)|CEE Catch up Nr. 8 with a sustainability theme]] * [[w:pt:Wikipédia:Wikiconcurso Justiça Climática e Amazônia|Wikiconcurso Justiça Climática e Amazônia]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/New_Zealand_report#nz-edit|Report from New Zealand Species Edit-a-thons]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/Macedonia_report#vvc|Report from climate change editing workshop in Macedonia]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November_2024/Contents/Croatia_report|DeGrowth in November with students, artists and academics in Croatia]] (SDG 8&12) * The new [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#November_2024:_Production_deployment_and_security_review_complete|Charts extension has been enabled on Wikimedia Commons]]. It's time to start bringing all your local sustainability related charts over there! (SDG 17) ; Events * Ongoing: [[m:Event:Bridging Climate Literacy Gaps through Wikimedia projects in Ogoni Land Rivers|Bridging Climate Literacy Gaps through Wikimedia projects in Ogoni Land Rivers]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:Event:Financiamiento climático en Wikipedia|Financiamiento climático en Wikipedia]] (SDG 13) * Just started: [[m:Event:African Legislators in Red|African Legislators in Red]] (SDG 16) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 19:29, 1 Disemba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27830533 --> == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers' Corner will be on December 9 == Hi, we remind you that, if you have questions or ideas to discuss about Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia, you can participate to the next '''Volunteers' Corner''', that will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1733758200 December 9, at 15:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). We hope to see you there! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:46, 6 Disemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27889617 --> == Question from [[User:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] (18:38, 13 Disemba 2024) == Hi, Olugold I have added Wikipedia pages for quick deletion. I hope to delete them as soon as possible and activate the deletion template on them, but they delete them over and over again. Thanks Olugold --[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 18:38, 13 Disemba 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #183 is out: Sketching a path to Abstract Wikipedia; Team offsite in Lisbon; and much more == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-12-12|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss how natural language generation for Abstract Wikipedia might develop, and we share news on tools and types on Wikifunctions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:52, 16 Disemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27889617 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #184 is out: Function of the Week: age; Intros for year articles; New Type: Floating-point number == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-12-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In the last issue for 2024, we discuss functions to create introductions for articles about years, we showcase one of the 23 functions with the Gregorian year type, we introduce a new type, and finally we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 22:06, 19 Disemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27889617 --> == Question from [[User:Ahmedborar673|Ahmedborar673]] on [[Basil Raslan]] (22:11, 26 Disemba 2024) == Basil Raslan --[[Ojiarụ:Ahmedborar673|Ahmedborar673]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Ahmedborar673|ṅkátá]]) 22:11, 26 Disemba 2024 (UTC) == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 10, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting in December ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20241229|minutes]]) * We have adopted an [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|annual plan for 2025]]! ; Other news * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_hWBwaQxaw Lightning talk by Adam Harangzo - National Institute for Health and Care Research on Wikipedia] (SDG 3&13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/11/top-photos-of-the-special-nomination-human-rights-and-environment-from-wiki-loves-earth-2024%f0%9f%a4%9d/ Top photos of the special nomination “Human Rights and Environment” from Wiki Loves Earth 2024!] (SDG 10&15) * [https://www.wikimedia.nz/nz-species-editathon-recap/ Two days, 15 editors, 750 edits] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/28/a-peekaboo-into-our-butterflying-trip-from-the-amazon-of-the-east/ A Peekaboo Into Our Butterflying Trip from the Amazon of the East] (SDG 15) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/12/27/brooklyn-college-students-bring-ecology-course-content-to-wikipedia/ Brooklyn College students bring ecology course content to Wikipedia] (SDG 13&15 * [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09636625241268890 Declaring crisis? Temporal constructions of climate change on WikipediaDeclaring crisis? Temporal constructions of climate change on Wikipedia] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 08:04, 2 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27983472 --> == Would you join our editorial board? == Hi @[[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]], how are you doing? Would you join our community editorial board? This helps to record a resounding outcome. Thanks for your consideration. [[Ojiarụ:Onwuka Glory|Onwuka Glory]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Onwuka Glory|ṅkátá]]) 16:22, 2 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers' Corner will be on January 13 == Hi, we remind you that, if you have questions or ideas to discuss about Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia, you can participate to the next Volunteers' Corner, that will be held on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1736793000 January 13, at 18:30 UTC] ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). We hope to see you there! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:44, 10 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28062578 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #185 is out: Happy Wikipedia day! Quarterly planning == The [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-01-15|first update of 2025]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions is out. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present our plan for the upcoming quarter (January-March 2025), we suggest changes to our "Function of the week" section, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:34, 17 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28062578 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #186 is out: Welcome, David! Naming conventions recommendations == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-01-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we welcome a new member of the team, we introduce our current discussion on naming conventions recommendations, we introduce a new section dedicated to the newest functions created, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:36, 23 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28062578 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #187 is out: With 2000 Functions into the new year: time for stats == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-01-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present some statistics about where we are as a project, we give some updates about our Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1738607400 February 3, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:05, 30 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28185757 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 11, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250223|User group meeting 23 February]] * User group meeting in January ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250119|minutes]]). * The user group submitted an annual report in the new [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Affiliates Strategy/Implementation/Affiliate health criteria/Reports/2024/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|affiliate health criteria format]], and as an [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2024|activity report]]. * The [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Strategy 2030|2030 strategy]] for the user group was adopted. ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/01/06/swiss-server-helped-optimise-wikidata-in-the-field-of-medicine/ Swiss server helped optimise Wikidata in the field of medicine] (SDG 3) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/01/08/photographers-from-turkiye-tell-the-story-of-award-wining-photos-in-wiki-loves-earth-2024/ Photographers from Türkiye tell the story of award wining photos in Wiki Loves Earth 2024] (SDG 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZnAp7oovlg OpenStreetMap and Wikidata in Disaster Times - CEE Meeting 2024 Istanbul] (SDG 11) ; Events * 1-28 February: [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/5DC7IKHKGBEE5KOD4PY2XNKT55EA6LW4/|Wiki Loves Africa: Climate & Weather ISA campaign]] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 14:05, 4 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28153013 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #188 is out: Invitation to the Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present a proposal to restructure our Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group (NLG SIG) meeting, we announce the creation of a new type, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:17, 6 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28185757 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #189 is out: Restricting the World, redux == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we have an essay from Denny, we discuss the fix to the Byte Type, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:19, 14 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28241947 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #190 is out: A proposal for types per language and part of speech == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present a proposal for types to represent a part of speech in a language, we present some events that we have taken part to (or we are taking part to), and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:50, 20 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28271571 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">We would like to hear about your experiences with Temporary Accounts</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="body"/> [[File:Temporary Accounts - first edit popup.png|thumb]] '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_e2MNLeWJU89pNTo This survey should take no longer than 5 minutes to complete.]''' The Trust & Safety Product team recently made [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] available on 12 wikis. There are plans to expand this to a larger set of wikis in the coming weeks and months and then proceed with a complete deployment later this year. Your participation in this survey will be immensely valuable in helping us understand how well Temporary Accounts are working and what we can improve on going forward. The privacy policy for this survey may be [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Temp_Accounts_Minor_Pilots_Survey_Privacy_Statement|viewed at this link]]. By completing this survey, you agree to the terms set forward in the privacy policy. Thank you!<section end="body"/> </div> [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">ṅkátá</span>]]) 02:50, 27 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/8&oldid=28315571 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #191 is out: From things to words == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the deployment of the possibility of getting the right Lexeme given a Wikidata Item, we discuss the newest updates about Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1741026600 March 3, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:16, 28 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28307629 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fortieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting in February ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250223|minutes]]). ; Other news * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2025/Organise|Time to get ready to organize Wiki Loves Earth]] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/02/05/women-of-the-future-international-womens-day-2025/ ‘Women of the Future’ – International Women’s Day 2025] (SDG 5) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/02/17/the-experts-behind-the-edits-expanding-public-understanding-of-healthcare/ The Experts Behind the Edits: Expanding public understanding of healthcare] (SDG 3) * [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/ecosia-and-wikimedia-enterprise-partner/ Wikimedia Enterprise and Ecosia Partner to Drive Sustainable Search Innovation] (SDG 13) * A [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Climate Change/Policies|subproject to WikiProject Climate Change about Climate Change Policies]] has just started on Wikidata (SDG 13) ; Events * 1 March: [[m:Event:Open Data Day 2025 in Côte d'Ivoire|Open Data Day 2025 in Côte d'Ivoire]] (SDG 8) * 7 March [[m:Event:Govdirectory Collab Hour - Open Data Day 2025|Govdirectory Collab Hour - Open Data Day 2025]] (SDG 16) * 8 March–1 April: [[m:Event:Shine Her Light Writing Contest 2025|Shine Her Light Writing Contest 2025]] (SDG 5) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 07:51, 1 Maachị 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #192 is out: Recent Changes in the software, Recording of Volunteer’s Corner, and talks in London == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present two talks that will feature Denny as a speaker and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:12, 7 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28307629 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #193 is out: Upcoming NLG meeting, Recent Changes in the software == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we invite you to the next [[:f:Wikifunctions:NLG SIG|NLG SIG Meeting]], that will take place [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1739894400 on Tuesday March 18 at 16 UTC], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:39, 15 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28399838 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #194 is out: Wikidata-based simple enumerations == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a discussion about a new kind of enumeration type, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:06, 21 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28399838 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #195 is out: It’s about time == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a discussion about how to support the creation of a type for time that is compatible with Wikidata, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:25, 28 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28399838 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty first newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13, 15 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/03/27/organise-your-local-wiki-loves-earth-in-2025/ Organise your local Wiki Loves Earth in 2025!] (SDG 15) * [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Climate Policy Radar ID|Wikidata property proposal for the Climate Policy Radar]] (SDG 13) * [https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/85640/NKB_Debatt_Wikipedia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Biologists encourage other biologists to edit Wikipedia] (in Swedish) (SDG 15) * A [[c:File:Langzeitkooperationen zwischen Museen und dem Wikipedia-Universum.pdf|presentation on long-term collaborations between museums and the Wikimedia universe]] was given on March 10 at a [https://www.kiekeberg-museum.de/fileadmin/user_upload/3_4_1_Tagungen/geplante_tagungen/Programm_Tagung_Mittwochs_ist_Museumstag_-_Langzeitkooperationen_im_Museum_10-11.3.2025_FLMK3.pdf symposium on long-term collaborations with museums in Germany](SDG 17) * A [[c:File:Gemeinsam mehr erreichen Freies Wissen als Grundlage der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Wikimedia und anderen Ehrenamtsinitiativen.pdf|presentation on existing and potential collaborations between the Wikimedia community and other volunteer communities]] was given on March 29 at a [https://tdsummit.d-s-e-e.de/ national volunteering convention] in Germany (SDG 17) ; Events * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250420|Next user group meeting: 20 April]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> [[Ojiarụ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:MediaWiki message delivery|ṅkátá]]) 09:28, 1 Eprel 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #196 is out: Quarterly Planning for April–June 2025; We are looking for a Senior Product Manager == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present our work plan for the upcoming quarter (April-June 2025), we publish a new job opening for joining the team, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1744047000 April 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 6 Eprel 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28471753 --> == Question from [[User:Riyad hossain 89|Riyad hossain 89]] (18:56, 9 Eprel 2025) == Riyad Hossain With over 05 years of experience in the field of journalism, Riyad Hossain heads the editorial operations of Mission Ki Awaaz as a Blogger. Lives from Bangladesh --[[Ojiarụ:Riyad hossain 89|Riyad hossain 89]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Riyad hossain 89|ṅkátá]]) 18:57, 9 Eprel 2025 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #197 is out: Quarter in review, and lots of material to watch == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we evaluate our work done for the recently closed quarter (January-March 2025), we present you a number of video and blogpost about us to watch and read, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1744732800 April 15, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:20, 11 Eprel 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28471753 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #198 is out: Wikifunctions integrated in Dagbani - and Wikifunctions; and the date of Easter == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that this week we switched on the ability to call Wikifunctions functions from within Dagbani Wikipedia (our first wiki to do so!), we discuss the functions related to calculating the dates of Easter, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:28, 17 Eprel 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28471753 --> == Question from [[User:Dr Ann Dangote|Dr Ann Dangote]] on [[Legrek Parond]] (07:00, 25 Eprel 2025) == do all articles have to be written in igbo or can the articles be written in English. --[[Ojiarụ:Dr Ann Dangote|Dr Ann Dangote]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Dr Ann Dangote|ṅkátá]]) 07:00, 25 Eprel 2025 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #199 is out: Welcome, Gregory! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present a new member of the team, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746466200 May 5, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:16, 28 Eprel 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28586963 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #200 is out: Abstract Wikipedia is a MacArthur 100&Change finalist == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that we reached the final stage of a grant competition, we introduce our next big conversation about where the content of Abstract Wikipedia will be located, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746466200 May 5, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:57, 1 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28628447 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #201 is out: Abstract Wikipedia and the Wikimedia AI Strategy == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-09|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss how Abstract Wikipedia ties in with the newly announced WMF's strategy for AI, we talk about the Wikimedia Hackathon and our community meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:27, 10 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28661550 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty second newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250420|minutes]]) ; Other news * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/04/09/zombie-ants-to-bioremediation-the-world-of-entomopathogenic-fungi/ Zombie ants to bioremediation: The world of entomopathogenic fungi] (SDG 15) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/04/21/with-foundation-increases-support-to-expand-disability-healthcare-information-on-wikipedia/ WITH Foundation increases support to expand disability healthcare information on Wikipedia] (SDG 3) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/04/04/women-and-health-project-improving-the-representation-of-womens-health-on-wikipedia/ Women and Health Project: Improving the representation of women’s health on Wikipedia] (SDG 3&5) ; Events * May 19: [[m:Habilidades Digitales Verdes en Wikimedia 2025|Habilidades Digitales Verdes en Wikimedia 2025]] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 07:22, 11 Mee 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #202 is out: Location of Abstract Content == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we invite you to [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|a consultation]] about where should the content of Abstract Wikipedia be stored, we invite you to our next online presentation, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:56, 16 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28661550 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #203 is out: Ongoing consultation about the Location for Abstract Content == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we invite you again to [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|a consultation]] about where should the content of Abstract Wikipedia be stored, we present some updates about existing and new types, we remind you of our next online presentation, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:54, 23 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28661550 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #204 is out: Rolling out to five Wiktionaries; Calculating with today's date == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we talk about our latest deployment on five Wiktionaries, we showcase a couple of functions about dates, we remind you of ongoing discussions and upcoming presentations, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1748885400 June 2, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:38, 29 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28780680 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #205 is out: Where will Abstract Content go? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we give you some updates on the discussion about where to store abstract content, we present you the recordings of our latest presentations and meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:38, 9 Jụn 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28806388 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty third newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 10, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 22 June: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting]] ; Other news * Several papers presented at WikiWorkshop: ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_24.pdf EcoWikiRS: Using Species Descriptions in Wikipedia and Remote Sensing to Learn about the Ecological Properties of a Place] (SDG 15) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_6.pdf Data Extraction Methods for Analyzing Gender Bias on Wikipedia's Front Page] (SDG 5) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_28.pdf Measuring Cross-Lingual Information Gaps in English Wikipedia: A Case Study of LGBT People Portrayals] (SDG 10) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_14.pdf Exploring Wikipedia community practices during the 2024 European Parliament election] (SDG 16) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_55.pdf Wikipedia as a Tool for Tracking Mass Migration Flows: Insights from the Russian Invasion of Ukraine] (SDG 10) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_65.pdf Regulations in Wikidata: The case of PFAS-related regulations] (SDG 3 & 16) * [https://wikipediapodden.se/minimal-viable-species-stub-315/ Podcast about the minimal viable species stub] (SDG 15) * [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/05/media-literacy-and-responding-to-emergencies-and-disinformation/ Wikimedia UK and the Royal Society host workshop on information literacy and future health emergencies] (SDG 3) ; Events * 16 June: [[w:en:Event:Wikimedia NYC and United Nations Wikipedia Edit-A-Thon|Wikimedia NYC and United Nations Wikipedia Edit-A-Thon]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 09:37, 12 Jụn 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28771610 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #206 is out: Closing the consultation about the location of Abstract Content == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce the closing of the discussion about where to store abstract content, we remind you about our current discussions about types and our next [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:NLG_SIG|NLG SIG meeting]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:56, 16 Jụn 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28860768 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #207 is out: Quarterly Planning for July–September 2025 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-21|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we outline our priorities for the next quarter (July–September 2025), we give you some updates related to our new types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:38, 23 Jụn 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28860768 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #208 is out: How many people are needed to write an encyclopedia? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share a short essay from Denny about writing an encyclopedia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:38, 28 Jụn 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28860768 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 6 July: [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250706|User group meeting]] ; Other news * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9I8Nr_UamtM Biodiversidade na Wiki] (in Portuguese) (SDG 15) * [https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.70050 The women honoured in flowering plant genera: From myth to reality] (SDG 5&15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/20/rethinking-wiki-engagement-in-medical-research-insights-from-a-residency-at-nihr/ Rethinking Wiki engagement in medical research: insights from a residency at NIHR] (SDG 3) ; Events * 24 July: [https://mdi.georgetown.edu/events/guwikieditathonsummer2025/ Editing for Equity: Closing the Wikipedia Gender Gap] (SDG 5) * 2 & 9 August: [https://events.humanitix.com/nz-species-editathon-wellington New Zealand Species Edit-a-thon] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 21:06, 1 Julaị 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28881683 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #209 is out: Coverage of 1298 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-04|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share a short essay from Denny about how Wikipedias cover articles about years, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1751909400 July 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:39, 4 Julaị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28927185 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #210 is out: Length limits on labels and descriptions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a measure to limit length of labels and descriptions, we show a video illustrating our work on front-end components, we share some news on new Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1752595200 July 15, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:46, 11 Julaị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28960872 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #211 is out: Wikidata-based enumerations are here == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a new kind of Type (Wikidata-based enumerations), we remind you of our current sprint in fixing labels and descriptions that are too long, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:16, 19 Julaị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28960872 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #212 is out: “Wikipedia is an encyclopedia”; Two years of Wikifunctions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-26|the '''second anniversary update''']] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce our work on functions that generate sentences and fragments in several languages, we celebrate our second anniversary, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:33, 26 Julaị 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29016422 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 10, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * 6 July: User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250706|minutes]]) * We are trying to establish better governance for the user group and [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Draft by-laws|have some inspiration]] on which your comments are requested. ; Other news * To promote sustainability and increase the visibility of the Sustainable Development Goals, the [[w:tr:Vikiproje:S%C3%BCrd%C3%BCr%C3%BClebilir_Kalk%C4%B1nma|"Sustainable Development Wikiproject" was launched on the Turkish Wikipedia]] * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/11/wiki-loves-butterfly-community-led-contributions-in-dzongu-valley-north-sikkim-india/ Wiki Loves Butterfly: Community-Led Contributions in Dzongu Valley, North Sikkim, India] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/12/gender-climate-and-sustainability-my-journey-with-the-awa-fellowship-2025/ Gender, Climate and Sustainability: My Journey with the AWA Fellowship 2025] (SDG 5 & 13) * [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2025/07/14/the-power-and-potential-of-wikidata-for-botany/ The power and potential of Wikidata for botany] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/15/amplifying-inclusion-and-climate-justice-through-open-knowledge-my-journey-as-a-fellow-under-awa-fellowship-2025/ Amplifying Inclusion and Climate Justice Through Open Knowledge: My Journey as a Fellow under AWA Fellowship 2025] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/15/justice-through-open-knowledge-training-human-rights-advocate-to-document-human-rights-incident-with-wikipedia-and-wikimedia-commons/ Justice through Open Knowledge: Training Human Rights Advocate to Document Human Rights Incident with Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons] (SDG 10) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/16/wings-of-bengal-the-winners-of-wiki-loves-bangla-2025/ Wings of Bengal: The Winners of Wiki Loves Bangla 2025] (SDG 15) * [https://infomgnt.org/posts/2025-07-16-Connecting-Knowledge-with-Wikidata-a-practical-Project-with-the-Museum-fuer-Naturkunde-Berlin/ Connecting Knowledge with Wikidata: A Practical Project with the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/19/when-time-slows-down-documenting-butterflies-in-the-north-eastern-himalayas/ When Time Slows Down: Documenting Butterflies in the North Eastern Himalayas] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/23/wiki-loves-earth-celebrates-1000000-images-of-the-natural-heritage-worldwide/ Wiki Loves Earth celebrates 1,000,000 images of the natural heritage worldwide!] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/28/closing-content-gaps-highlights-from-my-july-as-an-awa-inclusion-and-climate-justice-fellow/ Closing Content Gaps: Highlights from my July as an AWA Inclusion and Climate Justice Fellow] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/01/thrilling-two-day-butterfly-expedition-in-central-odisha/ Thrilling Two-Day Butterfly Expedition in Central Odisha] (SDG 15) ; Events * 6-9 August: Wikimania is coming up, and you can easily [[wikimania:2025:Registration|join remotely]]. Find [[wikimania:2025:Program/SDG related sessions|all sessions related to the Sustainable Development Goals]]. This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 09:27, 2 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28881683 --> == Question from [[User:Imborhope|Imborhope]] (16:31, 15 Ọgọọst 2025) == How do I write my perfect autobiography --[[Ojiarụ:Imborhope|Imborhope]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Imborhope|ṅkátá]]) 16:31, 15 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC) :Writing an autobiography is not encouraged on Wikipedia. Learn more: [[en:Wikipedia:Autobiography|Wikipedia:Autobiography]]. If a person is notable, other editors will write a [[en:Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|biography]] about the person. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 03:48, 16 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #215 is out: Accessing Wikidata items now possible from embedded function calls; Wikifunctions available on 65 Wikitionaries == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that it is now possible to access Wikidata items from embedded function calls, we also inform that Wikifunctions is now available on 60 more Wiktionaries, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:57, 29 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29173200 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 21 September: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User Group Meeting]] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/07/when-butterflies-took-over-a-classroom/ When Butterflies Took Over a Classroom] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/13/a-walk-with-butterflies-that-healed-the-heart/ A Walk with Butterflies That Healed the Heart] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/21/wikimania-2025-information-integrity-on-climate-change-on-wikimedia-projects/ Wikimania 2025: Information Integrity on Climate Change on Wikimedia projects] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/30/botanical-perspective-of-wikitutuwuhan-project/ Botanical Perspective of WikiTutuwuhan Project] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/30/past-present-and-future-a-wikimedian-in-residence-at-the-biodiversity-heritage-library/ Past, present and future: a Wikimedian-in-Residence at the Biodiversity Heritage Library] (SDG 15) * [[wikimania:2025:Program/SDG related sessions|All SDG related sessions at Wikimania]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 20:24, 1 Septemba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29165157 --> == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers’ Corner is tomorrow! == We remind you that our next '''Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers’ Corner''' will be '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1757352600 tomorrow, September 8, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Unless you have many questions, we will follow our usual agenda, giving updates on the upcoming plans and recent activities, having plenty of time and space for your questions, and building a Function together. See you at the Corner! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:39, 7 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29173200 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #216 is out: Copying function calls from one Wikipedia to another == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that it is now possible to use natural languages as a default value in embedded function calls, we discuss the latest news in Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:04, 8 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29173200 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #217 is out: More than 3,000 functions on Wikifunctions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we celebrate reaching the milestone of 3,000 functions on Wikifunctions, we discuss our upcoming commitments in outreach, we share with you our latest blogpost, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:21, 12 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29173200 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #218 is out: Wikifunctions available on 123 Wiktionary languages == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-19|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on the recent Wikifunctions deployment on Wiktionaries, we introduce our new page for requesting cleanups, we update you on what's new on Types, we remind you of the upcoming meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758643200 September 23, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:26, 20 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29289969 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #219 is out: Accessing qualifiers in Wikidata statements == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-26|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce the possibility of calling also qualifiers from Wikidata, we update you on the recent deployments of Wikifunctions and on the Wikifunctions presentations at Wikimedia events, we give you the recent updates on Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:46, 26 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29319712 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 7 and 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250921|minutes]]) ; Other news * The OpenStreetMap community has an initiative called "[https://mapyourgrid.org/ MapYourGrid]" focused on energy infrastructure on Wikidata and Open Streetmap. (SDG 7) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/18/bridging-climate-science-and-the-public-how-the-austrian-climate-report-found-a-home-on-wikipedia/ Bridging Climate Science and the Public: How the Austrian Climate Report Found a Home on Wikipedia] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/27/microworld-a-wikimedia-fueled-microbial-exhibition-in-northern-argentina/ Microworld: a Wikimedia-fueled microbial exhibition in northern Argentina] (SDG 4) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/30/wiki-green-conference-2025/ Wiki-Green Conference 2025] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 20:46, 1 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29165157 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #220 is out: Rich text now available in embedded function calls on 148 Wiktionaries and Incubator == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on the latest functions and types you can create, we announce that functions are now available to call on 152 projects, we talk about our presentations at Wikimedia meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1759771800 October 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:55, 4 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29367070 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #221 is out: Decision on location for abstract content and Quarterly Planning for October–December == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we discuss our plans and work for the upcoming quarter (October-December 2025), we report on the next events we'll be part of, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:47, 9 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29367070 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #222 is out: Kicking Off the Naming Contest for Abstract Wikipedia; Visualizing functions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we kickstart our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we present a beautiful representation of functions by a community member, we report on the next events we'll be part of, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:04, 15 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29444338 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #223 is out: Welcome Zaree and Laura! Naming contest round 1 kicked off == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we welcome two new additions to the team, we update you on our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we report on the next events we'll be part of, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 21:10, 23 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29491948 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #224 is out: Round 1 of “abstract content wiki” naming vote ending Monday; An example of short descriptions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we announce our first experimentation with short descriptions on Wikidata, we talk about our presentations at the upcoming WikidataCon 2025, and we take a look at the latest Type and software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1762194600 November 3, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:48, 30 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 10 and 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/01/ewe-language-activists-trained-to-translate-the-sustainable-development-goals-online/ Ewe Language Activists Trained to Translate the Sustainable Development Goals Online] * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/11/how-wikimedia-commons-is-making-microbiology-open-lessons-from-wikimedistas-de-jujuy-argentina/ How Wikimedia Commons is making microbiology open: lessons from Wikimedistas de Jujuy, Argentina] (SDG 4) * The [https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Faktamall_f%C3%B6retag&diff=58499099&oldid=57412306 Swedish Wikipedia company infobox now shows carbon emissions data] retreived from Wikidata for over 200 companies. (SDG 13) ; Events * 6 November–3 December: [[m:Event:Visible Wiki Women Campaign 2025|Visible Wiki Women Campaign 2025]] (SDG 5) * 11 November: [[m:Event:First steps in Wikidata for the Wikimedia LGBT Community|First steps in Wikidata for the Wikimedia LGBT Community]] (SDG 10) * 1–30 November: [[w:id:Wikipedia:Bulan_Asia_Wikipedia_2025|Bulan Asia Wikipedia 2025]] (SDG 10) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 16:47, 3 Novemba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29554723 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #225 is out: First round of voting for naming the wiki for abstract content closed; Calling for Wiktionary functions; Embedded Wikifunctions on Bengali Wikipedia and seven more Wiktionaries == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on the closing of the first phase of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we introduce a possible implementation of Wikifunctions for Wiktionaries, we talk about our latest outreach events, and we take a look at the latest Type and software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:06, 6 Novemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #226 is out: Getting ready for second round of voting for naming the wiki with abstract content; Rewriting the backend: Why Rust? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we summarise current discussion regarding the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we discuss how we are rewriting the backend, we ask for help in substituting a function, we suggest you the recordings of Wikifunctions-related sessions at the WikidataCon 2025, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1763481600 November 18, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:42, 13 Novemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #227 is out: Second round of voting for naming the wiki with language-independent content; Sharing function calls == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce the start of the second phase of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we share the results of the MacArthur Foundation's 100&Change contest, we share the recording of the last NLG SIG meeting, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:11, 21 Novemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #228 is out: Vote on the new wiki name! Finishing each other’s sentences == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we discuss our progress on sentence creation with functions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1762194600 December 1, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:38, 27 Novemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 11 December: [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20251211|User group call]] * As are ending the year and will be wrapping up on the [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|current annual plan]] we are doing a few sprints. If every member of the user group makes just one contribution, we will finish these easily and have a great resource for the entire community. Please check out these and see if you can help out: ** [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Video translation|Videos with translatable subtitles]] *** Help by identifying which videos need translation ** [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Charts coordination|Charts]] *** Help by identifying charts that should be used in SDG topics <br/> ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/11/09/wikimedia-project-from-south-america-selected-by-the-unesco-global-initiative-for-information-integrity-on-climate-change-fund/ Wikimedia Project from South America Selected by the UNESCO Global Initiative for Information Integrity on Climate Change Fund] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/11/10/northern-argentine-wikimedians-recognized-in-regional-openstreetmap-contest/ Northern Argentine Wikimedians recognized in regional OpenStreetMap Contest] (SDG 15) * [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/LMyQBP/ny-ai-modell-svenska-foretags-utslapp-av-koldioxid Garbo gräver fram siffror på utsläpp av koldioxid] news in Swedish about carbon emissions data being added to the company infoboxes (SDG 13) * [https://wikimedia.at/der-klimabericht-und-die-wikipedia-teil-3-wissenschaftskommunikation/ Der Klimabericht und die Wikipedia Teil 3: Wissenschaftskommunikation] (SDG 13) ; Events * [[m:SheSaid|SheSaid campaign on Wikiquote]]. From 1 September until 31 December 2025. (SDG 5) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 14:39, 1 Disemba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29620767 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #229 is out: And the name is Abstract Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-12-04|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share the final results of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we share two demos about new Wikifunctions features, we talk about Wikidata components in Wikifunctions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:02, 4 Disemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29735279 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #230 is out: How to write better error messages == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-12-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share an essay on how to write better error messages, on improving which we focused in the last months. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:01, 12 Disemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29735279 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #231 is out: We wish you a happy new Gregorian year! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-12-18|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we showcase some templates using Wikifunctions functions on several projects, and we wrap up work for this Gregorian year, wishing you happy holidays. The updates will resume in the week of January 14, so if you feel like you want more, you can always read the previous updates in [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:01, 18 Disemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29814552 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fiftieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * User group call, 11 December ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20251211|minutes]]) ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/08/wikiforhumanrights-2025-documenting-ghanas-just-energy-transition-through-the-lens/ WikiForHumanRights 2025: Documenting Ghana’s Just Energy Transition Through the Lens] (SDG 7) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November_2025/Contents/New_Zealand_report#Update_on_the_Bioeconomy_Science_Institute_Wikimedian_in_Residence|Update on the Bioeconomy Science Institute Wikimedian in Residence]] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/14/wikiforhumanrights-2025-campaign-in-ghana/ WikiForHumanRights 2025 campaign in Ghana] (SDG 7&13) * [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/12/topics-for-impact/ Topics for impact] by Wikimedia UK * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/22/project-gayatri-a-year-of-building-knowledge-closing-with-heart/ Project Gayatri: A Year of Building Knowledge, Closing with Heart] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 21:24, 4 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29844481 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #232 is out: 25 years of Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In the first issue of 2026, we celebrate our incredible milestone of 25 years of Wikipedia and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:04, 16 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29902635 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #233 is out: Quarterly plan for January–March 2026 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share our work plans for the quarter that goes from January to March 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:01, 22 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #234 is out: Integrating Abstract Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share our ideas about the integration of Abstract Wikipedia with the existing Wikimedia projects, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:51, 30 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty first newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * The [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2025|annual report for 2025]] was published. * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Next user group meeting]] is 22 February. * The drafting of the [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2026|2026 annual plan]] is under way, please help. ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/09/winning-images-of-the-special-category-human-rights-and-environment-from-wiki-loves-earth-2025%F0%9F%A4%9D/ Winning images of the special category “Human Rights and Environment” from Wiki Loves Earth 2025🤝] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 14:22, 4 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29928029 --> == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers' Corner will be on February 9 == Hi, we remind you that, if you have questions or ideas to discuss about Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia, you can participate to the next '''Volunteers' Corner''', that will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1770661800 February 9, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). We hope to see you there! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 06:23, 6 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #235 is out: Finishing each other sentences: Starting things; Offsite in Istanbul == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-02-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share the results of our recent team offsite (meeting in person) in Istanbul, Türkiye, especially on creating sentence fragments in several languages. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:31, 13 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #236 is out: A sneak preview of Abstract Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-02-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share a sneak preview of how Abstract Wikipedia will look like and work, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:15, 20 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #237 is out: Graceful overrides and fallbacks == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-02-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss different patterns in articles about years on different Wikipedias, we present the video of the Wikifunctions presentation by Nicolas Vigneron at the last Celtic Knot, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1772476200 March 2, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:18, 27 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30119120 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty second newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 10, 13, 15, 16 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * A proposal for a climate and sustainability meetup at Wikimania has been submitted. Keep your fingers crossed it gets accepted! ; Other news * [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud Metabase], a project to create a [[m:Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Knowledge Base|movement-wide knowledgebase for activities and initiatives]], now has the property [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud/wiki/Property:P109 relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator] and all the Sustainable Development Goals, Targets and Indicators. This makes it possible to make sure that your projects and initiative that supports these are marked as doing so and also find previous efforts related to them. * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/11/wiki-for-botanists-why-thematic-engagement-matters/ Wiki for Botanists: Why thematic engagement matters] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/influence-of-seasonal-and-eco-climatic-factors-on-butterfly-diversity-insights-from-wiki-loves-butterfly/ Influence of Seasonal and Eco-climatic Factors on Butterfly Diversity: Insights from Wiki Loves Butterfly] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/african-women-in-climate-action-a-continued-editing-journey-through-the-edither-africa-contest-2026/ African Women in Climate Action: A Continued Editing Journey through the EditHer Africa Contest 2026] (SDG 5 & 13) ; Events * March is Women's History Month and also has the Internaltional Women's day, so there are plenty of related events. Check out [[m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]] to find some near you. (SDG 5) * [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_India/Events/International_Mother_Language_Day_2026_Datathon|International Mother Language Day 2026 Datathon]] (SDG 4, 10 &17) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 12:13, 2 Maachị 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29928029 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #238 is out: Citations and Copy and Paste == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce the possibility of creating a function that deals with references and a Wikifunctions internal clipboard, where you can temporarily store any piece of code in order to paste it somewhere else, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:28, 6 Maachị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30119120 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #239 is out: A new composition language == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we talk about the revamp of the composition language on Wikifunctions, with its potential for further improvements. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:19, 12 Maachị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30229736 --> == Question from [[User:SamKel123|SamKel123]] (00:44, 19 Maachị 2026) == Hi, Olugold. I stopped Wiking a long time now. I want to get back, as a rewarding hubby. I need your help and push. --[[Ojiarụ:SamKel123|SamKel123]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:SamKel123|ṅkátá]]) 00:44, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[Ojiarụ:SamKel123|SamKel123]], :How can I help you? Have you joined the Igbo Wikimedia community Whatsapp group? There are several Wiki activities organized by the [[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]] that will help you. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:17, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC) ::Okay. I will join immediately. Thank you so much. [[Ojiarụ:SamKel123|SamKel123]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:SamKel123|ṅkátá]]) 08:37, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #240 is out: Abstract Wikipedia is now in Beta == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we celebrate the launch of the [https://abstract.wikipedia.org/ preliminary Beta version of Abstract Wikipedia], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:23, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30229736 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #241 is out: First few days of Abstract Wikipedia Beta; Status of Composition Language v2 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the first early edits on [https://abstract.wikipedia.org/ Abstract Wikipedia], we share the status of Composition Language v2, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:48, 26 Maachị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30289284 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty third newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * There is now a [[c:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|user box template on Wikimedia Commons]] that you can use to show that you are participant of the user group. There were already user boxes on [[m:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Meta]], [[d:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Wikidata]], [[w:en:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|English]] and [[w:sv:Mall:Användare Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Swedish]] Wikipedia. If your home wiki uses user boxes but lacks one, feel free to copy any of these to it. ; Other news * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2026/03/02/the-winners-of-wiki-loves-earth-2025/ “Cinematic intensity”: The winners of Wiki Loves Earth 2025] (SDG 15) * [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00940-y Scientists should join collaborative online editing communities for biodiversity] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 11:26, 1 Eprel 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30155800 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #242 is out: Request for Discussion: Syntactic tables == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a proposal for Natural Language Generation, we introduce a page for function suggestions from Abstract Wikipedia, we inform you that there will be a presentation about Abstract Wikipedia at WikiCon Australia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776101400 April 13, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:37, 3 Eprel 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #243 is out: Community proposals for capturing meaning == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we report on three community proposals on syntactic approaches, we introduce a new Type (Complex numbers), we report on current hiccups on Abstract Wikipedia, we share more information about a presentation about Abstract Wikipedia at WikiCon Australia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776101400 April 13, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:35, 10 Eprel 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #244 is out: Milestones; Some major issues hopefully resolved == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we celebrate 4000 functions on Wikifunctions and 1000 abstract articles on Abstract Wikipedia, we announce that we should have fixed some major issues with the websites, we inform you on our latest outreach activities, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:22, 17 Eprel 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #245 is out: The Foundation's search for the perfect language == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present an academic paper about Abstract Wikipedia, we discuss our latest Type created, and we take a look at the newest created functions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:54, 25 Eprel 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 Eprel 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> :Thanks and duly noted. @[[Ojiarụ:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:45, 29 Eprel 2026 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #246 is out: Request for input: what should we count for Abstract Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we ask you what would be the relevant metrics for Abstract Wikipedia, we discuss our latest news on Composition Language v2, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:21, 2 Mee 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 5, 6, 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/04/15/from-lens-to-knowledge-citizen-science-through-wiki-loves-butterfly/|From Lens to Knowledge: Citizen Science through Wiki Loves Butterfly]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Wikidata type specimen data model]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|Edit-a-thon "Women Botanists" and “Plants Around Us: Veles” workshop]] (SDG 5 & 15) ; Events * Ongoing: [[w:en:Wikipedia:100 Days 100 Edits|100 Days 100 Edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026|Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026]] (SDG 2, 6 & 7) * May 9-10: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Projekt naturgeografi/Fotosafari: Fåglar i Skåne 2026|Bird photography trip]] in south Sweden (SDG 15) * May 30: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Skrivstuga/Biologisk mångfald|Editathon about biodiversity]] in Stockholm (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 12:47, 6 Mee 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30472224 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #247 is out: References from Wikidata now available == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that is now possible to pass references in Wikidata statements, we introduce the [https://abstract-data.toolforge.org/ Abstract Data dashboard], we report you on the presentation about Abstract Wikipedia at WikiCon Australia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1778520600 May 11, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:16, 8 Mee 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #248 is out: A higher meaning == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss functions creating language fragments, we present our latest news in Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:36, 15 Mee 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30536976 --> == Question from [[User:Chizoba Amanambu|Chizoba Amanambu]] (14:26, 20 Mee 2026) == Hello, Please how does the editing role work? How are roles assigned to people on Wikimedia? Do I have to wait to follow a project or I can find one and start myself on the site? Is there a criteria to get started as well. --[[Ojiarụ:Chizoba Amanambu|Chizoba Amanambu]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Chizoba Amanambu|ṅkátá]]) 14:26, 20 Mee 2026 (UTC) :hello @[[Ojiarụ:Chizoba Amanambu|Chizoba Amanambu]]. You can choose to start editing Wiki projects such as Wikipedia, Wikiquote, Wiki commons, etc you can edit by adding more details, translating, or creating new articles. You can join communities to learn more during campaigns, events, etc. There are lot of communities like, language, regional, women, etc. You can participate in any of these communities. See [[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]], it's a language community. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 15:30, 20 Mee 2026 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] (23:17, 22 Mee 2026) == Hi Olugold, My name is Goodmaraj, and I'm a Wikipedia user. I really enjoy editing and creating pages. I started over two years ago and have made more than 3,000 edits. I always run into the problem of seeing pages that don’t meet Wikipedia’s standards—pages promoting certain topics or featuring unknown people—and I can’t delete them. At first, I would ask administrators to delete them, but they usually take a long time to respond. That’s why I need this permission to delete articles directly—it will help me a lot and make my work much faster. Thank you --[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 23:17, 22 Mee 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]]! Thank you for all you do. I see that you have 2 accounts Goodymaraj and [[user:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]], kindly choose a preferred account and continue contributing with the preferred account to avoid blocks. :Your account Goodymeraj has being added to the auto patroller group. What this means is that, while logged in to the account on Igbo Wikipedia, you can: :*Go through newly created pages and mark them patrolled :*Tag pages for deletion :*Suggest deletion :*Report problematic pages. :You can ping user:King ChristLike as one of the active admins on the Igbo Wikipedia, to go through and delete the tagged pages. Thank you. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:00, 23 Mee 2026 (UTC) ::Hi @[[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]], this user is totally different from [[User:Goodymeraj]] whom you just granted the autopatroller rights. ::Secondly, while @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] has made some meaningful edits here, they're still not a native Igbo speaker or have a good understanding of the Igbo language, so their edits or page creations would still need to be patrolled to ensure accuracy and quality. Granting the autopatroller rights may not be advisable for now. I've had an off-wiki conversation with them about this. They can always tag or request for admins to delete non-notable articles. Every other request should follow through the normal process. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 13:48, 23 Mee 2026 (UTC) ::Good morning ma @[[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]]. Please, @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] is an entirely different user from me @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]]. Thank you also for the rights granted me. I appreciate. It will go a very long way for me. [[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|ṅkátá]]) 04:21, 25 Mee 2026 (UTC) :::@[[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] and @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] thanks for the clarification. :::Goodymeraj showed interest in carrying out administrative task in the past, so when I saw this message, I honestly thought it was Goodymeraj. With the patrol right, he needs to tag admins to delete unwanted articles. In addition, he has a good understanding of the written and spoken Igbo language. :::Moving forward, nke a bụ Wikipedia Igbo, anyị kwesịrị iji asụsụ Igbo na-ekwurịta okwu ebe a. [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:51, 25 Mee 2026 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #249 is out: Annual plan 2026-2027 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you the current draft of objectives for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia in the WMF Annual Plan 2026-2027, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:48, 25 Mee 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30536976 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #250 is out: Looking back and forward == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you a recollection of our work so far, now that we celebrate our 250th newsletter, we share with you a summary of our latest outreach activities, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:04, 1 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30606821 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 6, 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/05/19/wikimedia-projects-and-the-climate-crisis-how-wiki-for-sustainable-futures-2026-is-being-built/|Wikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being BuiltWikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being Built]] (SDG 2 & 6 & 7 & 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2026/05/21/earth-day-every-day-preserving-biodiversity-on-wikipedia/ Earth Day, Every Day: Preserving Biodiversity on Wikipedia] (SDG 15) *[[diffblog:ar/2026/05/29/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-2026-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a9/|Launch of the Arabic Environmental Contest 2026: an ambitious initiative to enrich environmental content]] (SDG 2 & 6 & 7) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/From_the_field_to_the_free_web From the field to the free web] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 17:47, 1 Jụn 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30606764 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #251 is out: The illustrated encyclopaedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce our first function to import images on Abstract Wikipedia, we present our Functions of the Week, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780939800 June 8, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:14, 5 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30606821 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #252 is out: Improved loading and display of Test results == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-12|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you an improvement in loading and display of Test results, we talk about our next events, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that Denny will lead a discussion on the [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-15#News in Types: way forward for natural language generation types|new NLG types]] in the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''', that will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1781625600 June 16, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:29, 12 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30606821 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #253 is out: The or not the, this is (the?) question == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you a delicate question regarding grammatical framework, we talk about our next events and about the results of our latest online meetings, we discuss news about Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:34, 19 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30701693 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #254: Working on Functions, together == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we report on new collaborative patterns emerging in our community, we discuss news in Types, we share some events that relate to Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1783359000 July 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:58, 27 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30724999 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #255: Integration on test wiki and annual plan == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-01|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss integration of Abstract Wikipedia in Test Wiki and our objectives for the new Wikimedia Foundation Fiscal Year, we remind you of the Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia events at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1783359000 July 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:22, 2 Julaị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30755600 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5 and 10.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; In the news * [[diffblog:2026/06/08/reading-wikipedia-in-the-classroom-in-wa-ghana-empowering-educators-with-media-and-information-literacy-skills/|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom in Wa, Ghana: Empowering Educators with Media and Information Literacy Skills]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/06/12/amplifying-womens-stories-and-indigenous-knowledge-feminism-and-folklore-2026-in-the-igbo-community/|Amplifying Women’s Stories and Indigenous Knowledge: Feminism and Folklore 2026 in the Igbo Community]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/13/artfeminism-network-organizers-at-eseap-conference-2026/|Art+Feminism Network Organizers at ESEAP Conference 2026]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/14/a-reflection-on-what-i-learned-at-my-first-international-womens-day-celebration/|A Reflection on What I Learned at My First International Women’s Day Celebration]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/16/from-mentee-to-builder-my-six-months-in-the-eduwiki-hub-mentorship-program/|From Mentee to Builder: My Six Months in the EduWiki Hub Mentorship Program]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/06/16/building-skills-and-confidence-during-my-three-month-journey-through-the-on-wiki-skill-program-organized-by-africa-wiki-women/|Building Skills and Confidence During My Three-Month Journey Through the On Wiki Skill Program Organized by Africa Wiki Women]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/17/why-the-eduwiki-starter-kit-matters-for-the-future-of-education/|Why the EduWiki Starter Kit Matters for the Future of Education]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/06/17/empowering-new-editors-to-bridge-the-gender-gap-my-experience-as-a-mentor-in-the-edither-africa-april-2026-contest/|Empowering New Editors to Bridge the Gender Gap: My Experience as a Mentor in the EditHer Africa April 2026 Contest]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/18/visible-women-edit-a-thon-piloting-a-collaborative-approach-to-free-knowledge-in-hong-kong/|Visible Women Edit-a-thon: Piloting a Collaborative Approach to Free Knowledge in Hong Kong]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/23/guiding-new-voices-training-women-in-wikidata-during-the-april-edither-africa-contest/|Guiding New Voices: Training Women in Wikidata during the April EditHer Africa Contest]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/23/wikimedia-community-usergroup-botswana-in-collaboration-with-art-and-feminism-on-wikidata-mobile-training-2026/|Wikimedia Community Usergroup Botswana in collaboration with Art and Feminism on Wikidata Mobile Training 2026]] (SDG 5) ; Events * 10-18 July: [[m:Event:Wikiwomen Camp 2026|Wikiwomen Camp 2026]] (SDG 5) * 14 July [[w:de:Veranstaltung:Queers & Frauen 14.07.2026|Queers & Frauen]] (SDG 5 & 10) * 21-25 July: Wikimania is coming up and there are plenty of sessions related to sustainable development. There is now a dedicated page for those sessions at [[wikimania:2026:Program/SDG related sessions]]. * 23 July: [[m:Event:From Constitution to Community — Documenting Queer Rights Movements|From Constitution to Community — Documenting Queer Rights Movements]] (SDG 10) * 14 July [[w:de:Veranstaltung:Queers & Frauen 28.07.2026|Queers & Frauen]] (SDG 5 & 10) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 19:20, 3 Julaị 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30633243 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #256: Moving toward our first Abstract Wikipedia integration milestone == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss further our objectives for the new Wikimedia Foundation Fiscal Year, we show the latest community tool, we remind you of the Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia events at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:43, 9 Julaị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30755600 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #257: Beyond syntactic tables == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss syntactic tables and news in Types, we show some community blogposts and tools, we remind you of the Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia events at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! We also remind you that in the next weeks these newsletter reminders will be paused, and that they will resume in mid-August. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:55, 17 Julaị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30755600 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #258: Abstract Wikipedia at Wikimania == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the presentations and workshops at Wikimania, including a features feedback request based on what we heard there, and highlight new features shipped this week including diffs for Wikifunctions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! [[m:user:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] 19:05, 30 Julaị 2026 (UTC) </div> (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30870212 --> dbwjd0vrl9r0lcoyyts15sn0l8y5sol 0 11566 692921 211861 2026-07-31T01:47:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adejoke Bolanle Ayoola''' bụ onye Naijiria-Amerika agụmakwụkwọ na onye nyocha nọọsụ na kọleji Calvin . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nursingdev.hit.msu.edu/downloads/Vol1_Iss9Jan.pdf|publisher=Michigan State University College of Nursing|date=January 2008|title=Research Center Update|accessdate=April 17, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grmag.com/features/01-13/01-13.htm|title=Grand Rapids Magazine|accessdate=April 17, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417204214/http://www.grmag.com/features/01-13/01-13.htm|archivedate=April 17, 2015}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Adejoke gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo dị na Ile-Ife, Naijiria , na-enweta nzere BSN na MSN na 1991 na 1998 n'otu n'otu. Ọ kwagara United States na 2001 ka ọ gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya, na-enweta Ph.D na Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan na 2007. Adejoke bụ Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Nurse Faculty Scholar na Calvin College na Ngalaba ndi Nọọsụ (CCDON) na Grand Rapids, Michigan. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Calvin College nursing professor wins $350,000 to educate low-income women about unplanned pregnancy|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2012/08/calvin_college_nursing_profess.html|publisher=Mlive Media|author=Brian McVicar|date=August 29, 2012|accessdate=April 17, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nursefacultyscholars.org/scholars/scholar-detail/adejoke-ayoola|title=Ayoola Adejoke|work=Nursefacultyscholars|accessdate=April 17, 2015|archivedate=April 17, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417192522/http://www.nursefacultyscholars.org/scholars/scholar-detail/adejoke-ayoola}}</ref> == Nchọpụta nọọsụ == E bipụtara ọrụ Ajoke na ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị ego sitere na agbụrụ dị iche iche na Grand Rapids na ''Journal of Midwifery &amp;amp; Women's Health'' na Julaị 2013. Ọ bụkwa onye kacha nyere aka na nyocha e bipụtara na ''American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology'' na 2009 na-enyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti oge nnabata nke afọ ime na nsonaazụ ọmụmụ, dị ka ịmụ nwa, obere ibu ọmụmụ, nnabata na ngalaba nlekọta ahụike nwa ọhụrụ., na ọnwụ ụmụ ọhụrụ. Nchọpụta ya lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite ahụike ụmụ nwanyị na ọmụmụ nwa na ebumnobi bụ isi nke ibelata nsonaazụ ahụike nne na nwa dara ogbenye. Nchoputa ya n'ihe gbasara ihe omuma ahuike omumu na nhazi ime ime gbasara obodo ato di iche iche, obodo ndi nwere obere ego di iche iche bu agbata obi na mmemme CCDON. Ebumnuche nke oru ngo a bụ iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke ịtụrụ ime n'emeghị atụmatụ ma kwalite ịmara mmalite nke afọ ime. Nnyocha ya na-egosi mkpa nyocha nke nọọsụ na mkpa ọgbọ nyocha na-akwado ịkwado omume nọọsụ dị irè, karịsịa n'ime usoro nlekọta ahụike America na-agbanwe mgbe niile. Adejoke bụ onye otu Midwest Nursing Research Society (MNRS) na onye isi oche CCDON maka Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, Kappa Epsilon-at-Large. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01849900|work=Clinical Trials|title=Preconception Reproductive Knowledge Promotion (PREKNOP)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Top Professors and Administrators|url=http://www.cnaclasses.org/top-professors-and-administrators/nursing/|work=CNA|accessdate=April 17, 2015|archivedate=April 17, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417203942/http://www.cnaclasses.org/top-professors-and-administrators/nursing/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://congress.nursingsociety.org/documents/feede342.2014_congress_program.pdf|work=25th International Nursing Research Program|title=Congress Program|accessdate=April 17, 2015|archivedate=April 17, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417191038/http://congress.nursingsociety.org/documents/feede342.2014_congress_program.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378%2809%2900505-5/references|work=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|title=Adejoke Ayoola|accessdate=April 17, 2015}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ozi na nsọpụrụ == * Onye otu nke American Academy of Nursing (2020-ugbu a) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://grbj.com/news/health-care/calvin-nursing-professor-inducted-american-academy-of-nursing/|title=Calvin nursing professor inducted into American Academy of Nursing|author=Danielle Nelson|date=November 4, 2020|work=Grand Rapids Business Journal|accessdate=May 22, 2021}}</ref> * Onye enyemaka Prọfesọ, August 2007 - dị ugbu a: Ngalaba Nọọsụ, Calvin College, Grand Rapids * Onye enyemaka nyocha, Jenụwarị 2005 - dị ugbu a: Ngalaba Ọgwụ, Mahadum State nke Michigan. * Onye nkuzi nọọsụ dị elu, Nọvemba. 2000 - Ọgọst. 2003: Post-Basic Nursing School, National Ear Care Center, [[Lagos]], Nigeria. * Onye isi mmemme, Septemba. 1999 - Ọktoba. 2000: Action Health Incorporation, Lagos, Nigeria * Onye isi mmemme, June. 1998 - Ọgọst. 1999: Women Health Promotion Project, Ile-Ife, Nigeria * Onye nkuzi nọọsụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Eprel. 1994 – June 1998: Department of Nursing, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria * Onye nkuzi midwife, Mee 1993 – Jenụwarị 1994: School of Midwifery, Oluyoro Catholic Hospital, [[Ibadan]], Oyo State, Nigeria. == Akwụkwọ ndị ahọpụtara == *   * {{Cite web|url=https://www.awhonn.org/awhonn/content.do?name=07_PressRoom/7B7_Sept16_Contraception_JOGNN.htm|title=Contraception Practices Place Low-Income Women at Risk for Unintended Pregnancy and Infant and Maternal Death|date=September 16, 2014|work=The Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417191823/https://www.awhonn.org/awhonn/content.do?name=07_PressRoom%2F7B7_Sept16_Contraception_JOGNN.htm|archivedate=April 17, 2015}} * {{Cite journal|author=Adejoke Ayoola|title=Late Recognition of Unintended Pregnancies|journal=Public Health Nursing|volume=32|issue=5|pages=462–470|date=February 16, 2015|doi=10.1111/phn.12182|pmid=25655426}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZaHPJ3NXAYC&q=Adejoke+Ayoola+nursing+United+States|title=Timing of Pregnancy Recognition as a Predictor of Prenatal Care Initiation and Birth Outcomes|year=2008|author=Adejoke Bolanle Ayoola|isbn=9780549617181}} * {{Cite journal|url=http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(09)00505-5/abstract?rss=yes|date=May 10, 2009|author=Adejoke B. Ayoola|title=Late recognition of pregnancy as a predictor of adverse birth outcomes (Presented at the National State of the Science Congress on Nursing Research, Washington, DC, Oct. 2-4, 2008|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=201|issue=2|pages=156.e1–156.e6|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2009.05.011|pmid=19646566}} * {{Cite journal|journal=Evidence-Based Nursing|volume=14|issue=2|url=http://m.ebn.bmj.com/content/14/2/55.extract|title=Reducing the number of antenatal care visits in low-risk pregnancies increases perinatal mortality in low- and middle-income countries; women in all settings prefer the standard visit schedule|author=Adejoke Ayoola|year=2011|pages=55–56|doi=10.1136/ebn1136}} == Ndensibịa == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria gụrụ akwụkwọ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] axrda9w6safcpf7fkorpu3cwzb3e0xc 0 11938 692649 123555 2026-07-30T12:20:15Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Florence Iweta''' (amụrụ (1983-03-29 ) ) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu onye gbachitere egwuregwu bọọlụ bụụrụ otu [[Footbọl|egwuregwu]] bọọlụ ụmụnwaanyị Naịjirịa . <ref>{{Cite web|title=USA 1999: Nigeria|url=http://www.soccertimes.com/worldcup/1999/capsules/nigeria.htm|publisher=Soccer Times|accessdate=20 March 2017|archivedate=14 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314093830/http://www.soccertimes.com/worldcup/1999/capsules/nigeria.htm}}</ref> Ọ nọchitere anya Naịjirịa na asọmpi olimpik nke afọ 2000 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/womensolympic/sydney2000/teams/team=1882893/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126145056/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/womensolympic/sydney2000/teams/team=1882893/index.html|archivedate=26 January 2013|title=Olympic Football Tournaments Sydney 2000 - Women - Nigeria - Overview - FIFA.com|author=FIFA.com|publisher=}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Naijiria na asọmpi olimpik nke afọ 2000 == Edensịbịa == {{Reflist}} * Florence Iweta – ndekọ asọmpi FIFA(archived) {{Nigeria squad 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Iweta, Florence}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 24dps1bfe8f9tynnbuph1zsp0d60al9 0 11942 692785 578014 2026-07-30T18:06:15Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox football biography|name=Francisca Ordega|clubs10=[[WFC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow]]|goals6=1|years7=2017–2018|clubs7=→ [[Atlético Madrid Femenino|Atlético Madrid]] (loan)|caps7=8|goals7=0|years8=2019–2021|clubs8=[[Shanghai Shengli]]|caps8=0|goals8=5|years9=2021|clubs9=[[Levante UD Femenino|Levante]]|caps9=3|goals9=0|years10=2021–|caps10=4|clubs6=→ [[Sydney FC (W-League)|Sydney FC]] (loan)|goals10=0|nationalyears1=2010|nationalteam1=[[Nigeria women's national under-17 football team|Nigeria U17]]|nationalcaps1=|nationalgoals1=|nationalyears2=2012|nationalteam2=[[Nigeria women's national under-20 football team|Nigeria U20]]|nationalcaps2=|nationalgoals2=|nationalyears3=2010–|nationalteam3=[[Nigeria women's national football team|Nigeria]]|nationalcaps3=26<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/players/player=301727/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703083430/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/players/player=301727/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 July 2011 |title=Profile |publisher=FIFA |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>|nationalgoals3=7|pcupdate=1 December 2019|caps6=6|years6=2016–2017|image=Francisca Ordega.jpg|goals1=|image_size=|caption=Ordega with [[Piteå IF]] in 2014|fullname=Francisca Ordega<ref name="FIFA 2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |title=List of Players – 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup |work=[[FIFA]] |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|10|19}}<ref name="FIFA 2015"/>|birth_place=[[Gboko]], [[Benue State]], Nigeria|height={{convert|5|ft|3|in|order=flip}}|position=[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]|currentclub=[[WFC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow]]|clubnumber=|youthyears1=|youthclubs1=|years1=2008–2011|clubs1=[[Bayelsa Queens]]|caps1=|years2=2011–2012|goals5=9|clubs2=[[Rivers Angels]]|caps2=|goals2=|years3=2012–2013|clubs3=[[WFC Rossiyanka|Rossiyanka]]|caps3=|goals3=|years4=2013–2014|clubs4=[[Piteå IF]]|caps4=34|goals4=4|years5=2015–2018|clubs5=[[Washington Spirit]]|caps5=41|ntupdate=17 June 2019}} '''Francisca Ordega''' (amụrụ 19 Ọktoba 1993) bụ onye egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] Naịjirịa nke na-agba CSKA Moscow na asọmpi bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị Russia. Ọ na-anọchi anya otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa (Super Falcons) na asọmpi iko mba ụwa nke FIFA na asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị Africa . A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ kacha mma n'Africa <ref name="awc">{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4093/nigeria/2014/10/03/5150576/oparanozie-ordega-eye-2014-african-women-championship-trophy|title=Oparanozie, Ordega eye 2014 African Women Championship trophy|work=Goal.com|accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/people/nigeria/55062/francisca-ordega/national|title=Francisca Ordega|work=Goal.com|accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/francisca-ordega/150694/|title=Ordega on Soccerway|publisher=Perform Group|work=Soccerway|accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref> <ref name="spiritprofile"/> == Ọrụ egwuregwu == === Klọb === ==== Bayelsa Queens ==== Ordega malitere ọrụ ya na ọkwa ntorobịa nke Bayelsa Queens, tupu ebuli ya n'akụkụ ọkachamara n'afọ 2008 ebe ọ gbara na asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria . <ref name="spiritprofile"/> ==== Rivers Angel ==== Na 2011, ọ kwagara Rivers Angels, otu n'ime klọb kacha elu na asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria . <ref name="spiritprofile">{{Cite web|url=http://washingtonspirit.com/persons/francisca-ordega/|title=Profile|publisher=[[Washington Spirit]]|accessdate=2 July 2015}}</ref> ==== WFC Rossiyanka ==== N'afọ 2012, Ordega hapụrụ [[Naijiria]] ka ya na ndị mmeri Rọshịa bịanyere aka na ya bụ Rossiyanka nke asọmpi egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị Russia . <ref name="spiritprofile"/> Na Nọvemba 2012, a mara ọkwa na Ordega na Rossiyanka kewara onwe ha ụzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/ordega-parts-ways-with-rossiyanka/|title=Ordega parts ways with Rossiyanka|work=thenationonlineeng.net|author=Owerri Tunde Liadi|date=13 November 2012|accessdate=23 January 2018}}</ref> ==== Piteå Ọ BỤRỤ ==== Na 2013, Ordega bịanyere aka na Piteå Ọ BỤRỤ na [[Sweden|Swedish]] Damallsvenskan . <ref name="SignsPitea">{{Cite web|url=http://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=9276|title=Official: Francisca Ordega Inks Deal With Pitea IF|work=allnigeriasoccer.ng|date=25 March 2013|accessdate=23 January 2018}}</ref> O meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya na 26 May 2013 na mgbalị ịbịaru megide Vittsjö GIK . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.futaa.com/article/59713/ordega-opens-goal-account-in-sweden|title=Ordega opens goal account in Sweden|work=futaa.com|author=Israel Samuel|date=27 March 2013|accessdate=23 January 2018|archivedate=25 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015145/http://www.futaa.com/article/59713/ordega-opens-goal-account-in-sweden}}</ref> N'agbata 2013 na 2015, o mere ngosi 34 wee nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ 4 n'oge ọ nọ na Sweden. <ref name="SignsWash">{{Cite web|url=http://dailypost.ng/2015/03/27/ordega-delighted-to-join-washington-spirit/|title=Ordega delighted to join Washington Spirit|work=independent.ng|author=Ifreke Inyang|date=26 March 2015|accessdate=23 January 2018}}</ref> ==== Washington Mmụọ ==== Ordega wee gafee North Atlantic wee bịanye aka na Washington Spirit na National Women's Soccer League . <ref name="spiritprofile"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4093/nigeria/2012/09/03/3352083/falconets-francisca-ordega-signs-for-swedish-club-jitex-bk|title=Falconets' Francisca Ordega signs for Swedish club Jitex BK – report|work=Goal.com|accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref> N'oge mbụ ya na Mmụọ Nsọ, Ordega meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ atọ ma mee enyemaka abụọ. Ọ laghachiri na 2016 iji nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ abụọ n'oge oge. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmụọ nke Naijiria echefuru echefu bịara na Semifinal NWSL mgbe o meriri n'oge mgbakwunye iji ziga Mmụọ n'asọmpị NWSL mbụ ya. <ref name="spiritprofile" /> Na July 2017, Ordega nwere mmerụ ikpere nke ga-ejedebe nkeji ya maka oge fọdụrụnụ . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blackandredunited.com/washington-spirit-womens-soccer/2017/7/13/15969404/washington-spirit-francisca-ordega-nwsl-cali-farquharson|title=Washington Spirit lose Francisca Ordega to knee injury|publisher=Black and Red United|author=Jason Anderson|date=13 July 2017|accessdate=23 January 2018}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị mmerụ ahụ, ọ ka ga-enweta ihe ngosi iri anọ wee nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ anọ. ===== Ego mgbazinye na Sydney FC ===== Na Disemba 2016, Sydney FC bịanyere aka na Ordega na mbinye ego sitere na Washington maka oge fọdụrụ na 2016–17 W-League . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blackandredunited.com/2016/12/22/14052978/francisca-ordega-washington-spirit-sydney-fc|title=Washington Spirit striker Francisca Ordega joins Sydney FC on loan|publisher=Black and Red United|author=Jason Anderson|date=22 December 2016|accessdate=23 January 2018|archivedate=24 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135854/https://www.blackandredunited.com/2016/12/22/14052978/francisca-ordega-washington-spirit-sydney-fc}}</ref> Nbinye ego ahụ mere ka ọ bụrụ onye Africa mbụ ga-egwu na Australian W-League . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espnfc.com/australian-a-league/story/3025354/sydney-fc-bring-nigerian-star-francisca-ordega-to-w-league|title=Sydney FC bring Nigerian star Francisca Ordega to W-League|work=[[ESPN FC]]|date=22 December 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nwslsoccer.com/washington-spirit-loans-forward-francisca-ordega-to-sydney-fc|title=Washington Spirit loans forward Francisca Ordega to Sydney FC|publisher=[[National Women's Soccer League|NWSL]]|date=22 December 2016|accessdate=5 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305201104/http://nwslsoccer.com/washington-spirit-loans-forward-francisca-ordega-to-sydney-fc|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref> Ordega ga-eme ngosi isii wee nweta akara otu ugboro na-enyere Sydney aka irite ọnọdụ nke atọ na otu . ===== Agbanye ego na Atlético Madrid ===== Na 20 October 2017, Ordega sonyeere ụlọ ọgbakọ Spanish Atlético Madrid na mbinye ego ọnwa isii sitere na Washington. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sport.es/es/noticias/futbol-femenino/francisca-ordega-ficha-por-atletico-madrid-femenino-6367462|title=Francisca Ordega ficha por el Atlético de Madrid femenino|language=es|work=[[Sport (Spanish newspaper)|Sport]]|date=20 October 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/francisca-ordega-joins-atletico-madrid-on-loan-from/axwjce85zaxj15jf105ntv6wy|title=Francisca Ordega joins Atletico Madrid on loan from Washington Spirit|work=goal.com|author=Samuel Ahmadu|date=20 October 2017|accessdate=23 January 2018}}</ref> O mere mpụta mbụ ya na 1 November 2017 megide Barcelona . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://washingtonspirit.com/pro/francisca-ordega-makes-debut-with-spanish-league-debut-with-atletico-madrid/|title=Francisca Ordega makes debut with Spanish league side Atletico Madrid|publisher=Washington Spirit|date=1 November 2017|accessdate=23 January 2018}}</ref> ===== Gaa na Shanghai WFC ===== Ordega nwetara ịkwaga Shanghai WFC otu afọ <ref>{{Cite web|author=Admin|title=Super Falcons star Francisca Ordega joins Chinese side Shanghai WFC|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/super-falcons-star-francisca-ordega-joins-chinese-side-shanghai-wfc-from-washington/t9ggs00|work=Pulse|accessdate=2 March 2019}}</ref> ===== Levante UD ===== N'a April 2021, Ordega bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta Levante UD na-agba ọsọ ruo 2023, na mg.balị ịkwalite nchụso ha iru eru maka bọọlụ Champions League nke mbụ na akụkọ ntolite ha. <ref>{{Cite web|title=El Levante UD Femenino firma a la delantera Francisca Ordega hasta 2023|url=https://www.levanteud.com/es/info/el-levante-ud-femenino-firma-a-la-delantera-francisca-ordega-hasta-2023|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=LevanteUD|language=es}}</ref> Ordega mere mpụta mbụ ya na 22 Mee 2021 megide Madrid CFF, na-abịa dị ka onye nnọchi na nkeji 67th na mmeri 3-2. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Madrid vs. Levante - 22 May 2021 - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/05/22/spain/superliga/madrid-cf/ud-levante/3379917/|accessdate=2021-05-26|work=int.soccerway.com}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Ordega nọchitere anya otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa n'ọkwa niile. N'okpuru 17, ọ gbara 2010 FIFA U-17 World Cup yana ndị nọ n'okpuru iri abụọ na 2012 FIFA U-20 World Cup . N'ọkwa dị elu ọ gbara na asọmpi iko mba ụwa nke FIFA nke 2011, 2015 na 2019 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 FIFA Women's World Cup - Wikipedia|url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women's_World_Cup|accessdate=2021-06-09|work=en.m.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>  <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=301727/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015210250/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=301727/|archivedate=15 October 2014|title=FIFA player stats|publisher=[[FIFA]]|accessdate=2 July 2015}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ọ mepere akaụntụ World Cup ya site n'itinye goolu nha Nigeria megide Sweden na 8 June 2015 na Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Egwuregwu na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ kwụsịrị 3-3 na egwuregwu mmeghe nke Group D. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.womenssoccerunited.com/o-upset-sweden/|title=The O's upset Sweden in pulsating 3 all thriller|work=Women's Soccer United|accessdate=2 July 2015|archivedate=22 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422153911/https://www.womenssoccerunited.com/o-upset-sweden/}}</ref> Ọ sokwa na ndị otu Naịjirịa na asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka nke afọ 2010 na 2014, wee merie asọmpi abụọ ahụ. <ref name="awc"/> VN'afọ 2018, ọ bụkwa onye otu ndị Naijiria bụ ndị meriri asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke 2018 na Ghana, asọmpi ebe o jiri goolu abụọ na enyemaka abụọ wee nweta ihe nrite nwanyị nke egwuregwu na egwuregwu ikpeazụ ha na South Africa. <ref>Adeboye Amosu (1 December 2018) "Ordega Named Woman Of The Match In Nigeria Win Vs South Africa" , " Complete Sports Nigeria "</ref> Ọ so na ndị otu Super Falcons bụ ndị meriri asọmpi iko ụmụ nwanyị Turkish 2021 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria 9-0 Equatorial Guinea: Super Falcons clinch Turkish Women's Cup in style {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/nigeria-9-0-equatorial-guinea-super-falcons-clinch-turkish/q3hbfipmb80i1s8fhlps21quj|accessdate=2021-06-10|work=www.goal.com}}</ref> na Antalya, Turkey n'ọnwa Febụwarị wee si otú ahụ bụrụ ndị otu Africa mbụ meriri asọmpi ịkpọ òkù. === Ebumnuche mba ụwa === ''Akara na rịzọlt a depụtara goolu Naịjirịa mbụ'' {| class="wikitable" !Mba. ! Ụbọchị ! Ebe ! Onye mmegide ! Akara ! Nsonaazụ ! Asọmpi |- |<div class="center"> 1</div> | Nọvemba 1, 2010 | Stadiumlọ egwuregwu Sinaba, Daveyton, [[South Africa]] |</img> Mali |<div class="center"> '''5-0'''</div> |<div class="center"> 5–0</div> | Asọmpi ụmụnwaanyị Afrịka 2010 |- |<div class="center"> 2</div> | Ọktoba 17, 2014 | Sam Nujoma Stadium, Windhoek, [[Namibia]] |</img> Namibia |<div class="center"> '''2-0'''</div> |<div class="center"> 2–0</div> | Asọmpi ụmụnwaanyị Afrịka 2014 |- |<div class="center"> 3</div> | 8 Juun 2015 | Winnipeg Stadium, Winnipeg, [[Kánada|Canada]] |</img> Sweden |<div class="center"> '''3–3'''</div> |<div class="center"> 3–3</div> | 2015 FIFA iko mba ụwa |- |<div class="center"> 4</div> | Nọvemba 20, 2016 | Stade Municipal de Limbe, Limbe, [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] |</img> Mali |<div class="center"> '''1-0'''</div> |<div class="center"> 6–0</div> | Iko mba Afrịka ụmụnwaanyị 2016 |- |<div class="center"> 5</div> | Nọvemba 21, 2018 | rowspan="2" | Ebe egwuregwu egwuregwu Cape Coast, Cape Coast, [[Ghana]] |</img> Zambia |<div class="center"> '''2-0'''</div> |<div class="center"> 4–0</div> | rowspan="2" | Iko mba Afrịka ụmụnwaanyị 2018 |- |<div class="center"> 6</div> | Nọvemba 24, 2018 |</img> Equatorial Guinea |<div class="center"> '''1-0'''</div> |<div class="center"> 6–0</div> |} == Nkwanye ugwu == === Klọb === ; Rivers Angel * Iko ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria (1): 2012 ; Atlético Madrid * Nkeji Primera (1): 2017–18 === Mba ụwa === ; Naijiria * Asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka (4): 2010, 2014, 2016, 2018 . == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Francisca Ordega Ndekọ asọmpi * Francisca Ordega ndekọ asọmpi * Francisca Ordega (2013) * Francisca Ordega (2014) * [http://washingtonspirit.com/persons/francisca-ordega/ Profaịlụ] na Washington Spirit * Francisca Ordega {{DEFAULTSORT:Ordega, Francisca}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] i136hbiy9a692qia5qhvrxdkxzevy59 0 11944 692774 514794 2026-07-30T17:49:33Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Francisca Ikhiede''' (amuru ya na 17 Jenuarị afọ 1996) bu onye egwu bọọlụ Naijiria nke na-agba n'otu egwu bọọlụ Naijiria na otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụnwaanyị Naịjirịa . == Ndụ == A mụrụ Ikhiede na [[Kaduna]] n'afọ 1996. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bvbinfo.com/player.asp?ID=19378|accessdate=2021-07-20|work=www.bvbinfo.com}}</ref> Ọ gbagoro otu bọọlụ Naịjirịa Customs Service. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Francisca Ikhiede » clubs|url=https://women.volleybox.net/francisca-ikhiede-p27299/clubs|accessdate=2021-07-20|work=Women Volleybox|language=en|archivedate=2021-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720151952/https://women.volleybox.net/francisca-ikhiede-p27299/clubs}}</ref> Ikhiede na-agba n'otu egwuregwu volleyball "b" n'ụsọ osimiri maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụnwaanyị Naịjirịa . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-27|title=Beach V/ball: Nigeria women team to miss Tokyo Olympics|url=https://www.aclsports.com/beach-v-ball-nigeria-women-team-to-miss-tokyo-olympics/|accessdate=2021-07-20|work=ACLSports|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318180816/https://www.aclsports.com/beach-v-ball-nigeria-women-team-to-miss-tokyo-olympics/}}</ref> Na mbido 2019, oṅọ na Yaoundé na Cameroon ebe ya na Tochukwu Nnourge nwetara nrite ọla edo na asọmpi Volleyball nke Camtel International Beach. Ha meriri n'asọmpi ikpeazụ n'agbanyeghị aṅụrị nke igwe mmadụ dịka mmegide ha bụ ndị otu Cameroon. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-01|title=Team Nigeria women's team wins beach volleyball championship in Cameroon|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/team-nigeria-womens-team-wins-beach-volleyball-championship-in-cameroon/|accessdate=2021-07-22|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318180653/https://guardian.ng/sport/team-nigeria-womens-team-wins-beach-volleyball-championship-in-cameroon/}}</ref> Ndị otu Naijiria gbagoro agbago mgbe Kenya tozuru oke maka asọmpi Olimpik Summer nke afọ 2020 ebigharịrị. Naanị mba Afrịka anọ ezipụla otu n'asọmpi Olympic. <ref name="qual">{{Cite web|author=volleyballworld.com|title=Argentina, China, Cuba and Kenya take Olympic berths|url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/news/argentina-china-cuba-and-kenya-take-olympic-berths|accessdate=2021-07-20|work=volleyballworld.com|language=en}}</ref> Ndị otu Kenya bụ Yvonne Wavinya, Brackcides Agala, Phosca Kasisi na Gaudencia Makokha . Ndị otu mba Naijiria meriri na ngwụcha asọmpi iko mba Afrịka na Morocco na 2021. <ref name="qual" /> Otu ndị Kenya bụ Wavinga na Kasisi meriri Tochukwu Nnoruga na Albertina Francis, okpu abụọ megide efu (2-0) ebe Agala na Makokha meriri ebe abụọ nke Naijiria na nke Ikhiede na Amara Uchechukwu okpu abụọ megide otú (2–1.). <ref name="qual" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ikhiede, Francisca}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] grnlikrx0e69v8de3xx62lfgr3wcmow 0 11946 692732 578021 2026-07-30T13:46:04Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Funke Abimbola''' MBE bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego na onye ọka iwu Naijiria. Ọ na-akwado maka iche n'ofe UK ọha na-elekwasị anya kpọmkwem na ọrụ iwu. Abimbola gara mahadum Newcastle ka ọ mụọ iwu. <ref name="abimbola">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lawgazette.co.uk/people/profile-funke-abimbola/5055925.fullarticle|title=Funke Abimbola|author=Eduardo Reyes|work=The Law Society Gazette|accessdate=29 June 2016|archivedate=9 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709123352/https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/people/profile-funke-abimbola/5055925.fullarticle}}</ref> Ọ mụrụ nwa nwoke mgbe ya na Campbell Hooper na-arụ ọrụ. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Abimbola sitere na ezinụlọ ndị dibia bekee . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.106comms.com/law/106-seconds-funke-abimbola/|title=106 seconds with… Funke Abimbola, Managing Counsel for Roche UK, diversity champion, speaker and proud mother|work=6th Sense|accessdate=29 June 2016|archivedate=15 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815184318/http://www.106comms.com/law/106-seconds-funke-abimbola/}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Burgess Hill Girls . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://burgesshillgirls.com/news/catching-old-girl-funke-abimbola-mbe-nee-akindolie|title=Catching Up With 'Old Girl' Funke Abimbola|work=Burgess Hill Girls|accessdate=3 October 2017|archivedate=3 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225200/http://burgesshillgirls.com/news/catching-old-girl-funke-abimbola-mbe-nee-akindolie}}</ref> Ọ mụghi ọgwụ n'ihi egwu ya maka "ihe mgbu na ọbara" ( algophobia na hemophobia ). O nwetara akara ugo mmụta iwu na Mahadum Newcastle . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aspiringsolicitors.co.uk/about/internal-team/aspiring-solicitors-advisory-board-senior/funke-abimbola/|title=General Counsel & Company Secretary (Roche UK)|work=aspiring solicitors|accessdate=30 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816140341/https://www.aspiringsolicitors.co.uk/about/internal-team/aspiring-solicitors-advisory-board-senior/funke-abimbola/|archivedate=16 August 2016}}</ref> Ọ gara Naịjirịa n'etiti afọ 1990 ka ọ nọrọ n'ule ule ụlọ mmanya Naijiria. <ref name="abimbola"/> Abimbola ghọrọ nne mgbe ọ dị afọ ka ya na Campbell Hooper na-arụ ọrụ. <ref name="abimbola" /> 2000, ọ ruru eru dị ka onye ọka iwu n'ime ụlọ. <ref name="first">{{Cite web|url=http://first100years.org.uk/funke-abimbola/|title=Funke Abimbola|work=First100years|accessdate=29 June 2016}}</ref> Nna ya nwụrụ na 2012 mgbe a chọpụtara na ọ nwere ọrịa kansa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wearethecity.com/inspirational-women-funke-abimbola-solicitor-one-worlds-largest-biotech-companies/|title=Inspirational Woman: Funke Abimbola. Solicitor for one of the world's largest biotech companies|work=We are the City|accessdate=29 June 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Iordache">{{Cite web|url=http://www.legalbusiness.co.uk/index.php/lb-blog-view/2580-careers-counsel-for-aspiring-lawyers-roche-s-funke-abimbola|title=Careers counsel for aspiring lawyers: Roche's Funke Abimbola|author=Ruxandra Iordache|work=Legal Business|accessdate=29 June 2016|archivedate=18 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818141013/http://www.legalbusiness.co.uk/index.php/lb-blog-view/2580-careers-counsel-for-aspiring-lawyers-roche-s-funke-abimbola}}</ref> == Akaọrụ == Abimbola ghọrọ onye ọka iwu ojii kachasị elu maka ọrụ ọgwụ Roche na UK, Ireland, Gibraltar na Malta. <ref name="Abimbola">{{Cite web|url=http://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/funke-abimbola-profile-of-an-achiever/|title=Funke Abimbola: Profile of an achiever|author=Women4Africa|work=The Guardian|accessdate=29 June 2016|archivedate=29 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529144531/http://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/funke-abimbola-profile-of-an-achiever/}}</ref> Ọ ruru eru dị ka onye ọka iwu n'ime ụlọ na 2000. <ref name="first"/> Ọ gara Naijiria maka nkwadebe maka ule Nigerian Bar. Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na FO Akinrele & Co. <ref name="Iordache"/> Ka o si Naijiria lọta UK n'etiti 1990s, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Wembley Plc ebe ọ ruru eru dị ka onye ọka iwu ụlọ ọrụ / azụmahịa. O mechara kwaga Campbell Hooper ebe ọ ghọrọ onye ọka iwu. <ref name="Iordache"/> N'afọ 2012, ọ sonyeere Roche UK n'ọnọdụ nchịkwa nchịkwa (UK na Ireland). Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye ọrụ nchekwa data UK. Na Disemba 2015, ọ ghọrọ onye ndụmọdụ izugbe na odeakwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ nke otu nzukọ ahụ wee kwalite ya ịbụ onye ndụmọdụ izugbe na onye isi nke nnabata ego na Jenụwarị 2017. Ọ zutere ihe ịma aka n'inweta ọrụ ntinye ọkwa na UK. Dị ka otu puku na afọ si kwuo, "Ọ na-esiri m ike ịchọta ọkwa ntinye ọkwa mgbe m gụchara ule nnyefe QLTT (ugbu a QLTS) ma chọọ inweta ahụmahụ tupu iru eru. Iji nweta ụkwụ m n'ọnụ ụzọ, ewepụtara m ndepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ iwu 100 kachasị na-ahụ maka iwu ụlọ ọrụ ma mee otu ihe ahụ na ndị otu 50 kacha elu n'ime ụlọ. M wee gaa n'ihu ịkpọ ndị isi ngalaba na otu narị otu narị na iri ise. Nke a butere ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọnụ, gụnyere nke nwere isi, PLC depụtara nke ọma. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ, onyeisi ndị ọkàiwu (onye bụ Bekee ma onye ya na ya si n'Eshia) jụrụ m ma echere m na agbụrụ m bụ ihe mere m na-agaghị agba ndị òtù ndị ọzọ ajụjụ ọnụ. Nke ahụ bụ, n’eziokwu, nke mbụ m nche uru bu agbụrụ dị ka ihe pụrụ igbochi m ọganihu. Obi dị m ụtọ na ọ nyere m ọrụ ma nwee ike iru eru dị ka onye ọka iwu n'ime ụlọ." Abimbola bụ onye nkwado siri ike maka ụlọ ọrụ na ndịiche dị iche iche. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legal500.com/assets/pages/gc/diversity-and-inclusion-report-uk-2016/funke-abimbola#sthash.pgdKgibc.dpbs|title=INTERVIEW: FUNKE ABIMBOLA GENERAL COUNSEL AND COMPANY SECRETARY, ROCHE|work=Legal 500|accessdate=7 July 2016|archivedate=9 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709094236/http://www.legal500.com/assets/pages/gc/diversity-and-inclusion-report-uk-2016/funke-abimbola#sthash.pgdKgibc.dpbs}}</ref> Dị ka ọkà okwu ọha na onye na-ahụ maka iwu, a ghọtara ya wee nweta ọtụtụ ihe nrite maka ọrụ ya. N'afọ 2013, e gosipụtara ya na mbipụta ''tebụl Diversity League'' dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọka iwu ojii. N'afọ 2014, a họpụtara ya maka ihe nrite National Diversity Award, na n'otu afọ ahụ, a họpụtara ya maka onyinye onyinye nke Law Society Excellence. N'afọ 2015, ọ meriri ihe nrite ihe nlere anya nke ọma. <ref name="award">{{Cite web|url=http://www.speakers4schools.org/speakers/funke-abimbola/|title=General Counsel & Company Secretary, Roche UK|work=Speakers4Schools|accessdate=7 July 2016|archivedate=9 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709154547/https://www.speakers4schools.org/speakers/funke-abimbola/}}</ref> Na 2010, a họpụtara ya gọvanọ Uxbridge College, London, n'ime afọ anọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibblaw.co.uk/insights/press-release/funke-abimbola-appointed-governor-uxbridge-college|title=Funke Abimbola appointed governor of Uxbridge College|author=IBB Solicitors|accessdate=8 July 2016}}</ref> Ọ natara ihe nrite 'Point of Light' site n'aka onye isi ala UK n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2016, na-amata mmetụta nke ọrụ afọ ofufo ya dị iche iche na UK. Na Jun 2017, Queen Elizabeth nyere ya MBE (Member of Order of the British Empire) maka ọrụ dị iche iche na ọrụ iwu na ndị na-eto eto. Ọ nwetara dọkịta na-asọpụrụ iwu site na Mahadum Hertfordshire na Septemba 2019, na-amata ntinye aka ya na ndịiche na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. == Ihe nrite na nnabata == {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Klass ! scope="col" | Otu ! scope="col" | Òtù na-enye onyinye |- ! scope="row" | 2015 | Onye mmeri | Onyinye Nlereanya Dị Mma (Gender). | National Diversity Awards 2015 |- ! scope="row" | 2015 | Onye mmeri | Onyinye ọrụ nwanyị nke afọ | Ụmụ nwanyị 4 Africa |- ! scope="row" | 2015 | Onye mmeri | Nwanyị pụtara ìhè n'ọrụ ọkachamara | Ihe nrite dị oke ọnụ ahịa |- ! scope="row" | 2015 | Onye mmeri | Onye otu afọ na-akpali akpali | Onyinye netwọk gụnyere |- ! scope="row" | 2015 | Akwụkwọ ikike | Ihe nrite ụmụ amaala Britain 2015 | |- ! scope="row" | 2016 | Onye mmeri | Diva pụtara ìhè nke afọ | Divas nke Agba |- ! scope="row" | 2016 | Onye mmeri | International Diva nke Afọ | Divas nke Agba |- ! scope="row" | 2016 | Onye mmeri | Kachasị mma Ọhaneze | CA Awards nke C. Hub Magazine |- ! scope="row" | 2016 | Onye mmeri | Akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma | CA Awards nke C. Hub Magazine |- ! scope="row" | 2016 | Nkwenye | Ihe nrite nnabata maka mmezu na ntinye pụtara ìhè | Ụmụ nwanyị 4 Africa |- ! scope="row" | 2016 | Ebe nke Ìhè | Onyinye afọ ofufo | Onye isi ala UK 2016 |- ! scope="row" | 2017 | MBE (Onye otu Order nke Alaeze Ukwu Britain) | Maka ọrụ dị iche iche na ọrụ iwu na ndị na-eto eto | Queen Elizabeth II |- ! scope="row" | 2019 | LLD (Dọkịta nke Iwu) | Maka ntinye aka na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche | Mahadum nke Hertfordshire |} Isi mmalite: <ref name="Abimbola" /> <ref name="award" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-07|title=Profile: Funke Abimbola-Akindolie MBE, a multi-award winning solicitor|url=https://nairametrics.com/2017/12/07/profile-funke-abimbola-akindolie-mbe-a-multi-award-winning-solicitor/|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=Nairametrics|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Ifeoma Malo]] * Ade Hassan * [[Ade Olufeko]] == Edensibịịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website {{DEFAULTSORT:Abimbola, Funke}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria gụrụ akwụkwọ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] s7g5705wg1c6cgxor1s9ubehiulmw40 0 11959 692954 93386 2026-07-31T03:11:15Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox sportsperson|headercolor=darkseagreen|education=|pb='''400&nbsp;m''': 51.49 (2021)<br>'''200&nbsp;m''': 22.23 (2021, {{AthAbbr|NU20R|Nigerian}})|highestranking=|paralympics=|olympics=|nationals=|regionals=|team=|club=|collegeteam=[[LSU Lady Tigers track and field|LSU Lady Tigers]] (2021)|event=[[Sprint (running)|Sprints]]|sport=[[Sport of athletics|Athletics]]|country=Nigeria|website=|name=Favour Ofili|weight=|height=|death_place=|death_date=|birth_place=|birth_date={{birth date and age|2002|12|31|df=yes}}|nickname=|fullname=Favour Chukwuka Ofili|birth_name=|caption=|imagesize=|image=|medaltemplates={{Medal|Sport | Women's athletics}} {{Medal|Country|{{flagu|Nigeria}}}} {{Medal|Competition|[[Athletics at the African Games|African Games]]}} {{Medal|Gold|[[Athletics at the 2019 African Games|2019 Rabat]]|[[Athletics at the 2019 African Games – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4×400&nbsp;m relay]]}} {{Medal|Silver|2019 Rabat|[[Athletics at the 2019 African Games – Women's 400 metres|400&nbsp;m]]}} {{Medal|Competition|[[African Youth Games]]}} {{Medal|Gold|[[Athletics at the 2018 African Youth Games|2018 Algiers]]|400&nbsp;m}} {{Medal|Competition|[[African Youth Athletics Championships|African Youth Championships]]}} {{Medal|Gold|[[2019 African U18 and U20 Championships in Athletics|2019 Abidjan]]|400&nbsp;m}} {{Medal|Gold|2019 Abidjan|200&nbsp;m}} {{Medal|Competition|[[World Athletics U20 Championships]]}} {{Medal|Gold|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships|2021 Nairobi]]|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay | 4x400 m]]}} {{Medal|Bronze|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships|2021 Nairobi]]|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships – Women's 200 metres| 200m]]}} {{Medal|Bronze|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships|2021 Nairobi]]|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay | 4x100 m]]}}}} '''Favor Chukwuka Ofili''' (amuru na ọnwa 31 Disemba na afọ 2002) bụ onye Naijiria na-eme egwuregwu n'egwuregwu na ama ama ama n'agba ọsọ mita 200 na mita 400 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/nigeria/favour-ofili-14756075|title=ATHLETE PROFILE Favour OFILI|work=[[World Athletics]]|accessdate=2021-06-18}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nwetara ọla ọcha n'egwuregwu Afrịka nke afọ 2019 na mita 400. Ọ bụkwa onye mmeri nke ndị ntorobịa Afrịka nke afọ 2019 na 200 na 400 mita. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2019/04/19/ofili-chukwuma-strike-gold-on-day-4-of-african-u20-u18-championships/|title=Ofili & Chukwuma strike GOLD on Day 4 of African U20 & U18 Championships|author=Ogeyingbo|first=Deji|date=2019-04-19|work=MAKING OF CHAMPIONS|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-30}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị naanị 16, ọ nọchitere anya obodo ya na 2019 World Relays na Yokohama na-agba ọsọ na {{Érèkọbalà|4 × 100 m}} na {{Érèkọbalà|4 × 400 m}} relays. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/nigeria-medal-hopefuls-as-doha-world-championships-begin/|title=Nigeria medal hopefuls as Doha World Championships begin|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-30}}</ref> Akpọrọ ya aha onye na-eme egwuregwu nke nwanyị zutere na asọmpi 2019 African U18 na U20 na egwuregwu mgbe o meriri ma asọmpi mita 200 na 400. O wepụtara oge kacha mma na mmemme ya abụọ. Ọ gụchara nke abụọ n'azụ [[Patience Okon George|Patience George]] na asọmpi Naijiria 2019 wee gbaa ọsọ n'okpuru 52 s maka oge mbụ na 400 m. O mere akara ngosi a na egwuregwu Afrịka gụchara nke abụọ na nkeji 51.68 wee ruo eruo maka asọmpi mba ụwa nke 2019 IAAF na Doha. Ọ kpọchiri ndị otu Naijiria (Kemi Francis, [[Patience Okon George|Patience George]], Blessing Oladoye, Favor Ofili) nweta ihe nrite ọla edo n'asọmpị 4 x 400 nke ụmụ nwanyị gbara na egwuregwu Afrịka. Nke a nwetara ihe nrite nke abụọ maka onye na-eme egwuregwu na-eto eto.S Ọ na-asọmpi ugbu a na Mahadum steeti Louisiana . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Favour Ofili - 2021 - Track & Field|url=https://lsusports.net/sports/track-and-field/roster/favour-ofili/24844|accessdate=2021-04-08|work=LSU Tigers|language=en}}</ref> == Aha obodo == * 200 mita: 2019 == Ihe kacha mma nkeonwe == * 400m - 51.49 ( Baton Rouge 2021) * 200 m - 22.23 NU20R ( Nairobi 2021) == Edensịbịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Favour Ofili at World Athletics {{DEFAULTSORT:Ofili, Favour}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8a5fuqin58048dm8qvfqh161s9cxkef 0 12015 693016 687562 2026-07-31T06:09:41Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 693016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elizabeth Anyanacho''' (amuru na ọnwa 9 Eprel nke afọ 1999) bu onye egwuregwu taekwondo nke Naijiria. O sonye na egwuregwu Afrịka nke afọ 2019, wee nweta ihe nrite ọla na kilogram 67. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Busari|first=Niyi|date=2019-08-25|title=Rabat 2019: Nigeria Medals Update|url=https://bsnsports.com.ng/rabat-2019-nigeria-medals-update/|accessdate=2020-10-02|work=BSN Sports|language=en-GB|archivedate=2021-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502115920/https://bsnsports.com.ng/rabat-2019-nigeria-medals-update/}}</ref> Ọ ruru eru maka asọmpi Summer Summer 2020, n'agbanyeghị na o bu n'obi ịsọ mpi na Olympic ruo 2024. Ọ gaara abụ onye Naijiria mbụ ga-asọ mpi n'egwuregwu ya afọ iri na isii ma ọ bụrụ na ebigharịghị asọmpi Olympic. Onye asọmpi gara aga bụ Princess Dudu na 2004. <ref name=":0" /> == Ndụ == Ọ meriri n'asọmpi Nigeria Open 2019, na Abuja, meriri Judith Usifoh . <ref name=":0" /> N'August 2020, egosipụtara ya na mmemme "Ndị na-agbanwe egwuregwu" nke Malala Fund, usoro na-egosi ụmụ nwanyị 30 na-eme egwuregwu gburugburu ụwa bụ ndị na-emegide mgbakọ na n'èzí. <ref name=":0" /> == Edensịbịa == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hfnokmnwkkrc9hflcw8tk81n1pmun60 693018 693016 2026-07-31T06:11:27Z Mirah50 16972 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 693018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elizabeth Anyanacho''' (amuru na ọnwa 9 Eprel nke afọ 1999) bu onye egwuregwu taekwondo nke Naijiria. O sonye na egwuregwu Afrịka nke afọ 2019, wee nweta ihe nrite ọla na kilogram 67. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Busari|first=Niyi|date=2019-08-25|title=Rabat 2019: Nigeria Medals Update|url=https://bsnsports.com.ng/rabat-2019-nigeria-medals-update/|accessdate=2020-10-02|work=BSN Sports|language=en-GB|archivedate=2021-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502115920/https://bsnsports.com.ng/rabat-2019-nigeria-medals-update/}}</ref> Ọ ruru eru maka asọmpi Summer Summer 2020, n'agbanyeghị na o bu n'obi ịsọ mpi na Olympic ruo 2024. Ọ gaara abụ onye Naijiria mbụ ga-asọ mpi n'egwuregwu ya afọ iri na isii ma ọ bụrụ na ebigharịghị asọmpi Olympic. Onye asọmpi gara aga bụ Princess Dudu na 2004. <ref name=":0" /> == Ndụ == Ọ meriri n'asọmpi Nigeria Open 2019, na Abuja, meriri Judith Usifoh . <ref name=":0" /> N'August 2020, egosipụtara ya na mmemme "Ndị na-agbanwe egwuregwu" nke Malala Fund, usoro na-egosi ụmụ nwanyị 30 na-eme egwuregwu gburugburu ụwa bụ ndị na-emegide mgbakọ na n'èzí. <ref name=":0" /> == Edensịbịa == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == {{DEFAULTSORT:Anyanacho, Elizabeth}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] d33v80su6lawcofpwxegbw7w2g6kvmu 0 12412 692989 630751 2026-07-31T04:38:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adowarim Lugu Zuri''' bụ otu n'ime ndị ọchụnta ego Ghana kacha dị ntakiri bụ ndị na-ere aki oyibo, ahịa ọ bụ ụmụ nwoke na-achị kpamkpam na Ghana. Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye njikwa nke Wazuri Ghana Limited, ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ma na-ere aki oyibo n'ọtụtụ buru ibu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/opinion/2015/January-29th/the-adowarim-theory-message-from-the-morning-man.php|title=The Adowarim Theory: Message from the Morning Man - MyJoyOnline.com|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=2019-09-05|archivedate=2019-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905220103/https://www.myjoyonline.com/opinion/2015/January-29th/the-adowarim-theory-message-from-the-morning-man.php}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.risingafrica.org/success-stories/ghanaian-entrepreneur-finds-success-by-growing-and-selling-coconuts/|title=Ghanaian entrepreneur finds success by growing and selling coconuts|author=Africa|first=Rising|date=2018-03-15|work=RisingAfrica.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-10|archivedate=2019-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323111117/http://www.risingafrica.org/success-stories/ghanaian-entrepreneur-finds-success-by-growing-and-selling-coconuts/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solutions4africa.com/index.php/ghana-publisher/1636-ghanaian-entrepreneur-finds-success-by-growing-and-selling-coconuts|title=Ghanaian entrepreneur finds success by growing and selling coconuts|author=SolutionsTeam|work=www.solutions4africa.com|language=en-gb|accessdate=2019-09-10|archivedate=2019-06-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630172754/http://solutions4africa.com/index.php/ghana-publisher/1636-ghanaian-entrepreneur-finds-success-by-growing-and-selling-coconuts}}</ref> Edepụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị nwanyị otu nari kacha pụta ìhè na ndị ọchụnta ego na Ghana na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://womanrising.org/2018/08/11/2016-100-most-outstanding-women-entrepreneurs-in-ghana/|title=2016 – 100 Most Outstanding Women Entrepreneurs In Ghana – WomanRising|author=WomanRising|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-05|archivedate=2019-09-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904210133/https://womanrising.org/2018/08/11/2016-100-most-outstanding-women-entrepreneurs-in-ghana/}}</ref> == Ndụ Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Zuri na Paga dị na Upper East Region nke [[Ghana]] mana o mechara kwaga Accra ya na ezinụlọ ya. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Archbishop Porter Girls Secondary School na Tarkoradi . Ma gụsịkwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ghana na 2016 site na nzere bachelọ na Consumer Science. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanexponent.com/post/africa-rising-profiles-ms-adowarim-luguzuri-from-ghana-94|title=Africa Rising Profiles: Meet Ms. Adowarim Lugu-Zuri From Ghana|author=Akpah|first=Prince|work=The African Exponent|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-05|archivedate=2019-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905220104/https://www.africanexponent.com/post/africa-rising-profiles-ms-adowarim-luguzuri-from-ghana-94}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebftonline.com/2018/business/companies/adowarim-lugu-zuri-the-lady-who-brought-pride-to-coconut-selling/|title=Adowarim Lugu-Zuri …the lady who brought pride to coconut selling {{!}} Business & Financial Times Online|author=Tetteh|first=Kennedy|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-05|archivedate=2020-05-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526053949/https://thebftonline.com/2018/business/companies/adowarim-lugu-zuri-the-lady-who-brought-pride-to-coconut-selling/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ mbụ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Zuri mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ jikọtara agụmakwụkwọ ya na azụmahịa nke ire mmiri ekechiri ekechi . O mechara gbasapu azụmahịa ya wee gụnye iresị ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ya uwe. Nzute ya na onye na-ere aki oyibo bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ nna ya, kpaliri ya ịmalite izu ahịa aki oyibo nke ọ chọpụtara na ọ na-enye nnukwu ego. Zuri mechara hiwe ụlọ ọrụ Wazuri Enterprise tupu ọ gbaa afọ iri abụọ. Ụlọ ọrụ ya, Wazuri Enterprise enyela ihe karịrị ndị ntorobịa Ghana iri abụọ ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanexponent.com/post/africa-rising-profiles-ms-adowarim-luguzuri-from-ghana-94|title=Africa Rising Profiles: Meet Ms. Adowarim Lugu-Zuri From Ghana|author=Akpah|first=Prince|work=The African Exponent|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-05|archivedate=2019-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905220104/https://www.africanexponent.com/post/africa-rising-profiles-ms-adowarim-luguzuri-from-ghana-94}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kwit8gkqmm3gq7hbpx9dmn9l48dnkzz 0 12695 693025 198731 2026-07-31T07:06:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Akua Sarpong-Ayisa''' (amụrụ na Mampong ) bụ onye [[Ghana]] na-achụnta ego. Ọ tọrọ ntọala ma bụrụ onye na-ahaxi ụlọ ọrụ okooko osisi a kpọrọ "Unique Floral" nke na-arụ ọrụ n'ofe West Africa . <ref name="today">{{Cite web|url=https://www.todaygh.com/close-celebrated-floral-entrepreneur-akua-afriyie-sarpong-ayisa/|title=Up close with celebrated floral entrepreneur; Akua Afriyie Sarpong-Ayisa|date=2017-01-27|work=Today Newspaper|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-07|archivedate=2020-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215161609/https://www.todaygh.com/close-celebrated-floral-entrepreneur-akua-afriyie-sarpong-ayisa/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Unique-Floral-celebrates-25-years-in-floristry-event-designing-526627|title=Unique Floral celebrates 25 years in floristry, event designing|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-07}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/unique-floral-little-things-around-inspires-me-to-create-new-things-akua-sarpong/rgjs6gk|title=Little things around inspires me to create new things- Akua Sarpong-Ayisa|author=|first=|date=2017-03-31|work=Pulse|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2019-09-09}}</ref> Edepụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime Glitz 100 Inspirational Women, ọzọkwa WomanRising deputara ya na ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị otu narị kasị pụọ iche n'ọchụnta ego na [[Ghana]] n'afọ 2016 na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/|title=Glitz top 100 inspirational women|author=Amoako|first=Josphine|date=2016-07-16|work=Glitz Africa|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2019-09-09}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://womanrising.org/2018/08/11/2016-100-most-outstanding-women-entrepreneurs-in-ghana/|title=2016 – 100 Most Outstanding Women Entrepreneurs In Ghana – WomanRising|author=WomanRising|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-07|archivedate=2019-09-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904210133/https://womanrising.org/2018/08/11/2016-100-most-outstanding-women-entrepreneurs-in-ghana/}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://thebftonline.com/2017/business/womanrising-announces-2017-100-most-outstanding-women-entrepreneurs-list/|title=WomanRising Announces 2017 100 Most Outstanding Women Entrepreneurs List|author=|first=|date=2017-11-20|work=The BFT online|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817112457/https://thebftonline.com/2017/business/womanrising-announces-2017-100-most-outstanding-women-entrepreneurs-list/|archivedate=2019-08-17|accessdate=2019-09-09}}</ref> == Mbido Ndụ == A mụrụ Sarpong-Ayisa na Mampong nke dị na mpaghara Ashanti nke Ghana. Ya na ụmụnne ya na ndị nne na nna, ọ tolitere na Accra . <ref name="today" /> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị na St John's Preparatory School dị na Accra, ọ gara n'ihu na Oda Senior High School ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Site ebe ahụ, ọ gara Mahadum Sayensị na Nkà na ụzụ Kwame Nkrumah ebe ọ ga-agụ maka njikwa ala mana o nweghi ike imecha ya n'ihi mmechi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nwa oge. N'oge mmechi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, o were Ghana Airways mee ihe ọmụmụ onye nlekọta ụgbọ elu. <ref name="today" /> == Ọrụ == Sarpong-Ayisa rụrụ ọrụ na National Lotteries Ghana tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwụ ụgwọ ego na Bank for Housing tupu ọ gaa mahadum. <ref name="today" /> Ka ọ gachara nkuzi onye nlekọta ụgbọ elu mgbe agụmakwụkwọ mahadum ya gachara, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nlekọta ụgbọ elu maka Ghana Airways afọ iri abụọ na abụọ. N'ime afọ ya dị ka onye nlekọta ụgbọ elu, Sarpong-Ayisa malitere ịnwe mmasị na okooko osisi. Ọ zụtara okooko osisi ndị mara mma na Netherlands, United States, na United Kingdom maka ụlọ ya na maka onyinye ọ ga-enye ndị ezinụlọ na ndị enyi ya. <ref name="today" /> Ọ malitere azụmahịa okooko osisi n'ihi ndụmọdụ di ya na 1991 wee mesịa kpọọ azụmahịa ahụ "Unique Floral". <ref name="today" /> Azụmahịa ya gbasaara iji nye ifuru nakwa inye ọrụ nhazi ifuru na Ghana na mba ndị gbara ya agbata obi n'ofe West Africa. <ref name="today" /> Okooko osisi ya gụnyere okooko osisi ndị e si South Africa, Etiopia, na Netherlands ebubata, yana okooko osisi ndị a na-akụ na ndị a họọrọ n'ugbo ifuru ya dị n'oke ala iri abụọ ya dị na Aburi na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Ghana. <ref name="today" /> Azụmaahịa ifuru ya na-ere ahịa agbasawanyela imepe ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzụzụ ịchọ mma ifuru ọgbara ọhụrụ na Accra. <ref name="today" /> == Ihe nrite na nnabata == * Edepụtara ya na ndepụta nke WomenRising maka ụmụ nwanyị otu narị kacha nwee mmetụta na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jaccd.edu.gh/mrs-joyce-ababio-named-100-outstanding-women-entrepreneurs-ghana/|title=Mrs Joyce Ababio named in 100 Most Outstanding Women Entrepreneurs in Ghana|date=2016-05-11|work=JACCD|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-09-07|archivedate=2020-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215161017/http://www.jaccd.edu.gh/mrs-joyce-ababio-named-100-outstanding-women-entrepreneurs-ghana/}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> * Edepụtakwara ya na ndepụta nke WomenRising maka ụmụ nwanyị otu narị kacha nwee mmetụta na 2017 <ref name=":1" /> * Ihe nrite nturu ugo onye ndu mba ụwa nke Center for Transformational Leadership <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/201204/108157.php|title=Six receives Global leadership Awards|author=Online|first=Peace FM|work=www.peacefmonline.com|accessdate=2019-09-07|archivedate=2023-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731072048/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/201204/108157.php}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghananewsagency.org/social/six-receives-global-leadership-awards-42098|title=Six receives Global leadership Awards|work=ghananewsagency.org|accessdate=2019-09-09}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ah0hiz6m2bbksspm3i9uyi134bb8fgn 0 13581 692773 196598 2026-07-30T17:47:53Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox officeholder|website=}} '''Francisca Ashietey-Odunton''' bụ onye nta akụkọ [[Ghana]], onye mgbasa ozi na onye nnọchi anya mba. Ọ bụbu onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Ghana ma ugbu a ọ bụ nnukwu kọmishọna Ghana na Kenya.<ref name="FRANCISCA">Graphic.com.gh,[https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/gbc-s-francisca-ashitey-odunton-appointed-high-commissioner-to-kenya.html "GBC's Francisca Ashitey-Odunton appointed High Commissioner to Kenya"], Graphic Online, 03 August 2017.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Former newscaster appointed acting D-G of GBC|url=http://pulse.com.gh/news/francisca-ashietey-odunton-former-newscaster-appointed-acting-d-g-of-gbc-id4748430.html|work=www.pulse.com.gh|publisher=pulse.com.gh|accessdate=20 August 2016|archivedate=20 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620015426/http://www.pulse.com.gh/news/francisca-ashietey-odunton-former-newscaster-appointed-acting-d-g-of-gbc-id4748430.html}}</ref> Francisca Ashietey-Odunton gara Aburi Girls 'Senior High School maka asambodo ọkwa nkịtị na ọkwa dị elu. Ọ gara Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology ebe ọ nwetara nzere Bachelors of Arts na Social Sciences na isi na Bekee. Ashietey-Odunton bụ onye ọka iwu nakwa ihe mmuta na iwu,ihe dika ihe afọ iri na isii ebe a kpọrọ ya na Ghana Bar mgbe ọ nwetara LLB ya na Ghana School of Law na Afo 1997. O nwere nzere masta na London School of Economics . Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum United Nations dị na Tokyo, [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Francisca Ashitey competent for GBC job – Kate Addo|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/regional/Francisca-Ashitey-competent-for-GBC-job-Kate-Addo-424068|work=www.ghanaweb.com|publisher=Ghanaweb.com|accessdate=20 August 2016}}</ref> Francisca Ashietey-Odunton nwere ihe Mmuta karịrị afọ iri abụọ dịka onye mgbasa ozi na Ghana Broadcasting Corporation. Ọ sonyeere Ghana Broadcasting Corporation n'afọ 1990 dị ka onye enyemaka mmepụta ihe na Ngalaba Mmepụta ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mmemme dị iche iche gụnyere ''Kyekyekule'', Children's Own, Adult Education na Country Music. Ọ bụkwa onye na-eme ihe ngosi TV. Ọ gbagoro n'ọkwa dị ka onye mmepụta na onye nduzi, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, e bufere ya na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi TV na 1994. O jere ozi n'ọkwa dị iche iche n'ebe ahụ dị ka onye na-agụ akụkọ, onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye nta akụkọ onye isi ala ruo afọ asatọ. O mechara bụrụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ ma bufee ya na ngalaba iwu dị ka onye isi ọrụ iwu. Ashietey-Odunton ekpuchiela nzukọ mba ụwa, gụnyere African Union Summit, Ecowas Summit na World Food Summit.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Francisca Ashietey Odunton is new Deputy Director General of GBC|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2013/october-25th/francisca-ashietey-odunton-is-new-deputy-director-general-of-gbc.php|work=www.myjoyonline.com|publisher=Multimedia Group|accessdate=20 August 2016|archivedate=28 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828092541/http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2013/october-25th/francisca-ashietey-odunton-is-new-deputy-director-general-of-gbc.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Committee set up to provide mechanisms for online child protection|url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/committee-set-up-to-provide-mechanisms-for-online-child-protection.html|work=www.graphic.com.gh|publisher=Graphic Communications Group Limited|accessdate=20 August 2016}}</ref> Na ubochi wenesde na onwa august na Afo 2017 presidenti ndị obodo Ghana nana akuffo addo nyere francisca ashietey odunton onye nlekota dị elu na ghana .obukwa otu n,ime ndị puru iche ahoputara ga bu ndi nnochi Anya Ghanaian mission na uwa nille [[Kenya|a]] == Ndụ onwe onye == Ashietey-Odunton lụrụ Olu Christopher Odunton ma bụrụ nne ụmụ nwanyị abụọ - Akushika na Duki. == Ndetu == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ashietey-Odunton, Francisca}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] f3kvrcw3b32ag0ypyutnsxbanuknv2r 0 13634 692642 644548 2026-07-30T12:17:56Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed error 692642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tharwat Bassily''' (Copti: ⲥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲁⲧ ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲓ) Ph.D., (14 Septemba 1940 - 5 Disemba 2017) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Egypt. Bassily gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba nke ọgwụ, Mahadum Cairo na 1967.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.akhbarak.net/news/2017/12/05/12994212/articles/27668940/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A|title=معلومات عن رجل الأعمال المصري المتوفى|work=أخبارك.نت|access-date=2018-03-14|language=ar}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke Board of Amoun Pharmaceutical Company S.A.E., otu n'ime ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọgwụ na Egypt. Bassily bụkwa onye odeakwụkwọ nke Holy Synod nke Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Coptic, <ref>{{cite news|title= Investigations exclude possibility of crime in disappearance of priest's wife|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/investigations-exclude-possibility-crime-disappearance-priest%E2%80%99s-wife|accessdate=5 August 2010|newspaper=[[Almasry Alyoum]]|date=24 July 2010}}</ref>na onye guzobere Coptic TV. ==Tharwat Bassily== ⲥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲧ Onye guzobere ọwa CTV; Onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Synod Holy Church nke Coptic Orthodox Church Nkọwa nkeonwe Amụrụ Septemba 14, 1940<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.akhbarak.net/news/2017/12/05/12994212/articles/27668940/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A|title=معلومات عن رجل الأعمال المصري المتوفى|work=أخبارك.نت|access-date=2018-03-14|language=ar}}</ref> Egypt Nwụrụ 5 Disemba 2017 (afọ 77)[2][3] United States Ụmụ amaala Egypt Egypt Agụmakwụkwọ Bachelor of Pharmacy, Mahadum Cairo (1967) ===Ebensidee=== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bassily, Tharwat}} e5g3ojrifbhjrnynmqc6pmk45ckaur4 692645 692642 2026-07-30T12:19:25Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 692645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tharwat Bassily''' (Copti: ⲥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲁⲧ ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲓ) Ph.D., (14 Septemba 1940 - 5 Disemba 2017) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Egypt. Bassily gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba nke ọgwụ, Mahadum Cairo na 1967.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.akhbarak.net/news/2017/12/05/12994212/articles/27668940/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A|title=معلومات عن رجل الأعمال المصري المتوفى|work=أخبارك.نت|access-date=2018-03-14|language=ar}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke Board of Amoun Pharmaceutical Company S.A.E., otu n'ime ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọgwụ na Egypt. Bassily bụkwa onye odeakwụkwọ nke Holy Synod nke Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Coptic, <ref>{{cite news|title= Investigations exclude possibility of crime in disappearance of priest's wife|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/investigations-exclude-possibility-crime-disappearance-priest%E2%80%99s-wife|accessdate=5 August 2010|newspaper=[[Almasry Alyoum]]|date=24 July 2010}}</ref>na onye guzobere Coptic TV.<ref>{{cite web|title= Egypt: Who really needs Coptic TV?|url=http://www.menassat.com/?q=en/news-articles/2395-egypt-who-really-needs-coptic-tv|publisher=Menassat.com|accessdate=5 August 2010}}</ref> ==Tharwat Bassily== ⲥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲧ Onye guzobere ọwa CTV; Onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Synod Holy Church nke Coptic Orthodox Church Nkọwa nkeonwe Amụrụ Septemba 14, 1940<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.akhbarak.net/news/2017/12/05/12994212/articles/27668940/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A|title=معلومات عن رجل الأعمال المصري المتوفى|work=أخبارك.نت|access-date=2018-03-14|language=ar}}</ref> Egypt Nwụrụ 5 Disemba 2017 (afọ 77)[2][3] United States Ụmụ amaala Egypt Egypt Agụmakwụkwọ Bachelor of Pharmacy, Mahadum Cairo (1967) ===Ebensidee=== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bassily, Tharwat}} q6vqp3ejelv20vr65rfbgp14qrwdog6 692647 692645 2026-07-30T12:19:52Z Sayvhior 13464 692647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tharwat Bassily''' (Copti: ⲥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲁⲧ ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲓ) Ph.D., (14 Septemba 1940 - 5 Disemba 2017) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Egypt. Bassily gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba nke ọgwụ, Mahadum Cairo na 1967.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.akhbarak.net/news/2017/12/05/12994212/articles/27668940/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A|title=معلومات عن رجل الأعمال المصري المتوفى|work=أخبارك.نت|access-date=2018-03-14|language=ar}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke Board of Amoun Pharmaceutical Company S.A.E., otu n'ime ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọgwụ na Egypt. Bassily bụkwa onye odeakwụkwọ nke Holy Synod nke Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Coptic, <ref>{{cite news|title= Investigations exclude possibility of crime in disappearance of priest's wife|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/investigations-exclude-possibility-crime-disappearance-priest%E2%80%99s-wife|accessdate=5 August 2010|newspaper=[[Almasry Alyoum]]|date=24 July 2010}}</ref>na onye guzobere Coptic TV.<ref>{{cite web|title= Egypt: Who really needs Coptic TV?|url=http://www.menassat.com/?q=en/news-articles/2395-egypt-who-really-needs-coptic-tv|publisher=Menassat.com|accessdate=5 August 2010}}</ref> ==Tharwat Bassily== ⲥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲧ Onye guzobere ọwa CTV; Onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Synod Holy Church nke Coptic Orthodox Church Nkọwa nkeonwe Amụrụ Septemba 14, 1940<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.akhbarak.net/news/2017/12/05/12994212/articles/27668940/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A|title=معلومات عن رجل الأعمال المصري المتوفى|work=أخبارك.نت|access-date=2018-03-14|language=ar}}</ref> Egypt Nwụrụ 5 Disemba 2017 (afọ 77)[2][3] United States Ụmụ amaala Egypt Egypt Agụmakwụkwọ Bachelor of Pharmacy, Mahadum Cairo (1967) Ebensidee {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bassily, Tharwat}} iv8pg36ms3am6jewkh0wlubhcg59bxi 692648 692647 2026-07-30T12:20:13Z Sayvhior 13464 692648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tharwat Bassily''' (Copti: ⲥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲁⲧ ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲓ) Ph.D., (14 Septemba 1940 - 5 Disemba 2017) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Egypt. Bassily gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba nke ọgwụ, Mahadum Cairo na 1967.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.akhbarak.net/news/2017/12/05/12994212/articles/27668940/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A|title=معلومات عن رجل الأعمال المصري المتوفى|work=أخبارك.نت|access-date=2018-03-14|language=ar}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke Board of Amoun Pharmaceutical Company S.A.E., otu n'ime ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọgwụ na Egypt. Bassily bụkwa onye odeakwụkwọ nke Holy Synod nke Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Coptic, <ref>{{cite news|title= Investigations exclude possibility of crime in disappearance of priest's wife|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/investigations-exclude-possibility-crime-disappearance-priest%E2%80%99s-wife|accessdate=5 August 2010|newspaper=[[Almasry Alyoum]]|date=24 July 2010}}</ref>na onye guzobere Coptic TV.<ref>{{cite web|title= Egypt: Who really needs Coptic TV?|url=http://www.menassat.com/?q=en/news-articles/2395-egypt-who-really-needs-coptic-tv|publisher=Menassat.com|accessdate=5 August 2010}}</ref> ==Tharwat Bassily== ⲥⲉⲣⲟⲩⲧ Onye guzobere ọwa CTV; Onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Synod Holy Church nke Coptic Orthodox Church Nkọwa nkeonwe Amụrụ Septemba 14, 1940<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.akhbarak.net/news/2017/12/05/12994212/articles/27668940/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A|title=معلومات عن رجل الأعمال المصري المتوفى|work=أخبارك.نت|access-date=2018-03-14|language=ar}}</ref> Egypt Nwụrụ 5 Disemba 2017 (afọ 77)[2][3] United States Ụmụ amaala Egypt Egypt Agụmakwụkwọ Bachelor of Pharmacy, Mahadum Cairo (1967) ==Ebensidee== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bassily, Tharwat}} iq7ydwild86neblf33bbwzgcq7cspqf 0 13869 692896 692526 2026-07-30T22:24:25Z Sylvaline39 15355 Improved article 692896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fatou Diome''' (a mụrụ n'afọ 1968 na Niodior ) bụ onye edemede French-Senegalese nke a maara maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya kachasị ere ahịa The Belly of the Atlantic, nke e bipụtara n'afọ 2001. Ọrụ ya na-enyocha ndụ [[Senegal|ndị]] mbịarambịa na France, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti [[France]] na Africa. Fatou Diome bi na Strasbourg, France. == Akụkọ ndụ ya == A mụrụ Fatou Diome na Niodior n'àgwàetiti nke otu aha ahụ na Sine-Saloum Delta. Nne nne ya zụlitere ya ma gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ ma nwee mmasị n'akwụkwọ French. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, ọ hapụrụ Niodior wee gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na M'Bour. Mgbe ọ mmesịrị, ọ kwagara Dakar ka ọ gụọ akwụkwọ na mahadum, na-akwado onwe ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-elekọta ụlọ. N'afọ 1990, ọ lụrụ onye France wee kwaga [[France]]. N'ịbụ onye ezinụlọ Serer na ezinụlọ ya jụrụ, ọ gbara alụkwaghịm afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị. N'afọ 1994 Diome kwagara Strasbourg ka ọ gụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Strasbourg. Aha nke Ph.D. ya bụ Le Voyage, les échanges et la formation dans l'œuvre littéraire et cinématographique de Ousmane Sembène (Njem, mgbanwe, na agụmakwụkwọ na edemede na ọrụ ihe nkiri nke ''Ousmane Sembène''). Site n'afọ 2002 ruo afọ 2003, Diome bụ onye nkuzi oge ọkara na Mahadum Marc Bloch, Strasbourg, na Institute of Pedagogy nke Karlsruhe ([[Jémanị|Germany]]).<ref name="aflit" /> Site na Septemba 2004 ruo Nọvemba 2006, ọ gosipụtara mmemme telivishọn omenala na edemede ''Nuit Blanche'' (Sleepless night) na Ọwa French France 3 Alsace .<ref name="aflit">[http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/DiomeFatouEng.html "Fatou Diome - An author from Senegal writing in French", Reading Women Writers and African Literatures.]</ref> == Ọrụ ya == Diome bipụtara nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, ''La Préférence nationale'', n'afọ 2001. Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, The Belly of the Atlantic (French: ) ghọrọ akwụkwọ kacha ere ahịa na France ma bipụta ya n'asụsụ Bekee site na Serpent's Tail. [nkọwa dị mkpa] Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya bụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ndụ ya ma na-ekwu maka Salie, onye mbịarambịa Senegal bi na Strasbourg, na nwanne ya nwoke Madicke, onye nọrọ na Senegal. Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke mgba gasịrị, Salie emechaala rute ma biri na France. Nwanne ya nwoke nke nta na-atụ anya iso ya gaa France ma bụrụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ na-aga nke ọma. A sụgharịrị The Belly of the Atlantic n'asụsụ Bekee, German na Spanish. E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ, ''Kétala'', n'afọ 2006 na France. Ọrụ Diome na-enyocha France na Senegal, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ. Ụdị ya na-emetụta akwụkwọ ọdịnala nke Afrịka. Asụsụ ya bụ eziokwu ma doo anya, ọ na-egosipụtakwa ihe ngosi nke ihe isi ike nke ijikọta na France dị ka onye mbịarambịa, agwakọta ya na nostalgia na ncheta nke nwata na Senegal. == Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ nke ọchịchị == Fatou Diome na-enupụ isi megide ndị na-enweghị ndidi, ọ na-agbachitere ọrụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ na Republicanism. N'ihu ịrị elu nke populism, a na-akpọ Fatou Diome mgbe niile ka ọ kesaa echiche ya banyere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mgbasa ozi telivishọn ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi. Karịsịa, ọ na-ewere ọnọdụ siri ike megide ịrị elu nke populism na France na “Rassemblement National'. Dị ka onye edemede, n'akwụkwọ ya, ọ chọrọ ichetara ndị mmadụ mkpa nke ụkpụrụ republican na nke mmadụ n'ihi na ọ kwenyere na "mgbe anyị na-eche ndị na-echegbu onwe ha banyere njirimara mba ihu, anyị agakwaghị ịgbachi nkịtị. "<ref>{{Cite web|title=L'écrivaine Fatou Diome : « il ne faut plus se taire » - Elle|url=https://www.elle.fr/Societe/Interviews/L-ecrivaine-Fatou-Diome-il-ne-faut-plus-se-taire-3471689|work=elle.fr|language=fr|date=2017-04-21|accessdate=2020-03-12}}</ref> Diome na-agbaso isiokwu nke ụgwọ na neoliberalization na "Le ventre de l'Atlantique" (2003) na "Celles qui attendent" (2010). N'ime ọrụ abụọ ahụ, a na-eji ụgwọ agbachitere usoro erughị ala ma na-akpali ndị mbịarambịa ịchụso ọrụ na mba ndị ọzọ n'okpuru ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Perisic|first=Alexandra|title="The Indebted Immigrant" (Chapter 5 of): Precarious Crossings: Immigration, Neoliberalism, and the Atlantic.|publisher=The Ohio State University Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0-8142-1410-7|location=Ohio|pages=62-87}}</ref> Diome na-agbakwa ozi maka imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti Europe na Africa. O kwenyere na, n'oge a, Europe na-achịkwa imekọ ihe ọnụ nhaghị nhata ebe Africa enweghị njikwa na akụ ya. Ọ na-agbachitere echiche ahụ bụ na mmekọrịta ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị na-anọgide na-adịgide adịgide na ndị Afrịka na ndị Europe ọ bụla, nke na-egbochi imekọ ihe ọnụ a ka ọ ghara ịdị n'otu. Ọ na-eche na onye ọ bụla, n'agbanyeghị ebe o si, "kwesịrị inwe mmetụta mmadụ mgbe ọ na-eche mmadụ ọzọ ihu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fatou Diome. « Je suis là pour gâcher le sommeil des puissants »|url=https://www.humanite.fr/fatou-diome-je-suis-la-pour-gacher-le-sommeil-des-puissants-581117|work=L'Humanité|language=fr|date=2015-08-07|accessdate=2020-03-12}}</ref> Ya mere, n'etinyeghị ibu ọrụ n'otu kọntinent karịa na nke ọzọ, Fatou Diome na-ekwupụta mkpa ọ dị ndị Afrịka ịtọhapụ onwe ha n'ọnọdụ ha na-emegbu na ndị Europe ịhapụ ọnọdụ ha dị elu iji kwụsị atụmatụ mmegbu / mmegbu, ndị na-enye onyinye / ndị nnata. N'ikpeazụ, onye edemede ahụ kwuru na inyere ndị mmadụ aka pụtara inyere ha aka ka ha ghara ịchọ gị ọzọ, na-akatọ enyemaka mmepe nke mba ọdịda anyanwụ guzobere na Afrịka n'etiti ndị ọzọ. == Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ya == * ULa Préférence nationale (short stories). Paris/Dakar: Présence africaine, March 16, 2001.   * Le Ventre de l'Atlantique (novel). Paris: Anne Carrière, August 20, 2003.  . ** Translated as ''The Belly of the Atlantic''. [[London]]: Serpent's Tail, September 4, 2006.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-85242-903-4|978-1-85242-903-4]] * Kétala (novel). Paris: Flammarion, March 10, 2006.   * Inassouvies, nos vies [Our unfulfilled lives] (novel). Paris: Flammarion, 2008.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2-0812-1353-1|978-2-0812-1353-1]]. * ''Le vieil homme sur la barque'' (autobiographical). Paris: naïve, 2010. (46p.).  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2-35021-213-5|978-2-35021-213-5]]. * ''Celles qui attendent'' (novel). Paris: Flammarion, 2010.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2-0812-4563-1|978-2-0812-4563-1]]. * ''Mauve'', récit, Éditions Flammarion, 2010. * ''Impossible de grandir'', akwụkwọ akụkọ, Éditions Flammarion, 2013.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9782081290297|9782081290297]] * ''Marianne porte plainte''!, essai, Éditions Flammarion, 2017.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2-081408463|978-2-081408463]] * ''Les veilleurs de Sangomar'', akwụkwọ akụkọ, Albin Michel, 2019.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9782226443861|9782226443861]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070126003233/http://un-livre.un-jour.org/ Nyocha nke ''Le Ventre de l’Atlantique''] * Emily Brady, "Out of Africa, Hot in France", Time magazine, December 7, 2003. * [http://photo75.free.fr/pages/fatou%20diome1.html Foto nke Diome nke Xavier Thomas sere] * [http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/DiomeFatouEng.html "Fatou Diome - Onye edemede si Senegal na-ede na French", Reading Women Writers and African Literatures.] * [http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/revieweng_diome09.html Jean-Marie Volet: "A gaghị abụ onye a na-akpọ, ''Le ventre de l'Atlantique'', akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Fatou Diome dere", Septemba 2009, Mahadum nke Western Australia / School of Humanities] {{DEFAULTSORT:Diome, Fatou}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tjj3pqrrlxb8r0ejdj005phjed3jhsq 0 14049 692975 451874 2026-07-31T04:10:33Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT:Faze}} 692975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]] '''Chibuzor Oji''', nke a maara nke ọma site na aha ya bụ '''Faze''', bụ onye egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri onyonyo na [[Naijiria]]. Ọ bụ onye otu egwu hip hop nke Naijiria Plantashun Boyz, ya na BlackFace Naija na 2face Idibia. Ndị otu ahụ kewara n'afọ 2004 ma onye ọ bụla so n'òtù ahụ agaala n'ihu ịmalite ọrụ naanị ya. Abọm mbụ ya bụ ''Faze Alone'' rere ihe karịrị nde atọ, ebe abọm nke abụọ ya bụ ''Independent'' rere ihe karịrị nde asaa. Abọm nke atọ ya bụ Originality gara platinum n'ọnwa mbụ nke ntọhapụ ya. Ọ bụ onye egwu Naịjirịa mbụ nwere album platinum atọ n'usoro. Mmekọrịta ya gụnyere otu egwu ya na Wyclef Jean nke akpọrọ "Proud to Be African". N'afọ 2011, Faze mere ihe nkiri izizi ya ebe ọ mere ka ihe nkiri nwoke nke Lovechild na ihe nkiri a ma ama nke Naijiria bụ Alero's Symphony . O nyekwara ụda ihe nkiri ahụ nke o ritere Africa Movie Academy Award n'afọ 2012, na ngalaba nke Achievement in Soundtrack . == Mmalite ndụ ya == A mụrụ Chibuzor Oji n'afọ1977 na Festac Town, [[Lagos]] . Oji bụ onye nke anọ n'ime nnukwu ezinụlọ nwere ụmụ itoolu. A na-ekwu na ndị ezinụlọ niile nwere ezigbo olu na-abụ abụ nke zuru oke site na ogologo oge ha na-abụ abụ otuto n'oge ekpere. Oji mere mgbalị mbụ ya iji nweta mgbasa ozi mgbe o meriri asọmpi DBN Karaoke nke afọ 1994. Ọ rụrụ dị ka onye egwu rap n'okpuru aha '''Lyrical Orge''' ruo mgbe ọ sonyeere Plantashun Boiz . Faze wepụtara mgbalị mbụ ya nke akpọrọ "Faze Alone" na nkeji iri na ise ikpeazụ nke afọ 2004. Egwu egwu "Faze Alone", "Angel Gabriella", "Miss U" na "Na True" ruru ebe kachasị elu na chaatị egwu dị iche iche. Ụdị egwu ya a na-akpọ universal flavor - ngwakọta dị mma nke R&B, Reggae, Pop, Dancehall, Ragga na Soul, ha niile nwere ụda olu Afrịka ka a ma ama site na ntọhapụ nke abọm ahụ. N'afọ 2006, Faze wepụtara abọm nke abụọ ya "Independent". N'afọ 2008 wepụtara abọm studio nke atọ site na Faze. Onye ndu "Originality" okpukpu abụọ dị ka aha abọm ahụ. Egwu ndị ọzọ sitere na abọm ahụ bụ "Am In Love" na "Spend My Money". N'afọ 2012, Faze gara n'ihu ịrụ ọrụ ma wepụta abọm nke anọ "REFAZED". Onye ndu nke abọm "Am In The Mood" nwere ntụgharị dị elu na redio na igwe onyonyo. N'afọ 2013, ọ gbakwunyere egwu abụọ ọzọ "Ifeoma" na "Lambo" na mbido ya, onye na-agụ egwu ahụ gbasoro otu egwu ahụ na vidiyo na egwu ọ bụla n'otu oge. Faze esorola ndị mba ọzọ nwere ntụkwasị obi mba ụwa dịka Beenie Man, Wyclef Jean, onye ya na ya dekọkwara egwu "Proud To Be African", na Akon. Faze site na egwu ya akwadola ụdị azụmahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ ma na-akwanyere ùgwù dị ka Star na Star Trek Event kwa afọ, Globacom na National Globacom Campus Storm, Guinness na Guinness Extra Smooth Discovery Shows, na Sprite na ihe omume ha maka ndị ntorobịa, Spriteball . == Plantashun Boyz ==   Mgbe ọ sonyeere Plantashun Boyz dị ka mmadụ atọ na BlackFace Naija na Tuface (2face Idibia), ọ gbanwere aha ya na Faze. Ndị otu ahụ wepụtara abọm abụọ na usoro ''ahụ'': Body and Soul n'afọ 2000 na Sold Out n'afọ 2003. Oge ahụ mebiri site na anụ ehi na-emepe emepe banyere "Faze versus 2Face" na ndị otu ahụ nke mere ka ndị otu ahụ gbasaa n'ikpeazụ n'afọ 2004. Ndị otu ahụ gbakọtara n'afọ 2007 naanị maka otu abọm ọzọ ''Plan B' nke ndị njikwa Plantashun Entertainment na-elekọta nke onye bụbu onye njikwa Tuface bụ Nathaniel Akinwale Owoyemi na nwanne ya nwoke na onye njikwa ya bụ Ifeanyi'' Oji' guzobere. N'afọ 2014, Independent Entertainment na Valanchy Records n'okpuru Plantashun Management ọhụrụ ma ha anọwo na-arụ ọrụ. == Ọrụ naanị ya == Mgbe nkewa nke Plantashun Boyz n'afọ 2004, Faze bịanyere aka ná Akara egwu Solomon Arueya's Westside nke Lagos, Nigeria, iji mepụta abọm mbụ ya akpọrọ ''Faze Alone'' . Abọm ahụ nwetara ọkwa platinum na ahịa nke nde 1.2 n'ọnwa mbụ ya. Otu egwu "Faze Alone" mere nke ọma na chaatị egwu Naịjirịa, na-eru nọmba 1 na chaatị egwu nke ụlọ ọrụ redio ama ama dị ka Rhythm FM, Cool FM, na Ray Power FM. A nabatara egwu "Miss U" na "Angel Gabriella" sitere na abọm ''Faze Alone'' nke ọma. Abọm ahụ webatara ụda olu Faze gụnyere ikike ya ịbụ abụ kachasị elu site n'aka nwoke na ụlọ ọrụ egwu Naịjirịa. N'afọ 2006, o ritere ihe nrite Hip-Hop World maka Best Vocalist . Ọ na-ewepụta ihe ya site na akara ndekọ ọ nwere, Independent Entertainment . Na abọm nke abụọ ya akpọrọ 'Independent', nke ewepụtara n'afọ 2006, o wepụtara egwu dịka Kpo Kpo Di Kpo, Letter to my Brother, Tattoo Girls, Need Somebody na Kolomental . Kolomental ga-aga ịghọ abụ na klọb na nnọkọ niile na Naịjirịa. Ọ gara ezumike okike maka afọ ole na ole n'oge ọ na-apụ n'anya n'ihe nkiri egwu. Ihe kpatara nkwụsị a bụ, n'okwu nke ya, "ịmụ ụdị ụda a na-eme n'ebe niile ka m wee nwee ike idozi onwe m na ya n'ebughị ụzọ pụọ n'ezie onwe m. Nke ahụ bụ naanị ya. "<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-10|title=Why I disappeared from the music scene – Faze|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/why-i-disappeared-from-the-music-scene-faze/|accessdate=2020-07-03|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2014, Faze laghachiri na ntọhapụ nke otu egwu ya 'Your Daughter' nke natara massisve air play. Ọ gara n'ihu wepụta egwu ọzọ a na-akpọ 'Tonite' ya na onye egwu egwu egwu Naịjirịa bụ [[Patoranking]] . == Ihe efu == * [[Terry G]] aka onye isi Akpako bụ onye na-agụ egwu maka Faze. [1][2] * Na Mee 2011 Busta Rhymes kwuru na Faze bụ onye egwu Afro-hiphop kachasị amasị ya. * Faze bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na-enweghị wii wii na Naịjirịa. == Ọmụme Ihe ngosi == == Abụ Ya == ; Dị ka onye isi mmepụta egwu {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha !Abọm |- |2020 |“Lovina” |rowspan="9"{{n/a|Non-album single}} |} === Abọm naanị ya === * ''Faze Alone'' (2004) * ''Independent'' (2006) * ''Mmalite'' (2008) * ''ReFAZEd'' (2012) === Mụ na Plantashun Boyz === * ''Ahụ na Mkpụrụ Obi'' (2000) * ''Ahụ na mkpụrụ obi'' Volume II * Sold Out (2003) * ''Atụmatụ B'' (2007) === Nchịkọta === * ''Bad Sharp Guys'' na ndị na-ese ihe dị iche iche Vol.1 (2008) * ''Bad Sharp Guys'' na ndị na-ese ihe dị iche iche Vol.2 (2010) === Abọm ndị ọzọ === * ''Untitled'' with Ruggedman (2004) (Shelved) == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" |Ihe nkiri |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! style="text-align:center;" |Afọ ! style="width:170px;" |Ihe nkiri na telivishọn ! style="width:150px;" |Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |2011 |''Symphony nke Alero'' |Lovechild |Mbido |- |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == === Nhọpụta na egwu === * MOBO Awards- Best African Act- Independent (2008) * Channel O Awards - Best Newcomer Video - Kolomental (2007) * Channel O Awards- Best West African Video- Loving you Everyday (2008) * Hip-Hop World Awards- Best R&B/Pop Album of the Year- Independent (2008) * Hip-Hop World Awards - Abụ kacha mma nke afọ - Kolomental (2008) * Hip-Hop World Awards - Best Album of the Year - Independent (2008) * Hip-Hop World Awards- Ndekọ nke Afọ- Mkpa Onye (2008) * Hip-Hop World Awards- Best Vocal Performance- Someone like me (2008) * Nigeria Music Video Awards - I'm in love (2009) * AMEN Awards- Most Popular Song- Kolomental (2007) * AMEN Awards - Best Male Vocalist (2007) * AMEN Awards - Best R&B Male Vocal Performance (2007) * AMEN Awards- Best R&B Album- Independent (2007) * AMEN Awards - Abụ kacha mma nke afọ - Kolomental (2007) * AMEN Awards - Best Album of the Year - Independent (2007) * AMEN Awards - Best Act of the Year (2007) * Soundcity Awards- Best Male Video of the Year-Kolomental (2008) * Soundcity Awards- Best Direction Video of the Year- Kolomental (2008) * Soundcity Awards - Vidio kacha mma nke afọ - Tattoo Girls (2008) * Soundcity Awards- Best Choreography of the Year -Kpo Kpo Di Kpo (2008) * Soundcity Awards- Best R&B Video of the Year- Need Somebody (2008) * Nigeria Entertainment Awards - Onye egwu nwoke kachasị mma (2006) * Nigeria Entertainment Awards - Best R&B Album of the Year (2007) * Futures Awards - Best Artistes of the year (2008) * 8 Fame Music Awards - Best Male Act (2006) === Nchoputa Ndị ọ meriri === * AMAA Awards - Achievement in Soundtrack (2012) * SoundCity Awards- Best Choreography Video- Kpo Kpo Di Kpo (2008) * Hip-Hop World Awards - Onye egwu kacha mma nke afọ (2006) * Criteria Magazine Awards- Youth motivator(2009) === Nhọpụta na ihe nkiri === Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) - Mmeri n'egwu kacha mma (Alero's Symphony) (2012) === Won === Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) - (Alero's Symphony) (2012) == Edensibia == {{Reflist|1}} * Faze- Originality album "Stepping up the game", [[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard News]]. * Lolade Sowoolu'Faze Premiere's Originality', Vanguard News. * Faze- Eze nke R&B na-ebute chaatị ọzọ na Originality, Vanguard News. * Ajụjụ ọnụ na Faze, akwụkwọ akụkọ Sun. * Faze Biography, Retrieved in May 2005 [http://www.nigerianentertainment.com/NEMay05/faze.htm] == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250222195826/https://www.naijapals.com/faze Faze Naijapals] * [https://www.instagram.com/fazealone Official Instagram] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/africaonyourstreet/nigerianeaster05.shtml Akụkọ ndụ BBC] * [http://www.nigerianentertainment.com/NEMay05/faze.htm Akụkọ ndụ Faze] {{DEFAULTSORT:Faze}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] m2azh08iywyxq9g6224yfzd3c9cba3a 0 14333 692889 692550 2026-07-30T22:14:19Z Sylvaline39 15355 692889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox person|name=Fatoumata Diabaté|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1980|09|19|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Bamako]], Mali|nationality=|occupation=Photographer|notable_works=|awards={{plainlist| * Blanchère Foundation Prize * Afrique en Créations Prize * Prix Afrique }}|website={{url|fatoumatadiabate.com}}}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Fatoumata Diabaté''', (a mụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 19 n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 1980) bụ onye Mali na-ese foto si Bamako .<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://nataal.com/fatoumata-diabate|title=Fatoumata Diabaté|work=nataal.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dvv-international.de/en/adult-education-and-development/editions/aed-802013-post-2015/artists-of-this-issue/fatoumata-diabate-photographer/|title=Fatoumata Diabaté (Photographer)|work=TEXT|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == N'afọ 2002, mgbe ọ nọrọ ọnwa itoolu na Centre de Formation Audiovisuel Promo-Femmes training center na Bamako, Diabaté gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya na Centre de Formation en Photographie de Bamako (CFP), nke bu n'obi ime ka ndị na-ese foto na Mali bụrụ ndị ọkachamara. E nyere ya ọzụzụ izu abụọ n'ebe ahụ. Mgbe e mesịrị, a hụrụ ya maka mkpali ya na talent ya, wee debe ya ma zụọ ya ruo afọ abụọ ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afriqueinvisu.org/fatoumata-diabate-mali,539.html|title=Fatoumata Diabaté {{!}} Mali|author=Photo|first=World Press|work=Afrique in visu|language=fr|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://knockmag.com/portfolio/fatoumata-diabate/|title=Fatoumata Diabaté|work=Studio Journal knock|language=ja|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.photo-festivals.com/fatoumata-diabate/|title=FATOUMATA DIABATE|author=|first=|date=|work=PhotoFoto Festivals|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402145557/http://www.photo-festivals.com/fatoumata-diabate/|archivedate=2015-04-02|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.addisfotofest.com/2018/fatoumatadiabate/|title=Fatoumata Diabate – Addis Foto Fest|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-30|archivedate=2019-12-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230155101/http://www.addisfotofest.com/2018/fatoumatadiabate/}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://apps.carleton.edu/museum/socialbody/artists/fatoumata/|title=Artiste Fatoumata Diabaté|date=|work=apps.carleton.edu|language=|accessdate=}}</ref> Diabaté mechara ọzụzụ ya na [[Switzerland]] na Vevey Professional Education Center wee laghachi na CFP na Bamako, ebe ọ bụ onye enyemaka teknụzụ site n'afọ 2007 ruo afọ 2009. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na Central DUPON's professional printing laboratory na Paris.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=Dakin|first=Dagara|date=4 Oct 2017|title=The Midcentury Style: Fatoumata Diabate’s traveling studio revives the golden age of Malian studio portraiture.|url=https://aperture.org/editorial/fatoumata-diabate-interview/|accessdate=5 Mar 2021|work=Aperture}}</ref> Ọmụmụ ihe ya nyere ya ohere iji meziwanye nkà ya na foto gelatin ọlaọcha ojii na-acha ọcha na isonye n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe na Mali, yana mba ofesi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> O kwuru na onye na-ese foto na Mali bụ Seydou Keïta, onye bụ onye agbata obi ya mgbe ọ na-etolite, dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe. Diabaté enyewokwa Malick Sidibé, Samuel Fosso, na Oumar Ly, ndị niile bụ ndị ọkachamara na-ese foto studio nke Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 Feb 2018|title=Gallery Talks: The Malian artist brings her black & white works to Nataal: New African Photography III at Red Hook Labs|url=https://nataal.com/fatoumata-diabate|accessdate=5 Mar 2021|work=Nataal}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Diabaté esonyewo n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi otu nakwa ndị o mere nanị ya ma nwetakwa ọtụtụ onyinye, ọkachasị Prix Afrique, nke ''Association française d'action artistique'' nyere na-esote 2005 Rencontres africaines de la photographie biennial, Bamako, ebe o nwetara ihe nrite Afrique en Créations maka ọrụ ya Touaregs, en gestes et en mouvements .<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":4"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lemondedelaphoto.com/Bamako-Photo-in-Paris-un-hommage,8478.html|title=Bamako Photo in Paris, un hommage aux photographes maliens|author=|first=|date=2013-10-05|work=www.lemondedelaphoto.com|language=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230152306/http://www.lemondedelaphoto.com/Bamako-Photo-in-Paris-un-hommage,8478.html|archivedate=2019-12-30|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref> Igwefoto ọ họọrọ bụ igwefoto ọhụụ oge ochie, nke o jiri mee ihe n'ime ụlọ ọrụ na-ebugharị / ntinye na ọrụ ya ''Studio Photo de la Rue'', iji mepụta ihe nkiri maka ndị ọ na-achị, ọ bụkwa isi na-ahụ maka ọrụ nke foto studio nke Afrịka kwuru n'elu. [nkọwa dị mkpa] Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na usoro foto analog, ma oji ma ọcha na agba.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 November 2015|title=The Godfather gets African look for Mali exhibition|work=Agence-France Presse|url=https://www.afp.com/en|accessdate=5 Mar 2021}}</ref><ref name=":7"/> Diabaté eseela foto na kọmitii maka World Press Photo, Oxfam, Rolex, na Bill na Melinda Gates Foundation.<ref name=":5"/><ref name=":7"/> == Ihe ngosi ndị ahọpụtara == * ''Rencontres africaines de la photographie'' (2005, 2009, na mbipụta 2011), Bamako, Mali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/9th-african-photography-biennial/|title=9th African Photography Biennial|author=|first=|date=2012-03-01|work=www.frieze.com|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095516/http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/9th-african-photography-biennial/|archivedate=2015-04-02|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref> * Photographing the Social Body: Malian Portraiture from the Studio to the Street (30 March 2012 – 18 May 2012), Carleton College Perlman Teaching Museum, Northfield, Minnesota.<ref name=":4"/> * ''Foto Bamako na Paris'' (4 Ọktoba 2013 - 7 Disemba 2013), Pavillon Carré de Baudoin, Paris.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.franceinter.fr/emission-regardez-voir-oumar-ly-bamako-in-paris|title=Emission Regardez voir / Bamako in Paris du 26/10/2013|date=|work=www.franceinter.fr|language=|accessdate=}}</ref><ref name=":6"/> * The Night Belongs to Us / A nous la nuit (10 Ọktoba 2013 - 1 Disemba 2013), Galerie d'art Marabouparken, Sundbyberg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://marabouparken.se/fatoumata-diabate/?lang=en|title=Fatoumata Diabaté|date=|work=marabouparken.se|language=en|accessdate=}}</ref> * ''Bamako - Dakar'' (19 Septemba 2014 - 23 Nọvemba 2014), Stadthaus Ulm, Ulm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stadthaus.ulm.de/stadthaus/weitere_infos.131848.htm|title=Bamako - Dakar|date=|work=www.stadthaus.ulm.de|language=en|accessdate=|archivedate=2015-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203030501/http://www.stadthaus.ulm.de/stadthaus/weitere_infos.131848.htm}}</ref> * ''Femme photographe'' (6 Disemba 2014 - 6 Mee 2015), Hôtel Onomo Dakar Airport, Dakar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onomohotel.com/Exposition-Femme-Photographe.html|title=Exposition Femme Photographe|date=|work=www.onomohotel.com|language=|accessdate=}}</ref> * ''New African Photography'' III (4–6 Mee 2018), Red Hook Labs, Brooklyn<ref>{{Cite news|author=Jansen|first=Charlotte|date=3 May 2018|title=Womanhood in sharp focus - An exhibition at the 1-54 fair for contemporary African art in New York foregrounds the female perspective|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com|accessdate=5 March 2021}}</ref> == Ihe nrite ahọpụtara == * 2005: Ihe nrite Prix Afrique site na French Association for Artistic Action (AFAA) maka ọrụ ya Touaregs, en gestes et en mouvements .<ref name=":5"/> * 2005: Afrique en Créations prize for Touaregs, en gestes et en mouvements.<ref name=":0"/> * 2011: Ihe nrite Blachère Foundation maka ọrụ ya akpọrọ ''The Animal'' in Man .<ref name=":5" /> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * Fatoumata Diabaté on Instagram * [http://dakar-bamako-photo.eu/en/fatoumata-diabat%C3%A9-en.html Ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Fatoumata Diabaté na Dakar, 2014] * [https://knockmag.com/portfolio/fatoumata-diabate/ Isiokwu magazin Knock na ajụjụ ọnụ] {{DEFAULTSORT:Diabate, Fatoumata}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kj1knzdjumqupw5jzbir9hdmrxdm7s4 0 14399 692939 674401 2026-07-31T02:32:19Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:Frank Edwards Frank Edwards.jpg|thumb|áká_ịkẹngạ]] '''Frank Ugochukwu Edwards''' (a mụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa [[Julaị]] n'afọ 1989) bụ onye Naijiria na-agụ egwu na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu si [[Ȯra Enugu|Enugu Steeti]] .<ref name="frankie6">{{Cite web|url=http://music.naij.com/artist-576-frank-edwards|title=Frank Edwards biography|publisher=music.naij.com|accessdate=5 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162715/http://music.naij.com/artist-576-frank-edwards|archivedate=14 July 2014}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye nwe labelụ Rocktown Records, nke bụ ebe obibi nke ndị na-edekọ egwu dịka Edwards n'onwe ya, Gil, Divine, King BAS, Nkay, David, Dudu na Micah Heavens, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ọ bi na [[Lagos]], [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Frank Edwards n'ime ezinụlọ mmadụ asaa. Aha ọmụmụ ya bụ Frank Ugochukwu Edwards. A mụrụ ya na Enugu steeti nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. O nwere ụmụnne ise. Ọ malitere ịbụ abụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri. Ọ mụtara ịkpọ piano site n'aka nna ya mgbe ọ dị obere. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, ọ ghọrọ Onye Kraịst a mụrụ ọzọ. O nwere abọm isii na ọtụtụ egwu egwu n'aha ya. O meela onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị egwu ozioma kachasị mma na Naịjirịa. === Ọrụ egwu === Maazị Edwards bụ onye na-emepụta ihe ma na-akpọ ọtụtụ ngwá egwu. Ọ bụ onye ama ama na keyboardist na onye otu Presidential band nke Pastor Chris Oyakhilome nke Christ Embassy Church. E wepụtara abọm izizi ya bụ The Definition n'afọ 2008. Ọ bụ abọm nwere egwu iri na anọ ma Honesty Music kesara ya.<ref name="LOV">{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200908310250.html|title=Nigeria: The Emergence of Love World Records|publisher=www.allafrica.com|accessdate=2 August 2011}}</ref> E wepụtara abọm nke abụọ ya bụ Angels on the Runway n'afọ 2010, ewepụtakwara abọm nke atọ ya bụ ''Unlimited'' n'afọ 2011. A tọhapụrụ ''Tagjam'' na [[Novemba|Nọvemba]] 2011.N'afọ 2013, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri nke Sinach "''Amaara m onye m bụ''" vidiyo. A maara ya maka olu ya dị elu. E wezụga ịbụ onye na-ese ihe na ọtụtụ egwu na-ekpuchi ụdị egwu dị iche iche, ọ bụkwa onye na-emepụta egwu na onye na-agwakọta egwu. N'ihi ya, ''Rocktown Records'', nke o nwere, nwere ọgbọ nke talent na-abịanụ gụnyere Gil Joe, King BAS, [[Divine Ndhlukula|Divine]], Nkay, Soltune, David na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="vanguardngr.com">{{Cite web|author=Olujobi|first=Debbie|title=The soul speaks|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/10/the-soul-speaks/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|date=14 October 2012|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="frankie2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.konnectafrica.net/frank-edwards-the-young-gifted-gospel-artiste-taking-africa-for-god/|title=Frank Edwards; the Young, Gifted Gospel Artiste Taking Africa for God|work=Konnectafrica.net|publisher=Konnect Media|first=Jennifer|author=Nkem-Eneanya|date=24 June 2013|accessdate=5 June 2014|archivedate=3 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603150734/http://www.konnectafrica.net/frank-edwards-the-young-gifted-gospel-artiste-taking-africa-for-god/}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, ya na onye ama ama n'Amerịka, Don Moen rụkọrọ ọrụ na abọm "''Grace''" His Album e mepụtara na 2016Frankincense .<ref name="frankie6"/> N'afọ 2018, o wepụtara abọm maka Body of Christ nke akpọrọ "Spiritual Music Season" nke gụnyere egwu dịka "Miyeruwe" (I Praise your Name), "You are Good", "Who dey run things" & "''Praise Your Name''". Ka ọ dị na 2018, ya na Nathaniel Bassey (Thy Will Be Done) na Jeanine Zoe (I'm in Love with You) arụkọla ọrụ. === Ndụ ụka === Frank Edwards (nke a na-akpọ Frankrichboy) bụ onye otu Christ Embassy Church na Nigeria na LoveWorld Music Ministry ya na ndị egwu ozioma ndị ọzọ gụnyere Moses Bliss, Ada Ehi (onye egwu ozioma), [[Sinach]], Eben, Joe Praize .<ref name="LOV"/> == Discography == * Nkọwa (2008) * Ntọhapụ Singles (2015) * Frankincense (2016) * Ụbọchị ọmụmụ EP (2016) * A mụrụ ya na July (2017) * - Unlimited Verse 1 (2017) * I'm Supernatural (2018) * In Love With You (2018) * Unlimited Verse 2 (2018) * A mụrụ ya na Julaị (2019) * Ndị kwere ekwe Anthem (2020) * Ọ dịghị onye dị ka gị (2020) == Videography == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Onye isi !Ref |- |2010 |Mara Mma | | |- |2010 |You Too Dey Bless Me feat. TB1 |Gbenga Salu | |- |2011 |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m7FvVnXk19A Oya] |Moshman | |- |2011 |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-tC31hqiPIA Oghene Doh] |Moshman | |- |2011 |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLt1-E7CoQ4 Ịhụnanya a] |Patrick Elis | |- |2014 |Okaka |Lawrence Omo-Iyare |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2014/02/gospel-artiste-frank-edwards-release-new-video-okaka/|title=Gospel Artiste, Frank Edwards Release New Video, Okaka • Connect Nigeria|date=4 February 2014|language=en-GB|accessdate=5 August 2016|archivedate=8 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808163439/http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2014/02/gospel-artiste-frank-edwards-release-new-video-okaka/}}</ref> |- |2014 |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=id9DTt5DfEA Hallelujah] |Frank Edwards | |- |2015 |''Onye'' |St. Immaculate |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.com.gh/music-videos/frank-edwards-singer-shares-his-life-story-in-onye-video-id4006448.html|title=Frank Edwards Singer shares his life story in 'Onye' [Video]|work=Pulse.com.gh|publisher=Joey Akan|accessdate=22 February 2016|archivedate=12 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312094931/http://pulse.com.gh/music-videos/frank-edwards-singer-shares-his-life-story-in-onye-video-id4006448.html}}</ref> |- |2016 |''Grace'' |Don Moen & Frank Edwards | |- |2017 |Here to Sing feat. Chee |Frank Edwards | |- |2019 |Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị maka gị<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Edwards - IF NOT FOR YOU #frankedwards #rocktown #gospelmusic #ifnotforyou - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dX3e7-n1BcU|accessdate=6 January 2021|work=www.youtube.com}}</ref> |Ihe nkiri H2O | |- |2020 |Abụ Ndị kwere ekwe<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Edwards - BELIEVERS ANTHEM #frankedwards #rocktown #gospelmusic #anthem - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnjNxKJsBq4|accessdate=6 January 2021|work=www.youtube.com}}</ref> |Ihe nkiri H2O | |- |2020 |Na mberede<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Edwards - Suddenly - #frankedwards #rocktown #gospelmusic Rocktown Music 2020 - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26ITUq-nAKg|accessdate=6 January 2021|work=www.youtube.com}}</ref> |Ihe nkiri H2O | |- |2020 |Enweghị Aha Ọzọ |Frank Edwards | |- |2020 |Logo<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Edwards - LOGO OFFICIAL VIDEO #frankedwards #rocktown #gospelmusic - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPVLhI7_H5A|accessdate=6 January 2021|work=www.youtube.com}}</ref> |Frand Edwards | |- |2020 |Opomulero<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Edwards - OPOMULERO #frankedwards #rocktown #gospelmusic - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZQDp8Z8lec|accessdate=6 January 2021|work=www.youtube.com}}</ref> |Ihe nkiri H2O | |- |2020 |Mụ<ref>{{Cite web|title=ME - FRANK EDWARDS #frankedwards #rocktown #gospelmusic - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bY8hH7xkh4&feature=youtu.be|accessdate=6 January 2021|work=www.youtube.com}}</ref> |Ihe nkiri H2O | |- |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2011, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-ese egwu Gospel nke afọ na nke isii kwa afọ Nigeria Entertainment Awards (NEA). O ritere ihe nrite nke onye egwu Gospel Rock kacha mma na onyinye mbụ kwa afọ.<ref name="award">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Entertainment Awards nominees 2011.|url=http://www.museke.com/node/8376|publisher=www.museke.com|accessdate=2 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="NEW">{{Cite web|title=NEA Awards 2011 Nomination Party, Themed: Casino Celebrity Night|url=http://www.connectnigeria.com/articles/nea-awards-2011-nomination-party-themed-casino-celebrity-night/388|publisher=www.connectnigeria.com|accessdate=2 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618023204/http://www.connectnigeria.com/articles/nea-awards-2011-nomination-party-themed-casino-celebrity-night/388|archivedate=18 June 2011}}</ref> O ritekwara ọdịda anyanwụ [[Afrịka]] kacha mma nwoke na 2012 / egwu kachasị mma na love world awards 2012 / na onyinye atọ na Nigeria gospel music awards (nwoke na-eti egwu nke afọ, abụ nke afọ na nwoke kacha mma).<ref name="frankie">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/frank-edwards-emerges-best-male-gospel-artiste/|title=Frank Edwards emerges Best Male Gospel Artiste|publisher=Mydailynewswatchng.com|date=13 July 2013|accessdate=5 June 2014|archivedate=7 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607001911/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/frank-edwards-emerges-best-male-gospel-artiste/}}</ref><ref name="frankie1">{{Cite web|url=http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2013/07/08/frank-edwards-bags-best-male-gospel-artiste-award/|title=Frank Edwards Bags Best Male Gospel Artiste Award|publisher=Connectnigeria.com|first=Ada|author=Arinze|date=8 July 2013|accessdate=5 June 2014|archivedate=6 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606223148/http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2013/07/08/frank-edwards-bags-best-male-gospel-artiste-award/}}</ref> Abọm ya kachasị ọhụrụ, Frankincense nke mere Micah Stampley na Nathaniel Bassey mere ka onye ọ bụla nwee obi ụtọ mgbe ọ nọ n'elu abọm Beyonce na Adele n'ime awa ole na ole a tọhapụrụ ya na chaatị abọm iTunes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Edwards Songs, Videos, Lyrics and Bio|url=https://zionlyrics.com/artist/frankedwards|work=zionlyrics.com|language=en|accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref> == Leekwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị egwu ozioma Naịjirịa * Ndepụta nke ndị Igbo {{Clear}} == Ndetu == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website {{DEFAULTSORT:Edwards, Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] srwxw4d96939tnwrh0j1vtcs843wpes 0 14407 692919 638630 2026-07-31T01:33:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692919 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Infobox person | name = Adasa Cookey | image =AdasaCookey.jpg | background = non_performing_personnel | birth_name = Adasa Rawlinson Cookeygam | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|10|21|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Port Harcourt]], [[Rivers State]], [[Nigeria]] | occupations = [[Cinematographer]], editor, colourist, [[music video director]], [[commercial director]], [[filmmaker]] | years_active = 2010 - present | website = www.adasacookey.com | module = {{Infobox person | embed = yes | education = [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]] }}|caption=Adasa Cookey}} '''Adasa Cookey''' (amụrụ '''Adasa Rawlinson Cookeygam''' ) bụ onye nduzi vidio egwu amụrụ na Naijiria, onye na-ese ihe nkiri, onye nduzi azụmahịa, onye na-ahụ maka agba, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/adasa-cookey-10-year-journey-of-a-self-taught-music-video-director/|title=Adasa Cookey: 10-Year Journey Of A Self-Taught Music Video Director|date=August 9, 2020|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-music-videos-best-in-africa-adasa-cookey/|title=Nigerian music videos best in Africa –Adasa Cookey|date=December 1, 2019|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/1235496-movie-director-adasa-cookey-saves-job-a-teller-paid-n43m-n432k.html|title=Movie director Adasa Cookey saves the job of a teller who paid him N4.3m instead of N432k|date=April 26, 2019|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ma na-eduzi ụlọọrụ Squareball Media Productions Limited ebe ọ bụkwa onye isi nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mybiohub.com/2016/08/adasa-cookey-biography.html/|title=Adasa Cookey Biography|date=May 1, 2020|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maff.tv/credit/adasa-cookey|title=ADASA COOKEY|date=July 3, 2020|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160217/https://www.maff.tv/credit/adasa-cookey}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Adasa na October 21, 1981 na [[Ugwu Ọcha|Port Harcourt]], [[Ȯra Rivers|Rivers]] State, Nigeria. O biri dika nwata na Port Harcourt, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Bereton College na Federal Government College. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na Rivers State University of Science and Technology wee nweta nzere bachelọ nke Teknụzụ na Architecture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/adasa-cookey|title=Adasa Cookey|date=September 23, 2015|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160215/https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/adasa-cookey}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Adasa hapụrụ ọrụ onye nnọchi anya nlekọta ndị ahịa ya na 2010 iji gbanwee mmasị ya na nhazi vidiyo na kpọmkwem. Ọ duziri vidiyo egwu nke ndị egwu egwu dịka Davido, [[Burna Boy]], [[Simi (singer)|Simi]], [[Adekunle Gold]], D'Prince, na Don Jazzy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://infobusstop.com/top-10-video-directors-in-nigeria-2021/|title=Top 10 Video Directors In Nigeria (2021)|date=May 12, 2021|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160216/https://infobusstop.com/top-10-video-directors-in-nigeria-2021/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://imvdb.com/n/adasa-cookey/videography-by-position/dir|title=Adasa Cookey|date=June 1, 2020|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160216/https://imvdb.com/n/adasa-cookey/videography-by-position/dir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tooxclusive.com/video-simi-duduke-dir-by-adasa-cookey/|title=[Video] SIMI – "Duduke" (Dir. By Adasa Cookey|date=April 19, 2020|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}</ref> == Vidio ndị a họọrọ == * [[Burna Boy]] - Like To Party (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/events/new-video-like-to-party-by-burna-boy/pt7dqw9|title=New Video- Like To Party By Burna Boy {{!}} Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> * D'Prince - Goody Bag (2013) * Ketchup- Show Me Yuh Rozay (2013) * Mavins All Stars - Adaobi (2014)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/10/trending-video-catch-the-visuals-for-adaobi-by-the-mavins-crew/|title=Trending Video: Catch the Visuals for Adaobi by the Mavins Crew {{!}} BellaNaija}}</ref> * DJ Xclusive ft Davido - Wo Le (2015) * [[Adekunle Gold]] - Sade (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/adekunlegold-releases-video-for-his-single-sade/|title=AdekunleGold Releases video for his single, Sade {{!}} News Ghana}}</ref> * [[Adekunle Gold]] - Njikere (2016) * Ric Hassani -Only You (2017) * Orezi-Cooking Pot (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/video-orezi-cooking-pot-dir-adasa-cookey|title=[Video] Orezi – Cooking Pot (Dir. By Adasa Cookey) » Naijaloaded|accessdate=2022-06-08|archivedate=2022-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608233032/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/video-orezi-cooking-pot-dir-adasa-cookey}}</ref> * Idahams-Toast (2017) * [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] - Selense (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/simi-selense-video-watch-nigerian-music/|title=Watch Simi's Beautiful Music Video For 'Selense' - OkayAfrica}}</ref> * [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] - Ayo (2019) * [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] - Duduke (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trendybeatz.com/download-video/8676/simi-duduke-official-video|title=Simi - Duduke Official Video {{!}} Download Video MP4 » TrendyBeatz}}</ref> * [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] ft [[Patoranking]] - Jeriko (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://natirovibe.com/video-mp4/simi-patoranking-jericho/|title=Download Video: Simi ft. Patoranking - Jericho|accessdate=2022-06-08|archivedate=2021-09-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160223/https://natirovibe.com/video-mp4/simi-patoranking-jericho/}}</ref> * Bebe Cool ft Rudeboy - Feeling (2020) * [[Runtown]] ft. Bella Shmurda, Darkovibes - Body Riddim (Video) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/02/runtown-darkovibes-body-riddim/|title=New Video: Runtown feat. Darkovibes & Bella Shmurda – Body Riddim {{!}} BellaNaija}}</ref> * [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] ft. [[Adekunle Gold]] - Site n'aka gị (2019) * [[Praiz]] - Madu (2020) * [[Niniola]] - Addicted (2020) * [[Wande Coal]] ft. [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]] - Ọzọ (Remix) (2020) * [[Wande Coal]] - Ọzọ (2020) * Idahams-Billion Dollar (2019) * Idahams-Ada (2020) * Idahams-Enter My Eye (2020) * [[Stonebwoy]] ft. [[Zlatan (musician)|Zlatan-]] Critical (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://grungecake.com/stonebwoy-critical-zlatan/articles/77850|title=Watch Stonebwoy’s new video for ‘Critical’ featuring Nigerian artist Zlatan – GRUNGECAKE|accessdate=2022-06-08|archivedate=2024-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127115353/https://grungecake.com/stonebwoy-critical-zlatan/articles/77850}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Project !Emume !Category !Nsonaazụ |- | rowspan="1" |2016 | rowspan="1" |"onwe ya" | rowspan="1" |Ntụrụndụ Ndị Obodo |''Onye nduzi vidio egwu kacha mma nke afọ''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jaguda.com/music-news/wizkid-tiwa-savage-olamide-lead-the-2016-city-people-entertainment-award-nominees/|title=Wizkid, Tiwa Savage & Olamide Lead The 2016 City People Entertainment Award Nominees|date=July 6, 2016|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 25, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925085402/https://jaguda.com/music-news/wizkid-tiwa-savage-olamide-lead-the-2016-city-people-entertainment-award-nominees/}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |2020 | rowspan="1" |[[Simi (singer)|Simi]] ft [[Patoranking]] "Jeriko" | rowspan="1" |Soundcity MVP Awards Festival |''Vidio nke Afọ''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/soundcity-mvp-awards-2020-all-winners|title=Soundcity MVP Awards 2020: All the winners|date=January 13, 2020|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |2020 | rowspan="1" |"N'onwe ya" | rowspan="1" |GALAXY AWARDS |''Onye isi vidiyo nke afọ'' | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="1" |2019 | rowspan="1" |[[Simi (singer)|Simi]] ft [[Patoranking]] "Jeriko" | rowspan="1" |Onyinye AFRIMA |''Vidio kacha mma nke Afrịka''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newscentral.africa/2019/11/25/full-list-winners-2019-afrima-awards/|title=Burna Boy, 2Baba, Nadia win big at 2019 AFRIMA. See full list of winners|date=November 25, 2019|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=October 22, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022233913/https://newscentral.africa/2019/11/25/full-list-winners-2019-afrima-awards/}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |2017 | rowspan="1" |Orezi, "Iwe esi nri" | rowspan="1" |Onyinye AFRIMA |''Vidio kacha mma nke Afrịka nke afọ''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverbirdtv.com/entertainment/38535/afrima-2017-full-list-of-winners/|title=AFRIMA 2017: Full List Of Winners|date=November 14, 2017|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908042408/https://silverbirdtv.com/entertainment/38535/afrima-2017-full-list-of-winners/}}</ref> | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="1" |2016 | rowspan="1" |[[Adekunle Gold]], "Pick Up the Call" | rowspan="1" |Nigeria Music Video Awards |''Ihe nkiri kacha mma''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jaguda.com/music-news/2016-nigeria-music-video-awards-see-list-winners/|title=2016 Nigeria Music Video Awards: See the list of winners|date=December 16, 2016|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160216/https://jaguda.com/music-news/2016-nigeria-music-video-awards-see-list-winners/}}</ref> | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="1" |2016 | rowspan="1" |Ranti ,"Iwe Ki Ko" | rowspan="1" |Nigeria Music Video Awards |''Onye nchịkọta akụkọ kacha mma''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acceleratetv.com/wip/?p=22764|title=NMVA 2016 Nominees List|date=November 17, 2016|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160217/https://acceleratetv.com/wip/?p=22764}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |2016 | rowspan="1" |Ranti ,"Iwe Ki Ko" | rowspan="1" |Nigeria Music Video Awards |''Onye nduzi kacha mma''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenet.ng/full-list-winners-2016/|title=2016 Nigeria Music Video Awards: See the list of winners|date=November 16, 2016|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |} == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] l488dmi1nudpiw0akrmvdnqka67tnb4 0 14537 692800 189056 2026-07-30T19:37:07Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox person|name=Freema Agyeman|image=Freema Agyeman (48460099371) (cropped).jpg|caption=Agyeman in July 2019 ComicCon|birth_name=Frema Agyeman|birth_date={{birth date and age|1979|3|20|df=yes}}<ref name="Freema">{{cite web|title=Thank You Letter From Freema Agyeman |url=http://community.livejournal.com/freema_love/154559.html |access-date=8 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510051604/http://community.livejournal.com/freema_love/154559.html |archive-date=10 May 2010 }}</ref>|birth_place=[[London]], England|alma_mater=[[Middlesex University]] <small>([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])</small>|occupation={{hlist|Actress}}|television={{hlist | ''[[Doctor Who]]'' | ''[[Law & Order: UK]]'' | ''[[Little Dorrit (TV series)|Little Dorrit]]'' | ''[[New Amsterdam (2018 TV series)|New Amsterdam]]'' | ''[[Sense8]]'' | ''[[The Carrie Diaries (TV series)|The Carrie Diaries]]''}}|years_active=2001–present}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Freema Agyeman''' (/ˈfriːmə ˈædʒɪmən/; a mụrụ Frema Agyeman; 20 Machị 1979) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Bekee nke a maara maka igwu Martha Jones na usoro akụkọ sayensị nke BBC Doctor Who (2007–2010), Alesha Phillips na ihe nkiri usoro mpụ Law & Order: UK (2009–2011), Amanita Caplan na Netflix akụkọ sayensị ''Sense8'' (2015–2018), na Dr. Helen Sharpe na usoro usoro usoro ahụike NBC ''New Amsterdam'' (2018–ugbua). Mgbe ọ hapụrụ Doctor Who, Agyeman kwughachiri ọrụ ya nke Martha Jones na Doctor Who spin-off series ''Torchwood'' ma nwee ọrụ na BBC series ''Little Dorrit'' . N'afọ 2013, o mere ihe nkiri mbụ ya na telivishọn US na ihe nkiri CW nke afọ iri na ụma ''The Carrie Diaries'' dị ka Larissa Loughlin, onye nchịkọta akụkọ na magazin Interview . Ngosipụta telivishọn ''ndị'' ọzọ gụnyere ''Old Jack's Boat'', Silent Witness, na Survivors . Agyeman pụtakwara dịka Penny na ihe nkiri afọ 2015 ''North v South'' . == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Agyeman na London. Nne ya, Azar, bụ onye Iran, nna ya, Osei, bụ onye Ghana. Ha gbara alụkwaghịm mgbe ọ dị obere. Agyeman nwere nwanne nwanyị tọrọ ya, Leila, na nwanne nwoke nke nta, Dominic.<ref name="Jury">{{Cite news|author=Jury, Louise|title=From council estate to Tardis: rise of the Timelord's sidekick|work=[[The Independent]]|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article2383877.ece|date=23 March 2007|accessdate=18 September 2007}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a zụlitere nne ya dịka onye Alakụba ma zụlite nna ya dịka onye Methodist, Agyeman tolitere bụrụ onye Roman Katọlik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dr-whos-sidekick-freema-agyeman-hclx3kgwmlv|work=The Sunday Times|title=Dr Who's sidekick, Freema Agyeman|first=Laura|author=Deeley|date=16 February 2008|accessdate=19 August 2011|archivedate=30 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930185737/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dr-whos-sidekick-freema-agyeman-hclx3kgwmlv}}</ref> Agyeman gara Our Lady's Convent RC High School, ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik dị na Stamford Hill. Mgbe e mesịrị, n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1996, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Anna Scher Theatre School na Islington ma mụọ ǹkà na ihe nkiri na Mahadum Middlesex, gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 2000.<ref name="Jury"/> == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ mbụ === Mgbe Agyeman malitere ọrụ ọkachamara ya, ọ họọrọ iji edemede dị iche nke aha ọmụmụ ya, Frema, dịka aha ọkachamara ya, iji zere nsogbu ịkpọ okwu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hugo|first=Simon|title=Where's Your Head At? Freema Agyeman|work=Torchwood Magazine|page=60|date=June 2008}}</ref> Tupu ọ nweta akụkụ nke Martha Jones, ọrụ telivishọn a ma ama nke Agyeman bụ igwu Lola Wise na usoro mmegharị nke ITV soap opera ''Crossroads'' . O nwekwara obere ọrụ ndị ọbịa na usoro TV ''ndị'' ọzọ dịka Casualty, ''Mile High'' na ''The Bill'', nke ọ pụtara ugboro abụọ dịka mmadụ abụọ dị iche iche. N'afọ 2005, Agyeman mere Mary Ogden, onye ọrụ mpụ, na ihe omume nke Silent Witness . Agyeman pụtara dịka Nana na ihe nkiri onwe ya bụ Rulers and Dealers, nke Stephen Lloyd Jackson dere ma duzie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rulers and Dealers|url=http://film-directory.britishcouncil.org/rulers-and-dealers|work=British Film Council|accessdate=11 December 2021}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ùgwù == N'ọnwa June afọ 2007, a kpọrọ Agyeman "Best Newcomer" n'afọ 2007 "Glamour Women of the Year Awards".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freemaagyeman.com/news/2007/06/05/glamour-awards-2007/#more-363|title=Freema Wins at Glamour Women Awards 2007|publisher=Freema Agyeman.com|date=5 June 2007|accessdate=29 March 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225005733/http://freemaagyeman.com/news/2007/06/05/glamour-awards-2007/|archivedate=25 December 2008}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, o meriri n'afọ 2007 People's Choice category maka "Female TV Star" na 5th annual Screen Nation Film and TV Awards, nke emere na 15 Ọktoba 2007 na Hilton Metropole na London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.screennation.co.uk/pdf/ScreenNation2007WinnerList.pdf|title=Reginald Hudlin|accessdate=28 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327130458/http://www.screennation.co.uk/pdf/ScreenNation2007WinnerList.pdf|archivedate=27 March 2009}}</ref> ''The Observer'' gbara Agyeman ajụjụ ọnụ na Disemba afọ 2007 ma kpọọ ya "ihu nke afọ 2007".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Day, Elizabeth|title=A dizzy year with the Doctor|work=Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2007/dec/16/features.review47|date=16 December 2007|accessdate=10 June 2008}}</ref> === Nhọpụta === N'afọ 2003, a họpụtara Agyeman na ngalaba abụọ na British Soap Awards maka ọrụ ya dịka Lola Wise na ''Crossroads'', dịka "Best Newcomer" na "Sexiest Female".<ref name="British Soap Awards">{{Cite web|url=http://memorabletv.com/onthebox/profiles/uksoapawards03.htm%20Crossroads%20-%20Freema%20Agyeman%20www.memorabletv.com/onthebox/profiles/uksoapawards03.htm%20%26strip%3D1|archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20121209175135/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:memorabletv.com/onthebox/profiles/uksoapawards03.htm+Crossroads+-+Freema+Agyeman+www.memorabletv.com/onthebox/profiles/uksoapawards03.htm+&strip=1|archivedate=9 December 2012|title=On the Box guide to the British Soap Awards|publisher=webcache.googleusercontent.com|accessdate=29 March 2009}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Egbugbu Agyeman nwere n'elu ogwe aka ya bụ ihe nnọchianya nke nna nna ya, nke nwere okwu Peshia "raha", nke pụtara "n'efu", n'okpuru ihe oyiyi nke urukurubụba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uktv.co.uk/drama/stepbystep/aid/595754|title=Freema Agyemann profile: Watch Shows: Watch&nbsp;– simply good TV|publisher=Uktv.co.uk|date=7 November 2007|accessdate=29 March 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112215649/http://uktv.co.uk/drama/stepbystep/aid/595754|archivedate=12 November 2007}}</ref> Agyeman bụ onye Roman Katọlik na-adịghị aga ụka. O kwuru na ime ihe ọma bụ ụzọ o si kwere na Chineke na ịgosi pụta Iso Ụzọ Kraịst Katọlik.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Laura|author=Deeley|date=16 February 2008|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dr-whos-sidekick-freema-agyeman-hclx3kgwmlv|title=Dr Who's sidekick, Freema Agyeman|work=The Times|accessdate=2022-04-08}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2004 |''Aisha onye Amerịka'' |Shaheen |Obere ihe nkiri |- |2006 |''Ndị ọchịchị na ndị na-ere ahịa'' |Nana | |- |2015 |''North v South'' |Penny | |- |2017 |''Na-eri Ndị Obodo'' |Mmụọ ozi | |- |2021 |''Mbilite n'ọnwụ nke Matrix'' |Astra | |} === Television === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2003 |''Crossroads'' |Lola Wise |Ihe omume ndị a na-amaghị |- |2004 |''The Bill'' |Jenna Carter |Episode: "Episode 232" |- |2004 |''Casualty@Holby City'' |Kate Hindley |Episode: "Casualty@Holby City: Part One" |- |2005 |''Mile High'' |Nwa agbọghọ #1 |Usoro 2, ihe omume 26 |- |2005 |''Onyeàmà na-agbachi nkịtị'' |Mary Ogden |Nkebi: "Nhọrọ: Nkebi nke 1" |- |2006 |''The Bill'' |Shakira Washington |Ihe omume abụọ |- |2006 |''Dọkịta Who'' |Adeola Oshodi |Episode: "Army of Ghosts" |- |2007–2008, 2010 |''Dọkịta Who'' |Martha Jones |Usoro 3, Usoro 4, 2008–10<br /><br /><br /><br /> specials19 episodes |- |2007–2008 |''Dọkịta nke Nzuzo'' |Ya onwe ya |Ọrụ ugboro ugboro |- |2007 |''Dọkịta zuru oke'' |Ya onwe ya |Ihe omume asaa |- |2007 |''Ọchịchọ Na-adịghị agwụ agwụ'' |Martha Jones (olu) |Ihe omume iri na atọ |- |2007 |''Ihe ngosi Omid Djalili'' |Ya onwe ya |Usoro 1, ihe omume 3 |- |2008 |''Torchwood'' |Martha Jones |Ihe omume atọ |- |2008 |''Torchwood Declassified'' |Ya onwe ya |Ihe omume abụọ |- |2008–2010 |''Bizarre ER'' |Ya onwe ya |Onye na-akọ akụkọ (usoro 1–3); ihe omume iri atọ |- |2008 |''Little Dorrit'' |Tattycoram |Miniseries; 8 episodes |- |2008 |''Ndị lanarịrị'' |Jenny Walsh |Ihe omume abụọ |- |2009–2012 |''Iwu na Iwu: UK'' |Alesha Phillips |Ndị isi (usoro 1–6); ihe omume 39 |- |2013–2015 |''The Carrie Diaries'' |Larissa Loughlin |Ndị isi; ihe omume iri abụọ na abụọ |- |2013–2015 |''Old Jack's Boat'' |Shelly Periwinkle |Ndị isi (usoro 1); ihe omume iri na abụọ |- |2013 |''Rubenesque'' |Trudy |Otu ihe nkiri |- |2015–2018 |''Sense8'' |Amanita Caplan |Ndị isi ihe nkiri |- |2017 |<nowiki><i id="mwAio">Panorama</i></nowiki> |Onye na-akọ akụkọ |Nkebi: "Mgbe ụmụaka na-emegbu ụmụaka" |- |2018–ugbua |''New Amsterdam'' |Dr. Helen Sharpe |Ndị isi ihe nkiri |} == Audio na redio == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2007 |''Dodo Ikpeazụ'' |Onye na-akọ akụkọ |Doctor Who audiobook |- |2007 |''Wetworld'' |Onye na-akọ akụkọ |Doctor Who audiobook |- |2007 |''The Pirate Loop'' |Onye na-akọ akụkọ |Doctor Who audiobook |- |2008 |''Martha n'enyo'' |Onye na-akọ akụkọ |Doctor Who audiobook |- |2008 |''Mkpụrụ Obi furu efu'' |Martha Jones |Full cast Torchwood audio drama |- |2008 |''Akụkọ banyere Mata'' |Onye na-akọ akụkọ |Doctor Who audiobook |- |2014 |''Six Degrees of Assassination: An Audible Drama'' |Ellen Townsend | |- |2020 |''Torchwood: Dissected'' |Martha Jones |Full cast audio drama |- |2021 |''Afọ nke Martha Jones'' |Martha Jones |Full cast audio drama boxset<ref>{{Cite web|title=1. The Year of Martha Jones - The Worlds of Doctor Who - Special Releases - Big Finish|url=https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/the-year-of-martha-jones-2227|accessdate=2021-12-22|work=www.bigfinish.com}}</ref> |} == Ụlọ ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2001–2002 |''Mgbe Snow dara''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Half Moon Shows On Tour: Previous Shows|url=http://www.halfmoon.org.uk/whatson/halfmoonshowsontour/previousshows.html#when|accessdate=18 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206234217/http://www.halfmoon.org.uk/whatson/halfmoonshowsontour/previousshows.html|archivedate=6 February 2006}}</ref> |T |By Chris Elwell |- |2001 |''Mgbọrọgwụ gbagọrọ agbagọ''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pop-up.net/productions/twistedroots.html|title=Twisted Roots|publisher=Pop-Up|accessdate=29 March 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227020218/http://www.pop-up.net/productions/twistedroots.html|archivedate=27 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freemaagyeman.com/biography/|title=A fansite&nbsp;– Biography & Filmography|publisher=Freema Agyeman.com|accessdate=29 March 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223075816/http://freemaagyeman.com/biography/|archivedate=23 February 2009}}</ref> |Anya Starr |By Emily Nightingale |- |2002 |''Ndị Onyenwe anyị na ụmụ nwanyị''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.co.uk.lspace.org/fandom/events/plays/lordsandladies/2002/august-rollright-stones.html|title=''Lords and Ladies''|work=Co.uk.lspace.org|accessdate=29 March 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228075019/http://www.co.uk.lspace.org/fandom/events/plays/lordsandladies/2002/august-rollright-stones.html|archivedate=28 February 2007}}</ref> |Ọrụ dị iche iche |Na mbụ site na Terry Pratchett |- |2008 |Doctor Who Prom |Onye ọbịa |Emume egwu, 27 Julaị 2008 |- |2017 |''Mgbaghara''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/aug/04/apologia-review-stockard-channing-trafalgar-studios-london|title=''Apologia review – Stockard Channing induces sympathy for a monstrous matriarch''|work=Guardian|date=4 August 2017|accessdate=28 September 2017}}</ref> |Claire |By Alexi Kaye Campbell |} == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Freema Agyeman on Twitter * Freema Agyeman at IMDb * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/news/cult/news/drwho/2006/08/14/35671.shtml Ajụjụ ọnụ] na The One Show (14 August 2006) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110615154230/http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/body_and_soul/article3375049.ece?print=yes&randnum=1203116650860 Ajụjụ ọnụ] na ''The Times'' (16 February 2008) * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/11_november/05/survivors10.shtml Ndị lanarịrị] - Freema Agyeman (Jenny Collins) Press Pack na BBC Press Office * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/10_october/13/dorrit11.shtml Little Dorrit] - Freema Agyeman (Tattycoram) Press Pack na BBC Press Office {{DEFAULTSORT:Agyeman, Freeman}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7ccyhzee1jutnqkmkk3b5i3hsm7wogs 0 14598 692988 621561 2026-07-31T04:36:43Z Philip Emeka 16124 removed one image 692988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dege Feder''' (a somụrụ n'afọ 1978) bụ onye na-ese ihe n'Ethiopia nke bi na [[Israel]]. Ọ bụ onye nhazi egwu na onye njikwa nke ụlọ ọrụ ịgba egwu ''Beta'', onye egwu na onye na-ese ihe. Feder na-ejikọta ihe osise nke ịgba egwu ọdịnala Etiopia na ịgba egwu nke oge a na nke Israel.<ref name="jpost">''[http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Culture/The-ABCs-of-modern-dance-383668 The Beta Dance Troupe brings the Amharic alphabet to life in ’Hahoo.’]'', ORI J. LENKINSKI, Jerusalem Post, 12 April 2014</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Dege Feder na mpaghara Gondar nke Ethiopia. Ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Israel na 1985 dịka akụkụ nke Operation Moses . Ọ malitere ọrụ ịgba egwu ya dị ka onye na-agba egwu na Ruth Eshel's ''Eskesta'' otu egwu Ethiopia ma hazie ọtụtụ n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ìgwè ahụ. N'afọ 2005, ọ natara nzere BEd ya na Arts Education na Mahadum nke Haifa, kemgbe oge ahụ, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ndị otu egwu ''Beta'', nke ndị na-agba egwu ''Esketa'' guzobere. Ọ ghọrọ onye njikwa ndị otu ahụ n'afọ 2014.<ref>''[http://www.enp.org.il/en/enpeople/Dege_Feder/ Dege Feder]'', Ethiopian National Project</ref> N'afọ 2021, Feder natara "Ministry of Immigration Prize" maka ihe osise pụrụ iche na onyinye ya nye ọha mmadụ Israel. == Ọrụ == === Ịgba egwu na choreography === [[Usòrò:The_Sublime_-_Dege_Feder.jpg|thumb|The Sublime - Acrylic on Canvas]] Site na 1999–2005, Feder so ''Esketa'' rụọ ọrụ ndị isi, ma sonye na ebe ndị isi na Israel, dị ka Suzanne Dellal Center for Dance and Theater, na ememme dị iche iche ma na Israel ma na mba ofesi (dịka na [[Kroatia|Croatia]], [[Yukrain|Ukraine]], [[France]], South Africa, New York, Philadelphia, Boston na Chicago). Feder bụ onye guzobere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ịgba egwu ndị ntorobịa, nke gụnyere ''Desta'' na ''Tezeta'', nke na-eme n'ofe Israel niile, ma rụọ ọrụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ dị ka onye nkuzi ịgba egwu ndị ntorobịa n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi maka ndị ntorobịa na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma. [[Usòrò:Memories_-_Dege_Feder.jpg|thumb|Memories - Acrylic on Canvas]] N'afọ 2005, mgbe Feder malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ''Beta'', a kpọrọ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka ha rụọ ọrụ na US, Colombia, Poland, Ecuador na Ethiopia.<ref name="jpost"/> === Egwú === N'afọ 2009, Feder soro Haifa Symphony Orchestra bụọ abụ. N'afọ 2011, ọ malitere ọrụ a na-akpọ "Degedrum", ya na onye na-eti egwu Elad Neeman, nke ọ na-agba egwu ma na-abụ abụ. Usoro ihe omume ahụ mere njem na US na Israel. N'otu afọ ahụ, o dekọrọ abọm nke egwu mbụ nke e debere na uri n'asụsụ Amharic na Hibru, ya na Lela, otu egwu egwu nke Etiopia ọ tọrọ ntọala, nke raara onwe ya nye ịme egwu ya na ngwá ọdịnala.<ref>''[http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4597727,00.html From Tomorrow: The Hullegeb Festival of Ethiopian-Israeli Music]'', Moshe Malka, ynet, 03.12.14</ref> === Ihe osise anya === Feder na-ese ihe ka ukwuu na acrylic na akwa. Ihe osise ya na-ejikọkwa ihe osise na ncheta nke Etiopia, na-ekwusi ike na ihe osise nke ụmụ nwanyị. == Hụkwa == * Ọrụ Moses == Ebensidee == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == Media related to Dege Feder at Wikimedia Commons * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140917081609/http://www.beta-eskesta.com/ Beta Dance Company], Official Website * "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L7JjI7TwrRU '''WOZE''']", Performance {{DEFAULTSORT:Feder, Dege}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 186w5ti5joxz95o7mo94obdte48fs84 0 14915 692806 90120 2026-07-30T19:49:24Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Frida Blumenberg''' (ụbọchị irí abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa May, n'afọ 1935) bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-akpụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na neon, acrylic, na ọla nchara. A mụrụ ya na Durban, South Africa na nne na nna Sweden, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ dị ka onye na-akpụ ihe, onye na-ese ihe, na onye na-akpụ ọla edo na [[London]], ebe o nwere ụfọdụ ihe ngosi naanị ya na Institute of Contemporary Art. N'afọ 1960 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na ise, ọ rụchara ihe osise maka ihe banyere Durban Maritime Terminal nke, n'oge ahụ, bụ ihe osise mosaic kachasị ukwuu na mpaghara ndịda ụwa. N'afọ 1965, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe isii na-anọchite anya Great Britain na Bavarian Government Special Show na Munich, Germany na ihe ngosi akpọrọ "Jewelry as Sculpture". E gosipụtala ọrụ ya na ụlọ ngosi ihe ógè ochie na ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi na England, [[Kánada|Canada]], Ireland, [[Jémanị|Germany]], [[Netherlands]], South Africa, na America na Institute of Contemporary Art (Boston), National Museum of Women in the Arts ([[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], DC), Denver Art Museum, Dallas Museum of Art, na Houston Museum of Art, tinyere ndị ọzọ. N'ihe ngosi otu, ya na Picasso, Alexander Calder, na Louise Nevelson gosipụtara. A na-egosipụtakwa ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta ụlọ ọrụ gụnyekwara nke Shell, Alcon / Nestlé, Canadian Pacific Railways, na Texas American Banks. A na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na-arụ ọrụ na mba ụwa na neon na acrylic, ọ jikọtara mmetụta nke oge a maka ihe banyere ndị dị na nka ụlọ ọrụ, dị ka neon, na echiche zuru oke nke imewe na nka. == Edensibia == * Turner, Ralph. Contemporary Jewelry: A Critical Assessment 1945 to 1975. (Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1976). * Cutner, Janet. "Ndị na-ese ihe ise, ihe ngosi anọ, akụkụ atọ." Art News Vol. 76 No. 3 (March 1977). {{DEFAULTSORT:Blumenberg, Frida}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7uaso9ydeeqsp1nccazx9tgmcn4b64g 0 15096 692866 128432 2026-07-30T20:50:26Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Frank Marshall''' (amụrụ n'ubochí irí atọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1985) bụ onye na-ese foto na South Africa nke na-echegbu onwe ya banyere ihe osise na foto nke egwu ma mara banyere ọrụ ya na-egosi ọdịbendị metal dị egwu na Botswana. Rooke Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa na-anọchite anya ya. == Ndụ na ọrụ == === Oge ọ malitere === A mụrụ Frank Marshall n'ubochí irí atọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1985 na Nelspruit, Mpumalanga, South Africa dịka nwa nke nna Irish na nne South Africa.. O tolitere na Kroonstad, Free State na Pretoria, Gauteng. Dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma Marshall malitere igosi mmasị na egwu nkume siri ike na egwu ígwè dị arọ, nke ndị otu ndị America guzobere na-emetụtakarị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Visions of Renegades: Transition speaks with photographer Frank Marshall about heavy metal in Botswana|journal=Transition|year=2012|issue=109|pages=62–71|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/transition/v109/109.marshall.html|accessdate=9 May 2013}}</ref> === Agụmakwụkwọ === Ógè ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Marshall bịdọrọ ọmụmụ foto ya na Mahadum Nkà na Ụzụ Tshwane na Pretoria N'afọ 2007. N'afọ 2010 ọ nwetara nzere Bachelor of Technology na foto na Mahadum Tshwane . Site n'edemede afọ ikpeazụ ya, Marshall gosipụtara ndị mmadụ nke ọdịbendị metal dị egwu nke Botswana ma tinye ihe oyiyi ahụ n'ihe ngosi ya "Renegades". Maka ọrụ ya na "Renegades" a họpụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị ikpeazụ iri nke Sony World Photography Awards Student Focus Competition. Ọ bụ onye South Africa mbụ ruru na ngwụcha nke asọmpi foto a ma ama.<ref>{{Cite web|author=SABC|title=TUT student reaches World Photography Student finals|url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a1/74b7f8e88076e210VgnVCM10000077d4ea9bRCRD/TUT-student-reaches-World-Photography-Student-finals-20110227|accessdate=9 May 2013|date=27 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082747/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a1/74b7f8e88076e210VgnVCM10000077d4ea9bRCRD/TUT-student-reaches-World-Photography-Student-finals-20110227|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> Dị ka onye ikpeazụ, e nyere ya ohere isonye na World Photography Festival na Somerset House, London na ịga okwu, nkuzi na klas ndị isi nke ndị na-ese foto na ndị otu World Photographic Academy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2011 Student Focus competition shortlist announced|url=http://www.worldphoto.org/news-and-events/wpo-news/2011-student-focus-competition-shortlist-announced/|accessdate=9 May 2013|date=22 February 2011|archivedate=22 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922122543/http://www.worldphoto.org/news-and-events/wpo-news/2011-student-focus-competition-shortlist-announced}}</ref> A nabatara ya maka mmemme nzere masta na foto na Mahadum Tshwane mana ọ hapụrụ Mahadum iji malite ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto. == Ndị nnupụisi == Renegades bụ nke izizi na ruo ugbu a naanị ihe ngosi foto nke mere ka ọ mara mba na mba ụwa ozugbo.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Makeng|first=Zintle|title=Botswana metal heads on show|url=http://www.thenewage.co.za/40128-1022-53-Botswana_metal_heads_on_show|accessdate=9 May 2013|date=12 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Barnett|first=Errol|title=Rebels with a cause: Botswana's heavy metal heads|publisher=CNN|date=4 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=In pictures: Renegades – the heavy metal sub-culture of Botswana|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/in-pictures-21509571|publisher=BBC|accessdate=9 May 2013|date=20 February 2013}}</ref> N'afọ 2008, e goro Marshall ka ọ soro ma gbaa otu ndị egwu egwu egwu nke South Africa n'otu egwu na isi obodo Botswana bụ Gaborone ebe ọ bịdọrọ ịbịakwute ndị na-egwu egwu egwu egwu. N'afọ 2009 o kpebiri ime ka ndị a bụrụ isiokwu nke akwụkwọ edemede afọ ikpeazụ ya na Mahadum Tshwane ma mechaa usoro ahụ n'afọ 2010.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crager|first=Jack|title=Flash Metal: Frank Marshall discovers the energy and style of a bold subculture in Botswana|journal=Emerging Photographer|year=2012|issue=Fall 2012|pages=28–31|url=http://digitalmag.pdnep.com/emergingphotographer/fall2012?pg=30#pg30|accessdate=9 May 2013}}</ref> O nwere ihe osise gburugburu ebe obibi irí isii ma na-anọchite anya ma na-ebute echiche nke subculture metal dị arọ na Botswana.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Artslink.co.za News|title=TUT student in international photo competition|url=http://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=26541|accessdate=9 May 2013|date=24 February 2011}}</ref> A na-eji igwefoto analog abụọ, Hasselblad 500 CM na Hasselblab 500 EL / M na ihe nkiri Fujichrome Provia 100F.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crager|first=Jack|title=Flash Metal: Frank Marshall discovers the energy and style of a bold subculture in Botswana|journal=Emerging Photographer|year=2012|issue=Fall 2012|pages=28–31|url=http://digitalmag.pdnep.com/emergingphotographer/fall2012?pg=30#pg30|accessdate=9 May 2013}}</ref> [[Usòrò:'Death'_by_Frank_Marshall.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Foto akpọrọ 'Death' site na usoro 'Renegades' nke onye na-ese foto South Africa bụ Frank Marshall.]] === Ihe ngosi === E gosipụtara ndị nnupụisi n'ụlọ ngosi dị iche iche nke mba na nke mba ụwa * Rooke Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa: July na August 2011 * Jo'burg Art Fair, Johannesburg, South Africa: Septemba 2011 * Bekris Gallery, San Francisco, US: Nọvemba: 2011 Jenụwarị 2012 * M.I.A Gallery, [[Seattle]], USA: Septemba 2013 A nwetakwala ọrụ sitere na usoro Renegades maka nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Mahadum Stanford na mbipụta abụọ dị na nchịkọta nke J. Paul Getty Museum na Los Angeles, USA. == Onyinye == * Onye ikpeazụ nke Sony World Photography Awards Student Focus Competition 2011 A na-ahụ asọmpi ahụ dị ka ihe nrite foto ụmụ akwụkwọ kachasị elu. Ọ na-emeghe n'ihe banyere ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla n'ụwa niile nke na-akụzi foto na ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ dị elu. N'afọ 2011, ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ narị abụọ sitere na kọntinent isii sonyere na asọmpi ahụ. Ndị ọka ikpe nke ndị na-ese foto a ma ama na ndị nta akụkọ foto gụnyere Deborah Willis, Eder Chiodetto ma ọ bụ Roger Tooth họọrọ ndepụta nke ndị ikpeazụ iri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Photography Organisation Student Focus|url=http://www.worldphoto.org/student-focus/|accessdate=9 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Artslink.co.za News|title=TUT student in international photo competition|url=http://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=26541|accessdate=9 May 2013|date=24 February 2011}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Marshall, Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] htuze9xopks2d28u6gxyhq5ise2wopr 0 15237 693109 182300 2026-07-31T10:56:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Pages using infobox artist with unknown parameters|professionAmmar Abo Bakr]] '''Ammar Abo Bakr''' bụ onye a ma ama na-ese ihe osise na onye na-ese ihe na Ijipt. Ọrụ ya na-egosi mgbanwe ndị Ijipt nke afọ 2011, ihe osise, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ijipt, na omenala pop nke Ijipt. N'oge mgbanwe ahụ, Ammar Abo Bakr sere n'etiti nguzogide ndị uwe ojii, nke ga-eji eserese ọcha kpuchie nka ya dị ka ihe ịrịba ama nke ikpe ziri ezi.<ref name="Motherjones.com">{{Cite web|accessdate=April 28, 2015|url=https://www.motherjones.com/mixed-media/2014/01/jehane-noujaim-the-square-egypt-oscars-ammar-abo-bakr-karim-amer|title=How the Artists of "The Square" Fueled Egypt's Revolution|author=Maddie Oatman}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na-agbakarị ọchịchị gọọmentị aka ma ọ bụ ikpe na-ezighị ezi ma bụrụ nke a ma ama na Mohamed Mahmoud Street. Otú ọ dị, a pụkwara ịhụ ya n'ebe ndị ọzọ na Cairo, Alexandria, Beirut, Brussels, Amsterdam, Berlin, Cologne na Frankfurt.<ref name="re-aligned.net">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230326002413/https://www.re-aligned.net/ammar-abo-bakr/?lang=en Ammar Abo Bakr]. ''Aligned'', Accessed on April 28, 2015.</ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Sarah Mousa nke Jadaliyya, Abo Bakr kwuru, "...Ọ bụ ezie na anyị [ndị na-ese ihe] na-emegide ndị agha ma na-achọ igosi ọnọdụ ahụ, anyị hụrụ ndị mmadụ n'anya ma chọọkwa igosi ndị mmadụ nka... Achọrọ m igosi ndị nwere ike ịhụ ya ihe mara mma, hụ na okporo ámá ha nwere ọmarịcha ihe osise ma nwee obi ụtọ. Abo Bakr na-arụkwa ọrụ ugbu a na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe na ọrụ ntamu n'ime na n'èzí Ijipt. "<ref name="Jadaliyya.com">{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2014|work=[[Jadaliyya]]|accessdate=April 30, 2015|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/16192/ammar-abo-bakr_committing-murder-then-marching-in-|title=Ammar Abo Bakr: Committing Murder, then Marching in the Funeral Procession|author=Sarah Mousa}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Ammar Abo Bakr - Arabic Street Art (7347700922).jpg|thumb|áká_ịkẹngạ|225x225px|Ammar Abo Bakr]] == Akụkọ ndụ == Ammar Abo Bakr bụ onye Omenkà mural si Ijipt. Ọrụ ya emeela mgbidi na Cairo, Luxor, Alexandria, Beirut, Frankfurt, Berlin, Amsterdam na Brussels.<ref name="tea">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200109215455/http://www.tea-after-twelve.com/about-us/authors/ammar-abo-bakr/#sthash.Ovycn9GW.dpuf Ammar Abo Bakr]. ''Tea After Twelve'', issue #03.</ref> A mụrụ Ammar Abo Bakr na Febụwarị 14, 1980.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/Ammar.Abo.Bakr/timeline Facebook, Ammar Abo Bakr]. Accessed on April 28, 2015.</ref> Ọ gara Luxor Institute of Fine Arts site na 1996 na 2001 ebe ọ gụrụ ihe osise. Malite n'afọ 2004, Abo Bakr malitere ime nnyocha banyere ndị Ijipt, na-achọ mkpali maka ọrụ nka ya. Na mgbakwunye na ịmepụta ihe odide nke ya, ọ bụ prọfesọ na Luxor Institute of Fine Arts ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref name="re-aligned.net"/> === Ọrụ Ya === [[Usòrò:Abo_Ammar_Bakr,_Künstler,_Ãgypten_(7347701550).jpg|thumb|Ammar Abo Bakr, 2012|226x226px]] Ọrụ Ammar gosipụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ijipt, ọdịbendị Alakụba, na Mgbanwe Ijipt nke 2011. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise ya a ma ama bụ na Mohamed Mahmoud Street nke dị nso na Tahrir Square ebe mgbanwe nke Jenụwarị 25 mere. Ọrụ ya sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ihe na-eme na mba ahụ n'oge ahụ na ihe ọha mmadụ chọrọ. Ebe ọ bụ na ọrụ ya na-emegide gọọmentị, ọ nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ mgbe ị na-emepụta ọrụ ndị a ma ọ bụ mgbidi. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-ewe oge ezumike n'ebe ụfọdụ n'ihi na ọ maara ọtụtụ ndị ezinụlọ na ndị enyi gara mkpọrọ. N'oge na obere oge mgbe Mgbanwe Ijipt nke afọ 2011 gasịrị, ''Ammar'' nọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ede ihe na ihe ọ bụla ọ nwere ike ịchọta. Ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ndị ọzọ na-edekwa akwụkwọ n'ebe ọha na eze, yabụ ọ bụghị naanị na ha na-ezigara gọọmentị ozi, kamakwa ha na-enwe mkparịta ụka n'etiti onwe ha ma na-emeghachi omume na ọrụ ndị na-ese akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. Ọrụ ya na Mohamed Mahmoud Street dị mkpa karịsịa n'ihi na okporo ámá a jikọtara Tahrir Square na Ministry of the Interior. Ihe odide dị n'okporo ámá a rụrụ ọrụ dị ka "akwụkwọ akụkọ" nke ihe na-eme n'oge mgbanwe ahụ. Mgbe ọ na-ede banyere ọrụ ya, Abo Bakr kwuru, "Ihe anyị mere n'Ijipt n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya abụghị maka igosi nka, ọ dịkarịa ala ọ bụghị maka m: Anyị jiri mgbidi dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ... Mụ onwe m, abụ m osote prọfesọ nka. Ahapụrụ m ngalaba nka iji kọọ akụkọ banyere mgbanwe na mgbidi obodo ahụ.<ref name="Tea-After-Twelve.com">{{Cite web|accessdate=April 28, 2015|url=http://www.tea-after-twelve.com/all-issues/issue-01/issue-01-overview/chapter2/art-revolution/|title=Tea After Twelve ch.2|author=Ammar Abo Bakr}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, Ammar, ya na ndị omenkà ndị ọzọ malitere mkpọsa "No Walls".<ref name="tea"/> Mgbasa ozi a bu n'uche iji ihe odide kpuchie ihe mgbochi niile nke gọọmentị guzobere.<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/cairos-graffiti-revolution/ Cairo's graffiti revolution]. ''CBS News'', Accessed on April 28, 2015.</ref> Gọọmentị debere ihe mgbochi n'ógbè, nke abụghị naanị ihe ịrịba ama anya nke mmegbu kamakwa ọ na-enye ndị obodo ahụ nsogbu n'ihi na ha ga-agafe ihe mgbochi ahụ. Tinyere ndị omenkà a ma ama, ọtụtụ ndị obodo nyere aka see mgbidi. E nwere ihe osise dị mgbagwoju anya ma ọ bụ ihe osise ndị dị mfe nke ịga n'ihu n'okporo ámá n'azụ barricades. Ebumnuche nke mkp''ọ''sa ahụ bụ iji trompe-l'oeil gbanwee ihe mgbochi ndị Ministri Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ime Ijipt guzobere, iji mee ka ọ dị ka a ga-asị na ha anọghị ebe ahụ.<ref name="Abaza">{{Cite journal|author=Abaza|first=Mona|date=October 9, 2012|title=Walls, Segregating Downtown Cairo and the Mohammed Mahmud Street Graffiti|doi=10.1177/0263276412460062|journal=Theory, Culture & Society|volume=30|pages=122–139}}</ref> Ammar nwere njikọ siri ike na ndị Ijipt kwa ụbọchị. Ọ na-eto ha maka inye ya mkpali na ihe okike ya.<ref name="slow-words.com">[http://www.slow-words.com/ammar-abo-bakr-graffiti-artist/ Ammar Abo Bakr, graffiti artist]. ''Slow Words'', Accessed on April 28, 2015.</ref> O kwekwaara na nka dị na Luxor na Cairo kwesịrị ịnọ n'èzí gallery n'ihi na ókè ahụ bụ onye na-ahụ ya na n'ihi nde nka na-agbanwe mgbe niile.<ref name="slow-words.com" /> == Hụkwa == * Tahrir Square * Cairo * Egyptian Revolution of 2011 * Arab Spring * Graffiti * Contemporary art in Egypt * Tahrir == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0c0wi7wjhwg971y7itpaazznjmbp64f 0 15272 692644 123556 2026-07-30T12:19:15Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox person|name=Florence Masebe|image=<!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] -->|alt=<!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->|caption=|birth_name=<!-- only use if different from name -->|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1972|11|14|df=yes}}|birth_place=South Africa|death_date=<!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) -->|death_place=|nationality=[[South Africa]]n|other_names=|occupation={{hlist| actress }}|years_active=|known_for=''[[Muvhango]]''|notable_works=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Florence Masebe''' (a mụrụ n'abalị 14 ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1972) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na South Africa, nke a maara n'ógbè ahụ maka ọrụ ya na usoro ''Muvhango'' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/drama-on-mzansi-magic-set|title=Florence Masebe highlights on-set racism of Mzansi Magic soapie|publisher=enca.com|accessdate=17 June 2016|archivedate=28 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728173813/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/drama-on-mzansi-magic-set}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|url=http://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=3117|title=Florence Masebe|work=tvsa.co.za|date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=3117|title=Florence Masebe|publisher=tvsa.co.za|accessdate=17 June 2016}}</ref> O meriri Africa Movie Academy Award maka Best Actress in a Leading Role na 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards. == Ihe nkiri == * ''Nwa ya'' * ''7 nke Laan Afrikaans'' * ''Ihe ihere'' * ''Òtù Na-arụ Ọrụ'' * ''Obodo Mkpụrụ Obi'' * ''Elelwani'' * ''Mgbaaka nke Ịgha ụgha'' == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0556238}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Masebe, Florence}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3zle568d4w9951r4qkg523qf5eiz70j 0 15297 692838 656832 2026-07-30T20:25:21Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 692838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Frank Opperman</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1960-06-08</span>) </span>8 June 1960<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;62)</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Occupation | class="infobox-data role" |[[Actor]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Children | class="infobox-data" |2 |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Frank Opperman''' (a mụrụ na 8 June 1960 na Johannesburg, South Africa) bụ onye South Africa na-eme ihe nkiri na onye egwu. Mgbe ọ gachara ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ gafee South Africa na Worcester, Benoni, Hermanus na Middelburg. Opperman mechara banye akwụkwọ na Silverton High School na Pretoria n'afọ 1978. == Ọrụ == Ọ malitere ịmụ iwu n'afọ 11979 na Mahadum Pretoria mana n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ kwụsịrị inwe mmasị wee sonye na South African Defence Force n'afọ 1980, ebe ọ na-egwuri egwu n'òtù ndị agha na-agagharị agagharị. Mgbe ọ hapụrụ ọrụ ahụ, ọ lụrụ nwa akwụkwọ ihe nkiri nwanyị wee nwee mmasị ime ihe nkiri dịka nhọrọ ọrụ. O mechara nweta diplọma mba afọ atọ na ime ihe nkiri na Pretoria Technikon ma nata Pretoria Trust Award maka nwa akwụkwọ kacha mma. N'afọ abụọ sochirinụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka '''PACT''' (Performing Arts Council Transvaal) ma rụọ ọrụ na mmepụta dịka Spring awakening na ''Caspar'' in my Tui . Ọ rụkwara ọrụ n'akụkụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri South Africa Arnold Vosloo na ihe nkiri zuru oke a na-akpọ Boetie gaan border toe, mana ọ nwetara iwu ewu na ihe nkiri Afrikaans a na-eme na ''Orkney Snork Nie'', nke Willie Esterhuizen mepụtara, na-egwu onye a na- woowe ''Ouboet van Tonder''. N'afọ ndị 1990, ọ pụtara na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn South Africa The Big Time dịka Chris Karedes, onye Cypriot na-akwaga mba ọzọ. Usoro ahụ nwetara ọtụtụ onyinye SABC Artes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=10214|title=Frank Opperman {{!}} TVSA|work=www.tvsa.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-15}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na SABC2 sitcom Die ''Uwe Pottie Potgieter'' . N'afọ 2014, ọ nwetara ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro ihe nkiri nke kykNET anthology Pandjieswinkelstories . N'afọ 2018, Frank sonyere na Dancing with the Stars South Africa ya na onye na-agba egwu, Jeanné Swart. == Ezinụlọ == N'afọ 1988, ọ lụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri South Africa Susan Coetzer, mana n'afọ 1992 ha gbara alụkwaghịm; ha nwere otu nwa nwoke toro eto, Frankie. Kemgbe afọ 2005, ya na Esmarie Meyer anọwo na mmekọrịta. A mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị n'afọ 2006. == Egwú na ihe ndị ọzọ == N'afọ 1993, ọ kwagara America maka afọ ole na ole mana o mechara laghachi South Africa ka ọ bụrụ onye nwe otu klọb jazz a na-akpọ Bassline na Johannesburg. O weputara abọm rock akpọrọ Serial Boyfriend . N'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ, o sonyere na ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ''Gauteng-Aleng'', ihe nkiri ebe ya na Willie Esterhuizen rụkọtara ọrụ ọzọ. Ọ pụtakwara na Dryfsand, ihe nkiri telivishọn Afrikaans nke P.G. du Plessis dere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.showmax.com/eng/tvseries/getauloz-dryfsand|title=Showmax|work=[[Showmax]]|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-15|archivedate=2017-11-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115202858/https://www.showmax.com/eng/tvseries/getauloz-dryfsand}}</ref> Mgbe afọ iri na abụọ gasịrị, ọ laghachiri n'ihe nkiri, na-eme ihe nkiri na Die ''Uwe Pottie Potgieter'', ihe ngosi otu onye nke Dana Snyman dere maka ya. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.frankopperman.co.za Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * [http://www.tvsa.co.za/default.asp?blogname=premieres&ArticleID=12651 www.tvsa.co.za] == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Opperman,Frank}} [[Òtù:1960 births]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] sf6u3fuqwj7ipkfwwvaj9c6e68pr317 0 15413 692840 559707 2026-07-30T20:25:58Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fumani N Shilubana'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://citizen.co.za/lifestyle/your-life-entertainment-your-life/entertainment-celebrities/1103703/nine-questions-with-fumani-shilubana/|title=Nine questions with Fumani Shilubana|publisher=citizen|accessdate=19 November 2020}}</ref> (a mụrụ na 22 Machị 1980), bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na South Africa, onye nduzi na onye na-emepụta ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.contractors.org.za/index.php?view=ar_ma_40|title=contractors artists johannesburg|work=www.contractors.org.za|accessdate=16 December 2020}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri ndị a ma ama ''Zama Zama'', My Father's War na ''Kalushi'': The Story of Solomon Mahlangu . Ọ bụ onye guzobere FatherFigureZA, ntọala nke na-achọ iweghachi mmadụ n'ime ezinụlọ na Onye isi oche nke Midrand Heat Basketball Club.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citybuzz.co.za/39472/meet-gautengs-father-figure/|title=Meet Gauteng's father figure|date=November 6, 2015|accessdate=June 17, 2022|archivedate=November 18, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118154146/http://citybuzz.co.za/39472/meet-gautengs-father-figure/}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ ya n'abalị 22 ọnwa Machị afọ 1980 na obere obodo Shiluvana, Tzaneen, Limpopo, South Africa. Nna ya Clifford Shilubana bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ na Mlungisi Primary School na nne ya Nsatimuni Mundhlovu onye Mozambican / South Africa bụ nọọsụ na Shiluvana Hospital. O nwere ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ: Labani Mgimeti na Kumani Shilubana na nwanne nwoke tọrọ ya Tebogo Maake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/move/20190710/283631056582732|title=Actor Fumani N Shilubana|publisher=pressreader|accessdate=19 November 2020}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Na 31 Ọktọba 2016 na Joppie Village ọ kwụrụ nwunye ya ugbu a ụgwọ lovola n'afọ 2017 Disemba 22 ya na Nomathemba Olivia Ngobeni nwere emume nzuzo na African Pride Mount Grace na Magaliesburg. Ọ bụ nna nke otu nwa nwoke, Vulani na otu nwa nwanyị Nganakati-Nsuku. Shilubana debanyere aha n'afọ 1998 na Mathews Phosa College na Mpumalanga, ọ debanyere akwụkwọ na Mahadum Venda n'afọ 1999 iji mụọ Bachelor of Science (BSc) na Agriculture nke ọ na-emechabeghị n'afọ 2000 ọ debanyesịrị aha maka Injinia Ụlọ Ọrụ na Mahaduma Nkà na Ụzụ Tshwane nke ọ hapụrụ mgbe ọ chọrọ ịchụso ime ihe ngosi na [[Italy|Ịtali]], ọ gakwaghị mgbe ọ debanyerịrị aha maka Speech and Drama Program na South African State Theatre n'okpuru nduzi nke onye edemede na Onye nduzi nke Play Paul Mpumelelo Grootboom. Ọ malitere ịgba bọọlụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, ọ mụtara banyere egwuregwu ahụ mgbe nne ya zụtara ya akwụkwọ iwu bọọlụ, mgbe ọ dị iri na itoolu, ọ gara asọmpi bọọlụ na Mahadum Limpopo ma họrọ ya ka ọ nọchite anya Limpopo Province maka ndị okenye otu ụmụ nwoke maka egwuregwu SASSU na asọmpi kwa afọ na Cape Town. == Ọrụ == A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya dịka onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na telenovela ''Giyani'': Land of Blood . N'usoro ihe omume ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ 'Vukosi Moyo'. Mgbe emesịrị usoro ahụ, ọ pụtara na usoro ''Mafanato'' nke ọ mepụtara ma duzie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://giyaniview.co.za/telenovela-actor-fumani-shilubana-back-on-our-screens-with-a-bang/|title=Telenovela actor Fumani Shilubana back on our screens with a bang!|publisher=giyaniview|accessdate=19 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theplumlist.com/meet-the-cast-of-new-xitsonga-series-mafanato/|title=Meet the cast of new Xitsonga series Mafanato|date=September 16, 2020|work=The Plum List|accessdate=June 17, 2022|archivedate=October 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029013130/https://theplumlist.com/meet-the-cast-of-new-xitsonga-series-mafanato/}}</ref> ''Ọ'' rụkwara ọrụ na usoro telivishọn a ma ama: Soul City, Generations na Isidingo . Ọ na-ekwukarị okwu na Xitsonga na telivishọn, nke bụ asụsụ nne ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reviewonline.co.za/364934/fumani/|title=Shilubana fights for the right to speak Xitsonga on television|publisher=reviewonline|accessdate=19 November 2020}}</ref> ''Ọ'' rụrụ ọrụ a ma ama 'Detective Dabula' na SABC3 soapie Isidingo . Shilubana mere nke mbụ ya dịka onye nduzi na Khomelela, ihe nkiri ọ mepụtara ma soro dee ya mepụta. Ọrụ a bụ akụkụ nke ọrụ ya iji nweta ihe nkiri Xitsonga na isi iyi. Ọ nwetara R40 000 maka ihe nkiri ahụ wee gbaa 95% nke ihe nkiri ahụ na Hlovani River Lodge na ndị ọzọ na Nkowankowa Township. E gosipụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na Nkowankowa Community Hall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reviewonline.co.za/366184/khomelelo/|title=New film helps to unearth new talent|date=January 11, 2016}}</ref> Shoka Mabasa, Fumani N. Shilubana, ya na Teleti Khosa nwere Xiculu Multimedia ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi 100% nke ndị isi ojii nke e guzobere na Disemba afọ 2019. Ọrụ bụ isi nke Xiculu bụ mmepụta na nkesa nke ọdịnaya Xitsonga ma mepụta usoro Mafanato na Showmax, BeingTsongaInSA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/being-tsonga-in-sa/id1490415848|title=Being Tsonga In SA on Apple Podcasts|work=Apple Podcasts|accessdate=2022-06-17|archivedate=2021-11-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126104655/https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/being-tsonga-in-sa/id1490415848}}</ref> doccie usoro podcast banyere ahụmịhe Vatsonga na Republic of South Africa, usoro Minkoka Mimbirhi, Otu ụbọchị na ihe ngosi okwu Tsonga Legend, ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi Nyambondzwani, usoro Sivara na COVID-19 Xitsonga<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://datastudio.google.com/reporting/728ccfd8-16a5-44fa-9a4a-ed1c5be53595/page/VIKKB?feature=opengraph|title=Xitsonga COVID19 Dashboard|work=Google Data Studio}}</ref> dashboard na mmekorita ya na Xitsonga.org niile n'afọ 2020. == Onyinye na nhọpụta == A họpụtara Shilubana n'afọ 2005 maka Naledi Theatre Awards maka Ọrụ Nkwado Kasị Mma na Relativity "Township Stories".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=1148|title=Artslink.co.za - Winners - Naledi Theatre Awards 2005|work=Artslink|accessdate=2022-06-17|archivedate=2021-10-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031091528/https://artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=1148}}</ref> Emume a jupụtara na kpakpando na-egbuke egbuke mere na Mahadum nke Johannesburg Arts Centre na Sọnde 19 Febụwarị 2006. A họpụtara ya maka ihe nrite mbụ ya maka ihe nkiri maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma maka onye ọkachamara ịhụnanya na F.A.M.E Awards 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bsharpentertainment.africa/fumani-nkateko-shilubana-f-a-m-e-awards-nominee-2/|title=Fumani Nkateko Shilubana F.A.M.E Awards nominee|date=July 20, 2016}}</ref> == Ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Afọ - afọ) ! scope="col" |Mmepụta ! scope="col" |Ihe nkiri ! scope="col" |Ọrụ ndị a) |- ! scope="row" |2001 |''Okwu Banyere Obodo'' |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Steeti South Africa |Thug |- ! scope="row" |2001 |''Vukani Africa m'' |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Steeti South Africa |Onye nchọpụta |- ! scope="row" |2003 |''Julius Siza'' |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Steeti South Africa |Julius Caesar Onye isi ala RomanSoldier<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" |2003 |''Hamlet'' |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Steeti South Africa |GhostGravediggerPlayer Eze<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" |2003 |''Na Ndụ A'' |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Steeti South Africa |Onye nchọpụta RocksTarven DrunkLovemore<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" |2005 |''Obi na-akụ'' |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Steeti South Africa |Onye dibịa afa |- ! scope="row" |2005/6 |''Nkọwapụta Akụkọ obodo'' |National Arts Festival, South African State Theatre, The Market Theatre, Vienna Tour |Nkume |- ! scope="row" |2005/6 |''Kaadị''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artlink.co.za/news_article.htm?contentID=22065|title=Artslink.co.za - Cards|work=Artslink}}</ref> |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Steeti South Africa, Ụlọ Egwuregwu Ahịa |Leo Chauke |- ! scope="row" |2007 |''Kaadị'' |Sand du Plessis Theatre, Windybrow Center |Mubara |- ! scope="row" |2007 |''Akụkọ Akụkọ'' |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Steeti South Africa, [[Belgium]] Tour |Nna Madi |- ! scope="row" |2008 |''Julius Siza'' |Ebe Nkà na Ụzụ Sibikwa |Cassius |- ! scope="row" |2008 |''Banyere nwamba na nkịta'' |Ebe E Si Nwe Mmiri Windybrow |Thabang |- ! scope="row" |2009 |''Mmekọrịta'' |Emume nka mba, [[Poland]] Tour |Gert |- ! scope="row" |2010 |''Kaadị'' |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Steeti South Africa |Onye na-enyere onye nduzi aka |- ! scope="row" |2009/10 |''Mara mma na Rocksburg'' |South African State Theatre, [[Netherlands]] na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|UK]] Tour, [[Jémanị|Germany]] Tour |Onye nchọpụta |- ! scope="row" |2013 |''Ezigbo Onye'' |Ụlọ Egwuregwu Artscape |Onye a ga-achọ |- |} == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ụdị ![Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |- |2006 |''Oge 1 nke Hillside'' |Onye nchọpụta Nataniel |Ihe nkiri TV |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1946936/fullcredits|title=Hillside (TV Series 2006–2008) - IMDb}}</ref> |- |2006 |''Soul City Oge 7'' |Dumisani |Ihe nkiri TV |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/shows/viewshowseasons.aspx?showId=1231&season=7|title=Soul City &#124; Season 7 &#124; TVSA|work=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> |- |2006 |''Ihe Ndị Na-apụta n'Ụlọ Ndụ Obodo'' |Madala |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | |- |2007 |''Ọnwụ nke Eze Nwanyị Oge 1'' |Tsaroga |Ihe nkiri TV |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/shows/viewshowseasons.aspx?showId=721&season=1|title=Death of a Queen &#124; Season 1 &#124; TVSA|work=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> |- |2008 |''Oge nke 2 nke Hillside'' |Onye nchọpụta Nataniel |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2009 |''Ọgbọ - Oge 1'' |Dr Mokhethi |Soap Opera |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/shows/viewshowseasons.aspx?showId=2881&season=1|title=Generations &#124; Season 1 &#124; TVSA|work=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> |- |2010 |''Muvhango'' |Onye ọka iwu Molale |Soap Opera | |- |2010 |''eKasi: Akụkọ Anyị - Oge 2'' |Emmanuel |Ihe nkiri TV |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/shows/viewshowseasons.aspx?showId=1142&season=2|title=eKasi: Our Stories &#124; Season 2 &#124; TVSA|work=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> |- |2011 |''Ga Re Dumele - Oge nke 2'' |Onye Ukwu |Sitcom |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/shows/viewshowseasons.aspx?showId=1227&season=2|title=Ga Re Dumele &#124; Season 2 &#124; TVSA|work=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> |- |2011-13 |''Ọ dị mkpa'' |Onye Ukwu |Soap Opera |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/shows/viewshowseasons.aspx?showId=2781&season=1|title=Isidingo &#124; Season 1 &#124; TVSA|work=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> |- |2012 |''N'elu ozu m nwụrụ anwụ'' |Svara Makoti |Ihe nkiri TV |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.screenafrica.com/2011/10/19/tv-radio/shilubana-back-on-screen/|title=Shilubana back on screen}}</ref> |- |2012 |''Zama Zama'' |Babilọn |Ihe nkiri |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2386377/|title=Zama Zama|date=August 24, 2012}}</ref> |- |2013 |''Ihe ndekọ Mj'' |Onye na-emepụta |Sitcom | |- |2013 |''Naledi'' |Lebohang |Ihe nkiri TV |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/shows/viewshowseasons.aspx?showId=2194&season=1|title=Naledi &#124; Season 1 &#124; TVSA|work=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> |- |2013 |''Mwute'' |Simon |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2013 |''Skeem Saam 2'' |Ntsako |Soap Opera | |- |2013 |''Ndị na-agba ọsọ dị elu'' |Joe |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2013 |''Ka Eluigwe Chere'' |Ugwu |Sitcom |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3041766/|title=Let Heaven Wait (TV Series 2013– ) - IMDb}}</ref> |- |2013 |''Ịhụnanya Mzansi'' |Onye isi |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2014 |''Thola 1'' |Rudzani Makwarela |Ihe nkiri TV |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/media/63431/thola-to-replace-90-plein-street-on-sabc2-this-april|title=Thola to replace 90 Plein Street on SABC2 this April|work=Media Update}}</ref> |- |2015 |''Ozi ahụ'' |Nkosi |Ihe nkiri TV |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2914894/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_6|title=The Message}}</ref> |- |2015 |''Zabalaza (2013) - Oge nke 3'' |Onye ọrụ gọọmentị |Ihe nkiri | |- |2015 |''Onye isi obodo'' |Onye na-etinye ego |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2016 |''Ihu Ikpeazụ'' |Enweghị aha |Ihe nkiri | |- |2016 |''Kalushi: Akụkọ Solomon Mahlangu'' |Lucas Mahlangu |Ihe nkiri |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://torontoblackfilm.com/movie/kalushi-the-story-of-solomon-mahlangu/|title=KALUSHI: The story of Solomon Mahlangu}}</ref> |- |2016 |''Agha Nna m'' |Floyd |Ihe nkiri |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://southcoastherald.co.za/155343/movie-release-my-fathers-war-a-south-african-drama-not-to-be-missed/|title=Movie release: My Father's War - a South African drama not to be missed|date=August 1, 2016}}</ref> |- |2016 |''Sokhulu & Partners'' |Ndumiso Mthunzi |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2016 |''Isibaya Oge nke 3'' |Dọkịta |Ihe nkiri | |- |2016 |''Ụda nke Ịgbachi Ụda'' |Joe Mazo |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | |- |2016 |''Tango Ikpeazụ'' |Kalala |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | |- |2016 |''Otu narị Ndụ'' |Onye uwe ojii Mamabolo |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | |- |2017 |''Thola 2'' |Rudzani Makwarela |Ihe nkiri TV |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/|title=PressReader.com - Your favorite newspapers and magazines.|work=www.pressreader.com}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Ndị Nsọ na Ndị Mmehie'' |Zwelethu |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2017 |''Z'bondiwe - Oge nke 3 (The Chase)'' |Vinnie |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2017 |''Ọkpụkpụ Ọkpụkpụ M'' |Onye nchọpụta Maswanganyi |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2017 |''Ọgwụgwụ nke akara ahụ'' |Samuel |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/266599839|title=END OF THE LINE [2017 AFDA JHB GRADUATION FILM]}}</ref> |- |2018 |''Obi amamikpe'' |Ezekiel Mokgopa |Ihe nkiri TV |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8081308/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_3|title=Guilt|date=February 28, 2018}}</ref> |- |2018 |''Isithembiso Oge 1'' |Maazị Mboweni |Ihe nkiri |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=11699|title=Fumani Shilubana &#124; TVSA|work=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> |- |2019 |''Giyani: Ala nke Ọbara'' |Vukosi Moyo |Ihe nkiri |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://briefly.co.za/40451-giyani-land-blood-cast-a-z-exhaustive-list-pictures.html|title=The full story behind Giyani Land of Blood cast|first=Albert|author=Simiyu|date=October 31, 2019|work=Briefly}}</ref> |- |2019 |''Ihe Omume Dị Mma'' |Enweghị aha |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2020 |''Mafanato 1'' |Percy Hlungwane |Ihe nkiri TV |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/Celebs/mathabo-mothibe-to-star-in-a-new-drama-series-20200122|title=MATHABO MOTHIBE TO STAR IN A NEW DRAMA SERIES|work=DailySun}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stories.showmax.com/mafanato/|title=Mafanato - the Tsonga drama about a newly divorced woman's secrets|date=September 15, 2020|work=Showmax Stories|accessdate=June 17, 2022|archivedate=October 31, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031104019/https://stories.showmax.com/mafanato/}}</ref> |- |2020 |''Agụ ise'' |Melusi |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://intoscreens.com/2020/11/13/short-film-review-five-tiger/|title=Short Film Review – 'Five Tiger'|date=November 13, 2020|accessdate=June 17, 2022|archivedate=June 30, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630190016/https://intoscreens.com/2020/11/13/short-film-review-five-tiger/}}</ref> |- |2021 |''Giyani: Ala nke Ọbara 2'' |Vukosi Moyo |Ihe nkiri |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/news/giyani-land-of-blood-is-returning-to-sabc-2-for-another-season-20211014|title=Giyani: Land of Blood is returning to SABC 2 for another season}}</ref> |} == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" style="width:33px;" |Afọ ! rowspan="2" |Ihe nkiri ! colspan="5" class="unsortable" | |- ! style="width:65px;" |Onye nduzi ! style="width:65px;" |Onye edemede ! style="width:65px;" |Onye na-emepụta ! style="width:65px;" |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri ! style="width:65px;" |Onye Okike |- style="text-align:center;" |2016 | style="text-align:left;" |''Khomelela'' | {{Yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{No}} | {{Yes}} |- style="text-align:center;" |2016 | style="text-align:left;" |''N'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ gaa n'Otu Ihe'' | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{No}} | {{Yes}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" |2020 | style="text-align:left;" |''Mafanato'' | {{yes}} | {{No}} | {{yes}} | {{Yes}} | {{No}} | style="text-align:left;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;" |''Minkoka Mimbiri'' | {{yes}} | {{No}} | {{yes}} | {{No}} | {{No}} |- style="text-align:center;" |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |''Timbita Ta Levuxeni JUSTICIA'' | {{yes}} | {{No}} | {{yes}} | {{No}} | {{Yes}} |- style="text-align:center;" |} == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|nm4485869}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shilubana, Fumani}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ivxj8napv3dqqp65o8ik2ad9qgb3vu9 0 15473 692665 99445 2026-07-30T12:33:24Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A mụrụ '''Florence Ayisi''' na Kumba na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] na 1962 (ọ bụ ezie na a kpọtụrụkwa 1964 aha).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?lang=en&id=571|title=Biography of Florence Ayisi|work=African Success|date=3 June 2008|accessdate=19 Feb 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130155058/http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?lang=en&id=571|archivedate=30 November 2018}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye agụmakwụkwọ na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ihe nkiri ya Sisters in Law meriri ihe<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/sisters-in-law|title=Winner 2007 Independent Lens: Sisters in Law|work=Peabody Awards|accessdate=2017-03-07|language=en}}</ref> karịrị onyinye iri abụọ na asaa (nke gụnyere Prix Art et Essai na Cannes Film Festival na 2005 na Peabody Award) ma depụta ya maka nhọpụta Academy Award na 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4575655.stm|title=Cannes award for courtroom film|date=24 May 2005|work=BBC News|accessdate=2017-03-02}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wmm.com/filmcatalog/makers/fm623.shtml/|title=Florence Ayisi|work=Women Make Movies|accessdate=2017-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/hollywood-embraces-britains-black-film-talent-825413.html|title=Hollywood embraces Britain's black film talent|date=2008-05-10|work=The Independent|accessdate=2017-03-07|language=en-GB}}</ref> O meriri UK Film Council Breakthrough Brits Award maka Film Talent na 2008.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ukfilmcouncil.org.uk/breakthroughbrits#Florence|title=Honourees 2008|date=2012-02-23|work=UK Film Council|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223143732/http://www.ukfilmcouncil.org.uk/breakthroughbrits#Florence|archivedate=23 February 2012|accessdate=2017-03-07}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2000 ọ na-akụzi ihe nkiri na Mahadum nke South Wales .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://staff.southwales.ac.uk/users/6797-fayisi01/|title=University of South Wales - Florence Ayisil|accessdate=19 Feb 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Patricia|date=2006-01-01|title=Cinema Solidarity: The Documentary Practice of Kim Longinotto|journal=Cinema Journal|volume=46|issue=1|pages=120–128|doi=10.1353/cj.2007.0008|url=https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-film-media/40}}</ref> Ayisi guzobere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe a kpọrọ Iris Films na 2005. N'afọ 2007, a nabatara ya site na nzukọ ya na eze nwanyị maka njikọ ọrụ ya na mba Commonwealth.<ref name=":2" /> == Akara ugo == * asambodo na agụmakwụkwọ dị elu (Cert Ed) (1997) Ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ, Mahadum Sunderland, UK. * MA na Film Production (1992) Northern School of Film and Television, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK * MA na Theatre and Media Production (1989) Mahadum nke Hull, UK<ref name=":2" /> * Diploma na Television Production na Journalism (1987), Television Training Centre, Fulham Studios, London * BA na Bekee (1986) - Faculty of Modern Letters and Social Sciences Mahadum nke Yaoundé, Cameroon, Central Africa<ref name=":0" /> == Ihe nkiri == * Zanzibar Soccer Dreams (Florence Ayisi & Catalin Brylla, 2016, 64 nkeji) - * Ndụ Mgbanwe: PNDP na Mmepe Ime Obodo na Cameroon (2014, 35 nkeji) * ''Inye Oge'' Ikpeazụ Cameroon (2012, 55 nkeji) * Cameroon Women in Motion (2012, 10 nkeji) * Ihe osise nke ebe a: Ndị inyom na-ese ihe na Cameroon (2011, nkeji iri anọ)<ref name=":0" /> * ''Zanzibar Soccer Queens'' (2007/2008, 87 & 52 nkeji)<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=APa5CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT163|title=Political Animals: The New Feminist Cinema|author=Mayer|first=Sophie|date=2015-10-22|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9780857729941|language=en}}</ref> * ''Ụwa Anyị na Zanzibar'' (2007, nkeji 35)<ref name=":0" /> * Nne m: Isange (2005, nkeji 7)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/sistersinlaw/filmmakers.html|title=Independent Lens . SISTERS IN LAW . The Filmmakers {{!}} PBS|work=www.pbs.org|accessdate=2017-03-07|archivedate=2020-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204083144/https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/sistersinlaw/filmmakers.html}}</ref> * Sisters in Law (2005) (Florence Ayisi & Kim Longinotto, 2005, 104 nkeji) * Ntụgharị uche (2003)<ref name=":1" /> == Nnabata == Marsha Meskimmon na Dorothy C. Rowe dere na "ihe osise dị iche iche nke Ayisi banyere ndụ ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka nke oge a jụrụ echiche dị mfe ma na-atụ aro na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwoke na nwanyị n'ụwa ụwa nwere ike ọ gaghị ekewa n'ụzọ dị mfe n'usoro nke mba, 'East' na 'West', ma ọ bụ 'mepụtara' na 化-emepe'.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Marsha|author=Meskimmon|title=Women, the Arts and Globalization|chapter=Editorial|year=2012|isbn=9780719096716|publisher=Manchester University Press}}</ref> N'otu edemede nke afọ 2012 Olivier Jean TchOuaffé kwuru "Kim Longinotto na Florence Ayisi, na ihe nkiri ha Sister-in-Law, pụtara ìhè maka ihe ọhụrụ ha ji gosipụta onye ọka ikpe n'ime ọnọdụ enweghị nchebe, ka ha na-egosipụta ụmụ ''nwanyị'' abụọ siri ike dị ka ihu nke nchekwa na nkwụsi ike ikpe" p196.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tchouaffé|first=Olivier Jean|date=2012|title=Women in Film in Cameroon: Thérèse Sita-Bella, Florence Ayisi, Oswalde Lewat and Josephine Ndagnou|journal=Journal of African Cinemas|volume=4|issue=2|pages=191–206|doi=10.1386/jac.4.2.191_1}}</ref> Nnyocha ọzọ kọwara ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka "ihe nkiri a rụrụ nke ọma, nke lekwasịrị anya nke na-ekwu ihe banyere obere akụkụ nke ọdịbendị ọzọ na ndị na-akpụzi ya".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Malkowski|first=Jennifer|date=2007-06-01|title=Reel Paradise / Sisters in Law|journal=Film Quarterly|language=en|volume=60|issue=4|pages=30–34|doi=10.1525/fq.2007.60.4.30|issn=0015-1386}}</ref> Nnyocha na Black Camera kọwara Sisters in law dị ka "ihe nkiri nke na-eme ka ahụmịhe zuru ụwa ọnụ ghara itinye ya".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Maher|first=Jennifer|date=Spring 2008|title=A Black Camera Movie Review: Sisters in Law by Florence Ayisi; Kim Longinotto|journal=Black Camera|volume=22/23|pages=120–122}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Ayisi|first=Florence|date=2013-05-08|title=The Politics of Representation and Audience Reception: Alternative Visions of Africa|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/506534|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=44|issue=2|pages=125–141|issn=1527-2044|doi=10.2979/reseafrilite.44.2.125}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.florenceayisi.com Florence Ayisi] - Nnyocha na Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Ihe nkiri * [http://www.wmm.com/filmcatalog/makers/fm623.shtml Florence Ayisi] na Women Make Movies * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2021068/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1 Florence Ayisi] na Internet Movie Database * [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=florence+ayisi Florence Ayisi] na YouTube {{DEFAULTSORT:Ayisi, Florence}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 06bw1047af0fubfk9z133bxcs9j4h6i 0 15591 692893 692537 2026-07-30T22:21:14Z Sylvaline39 15355 692893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fatou N'Diaye''' bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri, sitere na Senegal, a mụrụ n'afọ 1980 na Saint-Louis du [[Senegal|Sénégal]] . == Akụkọ ndụ == Mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, ya na nne ya hapụrụ Senegal wee kwaga Paris. N'afọ 1997, mgbe ọ dị afọ 16/17, Oliviero Toscani, onye na-ese foto azụmahịa maka akara Benetton, chọpụtara ya, nke, n'ikpeazụ, dugara n'ọrụ ime ihe ngosi. Fatou mụtara Guinea-Bissau Creole maka ọrụ ya dịka Vita na ihe nkiri afọ 2002 ''Nha fala'' .<ref name="Arenas">{{Cite book|author=Arenas|first=Fernando|year=2011|title=Lusophone Africa: Beyond Independence|url=https://archive.org/details/lusophoneafricab00aren|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=9780816669837}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=McCluskey|first=Audrey Thomas|year=2007|title=Frame by Frame III: A Filmography of the African Diasporan Image, 1994-2004|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253348296}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * 2001: ''Fatou'' la Malienne ihe nkiri TV nke Daniel Vigne: Fatou * 2002: Asterix & Obelix: Mission Cleopatra nke Alain Chabat: Exlibris * 2002: Angelina (TV): ''Angelina'' * 2002: ''Nha fala'' (''Olu m'') nke Flora Gomes: Vita<ref name="Arenas" /> * 2003: Spirit of the Mask (''ihe omume'' TV Aventure et associés): Celia * 2003: ''Fatou'', l'espoir (TV): Fatou * 2004: ''Ndụ ọzọ'' (TV): Djenaba * 2004: ''Souli'': Abi<ref>{{Cite book|author=Rosenthal|first=Daniel|year=2007|title=100 Shakespeare Films|publisher=British Film Institute|pages=184-185|isbn=9781844571703}}</ref> * 2006: ''Otu Sọnde na Kigali'' nke Robert Favreau dere: Gentille<ref>{{Cite book|author=Prorokova|first=Tatiana|year=2018|chapter=Shaming the West|editor=Edwards|title=The Rwandan Genocide on Film|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9781476670720}}</ref> * 2006: Guet-apens (''ihe'' omume TV Alex Santana, onye na-ekwurịta okwu): Julia * 2006 - Ebe okpomọkụ na-atọ ụtọ * 2006: The Front Line nke David Gleeson: Kala * 2007: Tropiques amers (ihe nkiri TV): Adèle * 2008: Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera nke François Dupeyron: Liz * 2008: Marianne (TV) nke Philippe Guez si na usoro Scénarios contre les discriminations: ''Marianne'' * 2010: ''Victor Sauvage'' (TV) nke Patrick Grandperret * 2010: Ekele papa, ekele mama (TV) nke Vincent Giovanni: Audrey * 2011: Passage du désir (TV) nke Jérôme Foulon: Ingrid Diesel * 2014: ''Engrenages'' (TV): Carole Mendy * 2018: Angel * 2019: ''Scappo n'ụlọ'' * 2021: OSS 117: Red Alert na Black Africa == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0618456}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:N'diaye, Fatou}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] blvj4yvvxfvmcnh2fy6ewzugra2yolj 0 15884 692973 130086 2026-07-31T04:01:56Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Fayçal Azizi''' (Arabic; a mụrụ na 26 Febụwarị 1986 na Tetuan) bụ onye obodo Morocco na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-agụ egwu na onye na'ede egwu. A maara ya maka egwu ya "''Werda ala Werda''" na ihe nkiri afọ 2006 The Bitter ''Orange'', egwu ya na otu K'lma, na nsochi ya afọ 2015 nke egwu ọdịnala Judeo-Moroccan "''Hak'' A Mama".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/hak-a-mama_mg_10274562|title="Hak a mama", la nouvelle reprise festive d'Asma Lmnawar|date=2016-06-03|work=Al HuffPost Maghreb|language=fr|accessdate=2019-10-16|archivedate=2019-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016033714/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/hak-a-mama_mg_10274562}}</ref> == Ndụ == Fayçal Azizi malitere dịka onye na-eme ihe ọchị mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nnabata na Superior School of Dramatic Arts and Cultural Entertainment na Rabat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.minculture.gov.ma/fr/|title=Ministère de la culture|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2019-10-16|archivedate=2018-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030070052/http://www.minculture.gov.ma/fr/}}</ref> O mepụtara otu egwu K'lma n'afọ 2004, wee sonye n'òtù Dabateatr n'afọ 2007, na-eme ihe nkiri dị iche iche dịka Il / Houwa na Driss Ksikes's ''180 degrés''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lnt.ma/portrait-faycal-azizi-de-dabatear-a-canal-plus-%e2%80%a8%e2%80%a8/|title=Portrait : Fayçal Azizi, de Dabatear à Canal Plus !|date=2012-02-24|work=La Nouvelle Tribune|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2019-10-16}}</ref> Ọ pụtakwara dịka Habib na usoro Kaboul Kitchen nke a na-agbasa na ụlọ ọrụ TV French Canal+. == Ihe nkiri == * 2010: ''Majid'' nke Nassim Abassi * 2012: Mohamed Zineddaine's Colère, dị ka Fouad * 2012-2017: Kaboul Kitchen (usoro ihe nkiri TV) na Canal+ * 2014: ''Super Market'' (usoro ihe nkiri TV) na Al Aoula * 2015: Karim Boukhari's The Wig (ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi) * 2017: ''W'' nke Maha Eltaîb (Double V), dị ka Mouhiz * 2018: ''Disk Hayati'' (usoro ihe nkiri TV) na 2M Maroc * 2019: ''Moul Bendir'' na 2M Morocco * 2022: ''Green Card'' (ihe nkiri Cinema) == Ihe ndị o nwetara == * Mee 12, 2015 : Morocco Music Awards 2015 : ̊ The trophy of Electro-Dance category ̊ for ''Hak''<ref>{{Cite news|language=fr|title=Méditel Morocco Music Awards récompense Nabila Maan, Issam Kamal et Five star|work=Aujourd'hui le Maroc|url=http://aujourdhui.ma/culture/musique/meditel-morocco-music-awards-recompense-nabila-maan-issam-kamal-et-five-star-118391|accessdate=2017-03-05|date=13 May 2015}}</ref> A Mama * Machị 15, 2018 : Ememme akụkọ ifo TV : The Best Male Interpretation Award<ref>{{Cite news|language=fr|title=Meknès: le film ‘’12 heures’’ remporte le Grand prix du 7e festival de fiction télévisuelle - H24info|work=H24info|date=2018-03-15|url=https://www.h24info.ma/culture/meknes-film-12-heures-remporte-grand-prix-7e-festival-de-fiction-televisuelle/|accessdate=2018-10-23}}</ref> == Ndekọ Egwu == === K'lma Band === * ''Werda ala Werda'' * ''Kif Lmaani'' * ''Elghorba'' * ''Fik Ana Nehia'' * ''Iwu Kan Triko Hwah'' * ''Mata Nastarih'' * ''Nadem'' * ''N'oge ọ na-adịbeghị anya'' === Ndị ọ gụrụ naanị ha === * ''Hak a Mama'' (2015) * ''Makayen Bass'' (2016) * ''Meftah Leqloub'' (2017) * ''Memlook'' (2018) * ''Ana Mellit'' (2018) * ''Qolli Alash Kwitini'' (2019) * ''Kif mana'' (2021) == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Azizi, Fayçal}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] q603jn1uwhb59ppy2la7ox80opeeant 0 15961 692970 595077 2026-07-31T03:56:12Z Philip Emeka 16124 {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Abdala Faye''' (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 1, 1971) bụ onye na-ese ihe na mgbasa ozi na Senegal, na onye otu ezinụlọ Serer Faye. Ọ bụ nwa nwa nke onye bụbu eze Senegal, Mbaye Ndiay Djaly. == Mmalite ndụ == Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, o gosipụtara ihe ngosi mbụ ya na Paris, France ma ree ihe osise ya niile. Site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu, Abdala mikpuru onwe ya na nka wee ghọọ onye na-ese ihe oge niile. Ọ maara na nka, ọ bụghị ọrụ gọọmentị, bụ ọkpụkpọ ndụ ya. Faye malitere ịgagharị na kọntinent Afrịka na Europe mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise. Na Burkina Faso, Abdala mụtara usoro batik (ibipụta na ákwà na wax), na mudclothe (ibipụta n'elu ákwà nwere ngwakọta apịtị na ahịhịa).<ref name="abdalafaye.com">{{Cite web|url=http://abdalafaye.com/news/crowning-achievement/|title=One-time Senegal prince opens Iowa City store selling African goods|work=Abdala Faye|accessdate=2022-06-19|archivedate=2013-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216134203/http://abdalafaye.com/news/crowning-achievement/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == E gosipụtara nka Abdala na ihe ngosi gburugburu ụwa nke gụnyere Senegal, Brazil, France, Belgium, Germany na United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abdalafaye.com/exhibits/|title=Gallery Exhibits - Abdala Faye|work=Abdala Faye|accessdate=2022-06-19|archivedate=2012-08-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813010853/http://abdalafaye.com/exhibits/}}</ref> Faye meghere Akebuland na Iowa City, IA USA. Ụlọ ahịa ahụ na-ere ihe osise na ihe ndị ọzọ dị na Afrịka nke ndị obodo nta na Ndem, Senegal rụrụ. Otu n'ime ihe ndị ahụ bụ Abdala's batik and mudclothe designs and finger paintings.<ref name="abdalafaye.com" /> N'afọ 2008, ọ kwagara Cincinnati, OH ebe ọ meghere The Faye Gallery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abdalafaye.com/news/|title=Related press and news articles - Abdala Faye|work=Abdala Faye|accessdate=2022-06-19|archivedate=2012-08-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813205829/http://abdalafaye.com/news/}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ nka ya, Faye na-etinye oge ya na-akụ drum na bass guitar. Ọ na-asụkwa ọtụtụ asụsụ nke ọma, gụnyere Wolof, Serer, Jola, French, English, Bambara, na Arabic. == Ịkwụghachi Ụgwọ == Abdala na-enwe mmasị na inyeghachi obodo ihe. Ọ bụ onye guzobere "Art Express". Art Express na-enyere ndị nwere nkwarụ aka site na nnwale nka n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abdalafaye.com/about-the-artist/|title=About|work=Abdala Faye|accessdate=2022-06-19|archivedate=2012-08-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813010659/http://abdalafaye.com/about-the-artist/}}</ref> Ọ na-enyekwa onyinye ma na-ekerịta ozi dị mma nye ụmụ akwụkwọ nka na obodo ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chillicothe.k12.oh.us/cavs_news/?p=849|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2010-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723053039/http://www.chillicothe.k12.oh.us/cavs_news/?p=849|archivedate=2011-07-23}}</ref>   == Ihe ngosi == * 2007 [http://www.galleryguichard.com/ Ụlọ ngosi Guichard] * 2002 - 2005 Chait Gallery * 2001 CFM Gallery * 2001 [https://web.archive.org/web/20110714033205/http://marcumsgallery.com/ Ụlọ ngosi ihe nkiri Marcum] == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist|2}} == Ebensidee == * "Senegalese Quilts on Display," Iowa City Press-Citizen, March 11, 2004: 6. * "Abdala Faye," Deanna Truman-Cook, Iowa City Press-Citizen, February 25, 2004: 10C. * "Ịmụta igwu egwu site na ihe mgbu nke ịgbà," Julie K. Throm, The Daily Iowan, February 10, 2004: 7A. * "Crowning Achievement," Amy Jennings, The Gazette, Jenụwarị 26, 2004: 1-2D. * "Ọrụ Na Klas," Amir Efrati, The Gazette, Jenụwarị 28, 2004: 2D. * "African Continues Resistance With Shop," D. Wole Murray-Ife, Iowa City Press Citizen, October 31, 2003: 6B. * "Na Uptown Arts Gallery," Elisabeth Beasley, Uptown Bill's Newsletter, December 2002: 3. * "Prince Abdel: A meriri onye na-eme ihere" Dakar Madin, May 2931, 1998: 1. == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website {{DEFAULTSORT:Faye, Abdala}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 74skbugpyzcs8znc1ahp0bu8b8eqiew 0 15998 693052 644247 2026-07-31T08:21:49Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 693052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Elmer William Brown''' (1909 rụo ụbọchị irí atọ n'ọnwa Mee, 1971) bụ onye Africa-America na-ese ihe. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ usoro, gụnyere eserese, óbìbì akwụkwọ, murals, imepụta ihe nkiri, ceramics, na enameling. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Elmer Brown na Pittsburgh, [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]] mà gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ na Columbus, Ohio. Ọ kwagara Cleveland, [[Ohaïyo|Ohio]] na 1929, mgbè ọ dị afọ iri abụo, ya na ónyé na-ese ihe Paul Travis na-amụ ihe na Cleveland School of Art . N'oge na-adịghị ányá mgbè ọ bịarutere Cleveland, ọ sonyeere Karamu House, ebe ya na Langston Hughes ghọrọ enyi. O nyèrè aka na mmepụta nke egwuregwu Hughes na Karamu House, ma mepụta ihe osise màkà ụlọ ezumike n'ebe ahụ. O gosipụtara ihe osise na ihe ngosi mbà ụwa na New York City na Philadelphia, ma gosipụta ọrụ ọtụtụ ugboro na Cleveland Museum of Art's May Show. Ọrụ Brown a kacha màrà amara bụ murals ya nke Works Progress Administration. N'afọ 1940, o sere ihe osise abụọ a maara dị ka Cleveland Past na Cleveland Present màkà ọrụ Valleyview Homes nke ''Cleveland'' Metropolitan Housing Authority na mpaghara Tremont nke Cleveland. Mgbè e bibiri ihe owuwu ahụ na 2005, Intermuseum Conservation Association wepụrụ ma weghachite ihe osise ahụ, na 2010, e weghachiri ya n'ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na Mahadum Steeti Cleveland. A kwụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ na Tremont Pointe, nke CMHA nọchiri Valleyview Homes. N'afọ 1942, o mepụtara ihe osise màkà City Club nke Cleveland nke akpọrọ Freedom of Speech . Ihe osise ahụ dị mita irí abụọ na abụọ (6.7 ) site na mita irí na otu (3.4 m), nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ọrụ Diego Rivera na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe na Mexico, gosipụtara ndị ikom nwere ike na akwụkwọ dị mkpa nke nnwere onwé, gụnyere Magna Carta, United States Bill of Rights, United States Declaration of Independence na United States Constitution. A kwagara ya ọtụtụ ugboro mgbè City Club kwagara ebe ọhụrụ, otu ndị otu nke Gail Berg nke Berg na Associates duziri weghachiri ya. Brown ghọrọ onye Africa America mbụ na-ese ihe osise na American Greetings na 1953, ọ rụkwara ọrụ n'ebe ahụ afọ irí na asatọ. Ọ kụzikwaara na Cooper School of Art na Cleveland. N'afọ 1971, ọ nwụrụ na Cleveland Clinic mgbè ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ogologo ógè. Nwunye ya, Anna V. Brown, hapụrụ ya, e lie ya na Martha's Vineyard. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri African-American. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} f9nw6jspi7jent95apg9zlvrxxea4lf 693053 693052 2026-07-31T08:22:39Z Mirah50 16972 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 693053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Elmer William Brown''' (1909 rụo ụbọchị irí atọ n'ọnwa Mee, 1971) bụ onye Africa-America na-ese ihe. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ usoro, gụnyere eserese, óbìbì akwụkwọ, murals, imepụta ihe nkiri, ceramics, na enameling. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Elmer Brown na Pittsburgh, [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]] mà gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ na Columbus, Ohio. Ọ kwagara Cleveland, [[Ohaïyo|Ohio]] na 1929, mgbè ọ dị afọ iri abụo, ya na ónyé na-ese ihe Paul Travis na-amụ ihe na Cleveland School of Art . N'oge na-adịghị ányá mgbè ọ bịarutere Cleveland, ọ sonyeere Karamu House, ebe ya na Langston Hughes ghọrọ enyi. O nyèrè aka na mmepụta nke egwuregwu Hughes na Karamu House, ma mepụta ihe osise màkà ụlọ ezumike n'ebe ahụ. O gosipụtara ihe osise na ihe ngosi mbà ụwa na New York City na Philadelphia, ma gosipụta ọrụ ọtụtụ ugboro na Cleveland Museum of Art's May Show. Ọrụ Brown a kacha màrà amara bụ murals ya nke Works Progress Administration. N'afọ 1940, o sere ihe osise abụọ a maara dị ka Cleveland Past na Cleveland Present màkà ọrụ Valleyview Homes nke ''Cleveland'' Metropolitan Housing Authority na mpaghara Tremont nke Cleveland. Mgbè e bibiri ihe owuwu ahụ na 2005, Intermuseum Conservation Association wepụrụ ma weghachite ihe osise ahụ, na 2010, e weghachiri ya n'ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na Mahadum Steeti Cleveland. A kwụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ na Tremont Pointe, nke CMHA nọchiri Valleyview Homes. N'afọ 1942, o mepụtara ihe osise màkà City Club nke Cleveland nke akpọrọ Freedom of Speech . Ihe osise ahụ dị mita irí abụọ na abụọ (6.7 ) site na mita irí na otu (3.4 m), nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ọrụ Diego Rivera na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe na Mexico, gosipụtara ndị ikom nwere ike na akwụkwọ dị mkpa nke nnwere onwé, gụnyere Magna Carta, United States Bill of Rights, United States Declaration of Independence na United States Constitution. A kwagara ya ọtụtụ ugboro mgbè City Club kwagara ebe ọhụrụ, otu ndị otu nke Gail Berg nke Berg na Associates duziri weghachiri ya. Brown ghọrọ onye Africa America mbụ na-ese ihe osise na American Greetings na 1953, ọ rụkwara ọrụ n'ebe ahụ afọ irí na asatọ. Ọ kụzikwaara na Cooper School of Art na Cleveland. N'afọ 1971, ọ nwụrụ na Cleveland Clinic mgbè ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ogologo ógè. Nwunye ya, Anna V. Brown, hapụrụ ya, e lie ya na Martha's Vineyard. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri African-American. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brown, Elmer}} magx4o2rul8vsd1fpybg9idisy2ncm4 0 16037 692937 179863 2026-07-31T02:29:32Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Frank E. Cummings III (amụrụ na 1938: 61 ) bụ ónyé na-ese ihe na prọfesọ nke nka fine arts na Mahadum California State, Fullerton.<ref name="Edge">{{Cite book|title=The Cutting Edge: Contemporary Wood Art and the Lipton Collection|first=Kevin|author=Wallace|publisher=Fine Arts Press|year=2011|isbn=9780981993331}}</ref><ref name="SAAM">{{Cite web|url=http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artist/?id=7047|title=Frank E. Cummings III|publisher=Smithsonian American Art Museum|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}</ref> Cummings na-eji ihe ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa eme arịa osisi na oche, nke sitere n'ihe ime mmụọ nke ihe ndị dị n'Africa.<ref name="MFA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/clock-398055|title=Clock|publisher=Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Cummings na Los Angeles, [[California]] na 1938. Ọ natara Master of Arts ya na Mahadum California State, Fullerton na 1971.<ref name="SAAM"/> N'afọ 1973, Cummings natara ònyínyé site na National Endowment for the Arts iji nọrọ ọnwa abụọ na [[Ghana]] na-enyocha myirịta dị n'etiti ọgụ njirimara nke [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ndị Africa America]] na ọgụ ndị ha chere ihu n'Africa.<ref name="Edge"/> N'afọ 1981, ọ laghachiri Africa, gosipụta ọrụ ya na [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Madagascar]], na [[Malawi]].<ref name="SAAM" /> == Ọrụ == Ihe ngosi nka mbụ nkè Cummings, Sensitivity, dị na Long Beach Museum of Art na 1974.: 109 A ka na-egosi ọrụ ya na ebe ngosi nka.<ref name="Edge"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.presstelegram.com/20131224/long-beach-museum-of-art-continues-long-relationship-with-frank-cummings|title=Long Beach Museum of Art continues long relationship with Frank Cummings|author=John Farrell|date=December 24, 2013|publisher=[[Press-Telegram]]|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}</ref> Nchịkọta Lipton nwèrè arịa osisi nke Cummings mere.<ref name="Edge"/> Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Minneapolis Institute of Art, na Smithsonian American Art Museum<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=35025|title=Lady Lace with New Shoes by Frank E. Cummings III / American Art|publisher=Smithsonian American Art Museum and the Renwick Galler|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}</ref> nwèrè ihe Cummings na nchịkọta ha.<ref name="MFA"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collections.artsmia.org/art/108791/ode-to-friendship-old-faces-and-new-frank-e-cummings-iii|title=Ode to Friendship, Old Faces and New (Magic Wand with Portraits of Frank Cummings and David Ellsworth), Frank E. Cummings III|publisher=MIA|accessdate=January 28, 2017}}</ref> E gosipụtara ọrụ ya na White House Collection of American Craft .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.craftinamerica.org/artists/frank-e-cummings-iii/|title=Frank E. Cummings III|publisher=[[Craft in America]]|accessdate=January 28, 2017|archivedate=March 30, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330061036/http://www.craftinamerica.org/artists/frank-e-cummings-iii/}}</ref> == Nchịkọta ndị a họọrọ == * Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN * Smithsonian American Art Museum, New York, NY * Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA * Center for Art na Wood, Philadelphia, PA == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5FOJL3I6GA Ajụjụ ọnụ] ya na onye na-ese ihe na Renwick Gallery * [https://collections.artsmia.org/search/Frank%20E.%20Cummings%20III Frank E. Cummings III na Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN] * [http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artist/?id=7047 Frank E. Cummings nke Atọ na Smithsonian American Art Museum, Renwick Gallery] * [http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/clock-398055 Frank E. Cummings III na Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220527062808/https://centerforartinwood.org/artwork/nature-in-transition/ Frank E. Cummings III na Center for Art na Wood, Philadelphia, PA] {{DEFAULTSORT:Cummings, Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] bfe7ozrwpn4agp4mbzotd5pe1ddyqx1 0 16127 692793 211067 2026-07-30T18:14:45Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692793 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} '''Franck Yannick Kessié''' (amụrụ na 19 Disemba 1996) bụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke Ivorian nke na-agba dịka [[Footbọl|onye]] na-eme egwuregwu n'etiti maka Serie A club AC Milan na ndị otu mba Ivory Coast. == Ọrụ klọb == A mụrụ ya na Ouragahio, Kessié malitere ọrụ ya na Stella Club d'Adjamé, sonyeere ndị ntorobịa ha n'afọ 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://outsideoftheboot.com/2017/04/30/scout-report-franck-kessie/|title=Charles Onwuakpa writes a detailed scout report about Franck Kessié|publisher=outsideoftheboot.com|date=15 April 2017|accessdate=26 May 2019|archivedate=18 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518134152/http://outsideoftheboot.com/2017/04/30/scout-report-franck-kessie/}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, a kwalitere ya na otu mbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://outsideoftheboot.com/2017/04/30/scout-report-franck-kessie/|title=Charles Onwuakpa writes a detailed scout report about Franck Kessié|publisher=outsideoftheboot.com|date=15 April 2017|accessdate=26 May 2019|archivedate=18 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518134152/http://outsideoftheboot.com/2017/04/30/scout-report-franck-kessie/}}</ref> === Atalanta === Na 29 Jenụwarị 2015, Kessié bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na Serie A club Atalanta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afrik-foot.com/stella-club-kessie-signe-a-l-atalanta-bergame|title=Stella Club: Kessié signe à l’Atalanta Bergame|publisher=Afrik-Foot|language=fr|date=30 January 2015|accessdate=25 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326135543/http://www.afrik-foot.com/stella-club-kessie-signe-a-l-atalanta-bergame|archivedate=26 March 2017}}</ref> E kenyere ya na ndị otu Primavera nke klọb ahụ mgbe ọ bịarutere, ma nye aka na mpụta asaa maka akụkụ ahụ. Egwuregwu mbụ ya na Europe mere na 1 Machị, ka ọ malitere na mmeri 2 na-aga n'ihu megide AC Milan Primavera. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Kessié nọchitere anya Ivory Coast n'okpuru afọ 17 na n'okpuru 20, na-apụta na 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup na 2015 Toulon Tournament. N'oge asọmpi mbụ ahụ, Royal Moroccan Football Federation tinyere akwụkwọ mkpesa na FIFA na-azọrọ na Kessié dị afọ 22 ọ bụghị 16; FIFA mechara gọnahụ nkwupụta ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espoirsdufootball.com/cm-u17-scandale-franck-kessie-16-ans-aurait-22-ans-31003|title=CM U17 – Scandale, Franck Kessié (16 ans) aurait 22 ans|publisher=Espoirs du Football|language=fr|date=30 October 2013|accessdate=25 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603010318/http://www.espoirsdufootball.com/cm-u17-scandale-franck-kessie-16-ans-aurait-22-ans-31003|archivedate=3 June 2017}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa, Kessié gbara egwuregwu mba ụwa mbụ ya na ndị otu mba dị elu na 6 Septemba 2014, malite na mmeri 2 na 1 n'ụlọ megide Sierra Leone maka 2015 Africa Cup of Nations qualification.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/4351/africa/2014/09/06/5088565/cote-divoire-2-1-sierra-leone-the-elephants-toil-to-overturn|title=Cote D’Ivoire 2–1 Sierra Leone: The Elephants toil to overturn lead|publisher=Goal.com|date=6 September 2014|accessdate=8 September 2014}}</ref> Na 4 Jenụwarị 2017, a gụnyere ya na ndị otu mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ nke Michel Dussuyer n'ihu 2017 Africa Cup of Nations, malite na egwuregwu niile ka a kụrụ ya n'akụkụ ya n'ọkwa otu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/38451141|title=Afcon 2017: Wilfried Zaha in Ivory Coast's final squad|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=4 January 2017|accessdate=25 March 2017}}</ref> Na 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, ọ gwụchara dị ka onye na-enyere aka na asọmpi ahụ, n'akụkụ Ismaël Bennacer, na enyemaka atọ. Ndị otu ya meriri na nkeji iri na ise nke ikpeazụ site n'aka ndị mmeri Algeria, mgbe ha tụfuru 4o3 na penalties na-esote 1o1 draw na 11 Julaị; Kessié gbanwere penalty mbụ nke mba ya na shoot-out.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://futaa.com/article/188128/top-assists-charts-at-the-2019-african-cup-of-nations|title=Top Assists charts at the 2019 African Cup of Nations|publisher=futaa.com|author=Otieno|first=Imran|date=20 July 2019|accessdate=4 August 2019|archivedate=3 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503204545/https://futaa.com/article/188128/top-assists-charts-at-the-2019-african-cup-of-nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-africa-cup-of-nations/matches/47/|title=Côte d'Ivoire 1-1 Algeria|publisher=www.cafonline.com|date=11 July 2019|accessdate=4 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/jul/19/senegal-algeria-africa-cup-of-nations-final-match-report|title=Algeria claim second Afcon title after Bounedjah’s lucky strike sinks Senegal|work=theguardian.com|publisher=Guardian News & Media Limited|date=19 July 2019|accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Mgbe Kessié dị afọ iri na otu, nna ya, onye bụbu onye na-agba bọọlụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata tupu ọ banye n'usuu ndị agha Ivory Coast, nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa. Ya mere, otu n'ime emume ebumnuche ya bụ ekele ndị agha iji kwanyere nna ya nwụrụ anwụ ugwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/it/notizie/milan-kessie-e-lesultanza-da-militare-una-dedica-al-padre/1brwxoeypry9u12vjtw5yo804w|title=MILAN, KESSIÉ E L'ESULTANZA DA MILITARE: UNA DEDICA AL PADRE|publisher=Goal|date=21 September 2017|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === {{updated|match played 22 May 2022}}<ref name=SW>{{Soccerway|franck-yannick-kessie/319023|access-date=25 March 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Coppa Italia ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Cesena (onye a gbazinyere) |201516 |Usoro B |37 |4 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |37 |4 |- |Atalanta |201617 |Usoro A |30 |6 |1 |1 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |31 |7 |- | rowspan="2" |AC Milan (onye a gbazitere) |2017 18 | rowspan="2" |Usoro A |37 |5 |5 |0 |12 [nke dị ala-alpha 1] |0 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |54 |5 |- |201819 |34 |7 |4 |0 |3 [nke dị ala-alpha 1] |0 |1 [Lower-alpha 2] |0 |42 |7 |- | rowspan="4" |AC Milan |201920 | rowspan="3" |Usoro A |35 |4 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |38 |4 |- |2020 21 |37 |13 |2 |0 |11 [Lower-alpha 1] |1 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |50 |14 |- |2021 22 |31 |6 |3 |1 |5 [Lower-alpha 3] |0 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |39 |7 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !174 !35 !17 !1 !31 !1 !1 !0 !224 !39 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ zuru ezu !241 !45 !18 !2 !31 !1 !1 !0 !292 !50 |}   === Mba ụwa === {{updated|match played 29 March 2022}}<ref>{{NFT player|pid=56934|access-date=25 March 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="9" |Ivory Coast |2014 |4 |0 |- |2015 |0 |0 |- |2016 |6 |0 |- |2017 |13 |0 |- |2018 |5 |0 |- |2019 |12 |1 |- |2020 |4 |2 |- |2021 |8 |2 |- |2022 |6 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !58 !6 |} ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Ivory Coast nke mbụ.'' {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |+Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa site na ụbọchị, ebe, onye mmegide, akara, nsonaazụ na asọmpi ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ndị a tụrụ ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |1 |16 Nọvemba 2019 |Ámá egwuregwu Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Ivory Coast | Niger | align="center" |1 0 | align="center" |1 0 |2021 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |2 |8 Ọktoba 2020 |King Baudouin Stadium, Brussels, Belgium | Belgium | align="center" |1 1 1 1 | align="center" |1 1 1 1 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |3 |17 Nọvemba 2020 |Barikadimy Stadium, Toamasina, Madagascar | Madagascar | align="center" |1 0 | align="center" |1 1 1 1 | rowspan="2" |2021 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |4 |30 Machị 2021 |Stade National, Abidjan, Ivory Coast | Ethiopia | align="center" |2 na 0 | align="center" |31 Nke 1 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |5 |11 Ọktoba 2021 |Ámá egwuregwu Amitia, Cotonou, Benin | Malawi | align="center" |2 1 | align="center" |2 1 |2022 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |6 |20 Jenụwarị 2022 |Egwuregwu Japoma, Douala, Cameroon | Algeria | align="center" |1 0 | align="center" |31 Nke 1 |2021 Iko Mba Afrịka |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''AC Milan''' * Usoro A: 202122<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/ac-milan-secure-1st-serie-a-title-in-11-years-5225965.html|title=Milan secure 1st Serie A title in 11 years|publisher=[[News18 India]]|date=22 May 2022|accessdate=22 May 2022}}</ref> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * Serie A Team of the Year: 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://football-italia.net/lukaku-and-conte-win-serie-a-awards-for-2020-21/|title=Lukaku, Ronaldo and Conte win Serie A awards for 2020-21|date=21 March 2022|publisher=Football Italia|accessdate=21 March 2022}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * Franck Kessié – FIFA competition record (archived) * Franck Kessié at National-Football-Teams.com * Franck Kessié at Soccerway {{2020–21 Serie A Team of the Year}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kessie, Franck}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] a7zrj7qjujfjnarzxgka5dnzh54737d 0 16251 692876 692568 2026-07-30T21:50:15Z Sylvaline39 15355 692876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Faustina Ampah nwere FIFA World Cup mbụ ya na 2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup nke Japan kwadoro na 2012. Egwuregwu izizi ya bụ megide United States nke mechiri 4:0 na ihu ọma nke [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fifa|title=Faustina AMPAH|url=https://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=267990/match=300251255/report.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809085556/http://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=267990/match=300251255/report.html|archivedate=August 9, 2014|work=Fifa|publisher=Fifa|accessdate=7 September 2017}}</ref> Faustina Ampah sokwa na 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup na 2016 FIFA U-20 women's World cup na-eme ka ọ bụrụ naanị onye Ghana na-anọchite anya mba ahụ na FIFA U-20 World Cup atọ. [[Usòrò:Faustina_Ampah_2018_WAFU_.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Faustina Ampah meriri 2018 WAFU Women's Cup na Ghana's National Women's Football Team]] Egwuregwu asọmpi mbụ Ampah maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke mba Ghana bụ 2018 WAFU Women's Cup . Ọ gbara bọọlụ n'egwuregwu ise niile nke asọmpi ahụ nyere Black Queens aka inweta ọkwa mbụ. O meriri ndị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke mba Naịjirịa<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ocsportsnews.com/national-teams/2018-02-25-ghana-emerge-as-winners-of-wafu-b-with-a-10-win-against-ivory-coast |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2022-06-20 |archivedate=2018-03-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314043152/https://www.ocsportsnews.com/national-teams/2018-02-25-ghana-emerge-as-winners-of-wafu-b-with-a-10-win-against-ivory-coast }}</ref>. Ọ meriri onye ọkpụkpọ nke egwuregwu ahụ n'egwuregwu ahụ. == Nsọpụrụ == === klọb === '''FC Minsk''' * Super Cup ụmụ nwanyị Belarus 2017 Onye na-esote * Belarusian Premier League (ụmụ nwanyị) 2017 Ndị mmeri * Ndị mmeri nke iko ụmụ nwanyị Belarus 2017 * Belarusian Premier League (ụmụ nwanyị) Super Cup 2018 - Ndị mmeri === Ndị otu mba === '''Ghana Women's National Football Team''' * 2018 WAFU Women's Cup Champions == Ihe odide == <references /> {{Reflist}} * [http://spicefmonline.com/faustina-ampah-and-ernestina-abambila-ghanaians-in-uwcl-r32/ Faustina Ampah na Ernestina Abambila ndị Ghana na UWCL R32 173] == Njikọ mpụga == * Faustina Ampah – FIFA competition record (archived) * Faustina Ampah at Soccerway * [http://spicefmonline.com/faustina-ampah-and-ernestina-abambila-ghanaians-in-uwcl-r32/ spicefmonline.com] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ampah, Faustina}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 32ffpbngy2ric1kv2wz6w1sco56v2kb 692877 692876 2026-07-30T21:52:11Z Sylvaline39 15355 Improved article 692877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Faustina Ampah nwere FIFA World Cup mbụ ya na 2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup nke Japan kwadoro na 2012. Egwuregwu izizi ya bụ megide United States nke mechiri 4:0 na ihu ọma nke [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fifa|title=Faustina AMPAH|url=https://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=267990/match=300251255/report.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809085556/http://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/matches/round=267990/match=300251255/report.html|archivedate=August 9, 2014|work=Fifa|publisher=Fifa|accessdate=7 September 2017}}</ref> Faustina Ampah sokwa na 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup na 2016 FIFA U-20 women's World cup na-eme ka ọ bụrụ naanị onye Ghana na-anọchite anya mba ahụ na FIFA U-20 World Cup atọ. Egwuregwu asọmpi mbụ Ampah maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke mba Ghana bụ 2018 WAFU Women's Cup . Ọ gbara bọọlụ n'egwuregwu ise niile nke asọmpi ahụ nyere Black Queens aka inweta ọkwa mbụ. O meriri ndị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke mba Naịjirịa<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ocsportsnews.com/national-teams/2018-02-25-ghana-emerge-as-winners-of-wafu-b-with-a-10-win-against-ivory-coast |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2022-06-20 |archivedate=2018-03-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314043152/https://www.ocsportsnews.com/national-teams/2018-02-25-ghana-emerge-as-winners-of-wafu-b-with-a-10-win-against-ivory-coast }}</ref>. Ọ meriri onye ọkpụkpọ nke egwuregwu ahụ n'egwuregwu ahụ. == Nsọpụrụ == === klọb === '''FC Minsk''' * Super Cup ụmụ nwanyị Belarus 2017 Onye na-esote * Belarusian Premier League (ụmụ nwanyị) 2017 Ndị mmeri * Ndị mmeri nke iko ụmụ nwanyị Belarus 2017 * Belarusian Premier League (ụmụ nwanyị) Super Cup 2018 - Ndị mmeri === Ndị otu mba === '''Ghana Women's National Football Team''' * 2018 WAFU Women's Cup Champions == Ihe odide == <references /> {{Reflist}} * [http://spicefmonline.com/faustina-ampah-and-ernestina-abambila-ghanaians-in-uwcl-r32/ Faustina Ampah na Ernestina Abambila ndị Ghana na UWCL R32 173] == Njikọ mpụga == * Faustina Ampah – FIFA competition record (archived) * Faustina Ampah at Soccerway * [http://spicefmonline.com/faustina-ampah-and-ernestina-abambila-ghanaians-in-uwcl-r32/ spicefmonline.com] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ampah, Faustina}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ef363y803pqhvnjdy2vq7vz0rgh76h2 0 16396 692751 538844 2026-07-30T14:29:23Z Anastesia chi 23720 Default sort 692751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}  '''Gabriela Trzebinski''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1962) bụ onye Africa na-ese ihe nke ihe nketa Europe nke bi na Houston, [[Texas]], United States.<ref name="resume">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170525182225/http://gabrielatrzebinski.com/ "Born"], Gabriela Trzebinski (click "resume"). Accessed on 16 June 2009.</ref><ref name="resume" /> == Ezinụlọ na ndụ nwata == A mụrụ Gabriela Trzebinski na Nairobi, [[Kenya]], otu n'ime ụmụ atọ, aha ụmụnne ya bụ Bruce na Tonio.<ref name="resume"/><ref name="coast" /> Nne ya bụ onye Britain, odee Errol Trzebinski, a mụrụ Eryl Jones, ma gbanwee aha mbụ ya, mgbe ọ lụrụ onye Poland na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, Sbish (Zbigniew, Waclaw) Trzebński (nwụrụ na 15 Maachị 2005).<ref name="ES">"More Mischief", ''[[Evening Standard]]'', p. 12, 14 February 2000.</ref><ref name="coast">[https://web.archive.org/web/20211130202509/http://www.coastweek.com/obit/obit-06.htm "Celebrating exotic life of a talented architect"], Coastweek, 29 April 2005. Accessed on 16 June 2009.</ref> Site n'oge ọ bụ nwata, nsogbu gbasara ọdịbendị, agbụrụ na okike na-emetụta Trzebinski. Gabriela gara Byam Shaw School of Art, London, (1988) na Southampton College of Art, Hampshire, England, (1987).<ref name="resume"/> == Ihe osise == N'afọ 1995, Gabriela Trzebinski rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-ese ihe na onye na-emepụta ihe.<ref>Bennett, Oliver. "When the cows come home", ''House Style'' ''[[The Times]]'', p. 1, 28 January 1995.</ref> N'afọ 2000, Trzebinski nwere ihe ngosi onwe ya na Rebecca Hossack Gallery.<ref name="ES">"More Mischief", ''[[Evening Standard]]'', p. 12, 14 February 2000.</ref> Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, ụlọ ngosi Rebecca Hossack nọchitere anya Trzebinski na art London na Duke of York's Headquarters.<ref>Berkmann, Marcus. "Sibling rivalries", ''[[The Spectator]]'', p. 48, 3 June 2000.</ref> Ihe nkiri ya My Beautiful ''Violetta'', nke ya na onye egwu London Sarah Sarhandi jikọrọ aka bụ ihe nkiri Super 8 nke nkeji iri, nke egosiri na Portobello Film Festival, London, na 2003.<ref>[http://www.portobellofilmfestival.com/2003/16tent.html "Portobello Film Festival 2003: Cinema Tent Programme Saturday 16 August"], [[Portobello Film Festival]]. Accessed on 15 June 2009.</ref> Ihe ngosi onwe onye, ''Gabriela Trzebinski'': New Paintings and the "Matatu" Project, mere na 2006 na George Adams Gallery, [[New York City|New York]].<ref>[http://www.artfacts.net/index.php/pageType/artistInfo/artist/100506/lang/1 "Gabriela Trzebinski 1962"], Artfacts. Accessed on 15 June 2009.</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2006, ọ nọ na ihe ngosi otu, Run for Your Lives! na DiverseWorks, Houston, na ihe osise ndị e gosipụtara n'ụzọ dị mfe, dịka ihe atụ nke ọdachi na agha na telivishọn.<ref name="klaas" /> Otu ihe osise a na-akpọ ''Clijsters a'' chụpụrụ na US Open na-egosi ederede na ala (n'ụzọ nke ịpịgharị akụkọ) n'elu onyinyo nke mgbidi ọbara si na akụkọ CNN banyere bọmbụ Beirut.<ref name="klaas" /> A na-etinye isi akụkọ na akara ngosi n'otu aka ahụ na isiokwu ndị ọzọ, n'etiti ha bụ tankị UN na Rwanda na mpaghara ọdachi mgbe ajọ ifufe Katrina gasịrị.<ref name="klaas">Klaasmeyer, Kelly. [http://www.houstonpress.com/2006-10-05/culture/the-end-of-days "The End of Days"], ''[[Houston Press]]'', 5 October 2006. Accessed on 15 June 2009.</ref> Ihe osise ahụ e mere na 2006 gosiri ụmụaka nwoke furu efu nke Sudan ka ha na-ele anya na windo ụgbọelu ka ndị na-eto eto gbara ọsọ ndụ si Sudan rutere na United States na 2000.<ref>Alvarez, Olivia Flores. [http://www.houstonpress.com/2009-01-08/calendar/4-scenarios "4 Scenarios"], ''[[Houston Press]]'', 7 January 2009. Retrieved on 16 June 2009.</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2007, Trzebinski bụ otu n'ime ndị omenkà ise nke onye nlekọta na onye omenkà Michael Guidry kpọrọ ka ha gosipụta ihe ha ji kpọrọ ihe na ihe ngosi ahụ, Little Known Facts, na Lawndale Art Center site n'ịmezigharị mpaghara nke ụlọ ọrụ ha.<ref name="KK">Klaasmeyer, Kelly. [http://www.houstonpress.com/2007-12-27/culture/capsule-art-reviews-jerry-kearns-between-heaven-and-earth-little-known-facts-mary-heilmann-to-be-someone-ryan-geiger-secret-garden "Capsule Art Reviews: ''Little Known Facts''"], ''[[Houston Press]]'', 26 December 2007. Accessed on 16 June 2009.</ref><ref name="rhodes">Rhodes, Dusti. [http://www.houstonpress.com/2007-11-15/calendar/little-known-facts/ "''Little Known Facts''"], ''[[Houston Press]]'', 14 November 2007. Accessed on 16 June 2009.</ref> O jupụtara na oghere mgbidi ahụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha metụtara Africa, ma gosipụta ụfọdụ ihe osise, na-akpata "ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na nke na-emetụ n'ahụ" na ọzụzụ Africa nke Trzebinski na ndụ na United States dị ka onye ọcha Africa.<ref name="rhodes" /><ref name="KK" /><ref name="KK" /> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008, o sonyere na Contemporary Arts Museum Houston na "Slide Jam", ihe ngosi kwa ọnwa site na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ nke Museum.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120721001651/http://www.artshound.com/event/detail/12025 "Slide Jam: Gabriela Trzebinski and Lauren McEntire"], Artshound. Accessed on 16 June 2009.</ref> ''Ihe ngosi'' mpaghara Houston nke ndị na-ese ihe Houston kachasị mma, nke a na-eme kwa afọ anọ ọ bụla na Blaffer Gallery na campus na Mahadum Houston.<ref name="hptour">[http://www.houstonpress.com/2008-06-26/calendar/brown-bag-gallery-tour/ "Brown Bag Gallery Tour"], ''[[Houston Press]]'', 25 June 2008. Accessed on 16 June 2009.</ref> Ihe oyiyi obi ọjọọ ya, nke sitere na ahụmịhe ya siri ike nke ọdịbendị dị iche iche n'Africa, gosipụtara mmegbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mmekọahụ, igbu ọchụ na ọnwụ.<ref name="hptour" /> <ref name=blaffer>[http://www.class.uh.edu/blaffer/exhibit_2008_HAE.html "2008 Houston Area Exhibition"] My Daddy Is a Tranny, na-atụle omenala Swahili ochie na-ezo aka na mmemme kwa afọ na usoro ejiji na-edoghị anya nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri n'okporo ámá n'ụsọ oké osimiri Kenya nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, ya bụ n'àgwàetiti Lamu. </ref> <ref>Wozny, Nancy. [http://issuu.com/artshouston/docs/june_2008?mode=embed&documentId=080601032553-4cf2eb4c0bc947a8aeef2343c8003c81&layout=grey "Visual art review: Blaffer Gallery"], ArtsHouston, June 2008 (pp. 46–47). Accessed on 16 June 2009.</ref> N'afọ 2008, Trzebinski bụ otu n'ime ndị a na-asọpụrụ na ncheta afọ nke iri nke Aurora Picture Show, Houston, maka nkwado na mmetụta ha. Na Disturbance of Distance, ihe ngosi nke Eleanor Williams haziri na oghere nka Box 13, Houston, na Febụwarị 2009, Trzebinski gosipụtara The Burning of Hides, ihe nkiri Super-8 ọhụrụ nke a na-emegharị nke ''ọkụ ọkụ'' nke akpụkpọ anụ na ihe nrite egwuregwu.<ref name="schulze" /> Ihe omume a na-ese okwu mere na Nairobi National Park, na mpụga etiti obodo Nairobi, Kenya. N'afọ 1989 dị ka mkpesa gọọmentị megide ịchụ nta zuru oke nke anụ ọhịa, ndị nchịkwa haziri mbibi nke ihe nrite egwuregwu niile e debere na nchekwa. Tupu nke a, gọọmentị Kenya gbara ọdụ́ nke ihe karịrị mpi atụ pụkụ abụọ ọkụ n'otu ebe ahụ na maka otu ihe ahụ.<ref name="schulze">Schulze, Troy. [http://www.houstonpress.com/2009-02-12/culture/capsule-art-reviews-disturbance-of-distance-hedwige-jacobs-mdash-new-drawings-hot-and-grounded-michael-guidry-how-soon-is-now-perspectives-164-stephanie-syjuco-total-fabrications/ "Capsule Art Reviews: ''Disturbance of Distance''"], ''[[Houston Press]]'', 10 February 2009. Accessed on 16 June 2009.</ref> == Ihe edeturu na ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.gabrielatrzebinski.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * [http://www.sil.si.edu/ondisplay/afa-vf/vf-artists.pdf Ndepụta na Archive of African Artists South Museum of African Art Library] na Smithsonian Institution Libraries * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090723024925/http://danube.mica.edu/library/RegVertFile.cfm Ndepụta na Artist Files], Decker Library, Maryland Institute College of Art {{DEFAULTSORT:Trzebinski, Gabriela}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 38nrcvg4nys3gqtu35wh4qwld288ask 0 16464 692870 89802 2026-07-30T20:57:20Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox person|image=|caption=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Farouk "Frank" Agrama (Arabic) (a mụrụ n'abalị 1, ọnwa Jenụwarị, afọ 1930 na Arish, Egypt) bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri na onye mmepụta ihe nkiri America a mụrụ n'Ijipt, onye edemede na onye ọchụnta ego.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mymovies.it/biografia/?r=947|title=Frank Agrama}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye bụbu "Chief Executive Officer" (CEO) nke Harmony Gold USA, Inc. N'afọ 1970 na mmalite afọ 1980, Agrama mere ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na-efu obere ego nke gụnyere The Godfather's Friend, ''Queen Kong'' na Dawn of the Mummy. Ọ malitekwara ire ikike mgbasa ozi site na Paramount Pictures, nke ọ resịrị enyi ya, onye bụbu praịm minista Ịtali Silvio Berlusconi, na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi nke Mediaset.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afr.com/business/media-and-marketing/tv/how-bruce-gordon-the-man-from-win-helped-catch-silvio-berlusconi-20150302-13sqe2|work=Australian Financial Review|date=March 7, 2015|title=How Bruce Gordon, the man from WIN, helped catch Silvio Berlusconi|accessdate=7 December 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1983, ya na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi South African ("SABC") nwetara nkwekọrịta iji kesaa obere ihe nkiri ''Shaka Zulu''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://remembered.co.za/shaka-kasenzangakhona-31|work=Remembered|date=May 30, 2013|title=Remembering Shaka Zulu|accessdate=11 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208233031/http://remembered.co.za/shaka-kasenzangakhona-31|archivedate=8 December 2015}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, o guzobere "Harmony Gold USA, Inc".. N'agbanyeghị nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma ''Shaka Zulu'' n'ụwa niile, mkparịta ụka Agrama nwere nkà hapụrụ SABC ka ọ tụfuo ego n'ezie, ebe Harmony Gold nwere ọtụtụ uru.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://camerainthesun.com/?p=25727|title=Joshua Sinclair on Shaka Zulu and apartheid|publisher=Camera in the Sun|date=September 2013}}</ref> A ga-emecha mara Harmony Gold maka imepụta ihe nkiri dịka Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles, ọrụ ndị ọzọ ''Robotech'' n'afọ 1993 miniseries ''Heidi''. Dịka Los Angeles Times si kwuo, ndị ọkàiwu nke Milan, n'ọnwa Nọvemba 21, 2006, boro Agrama, tinyere onye bụbu praịm minista Ịtali Silvio Berlusconi na ndị ọzọ iri, ebubo n'ikpe maka igwu wayo ụtụ isi, mmefu ego na ndekọ ego ụgha na Mediaset. N'ezie, n'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2012, a mara Agrama ikpe mgbe ikpe a were ogologo oge, ebe Berlusconi, ma ọ bụ otu ya, kwuru na ọ zụtara ikike ihe nkiri USA site n'aka ya na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Mediaset na ọnụahịa dị elu.<ref name="bbcfraud">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20102215|title=Silvio Berlusconi sentenced for tax fraud|work=BBC News|date=26 October 2012}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na ọ dị ihe karịrị afọ 70, a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ kpọmkwem ma ọ nọrọghị n'ụlọ ikpe n'ezie. == Ihe ngosi mmepụta == === Onye na-eme ihe nkiri === * Circus (1949) * __ibo__ Akwụkwọ bụ́ China (1954) * ''Hob Fi Hob'' (1960) === Onye nduzi === * ''Eroe Di Sabia'' (1970) onye edemede / onye nduzi * The Godfather's Friend (1972) onye edemede / onye nduzi * ''Queen Kong'' (1976) * Oge nke Mummy (1981) === Onye na-emepụta === * ''Robotech'' The Movie (1986) Onye isi mmepụta * The World of the Talisman (1987) (aka. Planet Busters, ọmụmụ) * ''Robotech II'': The Sentinels (1987) Onye na-emepụta * Lensman: Ike nke Lens (1987) Onye isi mmepụta * ''Lensman'': Nzuzo nke Lens (1988) Onye isi mmepụta * Around the World in 80 Days (1989) Onye na-emepụta * Dragon Ball (1989) Onye isi mmepụta * ''Sherlock Holmes na nwanyị na-eduga'' (1992) Onye na-emepụta * The Lost World (1992) Onye na-emepụta * ''Heidi'' (1993) Onye na-emepụta * The Return to the Lost World (1994) Onye na-emepụta * American Strays (1996) Onye isi mmepụta * Road Ends (1997) Onye mmepụta * ''Robotech'': Battlecry (2002) (Egwuregwu Vidio) Onye isi mmepụta * ''Robotech'': The Shadow Chronicles (2006) Onye isi mmepụta * ''Robotech'': Love Live Alive (2013) Onye isi mmepụta === Onye edemede === * Dawn of the Mummy (1981) Onye edemede * ''Robotech'': The Shadow Chronicles (2006) Ihe nkiri == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Harmony Gold official website * {{IMDb name|0013261}} * Frank Agrama at Anime News Network's encyclopedia {{DEFAULTSORT:Agrama, Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7uakf6jlx23sfh3j87xaf0731zc4nma 0 16518 692922 198722 2026-07-31T01:49:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adel Emam''' (Arabic; a mụrụ na 17 Mee 1940) bụ onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri, telivishọn, na na-eme egwuregwu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/list/the-top-10-arab-male-actors/|title=The Top 3 Arab Male Actors|work=Forbes Middle East|accessdate=2017-09-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe ọchị, mana ọ na-arụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ siri ike ma, jikọta ihe ọchị na ịhụnanya karịsịa na ihe nkiri mbụ ya, nke gụnyere My Wife, the Director General, My Wife's Dignity na My Wife'S ''Goblin'' na Salah Zulfikar na Shadia. Emam nwetara nzere bachelọ na [[Oru ugbo|Ọrụ Ugbo]] na Mahadum Cairo . Kemgbe ahụ, ọ pụtara na ihe karịrị [[Film|ihe nkiri]] 103 na egwuregwu 10. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri a ma ama n'Ijipt na n'ụwa ndị Arab. == Ọrụ == Emam malitere ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri na ''Ana w Howa w Heya'' (1962) ya na [[Fouad el-Mohandes|Fouad El-Mohandes]] na Shwikar na ihe nkiri sinima ọ rụrụ ọrụ na My Wife, the Director General (1966), My Wife's Dignity (1967), na My Wife'n ''Goblin'' (1968) ya na Salah Zulfikar na Shadia. Na mbido afọ 1970, ya na Salah Zulfikar so mee ihe nkiri ''Virgo'' (1970) na Find a scandal (1973) ya na Mervat Amin. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ n'afọ ndi 1980 na 1990 gụnyere The Suspect (1981), na Love in a Jail Cell (1983) n'akụkụ Soad Hosny. Ọ bụ onye mba dị mkpa n'Egypt n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Egypt]] ọ rụrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na egwuregwu ya, ọ na-elekwasị anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nsogbu okpukpe Ijipt. Ọrụ ndị a, ma ọ bu n'uche ya ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, na-etinye ya n'ọnọdụ dị oke egwu n'ihu onye isi ala ma ọ bụ gọọmentị. Onye na-emepụta Emad Adeeb etinyela ya ọtụtụ ugboro na ihe nkiri dịka ''Morgan Ahmed Morgan'' na ''Hassan na Marcus'' n'akụkụ Omar Sharif. == Ndụ onwe == Adel Emam lụrụ nwanyị ma nwee ụmụ atọ: onye nduzi Rami Imam, Sarah Emam, na Mohamed Emam, onye sokwa mee ihe nkiri The Yacoubian Building dịka ''Taha ElShazli'' . Ọ bụ nwanne Esam Imam na Iman Imam. Nwoke di ya bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Mustafa Metwalli. Adel Emam kwuru na ihe ngosi okwu nke Hala Sarhan kwadoro na Amin Shalaby na onye nwụrụ anwụ Younes Shalaby yana Saeed Saleh bụ ezigbo ndị enyi ya kemgbe mahadum. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2012, a mara Emam ikpe (na-anọghị ya) ọnwa atọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ maka ịkpasu Islam iwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17832703|title=BBC News - Egyptian court upholds actor Adel Imam's sentence|publisher=bbc.co.uk|date=2012-04-25|accessdate=2013-06-30}}</ref> Imam kwuru na ọ ga-eme mkpesa maka ikpe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thedailynewsegypt.com/2012/02/09/islamists-halt-filming-of-egyptian-tv-series|title=Islamists halt filming of Egyptian TV series|work=[[Daily News Egypt]]|date=2012-02-09|accessdate=2022-06-21|archivedate=2016-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610154825/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/}}</ref> Na Septemba 12, 2012, Emam meriri arịrịọ ya mgbe ụlọ ikpe misdemeanours nke Cairo wepụrụ ya n'ịkwutọ Islam na fim ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/52683.aspx|title=Egyptian actor Adel Imam wins appeal in defaming Islam case|publisher=[[Al-Ahram|Ahram Online]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref> == Onyinye == Adel Emam nwetara ọtụtụ onyinye site na ọrụ afọ iri ise ya. O meriri "Horus" Award ugboro abụọ maka ọrụ ya na ''Omaret Jacoban'' na ''Al-irhabi'' na Cairo International Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0408054/awards|title=Adel Imam|work=IMDb|accessdate=2018-03-17}}</ref> O meriri Honorary Award nke Festival na 2014 Marrakech International Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/12/06/adel-imam_n_6280166.html|title=Adel Imam monte les marches (PHOTOS)|date=2014-12-06|work=Al HuffPost Maghreb|accessdate=2018-03-17|language=fr-MG}}</ref> O meriri International Jury Award na São Paulo International Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://41.mostra.org/en/pag/mostra-30-premiacoes|title=41ª Mostra Internacional de Cinema - 30ª Mostra - Premiações|work=41.mostra.org|accessdate=2018-03-17|archivedate=2018-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190338/http://41.mostra.org/en/pag/mostra-30-premiacoes}}</ref> N'afọ 2005 nakwa afọ 2008 Dubai International Film Festival nyere Adel Emam Lifetime Achievement Award. O nwetara onyinye Career Achievement Award nke mbụ na El-Gouna Film Festival n'afọ 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/32/276673/Arts--Culture/Film/ElGouna-Film-Festival-to-honour-Egyptian-actor-Ade.aspx|title=El-Gouna Film Festival to honour Egyptian actor Adel Imam with Career Achievement Award - Film - Arts & Culture - Ahram Online|work=english.ahram.org.eg|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-17}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == *  Algeria : Knight (''Achir'') of the [[National Order of Merit (Algeria)]] *  Egypt : Commander of the [[Order of Merit (Ijipt)|Order of Merit (Egypt)]] *  Lebanon : Commander of the [[Usoro Mba nke Osisi Cedar|National Order of the Cedar]] *  Morocco : Commander of the [[Usoro nke Ouissam Alaouite|Order of Ouissam Alaouite]] *  Tunisia : Grand Officier of the [[National Order of Merit nke Tunisia|National Order of Merit of Tunisia]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/20908-adel-imam-a-carthage-decore-du-merite-culturel|title=Adel Imam à Carthage : Décoré du Mérite culturel|date=2016-11-03}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri/TV Series/Play !Nsụgharị Aha !Ọrụ |- |2020 |Valentino (Ihe nkiri TV) |Valentino |Noor Valentino |- |2018 |Awalem Khafyah (Ihe nkiri TV)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sayidaty.net/node/665476/%D9%81%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1/%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84-%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87|title=لأول مرة: عادل إمام يستكمل تصوير مسلسله من "منزله"|date=2018-01-16|work=مجلة سيدتي|accessdate=2018-01-17|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2018/5/24/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8-%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85/3807000|title=الصحفى هلال كامل يتسبب فى سجن وزير الصحة بمسلسل "عوالم خفية" - اليوم السابع|date=2018-05-24|work=اليوم السابع|accessdate=2018-06-18|language=ar-Ar}}</ref> |Ụwa Ndị E Kechiri Anya |Helal Kamel |- |2017 |Afareet Adly Alam (Ihe nkiri TV) |Mmụọ Adly Alam |Adly Alam |- |2016 |Ma'amoon wa shoramaah (Ihe nkiri TV) |Ma'amoon na ndị mmekọ ya |Ma'amoon Mobasher |- |2015 |Ostaz wa rayees kesm (Ihe nkiri TV) |Prọfesọ na Onye isi ngalaba |Fawzy Gomaa |- |2014 |Saheb El Saada (Ihe nkiri TV) |Eze Ukwu |Bahgat Abou-Kheir |- |2013 |Al Aaraf (Ihe nkiri TV) |Onye Ọkà Ahụhụ |Abd-El-Hamid El-Bakry / Hazem Ghorbal / Mostafa Zahran / Araby El-Kahky / Sobhy Abou-El-Fadl / Abou-el-Haggag El-Masry |- |2012 |Firqit Naji Atallah (Ihe nkiri TV) |Ndị otu Naji Atallah |Naji Atallah |- |2010 |Zahaimar |Ọrịa Alzheimer |Mahmoud |- |2009 |Bobbos |Bobbos |Mohsen Hendawi |- |2008 |''Hassan w Morqos'' |Hassan na Marcus |Bọl |- |2007 |''Morgan Ahmad Morgan'' |Morgan Ahmad Morgan |Morgan |- |2006 |''Emaret Yaqubian'' |Ụlọ Yacoubian |Zakki |- |2005 |''El-Sefara fi El-Omara'' |Ebe nnọchiteanya ahụ dị n'ime ụlọ ahụ |Shereef |- |2004 |Mpaghara Menn Gehha Amneya |Nwoke Na-alụ Nchebe |Khattaab |- |2003 |Al-Tagroba Al-Danemarkeya |Nnyocha Danish |Qadri |- |2002 |Ameer Al-Zalaam |Onye Eze nke Ọchịchịrị |Saeed Al-Masri |- |2000 |Bekheet Wa Adeela 3: Hello America |Bekheet na Adeela 3: Hello America |Bekheet |- | rowspan="2" |1999 |El-Wad Mahroos Betaa El-Wazeer |Mahroos; Onye Minista |Mahroos |- |''Body Guard (egwuregwu)'' |Onye Nche Ahụ |Adham |- |1998 |Ressala Ila Al-Wali |Ozi e degaara Gọvanọ |Harfoosh |- |1997 |Bekheet Wa Adeela 2: El-Gardal wel-Kanaka |Bekheet na Adeela 2: Pail na Coffeepot |Bekheet |- |1996 |Al-Nom Fil-Assal |Ihi ụra n'ime mmanụ aṅụ - Ihi ụra ngwa ngwa |Colonel Magdi |- | rowspan="2" |1995 |Bekheet Wa Adeela |Bekheet na Adeela |Bekheet |- |Toyoor Al-Zalaam |Nnụnụ Ọchịchịrị |Fathy Nofal |- |1994 |Al-Erhabi |Onye Na-eyi ọha egwu |Ali<ref>Murphy, Kim (12 April 1994). [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/59345243.html?dids=59345243:59345243&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Apr+12,+1994&author=KIM+MURPHY&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Media+Movie+Breaks+Arab+World's+Silence+on+Terrorism+Issues+`Explosive'+script+focuses+on+Muslim+militant+who+foments+violence+and+then+learns+the+meaning+of+love.&pqatl=google Movie Breaks Arab World's Silence on Terrorism Issues], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', Retrieved December 14, 2010</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |1993 |El Mansy |Ndị Echefuru |Youssef El Mansy |- |''Al-Zaeem (egwuregwu)'' |Onye Ndú | |- |1992 |Erhab Wal Kabab |Iyi ọha egwu na Kebab |Ahmed |- |1991 |Shams Elzanaty |Shams Elzanaty |Shams Elzanaty |- |1987 |Al-Nemr Wal-Ontha |Agụ na Nwanyị |Waheed |- |1985 |Halfout | |Arafa |- | rowspan="3" |1984 |Hatta La-Yeteer Al-Dukhan |Ka anwụrụ ọkụ ahụ ghara ife efe |Fahmi |- |Al Ins wa Algen |Ụmụ Mmadụ na Ekwensu |Jalal (Ekwensu) |- |''El-Wad Sayyed El-Shaghal'' (egwuregwu) |Nwa nwoke ahụ kwuru na Ohu ahụ |Sayyed |- | rowspan="3" |1983 |El Harrif |Onye Ọkachamara |Ụgbọ njem |- |Al-Motasawel |Onye Arịrịọ |Hasanin |- |El Avocato |Onye Ọkaiwu |Hasan Sabanekh |- |1982 |Dumu Fi Uyun Waqeha |Anya mmiri n'anya mkparị |Gomaa El-Shawwan |- |1981 |Al-Mashbouh |Onye A Na-enyo enyo |Maher |- |1979 |Ihna Bitua' al-Autobis |Anyị bụ ndị bọs |Jabir |- |1978 |Ahlam Al fata Al ta2r |Nrọ nke Nwa nwoke ahụ na-agba ọsọ |Ibrahim El-Tayer |- | rowspan="2" |1975 |''Shahed Ma Shafsh Haga (egwuregwu)'' |Onye Akaebe nke na-ahụghị ihe ọ bụla |Sarhan Abdelbaseer | |- |''Gharameyat Afifi (egwuregwu)'' | | |- |1977 |''Ayna Tukhabi'un al-Shams?'' |Ebee ka I Ziri Anyanwụ? | |- |1973 |''Nne nne Al-Mushaghebeen (egwuregwu)'' |Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Ndị Ọjọọ |Bahgat |- |1970 |''Borg El Azraa'' |''Virgo'' | |- |1970 |''Ana Feen W Enti Feen (egwuregwu)'' | | |- |1968 |''Afreet Mirati'' |''Goblin nke Nwunye M'' | |- |1967 |''Karamat Zawgaty'' |''Nkwanye ùgwù nke Nwunye M'' | |- |1967 |''Dhat Al-Bijama Al-Hamraa (egwuregwu)'' | | |- |1966 |''Mirati Modeer Aam'' |''Nwunye m, Onye isi nchịkwa'' | |- |1966 |''3 Losoos'' |''Ndị Ozu Atọ'' | |- |1966 |''Al-Nassabeen (egwuregwu)'' | | |- |1964 |''Ana Wa Howa Wa Heya (egwuregwu)'' | | |} == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] b8rr64oetfj680mw1y01tqimo7gqbtz 0 16620 692892 692542 2026-07-30T22:18:18Z Sylvaline39 15355 692892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fatou Tiyana''' (amụrụ na Febụwarị 24, 1987) bụ onye na-eme egwuregwu ọsọ ọsọ nke na-asọmpi mba ụwa maka otu egwuregwu Olympic nke [[The Gambia|Gambia]].<ref name="beijing">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080908211904/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/BIO/Athlete/0/225820.shtml Athlete biography: Fatou Tiyana], beijing2008.cn, ret: Aug 27, 2008</ref> Tiyana nọchitere anya Gambia na 2008 Summer Olympics na Beijing. O meriri na 100 mita sprint wee bụrụ onye nke asaa na okpomọkụ ya n'agaghị aga n'ihu na agba nke abụọ. Ọ gbara ọsọ ahụ n'ime oge nke 12.25 sekọnd.<ref name="beijing">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080908211904/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/BIO/Athlete/0/225820.shtml Athlete biography: Fatou Tiyana], beijing2008.cn, ret: Aug 27, 2008</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Fatou Tiyana at World Athletics {{DEFAULTSORT:Tiyana, Fatou}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qxlpp7942u0g0thogoahu1ba78jiw9b 0 16811 692658 214612 2026-07-30T12:29:19Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692658 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} '''Florence Dadson''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1992) bụ nwanyị Ghana na-agba bọọlụ, onye na-agbachitere ndị Gulf Coast Texans na United States ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pnj.com/story/sports/2014/07/18/gulf-coast-texans-open-postseason-play/12873191/|title=Gulf Coast Texans open up postseason play|date=18 July 2014|work=Pensacola News Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana - F. Dadson - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://gh.soccerway.com/players/florence-dadson/135340/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=gh.soccerway.com|archivedate=2023-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501214213/https://gh.soccerway.com/players/florence-dadson/135340/}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb == Dadson malitere ọrụ ya na Academy of Christ the King wee sonye na Ghatel Ladies Cape Coast mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rmueagles.com/SIDHelp/m/0/14/r%7c1570%7cFlorence%20Dadson%7c11.php|title=Mobile Site for Robert Morris University|publisher=}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ghanamma.com/2012/03/florence-dadson-i-call-neymar-my-husband/ Florence Dadson: I Call Neymar My Husband]</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ala nna ya, Ghana, na Septemba 2011 mgbe ọ natara nnabata na Mahadum Robert Morris<ref>[http://www.robertmorris.edu/athletics/womenssoccer/chicago/roster/dadson_1o/ Florence Dadson – RMU – Robert Morris University]</ref> na Illinois iji gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Business Administration . Ọ gbara bọọlụ maka RMU n'akụkụ ndị otu Ghana Olivia Amoako na Linda Eshun.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rmueagles.com/article/45.php |title=Four Robert Morris Women's Soccer Players Named Daktronics-NAIA Scholar-Athletes |accessdate=2022-06-22 |archivedate=2016-08-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822004849/http://www.rmueagles.com/article/45.php }}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Robert Morris n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2014, ọ sonyeere klọb W-League Gulf Coast Texans .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://boxscorenews.com/dayton-dutch-lions-womens-team-lose-two-on-the-road-p91249-109.htm|title=Dayton Dutch Lions Women's team lose two on the road|publisher=}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Dadson gbara bọọlụ dị ka onye na-aga n'ihu ma nọchite anya mba ya na ọkwa U-17 na U-20.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/pages/Florendinho-Dadson-florence-Dadson/239056349465648|title=Security Check Required|publisher=}}</ref> Dadson gbara bọọlụ maka Ghana na 2008 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.playsoccer-nonprofit.org/people.php|title=Play Soccer Nonprofit International - People|publisher=|accessdate=2022-06-22|archivedate=2021-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509162927/http://playsoccer-nonprofit.org/people.php}}</ref> na 2012 FIFA U-20 Women'sWorld Cup. Ọ na-eguzo n'òtù ndị Black Queens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ourghana.com/sports/early-camp-for-black-queens-ahead-of-mali-tie|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130131094437/http://www.ourghana.com/sports/early-camp-for-black-queens-ahead-of-mali-tie|archivedate=2013-01-31|title=ourghana|publisher=}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Dadson lụrụ onye Ghana na-agba bọọlụ mba ụwa David Accam na 3 Jenụwarị 2019 na Cape Coast, Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adogla-Bessa|first=Delali|date=3 January 2019|title=Football marriage: David Accam, Florence Dadson tie the knot [Photos]|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/01/football-marriage-david-accam-florence-dadson-tie-the-knot/|accessdate=31 May 2021|work=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Gyamera-Antwi|first=Evans|date=4 January 2019|title=Accam weds girlfriend Dadson {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/extra-time-accam-marries-black-queens-forward-dadson/1hea7pu6rd3fe146ieh2uxwr43|accessdate=31 May 2021|work=www.goal.com}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == '''Ghana''' * Africa Women Cup of Nations : Ebe nke atọ 2016<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=Ghana beat South Africa to third place|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/38184881|accessdate=2020-12-02}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dadson, Florence}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ew0dwc7kl8xzoiyajr0rl47l86c547k 0 16830 692905 88206 2026-07-30T23:23:10Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 692905 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Dorcas Gyimah''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1992) bụ [[Ghana|onye Ghana]] na-agba ọsọ na 100 mita na 200 mita. Ọ nọchitere anya Ghana na mita 200 na afọ 2015 African Games. A họpụtara Gyimah ka ọ nọchite anya Ghana na 4 × 100 mita relay na afọ 2016 Summer Olympics na [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]]. A họrọghị Gyimah ka ọ gbaa ọsọ na okpomọkụ ma ndị otu ahụ agafeghị na nke ikpeazụ. == Ihe ndekọ asọmpi == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{GHA}} |- |2015 |[[Athletics at the 2015 African Games|African Games]] |[[Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo]] |20th |200 m |[[Athletics at the 2015 African Games – Women's 200 metres|24.34]] |} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="rio2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/dorcas-gyimah |title=Rio 2016: Dorcas Gyimah athlete profile |accessdate=2016-08-05 |work=rio2016.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806052024/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/dorcas-gyimah |archivedate=2016-08-06 }}</ref> <ref name="rio2016_results">{{cite web|url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athletics-womens-4-x-100m-relay-round-1-heat-1 |title=Rio 2016: Women's 4 x 100m Relay |accessdate=2016-10-09 |work=rio2016.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010160852/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athletics-womens-4-x-100m-relay-round-1-heat-1 |archivedate=2016-10-10 }}</ref> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] h9t534973v6imj2xy1ehfthohosu3to 692907 692905 2026-07-30T23:30:00Z Mirah50 16972 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692907 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Dorcas Gyimah''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1992) bụ [[Ghana|onye Ghana]] na-agba ọsọ na 100 mita na 200 mita. Ọ nọchitere anya Ghana na mita 200 na afọ 2015 African Games. A họpụtara Gyimah ka ọ nọchite anya Ghana na 4 × 100 mita relay na afọ 2016 Summer Olympics na [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]]. A họrọghị Gyimah ka ọ gbaa ọsọ na okpomọkụ ma ndị otu ahụ agafeghị na nke ikpeazụ. == Ihe ndekọ asọmpi == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{GHA}} |- |2015 |[[Athletics at the 2015 African Games|African Games]] |[[Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo]] |20th |200 m |[[Athletics at the 2015 African Games – Women's 200 metres|24.34]] |} ==Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} <ref name="rio2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/dorcas-gyimah |title=Rio 2016: Dorcas Gyimah athlete profile |accessdate=2016-08-05 |work=rio2016.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806052024/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/dorcas-gyimah |archivedate=2016-08-06 }}</ref> <ref name="rio2016_results">{{cite web|url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athletics-womens-4-x-100m-relay-round-1-heat-1 |title=Rio 2016: Women's 4 x 100m Relay |accessdate=2016-10-09 |work=rio2016.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010160852/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athletics-womens-4-x-100m-relay-round-1-heat-1 |archivedate=2016-10-10 }}</ref> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gyimah, Dorcas}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4k9pztl55g29pu5v7dckklqyozpslof 0 16861 692822 211070 2026-07-30T20:15:29Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692822 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Fryat Yemane''' (Tigrigna: ፍርያት የማነ; amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1991) bụ onye Etiopia na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ahazi ihe ngosi telivishọn na onye na-ese onyinyo. A họpụtara Fryat dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma n'afọ na Leza Art Award maka arụmọrụ ya na ''Wefe Komech'', ihe nkiri 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.addisadmassnews.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=18751%3A%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%98%E1%89%B1-%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%88%E1%8B%9B-%E1%88%BD%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9B%E1%89%B5-%E1%8A%A5%E1%8C%A9%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD-%E1%8B%AD%E1%8D%8B-%E1%88%86%E1%8A%91&Itemid=180|title=የአመቱ የለዛ ሽልማት እጩዎች ይፋ ሆኑ|work=Addisadmassnews.com|accessdate=4 January 2018|archivedate=11 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235710/http://www.addisadmassnews.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=18751%3A%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%98%E1%89%B1-%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%88%E1%8B%9B-%E1%88%BD%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9B%E1%89%B5-%E1%8A%A5%E1%8C%A9%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD-%E1%8B%AD%E1%8D%8B-%E1%88%86%E1%8A%91&Itemid=180}}</ref> A họpụtara Fryat dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma n'afọ na Ethio Zodiac Award maka arụmọrụ ya na ihe nkiri Maya (2017) ma nye ya onyinye maka onye na-ese ihe nkiri kachasị elu na Hollywood Africa Prestigious Award (2017) ''maka'' arụmọrụ ya n'ihe nkiri akpọrọ ''Begize'' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethiopianreporter.com/content/የዓመቱን-መባቻ-በዓምና-ጥበባዊ-ሥራ-ሙገሳ|title=የዓመቱን መባቻ በዓምና ጥበባዊ ሥራ ሙገሳ|work=Ethiopianreporter.com|accessdate=4 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hahudaily.com/2017/11/20/in-pictures-ethiopias-rising-actress-fryat-yemane-wins-hollywood-african-prestigious-award/|title=In Pictures: Ethiopia’s rising actress Fryat Yemane wins Hollywood & African Prestigious Award - HaHu Daily Ethiopian News|work=Hahudaily.com|accessdate=4 January 2018|archivedate=11 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235747/http://hahudaily.com/2017/11/20/in-pictures-ethiopias-rising-actress-fryat-yemane-wins-hollywood-african-prestigious-award/}}</ref> Fryat mere ihe nkiri mbụ ya na Gudegna Nech (2014). == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ ya na [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]], Fryat bụ nwa nwanyị nke Yemane Gebremeskel. Nne ya bụ Sesen. Nne na nna ya bi na Gondar, ebe ha bi n'ihi ọrụ. A mụrụ Fryat, ọ ma nọrọkwa na Gondar ruo mgbe ha laghachiri n'obodo ha bụ Mekelle. Fryat nwere nzere Bachelor of Art na Business Management na Mahadum Hawassa . Ugbu a Fryat bi na [[Addis Ababa]], ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ ma na-elekọta ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ nwere nri mba ọzọ na nke obodo. == Ọrụ == Ọrụ Fryat na Gudegna Nech dọtara uche mbụ ya. Site na 11 Septemba 2017, Fryat pụtara na ihe ngosi TV na EBS TV ebe ya na Asfaw Meshesha na-akwado. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ malitere azụmahịa nke ya na ngalaba ejiji ọdịnala a na-akpọ "DirMug by Fryat". == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yemane, Fryat}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pkti3cis57mpmhbslepfu4u08vm3ipo 0 17107 692890 692547 2026-07-30T22:16:04Z Sylvaline39 15355 Improved article 692890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fatoumata Coulibaly''' bụ onye Mali na-eme ihe nkiri, onye nduzi, onye nta akụkọ, na onye na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị megide igbu ụmụ nwanyị (FGM). == Mmalite ndụ == Fatoumata Coulibaly si n'ezinụlọ ndị na-agụ egwú, nne nne ya Bazéko Traoré bụ onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-eti egwu si mpaghara Sikasso, ebe Coulibalys si.<ref name="maliactu.net">{{Cite web|url=http://maliactu.net/mali-fatoumata-coulibaly-journaliste-a-lortm-comedienne-et-realisatrice-de-films/|title=Mali : Fatoumata Coulibaly: journaliste à l’Ortm, comédienne et réalisatrice de films|author=|date=26 March 2016|work=maliactu.net|accessdate=9 November 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Coulibaly rụrụ ọrụ mbụ dịka onye nta akụkọ redio na onye mgbasa ozi na Mali, tupu o nwee echiche maka egwuregwu, wee gaa hụ onye nduzi [[Ousmane Sow]], onye tụrụ aro ka ọ gbalịa ide ya dịka edemede ihe nkiri, dịka Cheick Oumar Sissoko.<ref name="maliactu.net" /> Coulibaly bu ụzọ dọta uche mba ụwa site na ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri 1997 ''N'Golo'' dit Papa .<ref name="PallisterHottell2005">{{Cite book|author=Janis L. Pallister|title=Francophone Women Film Directors: A Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P15tyiOSRz0C&pg=PA24|accessdate=9 November 2017|year=2005|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8386-4046-3}}</ref> Coulibaly rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ihe nkiri 2004 ''Moolaadé'' site n'aka onye edemede na onye nduzi Senegalese Ousmane Sembène. Coulibaly gosipụtara dịka Collé Gallo Ardo Sy, nke abụọ n'ime ndị nwunye atọ nke di ya, n'otu obodo dị na [[Burkina Faso]], onye na-eji moolaadé ("nchebe anwansi") iji gbalịa ichebe ụmụ agbọghọ pụọ na nkwarụ nwanyị (FGM).<ref name="sinebuano.com">{{Cite web|url=https://sinebuano.com/african-cinema-this-sinekultura-2012|title=African Cinema this SineKultura 2012 – SineBuano.com|author=|date=|work=sinebuano.com|accessdate=9 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109191245/https://sinebuano.com/african-cinema-this-sinekultura-2012|archivedate=9 November 2017}}</ref> Coulibaly n'onwe ya abụrụla onye a na-egbu egbu n'ahụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wg-usa.org/website2014/a-call-to-protect-women-and-girls-against-a-mutilating-practice/|title=A Call to Protect Women and Girls Against a Mutilating Practice|work=www.wg-usa.org|accessdate=2018-02-24|archivedate=2018-06-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616130352/http://www.wg-usa.org/website2014/a-call-to-protect-women-and-girls-against-a-mutilating-practice/}}</ref> Onye nkatọ Roger Ebert nyere ihe nkiri ahụ kpakpando anọ (n'ime anọ), na-ede "maka m ihe nkiri kachasị mma na Cannes 2004, akụkọ na-eme ka ọ dị ngwa na ndụ. Ọ na-eme nkwupụta dị ike ma n'otu oge ahụ nwee ọchị, ịma mma na ịma mma anya dị ịtụnanya. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/moolaade-2004|title=Moolaade Movie Review & Film Summary (2007) - Roger Ebert|first=Roger|author=Ebert|date=|work=www.rogerebert.com|accessdate=9 November 2017}}</ref> Coulibaly ritere ihe nrite Best Actress maka ọrụ ya dịka Collé, na Cinemanila International Film Festival n'afọ 2005.<ref name="sinebuano.com" /> Ihe nkiri a nwere ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwalite mmata zuru oke banyere FGM, Coulibaly anọgidewo na-eme mkpọsa na okwu a kemgbe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldcrunch.com/uncut-the-war-against-female-genital-mutilation-1/facing-the-scourge-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-africa|title=Facing The Scourge Of Female Genital Mutilation In Africa|first=|author=Worldcrunch|date=|work=worldcrunch.com|accessdate=9 November 2017}}</ref> E dekọrọ mkpọsa ya megide FGM na ihe nkiri ''Africa'' on the Move: The Power of Song (2010).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://films.com/title/58421|title=The Power of Song: Africa on the Move|work=Films Media Group|language=en|accessdate=2018-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://apps.uqo.ca/LoginSigparb/LoginPourRessources.aspx?url=http://curio.ca/en/video/africa-on-the-move-the-power-of-song-part-2-of-4-2795/|title=Africa on the Move: The Power of Song (Part 2 of 4)|author=Fakoly|first=Tiken Jah|date=2010}}</ref> Coulibaly apụtala n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, usoro telivishọn na egwuregwu.<ref name="maliactu.net" /> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2016, Coulibaly na-arụ ọrụ maka Office de radiodiffusion télévision du Mali (Office of Broadcasting Television of Mali) (ORTM).<ref name="maliactu.net" /> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Guimba onye ọchịchị'' aka ike (1995) * ''N'Golo'' dit Papa (1997) * Aphrodite, Ogige nke Ihe Na-esi ísì ụtọ (1998) * ''Moolaadé'' (2004), onye na-eme ihe nkiri * ''Africa'' na-agagharị: Ike nke Abụ (2010) * Ifufe na Bamako (2012) == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coulibaly, Fatoumata}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1x4uxkbdc9ik9qotiwhl52afscp71vr 0 17120 692891 692545 2026-07-30T22:17:10Z Sylvaline39 15355 692891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fatoumata Bagayoko''' (amụrụ na onwa Mee 23, na afọ 1988) bụ onye Mali na-agba bọọlụ basketball. Bagayoko sonyeere Mali na afọ 2008 Summer Olympics, ebe o nwetara 21 na egwuregwu 5, gụnyere akara 8 na mmeri ikpeazụ na Spain. A mụrụ ya na Bamako ma na-egwuri egwu maka otu egwuregwu basketball ụmụ nwanyị nke Djoliba AC. == Ihe odide == <references /> {{Reflist}}{{navboxes|title=National squads|list={{Mali squad - 2007 FIBA Africa Championship for Women}} {{Mali squad - 2011 FIBA Africa Championship for Women}}}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bagayoko, Fatoumata}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lwnexby46wx5ug6om16k792mgpzxd32 0 17131 692841 123592 2026-07-30T20:26:42Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 692841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Frank Rajah Arase''' (onye amụrụ '''Frank Rajah Efosa Arase''') bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/7381/3/ghanaian-top-director-frank-rajah-arase-sleeps-wit.html|title=GHANAIAN TOP DIRECTOR FRANK RAJAH ARASE SLEEPS WITH HOUSEMAID IN NIGERIA|publisher=modernghana.com|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html|title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: ‘I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering Indecency In Ghanaian Movies’|publisher=informationng.com|accessdate=16 August 2014|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvthread/3340/25528/1|title=FRANK RAJAH ARASE REACTS TO RAPE ALLEGATION|publisher=thenigerianvoice.com|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://naijamayor.com/top-ghanaian-movie-director-frank-rajah-in-police-net-in-lagos-over-multi-million-naira-fraud/|title=Top Ghanaian Movie Director, Frank Rajah In Police Net In Lagos Over Multi-Million Naira Fraud|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> Arase bụ nwa afọ [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] State, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html|title=Movie Director, Frank Rajah Arase: ‘I Feel Terribly Bad For Pioneering indecency In Ghanaian Movies’|publisher=Information NG|work=Information Nigeria|date=9 April 2014|accessdate=16 August 2014|author=Tolu|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073035/http://www.informationng.com/2014/04/movie-director-frank-rajah-arase-i-feel-terribly-bad-for-pioneering-nudity-in-ghanaian-movies.html}}</ref> A họpụtara ya maka ''onye nduzi kacha mma'' na 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html|title=How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars - Frank Rajah Arase|publisher=citypeoplemagazine.com.ng|accessdate=16 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html|archivedate=19 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx|title=Frank Rajah Arase|publisher=ghananation.com|accessdate=16 August 2014|archivedate=19 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Arase na Benin City, Edo, Nigeria. Ọ tolitere na Lagos ebe ọ malitere ọrụ ihe nkiri ya.<ref name="City People">{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html|title="How I Discovered Many Ghanaian Movie Stars" - Nigerian Film-maker, Frank Rajah Arase|publisher=City People Magazine|work=City People|date=8 April 2014|accessdate=21 September 2014|author=Onuorah, Vivian|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085317/http://www.citypeoplemagazine.com.ng/2014/04/how-i-discovered-many-ghanaian-movie.html|archivedate=19 August 2014}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Arase banyere n'ime ihe ngosi mgbe ọ dị obere. Ọ malitere dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Naịjirịa; ọ bụ onye na-agba egwú maka ndị otu National Theatre ma na-emekwa ihe nkiri. Ọ zutere onye na-eme ihe nkiri Nollywood na onye nduzi Paul Obazele, onye zụrụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri. Na mbụ, ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na-egosi na ''ihe'' nkiri dịka Scores To Settle, After School Hours . Ịhụnanya ya maka ịnọ n'azụ ihe nkiri dọtara ya n'ịduzi ihe nkiri nke ya. Mgbe ọ duziri ihe nkiri ole na ole na Naịjirịa, o kwetara iduzi ihe nkiri maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Ghana, Venus Films, mgbe ọ jụrụ mgbalị ndị ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mere n'oge gara aga. Ọ duziri ihe nkiri akpọrọ Official Prostitute in Ghana ma gaa n'ihu na-eme ihe nkiri na Naịjirịa mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.<ref name="City People"/> N'ikpeazụ, Abdul Salam Mumuni nke Venus Films tụrụ aro nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ na Arase. Nke a gụnyere iwebata ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Ghana n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Nollywood ma mee ka ha nwee ike kpakpando dịka ndị na-emepụta ihe nkiri Naijiria. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Ghana bụ ndị a ma ama site na mmekorita nke gụnyere: [[Jackie Appiah]], [[Van Vicker]], [[Majid Michel]], [[Nadia Buari]], [[John Dumelo]], Kalsoume Sinare na Kofi Adjorolo na ndị ọzọ. A gbatịkwuru nkwekọrịta ahụ maka afọ abụọ ọzọ nke dugara na iwebata ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe nkiri dịka [[Yvonne Nelson]], [[Juliet Ibrahim]], Frank Artus na [[Martha Ankomah]]. Ihe nkiri ndị e mepụtara n'oge a gụnyere: Mummyz Daughter, ''Beyonce'', Heart of Men, The Game, Who Loves Me?, ''Princess Tyra'', The King is Mine, Agony of Christ, Crime to Christ na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Emepụtara ihe nkiri ndị ahụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta Arase, Raj na Heroes Films.<ref name="City People"/> Mgbe nkwekọrịta ya na Venus Film gwụsịrị, ọ gara n'ihu na mmepụta nke ya site na uwe ya, nke wepụtara ihe nkiri ama ama dịka Somewhere in Africa na ihe nkiri ''Iyore''.<ref name="City People" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Arase bụ nwa nke abụọ nke ezinụlọ. Ọ lụrụ nwanyị Sierra Leone na ezinụlọ ya bi na Naịjirịa.<ref name="City People"/> Arase dị ugbu a na Accra, Ghana na Lagos, [[Lagos]] State.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx|title=Frank Rajah Arase|publisher=Ghana Nation|accessdate=22 September 2014|archivedate=19 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084128/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/Frank-Rajah.aspx}}</ref><ref name="City People" /> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Ọnụahịa'' * ''Nwunye Nwoke Na-alụ'' * ''Ebe ụfọdụ n'Africa'' * ''4 Egwuregwu'' * ''Princess Tyra'' * ''Ọnwụnwa'' * ''Mpụ e mere Kraịst'' * ''Nlaghachi nke Beyonce'' * ''Obi Ndị Mmadụ'' * ''Delilah (ihe nkiri TV)'' * ''Iyore'' * ''Akụkọ ifo nke Inikpi'' * Njikọ (2018) == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{DEFAULTSORT:Arase,Frank Rajah}} * {{IMDb name|2606732}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7qwh6qhbnxzabr3qtxziwiyj2t083bh 0 17135 692627 538828 2026-07-30T12:01:32Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}  '''Fátima Albuquerque''' bụ onye nta akụkọ na onye na-eme ihe nkiri si mba [[Mozambique]]. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Mozambique mbụ duziri ihe nkiri na 1980s.<ref name="MistrySchuhmann2015" />{{Cite book|author=Isabel Noronha|editor=Mistry|title=Gaze Regimes: Film and feminisms in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DZjDwAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Wits University Press|isbn=978-1-86814-857-8|pages=148–160|chapter=Cinema of Resistance}}</ref> Ihe ngosi ya na-egosi ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na Mozambique.<ref name="Harrow1997">{{Cite book|author=Schmidt|first=Nancy|editor=Kenneth W. Harrow|title=With Open Eyes: Women and African Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IouwFbVrjPUC&pg=PA171|year=1997|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=90-420-0143-7|chapter=Sub-Saharan African Women Filmmakers: Agendas for Research}}</ref> Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na akụkọ maka ''Kuxa Kanema'', Albuquerque mere ihe ngosi mbụ ya, gbasara ụmụaka nọ n'okporo ámá na Mozambique.<ref name="MistrySchuhmann2015">{{Cite book|author=Isabel Noronha|editor=Mistry|title=Gaze Regimes: Film and feminisms in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DZjDwAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Wits University Press|isbn=978-1-86814-857-8|pages=148–160|chapter=Cinema of Resistance}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIsabel_NoronhaMax_AnnasHenriette_Gunkel2015">Isabel Noronha; Max Annas; Henriette Gunkel (2015). "Cinema of Resistance". In Mistry, Jyoti; Schuhmann, Antje (eds.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=3DZjDwAAQBAJ ''Gaze Regimes: Film and feminisms in Africa'']. Wits University Press. pp.&nbsp;148–160. [[ISBN (onye njirimara)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-1-86814-857-8|<bdi>978-1-86814-857-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Ihe nkiri == * Lo ''ABC'' da nova vida [ABC nke ndụ ọhụrụ], 1985 * As nuestros flores [Our flowers], 1986 * Le Son c'est la vie [The sound is life], 1987 * Entre a dor e esperanca [N'etiti ihe mgbu na olileanya], 1987 * Enweghị nna m nwere ''agha'' [Na mba m enwere agha], 1989 == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Fátima Albuquerque at Complete Index to World Film {{DEFAULTSORT:Albuquerque, Fátima}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fhk6bxt7jeazy18bec6f9uqo8cidgmv 0 17273 692994 450275 2026-07-31T05:03:11Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Felecia Davis''' bụ onye Amerịka na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, injinia na onye nkuzi. Ọ bụ onye isi nke FELECIA DAVIS STUDIO ebe ọ na-ejikọta nka, injinia, imewe na ihe owuwu. A maara Davis maka ọrụ ya na akwa kọmputa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Felecia Davis|url=https://aadn.gsd.harvard.edu/people/felecia-davis/|work=African-American Design Nexus|accessdate=2022-06-24|archivedate=2019-07-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723132356/https://aadn.gsd.harvard.edu/people/felecia-davis/}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Davis nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị nke injinia na Mahadum Tufts n'afọ 1982; Master na Architecture na Mahadim Princeton na PhD na Design and Computation Group na School of Architecture and Planning na Massachusetts Institute of Technology.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heat Responsive Tension Structures|url=https://fabricarchitecturemag.com/2013/01/01/heat-responsive-tension-structures/|work=Fabric Architecture Magazine}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Nnyocha Davis na-enyocha njikọ dị n'etiti akwa na ihe owuwu na ebumnuche nke ịmepụta ihe na ihe ndị na-emeghachi omume na gburugburu ha. Karịsịa, ojiji ọ na-eji Architextiles jikọtara mmepụta dijitalụ dị nro na usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ iji mepụta akwa nke nwere ike ime ka ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mfe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reconstructions Portrait: Felecia Davis on Reconstructing Technology|url=https://pinupmagazine.org/articles/interview-felecia-davis-black-reconstruction-collective|work=Pin-up Magazine}}</ref> Ruo ugbu a, Davis emepụtala akwa nke nwere ike imeghachi omume na aka nke ndị ọrịa ụlọ ọgwụ na-abụghị ndị na-ekwu okwu; ụlọikwuu parametric nke nwere ike ịgbanwe nha na ọdịdị na nzaghachi maka mgbanwe nke ìhè na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ nọ n'okpuru ya; yana mgbidi akwa nke na-agbanwe dabere na mmetụta nke ndị nọ n'ime ụlọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Felecia Davis Chat: Women in Science Profiles|url=https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/75dc9ce8-8259-4bfb-bc03-f69905eea4fe/felecia-davis-chat-video-women-in-science-profiles/|work=PBS Learning Media}}</ref> Ugbu a, Davis bụ osote prọfesọ na Stuckerman Center for Design Computing na School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture na Mahadum Pennsylvania State, ebe ọ bụkwa onye nduzi nke SOFTLAB@PSU.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DMTV Milkshake: Felecia Davis on Creating a Smarter, Better Future|url=https://design-milk.com/dmtv-milkshake-felecia-davis-on-creating-a-smarter-better-future/|work=Design Milk}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere Black Reconstruction Collective.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fabricating Networks by Felecia Davis @ MoMA|url=https://shimaseikiusa.com/2021/04/16/fabricating-networks-by-felecia-davis-moma/|work=Shimaseiki USA|accessdate=2022-06-24|archivedate=2021-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205639/https://shimaseikiusa.com/2021/04/16/fabricating-networks-by-felecia-davis-moma/}}</ref> FELECIA DAVIS STUDIO abụwo onye ikpeazụ n'ọtụtụ asọmpi imepụta ihe owuwu. == Akwụkwọ == * ''SOFTBUILT'' : Computational Textile Architectures (2021) [S.l.]: ACTAR. ISBN <nowiki><bdi id="mwKA">1-948765-60-8</bdi></nowiki>. OCLC 1226565612. * FELT: Communication Emotions Through Textile Expression (2019), Technology|Architecture + Design, 3:2, 146, 2019 .DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2019.164052 * * * Touch: Communication of Emotions through Computational Textile Expression (2018), Emotion and Ambient Computing session in the HCII * * HCII 2018 Proceedings, Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions, Las Vegas. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Davis, Felecia}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hh2hkrbvmypxrafs6u0cxe9h17q5chs 0 17299 692880 692563 2026-07-30T21:58:32Z Sylvaline39 15355 692880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fatuma Roba''' (Amharic: ፋጡማ ሮባ; amụrụ na 18 Disemba, na afọ 1973) bụ onye Etiopia na-agba ọsọ ogologo oge, nke a maara nke ọma maka ịbụ nwanyị Afrịka mbụ meriri nrite ọla edo na asọmpi Olympic marathon nke ụmụ nwanyị na Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics na maka mmeri atọ na-esote Boston Marathons. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Fatuma Roba na 18 Disemba, na afọ 1973 na Bekoji, Ethiopia.<ref name="bekoji">{{Cite news|title=Bekoji trip: Cradle of champions|url=http://www.athleticsweekly.com/featured/bekoji-trip-cradle-of-champions-40485|accessdate=24 October 2016|work=[[Athletics Weekly]]|date=16 March 2016}}</ref> Ka Fatuma na-etolite, ọ dịghị nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe dị anya na-agba ọsọ n'ime Etiopia, naanị Abebe Bikila. Mgbe Fatuma nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, a naghị agba ya ume ịgba ọsọ mana o kpebiri ịga n'ihu n'agbanyeghị.<ref name="legend">{{Cite news|author=Tanser|first=Toby|title=Fatuma Roba: A Twisted Path to Living Legend|work=[[Runner's World]]|date=19 April 2008}}</ref> Ọ bụ Sentayehu Eshetu zụrụ ya, onye ya na ndị na-eme egwuregwu dịka Derartu Tulu rụburu ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=The Ethiopian town that's home to the world's greatest runners|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/apr/06/ethiopian-home-worlds-greatest-runners|accessdate=24 October 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=6 April 2012}}</ref> == Ọrụ ịgba ọsọ == O mere otu mba mbụ ya n'afọ 1988, na ọkara marathon. N'afọ ahụ, ọ nọ n'elu iri na asọmpi ụwa, ka ọ na-erule afọ 1992, ọ ka mma ruo nke isii. Mgbe ọ bịarutere nke mbụ na juniors na nke asaa n'ozuzu na New York Mini Marathon, o kpebiri ịnwale marathon zuru oke. Ya mere na afọ 1994, o sonyere na Paris Marathon, na-emecha nke iri na itoolu, mgbe e mesịrị kwuo "mgbe m mechara m kwuru, ;Ọ dịghị mgbe ọzọ, agaghị m eme nke a ọzọ, ọ dị ogologo!' Aṅụara m mmiri nke ukwuu, enwere m nsogbu afọ, mgbe 14km gachara agwụla m. "<ref name="legend">{{Cite news|author=Tanser|first=Toby|title=Fatuma Roba: A Twisted Path to Living Legend|work=[[Runner's World]]|date=19 April 2008}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ogologo oge maka afọ na-esote, mana na ụbọchị 25 ga-aga ruo na afọ 1995 World Championships in Athletics, a tụrụ aro na ọ ga-asọmpi ebe ọ bụ na Ethiopia anaghị eziga onye ọzọ. Ya mere, ọ gbara ọsọ, wee gbaa ọsọ ruo kilota 25 (16 mi), mana mgbe ahụ ọ na-enwe isi ọwụwa ma daa ọtụtụ ugboro. Ọ gwụchara nke iri na itoolu, na oge nke 2:39:27, mana arụmọrụ ya mere ka ọ banye n'ụlọ ọgwụ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.<ref name="legend">{{Cite news|author=Tanser|first=Toby|title=Fatuma Roba: A Twisted Path to Living Legend|work=[[Runner's World]]|date=19 April 2008}}</ref> Mana Fatuma kpebiri ịga n'ihu na ọzụzụ n'ebe ahụ. O meriri marathon mbụ ya na Marrakech na mbido afọ 1996, tupu ya emeri Rome Marathon ọnwa abụọ ka e mesịrị. N'etiti ọsọ abụọ ahụ, ọ meziwanyere oge kachasị mma ya site na otu nkeji. Mgbe mmeri na Rome gasịrị, a họpụtara ya maka ndị otu Etiopia na 1996 Summer Olympics, na Atlanta, United States, ma mee ka ọzụzụ ya sie ike.<ref name="legend">{{Cite news|author=Tanser|first=Toby|title=Fatuma Roba: A Twisted Path to Living Legend|work=[[Runner's World]]|date=19 April 2008}}</ref> O mechara kwuo na site na kilota iri na asatọ (11 mi) na marathon ụmụ nwanyị na Atlanta Games, o doro anya na ọ meriri n'ọsọ ahụ n'ihi na ndị ọzọ na-agba ọsọ na-agwụ ike n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-achọta ọsọ ahụ.<ref name="legend" /> Site na mmeri ya na ihe nrite ọla edo, Fatuma ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ si mba Afrịka meriri n'asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị na egwuregwu Olimpik.<ref name="bekoji">{{Cite news|title=Bekoji trip: Cradle of champions|url=http://www.athleticsweekly.com/featured/bekoji-trip-cradle-of-champions-40485|accessdate=24 October 2016|work=[[Athletics Weekly]]|date=16 March 2016}}</ref> Fatuma merikwara Boston Marathons ugboro atọ n'usoro site na 1997-1999<ref>{{Cite news|title=Women's Boston Marathon is closest in history|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/24240959/|accessdate=24 October 2016|work=[[NBC Sports]]|date=21 April 2008}}</ref> Onye mmeri Boston ugboro atọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara inwe akara nke anọ n'usoro n'afọ 2000, na-abịa na nke atọ na njedebe kachasị nso n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fatuma Roba|url=http://archive.boston.com/marathon/runners/Fatuma_Roba.htm|publisher=Boston.com|accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref> O mechara kwuo "Ọ dị mma, nye m, marathons kachasị ukwuu n'ime marathons niile bụ Olympic Marathon, mana ebe nke abụọ bụ Boston".<ref name="legend">{{Cite news|author=Tanser|first=Toby|title=Fatuma Roba: A Twisted Path to Living Legend|work=[[Runner's World]]|date=19 April 2008}}</ref> == Ihe kacha mma n'onwe ya == * 10000m S. 32:25 (2000) * Ọkara marathon Shia 1:09:01 (2001) * Marathon Shia 2:23:21 (1998) == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{ETH}} |- |1990 |[[1990 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] |[[Plovdiv]], [[Bulgaria]] |16th (h) |3000m |[[1990 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 3000 metres|9:26.63]] |- |1992 |[[IAAF World Half Marathon Championships|World Half Marathon Championships]] |[[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle, United Kingdom]] |6th |Half marathon |[[1992 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships|1:10:28]] |- |1995 |[[1995 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Gothenburg]], Sweden |19th |Marathon |[[1995 World Championships in Athletics – Women's Marathon|2:39:27]] |- |rowspan=2|1996 |[[Rome City Marathon]] |[[Rome]], Italy |bgcolor="gold" | 1st |Marathon |2:29:05 |- |[[Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Atlanta]], United States |bgcolor="gold" | 1st |Marathon |2:26:05 |- |rowspan=2|1997 |[[Boston Marathon]] |[[Boston]], United States |bgcolor="gold" | 1st |Marathon |2:26:23 |- |[[1997 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Athens]], Greece |— |Marathon |[[1997 World Championships in Athletics – Women's Marathon|DNF]] |- |1998 |[[Boston Marathon]] |[[Boston]], United States |bgcolor="gold" | 1st |Marathon |2:23:21 |- |rowspan=2|1999 |[[Boston Marathon]] |[[Boston]], United States |bgcolor="gold" | 1st |Marathon |2:23:25 |- |[[1999 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Seville]], Spain |4th |Marathon |[[1999 World Championships in Athletics – Women's Marathon|2:28:04]] |- |rowspan=2|2000 |[[Boston Marathon]] |[[Boston]], United States |bgcolor="cc9966" | 3rd |Marathon |2:26:27 |- |[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Sydney]], Australia |9th |Marathon |[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Women's Marathon|2:27:38]] |- |2001 |[[2001 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Edmonton]], Canada |13th |Marathon |[[2001 World Championships in Athletics – Women's Marathon|2:31:10]] |- |2004 |[[Nagano Olympic Commemorative Marathon|Nagano Marathon]] |[[Nagano (city)|Nagano]], Japan |bgcolor="gold" | 1st |Marathon |2:28:05 |} == Ihe odide == <references /> {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060320164719/http://www.globalathletics.com/f_roba.shtml Ụmụ nwanyị na-eme egwuregwu: Fatuma Roba] {{Footer Olympic Champions Marathon Women}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fatuma, Roba}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gihty6maia8rf0j9v188drqxgcvtjqo 0 17758 693094 128053 2026-07-31T10:06:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Amani Lewis''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1994) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe nké bi na Baltimore, Maryland.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Idia|first=Tereneh|date=September 25, 2019|title=Artist Amani Lewis describes their 'chilling, raggedy, ashy, warehouse' style|url=https://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/artist-amani-lewis-describes-her-chilling-raggedy-ashy-warehouse-style/Content?oid=15914664|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617055703/https://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/artist-amani-lewis-describes-her-chilling-raggedy-ashy-warehouse-style/Content?oid=15914664|archivedate=June 17, 2022|accessdate=|work=Pittsburgh City Paper}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Amani Lewis: Subjective Nature – August Wilson African American Cultural Center|url=https://aacc-awc.org/event/amani-lewis-subjective-nature/|accessdate=2020-06-19|work=aacc-awc.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Dunson|first=Danny|date=30 October 2019|title=Amani Lewis: Subjective Nature – ArtX|url=https://artx.net/mediapost/amani-lewis-subjective-nature/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-06-22|work=artx.net|language=en-US}} [[Òtù:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=10 April 2020|title=How We're Adapting: Fountainhead|url=https://www.phillips.com/article/56467325/fountainhead-residency-studios-miami-artists|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-06-22|work=Phillips|language=en}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Lewis tolitere na Columbia, Maryland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amani Lewis - Artist|url=https://www.debuckgallery.com/artists/amani-lewis/|accessdate=2020-06-22|work=De Buck Gallery|language=en-US|archivedate=2019-08-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828172108/https://www.debuckgallery.com/artists/amani-lewis/}}</ref> Ha nwetara BFA na Maryland Institute College of Arts na 2016.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Benyehudah|first=Kemuel|date=2020-01-31|title=The Legacy of Black Collage Practice Endures|url=https://www.theartblog.org/2020/01/the-legacy-of-black-collage-practice-endures/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107050906/https://www.theartblog.org/2020/01/the-legacy-of-black-collage-practice-endures/|archivedate=2021-01-07|accessdate=2020-06-22|work=Artblog|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ nka == Na Septemba, 2019, Lewis gosipụtara ''Amani Lewis'': Subjective Nature na August Wilson African American Cultural Center na Pittsburgh, PA.<ref name=":0" /> Ha nwèrè mmasị na ikpe ziri ezi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọrụ ọbọdọ.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 2019, Lewis gosipụtara ihe ngosi otu akpọrọ: Conjuring Wholeness na De Buck Gallery na New York City.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Estiler|first=Keith|date=May 1, 2019|title=De Buck Gallery Highlights Black Imagination & Self Identity in Group Show|url=https://hypebeast.com/2019/5/de-buck-gallery-conjuring-wholeness-in-the-wake-of-rupture-exhibition|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-06-22|work=HYPEBEAST}}</ref> Lewis bụ ónyé na-ese ihe na Fountainhead Residency na Studios na Miami, Florida.<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 2020, ha nọ n'otu ihe ngosi akpọrọ: Black Voices/Black Microcosm na CFHILL Art Space na Stockholm, Sweden nke Destinee Ross haziri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BLACK VOICES/BLACK MICROCOSM by Destinee Ross — Artworks|url=https://www.cfhill.com/black-voices-black-microcosm-artworks|accessdate=2020-06-22|work=CFHILL|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-06-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625191839/https://www.cfhill.com/black-voices-black-microcosm-artworks}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] bfwkwo2amhogmzwjixuikvjrte6loog 0 18137 692933 621255 2026-07-31T02:23:24Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Gregory Artus Frank''' (amụrụ na Mee 4, 1979), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Frank Artus''', bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye nduzi, na [[Liberia|onye]] na-emepụta ihe nkiri n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri West Africa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044749/http://www.tlcafrica.com/news_liberian_movie_star_intensifies_campaign_to_end_violence_against_women_nov_2015.htm "Liberian Movie Star Intensifies Campaign to End Violence Against Women -Tours Four Counties"]. ''The Liberian Connection'',</ref><ref>[https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/82256/meet-the-faces-to-watch-in-nollywood-this-year.html "Meet the Faces to Watch in Nollywood this Year"]. ''TV Nigeria'', 9 February 2012</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Frank na Montserrado County na mba Liberia.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201308290577.html Liberia: Mixed Reactions - Dream Debo Expresses Disappointment in Artus Frank at Dream House Reality Show"]. ''AllAfrica'', 29 August 2013. J. Ralph Lincoln</ref> Mba ya bụ onye Liberia.<ref>[http://therecorderng.com/why-i-cant-marry-genevieve-frank-artus/ "WHY I CAN’T MARRY GENEVIEVE – FRANK ARTUS"]. ''The Recorder'', April 15, 2013</ref><ref name="pulse">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170821004857/http://www.pulse.com.gh/celebrities/social-responsibility-franks-artus-adopts-ebola-victims-children-in-liberia-id3910239.html "Franks Artus adopts Ebola victims' children in Liberia"]. ''Pulse Ghana'', 26.06.2015. Portia Arthur</ref> Ọ gara kọleji na Mahadum AME dị na Monrovia, nweta nzere na Human Resources Management. == Ọrụ == Frank malitere ọrụ ya na Liberia. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbasara ruo na Ghana ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Venus Films, wee mechaa gaa na-ese ihe nkiri na Naịjirịa ([[Nollywood]]).<ref>[http://www.modernghana.com/movie/10890/frank-artus-tells-his-experience-in-nigeria-whiles-shooting.html "Frank Artus Tells His Experience in Nigeria While Shooting ''My Husband’s Funeral''."]. ''Modern Ghana'', 19 March 2011</ref> Mgbe ọ rụchara obere ọrụ na Liberia, Artus dere, duzie, ma gosipụtakwa n'ihe nkiri Juetey (Children's Business). N'afọ 2008, ''Jutey'' ritere ihe nrite isii gụnyere onye edemede kachasị mma, onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị mma, na ihe nkiri nke afọ. Juetey bụ mgbalị mbụ Frank mere maka ide ihe nkiri. Kemgbe ahụ, o meela ihe nkiri ihe karịrị otu narị. A họpụtara ya maka ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, ma o meriri ihe nrite Best International Actor maka 2012 na African Academy Awards. O nwetakwara ihe nrite Hall of Grace Award n'afọ 2013. Otu n'ime ihe nkiri ya a ma ama bụ 2012's Order of the Ring, nke ọ rụrụ na-agba ọtọ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220112013020/http://www.africanmoviesnews.com/2012/11/kensteve-anukas-order-of-the-ring-secures-gtb-award-for-frank-artus/ "Kensteve Anuka’s ‘Order Of The Ring’ secures GTB Award for Frank Artus"]. ''African Movies News'', - Posted on November 13, 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/03/frank-artus-goes-nude-new-movie/ "Frank Artus goes nude in new movie"]. ''Vanguard'', On March 28, 2014</ref> N'afọ 2015, e nyere Frank ihe nrite Face of Africa dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri a ma ama. O nwetakwara ọtụtụ ihe nrite nke gụnyere Humanitarian Figure Award site na Kọmitii Onyinye Continental maka onyinye ya na ọgụ megide ebola.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201509101331.html "Liberia: Limu Lambasts Gov't Over Lack of 'Tangible Gift'"]. ''Daily Observer''. By Robin Dopoe Jr "10 September 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.liberianobserver.com/lib-life/frank-artus-present-awards "Frank Artus to Present Awards"]. ''Liberian Observer'', 08/13/2015 Robin Dopoe Jr.</ref> == Onye nke ya == Frank lụrụ onye ọ hụrụ n'anya n'oge ọ bụ nwata bụ Prima Cooper Frank ma di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ atọ ugbu a, ụmụ nwanyị abụọ na nwa nwoke ọ gụrụ aha onye nkuzi ya, onye India na-eme ihe nkiri Shah Rukh Khan. == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ ==   == Ebensidee == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Artus, Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] l3353awwpps1zg13tstlkwc5gbmald5 0 18573 692746 130135 2026-07-30T14:21:22Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added default sort 692746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gabriel Temudzani''' (amụrụ na 10 Febụwarị 1980) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-egosi TV na South Africa.<ref name="Tvsa">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=3687|title=Gabriel Temudzani|work=tvsa.co.za}}</ref> A maara ya maka ọrụ ya dị ka Chief Vhafuwi Azwindini kemgbe afọ 2000, na ihe nkiri TV ''Muvhango'' nke a na-egosikari na SABC 2, nke ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri kemgbe afọ 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muvhango.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=208&Itemid=47|title=Archived copy|accessdate=25 July 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130422022257/http://www.muvhango.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=208&Itemid=47|archivedate=22 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sowetan/archive/2007/03/12/venda-maidens-all-pass-virginity-tests|title=Venda maidens all pass virginity tests|work=sowetanlive.co.za|accessdate=2018-10-23|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>(1 June 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181023195804/http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2012/06/01/muvhango-s-leading-man Muvhango's leading man], ''[[The Sowetan]]''</ref><ref>(12 June 2012). [http://www.iol.co.za/the-star/from-actor-to-tv-presenter-1.1316708#.UCxvZqN_XyA From Actor to TV Presenter], ''[[Independent Online (South Africa)]]''</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Temudzani na 1980 ma zụlite ya na Tshivhilidulu na mpaghara Nzhelele, na Venda.<ref name="okmzansi">{{Cite web|url=https://okmzansi.co.za/10-things-dont-know-gabriel-temudzani/amp/|title=10 Things you don't know about Gabriel Temudzani|work=okmzansi.co.za|accessdate=2022-07-18|archivedate=2020-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725163020/https://okmzansi.co.za/10-things-dont-know-gabriel-temudzani/amp/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1995, ọ malitere ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya ma mee ihe nkiri mbụ ya n'afọ 2000.<ref name="okmzansi" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri A Diamond na Destiny n'afo 2003, banyere nchọpụta ọlaedo na ''diamond na'' Kimberly.<ref name="okmzansi" /> N'afọ 2009, ọ nwetara ọrụ dị mkpa na nkiri Night Drive. N'ụlọ nkiri, ọ pụtara na ihe ngosi The Dog na The Night nke Horror, nke o ritere ihe nrite Vita.<ref name="okmzansi" /> Ugbu a ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ''Muvhango'' ma na-egosi ihe ngosi magazin La Famila, nke na-agbasa na SABC2.Ọ bụ onye na-egosi La Familia site na Shandukani Nesengani, malite na Oge ato na 2010.<ref name="okmzansi" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Gabriel lụrụ Refilwe Temudzani n'afọ 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/Entertainment/gabriel-and-his-wife-celebrate-4-years-20170526|title=Gabriel and His wife celebrate 4 years!|work=dailysun.co.za|date=26 May 2017}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Telivishọn === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |2000 |''Muvhango'' |Onye isi Vhafuwi Azwindini Mukwevho |Ọrụ ndu |- |2010 |''Onye Ezinụlọ'' |Onwe ya | |} === ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe Rịba ama |- | |''Nkịta na abalị nke egwu'' |Onwe ya | |- |2003 |''Diamond na akara aka'' | | |- |2009 |''Ịkwọ Ụgbọ N'abalị'' | |ọrụ ndu |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == * O ritere ihe nrite vita maka ọrụ ya na The Dog na The Night nke Horror .<ref name="Tvsa" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|3828128|Gabriel Temudzani}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Temudzani, Gabriel}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndi na-eme ihe nkiri]] bxllwqs82k4wcw2qkaudgk6d2hxw60s 0 18595 692750 161098 2026-07-30T14:27:43Z Anastesia chi 23720 Default sort 692750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''María Gabriela Pazmiño Pino''', nke a na-akpọ '''Gaby''' (amụrụ ya na 30 Julaị 1975), bụ onye na-eme ihe ngosi telivishọn nke obodo Ecuador, onye na-akwado ndị na-eme obi ụtọ, onye na'agba egwu, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ lụrụ Abdalá Bucaram Jr., onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ anọ.<ref name="uno">{{Cite news|title=Gabriela Pazmiño: Un testimonio de vida ‘on line’ : Farándula : La Hora Noticias de Ecuador, sus provincias y el mundo|url=http://lahora.com.ec/index.php/noticias/show/1101870696/-1/Gabriela_Pazmi%25C3%25B1o:_Un_testimonio_de_vida_on_line.html|accessdate=28 June 2016|work=[[La Hora]]|date=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="dos">{{Cite news|title=Gabriela Pazmiño, entusiasmada con sus estudios en Comunicación|url=http://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/gabrielapazmino-comunicacion-universidad-guayaquil-estudios.html|accessdate=28 June 2016|work=[[El Comercio (Ecuador)|El Comercio]]|date=20 January 2016|language=es}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ ya == A mụrụ Gabriela Pazmiño na 30 Julaị 1975 na Guayaquil, Ecuador.<ref name="uno" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, ọ banyere na telivishọn n'afọ 1990 dị ka onye na-eme obi ụtọ na ihe ngosi mmemme ntụrụndụ Nubeluz .<ref name="dos" /> Ọ bụ onye asọmpi na Miss Ecuador 1994 ma bụrụ onye nke anọ.<ref name="cuatro">{{Cite web|title=Gabriela Pazmiño|url=http://especiales.eluniverso.com/elecciones2013/asambleistas/gabriela-pazmino/|work=especiales.eluniverso.com|publisher=[[El Universo]]|accessdate=28 June 2016}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Pazmiño pụtara na Aquí nos vemos, Miércoles Millonarios, Domingos Millonarios na ''Guayaquil Caliente''.<ref name="cuatro" /> Pazmiño nwetara aha dị ukwuu dị ka onye na-elekọta A todo dar [es].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Gabriela Pazmiño: Fuladrona turo incierto : Farándula : La Hora Noticias de Ecuador, sus provincias y el mundo|url=http://lahora.com.ec/index.php/noticias/show/1101470493|accessdate=10 April 2016|work=[[La Hora]]|date=26 February 2013|language=es}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye na-egosi Fama o Drama na La guerra de los sexos.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2014, ọ sonyeere ihe ngosi nke Soy el mejor, nke gbara oge anọ, na-agwụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2015 site na ịchụpụ ya na TC Televisión.<ref>{{Cite news|title=TC Mi Canal despide a los presentadores Gabriela Pazmiño y Richard Barker|url=http://www.eluniverso.com/vida-estilo/2015/10/05/nota/5168354/tc-mi-canal-despide-presentadores-gabriela-pazmino-richard|accessdate=28 June 2016|work=[[El Universo]]|date=5 October 2015|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Gabriela Pazmiño está dolida por su despido intempestivo|url=http://www.eldiario.ec/noticias-manabi-ecuador/369657-gabriela-pazmino-esta-dolida-por-su-despido-intempestivo-video/|accessdate=10 April 2016|work=El Diario Ecuador|date=5 October 2015|language=es}}</ref> Mgbe a chụpụrụ ya, Pazmiño malitere usoro weebụ na YouTube na ezinụlọ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gabriela Pazmiño sube su vida familiar a Youtube|url=http://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/estreno-reality-gabrielapazmino-dalobucaram-youtube.html|accessdate=5 October 2015|work=[[El Comercio (Ecuador)|El Comercio]]|date=7 October 2015|language=es}}</ref> === Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === N'afọ 2007, a họpụtara Pazmiño na di ya ka ha bụrụ ndị National Congress of Ecuador maka Guayas Province, na-anọchite anya ndị Roldosist Party nke Ecuador. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ minista mgbakọ maka mpaghara ahụ. N'ime ndị minista ise a họpụtara, Pazmiño nwere ọdịiche nke inwe ọtụtụ ndị na-anọghị n'ụlọ ọrụ ya.<ref name="cuatro">{{Cite web|title=Gabriela Pazmiño|url=http://especiales.eluniverso.com/elecciones2013/asambleistas/gabriela-pazmino/|work=especiales.eluniverso.com|publisher=[[El Universo]]|accessdate=28 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Asambleístas que no asisten a sesiones del Pleno no dejan de percibir su sueldo|url=http://www.ecuadorinmediato.com/index.php?module=Noticias&func=news_user_view&id=180294|accessdate=5 April 2016|work=Ecuadora Inmediato|date=28 August 2012|language=es}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pazmiño, Gabriela}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rpts76nyzaw1rk0bdywl9nmk01ccoxx 0 18868 692913 475234 2026-07-31T00:37:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abunuabunu''' bụ ofe obodo nke ndị si na mpaghara Brong Ahafo nke [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/food-travel/efie-aduane-series-going-green-with-abunuabunu/qz6353b|title=Going green with Abunuabunu|date=2016-08-16|work=www.pulse.com.gh|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-30|archivedate=2024-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091950/https://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/food-travel/efie-aduane-series-going-green-with-abunuabunu/qz6353b}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghana.watsupafrica.com/news/pulse-tv-efie-aduane-episode-7-how-to-prepare-abunuabunu/|title=Pulse Tv- Efie Aduane Episode 7- How To Prepare Abunuabunu {{!}} WatsupAfrica - Africa's Latest News & Entertainment Platform|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-30}}</ref> A na-eme ya site na akwụkwọ ede (nke a na-akpọ kontomire) tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ (, tomato ejula azụ a na-ese anwụrụ, yabasị, ose na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, turkey berries (Asante - twi ''kwahu nsusua'') na nnu).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/diy-recipe-how-to-prepare-ebun-ebunu-kontomire-soup/sfqw6zt|title=How to prepare 'Ebun ebunu' (Kontomire soup)|date=2016-02-01|work=www.pulse.com.gh|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-30|archivedate=2024-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211091004/https://www.pulse.com.gh/diy-recipe-how-to-prepare-ebun-ebunu-kontomire-soup/sfqw6zt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naaoyooquartey.com/ganyobinaa/the-green-soup-called-ebunubunu/8/16/2015|title=How To Prepare The Green Soup called Ebunubunu.|work=Naa Oyoo Quartey|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-04-30|archivedate=2024-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212155714/https://www.naaoyooquartey.com/ganyobinaa/the-green-soup-called-ebunubunu/8/16/2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afrotide.com/nanaabas-kitchen-how-to-make-ebunuebunu-soup-green-soup/|title=Nanaaba's Kitchen-how to make ebunuebunu soup (green soup)|date=2018-04-07|work=AfroTide|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-30}}</ref>   == Ụzọ e si eje ozi == A na-ahụkarị Abunuabunu ma kwadebe ya n'etiti ndị mmadụ na Kumasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghanafuo.com/2016/07/5-delicious-meals-you-will-surely-ge.html|title=5 delicious meals you will surely get to enjoy in Kumasi|author=davidmawuligh|date=2016-07-19|work=Ghanafuo.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-04-30}}</ref> A na-ejikarị [[Ụtara|akpu]] ma ọ bụ banku enye ya mana enwere ike inye ya ihe ọ bụla ị họọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nkonkonsa.com/celebs-photos/joselyn-dumas-spotted-enjoying-fufu-and-abunuabunu/|title=JOSELYN DUMAS SPOTTED ENJOYING FUFU AND ABUNUABUNU|date=2015-08-17|work=Nkonkonsa|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-30|archivedate=2019-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624062203/http://www.nkonkonsa.com/celebs-photos/joselyn-dumas-spotted-enjoying-fufu-and-abunuabunu/}}</ref> == Ihe ndị e ji mee ya == * Igurube * Azụ a na-ese siga * Mushrooms * Koobi (tilapia nnu kpọrọ nkụ) * 10-15 nke dị n'etiti akwụkwọ cocoyam (Kontomire) * Obere kwansesaawa (mkpụrụ osisi Turkey) * Nri (onion, ose na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, tomato, ginger, galik) * Nri * azụ̀ a mịrị amị * dawawa == Ụzọ e si akwadebe ya == * Jiri mmiri oroma nkịrịsị kwadebe ejula * Gbuo ero na koobi (azụ̀ nnu) n'ime iberibe ma tinye ha n'ime nnukwu ofe * Gbakwunye ejula * A na-agwakọta ya na ihe na-atọ ụtọ, nnu na ginger, yabasị na .galik * Sachaa ma tinye tomato na yabasị ọhụrụ, wee kpuchie saucepan. * Na-etinye ahịhịa site na akwụkwọ cocoyam ma jiri nlezianya saa ya. * Tinye akwụkwọ n'ime ofe ma tinye ose mmiri na kwansesaawa ma kpuchie ya ka ọ sie maka nkeji ise na asatọ. * Wepụ tomato na yabasị na ofe ma gwuo ya ma ọ bụrụ na esi ya nke ọma. * Gbanye ya na colander ma tinye ya na ofe. * Sa azụ̀ a na-ese anwụrụ ma tinye ya na ofe * Ikpuchi ka ọ sie maka nkeji ise. * Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ, ose na kwansesaawa nke ọma ma tinye ya na ofe. * Tinye mmiri ọzọ dabere na ọkpụrụkpụ ị chọrọ. * Na-ata ma tinye nnu. * Okpomọkụ dị ala ma hapụ ya ka ọ sie maka nkeji 6 ruo 10 ọzọ * Nye ofe na fufu, osikapa ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ị họọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/diy-recipe-how-to-prepare-ebun-ebunu-kontomire-soup/sfqw6zt|title=How to prepare 'Ebun ebunu' (Kontomire soup)|date=2016-02-01|work=www.pulse.com.gh|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-30|archivedate=2024-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211091004/https://www.pulse.com.gh/diy-recipe-how-to-prepare-ebun-ebunu-kontomire-soup/sfqw6zt}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Nri Ghana == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzlNAJGQ3Pw&t=44s Vidio: Ka anyị mee Ebunuebunu] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vBo-S3s8Gw Vidio:Olee otu esi akwadebe Abunubunu] == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}}{{Legume dishes}} e3hayg5tmje6o9z8nxk31nwbav7nwnh 0 19380 692895 692528 2026-07-30T22:23:02Z Sylvaline39 15355 692895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fatou Jeng''' bụ onye na-eto eto na-agba mbọ maka ọdịmma ihu igwe na [[The Gambia|Gambia]], lekwasịrị anya na agụmakwụkwọ, nchekwa na ịkụ osisi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title='We, too, want to be heard,' young African climate champions cry out|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/oped/comment/-we-too-want-to-be-heard-young-african-climate-champions-cry-out-1438298|accessdate=2020-08-26|work=The East African|language=en|archivedate=2021-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427104018/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/oped/comment/-we-too-want-to-be-heard-young-african-climate-champions-cry-out-1438298}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fridays for Future: Can they keep the pressure up? {{!}} DW {{!}} 20.08.2020|url=https://www.dw.com/en/cliamte-change-environment-greta-thunberg-merkel-global-strike-climate-action-luisa-neubauer/a-54618006|accessdate=2020-08-26|work=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=Apr 22, 2020|title=Environmental and Climate activist round the world today mark Earth Day demonstrate|work=ptvGambia|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ohtn2Az7aVA}}</ref> A maara ya n'ụwa niile dị ka onye na-ahazi ọrụ ihu igwe ndị ntorobịa na mba ahụ, gụnyere ịnabata National Youth Conference on Climate Change, onye nhazi mba na onye otu ụlọ ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ maka Plant-for-the-Planet, na onye nhazi Friday for Future.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-14|title=Gambian Young People Host Road to Nairobi Temperature Check with UNFPA Executive Director, Dr. Natalia Kanem|url=https://gambia.unfpa.org/en/news/gambian-young-people-host-road-nairobi-temperature-check-unfpa-executive-director-dr-natalia|accessdate=2020-08-26|work=UNFPA Gambia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-05|title=Gambian youth take the lead in tree planting initiatives|url=https://diraj.org/stories/trees/|accessdate=2020-08-26|work=DIRAJ|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117151158/https://diraj.org/stories/trees/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Climate Action Studio SB48: Fatou Jeng final, Plant for the Planet initiative, Gambia|work=UNFCCC Climate Action Studio|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41fh9V3y7yA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Foundation|first=Thomson Reuters|title=We won't let your money destroy our future|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20200716204401-3lx1f/|accessdate=2020-08-26|work=news.trust.org}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nhazi, ọkà okwu, na onye enyemaka maka ọtụtụ mmemme mba ya nakwa nke mba ụwa gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe gụnyere COP23 na COP24, Global Landscapes Forum's 2018 Bonn conference, Action for Climate Empowerment Youth Forum 2018, na ndị ọzọ. eng guzobekwara ndị ntorobịa na-eduga na òtù na-enweghị uru Clean Earth Gambia. Ebumnuche nke nzukọ ahụ bụ ime ka a mara banyere nsogbu gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, nke kachasị mkpa bụ mgbanwe ihu igwe. Tinyere ịrụ ọrụ iji kụzie ma zụọ ihe karịrị ụmụakaụkwọ 5narị ise basara mgbanwe ihu igwe yana nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na obodo ndị dị n'ógbè.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-25|title=Meet the eight African women shaping the future of the continent|url=https://news.globallandscapesforum.org/52527/8-african-women-shaping-the-future/|accessdate=2021-06-20|work=Landscape News|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, n'ọgbakọ UNFCC YOUNGO nke mbụ, ndị nnọchi anya ndị ntorobịa na mkparitaụka maka ịhụ igwe, ọ bụ otu n'ime mmadụ iri atọ ahọpụtara.<ref>{{Cite news|title=SDG 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts|work=Proceedings 8th [[Economic and Social Council Youth Forum]]|url=https://www.un.org/ecosoc/sites/www.un.org.ecosoc/files/files/en/2019doc/yf2019-SDG13.pdf}}</ref> Na mgbakọ nke United Nations, ọ bụ onye na-akpali itinye iwu n'okpuru okike na mgbanwe ihu igwe yana ọrụ iwu na-eduga maka ụmụ nwanyị na okike. N'afọ 2019, o nyere aka mee ka ndị ntorobịa sonye n'oge izu ihu igwe Africa. Ọ bụ QTV Youth Dialogue Gambian Youth of the Month na Jụn 2019 maka nkwado mgbanwe ihu igwe ya, nke Whatson Gambia kọwara dị ka otu n'ime ndị ntorobịa Gambia ịrị atọ kachasị nwee mmetụta.<ref>{{Cite news|title=YOUTH DIALOGUE 12.06.19|work=QTV Gambia|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhTLZQw4aLI&t=1094s}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Saja|title=The 30 most influential young Gambians of 2019|url=http://www.whatson-gambia.com/index.php/news/2602-the-30-most-influential-young-gambians-of-2019|accessdate=2020-08-26|work=www.whatson-gambia.com|language=en-gb|archivedate=2020-10-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031043003/http://www.whatson-gambia.com/index.php/news/2602-the-30-most-influential-young-gambians-of-2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, African Alliance of YMCAs, African Wildlife Fund, na nchịkọta nke ọtụtụ òtù mba ụwa na-anaghị achọ uru, nabatara ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi otu nari na-eto eto na-ahụ maka nchekwa. Jeng bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Gambia, ọ bụkwa nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi oche nke otu ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum ahụ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gambian Women: Role models for fruitful and equal opportunities {{!}} Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in the UK|url=http://cscuk.dfid.gov.uk/2020/04/gambian-women-role-models-for-fruitful-and-equal-opportunities/|accessdate=2020-08-26|language=en|archivedate=2020-04-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408045441/http://cscuk.dfid.gov.uk/2020/04/gambian-women-role-models-for-fruitful-and-equal-opportunities/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-30|title=UTG Elects 1st Female President|url=https://d-infodigest.com/2018/03/30/utg-elects-1st-female-president/|accessdate=2020-08-26|work=The Digest|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114231527/https://d-infodigest.com/2018/03/30/utg-elects-1st-female-president/}}</ref> Ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ ugbu a na Mahadum Sussex ebe ọ na-agbaso nzere masta ya na gburugburu ebe obibi, mmepe, na iwu. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeng, Fatou}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] b97u6lw5bc4efn4j71a8te8x1isodkh 0 19601 692868 110270 2026-07-30T20:54:56Z Sylvaline39 15355 Fixed reference error 692868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Speciesbox|image=Jatropha interregima.JPG|genus=Jatropha|species=integerrima|authority=[[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]]|synonyms=''Jatropha hastata'' <small>Jacq.</small>|synonyms_ref=<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | accessdate=2010-08-09}}</ref>}} {| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |''Jatropha integerrima'' |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |[[File:Jatropha_interregima.JPG|frameless]] |- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |- ! colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Taxonomy (biology)|Scientific classification]] <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;">[[File:Red_Pencil_Icon.png|link=Template:Taxonomy/Jatropha| edit ]]</span> |- |Kingdom: |[[Osisi|Plantae]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Vascular plant|Tracheophytes]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Eudicots]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Rosids]] |- |Order: |[[Malpighiales]] |- |Family: |[[Euphorbiaceae]] |- |Genus: |''[[Jatropha]]'' |- |Species: |<div class="species" style="display:inline">'''''J.&nbsp;integerrima'''''</div> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |'''<span class="binomial">''Jatropha integerrima''</span>'''<br /><br /><br /><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">[[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]]</div> |- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Synonym (taxonomy)|Synonyms]]<ref name="GRIN"/> |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: left" | ''Jatropha hastata'' <small>Jacq.</small> |} [[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]] '''''Jatropha integerrima''''', nke a maara dị ka peregrina ma ọ bụ spicy '''jatropha''', bụ ụdị mkpụrụ osisi na-agbasa okooko n'ezinụlọ spurge, Euphorbiaceae, nke sitere na Cuba na Hispaniola.<ref name="GRIN"/> [[Usòrò:Pollen_of_Jatropha_integerrima.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pollen_of_Jatropha_integerrima.jpg/220px-Pollen_of_Jatropha_integerrima.jpg|thumb|Mkpụrụ osisi Jatropha integerrima]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == Media related to Jatropha integerrima at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Jatropha integerrima at Wikispecies{{WestAfricanPlants|Jatropha integerrima}} ccexomjscz1dw8hhxua8ilrkbji7m06 0 19637 693129 197261 2026-07-31T11:44:37Z Epiphanus Jide 14249 Added databox 693129 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Ndị''' Lagos Islanders bụ klọb basketball nke Naijiria nke dị na [[Lagos]], nke e hiwere n'afọ 1984. Onye na-ese egwu bụ [[Sound Sultan]] kemgbe afọ 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pulse.ng/sports/more/african-basketball-league-lagos-islanders-owner-sound-sultan-proud-of-packed-arena-id4915242.html|title=Lagos Islanders’ owner, Sound Sultan proud of packed arena|date=April 13, 2016|work=pulse.ng|accessdate=2017-09-12|archivedate=2017-09-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913045819/http://www.pulse.ng/sports/more/african-basketball-league-lagos-islanders-owner-sound-sultan-proud-of-packed-arena-id4915242.html}}</ref> Ha na-egwu egwuregwu ha n'ụlọ na Rowe Park Sports Centre na mpaghara Yaba. N'afọ 2016, ndị Islanders gbara bọọlụ na African Basketball League (ABL). N'ihi na Nigerian Basketball Federation (NBBF) anabataghị egwuregwu a, a kwụsịtụrụ ha na egwuregwu ime obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|author=vanguard|date=2016-03-14|title=Dstv Basketball: NBBF bans Warriors, Islanders, Union Bank|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/03/dstv-basketball-nbbf-bans-warriors-islanders-union-bank/|accessdate=2022-08-14|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> E wepụrụ mmachibido iwu ahụ n'afọ 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Alao|first=Seyi|date=2019-06-21|title=NBBF Premier League commences on July 8|url=https://www.brila.net/nbbf-premier-league-commences-on-july-8/|accessdate=2022-08-14|work=Latest Sports News In Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == '''Njikọ Premier nke Naịjirịa'''<ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=Lagos Islanders BC|url=https://www.eurobasket.com/index.aspx|accessdate=2022-08-14|work=Eurobasket LLC}}</ref> * Ndị mmeri (5): 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 '''FIBA Africa Club Champions Cup''' * Ebe nke atọ (1): 2000 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 4xs6y2qsu3um8hiici0z8axqn06adkg 0 19641 693102 135612 2026-07-31T10:28:58Z Sylvaline39 15355 Fixed reference error 693102 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |''Iris planifolia'' |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |[[File:Iris_planifolia_01.JPG|frameless]] |- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |- ! colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Taxonomy (biology)|Scientific classification]] <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;">[[File:Red_Pencil_Icon.png|link=Template:Taxonomy/Iris_sect._Scorpiris| edit ]]</span> |- |Kingdom: |[[Osisi|Plantae]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Vascular plant|Tracheophytes]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Monocotyledon|Monocots]] |- |Order: |[[Asparagales]] |- |Family: |[[Iridaceae]] |- |Genus: |[[Iris (plant)|''Iris'']] |- |Subgenus: |[[Iris subg. Scorpiris|''Iris <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Scorpiris'']] |- |Section: |[[Iris subg. Scorpiris|''Iris <span style="font-style:normal;">sect.</span> Scorpiris'']] |- |Species: |<div class="species" style="display:inline">'''''I.&nbsp;planifolia'''''</div> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |'''<span class="binomial">''Iris planifolia''</span>'''<br /><br /><br /><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">[[Théophile Alexis Durand|T.Durand]] & [[Hans Schinz|Schinz]]</div> |- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Synonym (taxonomy)|Synonyms]]<ref><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20221122115528/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-322235?ref=tpl1 <span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="250">"Iris planifolia (Mill.</span>]<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="251">[https://web.archive.org/web/20221122115528/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-322235?ref=tpl1 ) T.Durand & Schinz"]. theplantlist.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="252"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2014</span>.</span></cite></ref> |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: left" | * ''Coresantha alata'' <small>(Poir.</small><small>) Klatt </small> * ''Costia scorpioides'' <small>(Desf.</small><small>) Willk. </small> * ''Iris alata'' <small>Poir.</small> * ''Iris alata <span style="font-style:normal;">f.</span> parviflora'' <small>Batt.</small> * ''Iris alata <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> trialata'' <small>(Brot.</small><small>) Nyman </small> * ''Iris microptera'' <small>Vahl</small> * ''Iris planifolia <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> micrantha'' <small>Batt.</small> * ''Iris planifolia <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> tarhunensis'' <small>(Borzi & Mattei) Maire & Weiller</small> * ''Iris scorpioides'' <small>Desf.</small> * ''Iris tarhunensis'' <small>(Borzi & Mattei) Pamp.</small> * ''Iris transtagana'' <small>Brot.</small> * ''Iris trialata'' <small>Brot.</small> * ''Juno alata'' <small>(Poir.</small><small>) Rodion. </small> * ''Juno planifolia'' <small>(Mill.</small><small>) Asch. </small> * ''Juno scorpioides'' <small>(Desf.</small><small>) Tratt. </small> * ''Neubeckia scorpioides'' <small>(Desf.</small><small>) Alef. </small> * ''Thelysia alata'' <small>(Poir.</small><small>) Parl. </small> * ''Thelysia grandiflora'' <small>Salisb.</small> * ''Thelysia planifolia'' <small>(Mill.</small><small>) Mattei </small> * ''Thelysia tarhunensis'' <small>Borzi & Mattei</small> * ''Xiphion alatum'' <small>(Poir.</small><small>) Baker </small> * ''Xiphion planifolium'' <small>Mill.</small> |} [[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]] '''''Iris planifolia''''' bụ ụdị osisi na-agbasa okooko na subgenus <nowiki><i id="mwDg">Scorpiris</i></nowiki> nke ụdị Iris, ezinụlọ Iridaceae. Osisi a na-adịgide adịgide sitere na mpaghara ndida Europe na mpaghara ugwu nke Africa nwere ogologo, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-egbuke egbuke, ogwe osisi dị mkpirikpi, na nnukwu okooko osisi na-esi ísì ụtọ na agba dị iche iche nke anụnụ anụnụ. == Nkọwa == [[Usòrò:Elvas_(49499002033).jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Elvas_%2849499002033%29.jpg/220px-Elvas_%2849499002033%29.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|''Iris planifolia'' na-eto n'ọhịa na nso Elvas, Portugal]] ''Iris planifolia'' nwere nnukwu okooko osisi na-acha nchara nchara (ihe dị ka 2 in (51 mm) n'obosara), nwere mgbọrọgwụ na-acha ọcha.<ref name="american">{{Cite web|title=(SPEC) Iris planifolia (Miller) Fiori & Paoletti|date=20 April 2010|url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecPlanifolia|publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society)|accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> Akwụkwọ osisi ndị -acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-eto ruo 10X 30 cm (3.9 -11.8 in) n'ogologo na 1 - 3 cm n'obosara nwere ike izochi ogwe osisi dị mkpụmkpụ n'oge okooko osisi. Akwụkwọ ya bụ lanceolate, na-amalite dị warara n'ala ma na-eto ruo n'otu ebe.<ref name="american"/> A na-ewere ya dị ka nke nwere otu n'ime okooko osisi kachasị ukwuu na subgenus ''Scorpiris''.<ref name="pacific">{{Cite web|title=Juno irises J-R|date=11 May 2014|url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/JunoIrisesTwo|publisher=www.pacificbulbsociety.org|accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> Ọ nwere ike ịmalite ifuru na Disemba, na Jenụwarị ma ọ bụ Febụwarị.<ref name="ClaireAustin">{{Cite book|first=Claire|author=Austin|title=Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia|publisher=Timber Press, Incorporated|isbn=978-0881927306|year=2005}}</ref><ref name="lathyrus">{{Cite web|first=Mark|author=Rowland|title=Iris planifolia|year=2010|url=http://www.lathyrus-seed.com/paradise/flowers/planifolia.html|publisher=lathyrus-seed.com|accessdate=17 September 2014|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001553/http://www.lathyrus-seed.com/paradise/flowers/planifolia.html}}</ref> N'ọhịa, a maara ya ka ọ na-agbasa okooko ruo n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ.<ref name="alpine">{{Cite web|title=Iris planifolia|year=2011|url=http://encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net/plants/Iris/planifolia|publisher=encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net|accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> Okooko osisi ndị ahụ nwere ísì dị nro, nke a pụrụ ịkọwa dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ.<ref name="ClaireAustin" /><ref name="lathyrus" /> Ọ bụ osisi dị mkpụmkpụ, siri ike nke nwere nnukwu okooko osisi atọ n'otu ogwe, nke na-adịkarị 6-7 cm n'obosara, yana tube perianth nke 8-18 cm n'ogologo.<ref name="american"/> Nsụda mmiri ahụ dị sentimita ise n'ogologo na ụkpụrụ ahụ dị sentimita abụọ n'oghere. Osisi ahụ nwere ike iru ogo kachasị elu nke 10 - 15 cm (3.9 - 5.9 in) n'ogologo.<ref name="alpine"/> Osisi ahụ nwere okooko osisi dị iche iche na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, site na violet na-acha odo odo, na-acha ọcha na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na lilac na-acha ọbara ọbara, dị ka iris ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere abụọ abụọ abụọ nke petals, nnukwu sepals atọ (petals mpụga), nke a maara dị ka 'ọdịda' na atọ dị n'ime, obere petals (ma ọ bụ tepals), nke a kpọrọ 'ụkpụrụ'.<ref name="lathyrus"/><ref name="rareplants">{{Cite web|title=Iris planifolia|url=http://rareplants.co.uk/product.asp?strParents=192&CAT_ID=108&P_ID=1900|publisher=rareplants.co.uk|accessdate=17 September 2014|archivedate=5 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605041022/http://www.rareplants.co.uk/product.asp?strParents=192&CAT_ID=108&P_ID=1900}}</ref><ref name="ClaireAustin"/><ref name="ClaireAustin" /> Nsụda mmiri ahụ nwere eriri na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na akara odo odo n'elu ugwu ahụ. <ref name=European>James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) {{Google books|CkxWrDqtWLQC|The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification|page=259}}</ref> <ref name="alpine"/> <ref name="rareplants" /> O nweghị afụ ọnụ.<ref name="american"/> Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ahụ ụdị okooko osisi na-acha ọcha n'ọhịa.<ref name="lathyrus" /> Osisi ahụ nwere obere pollen dị ka bọọlụ nwere obere ogwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tillie|first=Nico|title=Molecular phylogenetics of the juno irises, Iris subgenus Scorpiris (Iridaceae), based on six plastid markers|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|date=17 October 2011|volume=167|pages=281 - 300|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01176.x}}</ref> Capsule ahụ bụ oblong, sessile, dị ka nke ''Colchicum'' n'elu ala n'etiti akwụkwọ. Ọ nwere mkpụrụ na-acha nchara nchara nke nwere ike ịdị ukwuu dị ka pea.<ref name="american"/> == Nchịkọta == A na-enweta aha a kapịrị ọnụ nke 'planifolia' site na okwu Grik nke pụtara 'nke nwere akwụkwọ dị larịị'.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Stearn|first=William|year=1972|title=A Gardenerer's Dictionary of Plant Names|location=London|publisher=Cassell|isbn=0304937215}}</ref> Ọ bụ T.Durand na Schinz bipụtara ya na 'Conspectus Floræ Africæ' No.5. na 1894.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iris|url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=77111116-1|publisher=ipni.org (International Plant Names Index)|accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> Mana n'okpuru aha ''Iris alata''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plant Name Details|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29402895#page/149/mode/1up|publisher=biodiversitylibrary.org|accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> Fiori na Paoletti na 'Flora Analytica d'Italia', ghọtara ụdị a dị ka ụdị Iris site na ntinye mbụ nke Millers nke ''Xiphium planifolium''. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, a maara nke a n'okpuru otu aha. ''Iris alata'' nke Poir dere ma dekọọ na ndepụta nnyocha nke afọ 1939.<ref name="american"/> Nnyocha ndị ọzọ weghachiri mmalite osisi ahụ laa azụ na 1894. ''Iris planifolia'' bụ ugbu a aha RHS nabatara, Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo na Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States kwadoro ya na 4 Eprel 2003 na mmelite ya na 3 Disemba 2004.<ref name="rhs">{{Cite web|title=Iris planifolia|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/horticulturaldatabase/hortdatabase.asp?ID=101245|publisher=www.rhs.org.uk|accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> Rịba ama; ''Iris planifolia'' nwere ihe karịrị 20 dị iche iche synonyms. Lee ndepụta na infobox n'aka nri. ''Iris alata'' (nke a makwaara dị ka 'Scorpion Iris') bụ otu okwu a na-ahụkarị. == Nkesa na ebe obibi == A mụrụ ya na mpaghara Mediterenian nke Europe na North Africa.<ref name="lathyrus"/> Nke a bụ naanị ụdị dị na Juno subgenus nke a pụrụ ịchọta na-eto eto na Europe.<ref name="ClaireAustin"/> === Ebe dị iche iche === A na-ahụ ya na Krit, [[Greece|Gris]], Sicily, [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], Sardinia, (n'ime North Africa) na [[Algeria]], [[Libya]], [[Tunisia]], na [[Morocco]].<ref name="ClaireAustin"/><ref name="pacific"/><ref name="alpine"/> Enwere ike ịchọta ụdị iris na-acha ọcha na Andalucia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Topic: White Iris planifolia|date=7 January 2013|url=http://andaluciabirdsociety.org/forum/index.php?topic=686.0|publisher=andaluciabirdsociety.org|accessdate=17 September 2014|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073043/http://andaluciabirdsociety.org/forum/index.php?topic=686.0}}</ref> === Ebe obibi === A na-ahụ ''Iris planifolia'' n'akụkụ ugwu nkume, nke na-adịkarị mmiri n'oge oyi ma kpọọ nkụ n'oge ọkọchị.<ref name="pacific"/> == Ịkọ ugbo == [[Usòrò:Iris_planifolia_02.JPG|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Iris_planifolia_02.JPG/220px-Iris_planifolia_02.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|''Iris planifolia'' na Bern Botanic Garden]] Ọ na-eguzogide USDA Zone 3. Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bụ osisi na-adị mkpụmkpụ. A na-eto ya nke ọma na UK, na etiti bulb.<ref name="ClaireAustin"/> N'ime ite ma ọ bụ ọkacha mma n'ala.<ref name="pacific"/> A pụkwara ịzụlite ya n'ime ite. Mana ite ndị ahụ kwesịrị ịdịkarịa ala sentimita ịrị atọ n'ogologo (ma ọ bụ 1 ft), iji nye ohere kachasị elu.<ref name="pacific"/> Ọ chọrọ ezigbo ikuku iji gbochie ọrịa, mana ọ nwere ike ibute nje virus.<ref name="american"/><ref name="lathyrus"/> Na-akpata mmebi nke uto, ma na-akpata akwụkwọ osisi na-acha odo odo ma ọ bụ na-acha uhie uhie. A ga-ebibi osisi ndị butere ọrịa iji kwụsị mmetọ nke osisi ndị ọzọ.<ref name="alpine"/> Maka ezigbo uto n'afọ na-abịa, ọ na-ahọrọ oge okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'oge ọkọchị, n'ala na-agbanye mmiri nke ukwuu.<ref name="lathyrus"/><ref name="rareplants"/> Enwere ike ịgbasa ya n'ụzọ okike ka ọ na-emepụta ụyọkọ bulbs, nke enwere ike kewaa, site na iji nlezianya kewaa ya na ngwụcha oge okpomọkụ. Kpachara anya ka ọ ghara imebi mgbọrọgwụ anụ ahụ.<ref name="lathyrus"/> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == Media related to Iris planifolia at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Iris planifolia at Wikispecies [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ll6st4tyf29g5amsrqdfa4j4eurwbu2 0 19679 693131 184174 2026-07-31T11:45:28Z Epiphanus Jide 14249 Removed broken file and added databox 693131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lagos Baptist Academy''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị na Obanikoro, [[Lagos]], Nigeria. Ndị ozi ala ọzọ American Baptist guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ n'afọ 1855.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnnTBQAAQBAJ&dq=baptist+academy+lagos&pg=PA33|title=Missions in the Dark Soil: Life and Work of Thomas Jefferson Bowen in Africa|author=Allen Timilehin Olathunde|publisher=aiconcept|isbn=9789785238761}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQfIAAAAQBAJ&dq=baptist+academy+lagos&pg=PA18|title=K. O. Mbadiwe: A Nigerian Political Biography, 1915–1990|author=Hollis R. Lynch|date=3 May 2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan, 2012|isbn=9781137002624}}</ref> A na-ewere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ nsonazu na Reagan Memorial Baptist Girls' Secondary School, Yaba, Lagos na Baptist Girls 'Academy, Obanikoro, Lagos. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Enwere ike ịchọta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ site na mmepụta nke First Baptist Church Mission na Lagos site n'aka onye ozi ala ọzọ Africa-America. Oba Dosunmu nyere ọrụ ahụ ala ma wuo ihe owuwu n'oge na-adịghị anya n'ala ahụ. Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ malitere mgbe arụchara ụlọ ahụ na mmụba nke ọrụ ndị ozi ala ọzọ dugara na mmụwanye nke nta nke nta n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1886, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ihe dị ka ụmụ nwoke otu narị, iri abụo na otu na ụmụ nwanyị iri itoolu na ise na ngalaba praịmarị na ihe dị ka ụmụaka nwoke iri na anọ na ụmụ nwanyị atọ na ngalaba sekọndrị. Tupu afọ 1926, ndị ụkọchukwu America nke Baptist Mission rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị isi maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ mana na Jenụwarị 1926, Eyo Ita na E.E. Esua sonyeere ndị ọrụ ahụ ma n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ nke afọ ahụ, Ita ghọrọ onyeisi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref>Increase Coker (1955). "Our Secondary Schools, 'Baptist Academy'". ''[[Daily Times of Nigeria]]''. p. 5.</ref> Ebe mbụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ dị na Broad Street, Lagos ma mesịa kwaga ebe ọhụrụ n'okporo ụzọ Ikorodu, Lagos. Akụkụ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị nọgidere n'ebe ahụ mana a gbanwere aha ya. Kama imechi ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị dị na Broad Street, Lagos; naanị ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị kwagara Ikorodu Road na Obanikoro. Ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị ahụ nọgidere na Broad Street ma kpọgharịa ya W.J David(William Joshua David) Memorial Baptist Primary School mgbe otu n'ime ndị ozi ala ọzọ Baptist nke America malitere Baptist Mission na Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/david_w_j|accessdate=2022-03-24|language=en}}</ref> Ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị ahụ nọgidere na Broad Street ruo na ngwụcha afọ iri na itoolu mgbe a kwụsịrị ụlọ ya na atụmanya nke ịgbasawanye First Baptist Church (nke dị nso n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ) iji tinye ụlọ azụmahịa dị elu. A kpọfere ụmụ akwụkwọ niile nọ na W.J David n'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Baptist ndị ọzọ dị n'ógbè ahụ. == Ụkpụrụ iwu ụlọ akwụkwọ == Deo duce nke pụtara na ''Chineke bụ onye ndú m''. == Okwu mmeghe ụlọ akwụkwọ == Baptacads Nrịgo<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home – Baptacad – Giving your child a headstart in English and Mathematics|url=http://www.baptacad.com/|accessdate=2022-03-24|work=baptacad.com|archivedate=2021-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219211805/http://www.baptacad.com/}}</ref> == Egwu Mkpokọta Baptacads == Anyị bụ ụmụ nwoke Baptist Academy ma anyị na-akpa nganga maka Alma Mater anyị hụrụ n'anya ebe anyị niile nwere mmekọrịta dị ụtọ ebe a na-akụziri mmụọ nke Kraịst ebe onye isi anyị, Chineke, na-eduga anyị n'ihu Anyị ga-abụ eziokwu nye Alma Mater gị mgbe niile. N'ụlọ akwụkwọ Up Baptacads == Ndepụta nke ndị isi == Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyere * Prọfesọ S.M Harden, 1855 * Miss Lucile Reagan. 1924 1937 * Dr. A. Scott Patterson 1937 1910 * Rev. B.T Griffin 1941 na 1945 * Rev. John Mills 1946 na 1951 * Rev. G.Lane 1951 Na 1953 * Rev. Dr. J.A. Adegbite(onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Naijiria mbụ) 1954 1910 1975 * Maazị Abayomi Ladipo 1976 n'afọ 1977 n'afọ 1976) * Maazị Micheal O. Alake 1977 1979 * Rev. V.S Adenugba 1979 na 1981 * Rev. S.O.B. Oyawoye 1981 na 1982 * Maazị Olakunle 1982 na 1983 * Maazị Aiyelokun 1983 Na 1991 * Mr. C.O. Oduleye 1992 na 1994 * Mr. A.C. Adesanya 1994 1999 * Oriakụ F.O. Ojo. 1999 1999 1999 * Maazị H.O. Alamu 2003 2009 * Rev. Oriakụ B.A Ladoba 2009 2018 * Dcn. Gbenga Abodunrin 2018 ruo ụbọchị == Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama == * Sir Mobolaji Bank Anthony * K.O. Mbadiwe * Sir Chief Kessington Adebutu Onye guzobere Premier Lotto (Baba Ijebu) * Olu Oguntokun onye bụbu onye nchịkwa egwuregwu, onye bụbu onyeisi oche nke Lagos State Boxing Association, onye bụzi naanị onye nchịkwa nke Lagos State Sports Council]]. * Ekundayo Opaleye Onye bụbu gọvanọ ndị agha nke Ondo Steeti. * Ihe omuma Okoya-Thomas * Olabisi Onabanjo Gọvanọ mbụ nke Ogun Steeti * Babatunde Kwaku Adadevoh * Horatio Agedah Onye ọka iwu na onye nta akụkọ Naijiria * Ahmed Yerima onye edemede egwuregwu ama ama * [[Wahab Dosunmu]] Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Senator * Ifagbemi Awamaridi Onye Mmụọ, Onye Nnyocha onwe onye, Onye na-eme ihe ike. * Michael Opeyemi Bamidele Ọkaiwu Naijiria, onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, onye otu 7th National Assembly * John Momoh CEO nke Channels TV * Funsho Adeolu onye na-eme ihe nkiri * Abisogun Leigh bụbu osote chancellor nke Mahadum Lagos State * Samuel Akintola bụbu onye nkuzi na Baptist Academy * Onye egwu Femi Kuti * Ademola Adebise Onye isi nchịkwa / Onye isi ụlọ akụ Wema Plc * Bade Aluko Onye isi oche Great Nigeria Insurance Plc * Tayo Fatunla Onye na-ese ihe nkiri na BBC == Hụkwa Ihe Ọzọ ==   * iAgụmakwụkwọ na Naịjirịa * Ndepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Lagos {{Clear}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=http://www.lagosbaptistacademy.com.ng/home/the-school-at-a-glance|title=Official website|accessdate=2022-09-12|archivedate=2021-01-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124174625/http://lagosbaptistacademy.com.ng/home/the-school-at-a-glance}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/Baptacads|title=Facebook website}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.baosa-uk.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=93&Itemid=86|title=Old Students|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810182010/http://baosa-uk.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=93&Itemid=86|archivedate=2015-08-10}} cn5thnt0i24u4ec3a39bpyzspwkcu2z 0 20272 693032 98101 2026-07-31T07:52:06Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693032 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |Lame |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |Tu-Gura |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Native&nbsp;to | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Nigeria]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Region | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Bauchi State]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |(10,000 cited 1995)<ref name="e18">[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bma/ Lame] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color:#555">(subscription required)</span></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap">[[Language family]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]? *[[Atlantic–Congo]] ** [[Volta-Congo]] *** [[Benue–Congo]] **** [[Bantoid]] ***** [[Southern Bantoid]] ****** [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] ******* [[Mbam languages|Mbam]]-[[Bube language|Bube]]-[[Jarawan languages|Jarawan]] ******** [[Jarawan languages|Jarawan]] ********* Nigerian Jarawan ********** Lame–Gwa *********** '''Lame''' </div> |- class="plainlist" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Dialects | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" | * Rufu * Mbaru * Gura |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |Language codes |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:bma|bma]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Glottolog]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lame1257 lame1257]</code> |} {{Infobox ethnonym|person=Ba-Gura|people=Mo-Gura|language=Tu-Gura|root=Gura<ref name="BlenchAtlas4" />}} Lame bụ uyoko olumba Bantu a na-asụ na [[Naijiria]]. Asụsụ Rufu *Ruhu) na Mbaru agwụla n'afọ 1987.<ref name="e18">[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bma/ Lame] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color:#555">(subscription required)</span></ref> Blench (2019) depụtakwara Gura dị ka olumba.<ref name="BlenchAtlas4">{{Cite book|title=An Atlas of Nigerian Languages|first=Roger|publisher=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation|year=2019|edition=4th|location=Cambridge|author=Blench}}</ref> == Ihe odide == jjyxksy4fn06vy49x3e0xvsnnppb93j 0 20409 692782 107796 2026-07-30T17:59:45Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 692782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Mvanip|nativename=''Magu''|states=[[Nigeria]]|region=[[Taraba State]]|speakers=100|date=1999|familycolor=Niger-Congo|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo]]|fam3=[[Benue–Congo]]|fam4=[[Mambiloid languages|Mambiloid]]|fam5=Mambila–Konja|fam6=Mambila–Vute|fam7=Kamkam|iso3=mcj}} '''Mvanip''' (Mvano), ma ọ bụ '''Magu''', bụ obere asụsụ Mambiloid nke [[Naijiria]]. N'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị na-asụ ya, iji asụsụ eme ihe siri ike. Ethnologue na-ekewa Mvanip dị ka ihe na-eyi egwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mcj|title=Mvanip|work=Ethnologue|accessdate=2016-04-29}}</ref> == Ihe ọmụma n'ozuzu == Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1964, Mvanip nwere ndị ọkà okwu 800 n'ime na gburugburu obodo Zongo Ajiya, nke dị na Mambila Plateau na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Voegelin|first=C. F.|title=Languages of the World: African Fascicle One|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|year=1964|volume=6|issue=5|pages=1–339}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 1999, naanị ihe dị ka 100 ndị na-asụ asụsụ ahụ. N'agbanyeghị nke a, ụmụ niile nke ndị na-asụ Mvanip ka na-asụrụ asụsụ ahụ, nke pụtara na ọ ka dị ndụ. A na-asụkwa Fulfulde, Mambila, na [[Ndoro language|Ndoro]] na Zongo Ajiya.<ref name=":0">Blench, R. (2012). An atlas of Nigerian languages.</ref> Ọtụtụ na-agbagwoju Mvanip anya na asụsụ Kaka, nke a na-asụ na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Blench|first=Roger|date=1993|title=An Outline Classification of the Mambiloid Languages|url=http://rb.rowbory.co.uk/Language/Niger-Congo/Bantoid/Mambiloid/General/jwal-23-1-Blench.pdf|journal=Journal of West African Languages}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị mgbagwoju anya ahụ, asụsụ abụọ a enweghị njikọ. Asụsụ kacha nwee njikọ chiri anya bụ [[AsusuNdunda|Ndunda]], nke dịkwa na Mambila Plateau.<ref name=":0">Blench, R. (2012). An atlas of Nigerian languages.</ref> Ụfọdụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ Mvanip nwere njikọ bụ Fam, Nizaa, Kwanja, Mambila, Vute na Wawa, nke niile sitere na proto-Mambiloid.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụ ezie na enweghi ọtụtụ ozi gbasara phonology nke Mvanip n'onwe ya, enwere ozi gbasara phonological nke asụsụ ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji egbugbere ọnụ eme ihe nke ukwuu na Kwanja na Nizaa, asụsụ Mambiloid abụọ ọzọ. Njikọ ụdaume n'asụsụ ndị dị ka Mambila na-atụ aro, na Mvanip nwere ike ịnwe ụdaume ole na ole karịa nna nna ha, proto-Mambiloid. Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ụdaume ma ọ bụ ụdaume ọ bụla na-ada ụda na Mvanip, dịka ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ikwu ya nwere ụda ụda na ụfọdụ enweghị. Asụsụ Mambiloid niile yiri ka ha nwere usoro ụda olu dị mgbagwoju anya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Vute, Kwanja, Atta na Gembu Mambila niile nwere ọkwa dịgasị iche iche na ụda dị iche iche, nke a na-etinye n'okwu ahụ. Asụsụ Mambiloid nwekwara usoro ntinye aha.<ref name=":1" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Northern Bantoid languages}} r8ditunlwwq4whnbd1qm40usu2fml0v 0 21492 692862 137753 2026-07-30T20:46:19Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}}+Databox 692862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Ọrụ ntorobịa == Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na otu Ghana bụ King Faisal Babes, n'okpuru nduzi nke Romain Krider, onye nkuzi mbụ ya. Sheikh Mansour, onye nwe Manchester City, kpọrọ ya maka nnwale, na isi ya na Abu Dhabi, ka Al-Jazeera, klọb ọzọ o nwere, hụ ya. O nwekwara nwa aha James Halto<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghanasoccernet.com/2010/11/video-manchester-city-swoop-for-ghana-prodigy-messi/|title=Video: Manchester City swoop for Ghana prodigy 'Messi' – GHANAsoccernet.com|work=GhanaSoccerNet.com|accessdate=3 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313025023/http://www.ghanasoccernet.com/2010/11/video-manchester-city-swoop-for-ghana-prodigy-messi/|archivedate=13 March 2011}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, ọ nọ n'ụlọ ikpe maka klọb Croatian NK Osijek mana ọ pụghị inweta ikike ọrụ. == Ọrụ klọb == === Buriram United === N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2011, ọ sonyeere otu egwuregwu Thai League T1 bụ Buriram United. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị egwu na Thai League T1, a kpọrọ Acheampong maka nnwale na klọb Scotland Celtic na Disemba 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/20715481|title=Celtic drop interest in Ghana winger Frank Acheampong|date=13 December 2012|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=3 February 2017}}</ref> N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2013, Acheampong kwagara na klọb Belgian R.S.C. Anderlecht na mgbazinye ego ruo na ngwụcha oge 2012-2013. === R.S.C. Anderlecht === Na 16 Eprel 2013, Acheampong bịanyere aka na ndị mmeri Belgian R.S.C. Anderlecht maka ego nke €1 nde. Na 28 Julaị, Acheampong mere ngosipụta mbụ ya maka Anderlecht megide KSC Lokeren; ọ batara na nkeji iri asaa na ọkpụ 2–3. Na 4–1 meriri KAA Gent, ọ batara na nkeji iri isii na itoolu wee nye goolu mbụ ya na Belgium. Na 17 Septemba Acheampong mere egwuregwu mbụ UEFA Champions League megide Benfica; ọ bịara dịka onye nnọchi anya na nkeji iri anọ na isii; ọ kwụsịrị dị ka mmeri Benfica. === Tianjin Teda === N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2017, Anderlecht kwupụtara na Acheampong sonyeere ndị otu Chinese Super League bụ Tianjin TEDA na nkwekọrịta mgbazinye ọnwa isii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rsca.be/nl/nieuws/frank-acheampong-trekt-naar-tianjin-teda-football-club|title=FRANK ACHEAMPONG TREKT NAAR TIANJIN TEDA FC|work=[[R.S.C. Anderlecht]]|date=2017-07-13|accessdate=2017-11-08|language=nl|archivedate=2017-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109023000/http://www.rsca.be/nl/nieuws/frank-acheampong-trekt-naar-tianjin-teda-football-club}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya na 22 Julaị 2017. Ọ gbara goolu anọ n'egwuregwu iri na abụọ n'afọ 2017 nke mere ka Tianjin Teda nọrọ n'elu ụgbọ elu maka oge ọzọ. Na 8 Nọvemba 2017, Tianjin Teda gosipụtara nhọrọ ịbịanye aka na Acheampong.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rsca.be/nl/nieuws/frank-acheampong-getransfereerd-naar-tianjin-teda|title=FRANK ACHEAMPONG GETRANSFEREERD NAAR TIANJIN TEDA|work=[[R.S.C. Anderlecht]]|date=2017-11-08|accessdate=2017-11-08|language=nl|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109022717/http://www.rsca.be/nl/nieuws/frank-acheampong-getransfereerd-naar-tianjin-teda|archivedate=2017-11-09}}</ref> {{DEFAULTSORT:Acheampong, Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4jwlu5ao6rwm26rfqpg52vnl50hviop 0 21538 692931 137752 2026-07-31T02:21:15Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Frank Amankwah (amuru 29 Disemba 1971, na Obuasi) bu onye egwu bọọlụ Ghana. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Amankwah bụ onye otu ndị otu ụmụ nwoke nwetara ihe nrite ọla na 1992 Summer Olympics na Barcelona, Spain. Frank Amankwah bi na London ugbua {{DEFAULTSORT:Amankwah, Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rhd9gjkh9goxd7gm8cbw3n4ohoy4e3v 0 22280 692936 137751 2026-07-31T02:28:08Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}}+Databox 692936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Frank Dorrel''' bụ onye America na-ahụ maka udo. Onye bụbu onye ọrụ United States Air Force, ọ bụzi Veteran for Peace. Dorrel bipụtara ma kesaa Addicted to War, ''Why The U.S. Can't kick Militarism nke'' Joel Andreas. Akwụkwọ a na-emegide agha bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha US ma ghọọ otu n'ime akwụkwọ kachasị ewu ewu na Peace Movement. A na-eji ya eme ihe na ọtụtụ narị ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na kọleji na mba ahụ dum. Dorrel jikọtara ''ihe'' nkiri awa abụọ nke akpọrọ What I 've Learned About U.S. Foreign Policy: The War Against The Third World, nke ihe ruru nde mmadụ abụọ ahụla kemgbe afọ 2000. Ọ na-ekesa ihe nkiri ''Arlington West'' nke Peter Dudar na Sally Marr. Dorrel bụ onye otu Veterans For Peace, ma mpaghara ma nke mba. Ọ nọ na U.S. Air Force. O nyere aka ịmalite Arlington West Memorial na Santa Monica, ọrụ nke Los Angeles Chapter of Veterans For Peace. E guzobere ihe ncheta Arlington West n'akụkụ Santa Monica Pier kwa Sunday kemgbe Febụwarị 2004. Ọ nọ na bọọdụ nke Coalition Against Militarism in Our Schools (CAMS) na Executive Board nke Office of the Americas. Dorrel na Cole Miller, onye guzobere No More Victims na ọtụtụ òtù Peace and Justice ndị ọzọ na Los Angeles na gburugburu mba ahụ arụkọwo ọrụ. Dorrel etinyela ọtụtụ ihe omume na-emegide agha na mpaghara Los Angeles n'ime afọ isii gara aga, ọtụtụ ugboro na-akwado Don White. N'otu oge a, Dorrel na nwunye ya Jane, anabatala ihe omume anọ ma ọ bụ ise kwa afọ n'ụlọ ha na Culver City. == Hụkwa == == Njikọ mpụga == * https://web.archive.org/web/20210504125104/http://www.addictedtowar.com/frankdorrel.html == Ihe odide == {{DEFAULTSORT:Dorrel, Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2l5j047mtxs3fsi85ft3bc2if2b9bx5 0 22344 692638 137734 2026-07-30T12:15:00Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Florence Nakiwala Kiyingi''' (née Florence Nakiwal), bụ onye ọchụnta ego na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Uganda]]. Ọ bụ Minista nke steeti maka ndị ntorobịa na ụmụaka na Cabinet nke Uganda ugbu a. A họpụtara ya n'ọkwa ahụ na 6 June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Uganda State House|date=6 June 2016|title=Museveni’s new cabinet list At 6 June 2016|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%2527s+cabinet.pdf|accessdate=7 June 2016|format=PDF|archivedate=7 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa osote onye isi oche nke atọ nke Federation of Uganda Football Associations, nwanyị mbụ nwere ọkwa ahụ na Uganda. Ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke ndị Minista Ndị Ntorobịa Commonwealth Task force vootu maka ọkwa ahụ na 2017. == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Florence Nakiwala na 1972, na Kimanya, Masaka District, nye Charles Ssonko na Perepetwa Najjuma, dị ka nwa nke asatọ n'ime ụmụ ha iri na abụọ. Nna ya bụ onye isi obodo nke Buddu n'oge ahụ. Ọ gara Kimanya Primary School tupu a nabata ya na Trinity College Nabbingo maka agụmakwụkwọ O-Level na A-Level. Mgbe ọ nọ na Nabbingo, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref name="Profile">{{Cite web|title=Family must take first place — Kiyingi|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1337567/family-kiyingi|accessdate=4 November 2016|date=11 February 2014|author=Lutwama|first=Samuel}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Makerere, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere Bachelor of Commerce. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, a họpụtara ya na kọmitii nduzi nke ''Nkoba Za Mbogo'', nzukọ ụmụ akwụkwọ Baganda na Mahadum Makerere. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye ndú nke ụmụ akwụkwọ azụmahịa na ọmụmụ ya. N'afọ mbụ ya na Makerere, ọ zutere ma mesịa hụ di ya, Deogratius Kiyingi, onye omeiwu maka Bukomansimbi South Constituency na 10th Parliament (2016 - 2021).<ref name="Profile"/> == Ọrụ na azụmaahịa == Dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, ka ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gara njem gaa London wee hụ otú ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma. Nke a mere ka ọ nwee ọchịchọ siri ike inwe ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma mgbe ọ tolitere. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Makerere, o guzobere Lisa Medical Centre, usoro ụlọ ọgwụ na ''ụlọ ọgwụ'' na-anọ obere oge na Uganda, nwere alaka na Nairobi, [[Kenya]].<ref name="Profile"/> == Ọrụ na Gọọmentị Buganda == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ndị ntorobịa na alaeze Buganda, ruo afọ ise. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista Njem na alaeze ahụ, ọrụ ọ rụrụ ruo June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://florencenakiwalakiyingi.wordpress.com/|title=Florence Nakiwala Kiyingi: A Woman of Substance|accessdate=4 November 2016|date=10 February 2013|author=Florence Nakiwala Kiyingi|publisher=Florencenakiwalakiyingi.wordpress.com}}</ref> == Ọrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba == N'oge ntuli aka mba nke afọ 2016, Florence Nakwala sonyere n'ọkwa onye nnọchi anya ụmụ nwanyị Kampala na ụlọ omebe iwu nke iri (2016 - 2021). Ọ gbara ọsọ na Democratic Party ticked. Ọ meriri [[Incumbent|onye nọ n'ọkwa]], [[Nabilah Naggayi Sempala]] nke Forum for Democratic Change.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Winners-and-losers-in-Kampala--Wakiso-MP-races/688334-3085638-113srywz/index.html|title=Winners and losers in Kampala, Wakiso MP races|accessdate=4 November 2016|date=20 February 2016|author=Paul Tajuba|first=and Joseph Kiggundu|archivedate=3 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503082916/https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Winners-and-losers-in-Kampala--Wakiso-MP-races/688334-3085638-113srywz/index.html}}</ref> N'ụzọ a na-atụghị anya ya, Onye isi ala Yoweri Museveni họpụtara Nakiwala ka ọ bụrụ Minista nke Mba maka Ndị Ntorobịa na Ụmụaka, na 6 June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=4 November 2016|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/DP-back-Nakiwala-Museveni/688334-3236542-nwp5gdz/index.html|date=7 June 2016|first=Shabibah|author=Nakirigya|title=DP Cannot Back Nakiwala for Museveni’s Ministerial Appointment - Mao}}</ref> == Onye nke ya == Florence Nakiwala Kiyingi lụrụ Dogratius Kiyingi kemgbe afọ otu puku narị itoolu na itoolu na asatọ . Ha bụ ndị Roman Katọlik. Ha bụ nne na nna nwere ụmụ ise, ụmụ nwoke atọ na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ.<ref name="Profile"/> Site na 6 June 2016, a họpụtara ya dịka onyeisi oche nke Express FC, onye otu Uganda Super League.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 July 2016|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Score/Nakiwala-wishes-Eagles-can-fly-again/689854-3322104-703q3j/index.html|title=Nakiwala wishes Eagles can fly again|accessdate=4 November 2016|author=Bbosa|first=Denis}}</ref> * Kọmitii nke Uganda * Nzukọ omeiwu nke Uganda == Ebenside == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kiyingi, Florence Nakiwala}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0dfhu837n1zhvj8oafw7lml5vozgnqa 0 22447 693060 496549 2026-07-31T08:29:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Alexander Langer|image=1657535589237 NPC0098 Alexander LANGER 001 MOBILE.jpg|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date=22 February 1946|birth_place=[[Sterzing]], [[South Tyrol]], [[Italy]]|death_date={{d-da|3 July 1995|22 February 1946}}|death_place=[[Florence]], Italy|occupation=Journalist, peace activist, politician, translator, and teacher|spouse=|domesticpartner=|website=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Alexander Langer''' (22 Febụwarị 1946 3 Julaị 1995) bụ onye nta akụkọ Ịtali, onye na-ahụ maka udo, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, onye ntụgharị, na onye nkuzi. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ya na ụbọchị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1946 na Sterzing, South Tyrol, mpaghara nke [[Italy|Ịtali]] nke ndị na-asụ German bi, ọ malitere itinye aka na nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mpaghara, nke n'oge ahụ na-elekwasị anya na mmekọrịta agbụrụ na mpaghara ahụ, nke mgbe agha ụwa abụọ na iri afọ nke esemokwu na iyi ọha egwu gasịrị. Na mbido afọ 1970 ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Lotta Continua, otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka ekpe na Ịtali. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ sonyeere Green Party nke South Tyrol, wee bụrụ onye otu kansụl mpaghara maka Trentino-Alto Adige / Sudtirol na 1978. Ọ na-eguzogide ókèala agbụrụ, ọ jụrụ ugboro abụọ ikwupụta agbụrụ ya n'oge ọnụ ọgụgụ 1981 na 1991 na Bolzano. (Nke a bụ nhọrọ iwu na mpaghara ahụ, iji chebe ọnọdụ agbụrụ.Nhọrọ a mere ka ọ ghara iru eru ịzọ ọkwa maka ntuli aka ime obodo. N'ime afọ ndị 1980 ọ rịgooro n'ọkwa nke Green Party, nke mbụ na ọkwa mba, wee gaa Europe, mesịa bụrụ onye otu European Parliament na onye isi oche nke Greens / EFA Group na European Parliament na 1989. O mechara tinye aka nke ukwuu na atụmatụ udo na Europe na Middle East, yana ịkwalite mkparịta ụka n'etiti ndị ọzọ aka ekpe, ndị Radicals, Ndị Kraịst aka ekpe na ndị ọzọ na-akwado udo, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dịpụrụ adịpụ na Europe. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya European Parliament na Israel, Russia, Brazil, Argentina, Libya, Egypt, Cyprus, Malta, ma tinye aka na mkpọsa maka udo na Yugoslavia mbụ, n'oge agha agbụrụ nke afọ 1990. Na ụbọchị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa June n'afọ 1995, Langer sonyere na ngagharị iwe na Cannes megide inertia Europe n'ihu agha na Balkans ma n'otu ụbọchị ahụ o dere edemede ọhụrụ ya, kwa na Bosnia, nke akpọrọ Europe dies or is reborn in Sarajevo.<ref>[http://www.alexanderlanger.org/it/34/163 Alexander Langer, ''L'Europa muore o rinasce a Sarajevo'']</ref> N'ịbụ onye ihe nkiri nke agha ahụ wụrụ akpata oyi n'ahụ, na-arịa ụkwara ume ọkụ na ịda mbà n'obi, na 3 Julaị 1995 Langer gburu onwe ya na Pian dei Giullari, nso Florence, site n'ịkwụgbu onwe ya n'osisi apricot; ọ hapụrụ ndị ezinụlọ ya na ndị enyi ya ihe odide atọ, otu n'ime ha edere na German nye ndị enyi ya, na-akọwa mmegharị ahụ ma na-ehota otu ahịrịokwu sitere na Oziọma Matiu.<ref>[http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1995/07/06/svaniti-dubbi-si-tolto-la-vita.html Svaniti i dubbi - Si è tolto la vita]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ricerca.gelocal.it/ilpiccolo/archivio/ilpiccolo/2007/12/05/NZ_13_ALEX.html |title=Alex Langer, la politica come incontro con gli altri |accessdate=2022-10-16 |archivedate=2022-10-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021010511/https://ricerca.gelocal.it/ilpiccolo/archivio/ilpiccolo/2007/12/05/NZ_13_ALEX.html }}</ref><ref name="langer2">[http://www.alexanderlanger.org/it/52/1039 Famiglia Cristiana: molte morti non trovano un perché]</ref> == Ihe nrite Alexander Langer == [[Usòrò:Pisciadoi_de_Pedroc_troi_Alexander_Langer_Gherdëina.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pisciadoi_de_Pedroc_troi_Alexander_Langer_Gherd%C3%ABina.jpg/220px-Pisciadoi_de_Pedroc_troi_Alexander_Langer_Gherd%C3%ABina.jpg|thumb|Okporo ụzọ "Alexander Langer" nke na-eduga na Waterfall (1565 mslm) ''Pisciadoi'' de Pedroc na Santa Cristina, Val Gardena, South Tyrol]] Malite na 1997, Alexander Langer Foundation enyewo onyinye kwa afọ nye onye na-eme ihe iji sọpụrụ Langer. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2012, ihe nrite ahụ na-ebu 10,000-euro honorarium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alexanderlanger.org/en/817|title=The Alexander Langer 2012 Award to the "Association Tunisienne des Femmes Démocrates"|date=21 June 2012|publisher=Alexander Langer Foundation|accessdate=31 October 2012|archivedate=11 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211092255/http://www.alexanderlanger.org/en/817}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme udo == Ndemsibia == <references responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.alexanderlanger.org Ntọala Alexander Langer] {{Authority control}} p7kwrllabx7q6h3y3qbwc0smhbtjnao 0 22889 692959 101883 2026-07-31T03:18:02Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Fawzia Yusuf Haji Adam''' (Somali: Fawzia Yusuf H. Adam, Arabic: ) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Somalia. Site na 4 Nọvemba na afọ 2012 ruo 17 Jenụwarị, na afọ 2014, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ọzọ na osote praịm minista nke Somalia na osote onye isi ala nke [[Somalia]]. == Ọrụ == === Nhọpụta === N'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2012, Praịm Minista Abdi Farah Shirdon họpụtara Adam ka ọ bụrụ Minista Na-ahụ Maka Mba Ọzọ na osote Praịm Mịnịsta nke Somalia. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara maka ọnọdụ ahụ.<ref name="Smnspmuhnc">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Prime Minister Unveils His New Cabinet|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201211050009.html|accessdate=5 November 2012|work=Shabelle Media Network|date=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="bbc4nov">{{Cite news|title=Somalia to get first female foreign minister|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20200037|accessdate=7 July 2013|work=BBC|date=4 November 2012}}</ref> A họpụtara Adan ka ọ bụrụ osote praịm minista.<ref name="Smnspmuhnc" /> === Nweghachi ihe onwunwe === N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2012, ndị ọchịchị gọọmentị Somalia rịọrọ ndị United Nations Security Council maka enyemaka n'inweghachi akụ na ego ọha na eze na-ejide na mba ọzọ. Ndị ọchịchị mba ọzọ, ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị mba ọzọ emeela ka ihe onwunwe steeti ahụ kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ mgbe ọdịda nke gọọmentị etiti Somalia na na afọ 1991 iji gbochie iji ya eme ihe n'enweghị ikike. N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2013, Adan na ndị ọzọ so na kọmitii Somalia malitere usoro nyocha na mweghachi nke akụ mba Somalia, nke gụnyere ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọelu ndị ekwere na a ga-eme na [[Italy|Ịtali]], [[Jémanị|Germany]] na Yemen.<ref name="Mofaesgltrfa">{{Cite web|title=Somali government looking to recover foreign assets|url=http://www.mfa.gov.et/news/more.php?newsid=1550|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia|accessdate=25 March 2013}}</ref> === Nkwekọrịta nke Nkwekọ === Na ngwụcha Mee, na afọ 2013, Adan na Minista Na-ahụ Maka Mba Ọzọ nke United Arab Emirates Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan bịanyere aka na Memorandum of Understanding on bilateral cooperation. Nkwekọrịta ahụ na-eweghachi mmekọrịta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Somalia na UAE, ma na-elekwasịkwa anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nchekwa, akụ na ụba, itinye ego na ngalaba mmepe. Tụkwasị na nke a, gọọmentị Emirati mara ọkwa na ọ ga-emeghe ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya ya na Mogadishu.<ref name="Wsuasfmsmobc">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: UAE and Somalia Foreign Ministers Sign Mou On Bilateral Cooperation|url=http://warlalis.com/2013/04/02/somalia-uae-and-somalia-foreign-ministers-sign-mou-on-bilateral-cooperation/|accessdate=3 June 2013|work=Warlalis|date=2 April 2013}}</ref> === Nkwekọrịta imekọ ihe ọnụ === N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2013, mgbe ya na osote onye isi ala China bụ Wang Yang nwesịrị nzukọ, Adan kwupụtara na ndị ọchịchị Somalia na-atụ anya imekọ ihe ọnụ na gọọmentị China na ike, akụrụngwa, nchekwa mba na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Wang toro ọbụbụenyi ọdịnala dị n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ ma kwughachi mkpebi [[China]] na usoro udo Somalia.<ref name="Scvpmsc">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Chinese Vice Premier Meets Somali Counterpart|url=http://m.allafrica.com/stories/201308270272.html/?maneref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F|accessdate=11 September 2013|work=Shabelle Media Network|date=27 August 2013}}</ref> Na Septemba, na afọ 2013, gọọmentị abụọ ahụ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta gọọmentị na Mogadishu dị ka akụkụ nke atụmatụ mgbake mba afọ ise na Somalia. Nkwekọrịta ahụ ga-ahụ ndị ọchịchị China ka ha wughachi ọtụtụ ihe owuwu dị mkpa na isi obodo Somalia na ebe ndị ọzọ, gụnyere National Theatre, ụlọ ọgwụ, na Mogadishu Stadium. Tụkwasị na nke a, onye nnọchi anya China bụ Liu Guangyoun gosipụtara na [[China]] ga-emeghe ụlọ ọrụ nnọchi anya ya na Mogadishu n'ala nke gọọmentị Somalia nyere maka nzube ahụ.<ref name="Sgcosca">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Gov't, China Officially Sign Cooperation Agreement|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201309100208.html|accessdate=11 September 2013|work=Dalsan Radio|date=9 September 2013}}</ref> === Ọgwụgwụ nke oge === Oge Adan dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ofesi na osote praịm minista nke Somalia kwụsịrị na 17 Jenụwarị, na afọ 2014, mgbe praịm Minista ọhụrụ Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed họpụtara Abdirahman Duale Beyle dị ka Minisita na-ahụ Maka ihe gbasara mba ọzọ na Ridwan Hirsi Mohamed dị ka osote praikm minista.<ref name="Spscwwtftpos">{{Cite news|title=SOMALIA PM Said "Cabinet will work tirelessly for the people of Somalia"|url=http://www.midnimo.com/2014/01/17/somalia-pm-said-cabinet-will-work-tirelessly-people-somalia/|accessdate=17 January 2014|work=Midnimo|date=17 January 2014}}</ref> === Ntuli aka onye isi ala nke 2022 === Adam na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala nke Somalia na ntuli aka onye isi ala Somalia nke afọ 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Somalia's Lone Female Presidential Candidate|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/somalia-s-lone-female-presidential-candidate-/6570667.html|accessdate=14 May 2022}}</ref> == Ebenside == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Somali presidential elections}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adam, Fawzia Yusuf}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị amụrụ na Nde 20]] p2b8kwtktryetl63zv1hzq288rb65xr 0 22929 692803 595425 2026-07-30T19:44:21Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Frene Noshir Ginwala''' (born 25 Eprel, na afọ 1932)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.gcis.gov.za/gcis/gcis_profile.jsp?id=4321|title=GCIS: Profile information: Frene Noshir Ginwala, Dr|accessdate=2012-11-12|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121224170412/http://apps.gcis.gov.za/gcis/gcis_profile.jsp?id=4321|archivedate=24 December 2012}}</ref> is a South African journalist and politician who was the Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa site na afo 1994 rue afọ 2004. Ginwala is an Indian South African from the Parsi-[[Ndia|Indian]] community of western India. She studied for a DPhil at Linacre College, Oxford. A họpụtara Ginwala dị ka onye isi oche mbụ nke Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal n'ọnwa Eprel, afọ 2005. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị anọ bụ ndị isi mahadum na South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ukzn.ac.za/aboutus/ukznchancellor.asp|title=University of KwaZulu Natal|accessdate=2007-11-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913122235/http://www.ukzn.ac.za/aboutus/ukznchancellor.asp|archivedate=13 September 2007}} The University of KwaZulu Natal's first chancellor - Dr Frene Ginwala</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Ginwala edeela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu maka akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọgụ megide ikpe na-ezighị ezi.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ginwala, Frene.|title=Africa's unfinished agenda : the legacy of Kwame Nkrumah|date=2006|publisher=University of Cape Coast|oclc=701814085}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=GINWALA|first=FRENE N.|date=January 1968|title=Zanzibar: Background to Revolution|journal=African Affairs|volume=67|issue=266|pages=74–75|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095705|issn=1468-2621}}</ref> Maka mgbalị ya, ụlọ ọrụ na gọọmentị mba ụwa na nke obodo sọpụrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mafika|date=2014-07-28|title=Ginwala helped shape South Africa's history|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/people/ginwala-helped-shape-south-africa-s-history|accessdate=2020-07-11|work=Brand South Africa|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711182611/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/people/ginwala-helped-shape-south-africa-s-history}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=sudo|date=2018-09-06|title=Rt. Hon. Dr. Frene Noshir Ginwala|url=https://ucc.edu.gh/awards/rt-hon-dr-frene-noshir-ginwala|accessdate=2020-07-11|work=University of Cape Coast|language=en|archivedate=2020-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711180429/https://ucc.edu.gh/awards/rt-hon-dr-frene-noshir-ginwala}}</ref> N'iji amaghị aha ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ukwuu n'ịmepụta ụzọ mgbapụ n'okpuru ala maka ndị isi ANC na ndị isi n'oge na-esote ogbugbu Sharpeville na nkwupụta nke State of Emergency (SOE) na afọ 1960. Ndị a gụnyere osote onye isi oche nke ANC Oliver Tambo na Yusuf Dadoo, ndị isi abụọ nke nnwere onwe. Ọ hazikwara ụlọ nchekwa maka ndị ga-anọ na mba ahụ. Ginwala mekwara ka ndị isi NIC (Natal Indian Congress) Monty Naicker na J. N. Singh, ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ala mgbe ha jisiri ike zere ndị uwe ojii. Ntuziaka ha bụ ịgagharị na mpaghara ahụ ma nweta ego site n'aka ndị na-enye onyinye nzuzo iji kwado ezinụlọ ndị dara ogbenye site na njide nke ndị na-akwado ha n'okpuru SOE nke kwụgidere na mba ahụ ruo ọnwa ise. N'ikpeazụ, ọ hapụrụ South Africa na ngwụcha afọ 1960 ma soro Tambo, na Dadoo, ha guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ANC na Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika nke ka nọ n'okpuru British Colonial Administration ruo 9 Disemba, na afọ 1961. Nkwatu nke ọchịchị na Zanzibar na afọ 1963 meghere ụzọ maka nguzobe nke [[Tanzania|United Republic of Tanzania]] na afọ 1964. Ewezuga ANC, ọ tụbara onwe ya n'ọtụtụ ọrụ. Ọ gwara ndị na-azụ ndị nnọchiteanya na Mahadum Oxford okwu, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ, o dere maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi guzosiri ike na UK na ebe ndị ọzọ gụnyere BBC. Frene Ginwala nyere aka nke ukwuu n'ịmepụta usoro nkwukọrịta na Republic of Tanzania na Zanzibar a mụrụ ọhụrụ. Na arịrịọ nke Onye isi ala Julius Nyerere, ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Bekee na-asụ Standard, na Sunday News.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frene Ginwala, the Lenin supplement, and the storm drains of history - OPINION {{!}} Politicsweb|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/frene-ginwala-the-lenin-supplement-and-the-storm-d|accessdate=2020-07-11|work=www.politicsweb.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=arZan|title=Frene Ginwala, the Lenin supplement, and the storm drains of history|url=https://parsikhabar.net/history/frene-ginwala-the-lenin-supplement-and-the-storm-drains-of-history/16768/|accessdate=2020-07-11|work=Parsi Khabar|date=15 January 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge niile ọ chụgara mba ọzọ (ọ laghachiri South Africa na afọ 1991) ọ gafere ụwa na-ekwusa egwu nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ọgụ megide ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Frene Ginwala {{!}} Inner Temple|url=https://www.innertemple.org.uk/women-in-law/our-women/frene-ginwala/|accessdate=2020-07-11|language=en-GB|archivedate=2020-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927013219/https://www.innertemple.org.uk/women-in-law/our-women/frene-ginwala/}}</ref> Ginwala nwere utu aha agụmakwụkwọ site na ọtụtụ mahadum dị n'Africa na mba ofesi. Ọ bụ onye ọka iwu na iwu; ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme; onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma nwee nzere doctorate na [[Ákọ na Uche|nkà ihe ọmụma]] na Mahadum Oxford.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":1"/> Na ntuli aka mba mbụ nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na afọ 1994 na South Africa, a họpụtara Frene Ginwala ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu. Ọ bụ ndị otu ANC họpụtara ya ma ndị omeiwu họpụtara ya dị ka nwanyị mbụ n'ọkwa onye isi oche nke ụlọ. Ọkwá o nwere site na afo 1994 ruo na afọ 2004. Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká dị ka ọkà okwu, ọ gara n'ihu na-eje ozi n'ọtụtụ òtù mba ụwa gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|UN]], dị ka Trustee nke Nelson Mandela Foundation na dị ka Chancellor nke Mahadum KwaZulu Natal. Onye isi ala Thabo Mbeki họpụtara Ginwala na 30 Septemba, na afọ 2007 ka ọ mee nyocha banyere onye isi nchịkwa nke ndị ọkàiwu Vusi Pikoli nwere ike ijide ọrụ.<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=nw20070930082915337C878534 Ginwala appointed to investigate Pikoli] IOL</ref> O kpebiri n'ozuzu na-akwado Pikoli, mana ọ katọrọ nkwurịta okwu na-adịghị mma n'etiti ngalaba. Ọ katọro onye isi nchịkwa nke Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Mmepe Iwu, Advocate Menzi Simelane, onye akaebe ya na-emegiderịta onwe ya, na-enweghị ihe ndabere n'eziokwu ma ọ bụ Iwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Pikoli should be restored to office" - Frene Ginwala - NEWS & ANALYSIS {{!}} Politicsweb|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/pikoli-should-be-restored-to-office--frene-ginwala|accessdate=2020-07-11|work=www.politicsweb.co.za}}</ref> O nwekwara okwu ọjọọ maka Jacob Zuma na nhọpụta Simelane ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala nke ndị ọkàiwu ọha na eze.<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=nw20091206132433660C538180 Zuma failing to lead by example - Ginwala] ''IOL''</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == * N'afọ 2003, e nyere ya onyinye North-South.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Previous laureates of the North-South Prize|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/north-south-centre/previous-laureates-of-the-north-south-prize|accessdate=2020-07-11|work=North-South Centre|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Order of the Rising Sun (Japan), 2008. == Ebenside == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * Ajụjụ ọnụ [https://web.archive.org/web/20230117093600/http://www.freedomcollection.org/interviews/frene_ginwala/ Frene Ginwala] Freedom Collection {{DEFAULTSORT:Ginwala, Frene}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] onrzf6rvut0b2ikuswx5gi1jb1ps1a6 0 23136 692784 200108 2026-07-30T18:03:33Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692784 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Francisca Onaolapo Oladipo''' (amụrụ na 15 Jenụwarị 1978) bụ onye Naijiria Prọfesọ nke Sayensị Kọmputa, onye nchịkwa na onye edemede. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2022, ọ bụ osote onye isi ala, Mahadum Thomas Adewumi, Naịjirịa. Tupu nhọpụta ya, ọ bụ onye nduzi nke Quality Assurance na Mahadum Federal, Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.campusconnect.com.ng/2021/03/professor-fransisca-oladipo-appointed.html|title=Professor Francisca Oladipo Appointed as the Pioneer Director of Quality Assurance, FUL|author=Campus Connect|publisher=campusconnect.com.ng|date=|accessdate=April 8, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=VODANA Executive Secretary, Prof Francisca Oladipo appointed as the Pioneer Director of Quality Assurance, Federal University Lokoja, Nigeria|publisher=VODAN Africa & Asia|url=https://www.vodan-totafrica.info/vodan-news-page.php?i=28&a=vodana-executive-secretary-prof-francisca-oladipo-appointed-as-the-pioneer-director-of-quality-assurance-federal-university-lokoja-nigeria|accessdate=2022-01-15|work=www.vodan-totafrica.info|language=en|archivedate=2024-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507042113/https://www.vodan-totafrica.info/vodan-news-page.php?i=28&a=vodana-executive-secretary-prof-francisca-oladipo-appointed-as-the-pioneer-director-of-quality-assurance-federal-university-lokoja-nigeria}}</ref>Ọ bụ onye nhazi, Virus Outbreak Data Network Africa and Asia (VODANA). <ref name=":0" />Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ jere ozi dị ka onye otu Kansụl Na-achị Isi na Mahadum Federal, Lokoja, na nwanyị mbụ bụ Onye isi nke Ngalaba Sayensị Kọmputa na mahadum ahụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=fulokoja|date=|title=Francisca Onaolapo Oladipo|url=https://fulokoja.edu.ng/staff.php?i=49&sn=francisca-cisca-oladipo|publisher=fulokoja.edu.ng|accessdate=March 26, 2020}}</ref> == Mmụta == N'afọ 2010, Oladipo nwetara nzere doctorate na sayensị kọmputa na [[Mahadum Nnamdi Azikiwe]], nke Di na obodo Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Oladipo|url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/oladipo-2/|accessdate=8 April 2021|publisher=Africa Scientists Directory}}</ref>O nwetara nzere masta na nzere bachelọ n'otu mahadum ahụ. A na-akpọ Mahadum Nnamdi Azikiwe na obodo Naigeria N'afọ 2014, ọ bụ onye postdoctoral fellow na Massachusetts Institute of Technology n'okpuru TOTAL-MIT Empowering the Teachers Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.mit.edu/2015/new-leadership-cadre-science-and-engineering-0714|title=A new leadership cadre for science and engineering|author=Jessica Fjimori|publisher=MIT News|date=|accessdate=April 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oredola|first=Tayo|date=2017-02-08|title=Total, MIT, others task NUC on human capacity building|url=https://t.guardian.ng/energy/total-mit-others-task-nuc-on-human-capacity-building/|accessdate=2022-03-05|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> O webatara Asụsụ mmemme Python n'ime Computer Science Academic Program na Mahadum Federal, Lokoja ma guzobe otu PyFUL iji kwalite mmụta nke asụsụ mmemme. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.pycon.org/2019/speaker/profile/343/|title=Francisca Onaolapo Oladipo|author=PyCon Clevaland 2019|publisher=us.pycon.org|date=|accessdate=April 8, 2020}}</ref>O kesara ọrụ ya na PyCon, ndị ọzọ kwukwara maka ọrụ ya na Python. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Presentation: Implementing a Chatbot for Positive Reinforcement in Young Learners {{!}} PyCon 2019 in Cleveland, Ohio|url=https://us.pycon.org/2019/schedule/presentation/133/|accessdate=2022-01-15|work=us.pycon.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Agbo|first=Friday Joseph|date=2021-09-01|title=Co-design of mini games for learning computational thinking in an online environment|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10515-1|journal=Education and Information Technologies|language=en|volume=26|issue=5|pages=5815–5849|doi=10.1007/s10639-021-10515-1|issn=1573-7608|pmid=33967590}}</ref>Oladipo abụwo onye na-akwado mkpa maka data mepere emepe n'oge ọrịa COVID-19, isiokwu ọ gosipụtara na akwụkwọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara na dịka onye nnọchiteanya na nzukọ National Academy of Sciences 2021 nke United States gbasara ọrịa COVID-19 na Nnukwu data.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 20, 2021|title=Contribution to the panel discussions at the First Session of the Intergovernmental Preparatory Committee for LDC5|url=https://www.un.org/ldc5/sites/www.un.org.ldc5/files/vodan_africa_statement.pdf|accessdate=January 15, 2022|work=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Reisen|first=Mirjam|date=2021|title=Design of a FAIR digital data health infrastructure in Africa for COVID‐19 reporting and research|journal=Advanced Genetics|language=en|volume=2|issue=2|pages=e10050|doi=10.1002/ggn2.10050|issn=2641-6573|pmid=34514430}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=September 2021|title=Data-Informed Societies Achieving Sustainability: Tasks for the Global Scientific, Engineering, and Medical Communities: A Virtual Workshop|url=https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/09-09-2021/data-informed-societies-achieving-sustainability-tasks-for-the-global-scientific-engineering-and-medical-communities-a-virtual-workshop|accessdate=2022-01-15|work=www.nationalacademies.org}}</ref> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == Oladipo bụ Grace Hopper Faculty Scholar, na 2016 ọrụ ya ịkụziri ụmụ agbọghọ nọ n'afọ iri na ụma banyere ahụike ọmụmụ na ùgwù onwe onye site na ngwa mkpanaka agụmakwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techwomen.org/alumnae/grace-hopper-celebration-unites-fellows-and-mentors-in-houston|title=GRACE HOPPER CELEBRATION UNITES FELLOWS AND MENTORS IN HOUSTON|author=Tech Women|publisher=techwomen.org|date=25 October 2016|accessdate=April 8, 2020}}</ref>N'afọ 2020, Oladipo bụ otu n'ime mmadụ iri na asatọ a kpọrọ aha dị ka ndị ọkachamara nke Nigerian Computer Society.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ANNUAL GENERAL REPORTS 2020|url=https://www.ncs.org.ng/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/ANNUAL-GENERAL-REPORTS-2020.pdf}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Awoleye|first=Michael Olusesan|title=Adoption Assessment of Internet Usage Amongst Undergraduates In Nigeria Universities -A Case Study Approach|journal=Journal of Technology Management & Innovation|date=20 April 2008|volume=3|issue=1|pages=84–89|url=https://www.jotmi.org/index.php/GT/article/view/cas11|language=en|issn=0718-2724}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oladipo, Francisca}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rmt5v7xuj78petaduc3j12aysoyz4o6 0 23174 692783 211890 2026-07-30T18:00:11Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Pages using infobox scientist with unknown parameters|residenceFrancisca Oboh Ikuenobe]] '''Francisca Oboh-Ikuenobe''' bụ onyea nyoputa ụwa na ala si Ubiaja dị na Esan South East Local Government Area nke [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] State.<ref name="voices">{{Cite web|url=http://voicesofedowomen.org/francisca_oboh.php|title=Dr. Francisca Oboh-Ikuenobe|accessdate=29 May 2014|publisher=Voices of Edo Women|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529235950/http://voicesofedowomen.org/francisca_oboh.php|archivedate=29 May 2014}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọkachamara na palynology na sedimentology, ọ bụkwa Ọkà mmụta nke Geology na Ngalaba nke Geosciences na Geological na Petroleum na Injinia, bụkwara Associate Dean of Academic Affairs na College of Engineering and Computing, Missouri University of Science and Technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pub/francisca-oboh-ikuenobe/37/b63/a86|accessdate=29 May 2014|publisher=[[LinkedIn]]|title=Francisca Oboh-Ikuenobe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.mst.edu/~ikuenobe/|title=Francisca E. Oboh-Ikuenobe|accessdate=29 May 2014|publisher=Missouri University of Science and Technology|archivedate=17 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817155944/https://web.mst.edu/~ikuenobe/}}</ref> == Ọrụ mmalite == Oboh-Ikuenobe gara ụlọ akwụkwọ St. Maria Goretti Girls Grammer di na Benin-city, Naijiria.<ref name="voices"/> O nwetara BSc ntulugo nke mbụ na geology na afọ1983, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmepụta ihe dị na ala na Shell Petroleum Development Company nke Nigeria na [[Lagos]], na palynologist na Shell na ụlọ nyocha ha dị na Warri Delta State, tupu ọ laghachi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ maka MSc ya na applied geology na 1987, na Mahadum Ife Nigeria (nke bụzi [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]]). Mgbe nke a gasịrị, ọ nọ n'ọkwa dị ka onye enyemaka nkuzi na Mahadum Ife. E nyere ya Commonwealth Scholarship Commission Award maka nzere doctorate ya na Ngalaba Sayensị Ụwa, Mahadum Cambridge (New Hall, ugbu a Murray Edwards College), nke e nyere na 1991 na thesis ya 'Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction of the E2.0 Reservoir in the Kolo Creek Field, Niger Delta (Nigeria)'. Ọ sonyeere Missouri S&T, mgbe ahụ Ngalaba nke Geology na Geophysics na 1991 dị ka osote prọfesọ na geology.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifeboat Foundation Bios: Professor Francisca Oboh-Ikuenobe|url=https://lifeboat.com/ex/bios.francisca.oboh-ikuenobe|accessdate=2022-05-26|work=lifeboat.com}}</ref> == Ọrụ ọkachamara == == Nnyocha == Her research falls under the categories of palynology and sedimentology, with the former including studies of pollen and other palynomorphs within sediments and sedimentary rocks as a proxy for biostratigraphic, palaeoecological and palaeoclimatic reconstructions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://climatechange.carboncapturereport.org/cgi-bin//profiler?key=francisca_oboh_ikuenobe&pt=2|title=Francisca Oboh-Ikuenobe: Person DB Profile|accessdate=29 May 2014|work=THE CARBON CAPTURE REPORT|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529233558/http://climatechange.carboncapturereport.org/cgi-bin//profiler?key=francisca_oboh_ikuenobe&pt=2|archivedate=29 May 2014}}</ref> She also integrates palynofacies with organic geochemistry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mst.academia.edu/FranciscaObohIkuenobe|title=Francisca Oboh Ikuenobe|publisher=[[Academia.edu]]|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họtara == * Mathur, R., Mahan, B., Spencer, M., Godfrey, L., Landman, N., Garb, M., Pearson, G.D., Liu, S.-A., na Oboh-Ikuenobe, F.E., 2021. Mkpịsị aka na-emetụta ókèala Cretaceous-Paleogene na isotopes Zn. Nature Communications, 12:4128; <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24419-8</nowiki>. * Romero, I.C., Kong, S., Fowlkes, C.C., Urban, M.A., Jaramillo, C., Oboh-Ikuenobe, F., Dāpolito, C., na Punyasena, S.W., 2020. Imeziwanye taxonomy nke pollen fossil site na iji netwọkụ akwara na superresolution microscopy. Ihe omume nke National Academy of Science; www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2007324117. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages, biostratigraphy na paleoenvironment nke Paleocene-Early Eocene sedimentary succession na ugwu Niger Delta Basin: Ntụnyere na mpaghara latitude dị ala, etiti na elu. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 481, peeji nke 29-43; doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.05.020. * Barron, A., Zobaa, M.K., na Oboh-Ikuenobe, F.E., 2017. Ihe akaebe palynological maka ọnọdụ dị omimi nke mmiri n'oge Eocene-Miocene na ndịda Gulf of Mexico dịpụrụ adịpụ. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 129, peeji nke 218-228; doi: 10.1130/B31559.1. * Awad, W.K., na Oboh-Ikuenobe, F.E., 2016. Early Paleogene dinoflagellate cysts si ODP Hole 959D na Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana Transform Margin, West Africa: ụdị ọhụrụ, biostratigraphy na paleoenvironmental implications. Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 123, p. 123-144; doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.07.014. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Upper Albian OAE 1d Ihe omume na Chihuahua Trough, New Mexico, USA Cretaceous Research, v. 46, p. 136ān150, doi.10.1016/j.cretres.2013.08.011. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nyocha nke ókèala Albian Cenomanian na US Western Interior dabere na dinoflagellate cysts. Nyocha nke Palaeobotany na Palynology, peeji nke 144, peeji nke 77o97. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ihe mgbochi na ihe mgbochi: ihe nlereanya maka elu mmiri na nchịkwa ala mmiri na nchekwa nke geometry na ihe owuwu n'ime usoro. Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 76, peeji nke 162-174. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nkewa nke Cretaceous nke Africa na South America: echiche sitere na West African margin (ODP Leg 159). Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 14, peeji nke 147-174. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nkọwa stratigraphic nke usoro site na palynofacies, dinocyst na data lithological nke Upper Eocene-Lower Oligocene strata na ndịda Mississippi na Alabama, US Gulf Coast. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Njikọ palynofacies na usoro stratigraphy na Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) sedimentary rocks nke Book Cliffs, ọwụwa anyanwụ-etiti Utah. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, peeji nke 1275-1294. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Middle Miocene palaeoenvironments nke Niger Delta. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] == Ihe nrite == * Elected Fellow, The Paleontological Society, 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifeboat Foundation Bios: Professor Francisca Oboh-Ikuenobe|url=https://lifeboat.com/ex/bios.francisca.oboh-ikuenobe|accessdate=2022-05-26|work=lifeboat.com}}</ref> * Elected Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2017<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifeboat Foundation Bios: Professor Francisca Oboh-Ikuenobe|url=https://lifeboat.com/ex/bios.francisca.oboh-ikuenobe|accessdate=2022-05-26|work=lifeboat.com}}</ref> * Elected Fellow, Geological Society of America (GSA), 2011<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifeboat Foundation Bios: Professor Francisca Oboh-Ikuenobe|url=https://lifeboat.com/ex/bios.francisca.oboh-ikuenobe|accessdate=2022-05-26|work=lifeboat.com}}</ref> * Fulbright Specialist Roster Candidate, 2010–2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fulbright-egypt.org/highlights/viewhomehighlight.asp?hid=510|title=U.S. Fulbright Specialist Conducts Workshop at Alexandria University, 4/22/2012|accessdate=29 May 2014|publisher=The Binational Fulbright Commission in Egypt|archivedate=29 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529230823/http://www.fulbright-egypt.org/highlights/viewhomehighlight.asp?hid=510}}</ref> * Elite American Educators,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eliteamericaneducators.wordpress.com/2014/01/10/drfrancisca-obohikuenobe/|title=Dr. Francisca Oboh-Ikuenobe|accessdate=29 May 2014|date=10 January 2014|publisher=Elite American Educators}}</ref> 2010–present * Best Poster Award — XXIII Brazilian Congress of Paleontology, Gramado, 2013 * Woman of Legacy, Voices of Edo Women, 2011<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifeboat Foundation Bios: Professor Francisca Oboh-Ikuenobe|url=https://lifeboat.com/ex/bios.francisca.oboh-ikuenobe|accessdate=2022-05-27|work=lifeboat.com}}</ref> * Science and Technology Award, Nigerian People's Forum— USA, 2008 * NSF Committee of Visitors, 2008<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/geo/adgeo/advcomm/fy2008_cov/2008_ear_sep_cov.pdf|title=REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF VISITORS, 2005–2007|accessdate=29 May 2014|publisher=[[National Science Foundation]]|archivedate=19 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419170228/https://www.nsf.gov/geo/adgeo/advcomm/fy2008_cov/2008_ear_sep_cov.pdf}}</ref> * SEPM Outstanding Journal Paper Award, Journal of Sedimentary Research 2007 * American Men and Women of Science, 1994–present == Njikọ mpụga == • ORCiD <nowiki>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2223-9691</nowiki> == Edensibịa == {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ikuenobe, Francisca Oboh}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria gụrụ akwụkwọ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] nkejq7qsannep9g6e80m62buup6m7uz 0 23327 692961 638297 2026-07-31T03:21:25Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Fawziya Abikar Nur''' (Somali: ) bụ Minista Federal nke [[Somalia]] maka ahụike na nlekọta ọha na eze kemgbe Machị 2017. A zụrụ ya n'iwu na ahụike ọha na eze ma rụọ ọrụ na World Health Organization. Ọ nọ n'ọkwa ahụ n'oge ntiwapụ nke ọrịa COVID-19 na Somalia na mbata nke ọgwụ mgbochi mbụ. == Ndụ == Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ iwu na Mahadum Mba Somalia ma na Febụwarị 1985 ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ọ gara Ịtali ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ afọ abụọ na iwu ọha na eze na Mahadum Bologna . Ọ nọrọ n'Ịtali wee gaa n'ihu na Istituto Superiore di Sanità na Rom ebe ọ nwetara nzere masta na Health Services Management tupu ọ gụchaa nzere doctorate na Mahadum Sapienza nke Rome na ahụike ọha.<ref name="speak2020">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2019|title=The Global Forum 2020: speaker biographies|url=https://stoppneumonia.org/the-global-forum-2020-speaker-biographies/|accessdate=25 April 2021|work=Stop Pneumonia / Every Breath Counts|language=en-US|archivedate=24 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324034018/https://stoppneumonia.org/the-global-forum-2020-speaker-biographies/}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Mahadum Mba Somalia dị ka onye nkuzi na-enyere ya aka ma mesịa na mmemme ọzụzụ iji belata ịda ogbenye na Sapienza na Istituto Superiore di Sanità . Site na 2012 ruo 2016, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ maka World Health Organization na Somalia.<ref name="speak2020"/> N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2017, ọ ghọrọ Minista Federal nke Somalia maka ahụike na nlekọta ọha na eze wee sonye na kọmitii ọhụrụ nke Praịm Minista Hassan Ali Khaire.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PM Khaire announces 27 member cabinet|url=http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2017/mar/141153/pm_khaire_announces_27_member_cabinet.aspx|accessdate=25 April 2021|work=www.hiiraan.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Ngalaba ahụike dị na Mogadishu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CONTACT US|url=https://moh.gov.so/new/contact-us/|accessdate=25 April 2021|work=Ministry of Health Federal Republic of Somalia|language=en-US|archivedate=25 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425160756/https://moh.gov.so/new/contact-us/}}</ref> N'afọ 2018 o kwuru banyere ihe ịga nke ọma mba ya nwere n'ịlụso ọgbụgbọ na polio ọgụ. N'ọnwa Eprel 2020, e dekọrọ ọnwụ mbụ nke ọrịa COVID-19 na Somalia. Nur kwupụtara ọnwụ nke onye mbụ e gburu bụ nwoke dị afọ 58. Onye nke abụọ e gburu bụ Khalif Mumin Tohow onye bụ Minista Ikpe Ziri Ezi maka steeti Somalia nke Hirshabelle.<ref name="state" /> Ọ ka si nleta ọ gara [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] lọta.<ref name="state">{{Cite web|title=Somali state minister dies from coronavirus|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/4/12/somali-state-minister-dies-from-coronavirus|accessdate=25 April 2021|work=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị asatọ n'ọnwa Eprel 2021, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19 bụ 576. N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Eprel 2021, minista ahụ natara ọgwụ mgbochi [[Nje Korona|coronavirus]] mbụ site na China.<ref name="vaccine" /> Onye nnọchi anya China bụ Qin Jian nyere ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa Sinopharm BIBP 200,000.<ref name="vaccine" /> Ụbọchị iri ka e mesịrị, Somalia natara ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa Oxford-AstraZeneca 300,000 site na atụmatụ COVAX; Nur kwuru na a ga-eziga ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ na mpaghara ọ bụla nke Somalia ma nye ndị ọrụ ahụike ihe mbụ n'oge mmemme ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi.<ref name="vaccine" /><ref name="vaccine">{{Cite web|title=Somalia receives China-donated Sinopharm vaccines|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-04/12/c_139873472.htm|accessdate=25 April 2021|work=www.xinhuanet.com|archivedate=20 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020162519/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-04/12/c_139873472.htm}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel, ọ kwupụtakwara na Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa ga-eduga n'imeziwanye na nlekọta ahụike uche. Ọrụ a na-elekwasị anya na ndị Somalia na-eto eto ndị esemokwu metụtara. Enwere obere ndokwa maka ahụike uche na mba ebe ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị bi na ya erubeghị afọ iri atọ ma ọtụtụ na-ebi na ime ihe ike.<ref>{{Cite web|author=AfricaNews|date=21 April 2021|title=Somalia implements ground-breaking project aimed at improving psychosocial support and mental health care for young people affected by conflict through a socially-inclusive integrated approach for peace-building|url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/04/21/somalia-implements-ground-breaking-project-aimed-at-improving-psychosocial-support-and-mental-health-care-for-young-people-affected-by-conflict-through-a-socially-inclusive-integrated-approach-for-peace-building/|accessdate=29 April 2021|work=Africanews|language=en|archivedate=29 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429075535/https://www.africanews.com/2021/04/21/somalia-implements-ground-breaking-project-aimed-at-improving-psychosocial-support-and-mental-health-care-for-young-people-affected-by-conflict-through-a-socially-inclusive-integrated-approach-for-peace-building/}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nur, Fawziya Abikar}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9mlel34vqtj7s82t9z86xdhfuhi4jxc 0 23647 693008 198737 2026-07-31T05:45:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Na mmepe ngwanrọ, omume agile (mgbe ụfọdụ edere Agile)[1] na-agụnye nchọta chọrọ na ndozi ngwọta site na mbọ imekọ ihe ọnụ nke ịhazi onwe ya na ndị otu na-arụ ọrụ na ndị ahịa ha (ndị ọrụ) / ndị ọrụ njedebe, [2] na-eme mgbanwe.  atụmatụ, mmepe evolushọn, nnyefe mmalite, nkwalite na-aga n'ihu, na nzaghachi mgbanwe maka mgbanwe nke ihe achọrọ, ikike na nghọta nke nsogbu ndị a ga-edozi.[3][4] N’oge atọ nke mmepe sọftụwia Agile, nke gụnyere Mbido oru ngo – Nhazi Sprint – Demos, ndị ọrụ nwere ohere ime mgbanwe dabere na ọnọdụ azụmahịa na mgbanwe nke ihe ndị ahịa chọrọ. Nke a na-eme ka e nwee nghọta nke ọma n’etiti ndị mmepe na ndị ọrụ site n’inyocha akụkụ ngwọta iji hụ ma a na-ezute mkpa azụmahịa, si otú a na-eme ka e nwee ezigbo nsonaazụ.[https://web.archive.org/web/20250215075351/https://newwavesolution.com/blog/traditional-vs-agile-method/]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Traditional vs. Agile Software Development Methods|url=https://newwavesolution.com/blog/traditional-vs-agile-method/|date=2022-06-08|accessdate=2025-01-21|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215075351/https://newwavesolution.com/blog/traditional-vs-agile-method/}}</ref> N'ịbụ ndị a ma ama na 2001 ''Manifesto'' for Agile Software Development, ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ ndị a sitere na ma kwado usoro mmepe ngwanrọ dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere Scrum na Kanban.<ref name="AgileManifesto">{{Cite web|author=Kent Beck|authorlink=Kent Beck|year=2001|title=Manifesto for Agile Software Development|url=http://agilemanifesto.org/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=14 June 2010|work=|publisher=Agile Alliance}}</ref><ref name="LarmanGuide">{{Cite book|author=Larman|first=Craig|year=2004|title=Agile and Iterative Development: A Manager's Guide|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=978-0-13-111155-4}}</ref> njgmy1qlifhe4zk3mehj8ju8y3rsw48 0 24080 692654 108520 2026-07-30T12:25:18Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Florence Ekpo-Umoh''' (amụrụ na 27 Disemba 1977 na [[Lagos]]) bụ onye Naijirịa-German na-agba ọsọ, [[Naijiria|onye]] ọkachamara na 400 m. A kwụsịtụrụ ya na asọmpi ruo afọ abụọ maka ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ. == Ọrụ == Ekpo-Umoh meriri mba a mụrụ ya Naijirịa na 1994 World Junior Championships . Ọ gbagara Germany na 1995 n'oge ogige ọzụzụ n'ebe ahụ, lụrụ onye na-enye ya ọzụzụ German na 1998 wee nweta nwa amaala Germany na 2000. Kemgbe afọ 1998, ọ nọchitere anya klọb egwuregwu USC Mainz. N'afọ 2003, a chọpụtara na ikpe mara Ekpo-Umoh maka doping stanozolol. E nyere ihe nnwale ahụ na 24 Jenụwarị 2003 na ule na-abụghị asọmpi na South Africa. A kwụsịtụrụ ya n'egwuregwu ahụ ruo n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Grimes fails drugs test|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/athletics/3145935.stm|work=BBC|date=2003-08-13|accessdate=2007-09-14}}</ref> Oge kachasị mma ya bụ 51.13 sekọnd, nke o nwetara na June 2001 na Stuttgart. == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{NGA}} |- |rowspan=2|1994 |rowspan=2|[[1994 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] |8th (sf) |400m |[[1994 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres|53.84]] |- |14th (h) |4 × 400 m relay |[[1994 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|3:49.16]] |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{GER}} |- |rowspan=2|2001 |[[2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]] |[[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] |bgcolor="cc9966" align="center" | 3rd |4 × 400 m relay |[[2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|3:31.00]] |- |[[2001 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Edmonton]], [[Canada]] |bgcolor="silver" align="center" | 2nd |4 × 400 m relay |[[2001 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|3:21.97]] |- |rowspan=2|2002 |[[2002 European Championships in Athletics|European Championships]] |[[Munich]], [[Germany]] |bgcolor="gold" align="center" | 1st |4 × 400 m relay |[[2002 European Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|3:25.10]] |- |[[2002 IAAF World Cup|World Cup]] |[[Madrid]], [[Spain]] |align="center" | 6th |4 × 400 m relay |3:31.09 |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị egwuregwu a machibidoro iwu maka mmebi iwu doping == Ihe odide == * Florence Ekpo-Umoh at World Athletics * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090217050058/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/BIO/Athlete/7/246337.shtml 2008 Profaịlụ Olimpik nke Beijing : Ekpo-Umoh, Florence] <references /> {{Footer European Champions 4x400 m Women}}{{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ekpo-Umoh, Florence}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] coodk02jawd7jdhe08bxrk9csmzub5o 0 24091 692716 108511 2026-07-30T13:27:28Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Funke Oladoye''' (amụrụ na 5 Disemba 1993) bụ onye Naijirịa na-agba ọsọ na mita 400.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/nigeria/funke-oladoye-257543|title=Funke Oladoye|publisher=IAAF|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref> O sonyere na 4 × 400 mita relay event na 2015 World Championships in Athletics na Beijing na-emecha nke ise. Ihe kacha mma ya na mita 400 bụ 52.55 sekọnd (Warri 2014). == Egwuregwu mba ụwa == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{NGR}} |- |2014 |[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] |[[Glasgow, United Kingdom]] |2nd (h) |4 × 400 m relay |[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|3:28.28]] |- |rowspan=2|2015 |[[2015 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Beijing, China]] |5th |4 × 400 m relay |[[2015 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|3:25.11]] |- |[[Athletics at the 2015 African Games|African Games]] |[[Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo]] |bgcolor=gold|1st |4 × 400 m relay |[[Athletics at the 2015 African Games – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|3:27.12]] |} == Ihe odide == == Njikọ mpụga == * Funke Oladoye at World Athletics {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oladoye, Funke}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tbsq7o0efrqsv62nw0iowwual21i2w4 0 24252 692938 632090 2026-07-31T02:31:09Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Frank Edoho''' bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na TV, onye na-ese ihe nkiri, na onye na-ede foto.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=28 August 2017|title=Frank Edoho Biography: Things You Should Know About The Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Host - Nigerian Infopedia|language=en-GB|work=Nigerian Infopedia|url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com/frank-edoho-biography-things-know-wants-millionaire-host/|accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-akwado ihe ngosi TV Naijiria a ma ama, Onye chọrọ ịbụ onye nde mmadụ. == Ndụ onwe onye == Frank lụrụ [[Katherine Obiang]] ma nwee ụmụ atọ tupu ha kewaa na 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 July 2011|title=Industry reels in shock as Frank Edoho, wife separate|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/07/industry-reels-in-shock-as-frank-edoho-separates-from-wife/|accessdate=25 July 2020|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ nwunye ya nke abụọ, Sandra Onyenuchenuya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 December 2014|title=Frank Edoho officially weds second wife -|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/frank-edoho-officially-weds-second-wife/|accessdate=25 July 2020|work=The Eagle Online|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2014, Frank na Sandra nabatara nwa mbụ ha (nke anọ nke Frank) ma mụọ nwa nke abụọ ha afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị na US.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 April 2014|title=Frank Edoho & New Wife Welcome Their First Child Together|url=http://www.nigerianmonitor.com/frank-edoho-new-wife-welcome-their-first-child-together/|accessdate=25 July 2020|work=LATEST NIGERIAN NEWS BREAKING HEADLINES NEWSPAPERS|language=en-US|archivedate=25 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725033406/http://www.nigerianmonitor.com/frank-edoho-new-wife-welcome-their-first-child-together/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Edoho Welcomes Second Baby from Wife Sandra|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/240137/frank-edoho-welcomes-second-baby-from-wife-sandra.html|accessdate=25 July 2020|work=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == Frank gụrụ sayensị anụmanụ na Mahadum Calabar .<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=8 May 2013|title=A DAY WITH FRANK EDOHO: Recollections of his Rugged Road to Fame & Fortune|url=https://www.woculus.com/a-day-with-frank-edoho-recollections-of-his-rugged-road-to-fame-fortune/|accessdate=24 July 2020|work=Woculus|language=en-US|archivedate=25 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625091348/https://www.woculus.com/a-day-with-frank-edoho-recollections-of-his-rugged-road-to-fame-fortune/}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri rap nke aha ya bụ Mc Frank.<ref name=":1" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ malitere ọrụ mgbasa ozi ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe ngosi na Cross River Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi steeti ma mekwara ihe ngosi telivishọn nri ụtụtụ maka Nigerian Television Authority, Channel 9, Calabar.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 May 2013|title=A DAY WITH FRANK EDOHO: Recollections of his Rugged Road to Fame & Fortune|url=https://www.woculus.com/a-day-with-frank-edoho-recollections-of-his-rugged-road-to-fame-fortune/|accessdate=25 July 2020|work=Woculus|language=en-US|archivedate=25 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625091348/https://www.woculus.com/a-day-with-frank-edoho-recollections-of-his-rugged-road-to-fame-fortune/}}</ref> Frank kwagara na Metro FM 97.6 na 1999 ebe ọ kwadoro ihe ngosi redio maka ụlọ ọrụ redio. Otú ọ dị, ihe ngosi a ma ama, Onye chọrọ ịbụ nde mmadụ mere ka ọ pụta ìhè. Ewezuga ịbụ onye na-elekọta TV, ọ bụkwa onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ede foto, onye na'emepụta ihe na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Mgbe ọ jụrụ nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ iji gaa n'ihu dị ka onye na-elekọta Onye chọrọ ịbụ nde mmadụ, a kpughere ya na Emmanuel Essien, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Mannie, dị ka onye nwe ihe ngosi TV mba ụwa, Ọnụ ahịa ahụ ziri ezi .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Edoho Confirms Exit From ‘Who Wants To Be A Millionaire’|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2017/09/03/frank-edoho-confirms-exit-from-who-wants-to-be-a-millionaire/|accessdate=24 July 2020|work=Channels Television}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Edoho moves to The Price Is Right|url=https://punchng.com/frank-edoho-moves-to-the-price-is-right/|accessdate=24 July 2020|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-akwanyere Frank ùgwù maka olu ya na-ekwu okwu ma mee ọtụtụ olu maka mgbasa ozi redio na ọhịa redio maka Ihe ọṅụṅụ mkpụrụ osisi Vogue, First City Monument Bank, [[Unilever Nigeria Plc]], International Bank Plc na Elizade Toyota.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 April 2016|title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Franck Edoho|url=https://youthvillageng.com/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-franck-edoho/|accessdate=24 July 2020|work=Youth Village Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=25 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725010221/https://youthvillageng.com/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-franck-edoho/}}</ref> == Ònye chọrọ ịbụ onye ọgaranya == Frank Edoho kwadoro ihe ngosi egwuregwu TV a ma ama ruo afọ 13 site na 2004 ruo 2017 mana ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 2 Septemba 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 May 2020|title=Frank Edoho Talks About His Favourite Contestant on WWTBAM Show|url=https://everyevery.ng/frank-edoho-talks-about-his-favourite-contestant-on-wwtbam-show/|accessdate=25 July 2020|work=EveryEvery|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Augoye|first=Jayne|date=1 September 2017|title='Who wants to be a Millionaire' returns, Frank Edoho dropped as host {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/242158-wants-millionaire-returns-frank-edoho-dropped-host.html|accessdate=25 July 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ mara ọkwa ọpụpụ ya site na ibe Twitter ya mgbe ọ na-ekwekọrịtaghị na usoro ya na Ultima Studios. Edoho gọnahụrụ na ndị na-ahazi ihe ngosi ahụ "kwụsịrị", na-ekwusi ike na ọ "jụjụ onyinye" e nyere ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 September 2017|title=After 13 years, Frank Edoho 'walks away' from Who Wants To Be A Millionaire|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/frank-edoho-who-wants-millionaire/|accessdate=24 July 2020|work=TheCable Lifestyle|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2022, ọ laghachiri na ihe ngosi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FRANK EDOHO MAKES COMEBACK IN WHO WANTS TO BE A MILLIONAIRE|url=https://guardian.ng/life/frank-edoho-makes-comeback-in-who-wants-to-be-a-millionaire/|publisher=Guardian|accessdate=17 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Returns’ With Frank Edoho As Host|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/02/07/who-wants-to-be-a-millionaire-returns-with-frank-edoho-as-host/|publisher=Channels Television|accessdate=17 February 2022}}</ref> == Onyinye na Nkwado<ref name=":0"/> == * Ihe nrite onye nnọchi anya ndị ntorobịa site na Fly Networks * Onye ngosi TV kacha mma nke afọ 2006 site na City People Magazine Award * Nwoke na-egosi TV nke afọ 2008 site na Nigeria Kids Choice Award == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Edoho, Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tbb7ccd4yt84znjs5uzf6maj7wdv2sk 0 24872 692801 189661 2026-07-30T19:39:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692801 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Women in Tech Africa''' ('''WiTA''') is an organization with a focus on entrepreneurship expansion and multiplying the numbers of females in technology especially in [[Eluàlà|Africa]]. It was founded by Ethel D Cofie.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/12/tech/african-women-breaking-down-tech-barriers/|title=It's not a man's world: The African women breaking down tech barriers|first=Ethel|author=Cofie|work=CNN|accessdate=2018-10-04|language=en-US}}</ref> Over the years, WiTA has strategically focused on enabling women to drive Africa's growth story and create impact on personal life through technology. Currently, its target audience comprises aspiring female tech entrepreneurs between the ages of 18–40. Women in Tech Africa is the largest group on the continent with membership across 30 countries globally with physical chapters in [[Ghana]], [[Malawi]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Somaliland]], [[Jémanị|Germany]], Ireland, [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]] and [[Mauritius]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.womenintechafrica.com/|title=Women in Tech Africa [africa's largest women in tech group] {{!}} Creating Opportunities and affecting our communities|work=www.womenintechafrica.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-10-04|archivedate=2018-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006000301/http://www.womenintechafrica.com/}}</ref> * Ịgba ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha banye na teknụzụ ma were ọnọdụ ndị isi na ngalaba teknụzụ. * Ịmepụta pipeline maka ụmụ nwanyị ịhọrọ ọrụ [[STIM|STEM]]. * Ịgba ụmụ nwanyị ume ịbanye n'ime oghere azụmaahịa STEM. === Ụmụ nwanyị na Tech Week (WiTW) === Emume dijitalụ a na-eweta ụmụ nwanyị na teknụzụ n'ụwa niile iji mee emume ihe ịga nke ọma na mmetụta site na ọzụzụ idu ndú, mmụta ndị ọgbọ, na ogbako.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://womenintechweek.com/|title=Women in Tech Week – Women in Tech Week|work=womenintechweek.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-10-04}}</ref> Isiokwu ndị a na-elekwasị anya metụtara teknụzụ, ọchụnta ego, nguzozi ndụ ọrụ, na idu ndú. Ndị na-ege ntị maka ihe omume ndị a na-agụnye ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọchụnta ego teknụzụ, ụmụ agbọghọ na-achọ ọrụ STEM na ụmụ nwanyị ndị isi C. Ihe omume ndị a na-elekwasị anya ọ bụghị naanị na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'Africa kamakwa ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka n'ụwa niile. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, WiTW natara nkwado site na Graca Machel Trust. Na mmekorita ya na MTN Foundation, Women in Tech Africa haziri ọrụ MTN Girl Code na 2017.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/business/2017/July-27th/mtn-apps-camp-for-girls-launched.php|title=MTN Apps Camp for girls launched|date=2017-07-27|accessdate=2018-10-04|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọrụ a chọrọ ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè na MTN App Challenge (ihe omume MTN na-agba kwa afọ), melite ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ agbọghọ na usoro okike na Ghana ma gbaa ume ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụnwaanyị na usoro okpomọkụ nke African Startup.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mfidie.com/mtn-apps-challenge-season-5/|title=All winners of the MTN Apps Challenge Season 5 and their Projects|date=2018-06-30|work=Mfidie.com|accessdate=2018-10-04|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọzụzụ dị na nkwenye azụmaahịa, ngwa mkpanaka na mmepe IoT na egwuregwu na mmepe animation. === Ogige Boot nke Afrịka nke Ọdịnihu === Na mmekorita ya na ATBN (UK) na Comic Relief, #HerFuture Africa, ọrụ inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ọchụnta ego nke ebumnuche ya bụ inye ụmụ agbọghọ ikike na inye ụmụ agbọghọ ngwaọrụ ndị dị mkpa iji gboo mkpa nke obodo ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africatbn.com/|title=Africa Technology Business Network|work=Africa Technology Business Network|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-04}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.herfutureafrica.org/|title=HerFutureAfrica|work=HerFutureAfrica|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-04|archivedate=2018-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005194914/http://www.herfutureafrica.org/}}</ref> A zụrụ ndị sonyere na echiche imewe, echiche, atụmatụ ọrụ, na ihe osise azụmaahịa na ọgbọ ngwọta. Ọrụ a hụrụ ịrị elu nke Ivy Barley, onye guzobere Developers na Vogue.<ref name=":0" /> Na mmekorita ya na Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) AgriHack Talent Initiative, atụmatụ a bu n'uche ịkwalite ọchụnta ego maka imeziwanye ihe oriri na mba Africa, Caribbean na Pacific. Egwuregwu AgriHack meghere maka ndị guzobere ngwọta ICT nke na-egbo mkpa na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://shaboard.com/2018/04/19/women-tech-africa-partners-cta-encourage-women-agritech/|title=Women In Tech Africa Partners With CTA To Encourage More Women Into AgriTech -|date=2018-04-19|accessdate=2018-10-04|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://vc4a.com/blog/2018/04/23/young-and-female-entrepreneurs-win-pitch-agrihack-2018-and-grow-your-start-up/|title=Young and female entrepreneurs: Win Pitch AgriHack 2018 and ..|work=Venture Capital for Africa|accessdate=2018-10-04|language=en-US}}</ref> * Onyinye United Nations Equals maka idu ndú 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.equals.org/single-post/2018/09/23/2018-EQUALS-in-Tech-Award-winners-reimagine-the-digital-future|title=2018 EQUALS in Tech Award winners reimagine the digital future {{!}} EQUALS global partnership to bridge the digital gender divide|work=EQUALS global partnership to bridge the digital gender divide|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-04|archivedate=2019-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520010309/https://www.equals.org/single-post/2018/09/23/2018-EQUALS-in-Tech-Award-winners-reimagine-the-digital-future}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} 5d3w6vwh4pdp0begm2qopzheuzsxnbb 0 25134 692901 692506 2026-07-30T22:30:30Z Sylvaline39 15355 692901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Fatma Zahra Djouad''' (amụrụ 12, Julaị 1988) bụ nwa agbọghọ Algeria na egwu volleyball. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu volleyball ụmụ nwanyị nke mba Algeria. O sonyere na 2013 FIVB Volleyball Ukwu ụwaPrix. N'ọkwa klọb ọ gbara bọọlụ maka MBBEJAIA n'afọ 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Team Roster – Algeria|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldGrandPrix/2013/Teams.asp?Team=ALG|work=FIVB.org|date=|accessdate=11 February 2016}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldGrandPrix/2013/Players.asp?Tourn=WGP2013&Team=ALG&No=120602 Profaịlụ] na FIVB.org {{DEFAULTSORT:Djouad, Fatma Zahra}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dliur0552j85rtkcfwflzerjrd3o9ch 0 25195 692982 111194 2026-07-31T04:29:17Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Faïza Tsabet''' (amụrụ na Machị 22, 1985, n'ime Chlef) bụ onye Algeria na egwu volleyball mba ụwa. Ọ gbara bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu mba. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu egwuregwu volleyball nke Algeria n'afọ 2008. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2012, o sonyere na 2012 FIVB Egwuregwu Ukwu Prix, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ lara ezumike nká na mberede na volleyball ọkachamara. == Ihe ọmụma klọb == * '''Klọb gara aga''' : NR Chlef (2010-2012) * '''Klọb gara aga''' : CV Tenerife * '''Klọb gara aga''' : Istres volleyball (2006X2009) * '''Klọb izizi''' : GS Chlef (1998[[2006) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}  {{DEFAULTSORT:Tsabet, Faiza}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rtlax3bykmiymkdcwjr6ca01sc08wcj 0 26133 692992 161090 2026-07-31T04:58:39Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 692992 wikitext text/x-wiki Mpaghara nchịkwa ikuku ('''ECAs'''), ma ọ bụ mpaghara nchịkwa ikuku sulfur ('''SECAs'''), bụ mpaghara oké osimiri '''ebe''' e guzobere njikwa siri ike iji belata ikuku ikuku sitere na ụgbọ mmiri dịka akọwapụtara saịtị na Ndepụta VI nke 1997 MARPOL Protocol. Mgbasa ahụ gụnyere SOx, NOx, ODSs na VOCs na iwu ndị ahụ malitere na Mee 2005. Ndepụta VI nwere ndokwa maka usoro abụọ nke ikuku na mmanụ ụgbọala dị mkpa gbasara SOx na PM, ma ọ bụ NOx, ihe achọrọ n'ụwa niile na njikwa siri ike na mpaghara nchịkwa ikuku pụrụ iche (ECA). Iwu ndị a sitere na nchegbu banyere "mmetọ ikuku na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara ụwa" n'ihe gbasara onyinye ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri. N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2020, a kwadoro Ndepụta VI siri ike karị na mpaghara nchịkwa ikuku na-ebelata oke ikuku.<ref name="IMO_GHG">{{citation|url=http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Pages/Default.aspx|publisher=International Maritime Organization (IMO)|title=Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions|year=2014a|accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref> Ka ọ na erule afọ 2011, e nwere ECAs anọ dị ugbu a: Oké Osimiri Baltic, Oké Osimiri North, ECA nke North America, gụnyere ọtụtụ n'ime ụsọ oké osimiri US na Canada na US Caribbean ECA. Ọzọkwa enwere ike ịgbakwunye mpaghara ndị ọzọ site na usoro akọwapụtara na Ndepụta VI. A na egosi ECAs nwere ọnụ ụzọ nitrogen oxides dị ka '''ebe''' nchịkwa ikuku nitrogen oxide ('''NECAs'''). {| class="wikitable" |+Ogologo sulfur maka mmanụ na SECA |tupu 1 Julaị 2010 |1.50% m/m |- |n'etiti 1 Julaị 2010 na 1 Jenụwarị 2015 |1.00% m/m |- |mgbe 1 Jenụwarị 2015 gasịrị |0.10% m/m |} {| class="wikitable" |+Ọdịda sulfur n'ozuzu ya n'ebe ndị ọzọ dị n'oké osimiri |tupu 1 Jenụwarị 2012 |4.50% m/m |- |n'etiti 1 Jenụwarị 2012 na 1 Jenụwaị 2020 |3.50% m/m |- |mgbe 1 Jenụwarị 2020 gasịrị<ref group="note">May be postponed to 1 January 2025</ref> |0.50% m/m |- | colspan="2" | |} == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == N'afọ 1972 na Nzukọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na gburugburu ebe obibi mmadụ, nchegbu zuru oke banyere mmetọ ikuku dugara na mmekorita mba ụwa. A na atụle mmetọ ikuku sitere na "gas na emerụ ahụ site na nsị ụgbọ mmiri" na mba ụwa. N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1973, a nabatara nkwekọrịta mba ụwa maka igbochi mmetọ site n'ụgbọ mmiri ma mesịa gbanwee ya site na nkwekọrịta 1978 (MARPOL 73/78). MARPOL bụ mkpirikpi maka Mmetọ mmiri. N'afọ 1979, a bịanyere aka na Nkwekọrịta na Ogologo ogologo Mmetọ ikuku gafere oke, "ihe mbụ mba ụwa na-ejikọta iwu iji dozie nsogbu nke mmetọ ikuku". N'afọ 1997, a nabatara iwu gbasara mmetọ ikuku sitere na ụgbọ mmiri dịka akọwapụtara na Ndepụta VI nke Nkwekọrịta MARPOL. "Nchịkwa ndị a setịpụrụ oke na sulfur oxide (SOx) na nitrogen oxide (NOx) na esi na mmiri na-apụ apụ ma machibido ikuku nke ihe ndị na-emebi ozone. " Nzukọ dị ugbu a bụ ngwakọta nke Nzukọ 1973 na Protocol 1978. Ọ malitere n'ọrụ n'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1983. Dị ka IMO si kwuo, ụlọ ọrụ United Nations nke na-ahụ maka "nchebe na nchekwa nke ụgbọ mmiri na mgbochi nke mmetọ mmiri saịtị na ụgbọ mmiri", ka ọ na-erule Mee 2013, steeti 152, na-anọchite anya pasent 99.2 nke tonnage ụgbọ mmiri ụwa, bụ ndị sonyere na mgbakọ ahụ. == SECAs ma ọ bụ ECAs == Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2011, ECAs ndị dị ugbu a gụnyere Oké Osimiri Baltic (SOx, nabatara 1997; a manyere 2005) na Oké Osimiri North (SOx، 2005/2006 nabatara July 2005; a manyere 2006), ECA nke North America, gụnyere ọtụtụ n'ime ụsọ oké osimiri US na Canada (NOx & SOx, 2010/2012) na US Caribbean ECA, gụnyere Puerto Rico na US Virgin Islands (NOx / SOx, 2011/2014).<ref name="diesel_net">{{citation|url=http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/inter/imo.php|title=Emission StandardsInternational: IMO Marine Engine Regulations: Background|date=September 2011|accessdate=4 May 2014|publisher=Diesel Net}}</ref> Nkwekọrịta nke 1997 (MARPOL Annex VI ) gụnyere Mgbakwunye VI ọhụrụ nke MARPOL 73/78, nke malitere na 19 Mee 2005. == Nchịkwa ikuku SOx == Ebumnuche nke usoro iwu ahụ bụ iji belata ma chịkwaa [[Mmetọ ikuku|ikuku na-esi n'ụgbọ mmiri]] na esi na mmiri na emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi. MARPOL mere ka IMO kwenye ịchịkwa nkezi nke mmanụ sulfur n'ụwa niile. Ka ọ na erule 1 Jenụwarị 2020 Ndepụta ahụ na-ekwu na okpu zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ 0.5% m / m na ihe sulfur dị na mmanụ. Otú ọ dị, MARPOL na ekwusi ike na ọ bụ 0.1% m / m na mpaghara ụfọdụ a na ahazi dị ka "ebe nchịkwa ikuku SOx" (SECAs).<ref name="imo">{{Cite web|title=Air pollution|url=https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/Sulphur-oxides-(SOx)-%E2%80%93-Regulation-14.aspx|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=20 March 2022|work=www.imo.org}}</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, MARPOL chepụtara ụzọ iji zere iji usoro nhicha gas ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ ga egbochi ikuku SOx. N'ezie, usoro nhicha gas gas ga enwerịrị nkwado saịtị na nchịkwa steeti tupu etinye ya n'ọrụ. Iwu gbasara usoro nhicha gas ga ada site na IMO.<ref name="imo"/> IMO na enyocha ihe sulfur dị n'ime mmanụ ụgbọala fọdụrụnụ maka iji ya n'ụgbọ mmiri kemgbe 1999. IMO na-enyocha yasaịtị na akụkọ bunker gburugburu ụwa. Dị ka Kọmitii Nchedo Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mmiri (MEPC) si kwuo, nkezi sulfur dị n'ụwa niile na mmanụ mmanụ maka afọ 2004 bụ 2.67 %m / m.<ref name="imo"/> [[Usòrò:Ship_Maneuvering_out_of_Port_S.Louis_du_Rhone,_near_Marseille.jpg|thumb|Ụgbọ mmiri na-esi na Port S.Louis du Rhone, nso Marseilles.]] == Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) mpụga iwu 13 == Ihe nchịkwa NOx chọrọ na emetụta n'ụwa niile maka injin diesel ọ bụla arụnyere n'oké osimiri karịa 130 kW nke ike mmepụta ma e wezụga injin ndị a na eji naanị maka ebumnuche mberede ọ bụghị maka ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ mmiri ebe a na etinye injin ahụ. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ọkwa dị iche iche nke iwu ndị dabere na ụbọchị e wuru ụgbọ mmiri. A na ekewa ọkwa ndị ahụ n'ime atọ atọ. Tier I na emetụta ụgbọ mmiri ndị e wuru mgbe 1 Jenụwarị 2000 gasịrị. Ọ na ekwu na maka injin ndị dị n'okpuru 130 rpm ga enwerịrị ngụkọta nke ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ (g / kWh) nke 17, injin ndị nọ n'etiti 130 na 1999 rpm gaghị enwe ihe karịrị 12.1 (g / kW), injin ndị karịrị 2000 rpm ga na enwerịa oke nke 9.8 (g / chWh). Tier II nwere ihe ndị a chọrọ: 14.4 (g / kWh) maka injin na erughị 130 rpm, 9.7 (g / kW) maka injina 130 ̊ 1999 rpm, na maka injin karịrị 2000 rpm 7.7 (g - kWh) bụ njedebe. Ihe mgbochi nke Tier II na-emetụta ụgbọ mmiri ndị e wuru mgbe 1 Jenụwarị 2011 gasịrị. Njikwa Tier III na-emetụta naanị n'ógbè ndị a kapịrị ọnụ ebe a na achịkwa ikuku NOx ([[Nitrogen emission control area|NECAs]]) ma na emetụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị e wuru mgbe 1 Jenụwarị 2016 gasịrị. Maka injin ndị dị n'okpuru 130 rpm njedebe bụ 3.4 (g / Kwh), injin ndị nọ n'etiti 130-1999 rpm njedebe anyị 2.4 (g / kWh), injin karịrị 2000 rpm ga-enwerịrị ngụkọta nke 2.0 (g / kW).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/environment/pollutionprevention/airpollution/pages/nitrogen-oxides-(nox)-%E2%80%93-regulation-13.aspx|title=Nitrogen oxides (NOx) – Regulation 13|work=www.imo.org|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-04-08|archivedate=2018-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217110635/http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/environment/pollutionprevention/airpollution/pages/nitrogen-oxides-(nox)-%E2%80%93-regulation-13.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/marpol-annex-vi|title=MARPOL Annex VI|author=EPA,OECA,OAP,ITD|first=US|work=www.epa.gov|language=en|accessdate=2017-04-08}}</ref> === Ịkpọ ọkụ === Mgbakwunye VI machibidoro ịgba ngwaahịa ụfọdụ ọkụ n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ. Ngwaahịa ndị ahụ gụnyere: ihe nkwakọba ihe na emetọ emetọ na polychlorinated biphenyls, ihe mkpofu, dị ka Ndepụta V si kọwaa, nwere ihe karịrị akara nke ọla dị arọ, ngwaahịa mmanụ ala a nụchara anụcha nwere ngwakọta halogen, nsị nsị, na mmanụ nsị. === Iwu gas na-ekpo ọkụ === Kọmitii Nchedo Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mmiri (MEPC) agbaala ndị otu ume iji atụmatụ ahụ kọọ gas na ekpo ọkụ. Gas ndị ahụ gụnyere carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbon, na sulfur hexafluoride. Ebumnuche nke ime ntuziaka na ikuku CO2 bụ ịmepụta usoro nke ụgbọ mmiri ga eji mee ihe n'oge nnwale.<ref name="imo2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/environment/pollutionprevention/airpollution/pages/nitrogen-oxides-(nox)-%E2%80%93-regulation-13.aspx|title=Nitrogen oxides (NOx) – Regulation 13|work=www.imo.org|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-04-08|archivedate=2018-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217110635/http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/environment/pollutionprevention/airpollution/pages/nitrogen-oxides-(nox)-%E2%80%93-regulation-13.aspx}}</ref> == Iwu nke 2013 == N'afọ 2013, iwu ọhụrụ akọwapụtara n'isi nke agbakwunyere na MARPOL Annex VI malitere ịrụ ọrụ iji melite "ike nke mbupu mba ụwa". Iwu ndị a na emetụta ụgbọ mmiri niile 400 gross tonnage ma ọ bụ karịa. MARPOL chọrọ ka ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri jiri usoro EEDI nke ga-ahụ na a na emezu ọkwa ike niile achọrọ. Ọzọkwa, a chọrọ ka ụgbọ mmiri niile nwee atụmatụ njikwa arụmọrụ ụgbọ mmiri (SEEMP) n'ụgbọ mmiri, ya mere, ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nwere atụmatụ mgbe niile iji zoo aka na ya iji nọgide na enwe ọkwa arụmọrụ nke ike chọrọ site na mpaghara ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nọ ma ọ bụ na-aga n'oge niile. [citation needed] Banyere mgbakwunye na Mgbakwunye VI, e nwere mgbazi maka ikuku, nsị, na ihe mkpofu. Tupu iwu ndị a gbanwere na 2013 ebe nchịkwa sulfur gụnyere: Oké Osimiri Baltic, Oké Osimiri North na mpaghara North America (ebe ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke United States na Canada). Otú ọ dị, mmelite na 2013 version nke Annex VI gụnyere United States Caribbean Sea (karịsịa mpaghara ndị gbara Puerto Rico na United States Virgin Islands gburugburu) na ndepụta ahụ. [citation needed] Banyere mmelite iwu ndị ọzọ, enwere ike ịmepụta "ebe pụrụ iche" ebe iwu nsị ga-esi ike karịa n'ebe ndị ọzọ, yana, obere mgbakwunye ole na ole na iwu mkpofu.<ref name="imo2"/> == Ihe edeturu == <references group="note" responsive="1"></references> == Ihe odide == <references responsive="1"></references> == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 62pny682gxt2z1un1xmubdp3uuri7dv 0 26240 692817 637998 2026-07-30T20:11:20Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 692817 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;" |<div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Frank Nneji</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender" |Personal details |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1960-04-30</span>) </span>April 30, 1960<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;63)</span><br /><br /><br /><br />[[Aboh Mbaise]], [[Imo State]], Nigeria |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Political party | class="infobox-data" |[[All Progressives Grand Alliance]] (APGA) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Alma mater]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Lagos Business School]], Lagos<br /><br /><br /><br /> [[University of Nigeria, Nsukka]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Occupation | class="infobox-data" |Businessman |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Website | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[https://web.archive.org/web/20191027164308/http://franknneji.com/ franknneji.com]</span> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right; font-size: 95%" |<div></div> |} {{Databox}} '''Frank Nneji''' (a mụrụ n'April 30, 1960) bụ onye guzobere na onye isi nchịkwa nke Associated Bus Company (ABC) Transport Plc, ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ njem mbụ ghọrọ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_limited_company" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Public limited company" class="cx-link" data-linkid="47">Public limited company</a> (PLC) ma mekwa ka [[:en:Coach_(bus)|Coach (bus)]] na-ewu ewu na ụsọ oké osimiri West Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/imo-2019-and-frank-nneji/|title=Imo 2019 and Frank Nneji|work=sunnewsonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2018/05/26/frank-nneji-the-man-imo-can-trust/|title=Frank Nneji: the Man Imo Can Trust|work=thisdaylive.com|accessdate=2023-05-07|archivedate=2023-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507233026/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/05/26/frank-nneji-the-man-imo-can-trust/amp/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdnetng.org/?q=node/6784|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025062038/https://cdnetng.org/?q=node%2F6784|archivedate=October 25, 2022|title=Mr Frank Nneji, MD/CEO ABC Transport Company|work=cdnetng.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/abc-transport-boss-gifts-two-staff-buses/|title=ABC Transport Boss Gifts Two Staff Buses|work=theeagleonline.com.ng}}</ref><ref name="Nneji">{{Cite web|url=https://globalpatriotnews.com/imo-gubernatorial-front-runner-frank-nneji-expected-at-igbo-catholic-church-newark-before-reception-at-clinton-manor-new-jersey|title=Imo gubernatorial front-runner, Frank Nneji, expected at Igbo Catholic Church, Newark before reception at Clinton Manor, New Jersey|work=globalpatriotnews.com|accessdate=2023-05-07|archivedate=2023-05-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511130937/https://globalpatriotnews.com/imo-gubernatorial-front-runner-frank-nneji-expected-at-igbo-catholic-church-newark-before-reception-at-clinton-manor-new-jersey/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Nneji guzobere Rapido Ventures Limited na 1983 mgbe o mechara NYSC ya. Mgbe e nyere ya nkwekọrịta iji nye Mahadum Federal University of Technology (FUTO) ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke bọọdụ ọcha, ụlọ ọrụ ya nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tori.ng/news/98015/how-i-once-swallowed-coins-founder-of-abc-transpor.html|title=How I Once Swallowed Coins – Founder of ABC Transport, Frank Nneji, Makes Startling Revelationm|work=tori.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://startuptipsdaily.com/success-story-of-frank-nneji-uzoawuotu/|title=From 500 Naira To Millions of Dollars: Heress The Success Story Of A Nigerian Transport Magnate|work=startuptipsdaily.com|accessdate=2023-05-07|archivedate=2022-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007052012/https://startuptipsdaily.com/success-story-of-frank-nneji-uzoawuotu/}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, Nneji kwadebere atụmatụ azụmahịa zuru oke mabịakwute ụlọ akụ Diamond maka mgbazinye ego nke putara otu nde na narị puku ise Naira, nke o ji gbazite bọs HiAce ise iji malite azụmahịa ya, nke ọ kpọrọ The Associated Bus Company (ABC). Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ghọrọ ụlọ ọrụ njem mbụ ịghọ ụlọ ọrụ Public Liability Company (PLC) ma meekwa ka ọrụ bọs dị oké ọnụ ahịa na-ewu ewu na ụsọ oké osimiri West Africa.<ref name="Nneji"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thespiritedhub.com/10-inspiring-stories-of-nigerians-who-quit-their-career-pursued-their-passion-and-became-successful/|title=10 Inspiring Stories of Nigerians Who Quit Their Career, Pursued Their Passion and Became Successful|work=thespiritedhub.com|accessdate=2023-05-07|archivedate=2020-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428033316/http://thespiritedhub.com/10-inspiring-stories-of-nigerians-who-quit-their-career-pursued-their-passion-and-became-successful/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.transportday.com.ng/frank-nneji-man-imo-can-trust/|title=Frank Nneji: the Man Imo can Trust|work=transportday.com.ng}}</ref> Nneji malitekwara njem ọgbara ọhụrụ na Naịjirịa site na ntọala ABC Transport Plc na Febụwarị 13, 1993; nkewa nke Rapido Ventures Limited, afọ iri mgbe e guzobesịrị ABC Transport. Ọ malitere COACH WEST-AFRICA na July 16, 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atqnews.com/ng/ourism-development-has-to-be-deliberate-frank-nneji/|title=Africa: Tourism Development Has to Be Deliberate- Frank Nneji|work=atqnews.com}}</ref><ref name="Trans">{{Cite web|url=https://www.naijanewspapers.com.ng/2018/06/full-biography-of-frank-nneji-uzoawuotu-abc-transport-company/|title=Full Biography of Frank Nneji Uzoawuotu – ABC Transport Boss|work=naijanewspapers.com.ng|accessdate=2023-05-07|archivedate=2023-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507233028/https://www.naijanewspapers.com.ng/2018/06/full-biography-of-frank-nneji-uzoawuotu-abc-transport-company/}}</ref> Nneji bụ onyeisi oche, Rapido Foods Ltd (Ndị na-emepụta Fibi Sausage Rolls), Transit Support Services Ltd (Ndị Mgbakọ nke ụgbọala Baw, Ụgbọ ala Shacman na Forland na Naịjirịa), Mayfair Suites and Conference Centre, Egbu Road, Owerri, onye isi nchịkwa (M.D), City Transit in, Abuja na Abuja City Sightseeing Tours, Naịjiria.<ref name="Boss">{{Cite web|url=http://citybusinessnews.com/frank-nneji-abc-transport-boss-joins-imo-governorship-race/|title=Frank Nneji, ABC Transport boss, joins Imo Governorship Race|work=citybusinessnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2012/10/rapido-foods-limited-unveils-its-new-beef-sausage-roll-fibi-view-photos-from-the-launch/|title=Rapido Foods Limited Unveils its new Beef Sausage Roll "FIBI" – View Photos from the Launch|work=bellanaija.com}}</ref> Ewezuga gọọmentị steeti, ọ bụ onye ọrụ kachasị ukwuu nke n'enwe ọrụ na Imo Steeti. A kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị Top 100 Tourism Personalities na West Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://innonews.com.ng/2017/12/abc-transport-owner-frank-nneji-joins-imo-governorship-race/|title=ABC Transport Owner, Frank Nneji Joins Imo Governorship Race|work=innonews.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nationalnewsbreak.org/2018/05/16/im-not-stingy-but-prudent-says-frank-nneji-puts-monthly-wage-bill-at-n89m/?i=2|title=I'm not stingy but prudent, says Frank Nneji. Puts monthly wage bill at N89M|work=nationalnewsbreak.org|accessdate=2023-05-07|archivedate=2018-08-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827205954/http://nationalnewsbreak.org/2018/05/16/im-not-stingy-but-prudent-says-frank-nneji-puts-monthly-wage-bill-at-n89m/?i=2}}</ref><ref name="Bizz">{{Cite web|url=https://businesshilights.com.ng/frank-nneji-abc-transport-boss-gets-west-african-tourism-award/|title=Frank Nneji, ABC Transport Boss, Gets West African Tourism Award|work=businesshilights.com.ng|accessdate=2023-05-07|archivedate=2018-08-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827175536/https://businesshilights.com.ng/frank-nneji-abc-transport-boss-gets-west-african-tourism-award/}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Nneji bụ onye na-azọ ọkwa otu [[All Progressives Grand Alliance]] (APGA) na ntuli aka Gọvanọ [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|steeti Imo]] maka afọ 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oraclenews.ng/2019-want-governor-frank-nneji/|title=2019: Why I want to be Governor – Frank Nneji|work=oraclenews.ng|accessdate=2023-05-07|archivedate=2018-08-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827211514/https://oraclenews.ng/2019-want-governor-frank-nneji/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.today.ng/news/politics/imo-guber-20-guber-aspirants-jostle-apga-ticket-104137|title=Imo guber: Over 20 aspirants jostle for APGA ticket|work=today.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/263441/imo-youths-unemployment-the-need-of-industrialists-come-20.html|title=Imo Youths' Unemployment, the Need of Industrialists Come 2019|work=m.thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Nneji lụrụ Ngozi Nneji, bụkwa onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Zoology nke Mahadum Nigeria, Nsukka ma nwee ụmụ anọ.<ref name="Boss"/> == Ebemside == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nneji,Frank}} [[Òtù:1960 births]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6nu4coewes3xra5b312i57cry3r92e1 0 26673 692831 621256 2026-07-30T20:21:27Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 692831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Onye nnọchi anya '''Frank Nchita Ogbuewu''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye bụbu Minista nke Ọdịbendị na Njem maka mba ahụ. N'ọnwa asaa, afọ puku abụọ na atọ (Julaị afọ 2003), gọọmentị [[Olusegun Obasanjo|Obasanjo]] kwadoro nhọpụta ya dị ka minista. Frank Ogbuewu bụ onye a na-edekọ dịka onye minista kachasị ogologo oge nke ozi ọdịbendị na njem nleta na ọchịchị Obasanjo. Tupu a họpụta ya dị ka minista nke ọdịbendị na njem nleta, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị Ka onye nnọchi anya Naịjirịa na [[Greece|Gris]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/greece/|publisher=www.cia.gov|work=CIA|date=2007-03-15|accessdate=2007-04-07|title=World Factbook - Greece: Government|archivedate=2021-01-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109063832/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/greece/}}</ref> ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche otu oge sit n'afọ otu puku, narị iteolu na iri iteolu na anọ ruo na otu puku, narị iteolu na iri iteolu n'isii (1994 - 1996) nke kansụl gọọmentị mpaghara ya, Ikwo. Nhọpụta ya dị ka onyeisi oche (onye isi obodo) nke Ikwo Local Gọọmentị mere ka ọ banye n'ìhè ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ nọgidere na-akwado mmepe ndị ntorobịa na steeti ya. Ogbuewu onye ruo n'ọnwa asatọ n'afọ puku abụọ n'iri (Ọgọstụ afọ 2010) bụ onye otu People's Democratic Party (PDP) na-achị chọrọ tiketi gọvanọ nke pati ya n"afọ puku abụọ na asaa (2007) megide gọvọnọ n-arụ ọrụ nke Ebonyi Steetị, Chief [[Martin Elechi]] mana ọ meriri. O mechara gbaa ọsọ maka ọkwa onye isi oche nke PDP mana o nweghị ike ịga nke ọma. N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa asatọ, afọ puku abụọ n'iri (28 Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2010), na - alụm di na nwunye ọdịnala nke nwa ya nwanyị nke okenye, Nnenna Ogbuewu, onye nnọchi anya ahụ kwupụtara ebumnuche ya ịsọ mpi ọzọ, maka ọfịs gọvanọ na steeti ya nke Ebonyi mana n "oge a", nʼokpuru otu dị iche. Otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị ọ họọrọ, [[All Progressives Grand Alliance]] ka a mara ya na ọnwa iteolu, afọ puku abụọ na iri (Septemba 2010). Na abalị iri na abụọ, n'ọnwa mbụ afọ puku abụọ na iri n'otu (Jenụwarị 12, 2011), ndị [[All Progressives Grand Alliance]] họpụtara onye nnọchi anya Ogbuewu na ngụkọta nke otu puku, narị asatọ na iri ise n'abụọ (1852) iji nọchite anya pati ahụ na ntuli aka gọvanọ na abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa anọ n'afọ puku abụọ na iri n'otu (Eprel 16, 2011). == Akụkọ ezinụlọ dị mkpirikpi == A mụrụ onye nnọchi anya Frank Ogbuewu na ọnwa iri na abụọ, n'afọ otu puku, narị iteolu na iri ise na atọ (Disemba 12, 1953), na Ikwo Local Government Area nke Ebonyi Steetị, Nigeria, ọ bụkwa nwa ikpeazụ nke nne ya Oginyi Nchita.<ref name="born">Hamilton, Janice. ''Nigeria in Pictures''. Page 71</ref> Nna ya bụ onye na-agbaso ọdịnala nke na'ịgwọ ahịhịa n'ala yana ịbụ onye ịchụ nta a ma ama. Onye nwere otu mgbe, onye nnọchi anya, Ogbuewu nwere ụmụ asaa site na nwunye abụọ. Ụmụ nwoke anọ mbụ (ụmụ nwoke atọ na otu nwa nwanyị) sitere na nwunye mbụ ya, Mrs. Eunice Ebin Ogbuewu Eunice, onye obodo Etung Local Government Area na Cross River Steetị lụrụ Ogbuewu n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro ruo afọ iri abụọ na abụọ karịa (22+) tupu ha kewaa. A hapụrụ Ogbuewu nwunye nke abụọ, Mrs. Rebecca Ogbuewu, onye Ezza LGA onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ atọ. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Mgbalị Ogbuewu banyere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bịara dị ka ihe ijuanya nye ma ezinụlọ ya ma ndị enyi ya. Onye bụbu onye ọrụ Mbata na Ọpụpụ na Naịjirịa, Ogbuewu lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ dịka Onye enyemaka Suprịtendentị nke mbata na ọpụpụ. Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, o debara aha ya dị ka onye otu National Republican Convention (N. R. C) iji mee ka ọ gbaa ọsọ maka ọkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Mgbalị mbụ ya bụ ọkwa onye isi oche nke gọọmentị ime obodo na mpaghara gọọmenti ime ụlọ ya. Ogbuewu mere mkpọsa ya n'ebe ọ bụla nke LGA ya mana mbọ ya kwụsịrị n'oge na-adịghị anya dịka usoro ntuli aka nke ọchịchị ndị agha oge ahụ bụ General [[Sani Abacha]] gbaghaara na afọ otu puku, narị iteolu na iri iteolu n'atọ (1993). N'afọ otu puku, narị iteolu na iri iteolu n'anọ (1994), a họpụtara Ogbuewu dị ka onyeisi oche, Kọmitii Nlekọta maka mpaghara Gọọmentị Obodo ya, Ikwo. Ọchịchị ahụ were afọ abụọ. Mgbe ọnwụ nke General Sani Abacha na nhọpụta nke Janal [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]] (rtd) dị ka onye isi ndị agha nke Naịjirịa, ndebanye aha nke òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọhụrụ malitere ma hazie ka e mee ntuli aka na Naijiria maka inyefe ndị nkịtị. Ogbuewu debanyere aha ya dị ka onye otu All People's Party( APP) iji sọọ mpi na ntuli aka gọvanọ mana Chief [[Ogbonnaya Onu]], onye bụ onyeisi oche nke pati ahụ, meriri ya na primaries. Ogbuewu mechara sonye na People Democratic Party (PDP) ma nye aka na nhọpụta Dr. [[Sam Egwu]] dị ka gọvanọ mbụ nke steeti ahụ. N'afọ otu puku, narị iteolu na iri iteolu n'iteolu (1999), A họpụtara Ogbuewu maka ọkwa nnọchite anya nke ndị sineti kwadoro. E nyere ya ọrụ imeghe ụlọ ọrụ nnọchite anya Naịjirịa na Gris nke mechiri kemgbe obere oge. Ogbuewu jere ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya Naijiria na Gris site na afọ otu puku, narị iteolu na iri iteolu na iteolu ruo n'afọ puku abụọ na atọ (1999 ruo 2003). [[Usòrò:Delivering_form.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Onye nnọchi anya Ogbuewu na Secretariat nke APGA na-enyefe ụdị okwu gọọmentị ya na nzukọ ya nke Onye isi oche AP GA, Chief Umeh]] N'afọ puku abụọ na atọ (2003), gọọmentị Obasanjo kpọghachiri ya na Naijiria ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke ngalaba ọdịbendị na njem nleta. N'afọ puku abụọ na isii (2006), onye nnọchi anya Ogbuewu gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya dị ka minista ọdịbendị na njem nleta nke Naijiria iji sọọ mpi ntuli aka gọvanọ nke afọ puku abụọ na asaa (2007) na Ebonyi Steeti n'okpuru nchebe nke People Democratic Party (PDP). Ntuli aka gọvanọ nke nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ iri na atọ (13) PDP gụnyere gọvọnọ n'ọkwa, Chief Martin Elechi mechara bụrụ asọmpi n'etiti mmadụ abụọ. E dekọrọ na Ogbuewu bụ naanị onye na-azọ ọkwa onye jụrụ ịpụ n'ala ma nabata naanị Chief Elechi na primaries e mere n'ámá egwuregwu obodo, [[Abakaléké|Abakaliki]]. Ogbuewu meriri na primaries ka o nwetara ihe karịrị vootu narị ise na iri asatọ (580) ma e jiri ya tụnyere vootu ndị nnọchiteanya Elechi karịrị puku abụọ (2000). N'afọ puku abụọ na asatọ (2008), mgbe mgbalị na-enweghị isi maka gọvanọ, onye nnọchi anya Ogbuewu gosipụtara mmasị na ọnọdụ onye isi oche nke Peoples Democratic Party nke e kenyere na steeti ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Ȯra Abia|Abia]], [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo]], [[Ȯra Ebonyi|Ebonyi]], [[Ọ̀hà Ọmambala|Anambra]] na [[Ȯra Enugu|Enugu]]. Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama dị ka [[Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu]], onye bụbu onye isi oche Sịnetị [[Anyim Pius Anyim|Pius Anyim]] na onye gọvanọ nke Ebonyi Steetị, Dr. Sam Egwu gosikwara mmasị n'ọkwa ahụ. Steeti Ebonyi yiri ka ọ bụ steeti kacha mma na steeti ise ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ niile, mana Gọvanọ steeti ahụ enweghị mmasị na onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị na-azọ ọkwa steeti ya. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ndị si Ebonyi Steeti == Ebemsidee == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ogbuewu,Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Onye nnọchi anya Naijiria na Greece]] [[Òtù:Ndị isi obodo Nigeria]] [[Òtù:Ndị minista Federal nke Nigeria]] [[Òtù:Otu Peoples Democratic Pati]] [[Òtù:Ndị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Peoples Democratic Party (Naigeria).]] [[Òtù:Ndị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Igbo]] [[Òtù:Ndị ebonyi steeti]] [[Òtù:Ndị dị ndụ]] [[Òtù:1953 mụrụ]] fdlc23zzraj8b5jczwpozlclacxkzpk 0 26734 692900 692510 2026-07-30T22:29:37Z Sylvaline39 15355 692900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fatma Zohra Ouhachi-Vesely''' (née '''Ksentini''') bụ nwanyị Algeria bụ onye mbụ na-edekọ akụkọ pụrụ iche nke United Nations maka mkpofu site na 1995 ruo 2004. Tupu ọ nọrọ n'ọkwa ya, ọ bụ onye nta akụkọ pụrụ iche na Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities site na 1989 ruo 1994. == Ọrụ == Ksentini bụ akụkụ nke Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities mgbe akpọrọ ya onye nta akụkọ pụrụ iche na ikike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na 1989. Maka United Nations Commission on Human Rights, ọ malitere nyocha afọ anọ gbasara ikike mmadụ gburugburu ebe obibi na 1990.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Clay|first=Jason|title=Who Pays the Price?: The Sociocultural Context Of Environmental Crisis|date=1994|publisher=Island Press|location=Washington D.C.|isbn=1559633026|pages=xi-xii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDjjF7Sa9zoC&pg=PR11|accessdate=9 November 2017}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị nyocha ya na 1994, o tinyere nchọpụta ya wee bịanye aka na Draft Declaration of Principles on Human Rights and the Environment.<ref name=Kvočekova>{{cite journal|last1=Kvočekova|first1=Barbora|title=Fighting dirty business: litigating environmental racism|journal=Roma Rights Journal|date=11 July 2000|volume=2 |url=http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=844|accessdate=9 November 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 1995, Ksentini ghọrọ onye na-akọ akụkọ pụrụ iche nke United Nations na ihe mkpofu na ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Special Rapporteurs|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Environment/ToxicWastes/Pages/FormerSpecialRapporteurs.aspx|work=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|accessdate=21 November 2017}}</ref> N'oge mmalite nke ọrụ ya, ọ chịkọtara ozi gbasara mmetụta ahụike nke iwepụ ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olowu|first=Dejo|title=The United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Adverse Effects of the Illicit Movement and Dumping of Toxic and Dangerous Wastes on the Enjoyment of Human Rights: A Critical Evaluation of the First Ten Years|journal=Environmental Law Review|date=1 December 2006|volume=8|issue=3|doi=10.1350/enlr.2006.8.3.199}}</ref> Mgbe o nyechara akụkọ ya na 1997, Ksentini katọrọ Ọfịs nke Kọmishọna Ukwu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka ikike mmadụ maka ịghara inye ya ego dị mkpa iji mee nyocha n"ala.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gwam|first=Cyril Uchenna|title=Toxic Waste and Human Rights|date=2010|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1452026886|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQJDqfDx47sC|location=Bloomington, Indiana|pages=141–42|accessdate=9 November 2017}}</ref> Mgbe a họpụtara ya ọzọ na 1998, Ksentini malitere ịmepụta atụmatụ maka iwepụ ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu na mba ndị na - na. Oge ikpeazụ ya dị ka Special Rapporteur malitere na 2001 wee gwụ na 2004. Ewezuga ọrụ ya dị ka Special Rapporetur, Ksentini bụ onyeisi oche nke Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery na 1991.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Yearbook of the United Nations 1991|editor=United Nations Department of Public Information|year=1992|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=0792319702|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BTdmYFgvyi0C&pg=PA1056|accessdate=24 November 2017}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ksentini lụrụ Maazị Ouhachi-Vesely. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ksentini, Fatma Zohra}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] aiizpkj46sxjvvnu1z4utavvn98kn9x 0 27318 693082 514775 2026-07-31T09:15:03Z Chinemeremprince 13026 693082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Foster Awintiti Akugri (amụrụ na 24 Nọvemba 1994) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Ghana na onye guzobere na '''onye''' isi oche nke Hacklab Foundation, otu na-enweghị uru nke na-akwalite ma na-enye ndị ọchụsa ego na-eto eto ike site na iji teknụzụ na Ghana iji dozie nsogbu mpaghara ma mepụta ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/business/2018/january-21st/global-shapers-foster-awintiti-akugri-to-rep-ghana-in-davos.php|title=Global Shapers Foster Awintiti Akugri to rep Ghana in Davos|date=2018-01-21|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=2019-06-18}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye World Economic Forum Global Shaper.Ọ bụ onye kachasị nta sonyere na Nzukọ Afọ 48 nke World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland na 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/international/meet-the-youngest-participant-at-wef18-12921410|title=Meet the youngest participant at #WEF18 {{!}} IOL Business Report|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/01/23yr-old-represent-ghana-48th-world-economic-forum/|title=23yr-old to represent Ghana at 48th World Economic Forum {{!}} Starr Fm|author=Starrfmonline|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-18|archivedate=2023-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610221410/https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/01/23yr-old-represent-ghana-48th-world-economic-forum/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/investments-immigration/business/open-africa-initiative-shines-davos-2018|title=Open Africa Initiative shines at Davos 2018|author=chris|date=2018-01-31|work=Brand South Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-18}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye ebumnuche ndụ ya na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ụzọ ha, Foster malitere GrowthWithTiti na Jenụwarị 2021, atụmatụ nwere ebumnuche iji mebie mgbagwoju anya nke ịchọta ebumnuche gị, kọwaa ebumnuche ị, na ịnyagharị na ntụ iji kpochapụ ebumnuche unu. Ọ na-atụ anya iji ikpo okwu a ruo ma metụta otu nde mmadụ ka ọ na-erule afọ 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=GrowthWith Titi|url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/growthwithtiti|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=LinkedIn}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Foster bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology nwere nzere bachelọ na sayensị Kọmputa.  Ọ na-ejidekwa MBA na Business Process Management ma na-achụ ugbu a asambodo na isii Sigma enweghị Belt.  Ọ na-ejidekwa asambodo ọkachamara na Nchebe Kọmputa sitere na Microsoft, isii Sigma Black Belt, Ọchịchị ụwa, Sustainable Management, Financial Management, SAFE 4 Scaled Agile Practitioner, Business Storytelling, na Strategic Mkparịta ụka. == Ọrụ == Foster Awintiti Akugri bụ onye guzobere & Onye isi oche nke Hacklab Foundation.  Ugbu a ọ bụ onye njikwa Incubator maka Stanbic Bank Incubator Ghana (SBIncubator Ghana), atụmatụ nke Stanbic Bank Ghana Limited, onye so na Standard Bank Group..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Foster Awintiti Akugri {{!}} Seamless West Africa|url=https://www.terrapinn.com/exhibition/seamless-west-africa/speaker-foster-AWINTITIAKUGRI.stm|author=Incubator|first=Foster Awintiti Akugri {{!}} Incubator Manager Stanbic Bank|date=2019-06-18|work=Seamless West Africa 2019|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-18}}</ref> Ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka onye otu Malaika Coalition, kọmitii nke Africa Regional Strategy Group nke World Economic Forum nyere iwu ịrụ ọrụ na Africa 4.0 Initiative.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ na-ejekwa ozi na Africa Growth Platform Working Group ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime ndị otu na-eduga Digital Campaign Launch of the Platform n'oge World Economic Forum on Africa - Cape Town na Septemba 2019. == Nsọpụrụ na mmata == E depụtara ya n'etiti 30 n'okpuru 30 Future of Ghana Pioneers Class of 2019.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Profile - Foster Awintiti Akugri|url=https://www.millenniumexcellencefoundation.org/copy-of-profile-scofray-nana-yaw-ye|work=MEFoundation|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2020-10-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026134504/https://www.millenniumexcellencefoundation.org/copy-of-profile-scofray-nana-yaw-ye}}</ref> A na-akpọkwa Atlantic Dialogues Emerging Leader Class of 2019 site na Policy Center for the Global South, Morocco.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Foster Awintiti Akugri|url=https://www.policycenter.ma/content/foster-awintiti-akugri|author=Inc|first=Google|date=2019-11-13|work=Policy Center for the New South|language=fr|accessdate=2020-05-28}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, a kpọkwara ya aha n'etiti ndị na-eto eto Ghana kacha nwee mmetụta na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri 4 kacha nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu na sayensị na teknụzụ site na Avance Media.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Finalists for 2019 50 Most Influential Young Ghanaians Announced|url=https://www.businessghana.com/|work=BusinessGhana|accessdate=2020-05-28}}</ref> Ọ nwetakwara ihe nrite ntorobịa pụrụ iche nke onye isi ala na sayensị na teknụzụ na 2019 site na Millennium Excellence Foundation.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 2020, Avance Media depụtara ya n'etiti Top 50 Young CEOs na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Top 50 Young CEOs in Ghana list announced|url=https://avancemedia.org/2020-top-50-young-ceos-in-ghana-list-announced/|author=Akpah|first=Prince|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-28}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na teknụzụ mmalite maka afọ 4 gara aga, na-enyere ha aka ịzụlite MVPs na Product-Market dabara atumatu. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado oke mmụọ nke kwenyere na ijikwa STEM na-aga n'ihu na mmepe n'Africa site n'ịhụ na ndị na-eto eto na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu. Ndị otu ya pụtara onye nke abụọ na Stanbic Money App Challenge na 2016 na njikwa ego na ịgụ na ide App, 'Sikapong' nke pụtara 'Money School'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stanbic Bank launches Money App Challenge|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/stanbic-bank-launches-money-app-challenge/|date=2016-10-24|work=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-28}}</ref> Ha mechara merie Tertiary Category maka MTN Apps Challenge na 2016 na TeleKare, telemedicine AI dabeere na ngwa mkpanaka na weebụ maka ọrụ nlekọta ahụike nke mbụ na nke ndụmọdụ. Ọ bụ onye na-ekwu okwu ọha na eze na-elekwasị anya na nduzi, nkà na ụzụ, ịzụ ahịa, ụlọ ọrụ mara mma, mmepe gburugburu ebe obibi, mgbanwe dijitalụ, agụmakwụkwọ, ụdị ntinye aka ndị ntorobịa na Concept of the African Dream.  Ọ bụ 2x TEDx Ọkà Okwu ma nyefee ihe karịrị 40 isi okwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Foster Awintiti Akugri Speaker Profile {{!}} Tech in Ghana Conference Accra|url=http://techinghanaconference.com/speakers/foster-awintiti-akugri/|work=techinghanaconference.com|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2020-02-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206160639/http://techinghanaconference.com/speakers/foster-awintiti-akugri/}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Akugri,Foster Awintiti}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tq558juc3jky0ibiey2l2dqg2ucrry0 0 27556 692839 114394 2026-07-30T20:25:32Z Sylvaline39 15355 Fixed reference error 692839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=Iris Cabral.jpg|caption=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Iris Cabral''' (1906 - June 1936) bụ onye Afro-Uruguayan na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na onye na-arụ ọrụ.<ref name="Young">{{Cite journal|author=Caroll Mills Young|title=From Voicelessness to Voice: Womanist Writers of the Black Uruguayan Press|journal=Afro-Hispanic Review|volume=23|issue=2|date=Fall 2004|pages=33–38}}</ref> == Ndụ == .<ref name="JDM">{{Cite web|title=Iris Cabral, activista afrouruguaya|work=Junta Departamental de Montevideo|date=12 May 2016|url=https://www.gub.uy/junta-departamental-montevideo/comunicacion/comunicados/iris-cabral-activista-afrouruguaya}}</ref><ref name="Young"/>Cabral haziri otu ndị ọrụ ụlọ mbụ na Uruguay. N'afọ 1930 ya na Clementina Silva tọrọ ntọala kọmitii Anti-Fascist mbụ nke Uruguay.[1] Ya na Maruja Pereyra bụ ndị "ndị a na-ahụ anya, ndị agha na ndị nkwuwa okwu" nyere aka na akwụkwọ Afro-Uruguayan Nuestra Raza mgbe ọ maliteghachiri na 1933. Ma Cabral na Pereyra sonyere na April 1936 National Congress of Women. Otú ọ dị, Cabral nwụrụ na June 1936.[2] == Ihe Nketa == Pereyra chetara Cabral n'ụzọ dị mma:   N'afọ 2016, ndị omeiwu nke Montevideo kwanyeere ncheta Cabral ùgwù.<ref name="JDM"/> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} ovl5fb53twz1vacg6x4wna0jjc2zjbl 0 27594 693045 672681 2026-07-31T08:12:08Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 693045 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Infobox person|name=Elizabeth Mary Jane Fish|birth_date=22 December 1860|birth_place=[[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]].|death_date=21 March 1944|death_place=[[Paisley, Scotland]].|known_for=First elected woman president of the EIS trade union.|mother=Jane McNaughton|father=William Fish}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Elizabeth Mary Jane Fish</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |22 December 1860<br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]].</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Died | class="infobox-data" |21 March 1944<br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="deathplace" style="display:inline">[[Paisley, Scotland]].</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Known&nbsp;for | class="infobox-data" |First elected woman president of the EIS trade union. |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Parents | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * William Fish (nna) * Jane McNaughton (nne) </div> |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Elizabeth Mary Jane Fish''' (22 Disemba 1860 - 21 Machị 1944) bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ na nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara dịka onye isi oche nke Educational Institute of Scotland, òtù ndị nkuzi kacha ochie n'ụwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The biographical dictionary of Scottish women from the earliest times to 2004|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|others=Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian.|isbn=978-0748617135|location=Edinburgh|oclc=367680960}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Elizabeth na 83 North Woodside Road na Glasgow, Scotland, na 1860 na Jane McNaughton na William Fish, onye ozi ala ọzọ nke obodo.<ref name=":1">“</ref>” William bụ ụkọchukwu na Sharp's Institution na Perth ọ bụkwa ebe a ka Elizabeth gụrụ akwụkwọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The biographical dictionary of Scottish women from the earliest times to 2004|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|others=Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian.|isbn=978-0748617135|location=Edinburgh|oclc=367680960}}</ref> Elizabeth laghachiri Glasgow ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi ụmụ akwụkwọ, malite na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze nke Henderson Street ebe ọ bịara nke mbụ na Scotland na ule Queen's Scholarship. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, ọ gara n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na Glasgow Church of Scotland Training College.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The biographical dictionary of Scottish women from the earliest times to 2004|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|others=Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian.|isbn=978-0748617135|location=Edinburgh|oclc=367680960}}</ref> N'afọ 1885, Elizabeth gụsịrị akwụkwọ na LLA (nwaanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ na nka) na Mahadum St. Andrews, na-amụ French na Italian, nke e nyere ya ihe nrite Society of Arts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The biographical dictionary of Scottish women from the earliest times to 2004|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|others=Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian.|isbn=978-0748617135|location=Edinburgh|oclc=367680960}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'etiti 1881 na 1895, ọ kụziri maka Glasgow School Board; na-akụzi na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze Runford Street na ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị Shields Road.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The biographical dictionary of Scottish women from the earliest times to 2004|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|others=Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian.|isbn=978-0748617135|location=Edinburgh|oclc=367680960}}</ref> Elizabeth gara n'ihu na-akụzi na Pupil-Teachers Institute, Glasgow, site na 1895 ruo 1907 tupu ọ gaa na-akwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ Whitehill Higher Grade na ụlọ akwụkwọ John Street Higher Grate site na 1907 ruo 1920.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The biographical dictionary of Scottish women from the earliest times to 2004|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|others=Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian.|isbn=978-0748617135|location=Edinburgh|oclc=367680960}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Elizabeth na-eduzi klas mgbede iji nyere ndị na-asụ nsụ aka ma na-ekwu okwu gbasara ahụike na ịdị ọcha. Ọ guzogidere oku sitere n'aka ndị eugenicists ka ha webata 'ịmeziwanye agbụrụ' n'ime nkuzi ma kwenyere na 'ịdị ọcha mmekọahụ' bụ ọrụ nne na nna karịa ihe a ga-ewebata na klas. == Afọ ndị sochirinụ == Elizabeth bụ onye isi oche nke Scottish Modern Languages Association (SMLA) ruo afọ abụọ wee bụrụ onye isi nkuzi nke Modern Languages na Bellahouston Academy na 1920 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1925. Ọ bụ onye isi ọha na eze na Glasgow ma nwee ọfịs na alaka Glasgow nke Class Teachers' Association na Educational Institute of Scotland (EIS) dị ka onye nhazi nke EIS Central Ladies Committee site na 1902 gaa n'ihu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Corr|first=Helen|date=1995-10-01|title=Dominies and Domination: Schoolteachers, Masculinity and Women in 19th century Scotland|journal=History Workshop Journal|volume=40|issue=1|pages=151–164|doi=10.1093/hwj/40.1.151|issn=1363-3554}}</ref> Na June 1913, a họpụtara Elizabeth dị ka nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi oche nke EIS.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The biographical dictionary of Scottish women from the earliest times to 2004|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|others=Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian.|isbn=978-0748617135|location=Edinburgh|oclc=367680960}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Corr|first=Helen|date=1995-10-01|title=Dominies and Domination: Schoolteachers, Masculinity and Women in 19th century Scotland|journal=History Workshop Journal|volume=40|issue=1|pages=151–164|doi=10.1093/hwj/40.1.151|issn=1363-3554}}</ref> O nwetara vootu 4,822 ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ nwoke atọ ndị ọzọ na-azọ ọkwa, ndị ngụkọta vootu ha ruru 3,068.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The biographical dictionary of Scottish women from the earliest times to 2004|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|others=Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian.|isbn=978-0748617135|location=Edinburgh|oclc=367680960}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X3CaHlLHrNMC&dq=%22Elizabeth+Fish%22+EIS&pg=PA129|title=The Schooling of Working-Class Girls in Victorian Scotland: Gender, Education and Identity|author=McDermid|first=Jane|date=2013-01-11|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135783389|language=en}}</ref> == Ụgwọ ọrụ hà nhata == Na Jenụwarị 1914, Elizabeth kwetara na ajụjụ nke ịkwụ ụgwọ nhata bụ nke esemokwu maka ndị otu Scottish na English Teachers' Associations ma kpọọ maka imeziwanye ụgwọ ọrụ ndị nkuzi n'oge okwu onye isi ala ya na nnọkọ kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AuiwCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Elizabeth+Fish%22&pg=PA195|title=Politics Of Everyday Life: Continuity And Change In Work And The Family|author=Corr|first=Helen|date=1990-05-22|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781349207053|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-akatọ ụgwọ ọrụ dị ala nke ụmụ nwanyị nkuzi, ọ rụrụ ụka na:<blockquote>"Ọ bụrụ na anyị ndị nkuzi arịọ ka e bulie ụgwọ ọrụ nke ndị nkuzi niile ugbu a ruo n'ókè nke ihe ndị nkuzi chere na ha kwesịrị ịbụ, anyị ga-ewepụ ọmịiko nke ọha na eze na-ekwenyeghị na ikpe ziri ezi nke ihe anyị chọrọ. "</blockquote> == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Elizabeth Fish nwụrụ na Paisley Infirmary na 21 Machị 1944 mgbe ọ dara n'ụlọ. Ọ dị afọ 83. N'echi ya, akụkọ ọnwụ ya na Glasgow Herald kọwara ya dị ka 'onye mmeri nke ndị nkuzi nwanyị na Scotland'. == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references>     [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 07ebz8c1wxi0cix7qjbuh084uorq6yg 693046 693045 2026-07-31T08:13:05Z Mirah50 16972 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 693046 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Infobox person|name=Elizabeth Mary Jane Fish|birth_date=22 December 1860|birth_place=[[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]].|death_date=21 March 1944|death_place=[[Paisley, Scotland]].|known_for=First elected woman president of the EIS trade union.|mother=Jane McNaughton|father=William Fish}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Elizabeth Mary Jane Fish</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |22 December 1860<br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]].</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Died | class="infobox-data" |21 March 1944<br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="deathplace" style="display:inline">[[Paisley, Scotland]].</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Known&nbsp;for | class="infobox-data" |First elected woman president of the EIS trade union. |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Parents | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * William Fish (nna) * Jane McNaughton (nne) </div> |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Elizabeth Mary Jane Fish''' (22 Disemba 1860 - 21 Machị 1944) bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ na nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara dịka onye isi oche nke Educational Institute of Scotland, òtù ndị nkuzi kacha ochie n'ụwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The biographical dictionary of Scottish women from the earliest times to 2004|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|others=Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian.|isbn=978-0748617135|location=Edinburgh|oclc=367680960}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Elizabeth na 83 North Woodside Road na Glasgow, Scotland, na 1860 na Jane McNaughton na William Fish, onye ozi ala ọzọ nke obodo.<ref name=":1">“</ref>” William bụ ụkọchukwu na Sharp's Institution na Perth ọ bụkwa ebe a ka Elizabeth gụrụ akwụkwọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The biographical dictionary of Scottish women from the earliest times to 2004|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|others=Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian.|isbn=978-0748617135|location=Edinburgh|oclc=367680960}}</ref> Elizabeth laghachiri Glasgow ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi ụmụ akwụkwọ, malite na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze nke Henderson Street ebe ọ bịara nke mbụ na Scotland na ule Queen's Scholarship. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, ọ gara n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na Glasgow Church of Scotland Training College.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The biographical dictionary of Scottish women from the earliest times to 2004|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|others=Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian.|isbn=978-0748617135|location=Edinburgh|oclc=367680960}}</ref> N'afọ 1885, Elizabeth gụsịrị akwụkwọ na LLA (nwaanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ na nka) na Mahadum St. Andrews, na-amụ French na Italian, nke e nyere ya ihe nrite Society of Arts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The biographical dictionary of Scottish women from the earliest times to 2004|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|others=Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian.|isbn=978-0748617135|location=Edinburgh|oclc=367680960}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'etiti 1881 na 1895, ọ kụziri maka Glasgow School Board; na-akụzi na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze Runford Street na ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị Shields Road.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The biographical dictionary of Scottish women from the earliest times to 2004|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|others=Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian.|isbn=978-0748617135|location=Edinburgh|oclc=367680960}}</ref> Elizabeth gara n'ihu na-akụzi na Pupil-Teachers Institute, Glasgow, site na 1895 ruo 1907 tupu ọ gaa na-akwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ Whitehill Higher Grade na ụlọ akwụkwọ John Street Higher Grate site na 1907 ruo 1920.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The biographical dictionary of Scottish women from the earliest times to 2004|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|others=Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian.|isbn=978-0748617135|location=Edinburgh|oclc=367680960}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Elizabeth na-eduzi klas mgbede iji nyere ndị na-asụ nsụ aka ma na-ekwu okwu gbasara ahụike na ịdị ọcha. Ọ guzogidere oku sitere n'aka ndị eugenicists ka ha webata 'ịmeziwanye agbụrụ' n'ime nkuzi ma kwenyere na 'ịdị ọcha mmekọahụ' bụ ọrụ nne na nna karịa ihe a ga-ewebata na klas. == Afọ ndị sochirinụ == Elizabeth bụ onye isi oche nke Scottish Modern Languages Association (SMLA) ruo afọ abụọ wee bụrụ onye isi nkuzi nke Modern Languages na Bellahouston Academy na 1920 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1925. Ọ bụ onye isi ọha na eze na Glasgow ma nwee ọfịs na alaka Glasgow nke Class Teachers' Association na Educational Institute of Scotland (EIS) dị ka onye nhazi nke EIS Central Ladies Committee site na 1902 gaa n'ihu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Corr|first=Helen|date=1995-10-01|title=Dominies and Domination: Schoolteachers, Masculinity and Women in 19th century Scotland|journal=History Workshop Journal|volume=40|issue=1|pages=151–164|doi=10.1093/hwj/40.1.151|issn=1363-3554}}</ref> Na June 1913, a họpụtara Elizabeth dị ka nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi oche nke EIS.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The biographical dictionary of Scottish women from the earliest times to 2004|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|others=Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian.|isbn=978-0748617135|location=Edinburgh|oclc=367680960}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Corr|first=Helen|date=1995-10-01|title=Dominies and Domination: Schoolteachers, Masculinity and Women in 19th century Scotland|journal=History Workshop Journal|volume=40|issue=1|pages=151–164|doi=10.1093/hwj/40.1.151|issn=1363-3554}}</ref> O nwetara vootu 4,822 ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ nwoke atọ ndị ọzọ na-azọ ọkwa, ndị ngụkọta vootu ha ruru 3,068.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The biographical dictionary of Scottish women from the earliest times to 2004|date=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|others=Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian.|isbn=978-0748617135|location=Edinburgh|oclc=367680960}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X3CaHlLHrNMC&dq=%22Elizabeth+Fish%22+EIS&pg=PA129|title=The Schooling of Working-Class Girls in Victorian Scotland: Gender, Education and Identity|author=McDermid|first=Jane|date=2013-01-11|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135783389|language=en}}</ref> == Ụgwọ ọrụ hà nhata == Na Jenụwarị 1914, Elizabeth kwetara na ajụjụ nke ịkwụ ụgwọ nhata bụ nke esemokwu maka ndị otu Scottish na English Teachers' Associations ma kpọọ maka imeziwanye ụgwọ ọrụ ndị nkuzi n'oge okwu onye isi ala ya na nnọkọ kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AuiwCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Elizabeth+Fish%22&pg=PA195|title=Politics Of Everyday Life: Continuity And Change In Work And The Family|author=Corr|first=Helen|date=1990-05-22|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781349207053|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-akatọ ụgwọ ọrụ dị ala nke ụmụ nwanyị nkuzi, ọ rụrụ ụka na:<blockquote>"Ọ bụrụ na anyị ndị nkuzi arịọ ka e bulie ụgwọ ọrụ nke ndị nkuzi niile ugbu a ruo n'ókè nke ihe ndị nkuzi chere na ha kwesịrị ịbụ, anyị ga-ewepụ ọmịiko nke ọha na eze na-ekwenyeghị na ikpe ziri ezi nke ihe anyị chọrọ. "</blockquote> == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Elizabeth Fish nwụrụ na Paisley Infirmary na 21 Machị 1944 mgbe ọ dara n'ụlọ. Ọ dị afọ 83. N'echi ya, akụkọ ọnwụ ya na Glasgow Herald kọwara ya dị ka 'onye mmeri nke ndị nkuzi nwanyị na Scotland'. == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references>     {{DEFAULTSORT:Fish, Elizabeth}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1q0orkib5s5kcmdo7apgbn0mw2qkdpj 0 27713 693139 114590 2026-07-31T11:56:01Z Epiphanus Jide 14249 Removed broken file and added databox 693139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} African Zoology bụ onye ọgbọ afọ abụọ enyochala a na-enyocha ugboro abụọ n'afọ nke na-ekpuchi akụkụ ọ bụla nke metụtara Africa na oké osimiri, oké osimiri, na agwaetiti ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Ọ bụ zoological Society nke South Africa bipụtara ya. Ọ na-ebipụta nyocha isiokwu, akwụkwọ zuru oke, nkwukọrịta dị mkpirikpi, na nyocha akwụkwọ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ọ bụ Zoological Society of Southern Africa guzobere ''akwụkwọ akụkọ'' ahụ na 1965 dị ka ''Zoologica Africana'', nke a gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ South African Journal of Zoology na 1979, mgbe South African Bureau of Publications ghọrọ onye na-ebipụta ya. N'afọ 2000, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ laghachiri n'òtù ahụ wee nweta aha ya ugbu a. == Nchịkọta na ndepụta == A na-ewepụta Zoology Africa ma tinye ya na Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstract, Current Advances in B Science Citation Index, na The Zoological Record. Dị ka Journal Citation Reports si kwuo, ''akwụkwọ'' akụkọ ahụ nwere mmetụta 2019 nke 0.86.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tafz20/current|title=African Zoology|work=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ zoology == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website  62i56iudy3scnlij1bejetv12rm2w0q 0 27751 692729 514805 2026-07-30T13:44:38Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Funke Adesiyan''' {{Audio|Yo-Funke Adesiyan.ogg|Audio}} bụ onye Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na [[Actor|onye]] na-enyere [[Aisha Buhari]] aka n'ihe omume ụlọ na nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.{{Audio|Yo-Funke Adesiyan.ogg|Listen}}<ref name="Punch Newspapers 2020">{{Cite web|title=Funke Adesiyan bags Ooni of Ife's excellence award - Punch Newspapers|work=Punch Newspapers|date=January 31, 2020|url=https://punchng.com/funke-adesiyan-bags-ooni-of-ifes-excellence-award/|accessdate=August 2, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Bada 2019">{{Cite web|author=Bada|first=Gbenga|title=Nollywood actress, Funke Adesiyan becomes Aisha Buhari's aide|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=October 17, 2019|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/funke-adesiyan-nollywood-actress-becomes-aisha-buharis-aide/7z52wmb|accessdate=August 5, 2022|archivedate=August 5, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805065153/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/funke-adesiyan-nollywood-actress-becomes-aisha-buharis-aide/7z52wmb}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Adesiyan si [[Ibadan]], Steeti Oyo . Ọ gara Ulo akwukwoTime and Tide International na Ibadan City academy, Saint Anne's School, na Oriwu College [[Ikorodu]] maka ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị na post-elementary ya. O nwere nzere bachelọ na Performing Arts na Diploma na mmúta gbasara iwu na Mahadum Olabisi Onabanjo.<ref name="Punch Newspapers 2016">{{Cite web|title=Acting doesn't pay my bills – Funke Adesiyan - Punch Newspapers|work=Punch Newspapers|date=September 11, 2016|url=https://punchng.com/acting-doesnt-pay-bills-funke-adesiyan/|accessdate=August 5, 2022}}</ref> Adesiyan gụrụ gbasara ihe nkiri na nduzi ihe nkiri na Ulo mmuta ihe nkiri bu New York Film Academy .<ref name="The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News 2017">{{Cite web|title=Celebrities to boycott Tuface's protest - Nigeria and World News|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|date=January 29, 2017|url=https://m.guardian.ng/news/celebrities-to-boycott-tufaces-protest/|accessdate=August 5, 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ime ihe nkiri === Adesiyan malitere ime ihe nkiri n'afọ 2003.<ref name="Punch Newspapers 2016"/> === ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === N'afọ 2011, Funke Adesiyan sonyeere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ maka mkpọsa onye isi ala nke [[Ibrahim Shekarau]]. N'afọ 2014, ọ ghọrọ onye ntụrụndụ nke abụọ meriri ntuli aka, mgbe [[Desmond Elliot]] gasịrị.<ref name="Augoye 2017">{{Cite web|author=Augoye|first=Jayne|title=10 months after blasting Buhari, Actress Funke Adesiyan dumps PDP for APC|work=Premium Times Nigeria|date=December 17, 2017|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/252703-10-months-blasting-buhari-actress-funke-adesiyan-dumps-pdp-apc.html|accessdate=August 5, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Abubakar 2018">{{Cite web|author=Abubakar|first=Murtala|title=Actress Funke Adesiyan clinches APC ticket for Oyo assembly election|work=TheCable Lifestyle|date=October 7, 2018|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/funke-adesiyan-apc-oyo-state/|accessdate=August 5, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Olumide|first=Mosope|date=2018-10-08|title=Actress Funke Adesiyan Cries Out After Her APC House of Assembly Ticket Was Allegedly Given To Another|url=https://thenet.ng/actress-funke-adesiyan-cries-apc-house-assembly-ticket-allegedly-given-another/|accessdate=2022-08-05|work=Nigerian Entertainment Today|language=en-US}}</ref> O sonyere ma merie na ntuli aka afo 2015 Oyo State House of Assembly n'okpuru Parti ndoro ndoro ochichi nke People's Democratik Party.<ref name="Punch Newspapers 2021">{{Cite web|title=Entertainers in politics - Punch Newspapers|work=Punch Newspapers|date=May 28, 2021|url=https://punchng.com/entertainers-in-politics-2/|accessdate=August 5, 2022}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara Adesiyan dị ka onye na-enyere [[Aisha Buhari]] aka n'ihe omume ụlọ na nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref name="Bamidele 2019">{{Cite web|author=Bamidele|first=Michael|title=Nollywood Actress, Funke Adesiyan Appointed As Aisha Buhari's Aide|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|date=October 17, 2019|url=https://guardian.ng/life/nollywood-actress-funke-adesiyan-appointed-as-aisha-buharis-aide/|accessdate=August 5, 2022|archivedate=August 5, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805060838/https://guardian.ng/life/nollywood-actress-funke-adesiyan-appointed-as-aisha-buharis-aide/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-03-18|title=Funke Adesiyan: No Big Deal Running Late Nights|work=The Nation Newspaper|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/funke-adesiyan-no-big-deal-running-late-nights/|accessdate=2022-08-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-17|title=Nollywood Actress, Funke Adesiyan Appointed As Aisha Buhari's Aide|url=https://guardian.ng/life/nollywood-actress-funke-adesiyan-appointed-as-aisha-buharis-aide/|accessdate=2023-02-21|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-06-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616123521/https://guardian.ng/life/nollywood-actress-funke-adesiyan-appointed-as-aisha-buharis-aide/}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Eti Keta'' * ''Ọ bụ nwa e ji esi'' * ''Ayoku Leyin'' * ''Aparo'' * ''Kakaaki'' == Onyinye na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Afọ !Ihe nrite !Ụdị !ọrụ !Nsonaazụ !Nkwupụta |- |2010 | rowspan="2" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Ihe nrite Nollywood kacha mma]] |Mkpughe nke Afọ (Nwanyị) |''Ayoku Leyin'' |{{Nom}} | |- |2011 |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ nkwado |''Eti Keta'' |{{Nom}} |<ref name="Daily Trust 2011">{{Cite web|title=Nse, Omotola, Genevieve, Uche for Best of Nollywood Awards|work=Daily Trust|date=September 17, 2011|url=https://dailytrust.com/nse-omotola-genevieve-uche-for-best-of-nollywood-awards|accessdate=August 8, 2022}}</ref> |- |} == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adesiyan, Funke}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] j3g9ekj0bvjy954si0bwn5deywuka71 0 27934 692987 123355 2026-07-31T04:36:41Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 692987 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Oba_hills_forest_reserve.jpg|thumb|Ugwu Oba]] Naịjirịa bụ mba a gọziri agọzi, nke bara ọgaranya n'ihe onwunwe okike dị ka oké ọhịa na nsụda mmiri yana ihe onwunwe mmadụ. Oké ọhịa mejupụtara ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe ọkụkụ Naịjirịa, a na-ahụkwa ha na mpaghara ndịda na ugwu etiti nke mba ahụ. Oké ọhịa bụ mpaghara ala nke nwere osisi, ahịhịa, anụmanụ, ahịhi, na nnụnụ ọhịa, dị ka Sambisa Forest. Ogige ọhịa, dị ka Ise Forest Reserve, bụ akụkụ nke ọhịa nke gọọmentị etiti họpụtara dị ka nke a na-echebe pụọ na ntinye aka ndị ọzọ. Oké ọhịa mangrove na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo mejupụtara mpaghara ọhịa Naịjirịa. Gọọmentị họpụtara mpaghara ụfọdụ nke mba ahụ dị ka "ebe nchekwa ọhịa" ka ọgbọ ndị na-abịa n'ọdịnihu wee nwee ike ịnụ ụtọ ịma mma nke ọhịa ndị a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://articles.connectnigeria.com/top-10-forest-reserves-in-nigeria/|title=Top 10 Forest Reserves in Nigeria|date=8 April 2019}}</ref> Oba Hills Forest Reserve bụ ebe nchekwa dị na Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria, nke na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka 52 km2 nke ala '''ugwu''' nwere ndagwurugwu miri emi. Akụkọ UICN mere n'afọ 2003 kwuru na a kụrụ ihe dị ka pasent iri na abụọ n'ime ebe nchekwa ahụ. A kọọrọ ụfọdụ chimpanzee, na 1999, a na-enye chimpanzee nwụrụ anwụ maka ire ere n'ahịa mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aerjXoZglAQC&pg=PA127|title=West African chimpanzees: status survey and conservation action plan|author=Rebecca Kormos, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group|publisher=IUCN|year=2003|isbn=2-8317-0733-1}}</ref> Akụkọ 2009 kwuru na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe nchekwa niile agbanweela ka ọ bụrụ ubi na ugbo, naanị ndagwurugwu abụọ fọdụrụ na ọhịa. A na-eche ugbu a na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghịzi n'ebe nchekwa ahụ. Ọ dị n'ebe dị mita 253 n'elu oke osimiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oba Hill Forest Reserve (Obahillforestreserve) Map, Weather and Photos - Nigeria: forest reserve - Lat:7.75 and Long:4.11667|url=http://www.getamap.net/maps/nigeria/nigeria_(general)/_obahillforestreserve/|accessdate=2021-01-08|work=www.getamap.net}}</ref> Ebe nchekwa ọhịa Oba Hill nwere ala dị hekta 5,250 nke nwere ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị mkpa na ugwu ise nwere mkpa dị mkpa maka gburugburu ebe obibi, nke ga-enyere aka n'ezie na iweghachi na ime mgbanwe nke ụdị anụmanụ dị mfunu na ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osundefender.com/fg-approves-oba-hills-forest-reserve-as-national-park/|title=FG Approves Oba Hills Forest Reserve as National Park|date=18 February 2022}}</ref> '''Ọrụ ugbo''' ndị mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ mpaghara ebe nchekwa nke saịtị ahụ n'ụdị ihe na azụmaahịa A na-eji aka akwadebe ịkọ ihe ọkụkụ n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ site n'ìgwè enwere obere igwe eji arụ ọrụ arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ mpaghara oke nke saịtị ahụ == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 1caclhmikb9ze32guudcnnovtatkrsp 0 28386 692985 116691 2026-07-31T04:33:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=477242623|IUPAC_name=1-(8-Chloro-6-phenyl-4''H''-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepin-1-yl)-''N'',''N''-dimethylmethanamine|image=Adinazolam.svg|width=180|image2=Adinazolam3d.png|width2=150 <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|pregnancy_category=|legal_CA=Schedule IV|legal_DE=NpSG|legal_UK=Class C|routes_of_administration=Oral <!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|metabolism=[[Liver|Hepatic]]|elimination_half-life=< 3 hours|excretion=[[Kidney|Renal]] <!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=37115-32-5|ATC_prefix=N05|ATC_suffix=BA07|PubChem=37632|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB00546|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=34519|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=KN08449444|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D02770|ChEBI_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEBI=251412|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEMBL=328250 <!--Chemical data-->|C=19|H=18|Cl=1|N=5|molecular_weight=351.8|smiles=Clc3cc2\C(=N/Cc1nnc(n1c2cc3)CN(C)C)c4ccccc4|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C19H18ClN5/c1-24(2)12-18-23-22-17-11-21-19(13-6-4-3-5-7-13)15-10-14(20)8-9-16(15)25(17)18/h3-10H,11-12H2,1-2H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=GJSLOMWRLALDCT-UHFFFAOYSA-N}} [[Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields]] [[Usòrò:Adinazolam100.jpg|thumb|Adinazolam 100.jpg]] '''Adinazolam''' (nke a na-ere n'okpuru aha '''Deracyn''') bụ ihe na-eme ka obi dị jụụ nke klas triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD), nke bụ benzodiazepines (BZDs) jikọtara ya na mgbanaka triazole. Ọ nwere ihe na-eme ka nchegbu kwụsị, ihe na-egbochi nkụchi, ihe na'egbochi ịda mbà n'obi<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Adinazolam--a new antidepressant: findings of a placebo-controlled, double-blind study in outpatients with major depression|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology|volume=7|issue=3|pages=170–172|date=June 1987|pmid=3298327|doi=10.1097/00004714-198706000-00010}}</ref><ref name="antidepressant">{{Cite journal|title=Pharmacological profile of the antidepressant adinazolam, a triazolobenzodiazepine|journal=Neuropharmacology|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1277–1282|date=November 1983|pmid=6320036|doi=10.1016/0028-3908(83)90200-9}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Kinetic characterization and identification of the enzymes responsible for the hepatic biotransformation of adinazolam and N-desmethyladinazolam in man|journal=The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology|volume=50|issue=3|pages=265–274|date=March 1998|pmid=9600717|doi=10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb06859.x}}</ref> Adinazolam bụ nke Jackson B. Hester mepụtara, onye isi oche n'ime ndị na eme Ihe ya ahazi na-achọ ịkwalite ihe ndị na-egbochi ịda mbà n'obi nke alprazolam, nke ọ mepụtara.<ref name="Jackson_B_Hester">{{Cite web|url=http://international.phrma.org/publications/publications//admin/2004-10-12.1086.pdf|title=Discovers Award 2004|accessdate=August 18, 2006|date=April 2004|work=Special Publications|publisher=Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America|pages=39|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824202348/http://international.phrma.org/publications/publications/admin/2004-10-12.1086.pdf|archivedate=August 24, 2006}}</ref> Adinazolam enwetụbeghị nkwado FDA ma ọ dịghị mgbe a kwadoro ya n'ahịa ọha na eze; Otú ọ dị, a na-ere ya dị ka ọgwụ mmepụta.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization and in vitro phase I microsomal metabolism of designer benzodiazepines - an update comprising adinazolam, cloniprazepam, fonazepam, 3-hydroxyphenazepam, metizolam and nitrazolam|journal=Journal of Mass Spectrometry|volume=51|issue=11|pages=1080–1089|date=November 2016|pmid=27535017|doi=10.1002/jms.3840}}</ref> Ịṅụbiga ọgwụ ókè nwere ike ịgụnye adịghị ike nke uru ahụ, ataxia, dysarthria na ọkachasị n'ime ụmụaka hụrụ ndị ọzọ ụra mbụ Nile nwere obi ụtọ, yana mbelata mmeghachi omume, mgbagwoju anya na coma nwere ike ịpụta n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike karị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00546|title=Adinazolam|publisher=DrugBank|accessdate=2023-07-21|archivedate=2020-02-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212010305/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00546}}</ref> Nnyocha mmadụ na-eji mmetụta uche na ikike mmetọ nke adinazolam (30 mg na 50 mg) na diazepam, lorazepam na placebo gosipụtara ndị na eme ka anyị si nọrọ na nche megide na adinazoham na-akpata "ụbụrụ na ahụ" na "obi ọjọọ" kachasị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archives.drugabuse.gov/pdf/monographs/81.pdf|title=The Abuse Potential of Adinazolam: A Comparison with Diazepam, Lorazepam and Placebo|publisher=NIDA Research Monograph No. 81|date=1987|accessdate=2015-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222122950/https://archives.drugabuse.gov/pdf/monographs/81.pdf|archivedate=2016-12-22}}</ref> == Pharmacodynamics na pharmacokinetics == Adinazolam na-ejikọta na ụdị benzodiazepine nke na-emekọrịta ihe na ndị na-anabata GABA dị ka agonist iji mepụta mmetụta mgbochi. == Metabolism == A kọrọ na Adinazolam nwere metabolites na-arụ ọrụ na mbipụta August 1984 nke The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology.<ref name="active_metabolites">{{Cite journal|title=Determination of biological activity of adinazolam and its metabolites|journal=The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology|volume=36|issue=8|pages=546–548|date=August 1984|pmid=6148400|doi=10.1111/j.2042-7158.1984.tb04449.x}}</ref> Isi metabolite bụ N-desmethyladinazolam.<ref name="Peng_1984">{{Cite journal|title=Assay of adinazolam in plasma by liquid chromatography|journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences|volume=73|issue=8|pages=1173–1175|date=August 1984|pmid=6491930|doi=10.1002/jps.2600730840}}</ref> NDMAD nwere ihe dị ka okpukpu iri abụọ na ise dị elu maka ndị na-anabata benzodiazepine ma e jiri ya tụnyere onye bu ya ụzọ, na-akọwa mmetụta dị ka benzodiazepin mgbe a nwesịrị ọgwụ. Ọtụtụ N-dealkylations na-eduga n'iwepụ dimethylaminomethyl n'akụkụ, na-edughachi na ọdịiche dị na ike ya.<ref name="Peng_1984" /> Abụọ ndị ọzọ metabolites bụ alpha-hydroxyalprazolam na estazolam.<ref name="other_metabolites">{{Cite journal|title=Urinary screening for adinazolam and its major metabolites by the Emit d.a.u. and FPIA benzodiazepine assays with confirmation by HPLC|journal=Journal of Analytical Toxicology|volume=17|issue=7|pages=427–431|date=November–December 1993|pmid=8309217|doi=10.1093/jat/17.7.427}}</ref> Na mbipụta August 1986 nke otu akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, Sethy, Francis na Day kọrọ na proadifen gbochiri mmepụta nke N-desmethyladinazolam.<ref name="Sethy_Francis_Day_1986">{{Cite journal|title=The effect of proadifen on the metabolism of adinazolam|journal=The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology|volume=38|issue=8|pages=631–632|date=August 1986|pmid=2876087|doi=10.1111/j.2042-7158.1986.tb03099.x}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Benzodiazepine * Alprazolam * Fluadinazolam * GL-II-73 == Ntụaka == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> {{GABAAR PAMs}} bni6ilamvqkt3dfmu49l31b59tggyqa 0 28560 692775 141129 2026-07-30T17:50:54Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692775 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Francisca Kakra Forson -- portrait.jpg|thumb|Francisca Kakra Forson -- portrait.jpg]]{{Databox}}{{Databox}} '''Francisca Kakra Forson''' (amụrụ na 21 Machị 1987) bụ onye isi mgbasa ozi nwanyị Ghana, onye nta akụkọ na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya, na [[Ghana|onye]] na-akwado nwoke na nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I have a confident and sexy voice -Says Francisca Kakra Forson|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/celebrity/i-have-a-confident-and-sexy-voice-says-francisca-kakra-forson.html|accessdate=2022-10-29|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ama ama dị ka Joy FM, BBC, VOA & Metro TV.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-26|title=Metro TV appoints Francisca Kakra Forson as News Editor|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Metro-TV-appoints-Francisca-Kakra-Forson-as-News-Editor-1242778|accessdate=2022-10-29|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> Na Mee 2017, a kpọrọ aha ya na Ameyaw Debrah, Manifest, Gary Al-Smith na MzVee dị ka ndị na-emetụta United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) maka Mgbasa Ịha nhata nke Ghana, "Let's Be Fair" nke mere [https://www.modernghana.com/news/775391/unicef-introduces-lets-be-fair-ghana-campaign.html ka]<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNICEF introduces 'Let's Be Fair, Ghana' campaign|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/775391/unicef-introduces-lets-be-fair-ghana-campaign.html|accessdate=2022-10-29|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> nsogbu nke ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 3,600,000 na-enweghị ohere dị mkpa gafee mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNICEF|url=https://www.unicef.org/|accessdate=2022-10-29|work=www.unicef.org|language=en}}</ref> == Onyinye == === Nhọpụta === A họpụtara ya maka RTP Awards nke 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Asamoah|first=Aba|date=2021-08-31|title=Nominees for 2021 RTP awards unveiled|url=https://www.theghanareport.com/nominees-for-2021-rtp-awards-unveiled/|accessdate=2022-10-29|work=The Ghana Report|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Forson, Francisca Kakra}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] f9hln9qriz3xw3lg6pawfrs1xqbko4o 692777 692775 2026-07-30T17:52:21Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Francisca Kakra Forson''' (amụrụ na 21 Machị 1987) bụ onye isi mgbasa ozi nwanyị Ghana, onye nta akụkọ na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya, na [[Ghana|onye]] na-akwado nwoke na nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I have a confident and sexy voice -Says Francisca Kakra Forson|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/celebrity/i-have-a-confident-and-sexy-voice-says-francisca-kakra-forson.html|accessdate=2022-10-29|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ama ama dị ka Joy FM, BBC, VOA & Metro TV.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-26|title=Metro TV appoints Francisca Kakra Forson as News Editor|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Metro-TV-appoints-Francisca-Kakra-Forson-as-News-Editor-1242778|accessdate=2022-10-29|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> Na Mee 2017, a kpọrọ aha ya na Ameyaw Debrah, Manifest, Gary Al-Smith na MzVee dị ka ndị na-emetụta United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) maka Mgbasa Ịha nhata nke Ghana, "Let's Be Fair" nke mere [https://www.modernghana.com/news/775391/unicef-introduces-lets-be-fair-ghana-campaign.html ka]<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNICEF introduces 'Let's Be Fair, Ghana' campaign|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/775391/unicef-introduces-lets-be-fair-ghana-campaign.html|accessdate=2022-10-29|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> nsogbu nke ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 3,600,000 na-enweghị ohere dị mkpa gafee mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNICEF|url=https://www.unicef.org/|accessdate=2022-10-29|work=www.unicef.org|language=en}}</ref> == Onyinye == === Nhọpụta === A họpụtara ya maka RTP Awards nke 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Asamoah|first=Aba|date=2021-08-31|title=Nominees for 2021 RTP awards unveiled|url=https://www.theghanareport.com/nominees-for-2021-rtp-awards-unveiled/|accessdate=2022-10-29|work=The Ghana Report|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Forson, Francisca Kakra}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] j5g7v5bxpu7lm0b4liwqvcdwmrbv8sj 0 28565 692997 198785 2026-07-31T05:09:23Z Philip Emeka 16124 removed one image and added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Felicia Adjei''' (amụrụ na 3 Machị 1974) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana na onye omeiwu maka Kintampo South Constituency na Brong Ahafo Region nke [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asiedu Nketiah Joins Kintampo South MP Felicia Adjei For Mini Rally|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1040082/asiedu-nketiah-joins-kintampo-south-mp-felicia.html|accessdate=2020-12-27|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu National Democratic Congress .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://omgvoice.com/lifestyle/gh-female-mps/|title=11 Young And Beautiful Ghanaian Female MPs Who Are Inspiring Girls To Dream Big|date=2017-10-12|work=OMGVoice.com|accessdate=2018-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/profile-of-kintampo-south-constituency.html|title=Profile of Kintampo South Constituency|author=Adu-Gyamerah|first=Emmanuel|work=Graphic Online|accessdate=2018-10-25|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=142|title=Member of Parliament|date=25 October 2018|work=Parliament of Ghana|accessdate=6 August 2023|archivedate=23 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223044920/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=142}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Adjei na Anyima, Brong Ahafo Region. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Kintampo Methodist School.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adu-Gyamerah|first=Emmanuel|date=20 December 2016|title=BA fails to increase number of women MPs|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/ba-fails-to-increase-number-of-women-mps.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-12-27|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> O nwere diplọma dị elu na Nri, Nri na Nri site na Adventist Vocational Institution ugbu a Techiman Campus nke Mahadum Valley View.<ref name="MPS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5525|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Adjei, Felicia|work=www.ghanamps.com|accessdate=2018-10-25}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/know-your-female-parliamentary-candidates-5.html|title=Know your female parliamentary candidates (5)|author=Asiedu-Addo|first=Efia Akese, Emmanuel Adu-Gyamerah and Shirley|work=Graphic Online|accessdate=2018-10-25|language=en-gb}}</ref> O nwekwara diplọma Cookery for Catering Industry site na Sunyani Polytechnic ugbu a Sunyani Technical University.<ref>{{Cite web|author=UKGCC|date=2018-07-05|title=HON. FELICIA ADJEI|url=https://ukgcc.com.gh/hon-felicia-adjei/|accessdate=2020-12-27|work=UK-Ghana Chamber of Commerce|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ kwagara na United States of America ruo oge ụfọdụ mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na Catering Guest House na Sunyani.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ laghachiri Ghana ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Addfal FA Limited.<ref name="MPS"/> O guzobekwara ntọala Felicia Adjei na ebumnuche nke inye ụmụ nwanyị ike site na ọzụzụ ọrụ aka, mmepe ndị ntorobịa site na agụmakwụkwọ na egwuregwu, ọrụ ugbo, ịkwado ndị nwere nsogbu anụ ahụ na inye nlekọta ahụike na ndị ọzọ nke mmepe obodo. == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ọ bụ onye otu National Democratic Congress. O meriri na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke afọ 2016 ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ndị omeiwu maka Kintampo South Constituency na ndị omeiwu ya nke asaa nke 4th Republic of Ghana. O meriri mgbe o nwetasịrị vootu 15,266 na-anọchite anya 51.79% megide onye na-asọ mpi ya Gyan Alexander nke New Patriotic Party onye nwere 14,210 na-anọchi anya 48.21%.<ref>{{Cite web|author=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2016 Results - Kintampo South Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/brongahafo/kintampo_south/index.php|accessdate=2020-12-27|work=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archivedate=2022-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116234917/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/brongahafo/kintampo_south/index.php}}</ref> Na nzuko omeiwu nke asaa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na kọmitii Gender and Children na kọmiti nkwukọrịta. == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ di ma nwee otu nwa nwanyị. Felicia bụ Onye Kraịst.<ref name="MPS"/> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adjei, Felicia}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jji5z8wn0ntxdhh4cy0nujhfwuh4u9p 0 28566 692666 514793 2026-07-30T12:33:31Z Geraldine Kene 23189 692666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Francis-Xavier Kojo Sosu''' (amụrụ na 12 Febụwarị 1979) bụ onye ọka iwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why lawyer Francis-Xavier Sosu was suspended for 6 years|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/why-lawyer-francis-xavier-sosu-was-suspended-for-6-years.html|accessdate=2020-12-18|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu National Democratic Congress (NDC).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-24|title=NDC Polls: Francis Xavier-Sosu wins|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/NDC-Polls-Francis-Xavier-Sosu-wins-775092|accessdate=2020-12-18|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu 8th parliament nke 4th Republic of Ghana ugbu a na-anọchite anya Madina Constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-08|title=Francis Sosu wins Madina Constituency Parliamentary seat|url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/news/politics/francis-sosu-wins-madina-constituency-parliamentary-seat/2020/|accessdate=2020-12-18|work=GBC Ghana Online|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=I fashioned my message around the needs of the people - Francis-Xavier Sosu|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/i-fashioned-my-message-around-the-needs-of-the-people-francis-xavier-sosu/|accessdate=2020-12-18|work=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa osote onye otu nke Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Iwu, Iwu na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madina MP partners UPSA to implement legal clinic and community lawyering projects - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/madina-mp-partners-upsa-to-implement-legal-clinic-and-community-lawyering-projects/|accessdate=2021-05-22|work=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Ọ bụ nwa afọ Denu na mpaghara Volta mana a mụrụ ya na Accra New Town. Ọ gara St John's Grammar Senior High School.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lamptey|first=Edwin|date=2020-12-14|title=From truck pusher to parliament: The story of MP-elect Francis-Xavier Sosu|url=https://yen.com.gh/179335-from-truck-pusher-parliament-the-amazing-story-mp-elect-francis-xavier-sosu-video.html|accessdate=2020-12-18|work=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en}}</ref> Sosu nwere Bachelor of Arts (BA) (Honors) na Sociology site na Mahadum Ghana na Bachelor of Law (LLB) kwa site na Machịum Ghana. Ọ gara n'ihu na Ghana School of Law maka asambodo ọkachamara iji rụọ ọrụ iwu ma kpọọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọka iwu n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kelvin|first=Adepa's|title=From Truck Pusher To Parliament: The Emotional Life Story Of Francis Xavier-Sosu That Will Inspire You (video)|url=https://adepanews.com/from-truck-pusher-to-parliament-the-emotional-life-story-of-francis-xavier-sosu-that-will-inspire-you-video/|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=Ghana Latest News Authentic Ghana News Exclusive Ghana News|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-04-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429063407/https://adepanews.com/from-truck-pusher-to-parliament-the-emotional-life-story-of-francis-xavier-sosu-that-will-inspire-you-video/}}</ref> Sosu nwere nzere masta na Oil and Gas Law (LLM) site na Mahadum Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embattled Lawyer Francis-Xavier Sosu honoured with humanitarian award|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/embattled-lawyer-francis-xavier-sosu-honoured-with-humanitarian-award/|accessdate=2020-12-23|work=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> O nwekwara nzere Master of Arts (MA) na Economic Policy Management, site na Ngalaba Economics nke Mahadum Ghana na Master of Philosophy (MPhil) na Conflict, Human Rights and Peace Studies site na Mahadum nke Mmụta, Winneba. == Ọrụ == Sosu bụ onye ọka iwu site na ọrụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Hon. Francis-Xavier Kojo Sosu official Profile Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=48|accessdate=2021-03-30|work=www.parliament.gh|archivedate=2023-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804091311/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=48}} [[Òtù:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref> Ọ malitere dị ka onye ndụmọdụ iwu na Logan & Associates tupu o guzobe F-X Law & Associates, ụlọ ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na Human Rights and Public Interest Law na Accra na 2012, nke ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye isi.<ref name=":1" /> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == === Nkwupụta ndị omeiwu === A họpụtara Sosu dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye National Democratic Congress maka Madina Constituency maka ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke 2020 mgbe ọ nwetasịrị votu 661 iji merie onye na-asọmpi ya kacha nso Sidii Abubakar, onye bụbu National Youth Organizer maka pati ahụ, onye nwetara votu 480. Ibrahim Hussein Faila bịara nke atọ na votu 217 na Hajia Rukaya na-enwetakwa naanị votu 16.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I spent GH¢300,000 to campaign in parliamentary primaries – Xavier Sosu|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/i-spent-gh-300-000-to-campaign-in-parliamentary-primaries-xavier-sosu.html|accessdate=2020-12-18|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2015, ọ meriri n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi na ntuli aka yiri nke ahụ megide onye na-achị n'oge ahụ bụ Amadu Bukari Sorogho.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-23|title=Sosu rejects NDC primary results|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Sosu-rejects-NDC-primary-results-395865|accessdate=2020-12-23|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}</ref> Sosu nwetara vootu 1,486 megide vootu 1,738 nke Sorogho nwetara bụ onye na-anọchite anya mpaghara ahụ kemgbe 2005 mana Abu-Bakar Saddique Boniface mechara merie ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-08|title=Amadu Sorogho loses Madina seat|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/election-2016-amadu-sorogho-loses-madina-seat/jrp55j1|accessdate=2020-12-23|work=Pulse Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> Na ntuli aka nke afọ 2020, Sosu meriri onye omeiwu nọ n'ọkwa, Abu-Bakar Saddique Boniface onye bụbu Minista maka Zongo na Inner City Development site n'inweta vootu 62,127 megide vootu 46,985 ya ka a kpọọ ya onye omeiwu a họpụtara maka Madina Constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madina Constituency: Francis Xavier unseats Boniface|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/madina-constituency-francis-xavier-unseats-boniface.html|accessdate=2020-12-18|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Results For Greater Accra Region|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/parliamentary.region.results.php?ID=4|accessdate=2020-12-18|work=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> === Onye omeiwu === A ṅụrụ Sosu iyi dị ka onye omeiwu na-anọchite anya Madina Constituency na 8th Parliament nke 4th [[Ghana|Republic of Ghana]] na 7 Jenụwarị 2021.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye otu na Kọmitii Iwu, Iwu na Ndị omeiwu na Kọmiti Ntinye aha nke Nzukọ Ndị omeiwu.<ref name=":1"/> N'ọnwa Julaị nke afọ 2023, Sosu wepụtara ma mee iwu iji wepụ ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ na Ghana, na-akọwa njem ahụ dị ka "nnukwu ọganihu nke ndekọ ikike mmadụ nke Ghana".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ghana parliament votes to abolish the death penalty|language=en-US|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/ghana-parliament-votes-abolish-death-penalty-2023-07-25/|accessdate=2023-07-25}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Sosu lụrụ Felicia Adwoa Konadu Sosu ma ha nwere ụmụ anọ: nwa nwanyị mbụ aha ya bụ Marita Klenam Pokua Sosu na ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Francis-Xavier Kadi Sosu (Jnr) na Ian-Xavier Eli Sosu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I’ll give Madina loud voice in Parliament — Sosu|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/i-ll-give-madina-loud-voice-in-parliament-sosu.html|accessdate=2021-03-30|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> Aha nwa ha nwanyị ikpeazụ bụ Mia Gayra Ahenkan Sosu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madina MP, Francis Sosu and wife welcome new baby - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/madina-mp-francis-sosu-and-wife-welcome-new-baby/|accessdate=2021-05-29|work=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * Peeji Twitter [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 47h9yj7e6z80461gq7xjr8d8fntlan2 692669 692666 2026-07-30T12:36:32Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Francis-Xavier Kojo Sosu''' (amụrụ na 12 Febụwarị 1979) bụ onye ọka iwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why lawyer Francis-Xavier Sosu was suspended for 6 years|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/why-lawyer-francis-xavier-sosu-was-suspended-for-6-years.html|accessdate=2020-12-18|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu National Democratic Congress (NDC).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-24|title=NDC Polls: Francis Xavier-Sosu wins|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/NDC-Polls-Francis-Xavier-Sosu-wins-775092|accessdate=2020-12-18|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu 8th parliament nke 4th Republic of Ghana ugbu a na-anọchite anya Madina Constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-08|title=Francis Sosu wins Madina Constituency Parliamentary seat|url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/news/politics/francis-sosu-wins-madina-constituency-parliamentary-seat/2020/|accessdate=2020-12-18|work=GBC Ghana Online|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=I fashioned my message around the needs of the people - Francis-Xavier Sosu|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/i-fashioned-my-message-around-the-needs-of-the-people-francis-xavier-sosu/|accessdate=2020-12-18|work=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa osote onye otu nke Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Iwu, Iwu na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madina MP partners UPSA to implement legal clinic and community lawyering projects - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/madina-mp-partners-upsa-to-implement-legal-clinic-and-community-lawyering-projects/|accessdate=2021-05-22|work=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Ọ bụ nwa afọ Denu na mpaghara Volta mana a mụrụ ya na Accra New Town. Ọ gara St John's Grammar Senior High School.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lamptey|first=Edwin|date=2020-12-14|title=From truck pusher to parliament: The story of MP-elect Francis-Xavier Sosu|url=https://yen.com.gh/179335-from-truck-pusher-parliament-the-amazing-story-mp-elect-francis-xavier-sosu-video.html|accessdate=2020-12-18|work=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en}}</ref> Sosu nwere Bachelor of Arts (BA) (Honors) na Sociology site na Mahadum Ghana na Bachelor of Law (LLB) kwa site na Machịum Ghana. Ọ gara n'ihu na Ghana School of Law maka asambodo ọkachamara iji rụọ ọrụ iwu ma kpọọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọka iwu n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kelvin|first=Adepa's|title=From Truck Pusher To Parliament: The Emotional Life Story Of Francis Xavier-Sosu That Will Inspire You (video)|url=https://adepanews.com/from-truck-pusher-to-parliament-the-emotional-life-story-of-francis-xavier-sosu-that-will-inspire-you-video/|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=Ghana Latest News Authentic Ghana News Exclusive Ghana News|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-04-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429063407/https://adepanews.com/from-truck-pusher-to-parliament-the-emotional-life-story-of-francis-xavier-sosu-that-will-inspire-you-video/}}</ref> Sosu nwere nzere masta na Oil and Gas Law (LLM) site na Mahadum Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embattled Lawyer Francis-Xavier Sosu honoured with humanitarian award|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/embattled-lawyer-francis-xavier-sosu-honoured-with-humanitarian-award/|accessdate=2020-12-23|work=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> O nwekwara nzere Master of Arts (MA) na Economic Policy Management, site na Ngalaba Economics nke Mahadum Ghana na Master of Philosophy (MPhil) na Conflict, Human Rights and Peace Studies site na Mahadum nke Mmụta, Winneba. == Ọrụ == Sosu bụ onye ọka iwu site na ọrụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Hon. Francis-Xavier Kojo Sosu official Profile Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=48|accessdate=2021-03-30|work=www.parliament.gh|archivedate=2023-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804091311/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=48}} [[Òtù:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref> Ọ malitere dị ka onye ndụmọdụ iwu na Logan & Associates tupu o guzobe F-X Law & Associates, ụlọ ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na Human Rights and Public Interest Law na Accra na 2012, nke ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye isi.<ref name=":1" /> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == === Nkwupụta ndị omeiwu === A họpụtara Sosu dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye National Democratic Congress maka Madina Constituency maka ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke 2020 mgbe ọ nwetasịrị votu 661 iji merie onye na-asọmpi ya kacha nso Sidii Abubakar, onye bụbu National Youth Organizer maka pati ahụ, onye nwetara votu 480. Ibrahim Hussein Faila bịara nke atọ na votu 217 na Hajia Rukaya na-enwetakwa naanị votu 16.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I spent GH¢300,000 to campaign in parliamentary primaries – Xavier Sosu|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/i-spent-gh-300-000-to-campaign-in-parliamentary-primaries-xavier-sosu.html|accessdate=2020-12-18|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2015, ọ meriri n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi na ntuli aka yiri nke ahụ megide onye na-achị n'oge ahụ bụ Amadu Bukari Sorogho.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-23|title=Sosu rejects NDC primary results|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Sosu-rejects-NDC-primary-results-395865|accessdate=2020-12-23|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}</ref> Sosu nwetara vootu 1,486 megide vootu 1,738 nke Sorogho nwetara bụ onye na-anọchite anya mpaghara ahụ kemgbe 2005 mana Abu-Bakar Saddique Boniface mechara merie ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-08|title=Amadu Sorogho loses Madina seat|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/election-2016-amadu-sorogho-loses-madina-seat/jrp55j1|accessdate=2020-12-23|work=Pulse Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> Na ntuli aka nke afọ 2020, Sosu meriri onye omeiwu nọ n'ọkwa, Abu-Bakar Saddique Boniface onye bụbu Minista maka Zongo na Inner City Development site n'inweta vootu 62,127 megide vootu 46,985 ya ka a kpọọ ya onye omeiwu a họpụtara maka Madina Constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madina Constituency: Francis Xavier unseats Boniface|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/madina-constituency-francis-xavier-unseats-boniface.html|accessdate=2020-12-18|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Results For Greater Accra Region|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/parliamentary.region.results.php?ID=4|accessdate=2020-12-18|work=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> === Onye omeiwu === A ṅụrụ Sosu iyi dị ka onye omeiwu na-anọchite anya Madina Constituency na 8th Parliament nke 4th [[Ghana|Republic of Ghana]] na 7 Jenụwarị 2021.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye otu na Kọmitii Iwu, Iwu na Ndị omeiwu na Kọmiti Ntinye aha nke Nzukọ Ndị omeiwu.<ref name=":1"/> N'ọnwa Julaị nke afọ 2023, Sosu wepụtara ma mee iwu iji wepụ ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ na Ghana, na-akọwa njem ahụ dị ka "nnukwu ọganihu nke ndekọ ikike mmadụ nke Ghana".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ghana parliament votes to abolish the death penalty|language=en-US|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/ghana-parliament-votes-abolish-death-penalty-2023-07-25/|accessdate=2023-07-25}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Sosu lụrụ Felicia Adwoa Konadu Sosu ma ha nwere ụmụ anọ: nwa nwanyị mbụ aha ya bụ Marita Klenam Pokua Sosu na ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Francis-Xavier Kadi Sosu (Jnr) na Ian-Xavier Eli Sosu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I’ll give Madina loud voice in Parliament — Sosu|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/i-ll-give-madina-loud-voice-in-parliament-sosu.html|accessdate=2021-03-30|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> Aha nwa ha nwanyị ikpeazụ bụ Mia Gayra Ahenkan Sosu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madina MP, Francis Sosu and wife welcome new baby - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/madina-mp-francis-sosu-and-wife-welcome-new-baby/|accessdate=2021-05-29|work=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * Peeji Twitter {{DEFAULTSORT:Sosu, Francis-Xavier Kojo}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] o7qhmmi98rkg7zf41vd9g6ef4po3tjy 0 28595 692818 141593 2026-07-30T20:12:16Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A mụrụ '''Fritz Vollmar''' na 1926 na Lenzburg, Switzerland. Ọ gụrụ gbasara akụ̀ na ụba, sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na nchịkwa azụmahịa, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Bern na 1956. Ruo afọ ụfọdụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'òtù ndị na elekọta mmadụ, ndị na elekọta ọha na eze, na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1962, a họpụtara Fritz Vollmar dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu mbụ nke ihe a maara mgbe ahụ dị ka World Wildlife Fund (WWF) na Morges, Switzerland. Malite site na mbido, ọ bụ ya na ahụ maka iguzobe isi ụlọ ọrụ WWF nke mba ụwa, na ewulite netwọk ya nke ụlọ ọrụ na anakọta ego, yana ịzụlite na itinye n'ọrụ mmemme nchekwa ọdịdị mba ụwa. Na ncheta afọ iri nke WWF na 1971, e buliri ya n'ọkwa Onye isi nchịkwa. N'afọ 1978, mgbe afọ iri na isii nke ije ozi gasịrị, Fritz Vollmar lara ezumike nká n'ọkwa ya. N'oge a, WWF jisiri ike guzobe nzukọ mba 26 ma kwado ọrụ nchekwa 1,882 n'ihe karịrị mba 100 gburugburu okwu ahụ. N'ihi onyinye ya na ihe ndị a, a họpụtara ya dịka onye otu nsọpụrụ nke WWF. N'afọ 1978, a họpụtara Fritz Vollmar ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Ụwa Scout Foundation na Geneva, nke e kere iji mepụta, ma nye nkwado ego maka Ụwa Scout Ntughari na ihe karịrị nde mmadụ iri abụọ na ise na mba narị abụọ na mpaghara gburugburu ụwa, n'oge ahụ. N'oge na adịghị anya, onyinye Foundation na enye mgbe niile ghọrọ isi ihe nkwado ma nyere Ịchọgharị aka itolite ma nọgide na abụ usoro agụmakwụkwọ kachasị mkpa n'ụwa niile. N'afọ 1988, e nyere Vollmar 196th Bronze Wolf Award, naanị ọdịiche nke World Organization of the Scout Movement, nke Kọmitii Scout nke Ụwa nyere maka ọrụ pụrụ iche maka Ịchọgharị ụwa.<ref name="wolfie">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scout.org/BronzeWolfAward/List|title=List of recipients of the Bronze Wolf Award|publisher=[[World Organization of the Scout Movement|WOSM]]|work=scout.org|accessdate=2019-05-01|archivedate=2020-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129053624/https://www.scout.org/BronzeWolfAward/List}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye natara Ihe nrite ụwa Silver. N'afọ 1992, Fritz Vollmar lara ezumike nká na ndụ ọrụ ya, iji nụ ụtọ ezumike ya n'ụlọ, na Tolochenaz, na Lake Geneva. N'ebe ahụ, o tinyere oge ya n'ịgụ na ide ihe. Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, o bipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nta nwere uri ya, aphorisms, na parodies. Ruo ugbu a, ọ na aga n'ihu na ọmụmụ ihe ya n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke asụsụ na akwụkwọ German. == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == {{DEFAULTSORT:Vollmar, Fritz}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rbxpqpj4178yp84jbddbv62wlqw6542 0 28790 693140 117695 2026-07-31T11:56:40Z Epiphanus Jide 14249 Removed broken file and added databox 693140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nchekwa Primate bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ IUCN Species Survival Commission's Primate Specialist Group bipụtara gbasara primates ụwa. Nke mbụ e bipụtara dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ mimeographed na 1981, akwụkwọ akụkọ taa na-ebipụta nyocha nchekwa na akwụkwọ gbasara ụdị primate, ọkachasị nyocha ọkwa na ọmụmụ gbasara nkesa na gburugburu ebe obibi.[1] E wezụga akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị a na-adị mgbe niile, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ abụrụla ebe dị ịrịba ama maka ndị ọkà mmụta primatologists na-ebipụta nkọwa nke ụdị primate ọhụrụ na Nchekwa Primate. == Nkọwa ụdị primate ọhụrụ == Site na South America, nke a gụnyere Caquetá titi (''Callicebus caquetensis'') kọwara na 2010 na Madidi titi (''Plecturocebus aureipalatii'', Syn.: ''Callicebus aureipatii'').<ref>Defler, T. R., Bueno. M. L. and García, J. 2010. [http://primates.squarespace.com/storage/PDF/PC25_Defler_C%20caquetensis_FINAL.pdf ''Callicebus caquetensis'': a new and critically endangered titi monkey from southern Caquetá, Colombia.] ''Primate Conservation'' (25): 1–9.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.conservation.org/newsroom/pressreleases/Pages/New-Species-Titi-Monkey-Discovered-Amazon.aspx|title=A titillating surprise: new species of titi monkey is discovered in the Amazon - Conservation International|work=Conservation International|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-11-14}}</ref><ref>Wallace, R. B., Gómez, H., Felton A. and Felton A. M. 2006. [http://primates.squarespace.com/storage/PDF/PC20.Callicebus.nov.pdf On a new species of titi monkey, genus ''Callicebus'' Thomas (Primates, Pitheciidae) from western Bolivia with preliminary notes on distribution and abundance.] ''Primate Conservation'' (20): 29–39.</ref> Site n'àgwàetiti [[Madagascar]], ụdị lemur ọhụrụ a kọwara na sayensị na peeji nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gụnyere Montagne d'Ambre dwarf lemur ma ọ bụ Andy Sabin's dwarf lemor (''Cheirogaleus andysabini''), Ankarana dwarf lemum (''Cheirogalus shethi''), na ụdị lemur abụọ ọhụrụ (Microcebus).<ref>Lei, R., McLain, A. T., Frasier, C. L., Taylor, J. M., Bailey, C. A., Engberg, S. E., Ginter, A. L., Nash, S.D., Randriamampionona, R., Groves, C. P., Mittermeier, R. A. and Louis Jr., E. E. 2015. [http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/pdf/PC29_Lei_et_al_New_species_Cheirogaleus.pdf A new species in the genus ''Cheirogaleus'' (Cheirogaleidae).] ''Primate Conservation'' (29): 43−54.</ref><ref>Louis Jr., E. E., Engberg, S. E., McGuire, S. M., McCormick, M. J., Richard Randriamampionona, R., Ranaivoarisoa, J. F., Bailey, C. A., Mittermeier, R. A. and Lei, R. 2008. [http://primates.squarespace.com/storage/PDF/PC23.new.microcebus.V3.pdf Revision of the mouse lemurs, ''Microcebus'' (Primates, Lemuriformes), of northern and northwestern Madagascar with descriptions of two new species at Montagne d’Ambre National Park and Antafondro Classified Forest.] ''Primate Conservation'' (23): 19–38.</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> 0q28gb0sbi7tfkq81at0pttpy56zlqi 0 28861 692995 194455 2026-07-31T05:06:04Z Philip Emeka 16124 removed one image and added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Felice D. Gaer (amụrụ n'afọ 1946 wee nwụọ na Nọvemba 9, 2024) bụ onye mba America na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ na onye na-akwado ya. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ihe gbasara ikike mmadụ ma bụrụ onye otu ogologo oge na onye bụbu onyeisi oche nke United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. Ọ bụ onye otu US National Commission na UNESCO. Gaer na-eduzi Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights nke Kọmitii Ndị Juu America, nke na-eme nchọpụta na nkwado iji mee ka ikike mmadụ nke mba ụwa sikwuo ike. Gaer jere ozi na United States Commission on International Religious Freedom site na afọ 2001 ruo na afọ 2012, ebe gọọmentị Clinton họpụtara ya ma họpụta ya ọzọ site na gọọmentị Bush na gọọmentụ Obama, ma mesịa site n'aka Onye isi oche nke ụlọ Nancy Pelosi. Gaer bụ onye mba America mbụ jere ozi dịka Ọkachamara nọọrọ onwe ya na kọmitii United Nations na-emegide mmekpa ahụ . N'ebe ahụ, ọ bụbu osote oche. Gaer bụkwa onye otu Council on Foreign Relations . == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Gaer na Englewood, [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/felice-gaer-fights-for-human-rights/|title=Felice Gaer fights for human rights}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Wellesley College na AB na Sayensị Ọchịchị (1968). Site na Mahadum Columbia, ọ nwetara nzere Nna-ukwu nke nka na afọ 1971 yana Nna-ukwu nke nkà ihe ọmụmadegree in Political Science na afọ 1975. == Ọrụ == Ọrụ Gaer etinyela aka na ikike mmadụ ma mba na mba ụwa, na-arụ ọrụ na kọmitii na kọmitii dị iche iche. === Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu === Kemgbe afọ 2000, ọ bụbu ọkachamara nọọrọ onwe ya na kọmitii UN megide ịta ahụhụ. Ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi oche kọmitii na afọ 2009. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ onye nta akụkọ banyere Gender na otu kọmitii ahụ site na afọ 2001 ruo na afọ 2006; na onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi na-akwado nkwado obodo site na afọ 2003 ruo na afọ 2014. === United States === Gaer abụwo onye otu ọha na eze na / ma ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ ọha na eze nke ndị nnọchi anya US dị iche iche: Ọ bụbụ onye kọmishọna nke United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (2001–2012). N'ime oge ahụ ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche kọmishọna (2002-2003), mgbe ahụ osote onye isi oche (2003-2006), wee bụrụ oche ọzọ (2006-2009). Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ọtụtụ kọmitii, otu na kansụl ndị ọzọ, gụnyere: * Onye isi oche nke International Friends of the Chilean Human Rights Commission (1985-1990) * International League for Human Rights, Board of Governors (1991-2005) * Carter Center, Mahadum Emory, Kansụl Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nke Mba Nile (1994-2003) * Human Rights Watch, Kọmitii ndụmọdụ nke Europe na Central Asia Division (1996-dị ugbu a) * Onye isi oche nke National Coalition maka 50th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Steering Committee (1997-1999) * Franklin na Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, Board of Directors (2001-2004) na Board of Governors (2001-2004). * Eleanor Roosevelt Center na Val-Kill, Board of Directors (2004-2009) * Onye isi oche nke Leo Nevas Task Force on Human Rights, United Nations Association of the USA (site na 2011) Ọ gbara akaebe n'ihu ọtụtụ kọmitii US Congress na International Relations, Human Rights, Justice, na Tom Lantos Commission. === Mgbe ọ na-ejighị ọha na eze ozi === Gaer esonyewo na kọmitii, òtù na òtù dị iche iche. Ọ bụbu onye isi oche kọmitii ndị Juu nke America Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights kemgbe afọ 1993. Na afọ 2010, ọ bụ onye prọfesọ regents na ngalaba akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mahadum California, Los Angeles (UCLA). == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == === Akwụkwọ === * {{Cite book|editor=Gaer|title=The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: Conscience for the World|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=2013}} === Ihe odide Encyclopedia === *   *   == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.ajc.org/bio/felice-gaer Akụkọ ndụ] sitere na Kọmitii Ndị Juu America * [http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/647a2ab573a858f6c1256a2a0027ba29/7ffad6b6ff3fa91580256842005bff15?OpenDocument=1 Akụkọ ndụ] sitere n'Ọfịs Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nke Kọmishọna Ukwu maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110109082616/http://www.uscirf.gov/about-uscirf/220.html Akụkọ ndụ] sitere na United States Commission on International Religious Freedom * [https://geneva.usmission.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/CV-in-English.pdf CV Felice Gaer], United States Mission to the United Nations and Other International Organizations in Geneva {{American Jewish Committee}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gaer, Felice D.}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5gsbdab9jr32lihzd4ctm9w5xltzkq6 0 29230 692984 212731 2026-07-31T04:33:21Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 692984 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:Calakmul8.jpg|thumb|]] [[Usòrò:Calakmul8.jpg|thumb|Ebe Nchekwa Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ nke Calakmul]] Calakmul Biosphere Reserve (Spanish: Reserva de la Biósfera de Calakmul) dị na ala nke Yucatán Peninsula na [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], na Calakmul Municipality na steeti Campeche, n'ókè nke ngalaba Guatemala nke El Petén n'ebe ndịda. Ọ na-ewe 7,231 km2 (2,792 mi) ma na-agụnye ihe dị ka 12% oké ọhịa ndị dị na Mexico. Ebe nchekwa ahụ, nke e guzobere na 1989, bụ otu n'ime ebe nchekwa kachasị ukwuu na Mexico, na-ekpuchi ihe karịrị 14% nke steeti ahụ.<ref name="Planeta">{{Cite web|author=Mader|first=Ron|title=Planeta-Calakmul|url=http://www.planeta.com/ecotravel/mexico/yucatan/calakmul.html|accessdate=2012-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041116210759/http://www.planeta.com/ecotravel/mexico/yucatan/calakmul.html#|archivedate=2004-11-16}}</ref> Ebe nchọpụta ihe ochie dị mkpa tupu oge Columbus nke Calakmul, otu n'ime ebe ndị Maya kachasị ama, dị na Biosphere Reserve.<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web|title=Ancient Maya City of Calakmul, Campeche|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1061|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> == Flora na anụmanụ == Ebe nchekwa na mpaghara ọhịa ndị gbara ya gburugburu nke Maya Biosphere Reserve (Reserva de la Biosfera Maya) na ngalaba Guatemala nke El Petén mejupụtara otu n'ime mpaghara kachasị ukwuu na nke a na-emetụchaghị aka nke oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na Amerịka n'ebe ugwu Colombia. A na-ahazi ọhịa ahụ dị ka oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo dị elu na nke dị n'etiti n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. N'etiti osisi ndị ahụ, e nwere ceibas, Honduras mahogany (''Swietenia macrophylla''), fig strangler (''Ficus''), chaká (''Bursera simaruba''), na chicle ma ọ bụ chicozapote (Manilkara ''chicle''). N'ozuzu, ebe nchekwa ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ [[Biodiversity|ụdị]] osisi na anụmanụ 70,000, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ebe kachasị dị iche iche n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Wilder|first=Chaly|date=8 November 2022|title=The Return of the Jaguar|work=[[New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/08/travel/jaguars-mexico-yucatan.html?smid=url-share|accessdate=10 November 2022}}</ref> Biosphere bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị anụmanụ 86 na-enye nwa ara, 18 n'ime ha nwere ike ịchọta na Official Registry of Mexican Ecology, ihe enyemaka nke na-akọwa osisi na anụmanụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịla n'iyi, ndị dị ụkọ, ndị na-eyi egwu ma ọ bụ ndị nọ n"okpuru nchebe. Ebe ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke 5 n'ime 6 nnukwu nwamba ndị a mụrụ na Mexico.<ref name="ParksWatch">{{cite web|title=Calakmul Biosphere Reserve|url=http://www.parkswatch.org/parkprofile.php?l=eng&country=mex&park=ckbr&page=rec|publisher=Parks Watch|access-date=2012-03-26|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003929/http://www.parkswatch.org/parkprofile.php?l=eng&country=mex&park=ckbr&page=rec|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nke a na-agụnye obere ma nwee ahụike nke jaguars yana jaguarundis, ocelots, pumas na margays. Anụmanụ ahụ gụnyekwara Central American agoutis, Geoffroy's spider monkeys, Guatemalan black howlers, Baird's tapir, white-nosed coatis, ocellated turkeys, crested guans, toucans, na parrots. == Egwu == E nyela ebe nchekwa ahụ aha a na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu, nke pụtara na a ghaghị ime ihe ngwa ngwa iji gaa n'ihu na-echebe ma na-echekwa ụdị dị iche iche ya.<ref name="ParksWatch" />Egwu ndị a gụnyere: mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, ịchụ nta na ịchụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, akụrụngwa ndị njem nleta, na mpụta nke okporo ụzọ na okporo ụzọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ime ebe nchekwa ahụ anọwo na-abawanye ngwa ngwa kemgbe afọ 1980 n'ihi mmụba nke ịkwaga nakwa ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ịmụ nwa. Nke a etinyela nrụgide na-arịwanye elu na akụrụngwa n'ihi ọrụ ugbo na ịkpa anụ nke ndị obodo ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na 80% nke ịchụ nta na ebe nchekwa ahụ bụ maka oriri onwe onye n'etiti ndị obodo ahụ, ịchụ nta a nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na-arịwanye elu na ndị anụ ọhịa. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a na-ejikwa ndị agha na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="ParksWatch" /> E nweela ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị njem nleta, ebe ọ bụ na e nyere ebe nchekwa ahụ aha UNESCO, nke mepụtara ọtụtụ nsogbu. Ọ bụ ezie na mmiri dị ụkọ na mpaghara ahụ, a na-echekwa mmiri a na-eri n'akụkụ obodo ma ọ bụ obodo maka ndị njem nleta, na-akpata ụkọ mmiri n'etiti ndị obodo ahụ. A na-enwe mmata na-arịwanye elu banyere nsogbu mmiri nwere ike ime n'ihi enweghị ike igbo mkpa nke ndị obodo na ụlọ ọrụ njem nleta. N'ihi nsogbu na nhazi nke ebe nchekwa ahụ, e wuru ụzọ abụọ bụ isi nke gafere abụọ n'ime isi, ebe dị mkpa nke ebe nchekwa. E nweela aro maka ebe njem nleta a na-akpọ Maya World nke ga-agụnye okporo ụzọ awara awara na-ejikọ mpaghara dị iche iche nke ebe nchekwa biosphere.<ref name="ParksWatch" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ewepụla atụmatụ maka okporo ụzọ awara awara maka oge a, owuwu họtel na-aga n'ihu n'ebe ndị ahụ. == Okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Carlos Salinas de Gortari kwupụtara ebe ahụ dị ka ebe nchekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na 1989. Ihe ndị e depụtara maka nhọpụta ahụ bụ nchedo nke ụdị dị iche iche, yana nchedo nke ọtụtụ mkpọmkpọ ebe ndị Maya oge ochie dị n'ime ókèala nke ebe nchekwa ahụ. Kemgbe ahụ, enwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti echiche na nkà ihe ọmụma nke ndị obodo bi n'ala ahụ na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi n'obodo ndị chọrọ ichebe akụ ya.<ref name="Locals" /> Ndị bi n'ala ahụ bụ ndị mbịarambịa na-anọchite anya steeti 23 n'ime steeti 32 nke Mexico nke dọtara n'ala na 1960s mgbe gọọmentị Mexico tinyere ọrụ nkesa ala. Ọ bụ ezie na ọdịbendị ha nwere ike ịdị iche, ha nwere otu njirimara nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na ''ndị ọrụ ugbe'' na-ebi n'ala. Dị ka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ, ha niile nwere otu nkwenye na gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ebe a ga-arụ ọrụ.<ref name="Locals" /> Ndị otu ndị a na-anọghị n'èzí nwere echiche "adịghị emetụ aka". N'ụzọ dị otú a, ndị Campesinos emeela ka ha nwee otu ihu n'ịgba mbọ inweta ihe onwunwe dị mkpa nke ga-enyere ha aka ịkọ ugbo na inye onwe ha ihe. N'afọ 1991, onye isi ala Mexico nyere ndị Campesinos "nlekọta maka ebe nchekwa" nke nyere ego iji nyere aka na nchedo nke oké ọhịa ndị fọdụrụnụ ka ọ na-agba ume afọ ojuju onwe onye na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo mpaghara.<ref name="Locals" /> Nke a kwekọrọ na nkà ihe ọmụma na ụdị dị iche iche bụ "ụdị dị iche iche n'iji ya eme ihe".<ref name="Locals" /> Okwu arụmụka ndị a emeela ka ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ guzogide ya. N'ihi nkwenye ha gbasara ojiji nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ, ọtụtụ kwenyere na ndị nọ n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke arụmụka ahụ (ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi n'obodo ukwu) chọrọ iji ala ahụ mee ihe maka uru nke ha. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe nnọchianya na ezigbo ala ma na-eche na gọọmentị na-emebi omume ha.<ref name="Locals">{{Cite web|author=1-Iaenn'|first=Nora|title=The Power of Environmental Knowledge: Ethnoecology and Environmental Conflicts in Mexican Conservation|url=http://www.parkswatch.org/parkprofile.php?l=eng&country=mex&park=ckbr&page=rec|accessdate=2012-03-26|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003929/http://www.parkswatch.org/parkprofile.php?l=eng&country=mex&park=ckbr&page=rec}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREF1-Iaenn'">1-Iaenn', Nora. </cite></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Campesinos na-arụ ọrụ ugbo ma ya mere ha anaghị enweta ụgwọ ọnwa, enwere nnukwu nsogbu ha na-eche ihu site n'aka ndị ọzọ na-etinye iwu. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070609231337/http://www.conanp.gob.mx/dcei/didact/CALAKMUL%20PA%20PDF.pdf Kansụl Mexico na Ebe Ndị A Na-echebe Ihe Ndị Mere Eme] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] e1zw0z4tcan4o1i7xf7jchgqp6uhl95 692986 692984 2026-07-31T04:34:16Z Mirah50 16972 improved this page 692986 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Calakmul8.jpg|thumb|Ebe Nchekwa Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ nke Calakmul]] Calakmul Biosphere Reserve (Spanish: Reserva de la Biósfera de Calakmul) dị na ala nke Yucatán Peninsula na [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], na Calakmul Municipality na steeti Campeche, n'ókè nke ngalaba Guatemala nke El Petén n'ebe ndịda. Ọ na-ewe 7,231 km2 (2,792 mi) ma na-agụnye ihe dị ka 12% oké ọhịa ndị dị na Mexico. Ebe nchekwa ahụ, nke e guzobere na 1989, bụ otu n'ime ebe nchekwa kachasị ukwuu na Mexico, na-ekpuchi ihe karịrị 14% nke steeti ahụ.<ref name="Planeta">{{Cite web|author=Mader|first=Ron|title=Planeta-Calakmul|url=http://www.planeta.com/ecotravel/mexico/yucatan/calakmul.html|accessdate=2012-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041116210759/http://www.planeta.com/ecotravel/mexico/yucatan/calakmul.html#|archivedate=2004-11-16}}</ref> Ebe nchọpụta ihe ochie dị mkpa tupu oge Columbus nke Calakmul, otu n'ime ebe ndị Maya kachasị ama, dị na Biosphere Reserve.<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web|title=Ancient Maya City of Calakmul, Campeche|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1061|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> == Flora na anụmanụ == Ebe nchekwa na mpaghara ọhịa ndị gbara ya gburugburu nke Maya Biosphere Reserve (Reserva de la Biosfera Maya) na ngalaba Guatemala nke El Petén mejupụtara otu n'ime mpaghara kachasị ukwuu na nke a na-emetụchaghị aka nke oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na Amerịka n'ebe ugwu Colombia. A na-ahazi ọhịa ahụ dị ka oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo dị elu na nke dị n'etiti n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. N'etiti osisi ndị ahụ, e nwere ceibas, Honduras mahogany (''Swietenia macrophylla''), fig strangler (''Ficus''), chaká (''Bursera simaruba''), na chicle ma ọ bụ chicozapote (Manilkara ''chicle''). N'ozuzu, ebe nchekwa ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ [[Biodiversity|ụdị]] osisi na anụmanụ 70,000, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ebe kachasị dị iche iche n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Wilder|first=Chaly|date=8 November 2022|title=The Return of the Jaguar|work=[[New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/08/travel/jaguars-mexico-yucatan.html?smid=url-share|accessdate=10 November 2022}}</ref> Biosphere bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị anụmanụ 86 na-enye nwa ara, 18 n'ime ha nwere ike ịchọta na Official Registry of Mexican Ecology, ihe enyemaka nke na-akọwa osisi na anụmanụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịla n'iyi, ndị dị ụkọ, ndị na-eyi egwu ma ọ bụ ndị nọ n"okpuru nchebe. Ebe ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke 5 n'ime 6 nnukwu nwamba ndị a mụrụ na Mexico.<ref name="ParksWatch">{{cite web|title=Calakmul Biosphere Reserve|url=http://www.parkswatch.org/parkprofile.php?l=eng&country=mex&park=ckbr&page=rec|publisher=Parks Watch|access-date=2012-03-26|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003929/http://www.parkswatch.org/parkprofile.php?l=eng&country=mex&park=ckbr&page=rec|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nke a na-agụnye obere ma nwee ahụike nke jaguars yana jaguarundis, ocelots, pumas na margays. Anụmanụ ahụ gụnyekwara Central American agoutis, Geoffroy's spider monkeys, Guatemalan black howlers, Baird's tapir, white-nosed coatis, ocellated turkeys, crested guans, toucans, na parrots. == Egwu == E nyela ebe nchekwa ahụ aha a na-eyi egwu nke ukwuu, nke pụtara na a ghaghị ime ihe ngwa ngwa iji gaa n'ihu na-echebe ma na-echekwa ụdị dị iche iche ya.<ref name="ParksWatch" />Egwu ndị a gụnyere: mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, ịchụ nta na ịchụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, akụrụngwa ndị njem nleta, na mpụta nke okporo ụzọ na okporo ụzọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ime ebe nchekwa ahụ anọwo na-abawanye ngwa ngwa kemgbe afọ 1980 n'ihi mmụba nke ịkwaga nakwa ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ịmụ nwa. Nke a etinyela nrụgide na-arịwanye elu na akụrụngwa n'ihi ọrụ ugbo na ịkpa anụ nke ndị obodo ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na 80% nke ịchụ nta na ebe nchekwa ahụ bụ maka oriri onwe onye n'etiti ndị obodo ahụ, ịchụ nta a nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na-arịwanye elu na ndị anụ ọhịa. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a na-ejikwa ndị agha na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="ParksWatch" /> E nweela ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị njem nleta, ebe ọ bụ na e nyere ebe nchekwa ahụ aha UNESCO, nke mepụtara ọtụtụ nsogbu. Ọ bụ ezie na mmiri dị ụkọ na mpaghara ahụ, a na-echekwa mmiri a na-eri n'akụkụ obodo ma ọ bụ obodo maka ndị njem nleta, na-akpata ụkọ mmiri n'etiti ndị obodo ahụ. A na-enwe mmata na-arịwanye elu banyere nsogbu mmiri nwere ike ime n'ihi enweghị ike igbo mkpa nke ndị obodo na ụlọ ọrụ njem nleta. N'ihi nsogbu na nhazi nke ebe nchekwa ahụ, e wuru ụzọ abụọ bụ isi nke gafere abụọ n'ime isi, ebe dị mkpa nke ebe nchekwa. E nweela aro maka ebe njem nleta a na-akpọ Maya World nke ga-agụnye okporo ụzọ awara awara na-ejikọ mpaghara dị iche iche nke ebe nchekwa biosphere.<ref name="ParksWatch" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ewepụla atụmatụ maka okporo ụzọ awara awara maka oge a, owuwu họtel na-aga n'ihu n'ebe ndị ahụ. == Okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Carlos Salinas de Gortari kwupụtara ebe ahụ dị ka ebe nchekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na 1989. Ihe ndị e depụtara maka nhọpụta ahụ bụ nchedo nke ụdị dị iche iche, yana nchedo nke ọtụtụ mkpọmkpọ ebe ndị Maya oge ochie dị n'ime ókèala nke ebe nchekwa ahụ. Kemgbe ahụ, enwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti echiche na nkà ihe ọmụma nke ndị obodo bi n'ala ahụ na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi n'obodo ndị chọrọ ichebe akụ ya.<ref name="Locals" /> Ndị bi n'ala ahụ bụ ndị mbịarambịa na-anọchite anya steeti 23 n'ime steeti 32 nke Mexico nke dọtara n'ala na 1960s mgbe gọọmentị Mexico tinyere ọrụ nkesa ala. Ọ bụ ezie na ọdịbendị ha nwere ike ịdị iche, ha nwere otu njirimara nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na ''ndị ọrụ ugbe'' na-ebi n'ala. Dị ka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ, ha niile nwere otu nkwenye na gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ebe a ga-arụ ọrụ.<ref name="Locals" /> Ndị otu ndị a na-anọghị n'èzí nwere echiche "adịghị emetụ aka". N'ụzọ dị otú a, ndị Campesinos emeela ka ha nwee otu ihu n'ịgba mbọ inweta ihe onwunwe dị mkpa nke ga-enyere ha aka ịkọ ugbo na inye onwe ha ihe. N'afọ 1991, onye isi ala Mexico nyere ndị Campesinos "nlekọta maka ebe nchekwa" nke nyere ego iji nyere aka na nchedo nke oké ọhịa ndị fọdụrụnụ ka ọ na-agba ume afọ ojuju onwe onye na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo mpaghara.<ref name="Locals" /> Nke a kwekọrọ na nkà ihe ọmụma na ụdị dị iche iche bụ "ụdị dị iche iche n'iji ya eme ihe".<ref name="Locals" /> Okwu arụmụka ndị a emeela ka ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ guzogide ya. N'ihi nkwenye ha gbasara ojiji nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ, ọtụtụ kwenyere na ndị nọ n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke arụmụka ahụ (ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi n'obodo ukwu) chọrọ iji ala ahụ mee ihe maka uru nke ha. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe nnọchianya na ezigbo ala ma na-eche na gọọmentị na-emebi omume ha.<ref name="Locals">{{Cite web|author=1-Iaenn'|first=Nora|title=The Power of Environmental Knowledge: Ethnoecology and Environmental Conflicts in Mexican Conservation|url=http://www.parkswatch.org/parkprofile.php?l=eng&country=mex&park=ckbr&page=rec|accessdate=2012-03-26|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003929/http://www.parkswatch.org/parkprofile.php?l=eng&country=mex&park=ckbr&page=rec}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREF1-Iaenn'">1-Iaenn', Nora. </cite></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Campesinos na-arụ ọrụ ugbo ma ya mere ha anaghị enweta ụgwọ ọnwa, enwere nnukwu nsogbu ha na-eche ihu site n'aka ndị ọzọ na-etinye iwu. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070609231337/http://www.conanp.gob.mx/dcei/didact/CALAKMUL%20PA%20PDF.pdf Kansụl Mexico na Ebe Ndị A Na-echebe Ihe Ndị Mere Eme] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kyzlaw64owlm0jh2cv3m7bssqsaums6 0 29408 692926 632741 2026-07-31T01:59:03Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox||name=Chinese violet|image=Starr 011104-0065 Asystasia gangetica.jpg|image_caption=''Asystasia gangetica'' from [[Kalepolepo]], [[Maui]]|image2=Asystasia_gangetica_11_05_2010.JPG|image2_caption=''Asystasia gangetica micrantha'' from [[Amanzimtoti]], [[South Africa]]|genus=Asystasia|species=gangetica|authority=([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Thomas Anderson (botanist)|T.Anderson]]|synonyms=* ''Asystasia intrusa'' <small>(Forssk.) Blume</small> * ''Asystasia parvula'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small> * ''Asystasia querimbensis'' <small>Klotzsch</small> * ''Asystasia pubescens'' <small>Klotzsch</small> * ''Asystasia subhastata'' <small>Klotzsch</small> * ''Asystasia quarterna'' <small>Nees</small> * ''Asystasia scabrida'' <small>Klotzsch</small> * ''Asystasia floribunda'' <small>Klotzsch</small> * ''Asystasia coromandeliana'' <small>Nees</small> * ''Justicia gangetica'' <small>L.</small> * ''Asystasia bojeriana'' <small>Nees</small> * ''Asystasia acuminata'' <small>Klotzsch</small> * ''Asystasia coromandeliana'' <small>Nees</small> var. ''micrantha'' <small>Nees</small> * ''Asystasia multiflora'' <small>Klotzsch</small> * ''Asystasia ansellioides'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small> var. ''lanceolata'' <small>Fiori</small> * ''Asystasia podostachys'' <small>Klotzsch</small><ref>Jstor Plant Science, ''Asystasia gangetica'' synonyms: http://plants.jstor.org/taxon/synonymy/Asystasia.gangetica, retrieved 28 July 2010</ref>}} {| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |Chinese violet |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |[[File:Starr 011104-0065 Asystasia gangetica.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" |''Asystasia gangetica'' from [[Kalepolepo]], [[Maui]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |[[File:Asystasia_gangetica_11_05_2010.JPG|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" |''Asystasia gangetica micrantha'' from [[Amanzimtoti]], [[South Africa]] |- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |- ! colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Taxonomy (biology)|Scientific classification]] <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;">[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg|link=Template:Taxonomy/Asystasia|15x15px|Edit this classification]]</span> |- |Kingdom: |[[Plant|Plantae]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Vascular plant|Tracheophytes]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Eudicots]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Asterids]] |- |Order: |[[Lamiales]] |- |Family: |[[Acanthaceae]] |- |Genus: |''[[Asystasia]]'' |- |Species: |<div class="species" style="display:inline">'''''A.&nbsp;gangetica'''''</div> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |'''<span class="binomial">''Asystasia gangetica''</span>'''<br /><br /><br /><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Thomas Anderson (botanist)|T.Anderson]]</div> |- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Synonym (taxonomy)|Synonyms]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: left" | * ''Asystasia intrusa'' <small>(Forssk.</small><small>) Blume</small> * ''Asystasia parvula'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small> * ''Asystasia querimbensis'' <small>Klotzsch</small> * ''Asystasia pubescens'' <small>Klotzsch</small> * ''Asystasia subhastata'' <small>Klotzsch</small> * ''Asystasia quarterna'' <small>Nees</small> * ''Asystasia scabrida'' <small>Klotzsch</small> * ''Asystasia floribunda'' <small>Klotzsch</small> * ''Asystasia coromandeliana'' <small>Nees</small> * ''Justicia gangetica'' <small>L.</small> * ''Asystasia bojeriana'' <small>Nees</small> * ''Asystasia acuminata'' <small>Klotzsch</small> * ''Asystasia coromandeliana'' <small>Nees</small> var. ''micrantha'' <small>Nees</small> * ''Asystasia multiflora'' <small>Klotzsch</small> * ''Asystasia ansellioides'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small> var. ''lanceolata'' <small>Fiori</small> * ''Asystasia podostachys'' <small>Klotzsch</small><ref>Jstor Plant Science, ''Asystasia gangetica'' synonyms: http://plants.jstor.org/taxon/synonymy/Asystasia.gangetica, retrieved 28 July 2010</ref> |} [[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]] '''''Asystasia gangetica''''' bụ ụdị osisi dị na ezinụlọ Acanthaceae. A maara ya dịka violet nke China, '''coromandel'''<ref name="Hawaii">Plants of Hawaii: ''Asystasia gangetica'': https://web.archive.org/web/20120905012101/http://www.hear.org/starr/images/species/?q=asystasia+gangetica&o=plants, retrieved 28 July 2010</ref> ma ọ bụ '''foxglove''' na-agagharị agagharị.<ref name="SANBI"> South African National Biodiversity Institute: ''Asystasia gangetica'': https://pza.sanbi.org/asystasia-gangetica, retrieved 14 June 2025</ref> Na South Africa, a pụrụ ịkpọ osisi a '''asystasia'''. [[Usòrò:Asystasia_gangetica_in_Hyderabad_W_IMG_4769.jpg|thumb|Site na Hyderabad, India]] == Nkọwa == Osisi a bụ ahịhịa na-agbasa ma ọ bụ mkpuchi ala, na-eru 600 mm n'ịdị elu ma ọ bụ ruo 1 m ma ọ bụrụ na akwado ya.<ref name="SANBI"/> Ogwe osisi ndị ahụ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'ụzọ dị mfe na nodes.<ref name="SANBI" /> Akwụkwọ ya dị mfe ma dị iche.<ref name="SANBI" /><ref name="Australia">Weed Identification, Australia: https://web.archive.org/web/20101202171008/http://weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card=H34 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202171008/http://weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card=H34 |date=2010-12-02 }}, retrieved 28 July 2010.</ref>Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bụ capsule na-agbawa agbawa nke na-amalite na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, mana ọ na-akpọnwụ ruo na-acha nchara nchara mgbe ọ meghere.<ref name="Australia" /> == Ụdị dị iche iche == * A. g. gangetica, nwere nnukwu (30-40 mm ogologo) okooko osisi na-acha anụnụ anụnụ ma ọ bụ na-acha odo odo. * A. g. micrantha (N'olu) Ensermu, nwere obere (ruo 25 mm n'ogologo) okooko osisi na-acha ọcha na akara odo odo na egbugbere ọnụ ala.<ref name="Australia" /> == Nhazi == A na-agbasa ya n'ebe nile na Old World Tropics, ma webata ya na mpaghara okpomọkụ [[Amerikas|America]]<ref>Jstor Plant Science, Asystasia gangetica: http://plants.jstor.org/taxon/Asystasia.gangetica, retrieved 28 July 2010.</ref> na [[Hawaii]], ebe ọ ghọrọ ihe okike.<ref name="Hawaii"/> E web''a''tara ụdị abụọ nke osisi a na [[Ostraliya|Australia]] ebe A. g. micrantha dị na National Environmental Alert List ma a ghaghị ịkọ akụkọ mgbe a chọtara ya. Ebe mbụ nke subspecies bụ ihe ''a'' na-ejighị n'aka, mana o yikarịrị ka A. g. gangetica dị na Eshia, na A. g, micrantha dị na Africa.<ref name="Australia" /><ref name="SANBI" /> == Ịmụ nwa == Ernest Akamine (1947) chọpụtara na ọ nweghị usoro ụra doro anya na-arụ ọrụ na mkpụrụ, nke na-epulite n'enweghị ihe mgbochi ụbọchị 135 mgbe a chụpụrụ ya na osisi nne na nna.<ref name="Akamine 1947">{{Cite journal|author=Akamine|first=Ernest|title=Germination of Asystasia gangetica L. Seed with Special Reference to the Effect of Age on the Temperature Requirement for Germination|journal=Plant Physiology|date=1947|volume=22|issue=4|pages=603–607|doi=10.1104/pp.22.4.603|url=http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/22/4/603.citation|accessdate=30 May 2014|pmid=16654128}}</ref> Mmepụta okooko osisi nwere ike ịmalite n'oge ụbọchị 40 mgbe ọ gbasịrị, na mmepe mkpụrụ na-amalite mgbe ụbọchị 57, na-eme ka mmepụta nke mkpụrụ dị ndụ dị mfe n'ime ụbọchị 72.<ref name="Sahid, I. B. & Shukor, J. A. 1998">{{Cite journal|author=Sahid|first=I. B|title=Effects of water stress, shading and clipping on growth and development of Asystasia gangetica|journal=Plant Protection Quarterly|date=1998|volume=13|pages=140–142}}</ref> A na-achụpụ mkpụrụ ahụ n'ụzọ na-agbawa agbawa mgbe ọ kara site na retinacula a na-etinye n'ahụ (ihe osise). <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Ojiji == N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa, a na-eri akwụkwọ ya dị ka akwụkwọ nri ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ọgwụ mkpá akwụkwọ na ọgwụ ọdịnala Africa.<ref name="prota">Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.</ref> A na-eji akwụkwọ ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] dị ka ọgwụ ọdịnala Afrịka maka nlekọta ụkwara ume ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00227-7|title=Evaluation of the anti-asthmatic property of Asystasia gangetica leaf extracts|year=2003|author=Akah|first=P.A.|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|volume=89|pages=25–36|pmid=14522429|issue=1}}</ref> A na-ejikwa ya dị ka osisi ịchọ mma.<ref name="SANBI"> == Mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi == Nke a bụ osisi dị mkpa maka aṅụ, urukurubụba na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="SANBI"/> N'ebe ndịda Afrịka, e nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị urukurubụba na nla asaa na-eji A. g. micrantha dị ka ihe oriri larval; ''Junonia oenone'', ''Junonia hierta'', ''Junonia natalica'', ''Junonia terea'', ''Protogoniomorpha parhassus'', ''Hypolimnas misippus'' na ''Microplexia costimaculalis''.<ref>Guillermet, 2005. ''Les Hétérocères ou papillons de nuit, de l'île de La Réunion. Volume 1''. Famille des Noctuidae Quadrifides. - — :1–532, pls. 1–13.</ref> Uto siri ike nke A. g. micrantha na mpaghara okpomọkụ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ahịhịa nke nwere ike igbu ụfọdụ ahịhịhịa ala ebe ewebatala ya.<ref name="SANBI"> == Ihe ngosi == {{Taxonbar|from=Q311451}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == kjvvx3dfjpj3knb4rxhbldzhjt6eq5o 0 30069 692918 497153 2026-07-31T01:31:14Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  Azur Lane (Simplified Chinese 'Deep Blue Course' ) bụ egwuregwu vidio nke ndị China ikike Shanghai Manjuu na Xiamen Yongshi, ebe na 2017 maka ndị na-akwụrụ iOS na gam akporo .  Tọọ n'usoro ụzọ ọzọ nke Agha IIwa nke ọgụ, ndị egwuregwu na-etinye aka na egwuregwu ịgba ụta n'ụdị, na-eji agwa ụmụ meremoe anthropomorphic dabere na ụgbọ mmiri sitere na ndị isi agha.  Ihe egwuregwu ndị ọzọ, dị ka ụgbọ ụlọ ezumike na agwa n'ime egwuregwu, njikere ogbugbu a. Eme egwuregwu ahụ n'ọtụtụ manga na akwụkwọ.  Azur Lane Crosswave, ihe ngbanwe 3D maka PlayStation 4, nke Compile Heart edi na August 2019 na àgwà agwa.  E weputara ' bekee Crosswave na February 2020 maka PlayStation 4 na PC.  A tọhapụrụ ụgbọ mmiri Nintendo Switch na Japan na September 2020, yana na February 2021 na North America na February 2021 na Europe. </ </ref>Ekwuwapụta ihe onyonyo onyonyo anime nke Bibury Animation Studios na 2018, wee wepụta ya site na Ọktoba 2019 ruo Machị 2020. Funimation nyere ikike a maka SimulDub. [1] Ihe onyonyo ihe onyonyo onyonyo anime nke Azur Lane: Slow Ahead! manga site na studios CANDYBOX na Foto Yostar ekesara site na January ruo Ma ọchịchị 2021; a mara ɔkwan oge nke. Ihe ngosi ihe ngosi vidiyo izizi nke ụzọ abụọ nke Azur Lane: Queen's Order manga ewepụtara na Julaị 2023. Azur Lane bụ ihe nkiri mkpọ egwu, ịme anwansị na egwuregwu vidiyo na-egwu egwu.  Ndị na-egwu egwuregwu na-anakọta ihe odide ndị bụ́ nne nke moe anthropomorphic nke mmiri agha ụwa nke amaghị ("" mmiri mmiri "), tumadi sitere na United States Navy, Royal Navy, Imperial Japanese Navy na Kriegsmarine, na ụgbọ mmiri  ndị ọzọ sitere na French Navy (ma Vichy na Free France flavors), Republic of China Navy, Ndị agha arịrị onwe ndị agha mmiri, Regia Marina, Soviet Navy, Imperial Russian Navy, na Imperial German mmiri mmiri na-egosire mgbe e gosiri.  Ndị na-egwu egwuregwu na-hazi ha n'ime ụgbọ mmiri isii ma na-ndị iro AI na-achịkwa ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị egwuregwu ndị ọzọ.  [1] mmiri mmiri a nwere ike ikike akara (EXP) site na ụzọ dị iche iche (iche site na agha, na-emecha ọrụ, ma ọ bụ na-etinye ụgbọ mmiri ndị a n'ime ụlọ obibi), na  ha ụfọdụ ụfọdụ EXP iji nweta ọkwa siri ike.  Ha oke oke ọkwa maka etu ndị egwuregwu ga-esi mmiri ụgbọ mmiri ha, nke na-ekiri ike nkeji site na ọgụtụ oke.  Ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ nwere nke ha set nke upgradable ikike nwere ike ọrụ na agha. Nhazi nke onye egwuregwu America USS Laffey (DD-459), onye nbibi Britain HMS Javelin na onye nbi German Z23 (Ntọhapụ Chinese, Bekee) ma ọ bụ onye Japan Ayanami (ntọhapụ Japanese, Korea) dị maka ndị egwuregwu egwuregwu dị ka ụgbọ mmiri  mmiri mmiri.  A na-akpọ ha ndị na-eme egwuregwu n'ime egwuregwu.  [1] Ka nke March 2021[update] <nowiki></link></nowiki><nowiki></link></nowiki> , ewebatala ihe ihe ụmụaka 450 na egwuregwu ahụ, na-anya anya ụgbọ mmiri sitere na mba ndụ so na agha ahụ.  [2] ahụ bụkwa ihe ama ama maka ụgbọ mmiri ihe ngosi nka ngosi dị ka agwa ya dị ka Japanese Mikasa na Russian Aurora . Mgbe ị na-akwado maka ọnọdụ isi egwuregwu ahụ, ndị egwuregwu nwere ike ịhazi ụgbọ mmiri abụọ (ka egwuregwu ahụ na-aga n'ihu, ha ga-emepe ihe ruru 6 kacha elu) nke nwere ahịrị n'ihu na azụ azụ, nwere oghere atọ dị n'ahịrị ọ bụla. Enwere ike ekenye ndị na-emebi ihe, ụgbọ mmiri dị mfe na ụgbọ mmiri dị arọ n'ahịrị ihu, ebe a na-echekwa ahịrị azụ maka ụgbọ agha, ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ elu, ihe nleba anya, ụgbọ mmiri na-arụzi ụgbọ mmiri, ụgbọ agha na ndị na-ebu ụgbọ elu . Ngwakọta dị iche iche nke ụgbọ mmiri chọrọ iji nweta mmeri n'ọnọdụ agha dị iche iche. Ndị egwuregwu nwere ike họrọ wee tinye maapụ . Mgbe ha na-alụso onye iro ọgụ, ndị egwuregwu nwere ike iji joystick mebere iji chịkwaa ahịrị dị n'ihu, nke nwere ike ịgba egbe na-akpaghị aka na ebumnuche wee jiri aka bido torpedoes. Mgbe ọ nọ ọdụ, ahịrị azụ nwere ike izipu ogbunigwe shei ma onye ọkpụkpọ nwere ike iji aka kpọọ oku ikuku. Ndị a ga-eme ka mmetụta mkpochapụ mgbọ rụọ ọrụ, wepụ ihe niile projectiles na torpedoes na ihuenyo. Ndị egwuregwu nwere nhọrọ ọnọdụ akpaaka iji hapụ njikwa a na AI egwuregwu. A na-ejuputa ahụike nke ndị mkpụrụedemede mgbe ha na-emecha ma ọ bụ na-apụ na maapụ. A na-ewepụ isi ihe omume maka agwa ụgbọ mmiri ọ bụla n'ọgụ. Ọ bụrụ na agwa daa n'ọgụ, ha enweghị ike isonye na ime ihe ọzọ na maapụ ahụ, a na-ewepụkwa ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke isi mmụọ maka agwa dara ada na njedebe nke agha ahụ. Ịkwụsị mmụọ dị ala maka agwa na-ebelata stats na mmetụta ịhụnanya ha. Ebe mmetụta ịhụnanya dị ala na-eduga agwa iji kelee onye ọkpụkpọ na ụda olu na-egosipụta ndakpọ olileanya ha. <ref name="rpgsarticle">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rpgsite.net/feature/6593-how-azur-lane-is-able-to-rival-kantai-collection-s-popularity-in-japan|title=How Azur Lane is able to rival Kantai Collection's popularity in Japan {{!}} RPG Site|last=Stenbuck|first=Kite|website=RPG Site|access-date=June 18, 2018}}</ref>   . </ref>Ewebatara igwe ọrụ ọzọ ka hapụchara egwuregwu ahụ. E webatara usoro agha okpuru mmiri na okpuru mmiri na Mee 2018. Nke a n'ikiri ma iwu okpuru mmiri, na agwa dabere na ụgbọ mmiri U- German, na ụgbọ mmiri ndị America na ndị Japan. [1] Ewebata usoro nwamba ụgbọ mmiri na September 2018. Enwere ike ụdị nwamba dị iche n'iche nri . Enwere ike ike ha ka ha na-enye buffs mgbe a na-ebuga ha na ụgbọ mmiri gaa agha. === Ebe obibi === mmiri a na-eme akwụkwọ "Dormitory". Enwere ike ndị ụgbọ n'ụdị chibi ha n'ime ụlọ ebe a na-edebe ụlọ ebe ha nwere ịga ike ịgagharị ma n'ọdụ ala, hie Ụra ma ọ bụ saa ahụ. [1] Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nwere ike ị nwere akara ngosi wee na-echeta mgbe ndị egwuregwu nyere ha nri. Ndị na-egwu egwuregwu nwere ike ndị nri nri saịtị na ọkụ ma ọ bụ ego egwuregwu. Ndị na-egwu egwuregwu egwuregwu ike ihe dị iche iche nke isiokwu, yana oge ụfọdụ, arịa ụlọ na ihe nkiri site na iji "mkpụrụ ego arịa ụlọ" enwetara site na izipu ihe site na iche iche. Ngwongwo na ihe egwu mma na-ebuli egwu enwetara. Enwere ike ike ha n'efu. na-egwu egwuregwu nwere ike ikike ikike ụlọ, dị ka ala nke abụọ nke na-agbake ngosi, wee bụrụ arrịa ụlọ ihe iche site na iji ego egwuregwu. Ọzọkwa, ike ike inye ihe saịtị na ikpochapụ usoro mmemme. Ndị egwuregwu nwere ike echiche ebe obibi ndị egwuregwu ndị ọzọ. Mmalite nke egwuregwu ahụ na-enye ihe nkiri anthropomorphic nke Agha nke Denmark Strait, ebe ike nke onye agha Britain ama ama HMS Hood na-adaba site na odide na-anya anya ndị agha German.  Ikwe ahụ nwere njikọ aka nke ndị agha, "Azur Lane", nke mba Eagle Union ( United States ), Royal Navy ( United Kingdom ) mgba ya, nwa Ukwu Sakura ( Ukwu Japan ), Ọbara Iron ( Nazi Germany ).  Dragon Empery ( Republic of China ), nzuko omeiwu Northern (Soviet Union ), Iris Orthodoxy ( France ), na Sardegna tọrọ Ukwu ( Italy ).  [1] ahụ kewara abụọ n'ihi nke aka nke ndị mba ọzọ, ya na Ọbara Iron, tọrọ Ukwu Sakura, na tọrọ Ukwu Sardegna na-etolite otu "Crimson Axis " na--Carya.  N'iji ike nke ndị mba ọzọ a na-akpọ "Sirens", Crimson Axis na-awakpo ndị ha na ha na-emekọbu.  N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ mpaghara Azur Lane bịara n'okpuru ọrụ nke Crimson Axis, na Iris Orthodoxy kewara n'ime Iris Libre ( Free France ) na Vichya Dominion ( Vichy France ).  Isi nkata egwuregwu ndị ọzọ sochiri njikọ aka ndị agha mmirika United States na Agha Pacific .  Isi nke na-anya anya ọtụtụ agha dị mkpa dị mkpa agha Agha Midway, Agha Naval nke Guadalcanal, na na-akpọ Mariana na Palau Islands . == Mmepe == ' . <ref name="Febri_47_41"> {na-ahụ Azur Lane, Yuwan, [lower-alpha 1] onye ma ama na-ebugo na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke ndị vidiyo China Bilibili, egwuregwu egwuregwu ahụ na ndị enyi ya ise nke mahadum, na echiche mbụ nke "ịmepụta egwuregwu ahụ. doujin, ma ọ bụrụ na. nke azụmahịa ekwe omume." [1] N'ịhụ ọtụtụ egwuregwu yiri nke a na-ahụ na Greater China ka ihe ịga nke ọma ' Kantai Collection mma, ndị image nha "ihe dị iche na ụgbọ mmiri mmiri moe anthropomorphism gara aga". N'ihi ya, ha kpachaara anya zere iji egwuregwu egwuregwu tụ egwu dị ka nke Kantai Collection na ọtụtụ ndị na-eso ya ji. Ha tụ́ strale anya anya n'ogbo mmiri ndị Japan gaa ná mba ndị ọzọ agha agha nke mmetụta </ref>Ntụgharị ahụ chọsiri ike n'ihe egwuregwu ahụ site n'igosi ihe odide dabere na ụgbọ mmiri ihe ngosi nka ngosi site na oge mbụ, dị ka ụgbọ agha pre-dreadnought Mikasa nke Agha Mbụ Mbụ, bụ nke jere ozi dị ka ọkọlọtọ n'oge mbụ, bụ nke jere ozi dị ka ọkọlọtọ n'oge mbụ. agha Russo-Japanese, na ndị Russia na-echebe. cruiser Aurora, ụgbọ mmiri a ma ama maka egwu aka na Mgbanwe Ọktọba . Idobe nguzozi egwuregwu na ụkọ ihe odide ndị a siri ike, agbanyeghị, ndị àmà ahụ bu n'obi igosi ụgbọ mmiri ngwere nka, ma bu n'obi iwebata kpara ndị ọzọ dị ka nke a n'etiti. [1] E webatara usoro ihe odide na ụgbọ mmiri Agha nke mmetụta mmetụta aro ma ọ bụ ike nke, Neptune, Saint-Louis na Ibuki, dịka ihe nke akwụkwọ ya na Wargaming, onye na-azụ World of Warships. . </ref>Shanghai's Manjuu Ltd. nyere ihe onyonyo onyonyo na ederede maka Azur Lane . Ndị ọrụ Xiamen's Yongshi Ltd. ( Chinese ) bụ onye na-ahụ maka mmemme, nhazi data egwuregwu na egwuregwu. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọrụ ndị ahụ na-eke ikike egwuregwu ahụ ma kesaa ikike nwebisiinka ya, yana oke 65%/35% nke ego ha ikike Ebubere egwuregwu a na China na Mee 2017, nke Bilibili bipụtara. Shanghai Yostar bipụtara nsụgharị Japanese na Septemba afọ ahụ. <ref name="rpgsarticle"/> XD Global bipụtara ụdị South Korea na Maachị 2018. </ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/azurlanekorea/status/978252397095997442|title=벽람항로 on Twitter|work=Twitter|accessdate=August 21, 2018|language=en}}<ref> Ekwuputala ụdị asụsụ Bekee ka ọ na-emepe na June 2018. Beta mepere emepe na Ọgọst 16, 2018. </ref>{{Cite web|author=Stenbuck|first=Kite|title=Azur Lane English version has been officially announced by Yostar|url=https://www.rpgsite.net/news/7282-azur-lane-english-version-has-been-officially-announced-by-yostar|work=RPG Site|accessdate=June 18, 2018}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.rpgsite.net/news/7584-azur-lane-english-open-beta-test-will-be-launched-on-august-16|title=Azur Lane English open beta test will be launched on August 16 {{!}} RPG Site|author=Stenbuck|first=Kite|work=RPG Site|accessdate=August 16, 2018}}</ref> Na Mee 20, 2019, ewepụtara ụdị bekee yana mweghachi nke 2019 UI. <ref name="twinfinite_2019-05-20">{{Cite web|url=https://twinfinite.net/2019/05/azur-lane-new-ui/|title=Azur Lane Receiving Brand New UI As Open Beta Ends|date=May 20, 2019|author=Nelva|first=Giuseppe|work=Twinfinite|language=en-US|accessdate=May 24, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="LiHengdaInterview">{{Cite news|url=https://game-maniax.com/wiki/azurlane/archives/detail/19117|title=１周年を迎えた『アズールレーン』の運営会社「Yostar」社長、李衡達氏にインタビュー！ {{!}} ゲーム★マニアックス {{!}} ANIMAX|work=ゲーム★マニアックス {{!}} ANIMAX|accessdate=September 20, 2018|language=ja-JP}}</ref>Li Hengda, onye isi oche nke Yostar Inc., ọrịa na n'agbanyeghị na ọ ikike ikike Azur Lane ' ọ tụghị anya na ọkwa ewu ewu egwuregwu ahụ na Japan.  N'ịkwenye na ihe dị ka mmadụ 10 ga-ezuru, Li mechara kweta mmejọ ya n'inwe ikike ndị ọrụ oge niile na ndị ọrụ abụọ tupu ahapụ egwuregwu ahụ, n'ihi na ha na-arụ ọrụ site n'ụtụ ruo etiti  egwuregwu ka egwuregwu na-ewu ewu na-eto na njedebe nke 2017. Site na Azur Lane, Yostar guzobe ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ Japan a ma na ndị okike wee zute ya na nzaghachi nzaghachi.  Tony Taka, nke a maara maka ọrụ ya na usoro Shining, nwere obi ụtọ ka a fee ya ka ọ nye nhazi maka HMS Centaur (R06), na-egosi ọrụ mbụ ya na egwuregwu egwu .  Jin Haganeya, onye maka Demonbane, edemede dee edemede maka anime egwuregwu. == Nkwalite == Mmemme pụrụ iche nke na-egosi onye na-eme ihe nkiri Yui Ishikawa na-eleta ụlọ ọrụ nke otu n'ime ndị mmepe, Manjuu Ltd., na Shanghai bụ n'elu ikpo okwu igwe onyonyo nke Japan na-enuba AbemaTV na Mee 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abema.tv/channels/ultra-games/slots/Ee7EBLtYZ6z55H|title=アズレンTV～石川由依がめぐる アズレン開発現場 in 上海～|work=[[AbemaTV]]|language=ja|accessdate=October 13, 2018}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, iji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi n'oge mmemme nke akara ụghalaahịa " iji zoo aka na njirimara ụgbọ mmiri ahaziri ahazi nke egwuregwu ahụ mere ka DMM.com, onye mbipụta ''Kantai Collection'' dọọ ya aka ná ntị n'ihu ọha. Yostar nyere mgbaghara, ma kpọkuo ndị egwuregwu ''Azur Lane'' ka ha wepụta usoro ọzọ maka agwa ụgbọ mmiri ahaziri ahazi egwuregwu ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.qoo-app.com/en/post/29934/%5BQoo+Otaku%5D+KanColle+tells+Azur+Lane:+Please+change+name|title=[Qoo Otaku] KanColle tells Azur Lane: Please change name|work=QooApp: Anime Games Platform|accessdate=September 15, 2018|language=en}}</ref> A natara ihe karịrị otu puku ntinye akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/azurlane_staff/status/1030329830015873024|title=アズールレーン公式 on Twitter|work=Twitter|accessdate=September 15, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Na Septemba 2018, Yostar kwupụtara okwu ọhụrụ a ga-abụ "Kinetics Artifactual Navy-Self-regulative En-lore Node", nke akpọchiri dị ka "KAN-SEN" na bụ azụ azụ nke okwu Japanese " . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gamebiz.jp/?p=220154|title=Yostar、『アズールレーン』のキャラクターの総称を「艦船（KAN-SEN）」に決定！ {{!}} Social Game Info|work=Social Game Info|language=ja|accessdate=September 15, 2018}}</ref> Na Eprel 2018, Yostar na Wargaming Japan kwupụtara mmekorita n'etiti egwuregwu na ''World of Warships'' . Ndị egwuregwu ''Azur Lane'' nwere ike nweta mkpụrụedemede dabere na ụgbọ mmiri sitere na ''World of Warships'' site na interface ọhụrụ a na-akpọ "Development Dock", ebe ndị egwuregwu ''World of Warships'' nwere ike zụta agwa ''Azur Lane'' dị ka ndị isi okwu, na akpụkpọ anụ maka ụgbọ mmiri dabere na ihe nhazi nke ''Azur Lane'' ' s. agwa ntọhapụ aha. <ref name="WoWSAsia20180402">{{Cite web|url=https://worldofwarships.asia/en/news/common/azurelane_collaboration_0402/|title=World of Warships x Azur Lane Collaboration: Coming Soon!|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=April 2, 2018|work=WoWS Asia|publisher=Wargaming|accessdate=April 2, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402225648/https://worldofwarships.asia/en/news/common/azurelane_collaboration_0402/|archivedate=April 2, 2018}}</ref> N'April 2019, a na-agbatịkwu mmekorita ''WoWS'' site na oge 2, na-ewebata agwa ọhụrụ na egwuregwu abụọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=YUZORAH|title=World of Warships X Azur Lane Collaboration|url=https://thedailybounce.net/world-of-warships/world-of-warships-x-azur-lane-collaboration-may-contain-weebery/|work=thedailybounce.net|accessdate=April 22, 2019|date=April 6, 2019|archivedate=May 18, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518131542/https://thedailybounce.net/world-of-warships/world-of-warships-x-azur-lane-collaboration-may-contain-weebery/}}</ref> N'August 2020, a na-agbatịkwu mmekorita ahụ site na oge nke atọ, na-ewebata oke ụgbọ mmiri ọhụrụ, akpụkpọ anụ na ndị isi n'egwuregwu abụọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Azur Lane: Third Wave|url=https://worldofwarships.eu/en/news/sales-and-events/azur-lane-third-wave/|work=worldofwarships.eu|accessdate=October 8, 2020}}</ref> Mmekọrịta ya na Sunrise Inc. na Mee 2018 gosipụtara nkata crossover na anime ''Armored Trooper VOTOMS'' . Agbakwunyere Marshydog mecha sitere na ihe ngosi ahụ na ''Azur Lane'' dị ka ihe eji arụ ụlọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2018/05/24/azur-lane-x-votoms-collab-teased|title=Azur Lane x VOTOMS Collab Teased|author=Dennison|first=Kara|date=May 24, 2018|work=Crunchyroll|accessdate=June 18, 2018}}</ref> Ihe omume mmekorita ya na Aquaplus na Nọvemba 2018 mere ihe odide sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ visual ''Utawarerumono'' nwetara na ''Azur Lane'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rpgsite.net/news/7754-azur-lane-announces-a-collaboration-with-utawarerumono-which-will-be-held-in-japan-in-november-2018|title=Azur Lane announces a collaboration with Utawarerumono, which will be held in Japan in November 2018 {{!}} RPG Site|author=Stenbuck|first=Kite|work=www.rpgsite.net|accessdate=September 15, 2018}}</ref> Ihe omume crossover na ''Dead ma ọ bụ Ndụ Xtreme Venus Vacation'' akpọrọ "Vacation Lane" mere n'etiti Nọvemba 26 na Disemba 9, 2020. Ọ gosipụtara akụkọ mbụ, ụgbọ mmiri ọhụrụ, akpụkpọ anụ, na arịa ụlọ. Ụmụ agwa ndị e gosiri bụ Marie Rose, Honoka, Kasumi, Misaki, Nyotengu, Nagisa, na Monica. Na Eprel 24, 2023, a mara ọkwa na mmemme crossover a ga-emegharị site na Eprel 27 ruo Mee 11. Edemede niile egosipụtara na mbụ ga-alọghachi na ntinye Luna na Tamaki. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siliconera.com/doaxvv-event-will-re-run-in-azur-lane/|title=DOAXVV Event Will Re-run in Azur Lane|author=Liu|first=Stephanie|date=2023-04-24|work=[[Siliconera]]|publisher=|accessdate=2023-04-24}}</ref> N'agbata Nọvemba 2 na Disemba 7, 2022, ewebata mkpụrụedemede isii ọhụrụ nwere obere oge (Kala Ideas, Klaudia Valentz, Patricia Abelheim, Reisalin Stout, Lila Decyrus na Serri Glaus) dị ka akụkụ nke mmekorita ya na egwuregwu vidiyo abụọ sitere na franchise Atelier . nke Gust Corporation mepụtara; ''Atelier Ryza 2: Akụkọ ifo efu &amp;amp; ihe nzuzo nzuzo'' na ''Atelier Ryza 3: Alchemist nke njedebe &amp;amp; igodo nzuzo'' . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-12|title=Azur Lane announces crossover event with Atelier Ryza 2 - Niche Gamer|url=https://nichegamer.com/azur-lane-crossover-atelier-ryza-2/|accessdate=2022-12-18|work=nichegamer.com|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nelva|first=Gieuseppe|date=2022-11-18|title=Azur Lane X Atelier Ryza 3 & 2 Crossover Revealed as Ryza & C Become Shipgirls Next Week|url=https://twinfinite.net/2022/11/azur-lane-atelier-ryza-collaboration/|accessdate=2022-12-18|work=Twinfinite|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=qooapp|date=2022-11-21|title=Azur Lane x Atelier Ryza Collab Begins on November 24 - QooApp News|url=https://news.qoo-app.com/en/post/130408/azur-lane-atelier-ryza-collab-nov24|accessdate=2022-12-18|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rc90ttsry7or9h78ewssrxca9xhpwvm 0 30161 692846 137815 2026-07-30T20:32:38Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 692846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Frank Rodney Reed''' (amụrụ na Mee 13, afọ 1954) bụ onye bụbu onye mba America na-agba bọọlụ nke gbara bọọlụ oge ise na National Football League (NFL) na Atlanta Falcons. == Ọrụ ịgba egwu == Tupu oge nke afọ 1981, Falcons rere Reed na otu Green Bay Packers na Dewey McClain maka Steve Luke na ntinye akwụkwọ.<ref name="greenbay">{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zoQsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z80EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2918,4233671&dq=dewey+mcclain&hl=en|title=Herald-Journal - Google News Archive Search}}</ref> N'afọ 1983 ọ gbara bọọlụ maka otu Birmingham Stallions nke United States Football League. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{Atlanta Falcons 1976 draft navbox}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reed,Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mym0lsryw6kchqiyain6dths3n9dfat 0 30174 692853 142046 2026-07-30T20:39:42Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 692853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Frankie Fitzgerald|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1985|4|28|df=y}}|birth_place=[[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]|occupation=Actor|years_active=1999–present}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} Frankie Fitzgerald (amuru 28 Eprel 1985, na South London) bu onye omekorita bekee, mara amara maka oru ya dika nwa Nick Cotton Ashley na BBC soap opera EastEnders. Frankie lụrụ nwunye ya Lydia na 2016 ma ha nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ. Ha na-agbakọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe nkiri na-aga nke ọma nke a na-akpọ Center Stage Theater Academy nke emebere kemgbe 2010. == Ọrụ == Fitzgerald zụrụ azụ na The Webber Douglas Academy of Performing Arts, na-emecha ihe ọmụmụ afọ atọ ya na 2006. Ọrụ ya malitere ọtụtụ mgbe, Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọ rutere ọrụ ọkachamara mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 15. Ọ rụrụ Ashley Cotton na EastEnders site na 2000 ruo 2001 na kemgbe apụtala dị ka Jason Porter, onye bụ isi agwa nke usoro ikpeazụ nke Dream Team na Sky1. N'ọgwụgwụ 2008, Fitzgerald pụtara na ITV1's He Kills Coppers. Ọ pụtara dị ka onye isi okwu na ihe omume 30 Disemba 2008 nke EastEnders kpughere: Nick Cotton laghachi. Ọ pụtara na Casualty dị ka Russell, na na Troy, ebe ọ kpọrọ Aeneas. Ọ pụtakwara na Holby City. Na 2010 Frankie bidoro ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe nkiri akpọrọ Center Stage Theater Academy nke ya na nwunye ya nwere Lydia Fitzgerald. Ọ na-aga nke ọma na alaka iri na-akụzi afọ 4-18 afọ. Na 2015 o gosipụtara na Legend n'akụkụ Tom Hardy. == Akụkụ nke ihe nkiri == * ''Troy'' (2004) - Aeneas * Stormhouse (2011) - Dan Randall * ''London Irish'' (2013) - Tyson * ''Akụkọ ifo'' (2015) - Jack Dickson * ''Ndị omempụ na-agba chaa chaa Geezers'' (2016) - Dermot * EastEnders (2000-2001) - Ashley Cotton == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0280238}}  {{DEFAULTSORT:Fitzgerald,Frankie}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8jt0757kxht9gvayu2va416oroo64gj 0 30183 692830 141594 2026-07-30T20:20:25Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Fujimoto Kazuko|image=|image_size=|caption=|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1939|1|1}}|birth_place={{JPN}} [[Tokyo]]|death_date=|death_place=|restingplace={{USA}}|othername=藤本 和子|occupation=[[essayist]]|yearsactive=|spouse=|relatives=[[David G. Goodman]]}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}}   Fujimoto Kazuko (藤本 和子, amụrụ 1939) bụ onye edemede na onye ntụgharị asụsụ Japan. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ya na Tokyo. == Akwụkwọ == * オリエントの舌 == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kazuko, Fujimoto}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] a043zwf4258o2lw2qib4u7znv9loe7q 0 30193 692945 142042 2026-07-31T02:39:45Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Frank Johannes Maria Houben (1939-2023) bụ onye bụbu Kọmịshọna Queen maka mpaghara Dutch nke North Brabant n'etiti 22 Eprel 1987 na 1 Ọktọba 2003, mgbe ọ lara ezumike nka ka afọ iri na isii rụchara ọrụ maka Beatrix nke Netherlands. Onye nọchiri ya bụ Hanja Maij-Weggen. Na mbụ ọ bụ onye isi obodo Luyksgestel, Vessem, Wintelre en Knegsel, na Etten-Leur. Na 20 Septemba 2003 ndị isi obodo nke North Brabant kụrụ osisi na Houben Forest dị ka ụtụ maka ọrụ ya. Ohia Houben dị nso na Nemerlaer Castle na obodo Haaren na mpaghara North Brabant. Houben gara Mahadum Radboud Nijmegen na Mahadum Pittsburgh. Ọ lụọla nwanyị nwere ụmụ anọ. == Ihe odide == * (in Dutch) [https://web.archive.org/web/20041105043153/http://www.parlement.com/9291000/biof/15082%20 Parlement.com biography] == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Frank Houben at Wikimedia Commons {{DEFAULTSORT:Houben, Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6t1lkfw0evv77cu5y9v2meu1q1c5b1r 0 31418 692759 628668 2026-07-30T15:36:13Z Mbah Victor Chukwuemerie 16687 fixed reference error 692759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Oladapo Joshua Afolayan (amụrụ na 11 Septemba 1997) bụ onye bọọlụ bọọlụ nke bọọlụ bụ onye bekee nke na-agba bọọlụ dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ ma ọ bụ onye na-aga n'ihu maka 2. Oladapo Joshua Afolayan onye na-agba bọọlụ n'etiti 2. Klọb Bundesliga FC St. Pauli. Bundesliga FC St. Pauli == Ọrụ klọb == Afolayan sonyeere Harrow St Marys n'okpuru ọkwa 5 wee banye n'usoro ndị ntorobịa na Chelsea mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu, ebe ọ jụrụ ohere nke onyinye onye mmegide site na Arsenal. usoro ndị ntorobịa Chelsea Arsenal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whufc.com/teams/development-squad/squad/oladapo-afolayan|title=Oladapo Afolayan|publisher=West Ham United F.C.|accessdate=23 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="obama">{{Cite web|title=Academy Spotlight: Oladapo Afolayan|url=https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2020/april/15-april/academy-spotlight-oladapo-afolayan|work=www.whufc.com|accessdate=4 July 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Solihull Observer">{{Cite news|title=From Toronto to Solihull: the rise of Solihull Moors striker Dapo Afolayan|url=https://solihullobserver.co.uk/sport/from-toronto-to-solihull-the-rise-of-solihull-moors-striker-dapo-afolayan/|accessdate=4 July 2020|work=Solihull Observer|date=27 April 2017|language=en}}</ref> Ọ lụsoro ịdị mkpụmkpụ ya ọgụ dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma ma bụrụ onye a machibidoro igwu egwu dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ. onye na-agba ọsọ<ref name="obama" /> Ọ hapụrụ Chelsea mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ ka bọọlụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ghara igbochi agụmakwụkwọ ya, na Merchant Taylors School. Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ndị Ahịa Taylors<ref name="set">{{Cite news|author=Evans|first=Chris|title=Dapo Afolayan: The forward who turned down Chelsea for non-league|url=https://thesetpieces.com/interviews/dapo-afolayan-forward-turned-chelsea-non-league/|accessdate=4 July 2020|work=The Set Pieces|date=16 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Scissorum Issue 186 February 2 2018 - mtsn.org.uk Issue 186 ... French mathematician Evariste Galois. ... This week the Outdoor Education Shooting Team embarked on a - [PDF Document]|url=https://vdocuments.net/scissorum-issue-186-february-2-2018-mtsnorguk-issue-186-french-mathematician.html|accessdate=1 February 2022|work=vdocuments.net|language=en|archivedate=1 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201170023/https://vdocuments.net/scissorum-issue-186-february-2-2018-mtsnorguk-issue-186-french-mathematician.html}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, Afolayan kwagara Canada ma nọrọ oge na ndị otu Toronto FC na League1 Ontario na Premier Development League. Toronto FC League1 Ontario Premier Development League O mechara kwuo na n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị naanị afọ iri na isii, ọ "na-azụ ndị otu mbụ ma soro ndị dị ka Jermain Defoe, Michael Bradley, Jozy Altidore na Sebastian Giovinco gwuo egwu". Jermain Defoe Michael Bradley Jozy Altidore Sebastian Giovinco<ref name="Solihull Observer"/> Ná ngwụcha oge 2015, ọ gbara bọọlụ maka ANB Futbol na League1 Ontario. ANB Football<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anbfutbol.com/2018%20Odadapo-Niklas.pdf|title=Two former ANB Futbol players sign professional contracts|date=February 2018|work=[[ANB Futbol]]}}</ref> Ọ gbakwara bọọlụ maka Mahadum nke Toronto Varsity Blues, mgbe ọ nọ na Canada. Mahadum nke Toronto Varsity Blues<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oua.ca/sports/msoc/2014-15/players/dapoafolayanek8h?view=career&pos=kickers|title=Dapo Afolayan|publisher=Ontario University Athletics|accessdate=23 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.league1ontario.com/news_article/show/601813|title=L1 2014 Post-Season Player Watch|date=3 December 2014|work=[[League1 Ontario]]|accessdate=3 October 2023|archivedate=5 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205062905/https://www.league1ontario.com/news_article/show/601813}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- === Ọrụ mmalite === | rowspan="2" |Toronto FC III |2014 |League1 Ontario | | | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | | | | |- |2015<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722044257/http://uslpdl.com/teams/2015/74548977.html|archivedate=22 July 2015|url=http://uslpdl.com/teams/2015/74548977.html|title=TFC Academy PDL 2015|work=[[Premier Development League]]}}</ref> |Premier Development League |10 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |1 |- Ọ nọrọ oge ntorobịa ya n'ọtụtụ klọb: Harrow St Marys, Chelsea, Toronto FC, Barnet, Tooting & Mitcham United na Toronto Varsity Blues. Chelsea Toronto FC Barnet Tooting & Mitcham United Toronto Varsity Blues Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Chelsea iji lekwasị anya na GCSEs ya. Ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Canada mana ọ laghachiri England iji mụọ injinia obodo na Mahadum Loughborough. Mahadum Loughborough<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2021/january/23-january/oladapo-afolayan-ive-worked-my-socks-and-im-just-happy-its|title=Oladapo Afolayan: I've worked my socks off and I'm just happy it's paid off|publisher=whufc.com|date=23 January 2021|accessdate=23 January 2021}}</ref> Ọ bịanyere aka na Solihull Moors na Febụwarị 2017 wee gbaa goolu iri na ise n'egwuregwu iri ise, merie otu egwuregwu Premier League West Ham United ọnwa iri na abụọ ka e mesịrị; ndị otu England C mekwara ya. Solihull Moors Premier League England C Ọ nọrọ ọkara nke abụọ nke oge 2018-19 na mgbazinye na Oldham Athletic na ọkara mbụ nke mkpọsa 2019-20 na mgbazinye ego na Mansfield Town. Obodo Oldham Athletic Mansfield |ANB Futbol |2015 |League1 Ontario | | | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | | | | |- |Loughborough University |2016–17<ref name="lough">{{Cite web|url=http://fulltime-league.thefa.com/DisplayStatsForPlayer.do?id=668152828|title=Total Motion Midland Football League|publisher=Football Association|accessdate=23 February 2019|archivedate=24 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224062448/http://fulltime-league.thefa.com/DisplayStatsForPlayer.do?id=668152828}}</ref> |Midland League Premier Division |11 |3 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |11 |3 |- | rowspan="3" |Solihull Moors |2016–17 |National League |15 |4 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |15 |4 |- |2017–18 |National League |30 |11 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2{{efn|Appearances in [[FA Trophy]]|name=FAT}} |0 |35 |11 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !45 !15 !3 !0 !0 !0 !2 !0 !50 !15 |- |West Ham United U21 |2020–21<ref name="2020-21">{{Soccerbase season|101299|2020|accessdate=23 January 2021}}</ref> |– | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |4{{efn|Appearances in [[EFL Trophy]]|name=EFT}} |0 |4 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |West Ham United |2018–19 |Premier League |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- |2019–20 |Premier League |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- |2020–21 |Premier League |0 |0 |1 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !0 !0 !1 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !1 !1 |- |Oldham Athletic (loan) |2018–19<ref name="2018-19">{{Soccerbase season|101299|2018|accessdate=19 September 2019}}</ref> |League Two |10 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |10 |0 |- |Mansfield Town (loan) |2019–20<ref name="2019-20">{{Soccerbase season|101299|2019|accessdate=19 September 2019}}</ref> |League Two |6 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2{{efn|Appearances in [[EFL Trophy]]|name=EFT}} |0 |8 |1 |- |Bolton Wanderers (loan) |2020–21<ref name="2020-21" /> |League Two |21 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |21 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |Bolton Wanderers |2021–22 | rowspan="2" |League One |44 |12 |2 |0 |1 |0 |4{{efn|Appearances in [[EFL Trophy]]|name=EFT}} |2 |51 |14 |- |2022–23 |22 |3 |1 |0 |2 |1 |4{{efn|name=EFT}} |2 |29 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !66 !15 !3 !0 !2 !1 !8 !4 !80 !20 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !169 !36 !7 !1 !3 !1 !16 !4 !195 !42 |} {{notelist}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Afolayan, Dapo}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8u5esiayqpsmlemtqpwpfgjve58agvg 0 31687 693137 194935 2026-07-31T11:53:53Z Nachi kim 20090 ADDED {{DEFAULTSORT}} 693137 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Usòrò:FemiKuti20110925A.jpg|thumb|Egwuregwu na Warszawa Cross Culture Festival - 25 Septemba 2011]]{{Databox}} Olufela Olufemi Anikulapo Kuti (amụrụ na 16 June 1962), nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Femi Kuti, bụ onye egwu Naijiria amụrụ na London ma zụlite na Lagos. Olufela Olufemi Anikulapo Kuti Femi Kuti London Lagos Ọ bụ nwa mbụ nke onye ọsụ ụzọ Afrobeat Fela Kuti na nwa nwa nke onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, onye na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na onye aristocrat ọdịnala Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti. Afrobeat Fela Kuti onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị bụ aristocrat ọdịnala Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti Femi Kuti malitere ọrụ egwu ya na-akpọ egwu n'òtù nna ya, Egypt 80. Ijipt 80 N'afọ 1986, Femi malitere òtù nke ya, Positive Force, na-eguzobe onwe ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe na-anọghị n'ihe nketa nna ya. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Femi Anikulapo Kuti na London na Fela na Remilekun (Remi) Ransome-Kuti (née Taylor; 1941-2000), ma too n'isi obodo Naijiria, Lagos. Ọdọ Mmiri Fela N'oge na-adịghị anya, nne ya hapụrụ nna ya, kpọrọ Femi ka ya na ya biri. Otú ọ dị, n'afọ 1977, Femi họọrọ ịkwaga nna ya. Femi malitere ịkpọ saxophone mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise ma mesịa bụrụ onye otu nna ya. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Baptist Academy na Igbobi College. Baptist Academy Igbobi College<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 July 2018|title=Femi Kuti Biography And Everything You Need To Know About Him|url=https://buzznigeria.com/femi-kuti-biography/|accessdate=29 May 2021|work=BuzzNigeria - Famous People, Celebrity Bios, Updates and Trendy News|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka nna ya, Femi etinyela aka na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/26/african.voices.femi.kuti/index.html?iref=24hours/|title=Femi Kuti: Blending Afrobeat And Politics|publisher=CNN|date=11 November 2009|accessdate=3 October 2023|archivedate=9 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809171144/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/26/african.voices.femi.kuti/index.html?iref=24hours%2F}}</ref> Nne nne Femi, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 August 2018|title=One People One World: Femi Kuti's life in music and activism|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/thestream/2018/08/25692-200324105658646.html|accessdate=9 June 2020|work=Al Jazeera|archivedate=9 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609212645/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/thestream/2018/08/25692-200324105658646.html}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na Femi bụ nwa nke ihe oyiyi mba ụwa, ọ na-ewere nne ya, Remilekun Taylor, dị ka onye kachasị emetụta ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gardner|first=John|title=Femi Kuti: Afrobeat Legend And Concerned Citizen Of The World|url=https://wmfpodcast.org/femi-kuti-afrobeat-legend-humanitarian-and-concerned-citizen-of-the-world/|work=The World Music Foundation Podcast|publisher=The World Music Foundation|accessdate=19 August 2020|archivedate=21 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921134207/https://wmfpodcast.org/femi-kuti-afrobeat-legend-humanitarian-and-concerned-citizen-of-the-world/}}</ref> == Mgbalị == Femi, nwa nwoke nke onye na-agụ egwu Afrobeat na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Fela Kuti, ketara ịnụ ọkụ n'obi nna ya maka egwu na ime ihe. Afrobeat Fela Kuti Ọ malitere ịkpọ saxophone na keyboard na ndị otu nna ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii wee banye n'ìhè, na-ede ma na-abụ abụ mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị. Femi nọgidere na-enwe mmasị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eme ka egwu egwu dị elu, jazz na abụ ọdịnala ndị Afrịka banyere nrụrụ aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ịda ogbenye na ọnọdụ ndụ oge ochie nke ọtụtụ ndị bi na mba Naịjirịa bara ọgaranya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Shrine: Femi bio|url=http://www.afrobeatmusic.net/html/femi_bio_.html|work=www.afrobeatmusic.net|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> == Egwuregwu na-eme ihe nkiri == N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2014, Femi Kuti rụrụ ọrụ na ihe omume BMO, ebe ya na onye mmekọ ọhụrụ ya bụ M.I (Jude Abaga) kerịtara otu ọkwa ahụ. M.I.<ref>{{Cite web|title=News and Entertainment – Latest Updates in Nigeria|url=http://pulse.ng/|work=pulse.ng|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Femi_Kuti_2.jpg|thumb|Kuti na-eme ihe nkiri na London]] N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2015, ya na nwanne ya nwoke bụ Seun Kuti gbara egwu na 2 Kings. Seun Kuti Egwuregwu ahụ dị ịrịba ama n'ihi na ọ bụ egwu mbụ ụmụnne ahụ mere ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title='2Kings Concert': Femi & Seun Kuti To Perform Together For First Time|url=http://saharareporters.com/2015/04/22/%E2%80%982kings-concert%E2%80%99-femi-seun-kuti-perform-together-first-time|publisher=Sahara Reporters|accessdate=17 May 2015|date=22 April 2015}}</ref> Na 15 Mee 2017 a kpọrọ Femi Anikulapo Kuti na ndekọ ụwa nke Guinness n'okpuru katalọgụ nke otu ederede e jidere na sax na usoro a na-akpọ iku ume gburugburu. Guinness ụwa ndekọ iku ume gburugburu O setịpụrụ ihe ndekọ na nkeji iri ise na otu na nkeji iri atọ na ise. == Nkọwapụta == === Abọm === * Enweghị Ihe Na-akpata Mgbaàmà? (1989, Polygram) Enweghị ihe kpatara Alarm? * M.Y.O.B (1991, Kalakuta Records) M.Y.-O.B * Femi Kuti (1995, Tabu/Motown) Femi Kuti Motown * Shoki Shoki (1998, Barclay/Polygram/Fontana MCA) Shoki Shokiin * Ịlụ ọgụ iji merie (2001, Barclay/Polygram/Fontana MCA/Wraase) Ịlụ ọgụ maka mmeri * Day by Day (2008, Wrasse Records) Day by Day Wrasse Record * Africa maka Africa (2010 /2011, Wrasse Records/Knitting Factory Records) Africa maka Africa Knitting Factary Records * Enweghị Ebe maka Nrọ m (2013, Knitting Factory Records) Enweghị Ebe Maka Nrọ m * Otu Onye Otu Ụwa (2018, Knitting Factory Records) Otu Onye Otu Onye Ụwa * Kwụsị Ịkpọasị (2021, Partisan Records) Kwụsị Ị ịkpọasị == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kuti, Femi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] b1yktec4er5380iqty57u5ae5b45m2n 0 31833 692810 165661 2026-07-30T19:53:37Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|website=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} Friday Okonofua (amụrụ n'afọ 1955) FAS bụ prọfesọ Naijiria nke Gynecology na Obstetrics. Friday Okonofua FAS Nigerian Gynecology Obstetrics<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstagegroup.com/worldstagenew/index.php?active=news&newscid=23410&catid=10|title=Maternal & Infant Mortality Reduction: Airtel playing significant role|work=worldstagegroup.com|accessdate=October 6, 2015|archivedate=October 6, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006020857/http://www.worldstagegroup.com/worldstagenew/index.php?active=news&newscid=23410&catid=10}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ Vice Chancellor nke Ondo State University of Medical Sciences na onye guzobere Women Health and Action Research Centre, otu na-abụghị maka uru nke nwere isi na Benin City, nke na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwalite nyocha ọmụmụ nwanyị. Onye isi oche Ondo State University of Medical Sciences Women Health and Action Research Centre Benin City ụmụ nwanyị ọmụmụ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribuneonlineng.com/ondo-medical-science-varsity-will-end-medical-tourism-—vc|title=Ondo Medical Science varsity will end medical tourism —VC|work=Nigerian Tribune|accessdate=October 6, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309024503/http://www.tribuneonlineng.com/ondo-medical-science-varsity-will-end-medical-tourism-%E2%80%94vc|archivedate=March 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/education/okonofua-pledges-affordable-fees/|title=Okonofua pledges affordable fees|work=The Punch News|accessdate=October 6, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007103949/http://www.punchng.com/education/okonofua-pledges-affordable-fees/|archivedate=October 7, 2015}}</ref> Tupu nhọpụta ya dị ka onye isi oche nke mbụ nke Ondo State University of Medical Sciences, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Provost nke College of Medical Science, Mahadum Benin na ugbu a onye isi mmemme nke ụlọ ọrụ Ford Foundation nke West Africa. Mahadum nke Benin Ford Foundation West Africa<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/college-awards-ashiru-others-on-medical-research/|title=College awards Ahiru, others on medical research|work=Vanguard News|date=30 May 2011|accessdate=October 6, 2015}}</ref> Ford Foundation bụ ụlọ ọrụ onwe onye nke New York nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ, nke na-elekwasị anya n'ụwa niile na ebumnuche nke ịkwalite ọdịmma mmadụ. Ntọala Ford<ref name="FleishmanKohler2009">{{Cite book|author=Joel Fleishman|title=Casebook for The Foundation: A Great American Secret|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5RmHA1SAoAgC&pg=PA298|year=2009|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-0-7867-3425-2|pages=298–}}</ref> Mmasị nyocha nke Prọfesọ Okonofua dị na mpaghara ahụike ọha na eze, ahụike mmekọahụ na nke ọmụmụ nwanyị yana Andrology. Ahụike ọha na eze Ahụike ọmụmụ nwanyị Andrology<ref name="Okonofua2013">{{Cite book|author=Friday Okonofua|title=African Journal of Reproductive Health: Vol.17, No.4, Dec. 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OmVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|date=November 2013|publisher=Universal-Publishers|isbn=978-1-61233-732-6|pages=166–}}</ref> Nsonaazụ nke nyocha ya banyere ọnụọgụ ọnwụ nne nke Business Day bipụtara na Sunday, July 19, 2015 na-egosi na ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ nke nwanyị dị ime n'Africa bụ 1 na 42 na 1 na 25, 500 na mba ndị mepere emepe. Ụbọchị Azụmaahịa Africa<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://businessdayonline.com/2015/07/nigeria-ranks-high-in-global-infant-maternal-death-rates/|title=Nigeria ranks high in global infant, maternal death rates|work=Business Day|accessdate=October 6, 2015}}</ref> N'ikwu okwu banyere akụkọ BusinessDay's Research and Intelligence Unit bipụtara na June 2, 2015, o kwuru na "nnukwu nsogbu bụ na ihe dị ka 40% nke ndị dọkịta anyị na-azụ n'ógbè ahụ na-aga mba ọzọ n'ihi ụgwọ ọrụ ka mma na ebe ọrụ ka mma. Ọzọkwa, e nwere obere ihe onwunwe e wepụtara iji zụọ ndị dọkịta na mba ahụ, ọkachasị na ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ ọha na eze. Ihe na-eme n'ụbọchị ndị a bụ na ọbụlagodi mgbe ndị egwuregwu nọ na ngalaba onwe ha guzobere ụlọ ọrụ iji zụọ ndị dọkịta mgbe ndị otu Naịjirịa Dental and Medical Association na-enyocha ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ, a manyere ha ịnakwere ya maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ole na ole.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://businessdayonline.com/2015/06/long-waits-rude-staff-bureaucracy-top-complaints-against-public-hospitals-briu-report/|title=Long waits, rude staff, bureaucracy, top complaints against public hospital-BRIU report|work=Business Day|accessdate=October 6, 2015}}</ref> N'ịghọta nyocha ya na nka ya dị ịrịba ama na Gynecology na Obstetrics, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetics ma bụrụ naanị African Gynecologist na Obstetrician depụtara maka ajụjụ ọnụ e mere na London n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2005. onye isi nchịkwa International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics London<ref name="ReichTakemi2015">{{Cite book|author=Michael Reich|title=Governing Health Systems: For Nations and Communities Around the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6z73BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT11|date=14 April 2015|publisher=Lamprey & Lee|isbn=978-1-942108-01-6|pages=11–}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu Nigerian Academy of Science, nzukọ sayensị kachasị elu na Naijiria. onye otu nke Nigerian Academy of Science A nabatara ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ya na Prọfesọ Isaac Folorunso Adewole, osote onye isi nke Mahadum Ibadan na Prọfọfesọ Akinyinka Omigbodun, onye isi oche nke West African College of Surgeons na onye bụbu onye isi nke College of Medicine, Mahadum ibadan. Isaac Folorunso Adewole Mahadum nke Ibadan Akinyinka Omigbodun West African College of Surgeons College of Medicine, Mahadum Ibadan<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nas.org.ng/fellowship/fellows-of-the-academy/|title=Fellows of the academy|work=www.nas.org.ng|accessdate=September 15, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109232120/http://www.nas.org.ng/fellowship/fellows-of-the-academy/|archivedate=November 9, 2015}}</ref> == Mmụta == Okonofua gara Mahadum Ife, nke bụzi Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na sayensị ahụike na Doctor of Medicine na 1978 n'otu mahadum ahụ. Obafemi Awolowo Mahadum Sayensị Ahụike Doctor of Medicine<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fordfoundation.org/regions/west-africa/team/friday-okonofua|title=Friday Okonofua / Team / West Africa / Regions / Ford Foundation|work=FordFoundation.org|accessdate=October 6, 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1981, ọ debara aha ya na National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria na West African College of Surgeons. National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria West African College of Surgeons Ọ ghọrọ onye otu West African College of Surgeons na 1984 na onye otu National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria na 1985. N'agbata afọ 1984 na 1985, ọ bụ Clinical Research Fellow na Ngalaba nke Chemical pathology nke Royal Free Hospital, ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi nke Mahadum London. Ọrịa kemịkal Royal Free Hospital University of London N'agbata afọ 1991 na 1992, ọ bụ Takemi Fellow na ahụike mba ụwa na School of Public Health, Mahadum Harvard. Ahụike mba ụwa Mahadum Harvard N'afọ 2004, ọ ghọrọ onye otu International College of Surgeons. Kọleji Mba Nile nke Ndị Dọkịta Na-awa Ahụ N'afọ 2005, ọ nwetara nzere doctorate (Ph. D) na ahụike ọha na eze na ahụike ndị mmadụ site na Karolinska Institutet, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike nke atọ kachasị ochie na Sweden, mgbe Mahadum Uppsala gasịrị. Ahụike ndị mmadụ Karolinska Institutet Sweden Mahadum Uppsala<ref name="ReichTakemi2015"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wharc-online.org/prof-f-e-okonofua/|title=Professor Friday Okonofua- WHARC|work=WHO|accessdate=October 6, 2015|archivedate=October 7, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007130529/http://www.wharc-online.org/prof-f-e-okonofua/}}</ref> * Okonofua FE et al. (1986). Vitamin D na-edozi ahụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria dị ime na ụmụ ọhụrụ ha. J Clin Pathology. 39: 650 - 663. [ihe odide dị mkpa] J Clin Pathology __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ [ ihe e dere n'ala ala] * Okonofua FE. Nkà na ụzụ ọmụmụ ọhụrụ na ọgwụgwọ enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'Africa. 2003; 7, 1, 7 - 8 * Okonofua FE et al. (2004). Ihe ọmụma, àgwà na ahụmịhe nke ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ site n'aka ụmụ agbọghọ na Benin City, South-south Nigeria. Social Science and Medicine September 2004, 59:6, 1315 - 1327. * Okonofua FE (2004). Ịkwụsị ịgbachi nkịtị banyere mgbochi nke ite ime na-adịghị mma n'Africa. African Journal of Reproductive Health. 8:1, 7 - 10. Akwụkwọ akụkọ African Journal of Reproductive Health * Okonofua FE (2005). Misoprostol na ahụike ụmụ nwanyị n'Africa. African Journal of Reproductive Health; 9:1, 1 - 5. Akwụkwọ akụkọ African Journal of Reproductive Health * Okonofua FE (2005). Ịchọta ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe nke puku afọ n'Africa: olee otu o si bụrụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya? Afr J Reprod Ahụike. 2005 Dec; 9 (3): 7 - 14. Afr J Reprod Ahụike * Okonofua FE. Ịtụgharị uche n'ịgbochi afọ ime n'Africa n'oge HIV / AIDS. Afr J Reprod Ahụike. 2004 Ọgọst; 8 (2): 7 - 12. Afr J Reprod Ahụike * Okonofua FE. Isikwopụ afọ ime na ọnwụ nne na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Canada. 2006; 28:11, 974 - 979. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Canada * Okonofua FE (2006). Mkpịsị aka nwanyị na ahụike ọmụmụ n'Africa. African Journal of Reproductive Health; 10:2, 7 - 9. Akwụkwọ akụkọ African Journal of Reproductive Health * Okonofua FE, Iribhogbe P. Mgbochi nke ọrịa kansa ara na ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka. ''Afr. J Reprod Ahụike''. 2006 Apr; 10 (1):7 - 12. * Okonofua FE (2007). Ahụike ụmụ nwanyị: ihe ịma aka na-aga n'ihu na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry'' * Okonofua FE (2007). Ọgwụ mgbochi HPV na mgbochi nke ọrịa kansa akpa nwa n'Africa. Africa. Afr J nke Reprod Health. 11, 2, 7 - 9. Afr J nke Reprod Health * Okonofua FE (2007). Nchọpụta nchọpụta ọhụrụ na ahụike ọmụmụ nke ndị ntorobịa n'Africa. Afr J nke Reprod Health; 11, 3, 7 - 9. Afr J nke Reprod Health * Okonofua FE (2008). Enyemaka nke iwu mgbochi ite ime na ọnwụ nne na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. Ndị ọkachamara na-enyocha na Obstetrics na Gynecology. 3 (2), 147 - 149. * Okonofua FE. Mgbochi ọnwụ nne na Africa - mkpa ọ dị ilekwasị anya na ịnweta na nlekọta dị mma. Afr J Rep Hlth 2009 Mar; 12 (3): 9-16. Afr J Rep Hlth * Okonofua FE (2010). Igbochi ọnwụ nne na Naịjirịa. Ụzọ site na nyocha iwu na iwulite ikike. Afr J Repr Hlth; 14 (3): 9-14 Afr J Reper Hlth * Okonofua FE (2013). Na-ebute ụzọ mgbochi nke HIV / AIDS na ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka: A Call for Action. African Journal of Repr Health; 16, 3 (Mbipụta pụrụ iche): 9-16) African Journal of repr Health * Okonofua FE na Ogu R. Omenala na ndị na-ahụ maka ịmụ nwa nwere nkà na inye nlekọta nne: Kpọọ maka mgbanwe paradigm. African Journal of Reproductive Health 2014 (March); 18 (1): 11-15. Akwụkwọ akụkọ African Journal of Reproductive Health * Okonofua FE. Mgbanwe usoro ahụike ọmụmụ n'Africa mgbe afọ 2014 gasịrị. African Journal of Reproductive Health 2014 (June); 18 (2): 9-15. Akwụkwọ akụkọ African Journal of Reproductive Health * Okonofua FE, Odunsi K. Ndị nchịkọta akụkọ. Contemporary Obstetrics and Gynecology for Developing Countries nke WHARC bipụtara, 2005. * Okonofua FE. Isikwopụ afọ ime. Na: Contemporary Obstetrics and Gynecology for Developing Countries, Okonofua FE, Odunsi OA editors. Ebe Nnyocha Ahụike na Omume Ụmụ nwanyị, 2005; 78-97 * Okonofua FE. Ngalaba Ahụike. Na Olusegun Obasanjo - Ihe nketa onye isi ala 1999-2007. Eds. Akinkugbe OO, Joda A, Ibidapo-Obe O, Okonofua FE, Idowu T. Publishers- Book Craft, 2013, peeji nke 218-257. * Okonofua FE. Ahụike nne. N'ime: MATERNAL HEALTH. Ahụike Nkọwa maka Nigeria Health Review (NHR 2006). Health Reform Foundation (HERFON), 2006. * Akinkugbe OO, Joda A, Ibidapo-Obe O, Okonofua FE, Idowu T. Ndị nchịkọta akụkọ. "Olusegun Obasanjo - Ihe nketa onye isi ala 1999-2007". Ndị bipụtara ya: Book Craft, 2013. * Okonofua FE. Enweghị ike ịmụ nwa na ahụike mmekọahụ na ọmụmụ n'Africa: "Reproductive Health Challenges in Africa: Textbook for Students and Development Practitioners" Ed: Friday Okonofua, Publishers: Adonis and Abbey, UK na-abịa n'April 2014. === Akwụkwọ edemede na akụkọ teknụzụ === * Okonofua FE, Ilumoka T: Mgbochi nke ọrịa na ọnwụ site na ite ime na-adịghị mma na Naịjirịa. Akụkọ nke nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe e nyere na Kansụl Ndị Mmadụ, New York. Eprel 1992. * Okonofua FE Atụmatụ na Ahụmahụ dị ugbu a na mmemme gbasara ikike mmekọahụ na ịmụ nwa nke ụmụ nwanyị na Naịjirịa. WHARC Oge Ọrụ Akwụkwọ Series 2002. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Okonofua, Friday}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8yxq3o9nq69sekvyjithzxjc2s8n18q 0 31949 693097 148703 2026-07-31T10:15:52Z Nachi kim 20090 693097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Olufemi Hakeem Gbajabiamila CFR (amụrụ na 25 June 1962), bụ onye ọka iwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, onye jere ozi dị ka Chief of Staff nke Onye isi ala Naijiria kemgbe 2023. Olufemi Hakeem Gbajabiamila CFR Onye isi ndị ọrụ nke Onye isi ala Naịjirịa<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-02|title=FULL LIST: Okonjo-Iweala, Abba Kyari... FG nominates 437 persons for national honours|url=https://www.thecable.ng/full-list-okonjo-iweala-abba-kyari-former-cos-fg-nominates-437-persons-for-national-honours|accessdate=2022-10-13|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Baiyewu|first=Leke|date=2022-02-20|title=Gbajabiamila shares 145 vehicles, education grants, others to constituents|url=https://punchng.com/gbajabiamila-shares-145-vehicles-education-grants-others-to-constituents/|accessdate=2023-06-02|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Akinboyo|first=Temidayo|date=2023-06-02|title=Tinubu names Gbajabiamila as Chief of Staff, Akume as SGF|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/602133-breaking-tinubu-names-gbajabiamila-as-chief-of-staff-akume-as-sgf.html|accessdate=2023-06-05|work=Premium Times Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Olayiwola|first=Ajisafe|date=2023-06-02|title=Meet Tinubu's CoS: What you need to know about Femi Gbajabiamila|url=https://punchng.com/meet-tinubus-cos-what-you-need-to-know-about-femi-gbajabiamila/|accessdate=2023-06-02|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Gazette|first=Peoples|date=2023-06-02|title=Tinubu names Femi Gbajabiamila chief of staff, George Akume cabinet secretary|url=https://gazettengr.com/just-in-tinubu-names-femi-gbajabiamila-chief-of-staff-george-akume-cabinet-secretary/|accessdate=2023-06-02|work=Peoples Gazette|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke iri na anọ nke House of Representatives nke Naịjirịa site na 2019 ruo 2023. Onye isi oche nke House of Representatives nke Nigeria<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Biography|url=https://gbaja.com/biography/|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=Femi Gbajabiamila|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-09-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907113332/https://gbaja.com/biography/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-20|title=Gbajabiamila, Obasa, others advocate regular medical check up|url=https://guardian.ng/news/gbajabiamila-obasa-others-advocate-regular-medical-check-up/|accessdate=2022-02-21|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-20|title=Gbajabiamila pledges 9th assembly will open up legislative space to youths|url=https://guardian.ng/news/gbajabiamila-pledges-9th-assembly-will-open-up-legislative-space-to-youths/|accessdate=2022-02-21|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Olufemi "Femi" Hakeem Gbajabiamila na 25 June 1962, nye Lateef Gbajabiamis na Olufunke Gbajabiamizamila na Lagos, Nigeria. Ọdọ Mmiri Ọ gara Mainland Preparatory School maka agụmakwụkwọ elementrị na Igbobi College na 1973, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. Igbobi College<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-05|title=What Osinbajo, Gbajabiamila have in common|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/what-osinbajo-gbajabiamila-have-in-common/|accessdate=2022-02-28|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ọ debara aha ya na King William's College na Isle of Man, United Kingdom maka A-Level ya. King William's College Isle of Man United Kingdom A-Level<ref name="td">{{Cite news|first=Agha|author=Ibiam|title=Gbaja-Biamila: Shocked Beyond Belief...|url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/feb/07/0043.html|work=[[Thisday]]|publisher=BNW|date=2004-02-07|accessdate=2007-11-11}}</ref> A nabatara ya na Mahadum Lagos, Naịjirịa. Mahadum Lagos<ref name="na">{{Cite web|title=Hon. Femi Gbaja Biamila|url=http://www.nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Lagos/femi.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202405/http://www.nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Lagos/femi.htm|archivedate=2016-03-03|accessdate=2007-10-23|work=National Assembly website|publisher=[[National Assembly of Nigeria]]}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Law (LL. Bachelor nke IwuB.) na nsọpụrụ na 1983 ma kpọọ ya na ọkàiwu Naijiria na 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2015-11-03|title=Law School class ’84 commended|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/features/law-school-class-84-commended/|accessdate=2023-08-20|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820230255/https://editor.guardian.ng/features/law-school-class-84-commended/}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> O buru ụzọ rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọka iwu, Bentley Edu & Co. na Lagos, tupu o guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọkàiwu nke ya, Femi Gbaja & Co. O wee nweta Juris Doctor ya na Atlanta's John Marshall Law School na Georgia, USA, gafere ule ndị ọkàiwo Georgia na 2001, wee guzobe otu ụlọ ọrụ ndị iwu na Atlanta. Juris Doctor Atlanta's John Marshall Law School Georgia Atlanta Mgbe ọ nọ na USA, o sonyere na ntuli aka nke Bill Campbell onye mechara bụrụ onye isi obodo Atlanta. Bill Campbell Onye isi obodo Atlanta<ref name=":0"/> Gbajabiamila katọrọ ndị otu National Assembly maka ịgbanwe òtù. Ọ tụrụ aro na ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ntụli aka enweghị ike ịnweta ozi iji mee nhọrọ dabere na nguzo onye ọ bụla, ya mere mgbe ụfọdụ na-atụ vootu maka ndị na-azọ ọkwa dabere na nkwekọrịta ha. Ọ katọrọ ndị na-agba ọsọ na nke a n'uche, na-ekwu na mmetụta ahụ "enweghị ike ịbụ ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụghị ihe ọjọọ".<ref name="Flip Flopping">{{Cite web|title=Interview|url=http://femigbajabiamila.com/|work=femigbajabiamila.com/}}</ref> Gbajabiamila bụ onye ndú nke ndị nnọchi anya ụlọ nke asaa. Onye Ndú Obere<ref>{{Cite web|author=National Assembly|title=REP. GBAJABIAMILA FEMI|url=http://www.nassnig.org/nass2/portfolio/profile.php?id=hon.femi.gbajabimila|date=2011}}</ref> Gbajabiamila bụ onyeisi ụlọ omebe iwu na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-enyocha ihe ndị Asset Management Company of Nigeria (AMCON) kwuru gbasara ụgwọ ijeri naira 140.9 (ihe dị ka ijeri $1) nke 'Zenon Petroleum & Gas Limited' na 'Forte Oil Plc' ji.  Ọkpụkpọ oku maka nyocha nke ego a kọrọ bụ onye omebe iwu ọzọ bụ Bimbo Daramola bụ onye kpalitere mkpesa na ụlọomeiwu hibere otu kọmiti iji chọpụta ihe AMCON na-ekwu na ụlọ ọrụ abụọ Femi Otedola nwere akwụghachitela ego gọọmentị.  nke Naijiria kwụrụ maka ngwaahịa mmanụ ala nke a na-ekwu na enyeghị ya dị ka nkwekọrịta nke gọọmentị nyere aka na atụmatụ inye aka mmanụ ụgbọala. Bimbo Daramola chere na ụgwọ ahụ, ma ọ bụrụ na a na-akwụ ya n'ezie, bụ "ezoro ezo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=John Ameh|title=Reps Panel to Probe N140.9bn|url=http://www.punchng.com/news/otedola/|work=Punch|date=12 October 2012}}</ref> A họpụtara Gbajabiamila ka ọ bụrụ ọkà okwu na 9th National Assembly House of Representatives na votu 283, ebe onye mmegide ya Mohammed Umar Bago bịara na nke abụọ na votu 78. Mohammed Umar Bago<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-11|title=Gbajabiamila wins House Speaker seat|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/334611-breaking-gbajabiamila-wins-house-speaker-seat.html|accessdate=2021-01-15|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'ime ụlọ ahụ, Gbajabiamila gosipụtara nchegbu siri ike maka okwu ndị metụtara ndị na-akwado ya na Naịjirịa n'ozuzu ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gbadebo|first=Bode|date=2023-06-02|title=Things You Didn't Know About Femi Gbajabiamila, President Tinubu's Chief Of Staff-designate|url=https://leadership.ng/things-you-didnt-know-about-femi-gbajabiamila-president-tinubus-chief-of-staff-designate/|accessdate=2023-06-08|language=en-US}}</ref> O nwetara aha dị ka onye omeiwu nwere ọgụgụ isi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Olayiwola|first=Ajisafe|date=2023-06-02|title=Meet Tinubu's CoS: What you need to know about Femi Gbajabiamila|url=https://punchng.com/meet-tinubus-cos-what-you-need-to-know-about-femi-gbajabiamila/|accessdate=2023-06-04|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe afọ 20 gasịrị, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye otu House of Representatives na 14 June 2023 iji were ọkwa dị ka Chief of Staff nke President Bola Tinubu. Onye isi ndị ọrụ Onye isi ala Bola Tinubu<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-14|title=Just in: Femi Gbajabiamila resigns|url=https://persecondnews.com/2023/06/14/just-in-femi-gbajabiamila-resigns/|accessdate=2023-06-14|work=Per Second News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Onyinye == N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2022, Onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari nyere ya nsọpụrụ mba Naijiria nke Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (CFR). Onye isi nke Order of the Federal Republic Muhammadu Buhari<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-09|title=FULL LIST: 2022 National Honours Award Recipients The Nation Newspaper|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/full-list-2022-national-honours-award-recipients/|accessdate=2022-10-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Hụkwa zie ==   == Edensibia == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Gbajabiamila, Femi}} 6tom2zjphwgumz1pkofkhcxlng55zqn 693130 693097 2026-07-31T11:44:49Z Nachi kim 20090 Added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 693130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Olufemi Hakeem Gbajabiamila CFR (amụrụ na 25 June 1962), bụ onye ọka iwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, onye jere ozi dị ka Chief of Staff nke Onye isi ala Naijiria kemgbe 2023. Olufemi Hakeem Gbajabiamila CFR Onye isi ndị ọrụ nke Onye isi ala Naịjirịa<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-02|title=FULL LIST: Okonjo-Iweala, Abba Kyari... FG nominates 437 persons for national honours|url=https://www.thecable.ng/full-list-okonjo-iweala-abba-kyari-former-cos-fg-nominates-437-persons-for-national-honours|accessdate=2022-10-13|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Baiyewu|first=Leke|date=2022-02-20|title=Gbajabiamila shares 145 vehicles, education grants, others to constituents|url=https://punchng.com/gbajabiamila-shares-145-vehicles-education-grants-others-to-constituents/|accessdate=2023-06-02|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Akinboyo|first=Temidayo|date=2023-06-02|title=Tinubu names Gbajabiamila as Chief of Staff, Akume as SGF|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/602133-breaking-tinubu-names-gbajabiamila-as-chief-of-staff-akume-as-sgf.html|accessdate=2023-06-05|work=Premium Times Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Olayiwola|first=Ajisafe|date=2023-06-02|title=Meet Tinubu's CoS: What you need to know about Femi Gbajabiamila|url=https://punchng.com/meet-tinubus-cos-what-you-need-to-know-about-femi-gbajabiamila/|accessdate=2023-06-02|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Gazette|first=Peoples|date=2023-06-02|title=Tinubu names Femi Gbajabiamila chief of staff, George Akume cabinet secretary|url=https://gazettengr.com/just-in-tinubu-names-femi-gbajabiamila-chief-of-staff-george-akume-cabinet-secretary/|accessdate=2023-06-02|work=Peoples Gazette|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke iri na anọ nke House of Representatives nke Naịjirịa site na 2019 ruo 2023. Onye isi oche nke House of Representatives nke Nigeria<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Biography|url=https://gbaja.com/biography/|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=Femi Gbajabiamila|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-09-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907113332/https://gbaja.com/biography/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-20|title=Gbajabiamila, Obasa, others advocate regular medical check up|url=https://guardian.ng/news/gbajabiamila-obasa-others-advocate-regular-medical-check-up/|accessdate=2022-02-21|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-20|title=Gbajabiamila pledges 9th assembly will open up legislative space to youths|url=https://guardian.ng/news/gbajabiamila-pledges-9th-assembly-will-open-up-legislative-space-to-youths/|accessdate=2022-02-21|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Olufemi "Femi" Hakeem Gbajabiamila na 25 June 1962, nye Lateef Gbajabiamis na Olufunke Gbajabiamizamila na Lagos, Nigeria. Ọdọ Mmiri Ọ gara Mainland Preparatory School maka agụmakwụkwọ elementrị na Igbobi College na 1973, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. Igbobi College<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-05|title=What Osinbajo, Gbajabiamila have in common|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/what-osinbajo-gbajabiamila-have-in-common/|accessdate=2022-02-28|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ọ debara aha ya na King William's College na Isle of Man, United Kingdom maka A-Level ya. King William's College Isle of Man United Kingdom A-Level<ref name="td">{{Cite news|first=Agha|author=Ibiam|title=Gbaja-Biamila: Shocked Beyond Belief...|url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/feb/07/0043.html|work=[[Thisday]]|publisher=BNW|date=2004-02-07|accessdate=2007-11-11}}</ref> A nabatara ya na Mahadum Lagos, Naịjirịa. Mahadum Lagos<ref name="na">{{Cite web|title=Hon. Femi Gbaja Biamila|url=http://www.nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Lagos/femi.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202405/http://www.nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Lagos/femi.htm|archivedate=2016-03-03|accessdate=2007-10-23|work=National Assembly website|publisher=[[National Assembly of Nigeria]]}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Law (LL. Bachelor nke IwuB.) na nsọpụrụ na 1983 ma kpọọ ya na ọkàiwu Naijiria na 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2015-11-03|title=Law School class ’84 commended|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/features/law-school-class-84-commended/|accessdate=2023-08-20|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820230255/https://editor.guardian.ng/features/law-school-class-84-commended/}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> O buru ụzọ rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọka iwu, Bentley Edu & Co. na Lagos, tupu o guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọkàiwu nke ya, Femi Gbaja & Co. O wee nweta Juris Doctor ya na Atlanta's John Marshall Law School na Georgia, USA, gafere ule ndị ọkàiwo Georgia na 2001, wee guzobe otu ụlọ ọrụ ndị iwu na Atlanta. Juris Doctor Atlanta's John Marshall Law School Georgia Atlanta Mgbe ọ nọ na USA, o sonyere na ntuli aka nke Bill Campbell onye mechara bụrụ onye isi obodo Atlanta. Bill Campbell Onye isi obodo Atlanta<ref name=":0"/> Gbajabiamila katọrọ ndị otu National Assembly maka ịgbanwe òtù. Ọ tụrụ aro na ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ntụli aka enweghị ike ịnweta ozi iji mee nhọrọ dabere na nguzo onye ọ bụla, ya mere mgbe ụfọdụ na-atụ vootu maka ndị na-azọ ọkwa dabere na nkwekọrịta ha. Ọ katọrọ ndị na-agba ọsọ na nke a n'uche, na-ekwu na mmetụta ahụ "enweghị ike ịbụ ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụghị ihe ọjọọ".<ref name="Flip Flopping">{{Cite web|title=Interview|url=http://femigbajabiamila.com/|work=femigbajabiamila.com/}}</ref> Gbajabiamila bụ onye ndú nke ndị nnọchi anya ụlọ nke asaa. Onye Ndú Obere<ref>{{Cite web|author=National Assembly|title=REP. GBAJABIAMILA FEMI|url=http://www.nassnig.org/nass2/portfolio/profile.php?id=hon.femi.gbajabimila|date=2011}}</ref> Gbajabiamila bụ onyeisi ụlọ omebe iwu na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-enyocha ihe ndị Asset Management Company of Nigeria (AMCON) kwuru gbasara ụgwọ ijeri naira 140.9 (ihe dị ka ijeri $1) nke 'Zenon Petroleum & Gas Limited' na 'Forte Oil Plc' ji.  Ọkpụkpọ oku maka nyocha nke ego a kọrọ bụ onye omebe iwu ọzọ bụ Bimbo Daramola bụ onye kpalitere mkpesa na ụlọomeiwu hibere otu kọmiti iji chọpụta ihe AMCON na-ekwu na ụlọ ọrụ abụọ Femi Otedola nwere akwụghachitela ego gọọmentị.  nke Naijiria kwụrụ maka ngwaahịa mmanụ ala nke a na-ekwu na enyeghị ya dị ka nkwekọrịta nke gọọmentị nyere aka na atụmatụ inye aka mmanụ ụgbọala. Bimbo Daramola chere na ụgwọ ahụ, ma ọ bụrụ na a na-akwụ ya n'ezie, bụ "ezoro ezo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=John Ameh|title=Reps Panel to Probe N140.9bn|url=http://www.punchng.com/news/otedola/|work=Punch|date=12 October 2012}}</ref> A họpụtara Gbajabiamila ka ọ bụrụ ọkà okwu na 9th National Assembly House of Representatives na votu 283, ebe onye mmegide ya Mohammed Umar Bago bịara na nke abụọ na votu 78. Mohammed Umar Bago<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-11|title=Gbajabiamila wins House Speaker seat|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/334611-breaking-gbajabiamila-wins-house-speaker-seat.html|accessdate=2021-01-15|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'ime ụlọ ahụ, Gbajabiamila gosipụtara nchegbu siri ike maka okwu ndị metụtara ndị na-akwado ya na Naịjirịa n'ozuzu ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gbadebo|first=Bode|date=2023-06-02|title=Things You Didn't Know About Femi Gbajabiamila, President Tinubu's Chief Of Staff-designate|url=https://leadership.ng/things-you-didnt-know-about-femi-gbajabiamila-president-tinubus-chief-of-staff-designate/|accessdate=2023-06-08|language=en-US}}</ref> O nwetara aha dị ka onye omeiwu nwere ọgụgụ isi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Olayiwola|first=Ajisafe|date=2023-06-02|title=Meet Tinubu's CoS: What you need to know about Femi Gbajabiamila|url=https://punchng.com/meet-tinubus-cos-what-you-need-to-know-about-femi-gbajabiamila/|accessdate=2023-06-04|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe afọ 20 gasịrị, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye otu House of Representatives na 14 June 2023 iji were ọkwa dị ka Chief of Staff nke President Bola Tinubu. Onye isi ndị ọrụ Onye isi ala Bola Tinubu<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-14|title=Just in: Femi Gbajabiamila resigns|url=https://persecondnews.com/2023/06/14/just-in-femi-gbajabiamila-resigns/|accessdate=2023-06-14|work=Per Second News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Onyinye == N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2022, Onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari nyere ya nsọpụrụ mba Naijiria nke Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (CFR). Onye isi nke Order of the Federal Republic Muhammadu Buhari<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-09|title=FULL LIST: 2022 National Honours Award Recipients The Nation Newspaper|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/full-list-2022-national-honours-award-recipients/|accessdate=2022-10-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Hụkwa zie ==   == Edensibia == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gbajabiamila, Femi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] iqt20bgopyf73wm708pnp81ys8mxwmz 0 31957 693127 137723 2026-07-31T11:42:21Z Nachi kim 20090 Added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 693127 wikitext text/x-wiki <references group="" responsive="1"></references>{{Databox}} Joseph Femi Olatubosun (amuru Disemba 21, 1990, na Kawo, Kaduna State) bu onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Naijiria.[1]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/joseph-femi-olatubosum/182749/|title=Nigeria - J. Olatubosum - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway}}</ref> == Ọrụ ya == Olatubosun malitere ọrụ ya na Pepsi Football Academy wee sonye na 6 November 2008 na Liberty Professionals FC[1]  Ọ hapụrụ Liberty Professionals F.C.  na 21 February 2009 wee bịanye aka na Girabola Club Caála.[2]  Na Jenụwarị 2010 ndị ọkachamara nnwere onwe rere ya.[3].<ref>[http://jornaldosdesportos.sapo.ao/23/0/recreativo_da_caala__nigeriano_femi Recreativo da Caála nigeriano Femi]</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Ọ bụbu onye otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Naịjirịa na-erubeghị afọ iri na asaa ma nọchite anya otu ahụ na asọmpi mba asatọ na South Korea. Ndị otu bọọlụ mba Naịjirịa na-erubeghị afọ iri na asaa South Korea<ref>[http://www.ussoccer.com/articles/viewArticle.jsp_917507.html U.S. U-17 Men's National Team Fall to Nigeria]</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Joseph, Femi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ekohimvpz3lrtfn233cnb6ntlcw7zad 0 32338 692843 672214 2026-07-30T20:30:53Z Sylvaline39 15355 Fixed reference error 692843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Iris glaucescens.jpg|genus=Iris|display_parents=2|parent=Iris sect. Iris|species=glaucescens|authority=[[Alexander Bunge|Bunge]]|synonyms=''Iris eulefeldii''|synonyms_ref=<ref name=pacific>{{cite web |title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref>}} '''''''.[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id=]Iris''_(plant)" id="mwDA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Iris (plant)">Iris''''' glaucescens bụ ụdị osisi dị na ụdị Iris, ọ dịkwa na subgenus Iris. Ọ bụ osisi rhizomatous perennial, nke a na-ahụ na Russia, [[Kazakhstan]], Mongolia na [[China]]. Ọ nwere akwụkwọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-acha ntụ ntụ, ogwe osisi dị nro, na okooko osisi na-acha odo odo, violet na-acha ọcha, na-acha uhie uhie, na-achie uhie na-acha ọbara ọbara, na-apụta anụnụ anụcha, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụcha ọcha. A naghị akụ ya dị ka osisi ịchọ mma na mpaghara okpomọkụ. E jikọtara ya na iris ọzọ yiri ya na mpaghara ahụ, wee bụrụ otu okwu nke ''Iris scariosa'', tupu e kewaa ya n'ụdị abụọ dị iche iche ọzọ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ isi mmalite ka na-akpọ ya otu ihe na ''Iris scariosa''. Ọ nwere nnukwu rhizome, nke ruru 3 cm n'ịdị arọ na nodular. &nbsp;Ọ nwere ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'oge gara aga, n'elu rhizome.<ref name="lesnoj">{{Cite web|first=M.|author=Silanteva|title=Iris glaucescens Bunge – Iris bluish|url=http://lesnoj-atlas.com/page/255/iris-glaucescens-bunge-iris-kasatik-sizovatyy.html?group=2|publisher=lesnoj-atlas.com|accessdate=19 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073041/http://lesnoj-atlas.com/page/255/iris-glaucescens-bunge-iris-kasatik-sizovatyy.html?group=2#|archivedate=2016-03-04}}</ref> Ọ nwere falcate (dị ka ọrịa), na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, ma ọ bụ na-acha ntụ ntụ.<ref name="samluka">{{Cite web|first=Samara|author=Bend|title=COLLECTION IRIS natural flora, Introdutciruemyh in the Botanical Garden Samara State University|year=2007|url=http://www.ssc.smr.ru/media/journals/samluka/2007/16_3_10.pdf|publisher=ssc.smr.ru (Samara State University)|accessdate=26 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="knigi">{{Cite web|title=The exhibition "Iris Russia"|url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/knigi-pro-iridariy/zaglyanut-v-knigu/66/|publisher=flower-iris.ru|accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="samluka" /><ref name="lesnoj"/><ref name="canadian">{{Cite web|first=Tony|author=Hall|title=Canadian Iris Society, CIS newsletter, Winter 2013 Volume 57 Issue 1|year=2013|url=http://www.e-clipse.ca/previews/CIS/C-V57N2_hi-rez.pdf|pages=19–21|publisher=e-clipse.ca (Canadian Iris Society)|accessdate=24 October 2014}}</ref> Ọ nwere ogwe osisi dị gịrịgịrị, nke nwere ike itolite ruo n'etiti 8–25 cm (3-10 in) ogologo.<ref name="pacific"/><ref name="lesnoj" /><ref name="signa">{{Cite web|first=D.|author=Kramb|title=Iris glaucescens|date=5 September 2004|url=http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-glaucescens|publisher=signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America)|accessdate=19 September 2015}}</ref>Ọ dị ka ''Iris scariosa'' n'ịdị elu, ma gafee ịdị elu nke akwụkwọ.<ref name="signa" /><ref name="lesnoj" /> Ogwe osisi ahụ nwere (scarious) membranous, spathes (akwụkwọ nke okooko osisi), nke dị 5–15 cm (2-6 in) ogologo na ogologo keels.<ref name="samluka"/> Ogwe osisi ahụ nwere okooko osisi abụọ (n'elu ogwe osisi), na-ama ifuru n'etiti etiti ruo n'ọgwụgwụ oge opupu ihe ubi, n'etiti Eprel na Mee. Ọ na-ama ama maka nkezi ụbọchị 12.<ref name="lesnoj"/><ref name="samluka"/><ref name="lesnoj" /><ref name="samluka" /> Okooko osisi ndị ahụ dị 3.5–5.5 in) n'obosara, na-abịa na onyinyo nke na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, violet na-acha odo odo, na-acha uhie uhie, na-achọpụta na-acha ọcha.<ref name="samluka"/><ref name="pacific"/><ref name="signa"/><ref name="signa" /><ref name="lesnoj" /><ref name="signa" /><ref name="samluka" /> Dị ka iris ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere abụọ abụọ nke petals, 3 nnukwu sepals (outre petals), nke a maara dị ka 'fall' na 3 n'ime, obere petals (ma ọ bụ tepals), nke akpọrọ 'ụkpụrụ'.<ref name="ClaireAustin">{{Cite book|first=Claire|author=Austin|title=Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia|year=2005|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=0881927309}}</ref>O nwekwara afụ ọnụ ọcha na nsụda mmiri.: 17 <ref name="lesnoj" /> Mgbe iris gbasịrị, n'etiti oge okpomọkụ, ọ na-emepụta capsule mkpụrụ fusiform (nke yiri spindle). <ref name="samluka"/><ref name="lesnoj" />N'ime capsule ahụ, a na-enwe mkpụrụ na-acha nchara nchara, na globular. <ref name="lesnoj" />Ha dị 4-5.5 mm n'ogologo na 2-3 mm n'obosara.<ref name="samluka" /> === Nnyocha === N'afọ 2012, e mere nnyocha 2 nke Siberia, ''Iris glaucescens'' na ''Iris bloudowii''.<ref name="Nabieva">{{Cite journal|author=Nabieva|first=A.Yu.|date=2012|title=Peculiarities Of Reproduction Of Rare Siberian Species Of The Genus Iris L. – I. Glaucescens Bunge И I. Bloudowii Ledeb. In Culture|url=http://ssbg.asu.ru/turcz/turcz_15_1_80-84.pdf|journal=Turczaninowia|volume=15|issue=1|pages=80–84|accessdate=19 September 2015}}</ref> Dị ka ọtụtụ iris bụ diploid, nwere usoro abụọ nke chromosomes, enwere ike iji nke a chọpụta ngwakọta na nhazi nke ìgwè.<ref name="ClaireAustin"/>Ọ nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ chromosome nke 2n=24.: 18 <ref name="earthpapers">{{Cite web|first=Nina Borisovna|author=Alekseeva|title=Species of the genus Iris L. in the flora of Russia. Problems of protection of nature and the introduction of|date=March 2005|url=http://earthpapers.net/vidy-roda-iris-l-vo-flore-rossii-problemy-ohrany-v-prirode-i-introduktsi|publisher=earthpapers.net|accessdate=7 October 2015}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Ọ nwere aha ndị a na-ahụkarị nke 'Bluish Iris', na 'Iris dove'.<ref name="knigi"/><ref name="oopt">{{Cite web|first=M.|author=Tigireksky|title=Iris glaucescens Bunge|url=http://oopt.aari.ru/bio/45210|publisher=oopt.aari.ru|accessdate=22 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="samluka"/> Okwu Latin ''glaucescens'' na-ezo aka n'ịmepụta ezigbo okooko osisi na-acha ọcha, na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, ma ọ bụ glaucous. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Stearn|first=William|year=1973|edition=Revised|title=A Gardenerer's Dictionary of Plant Names|location=London|publisher=Cassell|isbn=0304937215}}</ref>Na-ezo aka na akwụkwọ glaucous nke osisi.<ref name="handbook">{{Cite web|first=William|author=Dykes|authorlink=William Rickatson Dykes|title=Handbook of Garden Irises|year=2009|url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf|publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises)|accessdate=1 November 2014}}</ref> Na Paris Museum of Natural History, onye France na-amụ banyere ala Patren malitere herbarium, onye chịkọtara osisi si Siberia. Onye Germany na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ Carl Friedrich von Ledebour rụkwara ọrụ na herbarium ruo ọtụtụ afọ na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya Alexander Andrejewitsch Bunge na Carl Anton von Meyer. Ha chọpụtara ma kọwaa ọtụtụ osisi ọhụrụ, gụnyere ''Iris bloudowii'', ''Iris glaucescens'', ''Iris tigridia'' na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="altai">{{Cite web|author=Alexeeva|first=N.|title=The successful expedition to Altai|date=2007|url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/ekspeditsii/233/|publisher=flower-iris.ru|accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ Alexander Bunge bipụtara ya ma kọwaa ya na 'Flora Altaic' (Fl. Altaic edited by Ledebour) Vol.1 na peeji nke 58 na 1829.<ref name="ipni">{{Cite web|title=Iridaceae Iris glaucescens Bunge|url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=438645-1|publisher=ipni.org (International Plant Names Index)|accessdate=29 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="grin">{{GRIN|access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="american">{{Cite web|first=Alain|author=Franco|title=(SPEC) Iris glaucescens Bunge ex Ledeb.|date=12 May 2013|url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecGlaucescens|publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society)|accessdate=22 September 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1870, a chịkọtara ụdị ''Iris glaucescens'' na 'Songaria', China (Songaria bụzi akụkụ nke Gansu) maka Paris Museum of Natural History.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iris glaucescens (MNHN/P/P02158902)|url=http://lesherbonautes.mnhn.fr/specimens/MNHN/P/P02158902|publisher=lesherbonautes/mnhn.fr|accessdate=22 September 2015|archivedate=13 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313234809/http://lesherbonautes.mnhn.fr/specimens/MNHN/P/P02158902}}</ref> E mechara kewaa ya dị ka otu okwu nke ''Iris scariosa'' site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ gụnyere William Dykes na 1913 na nkọwa G. Rodionenko na 'Iris Year Book' nke 1967. Na 1979, Shevchenko (Iris L. na A.I.Galushko (onye nchịkọta akụkọ) 'Flora Severnogo Kavkaza' Vol.3 page79, Mahadum Rostov) kewara ''Iris glaucescens'' na ''Iris scariosa'' n'ime ụdị abụọ dị iche iche. <ref name="pacific"/><ref name="american"/>O chere na e nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche ọdịdị na gburugburu ebe obibi n'etiti ụdị abụọ ahụ. Ma o bipụtaghị ihe ndị a. O kwukwara na mgbasa nke ''Iris scariosa'' dị na ọdịda anyanwụ nke Oké Osimiri Caspian. Mana ndị edemede ndị ọzọ na-arụ ụka na nkewa a, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ isi mmalite ka na-ekewa iris abụọ ahụ n'ụdị dị iche iche. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * Khassanov, F. O. & N. Rakhimova. 2012. Ntụziaka taxonomic nke ụdị Iris L. (Iridaceae Juss.) maka osisi nke Central Asia. Stapfia 97:177. * Krasnoborov, I. M., de. 2000–. Flora nke Siberia (Nsụgharị Bekee). [na-anabata]. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Iris. 28, 34. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.plantarium.ru/page/view/item/20731.html O nwere ọtụtụ foto nke iris] Mgbasa ozi metụtaraIris glaucescensna Wikimedia CommonsIhe ọmụma metụtaraIris glaucescensna Wikispecies [[Òtù:Wiki activate SDG]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] e6k60oy93bxp6c0izkzh1p655v9qxth 0 32373 692819 196306 2026-07-30T20:13:53Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 692819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} '''Frank Nwachukwu Ndili''' (amụrụ na 6 Ọktoba 1934) bụ onye Naijiria nke mbụ na-ahụ maka physics nuklia na onye isi nke asaa (onye isi Mahadum) nke Mahadum Naijiria, Nsukka. <ref name="Who p122">{{Cite book|author=Anon|title=Who's Who in Nigeria|date=1983|publisher=The Biographical Center of Nigeria Ltd|pages=122|edition=2nd}}</ref>Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi (onye isi Mahadum) nke Mahadum Naịjirịa, Nsukka site na 1980 ruo mgbe prọfesọ [[Chimere Ikoku]] nọchiri ya na 1985. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ngscholars.net/university-of-nigeria-nsukka-about-unn/|title=University of Nigeria Nsukka - About UNN ⋆ NGScholars|date=2013-07-03|work=NGScholars|accessdate=2017-12-19|language=en-US}}</ref>Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka nyochachara ogologo oge na arụmụka sitere n'aka ndị otu nyocha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chidoonumah.com/the-lion-goes-home-a-tribute-to-emma-ezeazu/|title=The lion goes home: A tribute to Emma Ezeazu {{!}} Chidoonumah.com|work=www.chidoonumah.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-12-19|archivedate=2017-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222105217/http://www.chidoonumah.com/the-lion-goes-home-a-tribute-to-emma-ezeazu/}}</ref>Otú ọ dị, e kwenyere na ọ bụ onye na-ekwu eziokwu ọbụna ebe onye bu ya ụzọ Umaru Shehu (1978-1979) ji nlezianya mee ihe.  <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://campusflava.blogspot.com.ng/2012/10/university-of-nigeria-nsukka.html|title=University of Nigeria, Nsukka {{!}} School News|date=2012-10-25|work=University of Nigeria, Nsukka {{!}} School News|accessdate=2017-12-19}}</ref> A na-eto ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi oche nke Mahadum ahụ. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2021)">failed verification</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup><ref name="Book of Citations p18">{{Cite book|author=University of Nigeria|title=Book of Citations on Professors Emeriti & Honorary Degree Awardees of the University of Nigeria; Conferred at its 45th Convocation Ceremony.|date=February 2016|publisher=Senate Ceremonials Committee, University of Nigeria|pages=18}}</ref>N'oge osote onye isi nke Prọfesọ Ndili, a gbara mbọ na nke mbụ iji wughachi na imezigharị mahadum nke Naijiria ka agha obodo Naijiria mebiri ya.<ref name="Book of Citations p18" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Inya|first=Agha E|title=Rebuilding the Den: the journey so far|url=https://nonliquidation30.rssing.com/chan-15959779/all_p4.html|work=Channel: Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria|accessdate=6 August 2013}}</ref>Ndili chere na a ga-eme ka Mahadum ahụ bụrụ nke a ma ama n'ụwa ma mepụta Master Plan maka nke ahụ. Taa, nnukwu ụzọ mbata nke Mahadum, Ọbá Akwụkwọ Nnamdi Azikiwe, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke General Studies, na Faculty of Arts Complex na-eguzo dị ka ihe akaebe maka nnukwu ọhụụ ya. <ref>{{Cite book|author=University of Nigeria|title=Book of Citations on Professors Emeriti & Honorary Degree Awardees of the University of Nigeria; Conferred at its 45th Convocation Ceremony.|date=February 2016|publisher=Senate Ceremonials Committee, University of Nigeria|pages=18}}</ref>Ọ bụghị naanị na ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị, ọ bụ nnukwu onye nkuzi, onye nchịkwa kachasị elu, na onye na-eme atụmatụ dị mma. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ Ndili na 6 Ọktoba 1934 na [[Asaba]], Delta steeti, Naịjirịa. Ọ gara St. Patrick's College [[Asaba]] site na 1950 ruo1954. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ibadan site na 1957 ruo1961 ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na B.Sc (Hons) First Class na Physics. <ref name="Who p122"/>N'afọ 1961, ọ gara Mahadum Cambridge England wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1964 na Ph.D na Nuklia and urughuru Physics Ike dị elu. Ọ bụ onye Naijiria mbụ nwetara Ph.D. na Nuklia na Physics ike dị elu, ebe ọ zụrụ n'okpuru Prọfesọ Otto Robert Frisch na Cavendish Laboratory Cambridge, UK n'etiti afọ 1961 na 1964. <ref name="Who p122" /><ref name="blerf_2017-03-13">{{Cite web|title=NDILI, Frank Nwachukwu|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ndili-frank-nwachukwu/|author=Udo|first=Mary|date=2017-03-13|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref>Ọ bụ Onye otu British Institute of Physics (F.Inst.P), London, 1977 wee merie ihe nrite Alberti Tomasini nke [https://en.sif.it Italian Physical Society, Erice, Itali] na 1965. == Ọrụ == Frank Ndili sonyeere Mahadum Naijiria na 1971 wee ghọọ Prọfesọ na 1974. <ref name="Book of Citations p18"/>Ọrụ ya malitere dị ka onye nkuzi physics na Mahadum Ibadan site na 1964-1968. Ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị nleta na International Centre, Trieste, [[Italy|Ịtali]] na 1967. Ọ bụ onye nchọpụta na Atomic Energy University of Warsaw, [[Poland]] site na 1967-1968, mgbe ahụ Principal Scientific Officer, Daresbury Nuclear Physics Research Warrington, England site na 1968-1971. Ọ bụkwa onye nkuzi dị elu maka physics na Mahadum Naịjirịa (UNN) n'etiti afọ 1971 na 1973. Ndili bụ onye isi nke ngalaba Physics na Mahadum Naịjirịa site na 1973-1976. Site na 1976 ruo 1980, ọ bụ Dean nke Faculty of Physical Sciences na UNN. N'afọ 1980, ọ ghọrọ osote Onye isi Mahadum. Ọ rụrụ Ọrụ ya dị ka osote Onye isi Mahadum nke UNN na 1985. Mgbe ọ nọsịrị n'ọkwa, ọ gara ezumike na mba ofesi. N'afọ 2005, ọ laghachiri na UNN. <ref name="blerf_2017-03-13"/>E nyere ya Prọfesọ Emeritus nke Mahadum Naịjirịa n'afọ 2016 iji kwado onyinye ya dị ịrịba ama na agụmakwụkwọ, yana ọrụ ya pụrụ iche na Mahadum ahụ.<ref name="Book of Citations p18" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ndili,Frank Nwachukwu}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c9kdvk5xxce3yk6w9q4ubfjbai2uztk 0 32478 692857 687059 2026-07-30T20:43:38Z Sylvaline39 15355 Fixed reference error 692857 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Black_students_excluded_1839.gif|thumb| 1839 Ihe osise dị na Anti-Slavery Almanac nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii a chụpụrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ihe Reverend Mr. Converse kwuru: "Ọ bụrụ na a kụziiri ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara ka ha gụọ, ọ ga-abụ ihe na-akpali ha ịnọ na mba ahụ. Anyị agaghị enye ha mkpali dị otú ahụ".]] Iwu mgbochi ịgụ na ide n'ọtụtụ steeti ndị ohu tupu na n'oge [[Agha Obodo America]] metụtara ndị ohu, ndị nweere onwe ha, na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ndị niile na-acha ọbara ọbara. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Williams|first=Heather Andrea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TiWSrlpTTTIC|title=Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom|date=2009-11-20|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-8897-1|pages=13|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1862/june/slaves-read-write.htm|title=Illegal to Teach Slaves to Read and Write|work=Harper's Weekly|date=June 21, 1862}}</ref>Iwu ụfọdụ bilitere site na nchegbu na ndị ohu gụrụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịghọ akwụkwọ ndị achọrọ iji gbalaga na steeti nweere onwe ya. Dị ka William M. Banks si kwuo, "Ọtụtụ ndị ohu mụtara ide ihe nwetara nnwere onwe n'ezie site na usoro a. Ihe ngosi ndị a na-achọ maka ndị na-agba ọsọ na-ekwukarị ma onye ahụ gbapụrụ agbapụ nwere ike ide. Iwu mgbochi ịgụ na ide sikwa n'egwu nnupụisi ohu, ọkachasị n'oge David Walker bipụtara akwụkwọ na 1829 nke Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, nke kwadoro nnupụụisi nke Nat Turner nke 1831. <ref name="banks">{{Cite book|author=Banks|first=William M.|title=Black Intellectuals: Race and Responsibility in American Life|date=1996|publisher=W. W. Norton|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/blackintellectuals.htm}}</ref><ref>Paul Finkelman, Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass, Oxford University Press, USA, Apr 6, 2006, p. 445</ref> United States bụ naanị mba a maara na o nwere iwu mgbochi ịgụ na ide.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Christopher M. Span|editor=Rury|title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education|date=2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|chapter=Education and the African Diaspora}}</ref> == Iwu steeti na-emegide ịgụ na ide == N'etiti 1740 na 1834 Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North na South Carolina, na Virginia niile mere iwu mgbochi ịgụ na ide. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Cornelius|first=Janet Duitsman|title=When I Can Read My Title Clear: Literacy, Slavery, and Religion in the Antebellum South|date=1991|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|location=Columbia, South Carolina}}</ref>South Carolina weputara iwu mbụ nke machibidoro ịkụziri ndị ohu ịgụ na ide, nke a ga-ata ahụhụ site na ịkwụ ụgwọ 100 pound na ọnwa isii n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, site na mmezigharị nke Iwu Negro nke 1739.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Slave Codes (20 November 2016)|url=https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-history-textbook/slavery-in-the-antebellum-u-s-1820-1840-16/slavery-in-the-u-s-122/slave-codes-653-10159/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205013548/https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-history-textbook/slavery-in-the-antebellum-u-s-1820-1840-16/slavery-in-the-u-s-122/slave-codes-653-10159/|archivedate=February 5, 2017|work=Boundless U.S. History|publisher=Boundless U.S. History|accessdate=4 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Span">{{Cite journal|author=Span|first=Christopher|title=Learning in Spite of Opposition|journal=Counterpoints|date=2005|volume=31|pages=26–53|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42977282|accessdate=June 22, 2022}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị nwe ohu boro ndị abolitionist ụta maka mkpa a na-eche na ọ dị iwu mgbochi ịgụ na ide. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, James H. Hammond nke [[Nleda anyanwu Kàròlina|South Carolina]], onye na-akwado echiche ịgba ohu, dere n'akwụkwọ ozi o dere na 1845 nye onye Britain abolitionist Thomas Clarkson: "M nwere ike ịgwa gị. Ọ bụ ọgba aghara abolition. Ọ bụrụ na anaghị ekwe ka ohu ahụ gụọ Bible ya, mmehie ahụ dị n'elu ndị abolitionists; n'ihi na ha dị njikere inye ya mkpịsị ugodi ya, nke ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ, ọ bụghị akwụkwọ nke olileanya, na-ede, kama ọ bụrụ obi nkoropụda mmụọ anyị, ọ gaghị ekwe ka anyị gbanwee!<ref>{{Cite book|author=James Perrin Warren|title=Culture of Eloquence: Oratory and Reform in Antebellum America|publisher=[[Penn State University Press]]|date=1999|pages=118-193}}</ref> Iwu ndị dị mkpa na-emegide ndị isi ojii gụnyere: * 1829, Georgia: A machibidoro ịkụziri ndị isi ojii ịgụ akwụkwọ, a na-ata ha ahụhụ site na ịkwụ ha ụgwọ na ịtụ ha mkpọrọ<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kim Tolley|editor=Angulo|title=Miseducation: A History of Ignorance-Making in America and Abroad|date=2016|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn=978-1-4214-1932-9|pages=13–33|chapter=Slavery}}</ref> * 1830, Louisiana, [[Nort Kárólínạ|North Carolina]]: na-eme iwu na-ata onye ọ bụla na-akụziri ndị isi ojii ka ha gụọ akwụkwọ site na ịkwụ ụgwọ, ịtụ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ ịpịa ụtarị<ref name="Span"/> * 1832, Alabama na Virginia: A machibidoro ndị ọcha ịkụziri ndị isi ojii ịgụ ma ọ bụ dee, a na-ata ha ahụhụ site na ịkwụ ha ụtarị na ịpịa ha ihe * 1833, Georgia: A machibidoro ndị isi ojii ịrụ ọrụ n'ịgụ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ide akwụkwọ (site na iwu ọrụ), ma machibido ndị isi ojii iwu ịkụzi ihe, a na-ata ha ahụhụ site na ịkwụ ụgwọ na ịpịa ha ụtarị (site na Iwu na-emegide ịgụ na ide) * 1847, Missouri: A machibidoro ịhazi ma ọ bụ kụziere ndị ohu ịgụ ma ọ bụ dee<ref name="General Assembly of the State of MO">{{Cite web|title=Negroes and Mullattoes|url=https://www.sos.mo.gov/CMSImages/MDH/AnActRespectingSlaves,1847.pdf|work=Missouri Secretary of State|accessdate=13 September 2020}}</ref> Iwu steeti Mississippi chọrọ ka onye ọcha nọrọ otu afọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị ka " ntaramahụhụ maka ịkụziri ohu ịgụ".<ref name="literacy">{{Cite web|title=Literacy and Anti-Literacy Laws|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/literacy-and-anti-literacy-laws|work=Encyclopedia.com|accessdate=June 22, 2022}}</ref> Iwu Virginia nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu kwuru, sị: "[Nchịkọta ọ bụla nke ndị isi ojii maka ebumnuche nke ntụziaka n'ịgụ ma ọ bụ ide ihe, ma ọ bụ n'abalị maka ebumnucha ọ bụla, ga-abụ nzukọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Onye ikpe ziri ezi ọ bụla nwere ike inye akwụkwọ ikike ya na ọfịs ọ bụla ma ọ bụ onye ọzọ, na-achọ ka ọ banye n'ebe ọ bụla nzukọ dị otú ahụ, ma jide onye isi ojii ọ bụla n'ime ya; ya, ma ọ bụla ọzọ, nwere ike inye iwu ka e jiri eriri taa ya ahụhụ. "<ref>{{Cite book|title="Offences against public policy," Title 54, Chapter 198; "Assembling of negroes. Trading by free negroes," Section 31; in The Code of Virginia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1BRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA747|date=1849|publisher=William F. Ritchie|location=Richmond|accessdate=10 February 2017}}</ref> Na North Carolina, a mara ndị isi ojii na-enupụ isi n'iwu ahụ ikpe ịpịa ụtarị ebe ndị ọcha na-anata ụgwọ, oge mkpọrọ, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. Bishọp AME William Henry Heard chetara site n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Georgia na ohu ọ bụla e jidere na-ede "na-ata ahụhụ nke ịkpụpụ mkpịsị aka ya n'aka nri ya". Ndị ọzọ bụbu ndị ohu nwere ncheta yiri nke nkwarụ na ntaramahụhụ siri ike maka ịgụ na ide.<ref name="Span"/> [[Arkinsọ|Arkansas]], Kentucky, na Tennessee bụ naanị steeti ohu atọ na-etinyeghị mmachibido iwu maka ịkụziri ndị ohu ihe.<ref name="SpanSanya">Christopher M. Span & Brenda N. Sanya, "Education and the Africa Diaspora" in ''The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education'' (eds. John L. Rury & Eileen H. Tamura: Oxford University Press, 2019).</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na ọ bụ naanị 5% ruo 10% nke ndị ohu Africa America ghọrọ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ, ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, tupu [[Agha Obodo America]].<ref name="SpanSanya">Christopher M. Span & Brenda N. Sanya, "Education and the Africa Diaspora" in ''The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education'' (eds. John L. Rury & Eileen H. Tamura: Oxford University Press, 2019).</ref> QIhe mgbochi na agụmakwụkwọ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii abụghị naanị na South. <ref name="SpanSanya">Christopher M. Span & Brenda N. Sanya, "Education and the Africa Diaspora" in ''The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education'' (eds. John L. Rury & Eileen H. Tamura: Oxford University Press, 2019).</ref>Ọ bụ ezie na izi ndị isi ojii na North abụghị iwu na-akwadoghị, ọtụtụ steeti, mpaghara, na obodo ndị dị n'ebe ugwu machibidoro ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii ịbanye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze. <ref name="Anderson">James D. Anderson, "Commentary" in Gary Orfield, ''The Walls Around Opportunity'' (Princeton University Press: 2022), pp. 270-72.</ref>Ruo 1869, ọ bụ naanị ndị ọcha nwere ike ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze na Indiana na Illinois. <ref name="Anderson" />Ohio wepụrụ ụmụaka ojii n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze ruo 1849, mgbe ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii. <ref name="Anderson" />Ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nkewa zuru oke na Michigan, Minnesota, [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]], Pennsylvania, na New York. <ref name="Anderson" />Naanị [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]] nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze nkewa tupu Agha Obodo (ọ machibidoro ịkpa ókè n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na 1855). <ref name="SpanSanya" /><ref name="Anderson" />Mgbalị e mere na 1831 iji mepee kọleji maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii na New Haven, Connecticut zutere mmegide siri ike nke na a hapụrụ ọrụ ahụ ozugbo (lee Simeon Jocelyn). <ref name="Sayers">Edna Edith Sayers, ''The Life and Times of T.H. Gallaudet'' (University Press of New England: 2017), pp. 210-12.</ref>Ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye ndị nwara ịkụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii na ndị ọcha ọnụ, nke ndị abolitionist na-emeghe, bụ ndị ìgwè mmadụ bibiri, dịka ọ dị na Noyes Academy na Kenan, New Hampshire na Quaker Prudence Crandall's Female Boarding School na Canterbury, Connecticut. <ref>''Slavery and the University: Histories and Legacies'' (University of Georgia Press, 2019), pp. 189-91.</ref><ref name="Sayers" />Mgbe Agha Obodo gasịrị, ọtụtụ steeti ndị dị n'ebe ugwu machibidoro ịkpa ókè n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eme, tupu ''Brown v. Board of Education'', gụnyere site na ókèala agbụrụ nke Mpaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref name="Anderson" />   == Nnupụisi == [[Usòrò:Stephens-reading-proclamation-1863.jpeg|thumb|1863 ihe osise nke nwoke na-agụ Nkwupụta Nnwere Onwe.]] Ndị nkụzi na ndị ohu nọ n'ebe Ndịda chọtara ụzọ iji zere ma maa iwu ahụ aka. John Berry Meachum, dịka ọmụmaatụ, wepụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya na St. Louis, Missouri mgbe steeti ahụ wepụtara iwu mgbochi ịgụ na ide na 1847, wee guzobe ya ọzọ dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ nnwere onwe na-ese n'elu ụgbọ mmiri na Osimiri Mississippi, nke karịrị iwu steeti Missouri. <ref>Robert W.Tabscott John Berry Meachum Defied The Law to Educate Blacks, St. Louis Beacon, August 25, 2009</ref>Mgbe e jidere ya, kpee ya ikpe, ma nọrọ otu ọnwa n'ụlọ mkpọrọ maka ịkụziri ụmụaka ojii nweere onwe ha na Norfolk, Virginia, Margaret Crittendon Douglas dere akwụkwọ banyere ahụmịhe ya, nke nyeere aka ịdọta uche mba na iwu mgbochi ịgụ na ide. <ref>Douglass, Margaret, Educational Laws of Virginia: The Personal Narrative of Mrs. Margaret Douglass, a Southern Woman Who Was Imprisoned for One Month in the Common Jail of Norfolk, John P. Jewett and Co., 1854</ref>Frederick Douglass kụziiri onwe ya ịgụ ihe mgbe ọ bụ ohu. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Douglass|first=Frederick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U69bAAAAQAAJ|title=Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American slave. Written by himself. [With] Appendix|date=1851|pages=39|language=en}}</ref>Otu mgbasa ozi ohu gbapụrụ agbapụ nke e bipụtara na Tuscaloosa, Alabama na 1845 mere mkpesa, "[Fanny] nwere ike ịgụ ma dee, ya mere mepụta onwe ya. " Na Tennessee, "Ohu ọ bụla mepụtara akwụkwọ ikike ma ọ bụ asambodo ga-abụrịrị na a ga-eti ya ihe na-agaghị agafe iri atọ na itoolu; onye ọ bụla nyere, ma ọ bụ mee ka e nye ya... ngwá ọrụ edemede ọ bụla ọzọ e bu n'obi inyere ohu ahụ aka ịgbanahụ nna ya ukwu ka ọ ghara ịta ahụhụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ruo ihe na-erughị afọ atọ ma ọ bụghị karịa iri".<ref>{{Cite web|title=A key to Uncle Tom's cabin; presenting the original facts and documents upon which the story is founded. Together with corroborative statements verifying ...|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112003184378?urlappend=%3Bseq=460|accessdate=2023-08-26|work=HathiTrust|pages=444|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Slavery in Tennessee, by Chase C. Mooney.|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.32000002020263?urlappend=%3Bseq=29|accessdate=2023-08-26|work=HathiTrust|language=en}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị ihe ize ndụ, ndị ohu lere ịgụ na ide anya dị ka ụzọ isi gaa n'ihu na nnwere onwe, ha mụtara ma kụziere ibe ha na nzuzo. Otu ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kwuru na 20% nke ndị ohu gbapụrụ agbapụ na antebellum Kentucky nwere ike ịgụ, na 10% nwere ike ide. Ụmụaka ohu na-arụsi ọrụ ike ga-ere ihe dịka marble na oroma nye ụmụaka ọcha iji gbanwere nkuzi ịgụ akwụkwọ, ndị okenye na-amụta mgbe ụfọdụ n'aka ndị okenye ndị ọzọ, ndị ojii na ndị ọcha. Otu ohu, Lucius Holsey, nwetara ọbá akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ ise site na ire ákwà: akwụkwọ edemede abụọ, akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu, John Milton's Paradise Lost, na [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]]. Site na akwụkwọ ise a, o ji nlezianya kụziere onwe ya ịgụ site n'ibu otu okwu n'isi.<ref name="Span"/> John Hope Franklin na-ekwu na n'agbanyeghị iwu, ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii na-agba ohu dị na South niile, gụnyere na Georgia, Carolinas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Florida, Louisiana, Tennessee, na Virginia. N'afọ 1838, ndị isi ojii nweere onwe ha na Virginia rịọrọ steeti ahụ, dị ka otu, ka ha zigara ụmụ ha ụlọ akwụkwọ na-abụghị Virginia ka ha gafee iwu mgbochi ịgụ na ide. A jụrụ ha.<ref name="Span"/> N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ndị nwe ohu leghaara iwu anya. Ha lere anya n'ụzọ ọzọ mgbe ụmụ ha na-egwu egwuregwu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ma kụziere ndị ohu ha otu esi agụ na ide. Ụfọdụ ndị nwe ohu hụrụ uru akụ na ụba n'inwe ndị ohu gụrụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịme azụmahịa ma debe akaụntụ. Ndị ọzọ kwenyere na ndị ohu kwesịrị ịgụ akwụkwọ nke ọma iji gụọ Bible.<ref name="banks"/> Na Norfolk, Virginia, e wepụrụ iwu mgbochi ịgụ na ide ruo mgbe [[Agha Obodo America|Agha Obodo]] gasịrị, na 1867, n'ihi ndị isi ojii bi na ya na-arịọ gọọmentị etiti ka ha kwụsị ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai2/freedom/text5/equalsuffrage.pdf|title=Equal Suffrage. Address from the Colored Citizens of Norfolk, Va., to the People of the United States, 1865, excerpt|work=nationalhumanitiescenter.org}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kiqaztlgs1bk5wdkal89q7rgq2rrr30 0 32779 693101 655241 2026-07-31T10:27:16Z Mirah50 16972 693101 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Elvira Devinamira</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Elvira_Devinamira_The_Best_of_Ini_Talkshow.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Miss Universe Indonesia 2014, Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti na Ini Talkshow, [[NET (Indonesian TV network)|NET TV]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline"><span class="nowrap">Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti</span></div><br /><span style="display:none"> </span> <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1993-06-28</span>)</span> 28 June 1993 (afọ 30) <br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Surabaya]], East Java[[East Java|Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Java]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma mater&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Airlangga University|Mahadum Airlangga]]<ref name="Law Degree (1)">{{cite web|url=http://news.unair.ac.id/en/2016/05/30/putri-indonesia-2014-conferred-bachelor-of-law-after-pageant-contest/|title=Putri Indonesia 2014 Conferred Bachelor of Law after Pageant Contest|publisher=[[Airlangga University]]|accessdate=May 30, 2016|archivedate=June 5, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605140843/http://news.unair.ac.id/en/2016/05/30/putri-indonesia-2014-conferred-bachelor-of-law-after-pageant-contest/}}</ref><ref name="Law Degree (2)">{{cite web|url=http://alumni.unair.ac.id/site/article/read/780/berawal-dari-cak-dan-ning-surabaya.html|title=Universitas Airlangga Pencapaian Alumni Berawal dari Cak dan Ning Surabaya|publisher=[[Airlangga University]]|accessdate=June 2, 2020|archive-date=June 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618114626/http://alumni.unair.ac.id/site/article/read/780/berawal-dari-cak-dan-ning-surabaya.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Law Degree (3)">{{cite web|url=https://www.jawapos.com/nasional/pendidikan/17/07/2017/bahagia-akhirnya-putri-indonesia-arek-suroboyo-itu-diwisuda/|title=Bahagia Akhirnya Putri Indonesia Arek Suroboyo itu Diwisuda|publisher=[[Jawa Pos]]|accessdate=July 17, 2017}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọrụ | class="infobox-data role" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="hlist"> * Onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref name="Acting"/><ref name="Single (1)"/><ref name="Single (2)"/><ref name="Single (3)">{{Cite web|url=https://hot.detik.com/movie/d-3066158/pengalaman-pertama-puteri-indonesia-2014-di-film-komedi-single|title=Pengalaman Pertama Puteri Indonesia 2014 di Film Komedi 'Single'|publisher=[[detik.com|Detik News]]|date=November 9, 2015|language=id}}</ref> * Ihe nlereanya * Onye na-eme ihe nkiri ịma mma </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Onye na-eme ihe nkiri ịma mma''' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aha ya | class="infobox-data" |Puteri Indonesia 2014<br />Miss Universe Indonesia 2014 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Agba ntutu | class="infobox-data" |Ọcha nchara |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Agba anya | class="infobox-data" |Ọcha nchara |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Nnukwu asọmpi<br /></span> | class="infobox-data" |[[Puteri Indonesia 2014]]">Puteri East Java 2014 ''''''(Onye mmeri)'''''' Puteri Indonesia 2014 (Owe mmeri) Miss Universe 2014 (Top 15) (Ewe Kasị Mma nke Mba) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (1)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/stylish/pictures/miss-universe-2015-top-15-finalists-bikini-photos-2015261/43705/|title=Miss Universe 2014: Top 15 Model Bikinis!|publisher=[[Us Weekly]]|accessdate=January 20, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (2)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/miss-universe-colombia-paulina-vega-crowned-miss-universe-2014-during-the-63rd-annual-miss-universe-pageant-300025314.html|title=Miss Universe 2014 During The 63rd Annual Miss Universe® Pageant|publisher=[[PR Newswire]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (3)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.floridatoday.com/picture-gallery/entertainment/2015/01/25/photos-miss-universe-pageant-2015-in-miami/22329161/|title=Photos: Miss Universe pageant 2015 in Miami|publisher=[[Florida Today]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (4)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20150126103711-277-27319/kutukan-15-besar-miss-universe-untuk-indonesia|title='Kutukan' 15 Besar Miss Universe untuk Indonesia|publisher=[[CNN Indonesia]]|accessdate=February 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (5)">{{Cite web|url=https://tucson.com/elvira-devinamira/image_6667c7e8-a519-11e4-9b60-67984851c513.html|title=Miss Universe 2014: Top 15 Elvira Devinamira!|publisher=[[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson Weekly News]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><br /><ref name="Best National Costume (1)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SEAB-5650|title=Photo of the Day: Miss Indonesia's Borobudur Chronicles Costume|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (2)">{{Cite web|url=https://jakartaglobe.id/culture/miss-indonesia-wins-best-national-costume-miss-universe-pageant/|title=Miss Indonesia Wins Best National Costume at Miss Universe Pageant|publisher=[[Jakarta Globe]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (3)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/news/a35668/miss-indonesia-national-costume-miss-universe-2014/|title=Miss Indonesia Wins Best National Costume at Miss Universe 2014|publisher=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (4)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/world/asia-pacific/miss-indonesia-best-national-costume-miss-universe-2014|title=Miss Universe 2014: Indonesia wins Best National Costume|publisher=[[Rappler]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref> |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] <references group="" responsive="0"></references> '''Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti''' (amụrụ na 28 June 1993 na Surabaya, East Java) bụ onye Indonesia na-eme ihe nkiri, Model, Beauty Pageant titleholder onye e kpuwere okpueze Puteri Indonesia 2014, ma nọchite anya mba ya na asọmpi Miss Universe 2014 nke emere na FIU Arena na [[Flórídạ|Florida]], [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], ebe ọ nọ n'ime ''"Top 15"'' wee merie "Best National Costume" nke ugboro abụọ maka Indonesia, mgbe Agni Pratistha gasịrị na 2007. <ref name="Acting"/><ref name="Single (1)"/><ref name="Single (2)"/><ref name="Single (3)"/><ref name="Pageantry (1)">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/07/elvira-devinamira-the-princess-perseverance.html|title="Elvira Devinamira: The princess of perseverance"|publisher=[[The Jakarta Post]]|accessdate=February 7, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Pageantry (2)">{{Cite news|url=https://padangpariamankab.go.id/2014/04/30/putri-indonesia-2014-kunjungi-padang-pariaman-60961/|title=Putri Indonesia 2014 Kunjungi Padang Pariaman|publisher=[[Padang Pariaman Regency|Padang Pariaman Regency Government]]|accessdate=April 30, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Pageantry (3)">{{Cite news|url=https://padangpariamankab.go.id/2014/04/08/putri-indonesia-2014-kunjungi-padang-pariaman/|title=Putri Indonesia 2014 Kunjungi Padang Pariaman|publisher=[[Padang Pariaman Regency|Padang Pariaman Regency Government]]|accessdate=April 8, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Pageantry (4)" /><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (1)">{{Cite web|url=http://en.ce.cn/main/photo/201401/30/t20140130_2236728.shtml|title=Elvira Devinamira crowned Puteri Indonesia 2014|publisher=[[Economic Daily|China Economic Daily]]|accessdate=January 30, 2014|archivedate=February 2, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202222937/http://en.ce.cn/main/photo/201401/30/t20140130_2236728.shtml}}</ref><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (2)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.emirates247.com/lifestyle/miss-puteri-indonesia-2014-elvira-devinamira-2014-01-30-1.536626|title=Miss Puteri Indonesia 2014: Elvira Devinamira|publisher=[[Emirates 24/7]]|accessdate=January 30, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (3)">{{Cite web|url=http://en.people.cn/90782/8526302.html|title=Elvira Devinamira crowned Puteri Indonesia 2014|publisher=[[People's Daily|China People's Daily]]|accessdate=January 30, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (4)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/01/30/indonesia-s-2014-queen.html|title=Puteri Indonesia 2014 Queens|publisher=[[The Jakarta Post]]|accessdate=January 30, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (1)">{{cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/stylish/pictures/miss-universe-2015-top-15-finalists-bikini-photos-2015261/43705/|title=Miss Universe 2014: Top 15 Model Bikinis!|publisher=[[Us Weekly]]|accessdate=January 20, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (2)"/><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (3)">{{cite web|url=https://www.floridatoday.com/picture-gallery/entertainment/2015/01/25/photos-miss-universe-pageant-2015-in-miami/22329161/|title=Photos: Miss Universe pageant 2015 in Miami|publisher=[[Florida Today]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (4)">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20150126103711-277-27319/kutukan-15-besar-miss-universe-untuk-indonesia|title='Kutukan' 15 Besar Miss Universe untuk Indonesia|work=gaya hidup |publisher=[[CNN Indonesia]]|access-date=February 26, 2014 |last1=Wahyuni |first1=Tri }}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (5)">{{cite web|url=https://tucson.com/elvira-devinamira/image_6667c7e8-a519-11e4-9b60-67984851c513.html|title=Miss Universe 2014: Top 15 Elvira Devinamira!|date=25 January 2015 |publisher=[[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson Weekly News]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (1)">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SEAB-5650|title=Photo of the Day: Miss Indonesia's Borobudur Chronicles Costume|newspaper=WSJ |publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (2)">{{cite web|url=https://jakartaglobe.id/culture/miss-indonesia-wins-best-national-costume-miss-universe-pageant/|title=Miss Indonesia Wins Best National Costume at Miss Universe Pageant|work=Jakarta Globe |publisher=[[Jakarta Globe]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (3)">{{cite web|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/news/a35668/miss-indonesia-national-costume-miss-universe-2014/|title=Miss Indonesia Wins Best National Costume at Miss Universe 2014|date=26 January 2015 |publisher=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Best National Costume (4)">{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/world/asia-pacific/81964-miss-indonesia-best-national-costume-miss-universe-2014/|title=Miss Universe 2014: Indonesia wins Best National Costume|date=26 January 2015 |publisher=[[Rappler]]|access-date=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (5)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/stylish/news/miss-indonesia-best-costume-miss-universe-2015-photo-2015261/|title=Miss Indonesia Elvira Devinamira Wins Best Costume for Miss Universe 2015: See Her Amazing Look|date=26 January 2015|publisher=[[Us Weekly]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (6)">{{Cite web|url=https://indonesiatatler.com/society/8-indonesian-celebrities-and-tatler-friends-with-mombodgoals|title=5 Boldest Indonesian National Costumes In Miss Universe|publisher=[[Tatler|Tatler Indonesia]]|accessdate=December 12, 2018|archivedate=June 26, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626185201/https://indonesiatatler.com/society/8-indonesian-celebrities-and-tatler-friends-with-mombodgoals}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (7)">{{Cite web|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/637813/indonesia-wins-best-national-costume-in-miss-universe-event|title=Indonesia Wins Best National Costume in Miss Universe Event|date=19 October 2018|publisher=[[Tempo (Indonesian magazine)]]|accessdate=October 19, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (8)">{{Cite web|url=https://hollywoodlife.com/2015/01/25/miss-indonesia-wins-best-national-costume-miss-universe-pic/|title=Miss Indonesia Wins Best NationalCostume At Miss Universe 2014|publisher=[[Hollywood Life]]|accessdate=January 25, 2015|archivedate=January 27, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127070536/http://hollywoodlife.com/2015/01/25/miss-indonesia-wins-best-national-costume-miss-universe-pic/}}</ref>Ọ bụ onye Indonesia nke atọ na onye Javanese mbụ a kpọrọ Miss Universe Finalists.<ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (1)" /><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (2)" /><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (3)" /><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (4)" /><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (5)" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Elvira ma zụlite ya na Surabaya, East Java - Indonesia n'aka nne na nna Javanese, Ọ bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụnne abụọ. <ref name="Law Degree (1)"><ref name="Law Degree (2)"/><ref name="Law Degree (3)"/>Elvira na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nlereanya kemgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Airlangga, Surabaya - East Java na Cum Laude. <ref name="Law Degree (1)"/><ref name="Law Degree (2)"/><ref name="Law Degree (3)"/>O ruru ọtụtụ ihe ọ rụzuru ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya Indonesia na mmemme njem mgbanwe Model United Nations na Seoul, South Korea, 24th Harvard Model United Nations Conference na 2011, ma bụrụkwa akụkụ nke ndị nnọchianya Indonesia na Harvard National Model United Nations Conference 2012 na Boston, [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]].<ref name="Law Degree (1)"/>{{cite web|url=http://news.unair.ac.id/en/2016/05/30/putri-indonesia-2014-conferred-bachelor-of-law-after-pageant-contest/|title=Putri Indonesia 2014 Conferred Bachelor of Law after Pageant Contest|publisher=[[Airlangga University]]|accessdate=May 30, 2016|archive-date=June 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605140843/http://news.unair.ac.id/en/2016/05/30/putri-indonesia-2014-conferred-bachelor-of-law-after-pageant-contest/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Law Degree (2)" /><ref name="Law Degree (3)">{{cite web|url=https://www.jawapos.com/nasional/pendidikan/17/07/2017/bahagia-akhirnya-putri-indonesia-arek-suroboyo-itu-diwisuda/|title=Bahagia Akhirnya Putri Indonesia Arek Suroboyo itu Diwisuda|publisher=[[Jawa Pos]]|accessdate=July 17, 2017}}</ref> == Egwuregwu == [[Usòrò:Elvira_Devinamira_Wirayanti_for_Jamu_Event_With_Ministry_of_Industry_and_Ministry_of_Youth_and_Sport_of_The_Republic_of_Indonesia.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|260x260px|Elvira na Jamu Event na Ministry of Industry na Ministry of Youth and Sport nke Republic of Indonesia.<ref name="Pageantry (4)">{{Cite news|url=https://kemenperin.go.id/artikel/11049/Minum-Jamu-Bersama-di-Kementerian-Pemuda-dan-Olahraga|title=Minum Jamu Bersama di Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga|publisher=[[Ministry of Industry (Indonesia)|Ministry of Industry of The Republic of Indonesia]]|accessdate=February 6, 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150623055729/http://www.kemenperin.go.id/artikel/11049/Minum-Jamu-Bersama-di-Kementerian-Pemuda-dan-Olahraga "Minum Jamu Bersama di Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga"]. [[Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ụlọ Ọrụ (Indonesia)|Ministry of Industry of The Republic of Indonesia]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref>]] === Cak Ning Surabaya === Tupu ọ banye n'ọhịa nke asọmpi, Elvira sonyere na asọmpi ntụrụndụ nke obodo ya Surabaya, nke a na-akpọ ''"Cak Ning Surabaya"'', ebe a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nke abụọ na Cak Ning Sur abaya.<ref name="Law Degree (2)">{{cite web|url=http://alumni.unair.ac.id/site/article/read/780/berawal-dari-cak-dan-ning-surabaya.html|title=Universitas Airlangga Pencapaian Alumni Berawal dari Cak dan Ning Surabaya|publisher=[[Airlangga University]]|accessdate=June 2, 2020|archivedate=June 18, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618114626/http://alumni.unair.ac.id/site/article/read/780/berawal-dari-cak-dan-ning-surabaya.html}}</ref><ref name="Pageantry (1)"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti – Profil Alumnus Universitas Airlangga|url=https://alumni.unair.ac.id/profile/4f725b16-ecfe-4bd4-a8a9-dabed9f7a6fb|website=Alumnipedia UNAIR|publisher=Universitas Airlangga|access-date=30 Desember 2025}}</ref> === Puteri Indonesia East Java 2014 === Elvira sonyeere asọmpi ahụ na mpaghara nke Puteri Indonesia East Java 2014, ma mechaa bụrụ onye mmeri nke Puteri Indonesian East Java 2014.<ref name="Law Degree (2)"/><ref name="Pageantry (1)"/> === Puteri Indonesia 2014 === Mgbe ọ ruru eru maka aha mpaghara nke [[Indonesia]]_2014" id="mwvw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Puteri Indonesia 2014">Puteri Indonesia East Java 2014, Elvira nọchitere anya mpaghara nke East Java na asọmpi ịma mma mba, Puteri Indonesia 2014, nke emere na Jakarta Convention Center, Jakarta, Indonesia na 29 Jenụwarị 2014. <ref name="Pageantry (2)"/><ref name="Pageantry (3)"/><ref name="Pageantry (4)"/>Na ngwụcha asọmpi ahụ, a họpụtara Elvira nke ọma dị ka onye mmeri nke Puteri Indonesia 2014 (Miss Universe Indonesia 2014) ,<ref name="Puteri Indonesia (1)"/><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (2)"/> Onye nọchiri ya bụ Puteri Indonesia 2013 na Top 16 Miss Universe 2013, Whulandary Herman nke West Sumatra kpuwere Elvira okpueze. <ref name="Puteri Indonesia (3)"/><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (7)">{{Cite web|url=https://coconuts.co/jakarta/news/miss-indonesia-2014-says-scandalous-pics-kpk-chief-abraham-samad-not-real/|title=Miss Indonesia 2014 Says Scandalous Pics With KPK Chief Abraham Samad Not Real|publisher=[[Coconuts Media]]|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref>Elvira na Elfin Pertiwi Rappa bụ Puteri Indonesia Lingkungan 2014 (Miss International Indonesia 2014) na Lily Estelita Liana bụ Puteri Indonesian Pariwisata 2014 (Mess Supranational Indonesia 2014). <ref name="Puteri Indonesia (4)"/><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (5)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/416604/elvira-devinamira-jadi-puteri-indonesia-2014|title=Elvira Devinamira jadi Puteri Indonesia 2014|publisher=[[Antara (news agency)]]|accessdate=January 29, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (6)">{{Cite web|url=http://showbiz.liputan6.com/read/813575/elvira-devinamiri-puteri-indonesia-2014|title=Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti terpilih memenangkan gelar Puteri Indonesia 2014|publisher=[[Liputan 6]]|accessdate=January 30, 2014}}</ref>N'abalị ikpeazụ e chiri eze bụ nke Miss Universe 2013 na-achị, Gabriela Isler nke [[Venezuela]] dị ka kọmitii nhọpụta.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/01/27/beauty-queen.html|title=Beauty queen; Miss Universe 2013, Gabriela Isler was happy to be back in Indonesia|publisher=[[The Jakarta Post]]|accessdate=January 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www1.jcc.co.id/index.php/news-archive.html?start=220|title=The Grand Final Putri Indonesia Pageant (PPI) 2014|publisher=[[Jakarta Convention Center]]|accessdate=January 29, 2014}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == [[Usòrò:Elvira_Devinamira_Keluarga_Besar.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|270x270px|Miss Universe Indonesia 2014, Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti na [[:id:Keluarga Besar|Keluarga Besar]], NET TV.<ref name="Keluarga Besar (1)">{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/berita/omkytg280/emkeluarga-besarem-sitkom-tentang-mertua-menantu-dan-ipar-dalam-satu-atap|title=Keluarga Besar, Sitkom tentang Mertua, Menantu dan Ipar dalam Satu Atap|publisher=[[Republika (Indonesian newspaper)]]|date=March 10, 2017|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Keluarga Besar (2)">{{Cite web|url=https://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2019/07/13/ketika-kehadiran-dan-kecantikan-elvira-devinamira-menghebohkan-laki-laki-warga-kampung-lapak|title=Ketika Kehadiran dan Kecantikan Elvira Devinamira Menghebohkan Keluarga Besar|publisher=[[NET (Indonesian TV network)]]|date=July 13, 2019|language=id}}</ref>]] Mgbe ọ laghachiri Indonesia, otu afọ ka e mesịrị, Elvira natara onyinye igwu egwu na ihe nkiri nke Ram Soraya na John nke Rantau duziri nke akpọrọ "Single" na ''"[[:id:Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi (film)|Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi]]"''. <ref name="Acting">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20151112062330-220-91134/elvira-devinamira-kecanduan-berakting|title=Elvira Devinamira Kecanduan Berakting|publisher=[[CNN Indonesia]]|date=November 12, 2015|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Single (1)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/artis/bertinggi-177-cm-elvira-devinamira-ikutan-single.html|title=Bertinggi 177 cm, Elvira Devinamira ikutan 'SINGLE'|publisher=[[merdeka.com]]|date=November 10, 2015|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Single (2)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/2361411/elvira-devinamira-dan-raditya-dika-mesra-di-single|title=Elvira Devinamira dan Raditya Dika Mesra di Single|publisher=[[Liputan 6]]|date=November 9, 2015|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Single (3)"/><ref name="Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi (1)">{{Cite web|url=https://seleb.tempo.co/read/1225584/elvira-devinamira-dikritik-lantaran-adegan-mandi-di-film-barunya|title=Elvira Devinamira Dikritik Lantaran Adegan Mandi di Film Barunya|publisher=[[Tempo (Indonesian magazine)]]|date=July 17, 2019|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi (2)">{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/berita/senggang/blitz/pu5a9o328/elvira-devinamira-tolak-adegan-vulgar-tanpa-busana|title=Elvira Devinamira Tolak Adegan Vulgar tanpa Busana|publisher=[[Republika (Indonesian newspaper)]]|date=July 5, 2019|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi (3)">{{Cite web|url=https://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2019/07/13/ketika-kehadiran-dan-kecantikan-elvira-devinamira-menghebohkan-laki-laki-warga-kampung-lapak|title=Ketika Kehadiran dan Kecantikan Elvira Devinamira Menghebohkan Laki-laki Warga Kampung Lapak|publisher=[[Tribun Network]]|date=July 13, 2019|language=id}}</ref>Elvira na-akpa nganga n'onwe ya n'ihi na mgbe ọ dị obere, Elvira nwere ohere iso ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ama ama dịka Raditya Dika, Rina Hasyim, Pandji Pragiwaksono, Surya Saputra na Seno Gumira Ajidarma mee ihe. <ref name="Single (2)" /><ref name="Single (3)" />Kemgbe ahụ, Elvira apụtala na ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri telivishọn na Indonesia.<ref name="Acting" /><ref name="Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi (1)" /><ref name="Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi (2)" /> <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == Ihe odide == {{DEFAULTSORT:Devinamira, Elvira}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5iavc6pp2hhg24b840q95vqajvjeipw 693104 693101 2026-07-31T10:37:52Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 693104 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Elvira Devinamira</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Elvira_Devinamira_The_Best_of_Ini_Talkshow.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Miss Universe Indonesia 2014, Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti na Ini Talkshow, [[NET (Indonesian TV network)|NET TV]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline"><span class="nowrap">Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti</span></div><br /><span style="display:none"> </span> <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1993-06-28</span>)</span> 28 June 1993 (afọ 30) <br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Surabaya]], East Java[[East Java|Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Java]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma mater&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Airlangga University|Mahadum Airlangga]]<ref name="Law Degree (1)">{{cite web|url=http://news.unair.ac.id/en/2016/05/30/putri-indonesia-2014-conferred-bachelor-of-law-after-pageant-contest/|title=Putri Indonesia 2014 Conferred Bachelor of Law after Pageant Contest|publisher=[[Airlangga University]]|accessdate=May 30, 2016|archivedate=June 5, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605140843/http://news.unair.ac.id/en/2016/05/30/putri-indonesia-2014-conferred-bachelor-of-law-after-pageant-contest/}}</ref><ref name="Law Degree (2)">{{cite web|url=http://alumni.unair.ac.id/site/article/read/780/berawal-dari-cak-dan-ning-surabaya.html|title=Universitas Airlangga Pencapaian Alumni Berawal dari Cak dan Ning Surabaya|publisher=[[Airlangga University]]|accessdate=June 2, 2020|archive-date=June 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618114626/http://alumni.unair.ac.id/site/article/read/780/berawal-dari-cak-dan-ning-surabaya.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Law Degree (3)">{{cite web|url=https://www.jawapos.com/nasional/pendidikan/17/07/2017/bahagia-akhirnya-putri-indonesia-arek-suroboyo-itu-diwisuda/|title=Bahagia Akhirnya Putri Indonesia Arek Suroboyo itu Diwisuda|publisher=[[Jawa Pos]]|accessdate=July 17, 2017}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọrụ | class="infobox-data role" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="hlist"> * Onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref name="Acting">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20151112062330-220-91134/elvira-devinamira-kecanduan-berakting|title=Elvira Devinamira Kecanduan Berakting|publisher=[[CNN Indonesia]]|date=November 12, 2015|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Single (1)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/artis/bertinggi-177-cm-elvira-devinamira-ikutan-single.html|title=Bertinggi 177 cm, Elvira Devinamira ikutan 'SINGLE'|publisher=[[merdeka.com]]|date=November 10, 2015|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Single (2)"{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/2361411/elvira-devinamira-dan-raditya-dika-mesra-di-single|title=Elvira Devinamira dan Raditya Dika Mesra di Single|publisher=[[Liputan 6]]|date=November 9, 2015|language=id}}</ref>><ref name="Single (3)">{{Cite web|url=https://hot.detik.com/movie/d-3066158/pengalaman-pertama-puteri-indonesia-2014-di-film-komedi-single|title=Pengalaman Pertama Puteri Indonesia 2014 di Film Komedi 'Single'|publisher=[[detik.com|Detik News]]|date=November 9, 2015|language=id}}</ref> * Ihe nlereanya * Onye na-eme ihe nkiri ịma mma </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Onye na-eme ihe nkiri ịma mma''' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aha ya | class="infobox-data" |Puteri Indonesia 2014<br />Miss Universe Indonesia 2014 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Agba ntutu | class="infobox-data" |Ọcha nchara |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Agba anya | class="infobox-data" |Ọcha nchara |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Nnukwu asọmpi<br /></span> | class="infobox-data" |[[Puteri Indonesia 2014]]">Puteri East Java 2014 ''''''(Onye mmeri)'''''' Puteri Indonesia 2014 (Owe mmeri) Miss Universe 2014 (Top 15) (Ewe Kasị Mma nke Mba) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (1)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/stylish/pictures/miss-universe-2015-top-15-finalists-bikini-photos-2015261/43705/|title=Miss Universe 2014: Top 15 Model Bikinis!|publisher=[[Us Weekly]]|accessdate=January 20, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (2)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/miss-universe-colombia-paulina-vega-crowned-miss-universe-2014-during-the-63rd-annual-miss-universe-pageant-300025314.html|title=Miss Universe 2014 During The 63rd Annual Miss Universe® Pageant|publisher=[[PR Newswire]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (3)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.floridatoday.com/picture-gallery/entertainment/2015/01/25/photos-miss-universe-pageant-2015-in-miami/22329161/|title=Photos: Miss Universe pageant 2015 in Miami|publisher=[[Florida Today]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (4)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20150126103711-277-27319/kutukan-15-besar-miss-universe-untuk-indonesia|title='Kutukan' 15 Besar Miss Universe untuk Indonesia|publisher=[[CNN Indonesia]]|accessdate=February 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (5)">{{Cite web|url=https://tucson.com/elvira-devinamira/image_6667c7e8-a519-11e4-9b60-67984851c513.html|title=Miss Universe 2014: Top 15 Elvira Devinamira!|publisher=[[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson Weekly News]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><br /><ref name="Best National Costume (1)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SEAB-5650|title=Photo of the Day: Miss Indonesia's Borobudur Chronicles Costume|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (2)">{{Cite web|url=https://jakartaglobe.id/culture/miss-indonesia-wins-best-national-costume-miss-universe-pageant/|title=Miss Indonesia Wins Best National Costume at Miss Universe Pageant|publisher=[[Jakarta Globe]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (3)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/news/a35668/miss-indonesia-national-costume-miss-universe-2014/|title=Miss Indonesia Wins Best National Costume at Miss Universe 2014|publisher=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (4)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/world/asia-pacific/miss-indonesia-best-national-costume-miss-universe-2014|title=Miss Universe 2014: Indonesia wins Best National Costume|publisher=[[Rappler]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref> |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] <references group="" responsive="0"></references> '''Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti''' (amụrụ na 28 June 1993 na Surabaya, East Java) bụ onye Indonesia na-eme ihe nkiri, Model, Beauty Pageant titleholder onye e kpuwere okpueze Puteri Indonesia 2014, ma nọchite anya mba ya na asọmpi Miss Universe 2014 nke emere na FIU Arena na [[Flórídạ|Florida]], [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], ebe ọ nọ n'ime ''"Top 15"'' wee merie "Best National Costume" nke ugboro abụọ maka Indonesia, mgbe Agni Pratistha gasịrị na 2007. <ref name="Acting"/><ref name="Single (1)"/><ref name="Single (2)"/><ref name="Single (3)">{{Cite web|url=https://hot.detik.com/movie/d-3066158/pengalaman-pertama-puteri-indonesia-2014-di-film-komedi-single|title=Pengalaman Pertama Puteri Indonesia 2014 di Film Komedi 'Single'|publisher=[[detik.com|Detik News]]|date=November 9, 2015|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Pageantry (1)">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/07/elvira-devinamira-the-princess-perseverance.html|title="Elvira Devinamira: The princess of perseverance"|publisher=[[The Jakarta Post]]|accessdate=February 7, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Pageantry (2)">{{Cite news|url=https://padangpariamankab.go.id/2014/04/30/putri-indonesia-2014-kunjungi-padang-pariaman-60961/|title=Putri Indonesia 2014 Kunjungi Padang Pariaman|publisher=[[Padang Pariaman Regency|Padang Pariaman Regency Government]]|accessdate=April 30, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Pageantry (3)">{{Cite news|url=https://padangpariamankab.go.id/2014/04/08/putri-indonesia-2014-kunjungi-padang-pariaman/|title=Putri Indonesia 2014 Kunjungi Padang Pariaman|publisher=[[Padang Pariaman Regency|Padang Pariaman Regency Government]]|accessdate=April 8, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Pageantry (4)" /><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (1)">{{Cite web|url=http://en.ce.cn/main/photo/201401/30/t20140130_2236728.shtml|title=Elvira Devinamira crowned Puteri Indonesia 2014|publisher=[[Economic Daily|China Economic Daily]]|accessdate=January 30, 2014|archivedate=February 2, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202222937/http://en.ce.cn/main/photo/201401/30/t20140130_2236728.shtml}}</ref><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (2)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.emirates247.com/lifestyle/miss-puteri-indonesia-2014-elvira-devinamira-2014-01-30-1.536626|title=Miss Puteri Indonesia 2014: Elvira Devinamira|publisher=[[Emirates 24/7]]|accessdate=January 30, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (3)">{{Cite web|url=http://en.people.cn/90782/8526302.html|title=Elvira Devinamira crowned Puteri Indonesia 2014|publisher=[[People's Daily|China People's Daily]]|accessdate=January 30, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (4)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/01/30/indonesia-s-2014-queen.html|title=Puteri Indonesia 2014 Queens|publisher=[[The Jakarta Post]]|accessdate=January 30, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (1)">{{cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/stylish/pictures/miss-universe-2015-top-15-finalists-bikini-photos-2015261/43705/|title=Miss Universe 2014: Top 15 Model Bikinis!|publisher=[[Us Weekly]]|accessdate=January 20, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (2)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/miss-universe-colombia-paulina-vega-crowned-miss-universe-2014-during-the-63rd-annual-miss-universe-pageant-300025314.html|title=Miss Universe 2014 During The 63rd Annual Miss Universe® Pageant|publisher=[[PR Newswire]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (3)">{{cite web|url=https://www.floridatoday.com/picture-gallery/entertainment/2015/01/25/photos-miss-universe-pageant-2015-in-miami/22329161/|title=Photos: Miss Universe pageant 2015 in Miami|publisher=[[Florida Today]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (4)">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20150126103711-277-27319/kutukan-15-besar-miss-universe-untuk-indonesia|title='Kutukan' 15 Besar Miss Universe untuk Indonesia|work=gaya hidup |publisher=[[CNN Indonesia]]|access-date=February 26, 2014 |last1=Wahyuni |first1=Tri }}</ref><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (5)">{{cite web|url=https://tucson.com/elvira-devinamira/image_6667c7e8-a519-11e4-9b60-67984851c513.html|title=Miss Universe 2014: Top 15 Elvira Devinamira!|date=25 January 2015 |publisher=[[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson Weekly News]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (1)">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SEAB-5650|title=Photo of the Day: Miss Indonesia's Borobudur Chronicles Costume|newspaper=WSJ |publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (2)">{{cite web|url=https://jakartaglobe.id/culture/miss-indonesia-wins-best-national-costume-miss-universe-pageant/|title=Miss Indonesia Wins Best National Costume at Miss Universe Pageant|work=Jakarta Globe |publisher=[[Jakarta Globe]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (3)">{{cite web|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/news/a35668/miss-indonesia-national-costume-miss-universe-2014/|title=Miss Indonesia Wins Best National Costume at Miss Universe 2014|date=26 January 2015 |publisher=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Best National Costume (4)">{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/world/asia-pacific/81964-miss-indonesia-best-national-costume-miss-universe-2014/|title=Miss Universe 2014: Indonesia wins Best National Costume|date=26 January 2015 |publisher=[[Rappler]]|access-date=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (5)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/stylish/news/miss-indonesia-best-costume-miss-universe-2015-photo-2015261/|title=Miss Indonesia Elvira Devinamira Wins Best Costume for Miss Universe 2015: See Her Amazing Look|date=26 January 2015|publisher=[[Us Weekly]]|accessdate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (6)">{{Cite web|url=https://indonesiatatler.com/society/8-indonesian-celebrities-and-tatler-friends-with-mombodgoals|title=5 Boldest Indonesian National Costumes In Miss Universe|publisher=[[Tatler|Tatler Indonesia]]|accessdate=December 12, 2018|archivedate=June 26, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626185201/https://indonesiatatler.com/society/8-indonesian-celebrities-and-tatler-friends-with-mombodgoals}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (7)">{{Cite web|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/637813/indonesia-wins-best-national-costume-in-miss-universe-event|title=Indonesia Wins Best National Costume in Miss Universe Event|date=19 October 2018|publisher=[[Tempo (Indonesian magazine)]]|accessdate=October 19, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Best National Costume (8)">{{Cite web|url=https://hollywoodlife.com/2015/01/25/miss-indonesia-wins-best-national-costume-miss-universe-pic/|title=Miss Indonesia Wins Best NationalCostume At Miss Universe 2014|publisher=[[Hollywood Life]]|accessdate=January 25, 2015|archivedate=January 27, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127070536/http://hollywoodlife.com/2015/01/25/miss-indonesia-wins-best-national-costume-miss-universe-pic/}}</ref>Ọ bụ onye Indonesia nke atọ na onye Javanese mbụ a kpọrọ Miss Universe Finalists.<ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (1)" /><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (2)" /><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (3)" /><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (4)" /><ref name="Elvira Top 15 semifinalist (5)" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Elvira ma zụlite ya na Surabaya, East Java - Indonesia n'aka nne na nna Javanese, Ọ bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụnne abụọ. <ref name="Law Degree (1)"><ref name="Law Degree (2)"/><ref name="Law Degree (3)"/>Elvira na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nlereanya kemgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Airlangga, Surabaya - East Java na Cum Laude. <ref name="Law Degree (1)"/><ref name="Law Degree (2)"/><ref name="Law Degree (3)"/>O ruru ọtụtụ ihe ọ rụzuru ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya Indonesia na mmemme njem mgbanwe Model United Nations na Seoul, South Korea, 24th Harvard Model United Nations Conference na 2011, ma bụrụkwa akụkụ nke ndị nnọchianya Indonesia na Harvard National Model United Nations Conference 2012 na Boston, [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]].<ref name="Law Degree (1)"/>{{cite web|url=http://news.unair.ac.id/en/2016/05/30/putri-indonesia-2014-conferred-bachelor-of-law-after-pageant-contest/|title=Putri Indonesia 2014 Conferred Bachelor of Law after Pageant Contest|publisher=[[Airlangga University]]|accessdate=May 30, 2016|archive-date=June 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605140843/http://news.unair.ac.id/en/2016/05/30/putri-indonesia-2014-conferred-bachelor-of-law-after-pageant-contest/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Law Degree (2)" /><ref name="Law Degree (3)">{{cite web|url=https://www.jawapos.com/nasional/pendidikan/17/07/2017/bahagia-akhirnya-putri-indonesia-arek-suroboyo-itu-diwisuda/|title=Bahagia Akhirnya Putri Indonesia Arek Suroboyo itu Diwisuda|publisher=[[Jawa Pos]]|accessdate=July 17, 2017}}</ref> == Egwuregwu == [[Usòrò:Elvira_Devinamira_Wirayanti_for_Jamu_Event_With_Ministry_of_Industry_and_Ministry_of_Youth_and_Sport_of_The_Republic_of_Indonesia.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|260x260px|Elvira na Jamu Event na Ministry of Industry na Ministry of Youth and Sport nke Republic of Indonesia.<ref name="Pageantry (4)">{{Cite news|url=https://kemenperin.go.id/artikel/11049/Minum-Jamu-Bersama-di-Kementerian-Pemuda-dan-Olahraga|title=Minum Jamu Bersama di Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga|publisher=[[Ministry of Industry (Indonesia)|Ministry of Industry of The Republic of Indonesia]]|accessdate=February 6, 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150623055729/http://www.kemenperin.go.id/artikel/11049/Minum-Jamu-Bersama-di-Kementerian-Pemuda-dan-Olahraga "Minum Jamu Bersama di Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga"]. [[Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ụlọ Ọrụ (Indonesia)|Ministry of Industry of The Republic of Indonesia]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref>]] === Cak Ning Surabaya === Tupu ọ banye n'ọhịa nke asọmpi, Elvira sonyere na asọmpi ntụrụndụ nke obodo ya Surabaya, nke a na-akpọ ''"Cak Ning Surabaya"'', ebe a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nke abụọ na Cak Ning Sur abaya.<ref name="Law Degree (2)">{{cite web|url=http://alumni.unair.ac.id/site/article/read/780/berawal-dari-cak-dan-ning-surabaya.html|title=Universitas Airlangga Pencapaian Alumni Berawal dari Cak dan Ning Surabaya|publisher=[[Airlangga University]]|accessdate=June 2, 2020|archivedate=June 18, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618114626/http://alumni.unair.ac.id/site/article/read/780/berawal-dari-cak-dan-ning-surabaya.html}}</ref><ref name="Pageantry (1)"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti – Profil Alumnus Universitas Airlangga|url=https://alumni.unair.ac.id/profile/4f725b16-ecfe-4bd4-a8a9-dabed9f7a6fb|website=Alumnipedia UNAIR|publisher=Universitas Airlangga|access-date=30 Desember 2025}}</ref> === Puteri Indonesia East Java 2014 === Elvira sonyeere asọmpi ahụ na mpaghara nke Puteri Indonesia East Java 2014, ma mechaa bụrụ onye mmeri nke Puteri Indonesian East Java 2014.<ref name="Law Degree (2)"/><ref name="Pageantry (1)"/> === Puteri Indonesia 2014 === Mgbe ọ ruru eru maka aha mpaghara nke [[Indonesia]]_2014" id="mwvw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Puteri Indonesia 2014">Puteri Indonesia East Java 2014, Elvira nọchitere anya mpaghara nke East Java na asọmpi ịma mma mba, Puteri Indonesia 2014, nke emere na Jakarta Convention Center, Jakarta, Indonesia na 29 Jenụwarị 2014. <ref name="Pageantry (2)"/><ref name="Pageantry (3)"/><ref name="Pageantry (4)"/>Na ngwụcha asọmpi ahụ, a họpụtara Elvira nke ọma dị ka onye mmeri nke Puteri Indonesia 2014 (Miss Universe Indonesia 2014) ,<ref name="Puteri Indonesia (1)"/><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (2)"/> Onye nọchiri ya bụ Puteri Indonesia 2013 na Top 16 Miss Universe 2013, Whulandary Herman nke West Sumatra kpuwere Elvira okpueze. <ref name="Puteri Indonesia (3)"/><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (7)">{{Cite web|url=https://coconuts.co/jakarta/news/miss-indonesia-2014-says-scandalous-pics-kpk-chief-abraham-samad-not-real/|title=Miss Indonesia 2014 Says Scandalous Pics With KPK Chief Abraham Samad Not Real|publisher=[[Coconuts Media]]|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref>Elvira na Elfin Pertiwi Rappa bụ Puteri Indonesia Lingkungan 2014 (Miss International Indonesia 2014) na Lily Estelita Liana bụ Puteri Indonesian Pariwisata 2014 (Mess Supranational Indonesia 2014). <ref name="Puteri Indonesia (4)"/><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (5)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/416604/elvira-devinamira-jadi-puteri-indonesia-2014|title=Elvira Devinamira jadi Puteri Indonesia 2014|publisher=[[Antara (news agency)]]|accessdate=January 29, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Puteri Indonesia (6)">{{Cite web|url=http://showbiz.liputan6.com/read/813575/elvira-devinamiri-puteri-indonesia-2014|title=Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti terpilih memenangkan gelar Puteri Indonesia 2014|publisher=[[Liputan 6]]|accessdate=January 30, 2014}}</ref>N'abalị ikpeazụ e chiri eze bụ nke Miss Universe 2013 na-achị, Gabriela Isler nke [[Venezuela]] dị ka kọmitii nhọpụta.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/01/27/beauty-queen.html|title=Beauty queen; Miss Universe 2013, Gabriela Isler was happy to be back in Indonesia|publisher=[[The Jakarta Post]]|accessdate=January 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www1.jcc.co.id/index.php/news-archive.html?start=220|title=The Grand Final Putri Indonesia Pageant (PPI) 2014|publisher=[[Jakarta Convention Center]]|accessdate=January 29, 2014}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == [[Usòrò:Elvira_Devinamira_Keluarga_Besar.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|270x270px|Miss Universe Indonesia 2014, Elvira Devinamira Wirayanti na [[:id:Keluarga Besar|Keluarga Besar]], NET TV.<ref name="Keluarga Besar (1)">{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/berita/omkytg280/emkeluarga-besarem-sitkom-tentang-mertua-menantu-dan-ipar-dalam-satu-atap|title=Keluarga Besar, Sitkom tentang Mertua, Menantu dan Ipar dalam Satu Atap|publisher=[[Republika (Indonesian newspaper)]]|date=March 10, 2017|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Keluarga Besar (2)">{{Cite web|url=https://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2019/07/13/ketika-kehadiran-dan-kecantikan-elvira-devinamira-menghebohkan-laki-laki-warga-kampung-lapak|title=Ketika Kehadiran dan Kecantikan Elvira Devinamira Menghebohkan Keluarga Besar|publisher=[[NET (Indonesian TV network)]]|date=July 13, 2019|language=id}}</ref>]] Mgbe ọ laghachiri Indonesia, otu afọ ka e mesịrị, Elvira natara onyinye igwu egwu na ihe nkiri nke Ram Soraya na John nke Rantau duziri nke akpọrọ "Single" na ''"[[:id:Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi (film)|Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi]]"''. <ref name="Acting">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20151112062330-220-91134/elvira-devinamira-kecanduan-berakting|title=Elvira Devinamira Kecanduan Berakting|publisher=[[CNN Indonesia]]|date=November 12, 2015|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Single (1)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/artis/bertinggi-177-cm-elvira-devinamira-ikutan-single.html|title=Bertinggi 177 cm, Elvira Devinamira ikutan 'SINGLE'|publisher=[[merdeka.com]]|date=November 10, 2015|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Single (2)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/2361411/elvira-devinamira-dan-raditya-dika-mesra-di-single|title=Elvira Devinamira dan Raditya Dika Mesra di Single|publisher=[[Liputan 6]]|date=November 9, 2015|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Single (3)"/><ref name="Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi (1)">{{Cite web|url=https://seleb.tempo.co/read/1225584/elvira-devinamira-dikritik-lantaran-adegan-mandi-di-film-barunya|title=Elvira Devinamira Dikritik Lantaran Adegan Mandi di Film Barunya|publisher=[[Tempo (Indonesian magazine)]]|date=July 17, 2019|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi (2)">{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/berita/senggang/blitz/pu5a9o328/elvira-devinamira-tolak-adegan-vulgar-tanpa-busana|title=Elvira Devinamira Tolak Adegan Vulgar tanpa Busana|publisher=[[Republika (Indonesian newspaper)]]|date=July 5, 2019|language=id}}</ref><ref name="Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi (3)">{{Cite web|url=https://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2019/07/13/ketika-kehadiran-dan-kecantikan-elvira-devinamira-menghebohkan-laki-laki-warga-kampung-lapak|title=Ketika Kehadiran dan Kecantikan Elvira Devinamira Menghebohkan Laki-laki Warga Kampung Lapak|publisher=[[Tribun Network]]|date=July 13, 2019|language=id}}</ref>Elvira na-akpa nganga n'onwe ya n'ihi na mgbe ọ dị obere, Elvira nwere ohere iso ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ama ama dịka Raditya Dika, Rina Hasyim, Pandji Pragiwaksono, Surya Saputra na Seno Gumira Ajidarma mee ihe. <ref name="Single (2)" /><ref name="Single (3)" />Kemgbe ahụ, Elvira apụtala na ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri telivishọn na Indonesia.<ref name="Acting" /><ref name="Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi (1)" /><ref name="Dilarang Menyanyi di Kamar Mandi (2)" /> <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == Ihe odide == {{DEFAULTSORT:Devinamira, Elvira}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] apynuyz95yin64akboyih4s56wg4wdc 0 32800 693035 672671 2026-07-31T07:56:07Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 693035 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Holman_5537492612_6d103b97a6_o.jpg|thumb]] Elizabeth Alden Curtis Holman (August 12, 1879 - ?) bụ onye odee America bụ onye gbara akwụkwọ na 1914 Ụlọikpe Federal United States na-ekpebi n'ịchịkọta ụlọ ọrụ mmanye. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Elizabeth Alden Curtis na August 12, 1879, na Hartford, Connecticut, nye Dr. Jonathan Strong Curtis, onye dọkịta si Epsom, New Hampshire, na nwunye ya nke abụọ, Susan Brandt. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Dr. Jomnathan S Curtis Death of One of the Foremost Physicians in Hartford|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/595066732/?article=1c5a1d6e-c38f-49e5-a65f-9bd9b9167555&focus=0.30277887,0.4106908,0.4376285,0.8284784&xid=3355|accessdate=20 October 2023|work=The Morning Journal-Courier|date=April 1, 1897|page=7}}</ref><ref>''[[1880 United States Federal Census]]''</ref><ref>[[:File:Elizabeth Curtis Holman (passport application, 1921).jpg|Elizabeth Curtis Holman passport application]] from 21 January 1921</ref>Ọ bụ nwa nwanne nwanyị nke U.S. Attorney General John W. Griggs. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Saturday Evening Post|title=The Old Lady Who Could Not Be Fooled|date=January 13, 1900|volume=172|issue=29|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112003633598&view=1up&seq=17|accessdate=14 March 2021}}</ref>Na 19 June 1901, ọ lụrụ Cranston Brenton ma ha mụrụ nwa nwoke Jonathan (ma e mechara kpọọ ya William) na 1906 onye tolitere ịbụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na redio. <ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S., School Yearbooks, 1900-2016 Connecticut, Hartford. Trinity College 1902|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/cs/offers/join?dbid=1265&gsfn&gsln&h=244596859&sub=281474977005568&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.co.uk%2Fdiscoveryui-content%2Fview%2F244596859%3A1265%3Ftid%3D%26pid%3D%26queryId%3D04202bca87559dfe0a039746d48c7e7c%26_phsrc%3DACJ321%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource|accessdate=2023-07-08|work=www.ancestry.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=1930 United States Federal Census|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/cs/offers/join?dbid=6224&gsfn&gsln&h=41905485&sub=2550866976735232&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.co.uk%2Fdiscoveryui-content%2Fview%2F41905485%3A6224|accessdate=2023-07-08|work=www.ancestry.co.uk}}</ref>Mmiri riri ya na Osimiri Hudson nke New York City, mgbe ọ dị afọ 29.<ref>''New York, New York, U.S., Index to Death Certificates, 1862-1948''</ref> Na Septemba 1912, di ya na ndị dibịa nyere ya aka na mgbapu Brattleboro Insane, ruo mgbe a manyere ya inye di ya Cranston Brenton akwụkwọ nkwupụta ederedenke ebubo ekwesịghị ntụkwasị obi ya na di ya n'ọdịnihu bụ Frederic Ernest Holman. Na 1914, ọ chọrọ $50,000 na mmebi maka ntọọrọ ya megide Hartford, Connecticut abụọ, ndị dibịa, Paul Waterman na Oliver C. Smith, na di ya mbụ, Rev. Cranston Brenton nke Yonkers.New York.Ọ bụ onye isi nke Social Service Commission nke Protestant Episcopal Church na New York State. Na ikpe onye nlekọta ogologo oge nke Brattleboro Retreat, Dr. Shaller E. Lawton, gbara akaebe na Holman "nwere nkwarụ n'omume na nke uche." Agbanyeghị, ndị ọka iwu weputara akwụkwọ sitere na ịgba alụkwaghịm nke Reverend Brenton nke megidere nkwupụta ahụ nke Lawton, na-eke ujo n'ime ụlọ ikpe, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=New-York Tribune 26 Jun 1914, page Page 1|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/79055294/|accessdate=2023-07-08|work=Newspapers.com|language=en}}</ref>.<ref name="head">“</ref>” O meriri $ 4,000 (nke ya na $ 117,000 ) na mmebi na ụgwọ ya megide Branston na Waterman.<ref>{{Cite news|title=$4,000 For Mrs. Holman. She Wins a Verdict Against Her Former Husband and One Physician.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1914/06/26/archives/4000-for-mrs-holman-she-wins-a-verdict-against-her-former-husband-a.html|quote=Elizabeth Alden Curtis Holman of Waterville, Maine, came into court at 6:20 o clock this evening with a verdict of $4.000 and costs against her former ...|work=The New York Times|date=June 26, 1914|accessdate=2011-03-20}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=New-York Tribune 26 Jun 1914, page Page 1|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/79055294/|accessdate=2023-07-08|work=Newspapers.com|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel 1913, ọ lụrụ Frederic Ernest Holman, onye na-ahụ maka ego, mgbe ya na Brenton gbara alụkwaghịm, onye nọgidere na-elekọta nwa ha nwoke, William. <ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rutland Daily Herald 17 Jun 1914, page 5|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/533613879/|accessdate=2023-07-08|work=Newspapers.com|language=en}}</ref>Frederic Holman nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 1922 na Norway, Maine, n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe di na nwunye ahụ kwagara ebe ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Morning Sentinel 24 Jan 1922, page 7|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/851482534/|accessdate=2023-07-08|work=Newspapers.com|language=en}}</ref> Na 1923, ọ lụrụ Martin Sylvester Tidd, onye ọchụnta ego inshọransị si Boston.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/851317322/?terms=Elizabeth%20Curtis%20Holman&match=1|title=Social News and Gossip|work=Evening Express|date=17 November 1923|page=16}}</ref> == Ide ihe == Elizabeth Alden Curtis Holman bụkwa onye edemede, na-ebipụta n'okpuru aha dị iche iche dabere na ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye ya. N'afọ 1900, a kpọtụrụ ya aha n'otu isiokwu nke magazin The Nation dị ka onye America na-ede uri na-arụ ọrụ na "echiche, dị ọcha, na ọbụna na-atọ ụtọ" nke Rubaiyat. Dị ka "Elizabeth Curtis Brenton," o nwere akwụkwọ ozi ndị pụtara na ''The New York Times'' Saturday Review of Books na 1901 na 1905. N'afọ 1902, o bipụtara otu akwụkwọ The Lament of Baba Tahir, ederede Persian, n'okpuru aha Elizabeth Curtis Brenton; n'afọ 1912, E. A. Curtis na F. E. Holman (na-alụbeghị di) tinyere akwụkwọ maka ikike nwebisiinka maka egwuregwu o dere, dabere na Alice in Wonderland. N'afọ 1912, o bipụtara egwuregwu akpọrọ The Norseman . O bipụtakwara uri na magazin Connecticut The Crisis, na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ. == Akwụkwọ == * Bābā-Ṭāhir, , Edward Heron-Allen, na Elizabeth A. Curtis. ''Abụ Ákwá nke Baba Tahir: Ịbụ Ruba'iyat nke Baba Tahit, Hamadani ('uryan) '' ederede Persian Ed. , Annotated na Tr. site n'aka Edward Heron-Allen, na Rendered into English Verse site n'akwụkwọ Elizabeth Curtis Brenton. London: B. Quaritch, 1902. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/977483602] * Curtis, Elizabeth A. The Norseman; a Drama in Four Acts, nke Elizabeth Alden Curtis. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t6930p97z] * Omar, Khayyam, na Elizabeth A. Curtis. ''Otu narị Quatrains sitere na Rubáiyát nke Omar Khayyám: A Rendering in English Verse''. Gouverneur, NY: Ụmụnne nke Akwụkwọ, 1899. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/977903892] == Edensibia == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * Ọrụ Elizabeth Alden Curtis Holman ma ọ bụ banyere yanaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet * Ọrụ Elizabeth Alden Curtis HolmannaLibriVox (Akwụkwọ ndị a na-ege ntị n'ógbè ọha na eze) 9krwrl24lb560jnbf5foe8sdec3a14n 693037 693035 2026-07-31T07:57:22Z Mirah50 16972 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 693037 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Holman_5537492612_6d103b97a6_o.jpg|thumb]] Elizabeth Alden Curtis Holman (August 12, 1879 - ?) bụ onye odee America bụ onye gbara akwụkwọ na 1914 Ụlọikpe Federal United States na-ekpebi n'ịchịkọta ụlọ ọrụ mmanye. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Elizabeth Alden Curtis na August 12, 1879, na Hartford, Connecticut, nye Dr. Jonathan Strong Curtis, onye dọkịta si Epsom, New Hampshire, na nwunye ya nke abụọ, Susan Brandt. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Dr. Jomnathan S Curtis Death of One of the Foremost Physicians in Hartford|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/595066732/?article=1c5a1d6e-c38f-49e5-a65f-9bd9b9167555&focus=0.30277887,0.4106908,0.4376285,0.8284784&xid=3355|accessdate=20 October 2023|work=The Morning Journal-Courier|date=April 1, 1897|page=7}}</ref><ref>''[[1880 United States Federal Census]]''</ref><ref>[[:File:Elizabeth Curtis Holman (passport application, 1921).jpg|Elizabeth Curtis Holman passport application]] from 21 January 1921</ref>Ọ bụ nwa nwanne nwanyị nke U.S. Attorney General John W. Griggs. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Saturday Evening Post|title=The Old Lady Who Could Not Be Fooled|date=January 13, 1900|volume=172|issue=29|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112003633598&view=1up&seq=17|accessdate=14 March 2021}}</ref>Na 19 June 1901, ọ lụrụ Cranston Brenton ma ha mụrụ nwa nwoke Jonathan (ma e mechara kpọọ ya William) na 1906 onye tolitere ịbụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na redio. <ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S., School Yearbooks, 1900-2016 Connecticut, Hartford. Trinity College 1902|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/cs/offers/join?dbid=1265&gsfn&gsln&h=244596859&sub=281474977005568&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.co.uk%2Fdiscoveryui-content%2Fview%2F244596859%3A1265%3Ftid%3D%26pid%3D%26queryId%3D04202bca87559dfe0a039746d48c7e7c%26_phsrc%3DACJ321%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource|accessdate=2023-07-08|work=www.ancestry.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=1930 United States Federal Census|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/cs/offers/join?dbid=6224&gsfn&gsln&h=41905485&sub=2550866976735232&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.co.uk%2Fdiscoveryui-content%2Fview%2F41905485%3A6224|accessdate=2023-07-08|work=www.ancestry.co.uk}}</ref>Mmiri riri ya na Osimiri Hudson nke New York City, mgbe ọ dị afọ 29.<ref>''New York, New York, U.S., Index to Death Certificates, 1862-1948''</ref> Na Septemba 1912, di ya na ndị dibịa nyere ya aka na mgbapu Brattleboro Insane, ruo mgbe a manyere ya inye di ya Cranston Brenton akwụkwọ nkwupụta ederedenke ebubo ekwesịghị ntụkwasị obi ya na di ya n'ọdịnihu bụ Frederic Ernest Holman. Na 1914, ọ chọrọ $50,000 na mmebi maka ntọọrọ ya megide Hartford, Connecticut abụọ, ndị dibịa, Paul Waterman na Oliver C. Smith, na di ya mbụ, Rev. Cranston Brenton nke Yonkers.New York.Ọ bụ onye isi nke Social Service Commission nke Protestant Episcopal Church na New York State. Na ikpe onye nlekọta ogologo oge nke Brattleboro Retreat, Dr. Shaller E. Lawton, gbara akaebe na Holman "nwere nkwarụ n'omume na nke uche." Agbanyeghị, ndị ọka iwu weputara akwụkwọ sitere na ịgba alụkwaghịm nke Reverend Brenton nke megidere nkwupụta ahụ nke Lawton, na-eke ujo n'ime ụlọ ikpe, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=New-York Tribune 26 Jun 1914, page Page 1|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/79055294/|accessdate=2023-07-08|work=Newspapers.com|language=en}}</ref>.<ref name="head">“</ref>” O meriri $ 4,000 (nke ya na $ 117,000 ) na mmebi na ụgwọ ya megide Branston na Waterman.<ref>{{Cite news|title=$4,000 For Mrs. Holman. She Wins a Verdict Against Her Former Husband and One Physician.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1914/06/26/archives/4000-for-mrs-holman-she-wins-a-verdict-against-her-former-husband-a.html|quote=Elizabeth Alden Curtis Holman of Waterville, Maine, came into court at 6:20 o clock this evening with a verdict of $4.000 and costs against her former ...|work=The New York Times|date=June 26, 1914|accessdate=2011-03-20}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=New-York Tribune 26 Jun 1914, page Page 1|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/79055294/|accessdate=2023-07-08|work=Newspapers.com|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel 1913, ọ lụrụ Frederic Ernest Holman, onye na-ahụ maka ego, mgbe ya na Brenton gbara alụkwaghịm, onye nọgidere na-elekọta nwa ha nwoke, William. <ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rutland Daily Herald 17 Jun 1914, page 5|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/533613879/|accessdate=2023-07-08|work=Newspapers.com|language=en}}</ref>Frederic Holman nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 1922 na Norway, Maine, n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe di na nwunye ahụ kwagara ebe ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Morning Sentinel 24 Jan 1922, page 7|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/851482534/|accessdate=2023-07-08|work=Newspapers.com|language=en}}</ref> Na 1923, ọ lụrụ Martin Sylvester Tidd, onye ọchụnta ego inshọransị si Boston.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/851317322/?terms=Elizabeth%20Curtis%20Holman&match=1|title=Social News and Gossip|work=Evening Express|date=17 November 1923|page=16}}</ref> == Ide ihe == Elizabeth Alden Curtis Holman bụkwa onye edemede, na-ebipụta n'okpuru aha dị iche iche dabere na ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye ya. N'afọ 1900, a kpọtụrụ ya aha n'otu isiokwu nke magazin The Nation dị ka onye America na-ede uri na-arụ ọrụ na "echiche, dị ọcha, na ọbụna na-atọ ụtọ" nke Rubaiyat. Dị ka "Elizabeth Curtis Brenton," o nwere akwụkwọ ozi ndị pụtara na ''The New York Times'' Saturday Review of Books na 1901 na 1905. N'afọ 1902, o bipụtara otu akwụkwọ The Lament of Baba Tahir, ederede Persian, n'okpuru aha Elizabeth Curtis Brenton; n'afọ 1912, E. A. Curtis na F. E. Holman (na-alụbeghị di) tinyere akwụkwọ maka ikike nwebisiinka maka egwuregwu o dere, dabere na Alice in Wonderland. N'afọ 1912, o bipụtara egwuregwu akpọrọ The Norseman . O bipụtakwara uri na magazin Connecticut The Crisis, na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ. == Akwụkwọ == * Bābā-Ṭāhir, , Edward Heron-Allen, na Elizabeth A. Curtis. ''Abụ Ákwá nke Baba Tahir: Ịbụ Ruba'iyat nke Baba Tahit, Hamadani ('uryan) '' ederede Persian Ed. , Annotated na Tr. site n'aka Edward Heron-Allen, na Rendered into English Verse site n'akwụkwọ Elizabeth Curtis Brenton. London: B. Quaritch, 1902. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/977483602] * Curtis, Elizabeth A. The Norseman; a Drama in Four Acts, nke Elizabeth Alden Curtis. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t6930p97z] * Omar, Khayyam, na Elizabeth A. Curtis. ''Otu narị Quatrains sitere na Rubáiyát nke Omar Khayyám: A Rendering in English Verse''. Gouverneur, NY: Ụmụnne nke Akwụkwọ, 1899. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/977903892] == Edensibia == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * Ọrụ Elizabeth Alden Curtis Holman ma ọ bụ banyere yanaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet * Ọrụ Elizabeth Alden Curtis HolmannaLibriVox (Akwụkwọ ndị a na-ege ntị n'ógbè ọha na eze) {{DEFAULTSORT:Holman, Elizabeth Alden Curtis}} qc0xp2v8spdtiv9c1brj8wu57cdqs2d 0 33136 693026 207017 2026-07-31T07:10:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lieutenant General '''Akwasi Amankwaa Afrifa''' (24 Eprel 1936 - 26 June 1979) bụ onye agha Ghana, onye ọrụ ugbo, onye ọchịchị ọdịnala na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ onye isi ala nke Ghana na onye ndú nke gọọmentị ndị agha na 1969 wee bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Onye isi ala n'etiti afọ 1969 na 1970. Ọ gara n'ihu dị ka onye ọrụ ugbo na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu na 1979, mana e gburu ya tupu ya enwee ike ịnọdụ n'oche ya. E gburu ya na ndị isi ala abụọ ọzọ, General Kutu Acheampong na General Fred Akuffo, na ndị ọchịagha ise ndị ọzọ (Utuka, Felli, Boakye, Robert Kotei na Amedume), na June 1979. A na-akpọkwa ya Okatakyie /ˈoʊkætʃiː/ Akwasi Amankwaa Afrifa ma bụrụkwa ''abakomahene'' nke Krobo na mpaghara ọdịnala Asante-Mampong nke mpaghara Ashanti nke Ghana. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Adisadel College, ọ sonyeere Ndị agha Ghana na 1957 ma zigara ya na Regular Officer's Special Training School. Site {{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/pop-up.php?ID=121|title=Lt. Gen Akwasi Amankwa Afrifa Profile|accessdate=7 September 2015|work=GhanaWeb <!--archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070608110956/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/pop-up.php?ID=121| archive-date= 8 June 2007-->}}</ref>'ebe ahụ, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Mons Officer Cadet, Aldershot, England na 1958. Ọ gụsịrị ọzụzụ ndị isi na [[Sandhurst, Berkshire|Sandhurst]]" id="mwIw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Royal Military Academy Sandhurst">Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, England. N'afọ 1961, ọ nọ na School of Infantry, Hythe, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]]. Afrifa gakwara kọleji nchekwa, na Teshie na Accra . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Brief Profile: Akwasi Amankwa Afrifa|url=http://justiceghana.com/blog/research/profiles/brief-profile-akwasi-amankwaa-afrifa/|accessdate=2022-08-04|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1960, e nyere Afrifa ọrụ dị ka onye isi nke abụọ na Ndị agha Ghana. Site na 1962 ruo 1964, ọ bụ onye isi ndị agha. Ọ gara kọleji Defence, na Teshie na Accra. Afrifa bụ otu n'ime ndị isi jere ozi na ndị agha Ghana nke United Nations Operation na Congo . Afrifa rịgooro n'ọkwa ka ọ bụrụ onye isi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://home.comcast.net/~amaah/writings/ghana-without-nkrumah-men-in-charge.html|title=Ghana Without Nkrumah - The Men In Charge|accessdate=2007-06-25|author=Jon Kraus|date=April 1966|work=Africa Report|publisher=Koranteng Ofosu-Amaah|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619064850/http://home.comcast.net/~amaah/writings/ghana-without-nkrumah-men-in-charge.html|archivedate=19 June 2007}} {{Cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+gh0147)|title=The Military and the Government.|accessdate=2007-06-25|date=November 2004|work=Library of Congress Country Studies|publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> bụkwa onye isi ndị ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọzụzụ na ọrụ ndị agha site na 1965. {{Cite web|url=http://www.ghana50.gov.gh/presidency/index.php?op=getAfrifa|title=Leaders of Ghana|accessdate=2007-06-25|work=Official Ghana@50 website|publisher=Ghana government|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928100225/http://www.ghana50.gov.gh/presidency/index.php?op=getAfrifa|archivedate=2007-09-28}}</ref> nọ na Kumasi, n'isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Second Infantry Brigade (nke bụzi Central Command) nke Ghana Army. == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == === 24 Febụwarị 1966 === <ref>{{Cite web|title=allAfrica.com: myAfrica|url=http://myafrica.allafrica.com/view/people/main/id/07W6QhDF8ucCll12.html|work=myafrica.allafrica.com|accessdate=2020-05-25|archivedate=2020-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928055638/http://myafrica.allafrica.com/view/people/main/id/07W6QhDF8ucCll12.html}}</ref> While at Kumasi, Afrifa became friends with Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka, then a colonel and the commander of the Second Infantry Brigade.<ref name="kotoka">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/pop-up.php?ID=120|title=Lt-Gen Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka Profile|accessdate=7 September 2015|work=GhanaWeb|publisher=<!-- archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070805043459/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/pop-up.php?ID=120| archive-date= 5 August 2007-->}}</ref> At the time, Ghana had become a one-party state, political opposition was effectively removed with the Preventive Detention Act of 1958 and in 1964 Kwame Nkrumah declared himself president for life. Simultaneously, the export price of Ghana's main foreign exchange earner, cocoa, plummeted. This, combined with ambitious domestic expenditure on much needed social infrastructure and on well documented white elephants{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}, led to the bankruptcy of Ghana. There was a lot of discontent among the general population as prices rocketed for basic consumer goods which were widely unavailable, and among the Ghana Armed Forces.<ref name="loc">{{Cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+gh0147)|title=The Military and the Government.|accessdate=2007-06-25|date=November 2004|work=Library of Congress Country Studies|publisher=Library of Congress}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+gh0147) "The Military and the Government"]. ''Library of Congress Country Studies''. Library of Congress. November 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> Nkrumah had asked the military at the time to prepare for a possible campaign in Rhodesia (now [[Zimbabwe]]) against the racist régime that had been established there. Under the pretext of a training exercise, Kotoka, moved his troops from Kumasi to Accra for the coup. Afrifa was his right-hand man in the coup exercise.<ref name="security services">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/NRC/Vol%204%20Chpt%201%20com.sec.rep.pdf|title=The Security Services|accessdate=2007-06-25|work=National Reconciliation Commission Report Volume 4, Chapter 1|pages=24, 30|date=October 2004|publisher=Ghana Government|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016012351/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/NRC/Vol%204%20Chpt%201%20com.sec.rep.pdf|archivedate=October 16, 2006}}</ref> It turned out later that, unhappy with Nkrumah's strengthening ties with [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]], [[China]] and other communist states,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brigadier Akwasi Amankwaa Afrifa - @ MyTribute.Life|url=https://www.mytribute.life/Tribute/Brigadier%20Akwasi%20Amankwaa%20Afrifa%20-13|work=www.mytribute.life|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-25}}</ref> the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States had been kept updated about preparations for this coup and may have helped create difficulties for the Nkrumah government to facilitate this.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/about_state/history/vol_xxiv/y.html|title=253. Memorandum From Robert W. Komer of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy)/1/|accessdate=2007-06-25|year=1999|work=Foreign Relations of the United States 1964-1968, Volume XXIV, Africa|publisher=Department of State, US|quote=The plotters are keeping us briefed,"&nbsp;.... "and the State Department thinks we're more on the inside than the British. While we're not directly involved (I'm told), we and other Western countries (including France) have been helping to set up the situation by ignoring Nkrumah's pleas for economic aid. All in all, it looks good.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seeingblack.com/x060702/nkrumah.shtml|title=Documents Expose U.S. Role in Nkrumah Overthrow|accessdate=2007-06-25|author=Paul Lee|date=2002-06-07|publisher=SeeingBlack.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705144155/http://www.seeingblack.com/x060702/nkrumah.shtml|archivedate=5 July 2007}}</ref> The coup plotters struck while Nkrumah was on a trip to Hanoi, then the capital of North Vietnam.<ref name="security services" /> Afrifa's brief was to take the Broadcasting House, the base from which the national radio station broadcast its news and programmes. This succeeded after heavy fighting, allowing Kotoka to go on air to announce the coup d'état to the whole nation.<ref name="ghanaweb">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/pop-up.php?ID=121|title=Lt. Gen Akwasi Amankwa Afrifa Profile|accessdate=7 September 2015|work=GhanaWeb <!--archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070608110956/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/pop-up.php?ID=121| archive-date= 8 June 2007-->}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/pop-up.php?ID=121 "Lt. Gen Akwasi Amankwa Afrifa Profile"]. ''GhanaWeb''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> === Ebubo nke arụrụala === E nweela ebubo site n'aka ndị otu Nkrumah's Presidential Detail Department (PDD) na-ahụ maka nchebe onwe onye nke Nkrumah na a tara ha ahụhụ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha n'ihu Kotoka, J. W. K. Harlley na Afrifa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/NRC/Vol%204%20Chpt%201%20com.sec.rep.pdf|title=Review of Petitions|accessdate=2007-06-25|date=October 2004|pages=127–129|work=National Reconciliation Commission Report Volume 2, Chapter 5|publisher=Ghana Government|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016012351/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/NRC/Vol%204%20Chpt%201%20com.sec.rep.pdf|archivedate=October 16, 2006}}</ref>[[Martin Okai]], onye otu PDD, kwuru na National Reconciliation Commission na-ege ntị na ọ bụ Afrifa lekọtara mmekpa ahụ ya. === Oge n'ọchịchị === Mgbe nnupụisi ahụ gasịrị, Kotoka ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị otu asatọ nke National Liberation Council (NLC). Afrifa gakwara <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/NRC/Vol%204%20Chpt%201%20com.sec.rep.pdf|title=Review of Petitions|accessdate=2007-06-25|date=October 2004|work=National Reconciliation Commission Report Volume 2, Chapter 5|publisher=Ghana Government|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016012351/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/NRC/Vol%204%20Chpt%201%20com.sec.rep.pdf|archivedate=October 16, 2006}}</ref>'usoro nkwalite ngwa ngwa site na onye isi ruo Lieutenant General n'ime afọ atọ gọọmentị ya nọ n'ọchịchị. <ref name="ghana@50">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghana50.gov.gh/presidency/index.php?op=getAfrifa|title=Leaders of Ghana|accessdate=2007-06-25|work=Official Ghana@50 website|publisher=Ghana government|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928100225/http://www.ghana50.gov.gh/presidency/index.php?op=getAfrifa|archivedate=2007-09-28}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928100225/http://www.ghana50.gov.gh/presidency/index.php?op=getAfrifa "Leaders of Ghana"]. ''Official Ghana@50 website''. Ghana government. Archived from [http://www.ghana50.gov.gh/presidency/index.php?op=getAfrifa the original] on 2007-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-25</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="ghanaweb"/> họpụtakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi (onye ozi) maka ego na azụmahịa. A manyere onye isi ala Ghana na onye isi oche nke NLC, Joseph Arthur Ankrah ịgba arụkwaghịm n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1969 mgbe ihe ihere iri ngo metụtara [[Francis Nzeribe]], onye ọchụnta ego Naijiria. Afrifa nọchiri ya dị ka onye isi ala. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghana50.gov.gh/presidency/index.php?op=getAnkrah|title=Our Leaders-Lt. General Joseph A. Ankrah|accessdate=2007-06-25|work=Official Website for the 50th Independence Anniversary Celebrations of Ghana|publisher=Ghana government|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928100125/http://www.ghana50.gov.gh/presidency/index.php?op=getAnkrah|archivedate=2007-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/pop-up.php?ID=119|title=Lt. General Joseph A. Ankrah Profile|accessdate=7 September 2015|work=GhanaWeb|publisher=<!--archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070807082737/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/pop-up.php?ID=119| archive-date= 7 August 2007-->|archivedate=5 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205063145/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/pop-up.php?ID=119}}</ref> boro Ankrah ebubo ịkwụ ụgwọ iji metụta nsonaazụ nke ntuli aka nke gosiri ya n'ihu Afrifa na Kofi Abrefa Busia maka ntuli aka mba nke ga-eme n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1969. [1] [2] Afrifa onye na-akwado Busia, onye ndú nke Progress Party bụ onye na'asọmpi na ntuli aka National Assembly na-abịanụ. [1] Afrifa nyefere Busia onye ghọrọ [[Prime minister of Ghana|praịm minista nke Ghana]] na mwepụta nke Republic nke Abụọ. Ọ gara n'ihu dị ka onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Onye isi ala e guzobere ọhụrụ ruo n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1970 mgbe Nii Amaa Ollennu, onye na-ekwuchitere ndị omeiwu na Republic nke Abụọ, nọchiri ya. === Mgbalị maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya === Mgbe Acheampong na National Redemption Council kwaturu ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke Busia, e jidere Afrifa, onye a ma ama na-akwado Busia ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị na 15 Jenụwarị 1972 ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ ruo Disemba 1972. <ref name="ghana@50"/> Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, Afrifa tinyere onwe ya n'ọrụ ugbo n'obodo ya bụ Mampong. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghana50.gov.gh/history/index.php?op=postIndependence5|title=History of Ghana - Post Independence Ghana|accessdate=2007-06-25|publisher=Ghana government|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928100150/http://www.ghana50.gov.gh/history/index.php?op=postIndependence5|archivedate=2007-09-28}}</ref>'afọ 1978, gọọmentị Supreme Military Council (SMC) chọrọ iwebata usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọhụrụ a na-akatọkarị nke a na-akpọ Union Government (UNIGOV) nke ga-abụ mmekọrịta ndị agha na ndị nkịtị kama ịlaghachi na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. E mere ndokwa maka ntuli aka na Machị 1978, Afrifa bụkwa otu n'ime ndị isi nke Popular Movement for Freedom and Justice, nke dugara na mmegide megide echiche UNIGOV a. <ref name="ghana@50" />'ịbụ ndị ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi n'etiti ndị ọzọ sonyeere, PMFJ chọrọ nloghachi na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} mulzbzgi4pf87kk8w4zwo2mljr9zs6n 0 33163 693124 580348 2026-07-31T11:39:36Z Epiphanus Jide 14249 Removed broken file and added databox 693124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Lustrum: Forschungsberichte aus dem Bereich des klassischen Altertums''''' (English: "Akụkọ nyocha mba ụwa n'ọhịa oge ochie") bụ akwụkwọ nyocha n'ọgbọ Ọmụmụ oge ochie. Mpịakọta ọ bụla na-enwekarị naanị isiokwu abụọ, na-enyocha agụmakwụkwọ na otu onye edemede, ụdị, ma ọ bụ isiokwu ọzọ n'ime oge a kapịrị ọnụ. Isiokwu na-apụta n'asụsụ dị iche iche, gụnyere German na Bekee. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht bipụtara ''Lustrum'' na [[Göttingen]]. E bipụtara mpịakọta mbụ nke ''Lustrum'' na 1957 ma bụrụ maka afọ 1956; a na-ebipụta mpịakọ kwa afọ. {{As of|2022}}, ndị editọ ya bụ Marcus Deufert na Irmgard Männlein-Robert. == Mpaghara na nchịkọta == ''Lustrum'' na-elekwasịkarị anya na bibliographies nke ndị edemede Gris na ndị Rom oge ochie na ụdị akwụkwọ, ọ bụ ezie na bibliographics ndị ọzọ nke isiokwu ndị ọzọ dị ka archaeology, grammar, mathematics, mita, egwu, na paleography ka e bipụtara mgbe ụfọdụ; enwekwara bibliographies ole na ole metụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ngalaba ọmụmụ oge ochie. ka ọ na-adịkarị, ndị a nwere akwụkwọ edemede dị ogologo, na-enyocha usoro nyocha; ọtụtụ mgbe, ndepụta na-esonyere isiokwu ọ bụla. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dee|first=James H.|title=A Survey of Recent Bibliographies of Classical Literature|journal=The Classical World|date=1980|volume=73|issue=5|pages=275–290|doi=10.2307/4349197}}</ref> na-achọ ihe ngosi mgbe ụfọdụ n'ihi na ọrụ ndị a na-atụle anaghị edepụta ha n'usoro mkpụrụ akwụkwọ; ha nwere ike ịpụta na njedebe nke isiokwu ma ọ bụ na njedebe nke mpịakọta ahụ dum. [2] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lustrum|url=https://www.vandenhoeck-ruprecht-verlage.com/352/lustrum|work=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Verlage|accessdate=8 December 2022|language=de}}</ref> ike ide isiokwu German, Bekee, French, Italian, ma ọ bụ Latin. [1] [2] In principle, these reports were supposed to come out every five years;<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mette|first=Hans Joachim|title=Vorwort|journal=Lustrum|date=1956|volume=1|pages=5–6|url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00051690/image_5}}</ref> a lustrum was a five-year period of time in Ancient Rome. For instance, Luc Brisson wrote a bibliography on Plato covering the periods 1958–1975,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brisson|first=Luc|title=Platon 1958–1975|url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00051732/image_5|journal=Lustrum|date=1977|volume=20|pages=5–304}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leroux|first=Georges|title=Luc Brisson. ''Platon 1958–1975''|journal=Philosophiques|date=1981|volume=8|issue=1|pages=197–199|doi=10.7202/203158ar}}</ref> and then with H. Ioannidi he wrote subsequent bibliographies for the five-year periods: 1975–1980,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brisson|first=Luc|title=Platon 1975–1980|url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00051742/image_31|journal=Lustrum|date=1983|volume=25|pages=31–320}} {{Cite journal|author=Brisson|first=Luc|title=Corrigenda|url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00051743/image_205|journal=Lustrum|date=1984|volume=26|pages=205–206}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Laks|first=A.|title=''Platon 1975–1980'' par Luc Brisson|journal=Revue des Études Grecques|date=1984|volume=97|issue=460/461|pages=321–322|language=fr}}</ref> 1980–1985,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brisson|first=Luc|title=Platon: 1980–1985|url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00051746/image_9|journal=Lustrum|date=1988|volume=30|pages=11–294}} {{Cite journal|author=Brisson|first=Luc|title=Corrigenda|url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00051747/image_268|journal=Lustrum|date=1989|volume=31|pages=270–271}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lafrance|first=Yvon|title=''Platon (1980–1985)'': Luc Brisson|journal=Dialogue|date=1992|volume=31|issue=1|pages=127–128|doi=10.1017/S0012217300048551}}</ref> and 1985–1990.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brisson|first=Luc|title=Platon 1985–1990|url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00051757/image_5|journal=Lustrum|date=1992|volume=34|pages=7–338}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lafrance|first=Yvon|title=''Platon (1985–1990)'': Luc Brisson|journal=Dialogue|date=1996|volume=35|issue=1|pages=182–183|doi=10.1017/S0012217300008180}}</ref> Some bibliographical articles can be quite lengthy and cover a much wider span of scholarship; an article by University of Thessaloniki professor Ioannis Touloumakos which covered scholarship on Aristotle's ''Politics'' during the period 1925–1985<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Touloumakos|first=Johannes|title=Aristoteles' "Politik" 1925–1985 (1. Teil)|url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00051748/image_175|journal=Lustrum|date=1990|volume=32|pages=177–282}} {{Cite journal|author=Touloumakos|first=Johannes|title=(2. Teil)|url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00051758/image_179|journal=Lustrum|date=1993|volume=35|pages=181–289}} {{Cite journal|author=Touloumakos|first=Johannes|title=(3. Teil)|url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00051781/image_5|journal=Lustrum|date=1997|volume=39|pages=8–305}} {{Cite journal|author=Touloumakos|first=Johannes|title=(Schluß)|url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00051782/image_5|journal=Lustrum|date=1998|volume=40|pages=7–197, 261–278}} {{Cite journal|author=Touloumakos|first=Johannes|title=Addenda und Corrigenda|url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00051785/image_5|journal=Lustrum|date=2001|volume=43|pages=7–9}}</ref> is 700 pages long and took twelve years to be fully published. Isiokwu bụla na-adịkarị ma ọ dịkarịa ala peeji iri na abụọ. bụ ezie na ọtụtụ mpịakọta nwere isiokwu abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, ụfọdụ mpịakọba nwere otu akwụkwọ ogologo. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Carmignani|first=Marcos|title=Vannini, G., 'Petronius 1975–2005'|journal=Ordia Prima|date=2007|volume=6|pages=246–251|language=es|id={{EBSCOhost|34435981}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bonazzi|first=Mauro|title=''Proclus: Fifteen Years of Research (1990–2004). An Annotated Bibliography''|journal=Rivista di Storia della Filosofia|date=2007|volume=62|issue=3|pages=607–608}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pouchet|first=Jean-Robert|title=Francesco Trisoglio. ''San Gregorio Nazianzeno 1996–1993''|journal=Revue d'Histoire Ecclésiastique|date=2000|volume=95|issue=1|pages=200–203|id={{ProQuest|1302398010}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref>'ime mpịakọta ndị a abụwo isiokwu nke nyocha akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A hụrụ ''Lustrum'' dị ka onye nọchiri Bursian's Jahresberichte [s:de]. E mere atụmatụ mbụ ịmepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ọhụrụ a n'oge nzukọ August 1954 nke International Congress of Classical Studies . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Bibliography of Publications Issued by Unesco or Under its Auspices the First Twenty-Five Years: 1946 to 1971|date=1973|publisher=Unesco|location=Paris|isbn=92-3-001037-5|url=https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu0000unes/page/31/mode/1up}}</ref>UNESCO kwadoro ya na mbụ [1] na nkwado sitere na International Federation of Associations of Classical Studies . bụ [[:de:Andreas Thierfelder|nke]]&#x5D;-ignore="true" id="mwYQ" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal; ">&nbsp;&#x5B;[[:de:Hans Joachim Mette|nke]]&#x5D; cx-link" data-linkid="136" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ill","href":"./Template:Ill"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Hans Joachim Mette"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Hans Joachim Mette"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Hans_Joachim_Mette?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwYA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hans Joachim Mette" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Hans Joachim Mette [de] na Andreas Thierfelder [de] dezigharịrị mpịakọta nke mbụ. <nowiki>''</nowiki>s <ref name="Seidensticker1987"/> Thierfelder bụ ndị enyi si mahadum, [1] Thierfelders bụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ ikpeazụ nke ''Bursians Jahresbericht''. [2] <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Algemene kroniek|journal=Tijdschrift voor Philosophie|date=1957|volume=19|issue=2|pages=338–339}}</ref> & Ruprecht bipụtara mpịakọta nke mbụ na 1957 na [[Göttingen|Göttingen, Germany]], ma gụnye isiokwu atọ - gụnyere otu nke Mette na agụmakwụkwọ Homeric. === Ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ === Mette <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Blänsdorf|first=Jürgen|title=Andreas Thierfelder†|journal=Gnomon|date=1987|volume=59|issue=7|pages=664–667}}</ref> Thierfelder jikọtara ọnụ dee mpịakọta 27 mbụ nke ''Lustrum'' ruo mgbe ha nwụrụ, nke mere ụbọchị ole na ole site na ibe ha n'April 1986. <ref name="Seidensticker1987">{{Cite journal|author=Seidensticker|first=Bernd|title=Hans Joachim Mette†|journal=Gnomon|date=1987|volume=59|issue=7|pages=667–670}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Title page|journal=Lustrum|date=1986–1987|volume='''28'''–'''29'''|url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00051745/image_1}}</ref> mberede <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gärtner|first=Hans|title=Vorbemerkung|journal=Lustrum|date=1986–1987|volume='''28'''–'''29'''|url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00051745/image_3}}</ref> mere -ignore="true" id="mwfQ" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal; ">&nbsp;&#x5B;[[:de:Hans Gärtner (philologist)|nke]]&#x5D; e bipụta mpịakọta 28-29 dị ka mpịakọ a jikọtara ya na Hans Gärtner [de] na Hubert Petersmann [de] gbakwunyere dị ka ndị nchịkọta akụkọ, [1] edepụtara Mette na Thierfelder dị ka ndị editọ nke mpịakọrọ a mgbe ha nwụsịrị. [2] <ref name="Gartner obit" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gärtner|first=Hans|title=Vorbemerkung|journal=Lustrum|date=1999|volume=41|url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00051783/image_3}}</ref> Petersmann jikọrọ aka dezie ''Lustrum'' ruo mgbe Petersmann nwụrụ na 2001, tupu mbipụta nke mpịakọta 41 maka afọ 1999. [1] [2] <ref name="Gartner obit">{{Cite journal|author=Janka|first=Markus|title=Hans Gärtner†|journal=Gnomon|date=2016|volume=88|issue=5|pages=474–479}}</ref>[[:de:Michael Weißenberger|nke]]&#x5D;<nowiki> cx-link" data-linkid="150" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ill","href":"./Template:Ill"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Michael Weißenberger"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Michael Weißenberger"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Michael_Weißenberger?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwiQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Michael Weißenberger" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Michael Weißenberger [de] malitere iso Gärtner na-edezi ya n'afọ 2000, malite na mpịakọta nke 42. [1] </nowiki><ref name="Gartner obit" /> kwụsịrị ide ''Lustrum'' na 2011. [1] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Weißenberger|first=Michael|title=Vorwort|journal=Lustrum|date=2011|volume=53|url=https://www.blickinsbuch.de/item/6a7317ee40b0778c6601c8bf14713a60}}</ref> lara ezumike mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ n'ebe ahụ afọ iri abụọ na ise n'ihi afọ ndụ ya, Marcus Deufert [de] ghọkwara onye nọchiri ya na ''Lustrum''. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Title page|journal=Lustrum|date=2011|volume=53|url=https://www.blickinsbuch.de/item/6a7317ee40b0778c6601c8bf14713a60}}</ref>, Gärtner, na Weißenberger niile jikọtara ọnụ dee Mpịakọta 53. [1] Irmgard Männlein-Robert gh<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Deufert|first=Marcus|title=Vorwort|journal=Lustrum|date=2018|volume=60|doi=10.13109/9783666802355.7|url=https://www.blickinsbuch.de/item/6665217ea69fff924f0afde348dac16d}}</ref> onye nọchiri Weißenberger mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká; Deufert, Männlein, na Weißenbergers jikọtara mpịakọta 60 nke bụ nke ikpeazụ Weißenberge. <nowiki>''</nowiki>s{{As of|2022}}, Deufert na Männlein-Robert ka bụ ndị nchịkọta akụkọ ''Lustrum''. == Ndepụta na ọrụ ndị ọzọ == <ref>{{Cite web|title=LUSTRUM - 0024-7421|url=https://miar.ub.edu/issn/0024-7421|work=Information Matrix for the Analysis of Journals|accessdate=26 November 2022}}</ref> na-edepụta ''Lustrum'' na nchekwa data bibliographic ndị a:   == Nnakwere == Nnyocha <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Southan|first=Joyce E.|title=A Survey of Classical: Union Catalogue of periodicals relevant to classical studies in certain British Libraries|journal=University of London Institute of Classical Studies Bulletin Supplement|date=1962|volume=13}}</ref> mere n'afọ 1962 n'ọbá akwụkwọ iri ise na otu dị na Great Britain chọpụtara na iri atọ na asaa n'ime ha gụnyere ''Lustrum'' na nchịkọta ha. Nnyocha 1974 Reference Services Review kpọrọ ya "otu n'ime ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ bibliographical bara uru n'ọhịa nke Classics", [1] na nyocha 2009 na Magazines for Libraries kwuru na a na-akwado ya maka ọbá akwụkwọ ndị na-akwado usoro ihe omume classics siri ike. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Marcuse|first=Michael J.|title=A Reference Guide for English Studies|date=1990|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0-520-05161-0|url=|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/referenceguidefo0000marc_a6v8/page/202/mode/1up|chapter=Section L: Literature}}</ref> na-ekwukwa ''Lustrum'' dị ka ihe enyemaka na akwụkwọ ntuziaka dị iche iche iji zoo aka na ihe ndị ochie [1] [2] na ngalaba ndị metụtara ya; [3] Fred W. Jenkins kọwara usoro ahụ n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2006 dị ka "nke bara uru maka ịmara akwụkwọ na ọtụtụ ndị edemede na isiokwu. " == Hụkwa == * ''Afọ Ọmụmụ Ihe'' == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==   o5ladn0t6vvrwdbk0sqscuckal1ht2o 0 33184 692906 496127 2026-07-30T23:25:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692906 wikitext text/x-wiki <references group="" responsive="1"></references>{{Databox}} <ref>{{Cite web|title=LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)|url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n93094885.html|author=Congress|first=The Library of|work=id.loc.gov|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref>'''Abdalla Uba Adamu''' (pronunciationi) (amụrụ na 25 Eprel 1956) bụ onye agụmakwụkwọ Naijiria, onye nkuzi, onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ, onye na'eme ihe nkiri, onye na na-ahụ maka egwu, na onye ọkà mmụta mgbasa ozi. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sogolo|first=Godwin|date=February 26, 2021|title=Roundtable on Global Media Discourse: Contextulising Professor Abdalla Uba Adamu by Godwin Sogolo.|url=https://guardian.ng/issue/a-roundtable-on-global-media-discourse-contextualising-adamu/}}</ref> nwere ọkwa prọfesọ abụọ na Science Education (1997) na Media and Cultural Communication (2012). [1] <ref>{{Cite news|author=|date=July 11, 2014|title=Bayero University Official Bulletin|url=https://buk.edu.ng/oldbuk/sites/default/files/bulletin/2014/july_11th_friday_2014_no_29.pdf}}</ref> Ọ kụziri usoro mgbasa ozi na agụmakwụkwọ sayensị n'ọtụtụ mahadum Naijiria na gburugburu ụwa, gụnyere ije ozi dị ka Prọfesọ European Union Visiting na Mahadum Warsaw, Poland, na 2012, <ref name="Uba 2">{{Cite web|title=Abdalla Uba Adamu|url=http://www.nuw.uw.edu.pl/doc/ABDALLA_UBA_ADAMU.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010210603/http://www.nuw.uw.edu.pl/doc/ABDALLA_UBA_ADAMU.pdf|archivedate=10 October 2017|accessdate=10 October 2017|work=Modern University of Warsaw|language=pl}}</ref> prọfesọ nleta, Mahadum Rutgers, New Jersey, na prọfesụ nleta, Nahadum Florida na 2010. Ọ bụ Fulbright African Senior Research Scholar na Center for Studies in Higher Education, Mahadum California, Berkeley, 1991-1992. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Haruna|first=Danladi|title=Abdalla and Rabiat Fonts|url=https://archive.org/details/hausafonts}}</ref>'ime enyemaka ya na mmepe nke [[Asụsụ Hausa]] n'oge a, ọ mepụtara 'nchekwa' nke asụsụ Hausa (ɓ Ɓ ɗ Ɗ ƙ Ƙ), nke na-anọghị na mbata nke ndị nhazi okwu na Naijiria n'afọ ndị 1990. <ref name="Uba 3">{{Cite web|title=Rabi'at font|url=https://carmenmccain.com/tag/rabiat-font/|work=carmenmccain.com|publisher=Carmen McCain|accessdate=10 October 2017}}</ref> Ọ kpọrọ ha 'rabi'at' na 'abdalla'. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sani|first=Abu-Ubaida|title=How To Use "The Universal Hausa Hooked-Letters"|url=https://www.abu-ubaida.com/2020/02/how-to-use-universal-hausa-hooked.html}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Adamu na Daneji, obodo Kano, Kano Steeti, na Eprel 25, 1956. Ọ natara nzere B.Sc. ya. (Mmụta) nzere na Education, Biology na Physiology na 1979 na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]]. O mere National Youth Service ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị na Umoarkrika, Imo State, na-akụzi Biology na Agricultural Science. E were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka mbụ na agụmakwụkwọ sayensị na Mahadum Bayero Kano na July 1980. Mgbe otu afọ gasịrị, Gọọmentị Steeti Kano kwadoro ya ka ọ mụọ maka M.A. Science Education na Chelsea College, Mahadum London site na 1982 ruo 1983. Na kọleji Chelsea, ụmụ akwụkwọ Karl Popper zụrụ ya ma mesịa bụrụ ndị echiche Popper na nkà ihe ọmụma sayensị metụtara. Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Mahadum Bayero, ọ tụgharịrị klas ya nke agụmakwụkwọ sayensị gaa n'echiche Popper, ọkachasị ụgha na conjectures na refutations. O mechara mepụta ma agụmakwụkwọ na-agụsị akwụkwọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme na nkà ihe ọmụma sayensị na Ngalaba Sayensị na Nkà na Ụzụ ebe ọ bi n'oge ahụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Onye isi nke Ngalaba Mmụta (1995-1998, 1999-2001), Onye isi nke ngalaba Sayensị na Nkà na Ụzụ (2010-2013). Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi, Management Information Systems (MIS) na Mahadum Bayero Kano site na 1999 ruo 2004. N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1985, ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ si Kano State ka e nyere ya British Commonwealth Scholarship <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adamu|first=Abdalla Uba|title=Biographical Synopsis|url=https://auadamu.com/index.php/biography/6-au-adamu-ngr-full-cv-nov-2015-3|accessdate=24 December 2018|work=auadamu.com|archivedate=24 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224170546/https://auadamu.com/index.php/biography/6-au-adamu-ngr-full-cv-nov-2015-3}}</ref> nke mere ka ọ gaa Mahadum Sussex ebe ọ gụrụ maka D.Phil ya. na Science Education na-elekwasị anya na Human Resource Development n'okpuru nkuzi nke Keith Lewin. N'ịbụ nke akpọrọ Science, schooling and manpower production in Nigeria: a study of Kano state science secondary schools, 1977-1987, nyocha ya nyochara ọrụ nke Science Education policies na mba mmepe. Ọ laghachiri na Mahadum Bayero na 1988 wee gaa n'ihu na-ebuli elu na ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ. == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1991, a họpụtara Adamu dị ka Fulbright African Senior Research Scholar ma nye ya ọnọdụ na Center for Studies in Higher Education, Mahadum California, Berkeley . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdalla Uba Adamu {{!}} OEB|url=https://oeb.global/programme/speakers/oeb-19/abdalla-uba-adamu|accessdate=2023-07-13|work=oeb.global|language=en}}</ref> N'ime afọ ọ nọ na Berkeley, [https://cshe.berkeley.edu/people/sheldon-rothblatt Sheldon Rothblatt], onye nduzi nke Center n'oge ahụ, na [https://newsarchive.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2007/03/02_trow.shtml Martin Trow], bụ ndị gbara ume ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi ya na ebumnuche ide banyere ọdịdị mba ụwa nke agụmakwụkwọ dị elu nke Naijiria site na itinye ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mahadum ahụ. N'oge Berkeley Residency o dere otu akwụkwọ, Reform and Adaptation in Nigerian University Curricula, nke Edwin Mellen Press, New York, bipụtara na 1994. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-enyocha mbufe nke mmetụta agụmakwụkwọ na usoro site na United States gaa Naịjirịa, na dochie usoro agụmakwụkwọ Britain na Naịjirị n'ime usoro ahụ. Ọ bụkwa onye bi na mmemme Bellagio Resident Fellows nke Rockefeller Foundation na Bellagio Study Center, Bellagio, Ịtali, Ọktoba ruo Nọvemba 1993. N'oge Rockefeller Residency, o mepụtara otu akwụkwọ banyere iwebata usoro usoro ọmụmụ nke American n'ime usoro agụmakwụkwọ nke Mahadum Bayero na ihe ịma aka ndị dị otú ahụ chere ihu. Ya mere, isi ihe ọ lekwasịrị anya na agụmakwụkwọ bụ agụmakwụkwọ dị elu, usoro mmụta na agụmakịa sayensị ụmụ amaala na mmepe iwu sayensị. N'afọ 1991, o sonyere na ọrụ UNESCO na ịhazi agụmakwụkwọ sayensị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Françoise Caillods na Gabriele Göttelmann-Duret duziri ma Keith Lewin duzie ya. Ọrụ ahụ dugara na mbipụta nke usoro akwụkwọ iwu ndị e lekwasịrị anya na Minista nke Mmụta nke mba dị iche iche nke International Institute of Educational Planning bipụtara. Enyemaka Adamu <ref>{{Cite book|author=Adamu|first=Abdalla Uba|title=Operation, efficiency and desirability of special science schools at secondary level: the Nigerian experience|publisher=IIEP, Paris|year=1992|location=UNESCO|language=English}}</ref> Operation, arụmọrụ na ọchịchọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sayensị pụrụ iche na ọkwa sekọndrị: ahụmịhe Naijiria. Adamu ghọrọ prọfesọ nke agụmakwụkwọ sayensị na ọmụmụ ihe na 1997. N'afọ 2004, o gosipụtara nkuzi nkuzi ya, Sunset at Dawn, Darkness at Noon: Reconstructing the Mechanisms of Literacy in Indigenous Communities na ndị obodo Mahadum ebe ọ nyochara ojiji nke mkpụrụedemede Arabic dị ka ngwaọrụ edemede asụsụ Hausa - a na-akpọ edemede 'Ajami' (nke na-abụghị Arabic). === Nnyocha mgbasa ozi === Site na 1996, ọdịbendị ndị Alakụba ọha na eze na Kano malitere ikwupụta nchegbu na nkatọ banyere akụkọ ifo ọhụrụ nke Hausa nke malitere ịghọ ihe a ma ama, ọkachasị n'etiti ụmụ agbọghọ ụlọ akwụkwọ Hausa na ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di na purdah. A na-akpọ akụkọ ifo, nke yiri akụkọ ịhụnanya nke Mills &amp;amp; Boon dị ka Littattafan Soyayya (Akwụkwọ ifo ịhụnanya). A malitere ide akụkọ ịhụnanya nke ndị Hausa kemgbe 1980 ma were afọ iri maka ọdịbendị ọha na eze nke ndị Hausa na Kano iji chọpụta nnukwu ewu ewu ha. A na-ebo ndị na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ ebubo na ha na-akwalite omume rụrụ arụ n'ihi isiokwu ịhụnanya ha. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Musa|first=Umma Aliyu|title=Emotions in Muslim Hausa Women's Fiction: More than Just Romance|url=https://www.routledge.com/Emotions-in-Muslim-Hausa-Womens-Fiction-More-than-Just-Romance/Musa/p/book/9780367786694}}</ref>'ịbụ nke a ma ama, ụdị ahụ ghọrọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ede akwụkwọ na-akọ akụkọ iji kọọ banyere ndụ ụlọ nke ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di na nwunye nke Hausa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gordon|first=Glenna|title=The Subversive Women Who Self-Publish Novels Amid Jihadist War|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/02/glenna-gordon-diagram-heart/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adamu|first=Abdalla Uba|title=Loud Bubbles from a Silent Brook: Trends and Tendencies in Contemporary Hausa Prose Writing|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/200500}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=McCain|first=Carmen|title=Nollywood, Kannywood, and a Decade of Hausa Film Censorship in Nigeria, In Silencing Cinema: Film Censorship around the World, edited by Daniel Biltereyst, Roel Vande Winkel.|publisher=Palgrave|year=2013|isbn=978-1-137-06198-0|pages=223–240}}</ref> guzobere usoro nyocha na 2001, [1] na 2007 e mere ihe omume [https://saharareporters.com/2014/08/24/book-burning-nigerian-minister-education-explains-why-he-did-it-governor-kano 'akwụkwọ ọkụ'] na Kano iji 'sachaa' akụkọ ifo ịhụnanya nke omume rụrụ arụ ya, e nyere ụmụ agbọghọ ụlọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ akụkọ ọhụrụ nwere isiokwu omume ọma, ndị e si na ha weghara akwụkwọ akụkọ ọkụ. N'ịbụ onye nwere mmetụta nke juputara na ọmụmụ ihe na agụmakwụkwọ na isi ihe ọ na-elekwasị anya na mkparịta ụka iwu, Adamu, site na 1996, gbanwere mmasị nyocha ya ka ọ bụrụ ịjụ ajụjụ n'etiti ụdị mgbasa ozi ntụrụndụ ọhụrụ nke Hausa na omenala ọha na eze nke Hausa Islamicate. Ka ọ na-erule mgbe ahụ, ndị Alakụba nọ na Kano amalitela ịchọpụta mgbanwe nke ụlọ ọrụ ọdịnala ndị Hausa na-ewu ewu site na ọdịnala ọdịnala ya na-elekwasị anya na ụkpụrụ ezinụlọ ọdịnala ndị Alakụga nke Africa, gaa na ụdị dị iche iche na-apụtawanye, na ihe nkiri Hindi <ref>{{Cite web|author=Larkin|first=Brian|title=Indian Films and Nigerian Lovers: Media and the Creation of Parallel Modernities|url=https://www.wcas.northwestern.edu/projects/globalization/secure/articles/larkin2.pdf}}</ref> na-emetụta ụdị ntụrụndụ Hausa, ọkachasị na [https://afropop.org/articles/abdalla-uba-adamu-music-film-culture-and-religion-in-northern-nigeria egwu, akwụkwọ na mmepụta ihe nkiri vidio]. Mgbanwe a sitere n'aka ndị edemede akụkọ ifo nke Hausa bụ ndị mechara kwaga ma guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri vidio nke Hausa nke a malitere na Machị 1990 n'obodo Kano, si otú a nweta aha '[https://www.trtafrika.com/lifestyle/how-hausa-cinema-came-out-of-the-woods-12647401 Kannywood]' na 1999. Nke a ghọrọ akara mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri ụmụ amaala n'Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Spary|first=Sara|title=From ‘Kannywood’ to ‘rubbing minds’ – Oxford English Dictionary adds 29 Nigerian words and phrases|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/29/africa/nigerian-words-added-to-english-dictionary-scli-intl-gbr/index.html}}</ref>'afọ 2020, okwu ahụ batara na The Oxford English Dictionary dị ka okwu ziri ezi. [1] <ref>{{Cite web|author=Onishi|first=Norimitsu|title=How The Times Named ‘Nollywood’|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/11/insider/how-the-times-named-nollywood.html}}</ref> ọzọ metụtara ihe nkiri Naijiria, Nollywood, bụ nke Norimitsu Onishi nke The New York Times chepụtara na 2002. N'ikpeazụ, ọ banyere n'ime obodo nke ndị na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, ndị na-eme edemede, ndị na'emepụta ihe, ndị nduzi, ndị na na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị na-ese ihe nkiri na Kano, na-enweta echiche miri emi nke nka na nka ha dị ka akụkụ nke ihe Victor Turner na Edward Bruner na-ezo aka na ya dị ka '[https://monoskop.org/images/f/f3/Turner_Victor_Bruner_Edward_The_Anthropology_of_experience_1986.pdf anthropology nke ahụmịhe]'. Site na 1999 ọ malitere njem ya n'ikwu okwu banyere mgbasa ozi na nkwurịta okwu ọdịbendị site na ide akụkọ ifo nke Hausa, nke a na-akpọkarị Kano Market Literature, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Furniss|first=Graham|title=Documenting Kano ‘Market’ Literature|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237240079_Documenting_Kano_%27Market%27Literature}}</ref> Site na mmalite nke ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri vidio nke Hausa na Machị 1990, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo nke Hausa kwagara na ihe nkiri vidio na ebumnuche nke ịgbanwe akụkọ ifo ha na ihe nkiri vidiyo. Adamu sooro ha kwaga n'oge ahụ n'usoro ihe omume ọhụrụ, na-etinye onwe ya n'ime usoro ntụrụndụ ọhụrụ. Ndị edemede ndị a bụ ndị ọsụ ụzọ ghọrọ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ma mesịa nye Hausa Cinema echiche ya gụnyere Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino, [[Balaraba Ramat Yakubu]], [http://hausafilms.tv/director/bala_anas_babinlata Bala Anas Babinlata] na [https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-51150023 Ɗan Azumi Baba Ceɗiyar ƴan Gurasa.] N'elu usoro nyocha nke usoro iwu Shari'a ọhụrụ e webatara na steeti Kano na 2000, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adamu|first=Abdalla|title=Enter the Dragon: Shari a, Popular Culture and Film Censorship in Northern Nigeria|url=https://auadamu.com/index.php/pd1/conference-presentations/media-and-cultural-communication-presentations?download=66:2004-enter-the-dragon-sharia-popular-culture-and-film-censorship-in-northern-nigeria&start=20.|accessdate=2023-11-03|archivedate=2023-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103152918/https://auadamu.com/index.php/pd1/conference-presentations/media-and-cultural-communication-presentations?download=66:2004-enter-the-dragon-sharia-popular-culture-and-film-censorship-in-northern-nigeria&start=20.}}</ref> Adamu mikpuru onwe ya n'ọmụmụ ihe banyere nsonaazụ nke usoro nyocha na omenala a ma ama na ndị Alakụba nke Kano. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adamu|first=Abdalla Uba|title=Hausa Video Films – Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: Intellectualizing Hausa Video Films in Retrospect|url=https://www.academia.edu/4237391/Hausa_Video_Films_Yesterday_Today_and_Tomorrow_Intellectualizing_Hausa_Video_Films_in_Retrospect}}</ref>'afọ 2001, o guzobere netwọk mmekọrịta mbụ na Yahoo! Groups iji kwurịta egwu Hausa, akwụkwọ na ihe nkiri vidio n'ụwa na-ejikọwanye ọnụ. Nke a dọtara usoro arụmụka dabere na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọdịbendị a ma ama na ụkpụrụ ọdịnala ndị Alakụba. N'afọ 2003, ọ haziri nzukọ mba ụwa na ihe nkiri vidio nke Hausa, nke mbụ n'ụdị ya na Naịjirịa. Nzukọ ahụ dugara n'ịmepụta Center for Hausa Cultural Studies na Kano nke lekwasịrị anya na mgbasa ozi mba ụwa na-agafe na ndị Alakụba nke Afrịka na mmeghachi omume ọha na eze na mgbasa ozi dị otú ahụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bipụtakwara ihe omume nke nzukọ ahụ dị ka Hausa Home Videos: Technology, Economy and Society, nke gosipụtara ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ mbụ na ihe nkiri asụsụ ụmụ amaala na Naịjirịa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Krings|first=Matthias|title=Muslim Martyrs and Pagan Vampires: Popular Video Films and the Propagation of Religion in Northern Nigeria|url=https://www.academia.edu/18142249/Muslim_Martyrs_and_Pagan_Vampires_Popular_Video_Films_and_the_Propagation_of_Religion_in_Northern_Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Furniss|first=Graham|title=Hausa popular literature and video film: the rapid rise of cultural production in times of economic decline|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237239764_Hausa_popular_literature_and_video_film_the_rapid_rise_of_cultural_production_in_times_of_economic_decline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=McCain|first=Carmen|title=Hausa Literature and Film|url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/ng/en/kul/sup/hlf.html}}</ref> ahụ meghere ihe nkiri vidio Hausa maka ọmụmụ mba ụwa, na-adọta ndị nchọpụta si US, [1] UK [2] na Europe. Ya mere, site na 2001 ruo 2023 o nyere aka guzobe Ọmụmụ Ihe nkiri Hausa dị ka ihe ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ, na-eduga n'ọtụtụ theses na dissertations na isiokwu ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'afọ 2006, o kwuru okwu Mary Kingsley Zochonis maka African Studies Association, UK Biennial Conference na School of African and Oriental Studies, Mahadum London na 12 Septemba 2006. E mechara bipụta okwu ahụ na Kano dị ka Transglobal Media Flows and African Popular Culture: Revolution and Reaction In Muslim Hausa Popular Culture. N'ime ogige Bayero University Kano, ọ sonyere na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na Ngalaba Bekee na Ngalaba Mass Communication ebe ọ kọọrọ ahụmahụ ya n'oge nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe na akwụkwọ. Ọ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'ọmụmụ ihe ya na Frankfurt School's critical theory, na-elekwasị anya na Jürgen Habermas onye na-ahụ maka onwe ya / ọha na eze dichotomy Adamu hụrụ na ọ na-adọrọ mmasị ka ọ na-emetụta ọmụmụ ihe dị oke egwu nke omenala ọha na eze nke Islam. Ọ nabatakwara echiche Marshal Hodgson banyere ọdịbendị Islam dị ka usoro nyocha na ọmụmụ ya ndị ọzọ gbasara ọdịbendị ntụrụndụ Muslim Hausa. Nnyocha ya malitere ịpụta ìhè site na ịkpọ òkù isonye na nzukọ The Media and the Construction of African Identities nke e mere na Kenya na 2004. Nke a dugara na mbipụta nke usoro dị ka Media and Identity in Africa nke Kimani Njogu na John Middleton dezigharịrị. N'oge nzukọ Kenya, a kọwaara ya [[:de:Heike Behrend#cite_note-7|Heike Behrend]], otu n'ime ndị guzobere nkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na onye nduzi nke Institute of African Studies, Mahadum Cologne bụ onye kpọrọ ya ka ọ kwuo okwu na klas ya na Mahadum ahụ. Ihe ngosi ya banyere Islam na censorship meghere arụmụka n'ebe ugwu Naịjirịa banyere ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ihe omume ndị Alakụba, ọkachasị ka ọ na-emetụta ụmụ nwanyị na nnọchite anya ihe nkiri. Okwu ya, nke e nyere n'okpuru ìgwè nyocha nke Media and Cultural Communication na 15 Nọvemba 2004 meghere ya maka mba ụwa nke omenala ndị Alakụba nke Hausa nke hụrụ ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na-arụkọ ọrụ iji nyochaa echiche dị iche iche nke mgbasa ozi na ọdịbendị nke Hausa. Ndị a gụnyere [https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/graham-furniss-obe Graham Furniss] (School of Oriental and African Studies, Mahadum London), [https://barnard.edu/profiles/brian-larkin Brian Larkin] (Barnard College, Mahadim Columbia, New York), Till Förster (Mahadum Basel, Switzerland), [https://web.archive.org/web/20231103152922/https://www.aai.uni-hamburg.de/afrika/personen/mcintyre.html Joe McIntyre] (Mahadum Hamburg), [https://afrykanistyka.uw.edu.pl/en/nina-pawlak/ Nina Pawlak] (Mahadum Warsaw, Poland), [http://www.iksiopan.pl/index.php/pl/struktura/pracownicy-pl/56-dr-mariusz-krasniewski Mariusz Kraśniewski] (Institute of Mediterranean Studies, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw) na Ousseina Alidou (Mahadum Rutgers, New Jersey). Dabere na nyocha ọhụrụ ya, Ngalaba Mass Communication Bayero University Kano na 2005 nyere ya ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi (na mgbakwunye na prọfesọ ya na Ngalaba Sayensị na Nkà na Ụzụ Education) na teknụzụ mgbasa ozi na ọmụmụ ọdịbendị. Adamu mechara bụrụ Prọfesọ nleta na School of Oriental and African Studies, Mahadum London; Mahadum Florida, Gainesville, Mahadim State nke New Jersey, Mahaduma Columbia, New York; Universität zu Köln na Mahadum Basel. O nyekwara nkuzi pụrụ iche na Freie Universität Berlin, Universität Hamburg, Universität zu Köln, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, na Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. N'afọ 2012, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Prọfesọ Nleta nke European Union maka ọrụ 'The Modern University' na Ngalaba Asụsụ na Ọdịbendị Afrịka, Mahadum Warsaw, Poland site na 1 Machị ruo 31 Mee 2012. Na Warsaw, ọ kụziri ihe ọmụmụ abụọ: ''Transnationalism na African Popular Culture'', na Oral Traditions in Local and Global Contexts. Dabere na nchọpụta ya, na 2012 Bayero University Council họpụtara ya Prọfesọ nke Mgbasa Ozi na Mmekọrịta Ọdịbendị - ihe dị ka afọ iri na ise mgbe ọ ghọsịrị prọfesọ mbụ ya na Mmụta Sayensị na 1997. Site na nhọpụta a, nke gụnyere mbufe ya site na Faculty of Education gaa na Department of Mass Communication, Bayero University Kano, ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ mbụ na usoro Mahadum Naijiria iji nọrọ n'[https://www.nuc.edu.ng/nuc-directory-of-full-professors-2021/ oche prọfesọ abụọ] na ngalaba abụọ dị iche iche. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Adamu, Abdalla Uba}} na6q48zva7jefkp4mi3npgivnowz6gh 0 33500 692928 152432 2026-07-31T02:06:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   <ref>{{Cite web|title=Эсеола Адеринсола Хабиб|url=https://footballfacts.ru/person/174971|work=footballfacts.ru|accessdate=2 January 2022}}</ref>'''Aderinsola Khabib Eseola''' ([[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]_language" id="mwCA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ukrainian language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Ukrainian; amụrụ na 28 June 1991) bụ onye Ukraine na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba maka Lviv dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ. == Ọrụ == Nna ya bụ [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] na nne ya bụ onye Ukraine. Ọ gbara bọọlụ maka Polissya Zhytomyr na Dynamo Kyiv (ndị na-echekwa). <ref>[http://www.ua-football.com/ukrainian/ukrainians/4f682482.html UA-Футбол. Темнокожий украинец из "Динамо" обосновался в Италии]</ref>'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 2011 ọ kwagara HinterReggio Calcio . <ref>[http://www.tuttoreggina.com/?action=read&idnotizia=7220 HINTERREGGIO/ Arriva il giovane attaccante Eseola]</ref> === Desna Chernihiv === N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2021 ọ kwagara Vorskla Poltava na Ukrainian Premier League, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ворскла оголосила про трансфер Есеоли|url=https://football24.ua/vorskla_ogolosila_pro_transfer_eseoli_n672047/|work=www.football24.ua|accessdate=2 July 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Полтавская "Ворскла" официально представила экс-форварда "Кайрата"|url=https://prosports.kz/news/505876-poltavskaya-vorskla-ofitsialno-predstavila-eks-forvarda-kairata-|work=www.prosports.kz|accessdate=2 July 2021}}</ref> ebe ọ gbara egwuregwu 2 na Jenụwarị 2022 ọ hapụrụ klọb ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Есеола залишає "Ворсклу"|url=https://vorskla.com.ua/news/2697-eseola-zalishae-vorsklu|language=uk|date=29 December 2021|accessdate=4 November 2023|archivedate=14 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214091441/https://vorskla.com.ua/news/2697-eseola-zalishae-vorsklu}}</ref> === Arsenal Kyiv (nke e gbazitere) === N'afọ 2018 ọ kwagara Akzhayik na mgbazinye ego, ebe ọ gbara egwuregwu 13 ma gbaa goolu 8. === Akzhayik (onye e gbazitere) === N'afọ 2017, ọ kwagara Arsenal Kyiv, ebe ọ gbara bọọlụ iri na otu ma gbaa goolu asaa. === Kairat === Na 6 June 2018, Eseola bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọnwa 18 na FC Kairat, na nhọrọ nke afọ ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ОФИЦИАЛЬНО: АДЕРИНСОЛА ХАБИБ ЭСЕОЛА – ИГРОК "КАЙРАТА"|url=https://fckairat.com/news/klub/oficialno-aderinsola-habib-eseola-igrok-kayrata/|work=fckairat.com|publisher=FC Kairat|accessdate=7 June 2018|language=Russian|date=6 June 2018|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141254/https://fckairat.com/news/klub/oficialno-aderinsola-habib-eseola-igrok-kayrata/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=АДЕРИНСОЛА ЭСЕОЛА ПРОДЛИЛ КОНТРАКТ С КЛУБОМ|url=https://fckairat.com/news/kayrat/aderinsola-eseola-prodlil-kontrakt-s-klubom/|work=fckairat.com/|publisher=FC Kairat|accessdate=18 November 2019|language=Russian|date=14 November 2019|archivedate=3 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103084536/https://fckairat.com/news/kayrat/aderinsola-eseola-prodlil-kontrakt-s-klubom/}}</ref> 14 Nọvemba 2019, Eseola bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ ọhụrụ na Kairat. [1] O meriri Kazakhstan Premier League na oge 2020. === Vorskla Poltava === <ref>{{Cite web|title=Адерінсола Хабіб Есеола|url=http://www.allplayers.in.ua/ua/player/3744|work=www.allplayers.in.ual|accessdate=2 July 2021}}</ref>'afọ 2015 ọ kwagara [[Chernihiv]]" id="mwHg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="FC Desna Chernihiv">Desna Chernihiv, isi klọb dị na Chernihiva na Ukrainian First League, ebe ọ gbara egwuregwu iri na ise ma gbaa goolu ise. === Hebar Pazardzhik === === Klọb === {{updated|match played 16 April 2023}}<ref>{{cite web |title=A.Eseola |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/aderinsola-habib-eseola/410622/ |website=soccerway.com/ |publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=2 June 2019}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko Mba ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Desna Chernihiv |2015–16 |Njikọ Premier nke Ukraine |15 |5 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |5 |- |Oleksandriya |2015–16 |Njikọ Premier nke Ukraine |2 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- |Arsenal Kyiv |2016–17 |Persha Liha |16 |9 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |10 |- | rowspan="3" |Zirka Kropyvnytskyi |2016–17 | rowspan="2" |Persha Liha |10 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |10 |1 |- |2017–18 |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !15 !1 !0 !0 !- !- !- !- !15 !1 |- |Arsenal Kyiv (nke e gbazitere) |2017–18 |Persha Liha |11 |7 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |7 |- |Akzhayik (onye e gbazitere) |2018 |Njikọ Premier nke Kazakhstan |13 |8 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |8 |- | rowspan="5" |Kairat |2018 | rowspan="4" |Njikọ Premier nke Kazakhstan |16 |9 |0 |0 |6 |3 |0 |0 |22 |12 |- |2019 |27 |19 |0 |0 |4 |2 |1 |0 |32 |21 |- |2020 |17 |2 |0 |0 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |19 |3 |- |2021 |3 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |5 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !63 !31 !0 !0 !12 !8 !1 !0 !78 !37 |- | rowspan="1" |Vorskla Poltava |2021-22 |Njikọ Premier nke Ukraine |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |- | rowspan="1" |Hebar Pazardzhik |2022-23 |Njikọ Mbụ |15 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |15 |0 |- | rowspan="1" |Lviv |2022-23 |Njikọ Premier nke Ukraine |6 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |6 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !158 !62 !5 !1 !12 !6 !3 !0 !179 !68 |} == Nsọpụrụ == ; Kairat * Njikọ Premier nke Kazakhstan: 2020 * Iko Kazakhstan: 2018, 2019 * Onye nwetara ọlaọcha: 2018, 2019 ; Onye ọ bụla * Onye kacha gbaa bọọlụ na Kazakhstan Premier League: 2019 (19 goolu) na Marin Tomasov == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Aderinsola EseolanaUAFnaEbe nchekwa FFU (n'asụsụ Ukrainian) * Aderinsola Eseolan'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ * [http://www.allplayers.in.ua/ua/player/3744 Allplayers.in.ua] * [https://www.instagram.com/derin691/?hl=en Instagram] {{FC Lviv squad}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4j1gk55dz6b64bng2oa85hv6zh7t8wo 0 33533 693021 137070 2026-07-31T06:57:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|title=|alma_mater=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''Akinyinka Omigbodun''' bụ prọfesọ Naijiria nke Gynecology, Obstetrics na onye bụbu onye isi nke College of Medicine, Mahadum Ibadan.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Enhancement of health research capacity in Nigeria through north-south and in-country partnerships|pmid=25072590|doi=10.1097/ACM.0000000000000353|volume=89|issue=8 Suppl|journal=Acad Med|pages=S93–7|author=Olaleye|first=DO|year=2014}}</ref> O jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke West African College of Surgeons na onye isi oche oche nke ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa nke Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa (CARTA). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nannewsnigeria.com/west-african-college-surgeons-rates-ondo-state-high-healthcare-delivery|title=West African College of Surgeons rates Ondo State high in healthcare delivery|work=News Agency of Nigeria|accessdate=April 14, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422195532/http://nannewsnigeria.com/west-african-college-surgeons-rates-ondo-state-high-healthcare-delivery|archivedate=2016-04-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wacscoac.org/index.php/component/content/category/2-uncategorised|title=West African College of Surgeons|work=wacscoac.org|accessdate=April 14, 2016|archivedate=December 25, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225085600/https://www.wacscoac.org/index.php/component/content/category/2-uncategorised}}</ref> Mmasị nyocha <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theg4alliance.org/about-g4-alliance-interim-board-of-directors/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128053315/http://www.theg4alliance.org/about-g4-alliance-interim-board-of-directors/|archivedate=November 28, 2015|title=Interim Board of Directors — The G4 Alliance|work=www.theg4alliance.org/|accessdate=September 15, 2015}}</ref> dị na mpaghara nke Gynecologic oncology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theeagleonline.com.ng/uniosun-gets-new-governing-council-as-aregbesola-calls-for-refocusing-of-varsity-education/|title=UNIOSUN gets new Governing Council as Aregbesola calls for refocusing of versity education|work=The Eagle Online|date=28 November 2012|accessdate=April 14, 2016}}</ref> bụ onye otu kansụl na-achị, Osun State University, nke Ogbeni Rauf Aregbesola, gọvanọ gara aga (n'etiti afọ 2010 na 2018) nke Osun State họpụtara na 2012. [1]Ọ bụ onye isi okwu na mgbasa ozi a na-eme na Lagos, ebe o gosipụtakwara akụkọ ya na ''Nnyocha Nnyocha Mkpa'' maka [[Ȯra Ekiti|Ekiti]] na Nasarawa State. Nnyocha ahụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latestnigeriannews.com/news/782808/nas-mobilises-action-on-youth-social-development.html|title=NAS mobilises action on youth social development|work=Latest Nigerian News|accessdate=September 15, 2015}}</ref> n'uche inye aka n'ịmepụta atụmatụ ime ihe iji dozie mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nsogbu ahụike ọmụmụ nke ndị ntorobịa Naijiria. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Akinyinka Omigbodun na Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria.O nwetara nzere bachelọ (M.B.B.S) na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na ọdịiche site na College of Medicine, Mahadum Ibadan (UI), na June 1980. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ ndị ntorobịa otu afọ na Naịjirịa, ọ malitere ọzụzụ obibi ya na Obstetrics na Gynecology na 1982. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị ọzụzụ ahụ na 1987, ọ ghọrọ Fellow nke West African College of Surgeons . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://com.ui.edu.ng/index.php/prof-akinyinka-o-omigbodun|title=Prof. Akinyinka O. Omigbodun|work=University of Ibadan|accessdate=September 15, 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1997, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Prọfesọ nke Obstetrics na Gynaecology na Mahadum Ibadan na n'afọ 2002, ọ ghọrọ Onye isi nhazi nke Courses na West African College of Surgeons . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cartafrica.org/cms/board-of-management|title=Board of Management- CARTA|work=cartafica.org|accessdate=September 15, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054528/http://www.cartafrica.org/cms/board-of-management|archivedate=2016-03-04}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu Nigerian Academy of Science, nzukọ agụmakwụkwọ kachasị elu na Naịjirịa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nas.org.ng/fellowship/fellows-of-the-academy/|title=Fellows of the academy|work=www.nas.org.ng|accessdate=September 15, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109232120/http://www.nas.org.ng/fellowship/fellows-of-the-academy/|archivedate=November 9, 2015}}</ref> nabatara ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, n'akụkụ Prọfesọ [[Mojeed Olayide Abass]], Prọfesor Naijiria nke Sayensị kọmputa na [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]] na Prọfesụ [[Isaac Adewole|Isaac Folorunso Adewole]], onye bụbu osote onye isi nke Mahadum Ibadan. == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == Prọfesọ Akinyinka Omigbodun enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye na ihe nrite maka onyinye dị ịrịba ama na ọgwụ na agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ natara Audrey Meyer Mars Clinical Oncology Fellowship, yana Fellowsship nke American Cancer Society.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH|url=http://com.ui.edu.ng/prof-akinyinka-o-omigbodun?id=501|publisher=College of Medicine, University of Ibadan|accessdate=2 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927142319/http://com.ui.edu.ng/prof-akinyinka-o-omigbodun?id=501|archivedate=27 September 2015}}</ref>'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1996, e nyere ya ihe nrite American Society for Reproductive Medicine maka onyinye sayensị pụtara ìhè maka ngosi kacha mma na nnọkọ afọ nke 52 nke e mere na Boston, Massachusetts, USA. == Ndị otu == * Onye otu, Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria (2006-2010) * Kọmitii Mmụta Ndị otu, Kansụl Ọgwụ na Ezé nke Naịjirịa (2006-2010) * Onye otu ahụike na ndị dọkịta ezé" Disciplinary Tribunal, Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria (2006-2010) * Onye otu, Kansụl Na-achị Isi, Mahadum nke Ibadan (2006-2010) * Onye otu, Kọmitii Ego na Nchịkwa, Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mahadum, Ibadan (2006-2010) * Onye otu Board of Management, University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan (2006-2010) * Onye otu Board of Management, Osun State University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo * Onye otu, International Agency for Cancer Research HPV Prevalence Surveys Study Group (1999-2011). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://com.ui.edu.ng/prof-akinyinka-o-omigbodun?id=501|title=Professor Akinyinka Omigbodun|work=University of Ibadan|accessdate=September 15, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927142319/http://com.ui.edu.ng/prof-akinyinka-o-omigbodun?id=501|archivedate=September 27, 2015}}</ref> * Onye otu, Kansụl Na-achị Isi, Mahadum Steeti Osun (2012 ruo ụbọchị). == Isiokwu ndị ọkà mmụta ahọpụtara == == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ie7vdf7qnajr4au1hm0z0wlh0maeywm 0 33638 692813 141686 2026-07-30T20:06:57Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Usòrò:Friederike_Fless.jpg|thumb|Friederike Fless (2011) ]] '''Friederike Fless''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1964) bụ onye ọkà mmụta ọdịnala na onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie nke Germany. N'afọ 2003, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta ihe ochie na Mahadum Free nke Berlin. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www1.wdr.de/radio/wdr5/sendungen/neugier-genuegt/redezeit-friederike-fless-100.html|title=Die Chef-Archäologin – Friederike Fless|date=10 February 2020|publisher=WDR|accessdate=8 February 2021|language=German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/110315-bm-dai/242660|title=Official handover of presidency at the German Archaeological Institute|publisher=Federal Foreign Office|date=15 March 2011|accessdate=8 February 2021|language=}}</ref>'ọnwa Machị afọ 2011, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara dịka onye isi oche nke German Archaeological Institute ebe ọ na-ahụ maka ihe ruru 300 igwu ala na ọrụ ndị ọzọ kwa afọ. Maka enyemaka <ref name="hub">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hu-berlin.de/de/pr/nachrichten/archiv/nr1411/nr_141125_00|title=Ehrendoktorwürde für die Präsidentin des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts|publisher=Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin|date=24 November 2014|accessdate=8 February 2021|language=German}}</ref> pụtara ìhè na sayensị na njikwa sayensị, na Nọvemba 2014 ọ natara nzere doctorate nsọpụrụ site na Mahadum Humboldt nke Berlin. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ya na 25 Mee 1964 na Unna, Fless debanyere aha na Geschwister-Scholl-Gymnasium nke obodo ahụ na 1983. <ref name="dainst">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dainst.org/dai/mitarbeiter/praesidentin|title=Friederike Fless|publisher=Deutsches Archäologisches Institut|accessdate=8 February 2021|language=German|archivedate=5 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305160332/https://www.dainst.org/dai/mitarbeiter/praesidentin}}</ref> gụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nka, akụkọ ihe mere mere eme oge ochie na nkà mmụta ihe ochie na mahadum nke Trier, Würzburg na Mainz . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Friederike+Fless/0/28791.html|title=Friederike Fless|date=1 November 2011|publisher=Munzinger|accessdate=8 February 2021|language=German}}</ref> <ref name="hub"/>'ịmecha ọrụ na ''Opferdiener und Kultmusiker auf stadtrömischen historischen Reliefs'' (Ndị Ohu Nsọ na Ndị Egwú Okpukpe na Ihe Ndị E Ji Ji Ji Ji Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme) ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mainz na 1992, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ natara onyinye njem site na Archaeological Institute na 1993. N'afọ 1994, ọ malitere nyocha na Mahadum Cologne, na-arụ ọrụ na ''Überlegungen zu den Formen der Aneignung und den Funktionen attisch-rotfiguriger Vasen im 4. '' ''Jh. Ihe Ndị Dị n'Oge Ochie'' (Ntụgharị uche banyere ụdị nnweta na ọrụ nke arịa Attic na-acha ọbara ọbara na narị afọ nke anọ BC) nke dugara na ikike ya na 2000 na mkparịta ụka kwekọrọ na ya. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ruo afọ atọ na Mahadum Leipzig, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ na Institute for Classical Archaeology na Mahaduma Free nke Berlin. Ọ bụ onye isi nyere aka na Cluster of Excellence nke mahadum Berlin na Topoi - The Formation and Transformation of Space and Knowledge in Ancient Civilizations . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hu-berlin.de/en/exzellenz-en/exzellenzcluster-en/topoi|title=Topoi – The Formation and Transformation of Space and Knowledge in Ancient Civilizations|publisher=Humboldt-Universität|accessdate=9 February 2021|language=}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke German Archaeology Institute.<ref name="hub"/><ref name="dainst"/>'afọ 2011, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke German Archaeology Institute. == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{DEFAULTSORT:Fless, Friederike}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] e07q7aerlkgomiryvgtb3tpabiwzmsq 0 33676 693006 141093 2026-07-31T05:34:03Z Philip Emeka 16124 removed one databox,infobox and added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 693006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Ọrụ ịgba egwu == Brückmann mere nke mbụ ya na Adler Mannheim tupu ọ kwaga dị ka onye nnọchi anya n'efu na Grizzlys Wolfsburg na Eprel 17, 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grizzlys.de/beitrag1613.html|title=Wolfsburg capture Bruckmann from Mannheim|work=[[EHC Wolfsburg]]|date=2014-04-17|accessdate=2014-04-17|language=German}}</ref> Mgbe oge isii gachara na Wolfsburg, Brückmann laghachiri na klọb mbụ, Adler Mannheim, na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ na 20 Machị 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adler-mannheim.de/archiv/2020/neue-seite/felix-brueckmann-kehrt-nach-mannheim-zurueck/|title=Felix Brueckmann returns to Mannheim|publisher=[[Adler Mannheim]]|date=20 March 2020|accessdate=20 March 2020|language=German}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Mba Nile === {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; width:40em" !Afọ !Ìgwè !Ihe omume !Nsonaazụ ! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" | !GP !W !L !T !MIN !GA !SO !GAA !SV% |- |2021 |Germany |Ebe ịsa ahụ |Nke anọ |3 |1 |2 |0 |178 |11 |0 |3.69 |.810 |- align="center" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! colspan="4" |Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị okenye !3 !1 !2 !0 !178 !11 !0 !3.69 !.810 |} == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * Ihe ọmụma akụkọ ndụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ site naEliteprospects.com, ma ọ bụ Ebe nchekwa data nke Hockey n'ịntanetị {{DEFAULTSORT:Bruckmann, Felix}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lz5xow1eby3wueyeho7hl24e6wjw51z 0 33771 693030 672679 2026-07-31T07:42:52Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed reference with multiple tag 693030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] <ref name="Sketch">{{Cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A344AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA237|journal=[[The Sketch]]|title=Small Talk|date=29 May 1895|volume=X|accessdate=2023-09-02}}</ref>'''Elizabeth Anna Sophia Dawes''' (1864-1954) bụ onye ọkà mmụta oge ochie nke Britain na narị afọ nke 19 na nwanyị mbụ natara nzere DLitt na Mahadum London . == Oge ọ malitere == mụrụ Elizabeth na 7 Nọvemba 1864 na Surbiton, England. Na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 1881, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, edepụtara ya dị ka "onye ọkà mmụta". <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dawes|first=Elizabeth A. S.|title=UK Census Records|url=http://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=uki1881&indiv=try&h=21638817|work=Ancestry.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="Sketch" />'oge a, ezinụlọ ahụ, nke nna ya bụ Revd John Samuel, nne ya bụ Anna Sophia Elizabeth (ma ọ bụ a na-akpọ Elizabeth Anna Sophia, dị ka ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' si kwuo) <ref name="ODNB"> na ụmụ asatọ, bi na Newton House na Maple Road na Surbiton.</ref> Nwanne <ref>{{Cite book|author=Assinder|first=Semele|title=Greece in British Women's Writing, 1866-1915 (PhD dissertation)|date=2012|url=http://idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44CAM_MANUSCRPDB38998&context=L&vid=44CAM_TEST&search_scope=default_scope&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US}}</ref> nwanyị nke okenye Mary Clara Dawes bụkwa onye ọkà mmụta, na nwanyị mbụ natara Masters na Arts.Mary Clara Dawes gafere ule agụmakwụkwọ na Jenụwarị 1879 wee bụrụ onye nke anọ na ndepụta nke masters nke nka maka Mahadum London na Julaị 1884.<ref name="Faithfull">{{Cite book|author=Faithfull|first=Emily|title=Three Visits to America|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.82170|date=1884|publisher=Fowler & Wells Co., Publishers|location=New York}}</ref><ref name="Master">{{Cite news|title=Ladies in the London University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=coU-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA10|accessdate=20 June 2020|work=The Illustrated London News|page=81|date=July 5, 1884}}</ref><ref name="BowBells">{{Cite news|title=The First Lady Master of Arts|work=Bow bells : a magazine of general literature and art for family reading|date=October 23, 1884|page=420}}</ref> == Mmụta == Dawes nọrọ otu afọ Bedford College, London tupu ọ banye akwụkwọ dị ka Scholar na Girton College, Mahadum Cambridge. O nwetara akara dị mma na Classical Tripos mana, dị ka iwu dị n'oge ahụ, enweghị ike gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cambridge na nzere. Ezigbo nsonaazụ <ref>{{Cite book|author=Breay|first=Claire|year=1999|chapter=Women and the Classical Tripos 1869 – 1914|editor=Stray|title=Classics in 19th and 20th Century Cambridge: Curriculum, Culture and Community|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge Philological Society}}</ref> dị ịrịba ama n'ihi na ụmụ agbọghọ na-enwetakarị agụmakwụkwọ dị ala karịa ụmụ nwoke ibe ha, nke a na-asụgharịkarị na akara dị ala na Tripos. <ref name="Review">{{Cite news|title=University Intelligence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIC_DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT120|accessdate=20 June 2020|work=The Englishwoman's Review of Social and Industrial Questions|date=1895|author=Murray|first=Janet Horowitz}}</ref> mechara nweta BA na Mahadum nke London, yana ịbụ nwanyị mbụ natara DLitt na Mahadim nke London, na 1895. Isi okwu nke edemede ya bụ The Pronunciation of Greek with Suggestions for a Reform in Teaching that Language, na-egosi mmasị n'oge na-adịghị anya na mgbanwe agụmakwụkwọ nke ga-anọgide n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị. == Ọrụ == N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nke Oge Victorian, Dawes nwere ọrụ. <ref name="Almanack">{{Cite book|title=An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord 1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHA3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA945|first=Joseph|author=Whitaker|publisher=[[Whitaker's Almanack]]|date=1914|accessdate=2023-09-02}}</ref> mgbakwunye na prọfesọ e nwere na Bryn Mawr College na US n'oge afọ agụmakwụkwọ 1886-87, mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ 22, ọ bụ onyeisi ụlọ akwụkwọ na Surrey ya na nwanne ya nwanyị Mary. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Dawes|first=Elizabeth|title=The Alexiad of the Princess Anna Comnena : being the history of the reign of her father, Alexius I, Emperor of the Romans, 1081-1118 A.D.|date=1928|publisher=Kegan Paul|location=London|url=http://librarysearch.rhul.ac.uk/44ROY_VU2:LSCOP_44ROY_ALL:44ROY_ALMA_DS2122250030002671}}</ref>'afọ 1928, ọ sụgharịrị ''Alexiad'' nke Anna Comnena site na Grik gaa na Bekee. [1] <ref>{{Cite book|author=Comnena|first=Anna|year=2015|title=The Alexiad|publisher=Masterworks Classics|isbn=978-1-6273-0130-5}}</ref> ka na-ebipụta ọrụ ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 90 ka e mesịrị. == Ndụ e mesịrị == Dawes nwụrụ na Weybridge na 19 Ọgọstụ 1954.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-surrey-advertiser-county-times-deat/131102394/|title=Death of Dr. Elizabeth Dawes|work=[[Surrey Advertiser]]|page=8|date=1954-08-28|accessdate=2023-09-02}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ ==   * ''Nkwupụta nke Grik na aro maka mgbanwe na nkuzi asụsụ ahụ'' (1889) * ''Okwu Latin oge ochie maka ụlọ akwụkwọ na kọleji'' (1890) * ''Attic Greek okwu maka ụlọ akwụkwọ na kọleji'' (1890) * Nkwupụta nke ndị Gris aspirates (1894) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} tns7xz8qthb0jk6z24xvwraw533vphh 0 33841 692821 141597 2026-07-30T20:15:12Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 692821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Frank Nweke Jr|image=Nweke Jr, Frank.jpg|office1=Minister for Intergovernmental Affairs, Special Duties and Youth Development|term_start1=April 2004|term_end1=June 2005|predecessor1=|successor1=|office2=Minister of Information and National Orientation|term_start2=June 2005|term_end2=January 2007|predecessor2=[[Chukwuemeka Chikelu]]|successor2=|office3=Minister of Information and Communications|term_start3=January 2007|term_end3=May 2007|predecessor3=[[Obafemi Anibaba]] (Communications)|successor3=[[John Odey]]|children=2009|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1965|9|18|df=y}}|birth_place=|party=[[All Progressives Grand Alliance (Nigeria)|All Progressives Grand Alliance]]}}{{Databox}} '''Frank Nnaemeka Nweke Jr''' (amụrụ na 18 Septemba 1965) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, onye ọchụnta ego, onye nkuzi na onye na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ. Ọ bụ Minista Federal ugboro abụọ na Naijiria na onye bụbu Director General, Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG) . Ọ bụ onye otu [[All Progressives Grand Alliance|All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA)]] ugbu a ma na-azọ ọkwa Gọvanọ nke Enugu na ntuli aka nke Naijiria nke afọ 2023, mgbe onye otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị pụtara na ntuliaka nke mbụ na Mee 2022. Ọ bụ onye isi nleta nke Lagos Business School na onye otu ngalaba, School of Politics, Policy and Governance (SPPG), Nigeria, ebe ọ na-ekwu okwu gbasara ụkpụrụ omume na ụkpụrụ. Ọ bụ onye [https://www.hks.harvard.edu/educational-programs/masters-programs/mid-career-master-public-administration/mcmpa-edward-s-mason Edward S. Mason Fellow] na onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Aspen Institute, Colorado. Nweke na-asụ Igbo, Yoruba na Hausa, asụsụ atọ bụ isi Naijiria nke ọma. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Frank Nweke nke Abụọ (FNJ) na Lagos, Naijiria n'ezinụlọ Igwe Frank Nweke, Okeifufe Napkparu Ujo Nku I, nke Ishi Ozalla, [[Nkanu West]] Local Government Area nke Enugu State. == Mmụta == Frank nọrọ n'afọ ndị mbụ ya na Lagos ebe ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik St. Paul. Mgbe ezinụlọ ya kwagara [[Maiduguri]], ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịm Shehu Garbai, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ gara Federal Government College, Maidugiri maka agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. Ọ gara n'ihu nweta nzere bachelọ nke teknụzụ na Zoology na Federal University of Technology, Yola. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ nwetara nzere masta na Public Administration na Mahadum Maiduguri. N'afọ 2007, FNJ gara Harvard Kennedy School of Government ebe ọ nwetara nzere masta nke abụọ na Public Administration na asambodo na Strategic Management. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Harvard Kennedy School Alumni Association of Nigeria (2020 - 2022). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Nweke Jr. elected president Harvard Kennedy alumni association|url=https://www.thecable.ng/frank-nweke-jr-elected-president-harvard-kennedy-alumni-association|accessdate=2020-03-09|work=thecable.ng}}</ref> == Ọrụ ọha na eze == '''Ógbè Enugu''' N'afọ 1999, e nyere Nweke ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ bi na gọọmentị Enugu Steeti na atụmatụ mmepe na mgbanwe ọha na eze. N'afọ sochirinụ, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nhazi Enugu State nke Community County Council. N'ọnọdụ ndị a, Nweke nyere ndụmọdụ gbasara mmepe akụ na ụba, nhazi na atụmatụ nkeonwe maka ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, ma duzie mmejuputa ọrụ itinye ego nke ọha na eze na ndị mmekọ mmepe ya na UK Department for International Development, United States Agency for International Development na World Bank. == Ọrụ obodo == '''NESG''' A họpụtara Nweke ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG) . <ref>{{Cite web|title=OBG talks to Frank Nweke II, Director-General, Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG)|url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/interview/obg-talks-frank-nweke-ii-director-general-nigerian-economic-summit-group-nesg|accessdate=2013-12-08|work=oxfordbusinessgroup.com}}</ref>'okpuru idu ndú ya, Naịjirịa nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na World Economic Forum maka Africa. '''NzukoLabs''' N'afọ 2018, Nweke guzobere [https://techpoint.africa/2020/10/12/bringing-design-to-the-east-mbari-uno-forum-partners-with-nzukolabs-and-society-of-igbo-professionals NzukoLabs]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bringing design to the East, Mbari Uno Forum partners with NzukoLabs and Society of Igbo Professionals|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/metro/bringing-design-to-the-east-mbari-uno-forum-partners-with-nzukolabs-and-society-of/rp0hq4v|accessdate=2020-12-10|work=pulse.ng}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nweke,Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1utavz6lj3ijq2gtjvnnnanf7fnxojy 0 33889 692820 137818 2026-07-30T20:13:58Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Froma I. Zeitlin''' bụ onye ọkà mmụta American Classics. Ọ bụ ọkachamara n'Akwụkwọ ndị Gris oge ochie, yana mmasị pụrụ iche na akụkọ ifo, ihe nkiri na akụkọ ifo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Froma Zeitlin {{!}} COMPARATIVE LITERATURE|url=https://complit.princeton.edu/people/froma-zeitlin|work=complit.princeton.edu|language=en}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na nkatọ gbasara okike, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nka na ederede n'ihe gbasara ọdịbendị anya nke oge ochie. <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Kraus|title=Visualizing the tragic : drama, myth, and ritual in Greek art and literature : essays in honour of Froma Zeitlin|date=2007|publisher=[[Oxford Univ. Press]]|location=Oxford [u.a.]|isbn=9780199276028|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> na-ewere ọrụ Zeitlin na ịmepụta ụzọ ọhụrụ maka Ọdachi ndị Gris dị ka ihe nwere mmetụta pụrụ iche. == Ọrụ == <ref name="SCSblog">{{Cite web|author=Catenaccio|first=Claire|title=Blog: Women in Classics: Froma Zeitlin|url=https://classicalstudies.org/node/34521|work=Society for Classical Studies|date=12 June 2020}}</ref> mụrụ Froma Zeitlin na [[New York City|New York]], ma too na Upper West Side, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1951, ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na Radcliffe College (B.A. 1954) na Mahadum Katọlik nke America (M.A. 1965). Mgbe afọ itoolu gachara, ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Mahadum Columbia nyekwara ya PhD na 1970. <ref name="SCSblog" /> Isiokwu edemede bụ The Ritual World of Greek Tragedy . [1] <ref name="SCSblog"/>'ime afọ ikpeazụ nke ide edemede ya, ọ malitere ọrụ mbụ ya na Brooklyn College. Site <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Froma I. Zeitlin {{!}} Dean of the Faculty|url=https://dof.princeton.edu/about/clerk-faculty/emeritus/froma-i-zeitlin|work=dof.princeton.edu|language=en|accessdate=2023-11-05|archivedate=2022-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208224351/https://dof.princeton.edu/about/clerk-faculty/emeritus/froma-i-zeitlin}}</ref> 1970 ruo 1976 ọ bụ osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Rutgers, ọ ghọkwara osote prọọfesọ na 1967. N'afọ 1965, n'oge ọ nọ na Rutgers, e nyere ya onyinye site na National Endowment for the Humanities . <ref name="SCSblog" /> Zeitlin sonyeere ngalaba nke Mahadum Princeton na 1976, ebe ọ kụziri Greek Literature, Greek Mythology na Gender studies. <ref name="SCSblog"/> sonyeere Princeton n'oge e nwere ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nwere mmetụta na ngalaba ahụ, ọkachasị [[Ann Bergren]], Janet Martin na [[Lois Hinckley]], ọ bụ ezie na Bergren na Hinckley hapụrụ obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://princeton.academia.edu/FromaZeitlin/CurriculumVitae|title=Froma Zeitlin {{!}} Princeton University - Academia.edu|work=princeton.academia.edu|accessdate=2020-04-08}}</ref> ghọrọ Prọfesọ nke Classics na 1983, na nke Comparative Literature na 1989. [1] Site na 1992 Zeitlin bụ ''[[Charles Ewing Professor of Greek Language and Literature|Charles Ewing Prọfesọ nke Asụsụ na Akwụkwọ Grik]]''. N'afọ 1996, Zeitlin guzobere mmemme Jewish Studies na Princeton ma duzie ya ruo n'afọ 2005. N'afọ 1995/6 ọ bụ Sather Prọfesọ nke Classical Literature na Mahadum California, Berkeley. <ref name="auto"/>'etiti nsọpụrụ ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ Directeur d'Études Associé na Collège de France na École Pratique des Hautes Études; ọ bụ onye nsọpụrụ nke Newnham College, na 2001 a họpụtara ya dịka onye otu American Academy of Arts and Sciences . [1] == Mmetụta == Froma Zeitlin <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Kraus|title=Visualizing the tragic : drama, myth, and ritual in Greek art and literature : essays in honour of Froma Zeitlin|date=2007|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=Oxford [u.a.]|isbn=9780199276028|pages=13–4|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> otu n'ime ndị Classicists mbụ iji tinye usoro sitere na Structuralism, Semiotics na Gender Studies na Ancient Literature. <ref name="SCSblog"/> na-akọwa mmasị ya na Gender Studies dị ka ihe metụtara uru ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ, nke a ga-esi ghọta ihe omume nke Greek Tragedy. <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Kraus|title=Visualizing the tragic : drama, myth, and ritual in Greek art and literature : essays in honour of Froma Zeitlin|date=2007|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=Oxford [u.a.]|isbn=9780199276028|pages=381–98|edition=1. publ.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor=Pedrick|title=The soul of tragedy : essays on Athenian drama|date=2005|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|location=Chicago|isbn=9780226653594|pages=[https://archive.org/details/souloftragedyess00vict/page/299 299–301]|url=https://archive.org/details/souloftragedyess00vict/page/299}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Michelini|first=Ann N.|title=Replaying the Other|journal=Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics|date=1 January 1999|volume=7|issue=2|pages=154–173}}</ref> na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onye nwere mmetụta pụrụ iche maka ọrụ ya n'ịmepụta njikọ dị n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta Europe (dị ka Jean-Pierre Vernant) na ngalaba nke Classics na America.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Kraus|title=Visualizing the tragic : drama, myth, and ritual in Greek art and literature : essays in honour of Froma Zeitlin|date=2007|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=Oxford [u.a.]|isbn=9780199276028|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> dere ọtụtụ edemede na akwụkwọ edemede na-ekwu maka isiokwu ọdịbendị dị iche iche, ọtụtụ n'ime ha emetụtala ịmepụta ụzọ ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ arụmụka. == Ihe edeturu == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://princeton.academia.edu/FromaZeitlin/CurriculumVitae <nowiki>[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]</nowiki>] * [http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/papers/authorMZ/zeitlin/zeitlin.html Froma Zeitlin na Mahadum Princeton] * [http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~dpd/DeanOfFaculty/person_FILES/Froma.Zeitlin.html Foto nke Froma Zeitlin] * Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke Sather Prọfesọ E debere ya na Wayback Machine {{DEFAULTSORT:Zeitlin, Froma}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] s38d2xcmrimxpdmp3761lrex0fnly06 0 33908 692717 638603 2026-07-30T13:28:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692717 wikitext text/x-wiki Mane 'n Tail bu aha ahia nke ndi n'eme ngwa mmadu na inyinya eji elekota isi na ahu. == Mmetụta na ihe nkiri kachasị mma e rerela''Ihe nkiri Kasị Ukwuu E Reelala'' == E gosipụtara ngwaahịa ahụ na ihe ngosi Morgan Spurlock nke afọ 2011 POM Wonderful Presents: The Greatest Movie Ever Sold dị ka otu n'ime ndị nkwado ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na e gosipụtara ya nke ukwuu n'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, aha ikpeazụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ na-egosi na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ akwụghị ụgwọ maka nkwekọrịta nkwado. Na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Mane 'n Tail, njikwa na-akọwa:"Mane 'n Tail abụghị onye ọhụrụ na-etinye ngwaahịa na nnukwu ihe nkiri, nke a bụ njem mbụ anyị n'ime ihe nkiri indie ka Morgan na-achọ ka anyị sonye na ihe nkiri banyere itinye ngwaahịa nke a kwadoro site na itinye ngwaahịa. Mgbe anyị kwetara ịbanye n'ụgbọ ahụ, anyị amaghị ohere dị egwu ọ ga-eme. Sony Pictures Classics wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ ụbọchị atọ tupu mmalite ya na Sundance, nke mere ka onye ọ bụla nwee obi ụtọ. Mgbasa ozi ahụ abụwo ihe a na-apụghị ikwere ekwere na òkè anyị na ihe nkiri ahụ... anyị hụrụ n'anya nke ukwuu. Ọ bụ ezie na anyị bụ 'onye nkwado', Mane 'n Tail akwụghị ụgwọ ka anyị bụrụ akụkụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ, kama anyị gbanwere ngwaahịa anyị, ezigbo nkwekọrịta 'ntinye ngwaahịa'. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manentail.com/expert-blog/mane-%E2%80%98n-tail-goes-to-the-sundance-film-festival/|title=Mane 'n Tail Goes To The Sundance Film Festival|publisher=Mane 'n Tail|date=March 2, 2011|accessdate=November 5, 2023|archivedate=June 26, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626150419/http://manentail.com/expert-blog/mane-%E2%80%98n-tail-goes-to-the-sundance-film-festival/}}</ref> == Ọdịdị na omenala pop == Mane ' Tail nwekwara ihe olile ndi ozo ma ewepu "The Greatest Movie Ever Sold". These include: * Blades of glory<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blades of Glory/Mane 'n Tail Shampoo|url=http://manentail.com/press/blades-of-glorymane-n-tail-shampoo/|work=Mane 'n Tail Shampoo|accessdate=6 September 2015|archivedate=3 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503062006/http://manentail.com/press/blades-of-glorymane-n-tail-shampoo/}}</ref> * spirit Untamed === Mmetụta na NASCAR === N'afọ 1996, Mane 'n Tail ga-akwado onye ọkwọ ụgbọala NASCAR Winston Cup Series Derrike Cope, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Daytona results|url=https://us.motorsport.com/nascar-cup/news/daytona-results-9/1665668/|accessdate=2023-02-21|work=us.motorsport.com|date=8 May 1996|language=en|archivedate=2023-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221205901/https://us.motorsport.com/nascar-cup/news/daytona-results-9/1665668/}}</ref> na-anya ụgbọ ala # 12 maka Bobby Allison Motorsports. Ha ga-ebu ụzọ kwado na 1996 Daytona 500, ebe Cope ga-emecha 41st. N'oge agbụrụ mbụ nke oge 1996, Mane ' n' Tail ga-akwalite agbụrụ niile maka Cope, na Cope na-etinye otu n'elu 10 na 1996 Goodwrench Service 400. Mane 'n Tail ga-akwado ruo na [[1996 Goody's Headache Powder 500]], ebe Mane 'ntail hapụrụ otu ahụ. N'afọ 2017, Mane 'n Tail ga-alaghachi na NASCAR, ọzọ na-akwado Cope maka otu ugboro, onye na-anya ụgbọala # 55 maka Premium Motorsports. Ha kwadoro asọmpi a na-agba ọsọ na Darlington, na-alaghachi na atụmatụ mbụ ya na 1996. N'afọ 2018, Derrike Cope ga-amalite otu ọhụrụ, StarCom Racing . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Walters|first=Shane|date=2021-09-17|title=StarCom Racing employee says NASCAR team closing; Tweet deleted|url=https://racingnews.co/2021/09/17/starcom-racing-employee-says-nascar-team-closing-tweet-deleted/|accessdate=2023-02-21|work=Racing News|language=en-US}}</ref> Mane 'n Tail ga-akwado ọzọ dị ka otu ugboro, n'oge a na-akwado Landon Cassill na # 00 na Michigan International Speedway. Ha ga-akwado Cassill ọzọ na 2019, ha na-akwado ụzọ Pocono Raceway. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff Report|date=2021-01-19|title=Mane 'n Tail Returns to StarCom Racing, Quin Houff for Multiple Races in 2021 - The Racing Insiders|url=https://theracinginsiders.com/mane-n-tail-returns-to-starcom-racing-quin-houff-for-multiple-races-in-2021/|accessdate=2023-02-21|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221204150/https://theracinginsiders.com/mane-n-tail-returns-to-starcom-racing-quin-houff-for-multiple-races-in-2021/}}</ref> N'afo 2020, ya na onye ohuru na akwo ya Quin Houff, ga enyere ndi StarCom na agba oso aka ji kwado ha I gba oso ndi ozo, nke gunyere igba oso ugboro ano na midseason. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mane 'n Tail to Partner with StarCom Racing for the 2021 Daytona 500|url=https://www.speedwaydigest.com/index.php/news/nascar-cup-series-news/60218-mane-n-tail-to-partner-with-starcom-racing-for-the-2021-daytona-500}}</ref>'afọ 2021, ha gbasaa nkwado ha, gụnyere nkwado na 2021 Daytona 500. Malite <ref>{{Cite web|author=Racing|first=StarCom|date=2021-05-20|title=STARCOM RACING AND MANE 'N TAIL PARTNER WITH DREAMWORKS ANIMATION'S NEW FILM, SPIRIT UNTAMED|url=https://starcomracing.com/2021/05/starcom-racing-and-mane-n-tail-partner-with-dreamworks-animations-new-film-spirit-untamed/|accessdate=2023-02-21|work=Starcom Racing 00|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221205534/https://starcomracing.com/2021/05/starcom-racing-and-mane-n-tail-partner-with-dreamworks-animations-new-film-spirit-untamed/}}</ref> 2021 Texas Grand Prix, Mane 'n Tail ga-arụkọ Ọrụ Nrọ ihe nkiri DreamWorks Spirit Untamed, iji kwalite ihe nkiri ahụ. == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> jep1pg1fir91658p2fmqkdvk9jt0k63 0 33979 692786 632088 2026-07-30T18:07:58Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Francisca Oteng-Mensah''' (amuru 14 February 1993) [1] [2] bu onye omeiwu nke {{ill|New Patriotic Party|en|New Patriotic Party}} maka [[:en:Kwabre East Constituency|Kwabre East Constituency]] ma mara ya dika onye omebe iwu nke kacha nta nke mba nke anọ nke [[Ghana]] n'oge nhoputa ya na 2016.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanastar.com/news/meet-youngest-mp-ms-oteng-mensah/|title=Meet Youngest MP, Ms. Oteng-Mensah|date=2017-02-17|work=GhanaStar.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=154|title=Parliament of Ghana|work=www.parliament.gh|accessdate=2019-03-02|archivedate=2023-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706225804/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=154}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sir John attacks 22-year-old Francisca Oteng-Mensah|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=362590|work=www.ghanaweb.com|accessdate=2015-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=I won because of my message, not money – Francisca Mensah|url=http://citifmonline.com/2015/06/15/i-won-because-of-my-message-not-money-francisca-mensah/|work=citifmonline|accessdate=2015-06-16|first=Godwin Akweiteh|author=Allotey|archivedate=2015-06-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618125333/http://citifmonline.com/2015/06/15/i-won-because-of-my-message-not-money-francisca-mensah/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kasapafmonline.com/2016/12/photos-meet-youngest-member-parliament-francisca-oteng-mensah/|title=PHOTOS: Meet the youngest Member of Parliament Francisca Oteng Mensah {{!}} Kasapa102.5FM|author=Acquah|first=Edward|work=kasapafmonline.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-02|archivedate=2019-03-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044147/https://kasapafmonline.com/2016/12/photos-meet-youngest-member-parliament-francisca-oteng-mensah/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine|url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/100/|accessdate=2022-05-28|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526112709/https://www.thestandpoint.com.gh/}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Francisca na Aboaso Hospital na Mamponteng, <ref name=":0"/> Ashanti Region <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5334|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Oteng Mensah, Francisca|author=|first=|date=|work=ghanamps.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617053529/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5334|archivedate=2021-06-17|accessdate=2019-03-02}}</ref> na 14 Febụwarị 1993. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghana.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/owner/owner/show/dr-kwaku-oteng/|title=Dr. Kwaku Oteng|work=ghana.mom-rsf.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-02|archivedate=2022-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527220934/https://ghana.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/owner/owner/show/dr-kwaku-oteng/}}</ref> bụ nwa nwanyị nke Mrs. Joyce Oteng <ref name=":0" /> na Dr Kwaku Oteng [2] onye dọkịta na onye ọchụnta ego bụ C.E.O nke Angel Group of Companies. == Mmụta == Francisca gara ụlọ akwụkwọ atọ dị iche iche n'oge agụmakwụkwọ ya bụ isi na praịmarị.O bu ụzọ gaa Mamponteng Roman Catholic School, wee gaa Revival Preparatory School na Breman ma mesịa gaa Supreme Saviour International ebe ọ gụsịrị Primary Six ya. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ Junior High na Angel Educational Complex .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Coverghana.com.gh|date=2022-08-04|title=Francisca Oteng Mensah Biography, Age, Net worth, Children, Education, Husband|url=https://coverghana.com.gh/francisca-oteng-mensah-biography-age-net-worth-children-education-husband/|accessdate=2022-11-27|work=Coverghana.com.gh|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Francisca Oteng-Mensah, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Francisca-Oteng-Mensah-2803|accessdate=2022-11-27|work=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> gara n'ihu na St. Roses Senior High School iji mezue Senior High Education ya. Ọchịchọ <ref name=":0"/> na-enweghị afọ ojuju maka ihe nrite agụmakwụkwọ manyere ya idebanye aha na Faculty of Law na Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) ebe ọ gụrụ iwu. Francisca <ref>{{Cite web|title=Francisca Oteng-Mensah: I Had Wanted To Be A Politician Since Infancy|url=http://elections.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/201506/244899.php|accessdate=2015-06-16|first=Michael|author=Boateng|archivedate=2015-07-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721113256/http://elections.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/201506/244899.php}}</ref> nwa akwụkwọ iwu nke afọ nke abụọ na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ Kwame Nkrumah n'oge ọ na-asọ mpi ntuli aka na 2016. [1] == Ọrụ == Tupu <ref name="ghanamps.com">{{Cite web|url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5334|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Oteng Mensah, Francisca|work=ghanamps.com|accessdate=2019-03-02|archivedate=2021-06-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617053529/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5334}}</ref> họpụta ya dị ka onye omeiwu, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ na Angel Group of Companies na Kumasi. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-12-29|title=Lariba Abudu, Oteng Mensah sworn into office to take full charge at Gender Ministry|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/lariba-abudu-oteng-mensah-sworn-into-office-to-take-full-charge-at-gender-ministry.html|work=Graphic Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghananewsagency.org/sports/francisca-oteng-mensah-heads-nya-governing-board-126639|title=Francisca Oteng Mensah heads NYA Governing Board|work=www.ghananewsagency.org|accessdate=2019-03-09}}</ref> Disemba 2017, a họpụtara ya dị ka onyeisi oche nke National Youth Authority. == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghanafuo.com/2016/12/meet-francisca-oteng-mensah-younges.html|title=Meet Francisca Oteng Mensah, the youngest parliamentarian in Ghana|author=davidmawuligh|date=2016-12-10|work=Ghanafuo.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-03-09}}</ref> meriri oche ndị omeiwu ya maka Kwabre East Constituency na Ashanti Region nke Ghana, mgbe ntuli aka Ghana nke afọ 2016 gasịrị. Ọ bụ onye kachasị nta n'ime ndị omeiwu mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Boakye|first=Edna Agnes|date=2022-08-02|title=Nana Addo nominates Lariba Zuweira as Gender Minister-designate, Francisca Oteng as Deputy|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2022/08/nana-addo-nominates-walewale-mp-as-gender-minister-designate-francisca-oteng-as-deputy/|accessdate=2022-08-04|work=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref>Nana Akuffo-Addo họpụtara ya dị ka osote minista maka Mmekọahụ, Ụmụaka na Nchebe Ọha. [1] A ṅụrụ ya iyi n'ọkwa dị ka osote minista maka okike, ụmụaka na nchekwa ọha na eze na Wednesday (December 28, 2022). == Okpukpe == Francisca bụ Onye Kraịst ma na-arụkọ ọrụ na Assemblies of God Church . <ref name="ghanamps.com"/> == Ndụ onwe onye == Francisca lụrụ Kwadwo Adade Amponsah <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-23|title=Video Showing The Clear Face Of Francisca Oteng Mensah’s Handsome Husband Finally Pops Up|url=https://thedistin.com/2021/02/23/video-showing-the-clear-face-of-francisca-oteng-mensahs-handsome-husband-finally-pops-up/|accessdate=2023-10-10|work=Thedistin|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-11-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105162530/https://thedistin.com/2021/02/23/video-showing-the-clear-face-of-francisca-oteng-mensahs-handsome-husband-finally-pops-up/}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oteng-Mensah, Francisca}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dj3kkzw3e2sq4jk3yz61pxw8rsuzjds 0 34101 692695 656837 2026-07-30T13:05:40Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|website={{url| https://funmiayinke.com}}}}{{Databox}} <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funmi Ayinke and Nigeria's history|url=https://guardian.ng/features/funmi-ayinke-and-nigerias-history/|accessdate=1 March 2022|work=guardian.ng|date=March 2022}}</ref>'''Funmi Ayinke''' (amụrụ na 27 Mee 1983) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Naijiria a ma ama, onye ọrụ ebere, onye nkuzi na onye mmepụta ihe. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ayinke na 27 Mee 1983. Ọ gara Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, ebe ọ nwetara nzere Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) na Injinia igwe. O nwere nzere masta na Business Administration (MBA). == Ọrụ == Ayinke malitere mmemme National Youth Service Corps na Ministry of Work and Housing, Gumel, Jigawa State. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Nigerian Youths Earnestly Yearn for Ambassador Funmi Ayinke|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/02/why-nigerian-youths-earnestly-yearn-for-ambassador-funmi-ayinke/|accessdate=24 February 2022|work=vanguardngr.com|date=24 February 2022}}</ref> Mgbe ọnwa itoolu gasịrị, ọ laghachiri na Ngalaba Ọrụ na Ọrụ nke Mahadum Ọrụ Ugbo Federal, [[Abeokuta]] (FUNAAB), [[Ȯra Ogun|Ogun State]], mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ nọrọ obere oge na Adefun Investment, [[Ibadan]]. Ọ sonyeere Ngalaba Injinịa Mechanical nke Ngalaba Ọrụ na Ọrụ FUNAAB na Febụwarị 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funmilayo Waheed-Adekojo 'Whatever a man can do today, the enablement came from a woman's womb'|url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/funmilayo-waheed-adekojowhatever-a-man-can-do-today-the-enablement-came-from-a-womans-womb/|accessdate=27 November 2021|work=guardian.ng|date=27 November 2021|archivedate=27 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127043501/https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/funmilayo-waheed-adekojowhatever-a-man-can-do-today-the-enablement-came-from-a-womans-womb/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=May 29: Journalist tasks Tinubu on youths inclusion in governanceMay 29: Journalist tasks Tinubu on youths inclusion in governance|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/05/may-29-journalist-tasks-tinubu-on-youths-inclusion-in-governance/|accessdate=2023-05-26|work=vanguardngr.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Urgent Need For Professionals Like Funmi Ayinke Waheed Adekojo In Nigeria, By Moji Danisa|url=https://www.firstweeklymagazine.com/urgent-need-for-professionals-like-funmi-ayinke-waheed-adekojo-in-nigeri-by-moji-danisa/https://www.firstweeklymagazine.com/urgent-need-for-professionals-like-funmi-ayinke-waheed-adekojo-in-nigeri-by-moji-danisa/|accessdate=2023-05-26|work=firstweeklymagazine.com}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, mgbe ọ hapụsịrị FUNAAB, Ayinke guzobere ụlọ ọrụ nke ya, [https://web.archive.org/web/20231105193616/https://www.funmiayinkengltd.org/ Funmi Ayinke Nigeria Limited]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Urgent Need for Professionals Like Funmi Ayinke Waheed Adekojo in Nigeria – A Perspective by Moji|url=https://thecitypulsenews.com/urgent-need-for-professionals-like-funmi-ayinke-waheed-adekojo-in-nigeria-a-perspective-by-moji-danisa/|accessdate=2023-05-26|work=thecitypulsenews.com}}</ref> malitekwara akara ndekọ nke ya, Funmi Ayinke Music Record Label (FRL) n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2021, na-etinye aka na ndị omenkà atọ si Lagos. Oge mbụ ọ na-abụ abụ bụ n'abụ abụ na chọọchị. Ihe mbụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funmi Ayinke Launches Record Label, Signs Three Artistes|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/funmi-ayinke-launches-record-label-signs-three-artistes/|accessdate=4 October 2021|work=tribuneonlineng.com|date=4 October 2021}}</ref> wepụtara, "Ọ bụ Oge Anyị", sitere na ngagharị iwe "End SARS" na Naịjirịa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Urgent Need for Professionals Like Funmi Ayinke Waheed Adekojo in Nigeria – A Perspective by Moji|url=https://www.globalnewsnig.com/article/urgent-need-for-professionals-like-funmi-ayinke-waheed-adekojo-in-nigeria-a-perspective-by-moji-danisa/|accessdate=2023-05-26|work=globalnewsnig.com}}</ref> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * Funmi Ayinke meriri ugboro abụọ West Africa Gospel Music Awards na 2021 maka Best Inspirational Song of the Year na Best Songwriter of the year maka 2020/2021, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funmi Ayinke Bags Gospel Music Awards|url=https://factualtimesng.com/funmi-ayinke-bags-gospel-music-awards/|accessdate=19 March 2021|work=factualtimesng.com|date=19 March 2021}}</ref> wee merie City People Magazine Awards maka Best Motivational song of the Year and Songwriter the Year. <ref>{{Cite web|title=FUNMI AYINKE WAHEED ADEKOJO ON HER FORAY INTO MUSIC|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/funmi-ayinke-waheed-adekojo-on-her-foray-into-music/|accessdate=21 April 2021|work=citypeopleonline.com|date=21 April 2021}}</ref> * <ref>{{Cite web|title=FUNMIAYINKE WAHEED ADEKOJO BAGS NELSON MANDELA AWARD FOR LEADERSHIP AND INTEGRITY|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/funmiayinke-waheed-adekojo-bags-nelson-mandela-award-for-leadership-and-integrity/|accessdate=30 April 2021|work=citypeopleonline.com|date=30 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CITY PEOPLE HONOURS ENGR. FUNMI AYINKE ADEKOJO|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/city-people-honours-engr-funmi-ayinke-adekojo/|accessdate=20 July 2020|work=citypeopleonline.com|date=20 July 2020}}</ref> nyere ya onyinye "Humanitarian of the Year 2020" site na City People. * Ayinke ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya Nord Automobiles <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nord names brand ambassador, gifts car|url=https://businessday.ng/transport/article/nord-names-brand-ambassador-gifts-car/|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=businessday.ng|date=29 March 2022}}</ref> 2022. * Funmi Ayinke na-etinye aka na nhọpụta Peace Corps dị ka onye nnọchi anya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Engr. Funmi Ayinke bags Peace Corps ambassadorial appointment|url=https://ayokinews.com/funmilayo-ayinke-bags-peace-corps-ambassadorial-appointment/|accessdate=10 July 2022|work=ayokinews.com|date=9 July 2022|archivedate=16 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716144148/https://ayokinews.com/funmilayo-ayinke-bags-peace-corps-ambassadorial-appointment/}}</ref> * <ref>{{Cite web|title=Re-engineering Life via mechanics and music: The FunmiAyinke model|url=https://dailytimesng.com/re-engineering-life-via-mechanics-and-music-the-funmiayinke-model/|accessdate=2022-07-29|work=dailytimesng.com|date=29 July 2022}}</ref>-engineering Ndụ site na injinia na egwu [1] * Funmi Ayinke setịpụrụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funmi Ayinke set to release EP|url=https://punchng.com/funmi-ayinke-set-to-release-ep/|accessdate=2022-07-31|work=punchng.com|date=30 July 2022}}</ref> [1] * Onyinye maka idu ndú zuru ụwa ọnụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Engr Funmi Ayinke bags leadership award in London|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/05/nigerian-engr-funmi-ayinke-bags-leadership-award-in-london/|accessdate=2023-05-19|work=vanguardngr.com}}</ref> ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, [[London]], 2023 [1] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Dr. Funmi Ayinke meriri 'Emerging CEO Of The Year' Award Na London * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Funmi Ayinke to be honored at Golden Stars Award|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/06/funmi-ayinke-to-be-honored-at-golden-stars-award/|accessdate=2023-06-18|work=vanguardngr.com}}</ref>. Funmilayo Waheed-Adekojo Shines na Golden Star Award 2023 [1] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Engr. Dr. Funmi Ayinke Shines At APPON Annual Conference, Becomes Life Matron|url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/engr-dr-funmi-ayinke-shines-at-appon-annual-conference-becomes-life-matron/|accessdate=2023-06-09|work=saharaweeklyng.com|archivedate=2023-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720215708/https://saharaweeklyng.com/engr-dr-funmi-ayinke-shines-at-appon-annual-conference-becomes-life-matron/}}</ref>. Funmilayo Waheed-Adekojo nyere dị ka Matron nke APPON [1] == Ndụ onwe onye == Funmi Ayinke lụrụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Billionaire at 38: Meet Africa's Best Rated Engineer, Funmi Ayinke Waheed Adekojo|url=https://www.theelitesng.com/a-billionaire-at-38-meet-africas-best-rated-engineer-funmi-ayinke-waheed-adekojo/|accessdate=15 September 2021|work=theelitesng.com|date=15 September 2021}}</ref> ma nwee ụmụ anọ. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == Onye ọrụ Funmi AyinkenaInstagram {{DEFAULTSORT:Ayinke, Funmi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] o67wmh9f734qew2yq693vybw8fein96 0 34168 692956 200135 2026-07-31T03:14:12Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692956 wikitext text/x-wiki * {{Databox}} ''Mgbanwe nke Astronomy na Astrology na Abbasid Poetry'' (ثورة الفلك والتنجيم في الشعر العباسي) (n'asụsụ Arabic), na-ebipụta. * ''Gibran na Arrabitah: Ihe mere n'azụ ihe nkiri na mmekọrịta ya na echiche ndị Socialist'' (أسرار تأسيس الرابطة القلمية وعلاقة أعضائها بالفكر الاشتراكي) (n'asụsụ Arabic), Beirut, Dar at-Tali'ah, 2005. * ''Fadwa Tuqan: Abụ ndị a họọrọ'', sụgharịrị ma webata (فدوى طوقان: pufارات شعرية) (n'asụsụ Bekee), Amman, Naseej, 2005. * ''Svensk-Arabiskt Lexikon'' (Swedish-Arabic dictionary), nke Nael Y. Touqan chịkọtara, [[Stockholm]], Lexin: spraklexikon for invandrare, 1999. * Nsụgharị gaa n'asụsụ Arabic: Christianity in the Arab World (site na HRH Prince Al- Hassan bin Talal, [[London]], Longman's, 1993), nke Fawwaz Ahmad Tuqan sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Arab iji kwekọọ na onye na-agụ Arab nke na-amaghị na nkà mmụta okpukpe Ndị Kraịst (المسيحية في العالم العربي), Amman/ London, Amman Bookshop na Longman'ছ, 1994. * ''Abd al-Mun'im ar-Rifa'i: Ihe osise'' na-ede uri (الصورة الشعرية__hau____hau____hau__) (n'asụsụ Arabic), Amman, Dar Kitabukum, Shqair and 'Akasheh, 1993. * Early Arab Islamic Art (الفن العربي الإسلامي المكر) (n'asụsụ Arabic), Amman/ Beirut, United Publishers, 1993. * Abụ uri na Jerash Festival, edepụtara ma webata (الشعر في ماسش: تقديم وتحرير) (n'asụsụ Arabic), Amman, Dar Kitabukum, Shqair na 'Akasheh, 1987. * ''Ọchịchị ndị Zionist na Palestine: Ebe obibi 1870-1967'' (الاستعمار الصهيوني للأرض الفلسطينية: المستوطنات 1870-1967) (n'asụsụ Arabic), Amman, Dar Kitabukum, Shqair na 'Akasheh, 1986. * Movement Poetry na Jọdan: 1948-1977 (الحركة الشعرية في الأردن: 1948-1977) (n'asụsụ Arabic), Amman, Dar Kitabukum, Shqair na 'Akasheh, 1985. * Nwoke O mere Onwe ya (العصامي: سيرة الحاج عبد الحميد شومان مؤسس البنك العربي) (n'asụsụ Arabic), Amman, Arab Bank Ltd. na Arab Establishment for Studies and Publishing, 1984. (120 awa taped interview, nyocha nke onwe onye archives na ochie faịlụ na akwụkwọ nke Arab Bank, na-emegharị akụkọ ndụ Shuman na 88 obere akụkọ). * Al-Ha'ir: Studies in Umayyad Desert Palaces (الحائر: بح Bluetooth في الق班 الأموية في البادية) (n'asụsụ Arabic), Amman, Ministry of Culture, 1979. * ''Ihe osise Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Jọdan'' (تاريخ الأردن المصور) (n'asụsụ Arabic), Amman, Ministry of Culture, 1977. * Mahmoud Darwish: Selected Poems, sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Bekee ma webata (محمود درويش) (n'asụsụ Bishọn), ya na Ian Wedde, London, Carcanet Press, 1974. === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * The New Hamlet (هاملت الجديد) (n'asụsụ Arabic), na-ebipụta. * Goodbye Geneve (وداعا جنيف) (n'asụsụ Arabic), Beirut, Arab Diffusion Company, 2003. === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === The Merchant and the Bird (التاجر والعصفور): Akwụkwọ akụkọ maka ụmụaka, ndị okenye nwere ike ịgụ, Amman, Shqair na 'Akasheh, 1985. === Abụ uri === * أغنية الموسم الواحد, Amman, Amman Library, 1974 * Ihe ndị e dere n'ala ala bụ ihe ndị e dere na ya * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji], Amman Amman Library, 1975 * Ọdọ Mmiri (Winnipesaukee): Mgbalị Isii Ịse Ọwụwa Anyanwụ (البحيرة: سبع محاولاتხسم الغروب), Amman Library, 1979 * أنقذوا البحر, Amman, Al Sha'b Publishers, 1983. * Ụbọchị ''Echi Anyị Na-emeghe Obodo'' ahụ, Amman, 1992. * Fawwaz Tuqan: Abụ ahọpụtara (فواز طوقان pufارات شعرية), Amman, Ministry of Culture Publications, 2004. === Isiokwu ndị a họọrọ === * Ọ bụ "Àgwà na mkpali nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na-abụghị ndị Arab na-asụ asụsụ Arabic na-amụta Arabic dị ka egosiri na Tuqan's Questionnaire: An Outlook", na ''al-Abhath'', (American University of Beirut), 2004-2005. * "عبد الله بن علي: اعم المن班 الثائر". (n'asụsụ Bekee) * "'Abdullah ibn 'Ali: A Rebellious Uncle of al-Mansur", na Studies in [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]], (New Delhi), 1969, peeji nke 1-26. &nbsp; (n'asụsụ Bekee) * Sekitف الطبيعة في شعر الصنوبري "Nkọwa nke Okike na Poetry of as-Sanawbari", na Journal of the Arab Academy of Damascus (JAAD), 43 (1968), mpịakọta. '''4''', peeji nke 810-825; 44 (1969), Mpịakọta. &nbsp;'''5''', peeji nke 569-576; 45 (1970), Mpịakọta. &nbsp;'''6''', peeji nke 127-142.&nbsp; * Ịnọ ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe nkiri? "Umayyad Desert Palaces: Why Were They Built?", na Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan (ADAJ), '''14''' (1969), peeji nke 4-25.&nbsp; * حبيب Абдуغر: أبو بكر الصنوبري (Harubí the Younger: Abu Bakr as-Sanawbari, Poet of Landscape Poetry), '''64''' (1970), peeji nke 263-278.&nbsp; * مسلة مشيع ملك مؤاب الديباني: Conquistة دابنی "Stele of King Mesha' the Debonite: New Translation", na Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan (ADAJ), '''15''' (1970), peeji nke 19-51.&nbsp; == Ihe odide == * , Amman, Amman Library, 1974 * Ihe ndị e dere n'ala ala bụ ihe ndị e dere na ya * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji], Amman Amman Library, 1975 * Ọdọ Mmiri (Winnipesaukee): Mgbalị Isii Ịse Ọwụwa Anyanwụ (البحيرة: سبع محاولاتხسم الغروب), Amman Library, 1979 * أنقذوا البحر, Amman, Al Sha'b {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.pm.gov.jo/ pm.gov.jo] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101210085608/http://www.aub.edu.lb/fas/arabic/Pages/tuqan.aspx aub.edu.lb] E debere ya na Wayback Machine * [http://www.bookfinder.com/ bookfinder.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130121051743/http://www.culture.gov.jo/ culture.gov.jo] * [http://www.albawaba.com/ albawaba.com] * [http://www.uobtimes.com/ uobtimes.com] {{DEFAULTSORT:Tuqan, Fawwaz}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tku364lh35xand8o95w2wfdoupt5vsk 0 34367 693136 135975 2026-07-31T11:53:47Z Epiphanus Jide 14249 Removed broken file and added databox 693136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nlota nke Wax [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] Nwepu: 1975 [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] Ọdị egwu: Reggae [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] Uto ya: 34:56 [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] Isiokwu ya: DIP [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] Onye mere ya: Lee Perry [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> Nlota nke Wax bụ [[Album|Abọm]] studio nke ndị Upsetters, wepụtara na 1975. E bu ụzọ wepụta abọm ahụ dị ka akara ngosi ọcha dị oke mma. Aha egwu ndị ahụ pụtara na mbụ na mbipụta CD nke 90 nke abọm ahụ. <ref>Lee Perry: Dubstrumentals (Trojan Records CD TJBDD294)</ref> == Ndepụta egwu == === Akụkụ nke mbụ === # "Ọbara Ikpeazụ" # "Aka Ndị Na-anwụ Anwụ" # "Onye Agha Kung Fu" # "Onye na-egbu dragọn" # "Ụbọchị Ikpe" === Akụkụ nke Abụọ === # "Otu onye ọkpọ ji egbe" # "Onye isi Ukwu" # "Mkpịsị Akpụ nke Ịbọ Ọbọ" # "Samurai Swordsman" # "Ngwá Agha Ikpeazụ" == Ebe'm Si De == {{Reflist}} mnaf4hg9lib8sxix0qb15tq7l90ud9b 0 34461 692930 136677 2026-07-31T02:18:44Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Tuihaleni Frank Kayele''' ( ọrịa na Febụwarị 12, 1964) bụ Onye na-agba ọsọ ogologo oge si Namibia, onye ngwaọrụ mba Afrịka ya na 1992 Summer Olympics na Barcelona, Spain. 'ebe ahụ, ọ gbachara n'alụ nke 69 (2:31.41) na Marathon ụmụ nwoke. == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru == * <small>Nsonaazụ niile gbasara marathon, ọ gwụla ma ekwuru ya n'ụzọ ọzọ</small> == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kayale, Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qqccvyprkf9farb752fej6zzql2jjdg 0 34694 693071 672171 2026-07-31T09:01:41Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 693071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''[[w:El-Tigani el-Mahi|El-Tigani el-Mahi]]''' ({{Lang-ar|التجاني الماحي}}; Eprel 1911 – 8 Jenụwarị 1970) bụ ọkà mmụta si mba Sudan, ọkachamara na agụmakwụkwọ, na onye ọsụ ụzọ n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|psychiatry]] n'Afrika. Ọ rụrụ nnukwu ọrụ na mgba mba ahụ gbara maka nnwere onwe ha pụọ na ọchịchị nchigbu ndị British, ma bụrụkwa onye isi ala si n'aka gafere n'aka nke Sudan mgbe [[w:|Sudanese October 1964 Revolution]] gasịrị. Ọ bụ onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na-anakọta arịa akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma mara maka [[w:|Egyptology]], na akụkọ ihe mere eme na akwụkwọ Sudan. === Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya === A mụrụ El-Tigani el-Mahi na [[w:Kawa, Sudan | Kawa Village]], [[w:White Nile (state)|Mpaghara White Nile]] na [[w:|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] na Eprel afọ 1911.<ref name= ":0">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Salih |first=Mustafa Abdalla M. |ụbọchị=2013 |title=Prọfesọ Tigani El Mahi: Short biography and photos |journal=Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics |olu=13 | mbipụta= 1 | ibe=75–78 |issn=0256-4408 |pmc=4949969 |pmid=27493362}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Eltikeina |first=M. | ụbọchị = 2022 | aha = Ncheta Ọkà mmụta: Prọfesọ Tigani El Mahi (1911-1970) |url=https://www.napataresearch.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Eltijany-Elmahi.pdf | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sayensị Napata | mpịakọta = 1 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-09 | Archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409141454/https:/ /www.napataresearch.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Eltijany-Elmahi.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> El-Mahi gụchara akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na Kawa, na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na obodo [[w:Rufaa|Rufaa]], Sudan.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ kwagara [[w:|Khartoum]] maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya.<ref name=":1" /> O nwetara nzere diplọma ya na Ụlọ akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ahụike Kitchener (ugbu a [[w:|Faculty of Medicine, Mahadum Khartoum]]) n'afọ 1935.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book | ikpeazụ=Safi |first=Ahmed El |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VRJxQEACAAJ |title=Mohamed Hamad Satti: Ihe ịrịba ama na nyocha Ubi na Ọrịa Ọrịa Tropical, Bacteriology na Epidemiology | ụbọchị = 2019 -04-30 | onye nkwusa = Bipụtara onwe ya |isbn=978-1-0964-3574-7 |asụsụ =en | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/ web/20221205204153/https://books.google.com/books?id=2VRJxQEACAAJ |archive-date=2022-12-05 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ndị ọchịchị Briten hiwere kọleji ahụ ka ha nye ụmụ akwụkwọ Sudan ụdịrị agụmakwụkwọ ka ọ dị na ọdịda anyanwụ, ọtụtụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ wee bụrụ ndị ama ama na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sudan na ọha mmadụ. Mgbe ọ nọ na kọleji, el-Mahi tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ akwụkwọ ma bụrụ onye na-akwado ụda olu maka nnwere onwe Sudan. Ọ bụkwa onye na-agụsi akwụkwọ ike na onye edemede, ma nyekwa aka akụkọ na edemede na akwụkwọ akụkọ kọleji na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ọ n'eme diploma ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Sudan Medical Service, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[w:|Omdurman]], [[w:Kosti, Sudan | Kosti]], Khartoum, na [[w:|Wadi Halfa]].<ref name= ":22">{{Cite web |title=Tijani Al-Mahi, The Encyclopedic Psychiatrist{{!}} Sudanow Magazine |url=https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?Id=448 |nweta- ụbọchị=2023-04-09 |webụsaịtị=sudanow-magazine.net |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409133122/https://sudanow- magazine.net/page.php?Id=448 |url-status=ebi |accessdate=2023-12-12 |archivedate=2023-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409133122/https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?Id=448 }}</ref> === Ọrụ ya dịka onye na-agwọ Isi Mgbaka === N'afọ 1947, el-Mahi gara London ịgụ akwụkwọ n'efu n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|ọmụmụ isi mgbaka]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal | last=Sheikh Idris A Rahim |date=April 2011 |title=The Mahi -Baasher Heritage |url=http://arabpsynet.com/Journals/SPJ/SudJouPsy2.pdf |akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudanese Journal of Psychiatry | mpịakọta = 1 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 87–97 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04 -09 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155311/http://arabpsynet.com/Journals/SPJ/SudJouPsy2.pdf |url-status = ndụ }}</ref> Na Julaị afọ 1949, o nwetara nzere diploma na nkà mmụta sayensị na [[w:|Mahadum London]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> wee bụrụ onye mbụ na-agwọ isi mgbaka n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Onye isi ala steeti; onye isi Afrịka mbụ na-agwọ isi mgbaka El Tigani El Mahi |url=https://search.emarefa.net/en/detail/BIM-293392-the-president-of-the-state-the-first-african-psychiatrist-el | nweta -date=2023-04-09 |website=search.emarefa.net |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409143143/https://search .emarefa.net/en/detail/BIM-293392-the-president-of-the-state-the-first-african-psychiatrist-el |url-status=live }}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sudan, o guzobere [[w:|Clinic for Nervous Disorders]] na mpaghara Mgbago úgwú Khartoum.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tigani El Mahi – Kushsudan.org |url=https://kushsudan.org/kushites/tigani-el-mahi/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409143145/https://kushsudan.org/kushites/tigani-el-mahi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe dị iche iche n'ofe Sudan, gụnyere Omdurman, Kosti, Khartoum, na Wadi Halfa. A họpụtara ya onye isi na-ahụ maka ahụike ụbụrụ maka {{III|Ministry of Health (Sudan)|lt=Ministry of Health in Sudan|ar|وزارة الصحة الاتحادية (السودان)}} n'afọ 1957, bụ ọkwá ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. el-Mahi mechara bụrụ onye isi oche nke [[w:|Union of Sudanese Doctors]] n'afọ 1966. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1969, ọ ghọrọ ọkammụta mbụ nke ọmụmụ isi mgbaka na Sudan na onye isi oche nke ọmụmụ isi mgbaka, ngalaba nke ọgwụ.<ref name = ":3" /><ref name= ":0" /> Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ ahụike ụbụrụ maka [[w:WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean | Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO)]] nke WHO site n'afọ 1959 ruo afọ 1964.<ref>{{Cite akwụkwọ | ikpeazụ=Tsacoyianis | nke mbụ = Beverly A. | url = http://worldcat.org/oclc/1341220492 | aha = Mmụọ na-akpaghasị : ọrịa uche, ọnyà, na ọgwụgwọ na Syria na Lebanon ọgbara ọhụrụ | afọ = 2021 |isbn=978 -0-268-20071-8 |oclc=1341220492 | nweta-ụbọchị =2023-04-09 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202304131540 /https://worldcat.org/title/1341220492 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ onye nhazi mbido nke [[w:|Sudanese Journal of Pediatrics]], na otu n'ime ndị malitere [[w:|African Psychiatric Association]].<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1961, e nyere ya aha "Nna nke isi mgbaka n'Afrịka" na ogbako Psychiatric Pan-African mbụ.<ref>{{Cite akwụkwọ | ikpeazụ=Ali el tigani el mahi |url=http://41.67.20.57/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1097 |title=El tigani el mahi: nna nke psychiatry africa | ụbọchị = 2017 | onye nkwusa=abdel karim mirghani cultural center |isbn=978-99942-63-19-6 |ebe =Khartoum | nweta-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155343/http://41.67.20.57/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1097 |url-status=live }}</ref></strong><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Movement |first=Nasser Youth |date=2022-04-21 |title=Tigani El-Mahi onye Sudan nke weputara onwe ya dị ka Chief Psychiatrist na Egypt Medical Corps |url=https://nasseryouthmovement.net/tigani-el-mahi |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Nasser Youth Movement |language=en |archive-date=2023 -04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409143144/https://nasseryouthmovement.net/tigani-el-mahi |url-status=live }}</ref> N'oge nzukọ ahụ el-Mahi kwuru:<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Baasher |first=Taha A. |date=2013 |title=Tigani El Mahi nke mbụ Ọmụmụ ihe ncheta | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudanese nke ụmụaka | mpịakọta = 13 | mbipụta = 1 | ibe = 79–89 |issn = 0256-4408 |pmc=4949970 |pmid=27493363}}</ref> ''' Na ihe ọmụmụ isi mgbaka n'Africa, mmadụ nwere ike ịgbaso mmalite ya, mgbanwe ya, ntozu okè na mgbasa nke ihe ọmụma gbasara ahụike ụbụrụ mmadụ na gburugburu ụwa taa. (...) n'ìhè nke nnukwu kọntinent a, ga-eduga anyị n'echiche ọhụrụ nke nghọta, ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba na omenala ga-ejikọ, na-emekọrịta ihe ma pụta dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke echiche nke ahụike ụbụrụ mmadụ. N'ebe a n'Africa, ihe atụ na ahụike bụ obodo ka a ga-ewebata anyị n'ụlọ karịa (...) Ekwenyere el-Mahi na ọ bụ ya guzobere ọmụmụ isi mgbaka ọgbara ọhụrụ na Sudan wee rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịzụlite ọrụ ahụike ụbụrụ na mba ahụ. Ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ọmụmụ ihe [[w:|ọgwụ ọdịnala]] na [[w:|ethnopsychiatry]] na Sudan,<ref name=":0" /> ihe ọmụmụ ịsụ ụzọ banyere anwansi, [[w:Zār|zaar]],<ref>{ {Cite web |title=أماني شريف - التجاني الماحي.. رائد الطب النفسي في السودان.. حكايات قديمة عن الزار |trans-title=Amani Sharif - Al-Tijani Al-Mahi.. Ọsụ ụzọ na Sudan akụkọ ochie. Al-Zar |url=https://alantologia.com/blogs/41961/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410222101/https://alantologia.com /blog/41961 {{Kwuo akụkọ akụkọ | aha = Ọrịa na mmụọ: ọmụmụ nke òtù nzuzo nke mmụọ Zaar na ugwu Sudan |url=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510089 | onye mbipụta = Mahadum London | ụbọchị = 1972 | ogo = Ph.D. | nke mbụ = Pamela M. | ikpeazụ = Constantinides | ohere-ụbọchị = 15 Eprel 2023 | Archive-date = 15 Eprel 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230415082635/https://ethos .bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510089 |url-status=live }}</ref> wdg na mmekọrịta ha na ahụike ụbụrụ, ebe ha na ndị ọkachamara n'ọdịnala na Sudan na-arụkọ ọrụ.<ref> {{Cite akwụkwọ akụkọ | ikpeazụ1=Sorketti |first1=E. A. |ikpeazụ2=Zuraida |nke mbụ2=N. Z. | ikpeazụ3=Habil |nke mbụ3=M. H. | ụbọchị = Julaị 2010 | aha = Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị na-agwọ ọrịa ọdịnala na ndị isi mgbaka na Sudan |journal = International Psychiatry: Bulletin of the Board of International Affairs of the Royal College of Psychiatrists | mpịakọta = 7 | mbipụta = 3 | ibe = 71– 74 |doi=10.1192/S1749367600005907 |issn=1749-3676 |pmc=6734982 |pmid=31508045}}</ref><ref>{{Ce akwụkwọ |lst=Sorketti |mbụ=Ehabur | .academia.edu/5413583 |title=Ọgwụ ọdịnala na ahụike uche na Sudan |date=2013-12-06 |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155409/https://www.academia.edu/5413583 |url-status=live }}</ref>O kwuru na a na-elekọta ndị ọrịa n'okpuru ndị na-agwọ ọrịa ọdịnala karịa n'ụlọ ọgwụ.<ref name=":3" /> Ihe odide ya banyere isiokwu a kpuchiri isiokwu dị iche iche, gụnyere iji ọgwụ ọdịnala na-agwọ ọrịa uche, akụkụ omenala nke ahụike uche, na ihe ịma aka nke ịnye nlekọta ahụike uche na gburugburu ebe nchekwa ihe. Akwụkwọ mbụ ya, "Introduction to History of Arab Medicine,"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayfield |first=James B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67aS2vqNpLIC&dq=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA497 |title=Field of Reeds: Social, Economic and Political Change in Rural Egypt: in Search of Civil Society and Good Governance |date=2012-11-14 |publisher=Author House |isbn=978-1-4772-7490-3 |language=en |access-date=2023-04-11 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155325/https://books.google.com/books?id=67aS2vqNpLIC&dq=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA497 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Māḥī |first=al-Tiǧānī al- |url=http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/xslt/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=155016717&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R129.67.119.76,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R208.80.154.29,FN |title=مقدمة في تأريخ الطب العربي |date=1959 |publisher=مطبعة مصر (سودان) ليمتد, 1959 al-H̱artūm : Maṭbaʿaẗ Miṣr (Sūdān) limitid |location=الخرطوم, Soudan |language=ar |access-date=2023-04-10 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155445/http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/xslt/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=155016717&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R129.67.119.76,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R208.80.154.29,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.232.188,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.225.162,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.225.159,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.225.226,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.232.35,FN |url-status=live}}</ref> ka ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na ndị ọkachamara n'ịgwọ ahụike na mba Arab niile toro nke ukwuu.<ref name=":22" /> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ''Psychiatry in Sudan'' na 1957.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Elmahboob |first=Hiba |title=Memorial of Scholar |url=https://www.napataresearch.net/2195-2/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=NAPATA Research & Innovation Center |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155940/https://www.napataresearch.net/2195-2/ |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-12 |archivedate=2023-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155940/https://www.napataresearch.net/2195-2/ }}</ref> Enyere el-Mahi [[w:|Dọkịta Sayensị]] site na Mahadum Columbia na Mahadum nke Khartoum.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1971, Ụlọ Ọgwụ el-Tigani el-Mahi dị na Omdurman, ụlọ ọgwụ mbụ e hibere maka ahụike ụbụrụ na Sudan, bu aha ya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sorketti |first1=Ehab Ali |last2=Zainal |first2=Nor Zuraida |last3=Habil |first3=Mohamad Hussain |date=2011-05-24 |title=The characteristics of people with mental illness who are under treatment in traditional healer centres in Sudan |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764010390439 |journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=204–216 |doi=10.1177/0020764010390439 |pmid=21609984 |s2cid=5964369 |issn=0020-7640 |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155401/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020764010390439 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=E A |first1=Sorketti |last2=M H |first2=Habil |date=December 2009 |title=The current situation of the people with mental illness in the traditional healer centers in Sudan |url=https://journals.lww.com/mjp/Citation/2009/18020/THE_CURRENT_SITUATION_OF_THE_PEOPLE_WITH_MENTAL.12.aspx |journal=Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry |language=en-US |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=78 |issn=2232-0385 |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155310/https://journals.lww.com/mjp/Citation/2009/18020/THE_CURRENT_SITUATION_OF_THE_PEOPLE_WITH_MENTAL.12.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> N'afọ 1972, n'oge nke atọ nke [[w:|Pan-African Psychiatric Conference]], e mere nkuzi iji sọpụrụ ya.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Ọrụ Odide Ihe ya ==== Edemede mbụ el-Mahi laghachiri na 1940 mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ ahụike. O nyere aka n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike, gụnyere Sudan Medical Journal na British Medical Journal. O dekwara gbasara ihe gbasara ọha mmadụ, ọkachasị ndị metụtara obodo Sudan. Na 1946, o bipụtara otu isiokwu akpọrọ "Sudan na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ" na Journal of the Sudanese Society, bụ nke o kwuru banyere mmetụta agha ahụ nwere na ndị Sudan.<ref name=":0" /> [[File: Al-Tijānī Māḥī in 1965.jpg|thumb|el-Tigani el-Mahi na 1965]] el-Mahi bụ onye ama ama na mpaghara akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na ọgụgụ isi nke Sudan bụ onye na-etinyekwa aka n'ụzọ miri emi n'ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ na mmepe omenala na Sudan.<ref name=":0" /> Echiche nke [[w:|pan-Arabism]] nwere mmetụta miri emi na [[w:|pan-Africanism]], wee hụ ọdịnihu Sudan dị ka akụkụ nke nnukwu mmegharị maka nnwere onwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala n'ofe kọntinent ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal | last=Salih |first=Mustafa |date=2013 | aha = Otu elegy na ebe nchekwa nke Okammụta Tigani El Mahi (Arabic poem) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.24911/sjp.2013.1.17 |journal = Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudanese nke Paediatrics | ibe = 119 | doi= 10.24911/sjp.2013.1.17 |issn=0256-4408 | nweta-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ 20230413155443/https://www.ejmanager.com/mnstemps/106/106-1523536906.pdf?t=1681401283 |url-status=live }}</ref> el-Mahi bụ otu n'ime ndị tọrọ ntọala [[w:|Sudanese Writers Union]], otu òtù na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'ịkwalite akwụkwọ ndị Sudan na ịkwado mmepe nke ndị edemede Sudan. O guzobekwara Institute of African and Asian Studies na Mahadum Khartoum, nke ghọrọ ebe dị mkpa maka nyocha na mmụta gbasara omenala na obodo Africa na Eshia. Emere ya onye òtù [[w:|Academy of the Arabic Language]] dị na Cairo. Na mgbakwunye na Arabic, ọ makwa nke ọma asụsụ Bekee, [[w:Hausa language|Asụsụ Hausa]], Latin, na [[w:Persian language|Asụsụ Persia]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" /> Ihe odide el-Mahi kọwara ọtụtụ isiokwu nke ọma, gụnyere akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na omenala. O dere ọtụtụ akụkọ na edemede maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na Sudan na na mba ndị mba ọzọ.<ref name=":5" /> O dere banyere mkpa agụmakwụkwọ dị na Sudan na mkpa o dị ichekwa omenala,<ref name=":2" /> wee dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere "Cultural Heritage of the Sudan" na "The Life of [[w:Muhammad Ahmad|Mohammed Ahmed Al-Mahdi]]". el-Mahi mụtara nkà mmụta ihe ochie [[w:|Egyptology]] oge ochie na mmepeanya, ma marakwa [[w:Egypt hieroglyphs|hieroglyphics]].<ref name=":5" /> Ọ sụgharịrị ọtụtụ ihe odide hieroglyphic n'asụsụ Arabic ma bipụta akụkọ banyere Ijipt oge ochie, ọgwụ na okpukperechi. O dekwara maka njikọ omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị n'etiti Sudan na Egypt.<ref name=":2" /> el-Mahi bụkwa onye na-anakọta arịa akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere nnukwu mkpokọta akwụkwọ ozi []w:Charles George Gordon | General Gordon]] na ndetu onwe ya, nke o gosipụtara [[w:|Queen Elizabeth II]] n'oge nleta afọ 1965 na Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Hills |first=Mega C. |date=2019-09-27 |title=N'ime foto: Akụkọ banyere ndị otu ezin’ụlọ na-eleta Africa |url=https://www.standard .co.uk/evening-standard/insider/royals/royal-family-members-in-africa-from-the-queen-and-princess-diana-to-meghan-and-harry-a4247661.html | ohere-ụbọchị = 2023-04-09 | webụsaịtị = Standard Anyasị | asụsụ = en | Archive-date = 2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409133119/https://www. standard.co.uk/evening-standard/insider/royals/royal-family-members-in-africa-from-the-queen-and-princess-diana-to-meghan-and-harry-a4247661.html |url- status=live }}</ref><ref name=":22" /> Ọ chịkọtara ihe dị puku iri abụọ gụnyere mkpụrụ ego laghachiri n'oge [[w:|Alexander the Great]],<ref name=":0" /> na Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme puku isii bụ akụkụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum Khartoum ugbu a.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google .com/books?id=TyEbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |title=Sudan: Librarianship, Documentation |date=1974 |Onye nkwusa=FID/DC “Mba na-emepe emepe”, Secretary |asụsụ=en | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | Archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155346/https://books.google.com/books ?id=TyEbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ya ==== ===== Tupu nnwere onwe Sudan ===== el-Mahi bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na mgba a, na echiche ya na mmemme ya rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkpụzi ntụzịaka nke ịhụ mba Sudan na ngagharị nnwere onwe sara mbara. N'afọ ndị 1930, el-Mahi tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba na Sudan, ma nyere aka guzowe [[w:|Graduates' General Congress (GGC)]], otu ndị isi mba na-achị achị nke chọrọ ịchịkọta echiche ọha na eze Sudan megide ọchịchị ndị Briten. el-Mahi tinyere aka na GGC ma bụrụkwa onye na-akwado ụda maka nnwere onwe Sudan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":22" /> N'ime afọ ndị na-eduga na nnwere onwe, enwere ọtụtụ esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ọha na eze n'ime obodo Sudan, dịka otu dị iche iche na-achọ ike na mmetụta. Ndị òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[w:|Sudanese Communist Party (SCP)]], nke nwere nnukwu ndị na-eso ya n'etiti ndị ọrụ obodo na ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, bụ otu n'ime ọgbakọ kacha emetụta n'oge a. el-Mahi katọrọ atụmatụ na echiche ndị SCP, ma ọ matakwara òkè dị mkpa otu ahụ na-ekere na mgba maka nnwere onwe.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":22" /> ===== Mgbe Sudan nwechara nnwere onwe ===== Sudan nwetara [[w:Independence of Sudan | nnwere onwe]] site na [[w:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Condominium]] na 1 Jenụwarị 1956, na-ekwenyeghị n'ụdị na ọdịnaya nke akwụkwọ iwu na-adịgide adịgide. Kama nke ahụ, Mgbakọ Ndị Ọchịchị nakweere akwụkwọ akpọrọ [[Transitional Constitution]], nke nọchiri [[w:List of Governors of pre-independence Sudan|ndétu aha gọvanọ ndị chiri tupu nnwere onwe Sudan]] dị ka onye isi ala nke nwere Kọmishọna Kasị Elu nke mmadụ ise họpụtara nke ndị omeiwu mejupụtara ya. Sineti a họpụtara n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè.<ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Zapata |first=Mollie |date=2011-12-13 |title=Sudan: Nnwere onwe site na agha obodo, 1956-2005 |url=https://enoughproject. org/blog/sudan-brief-history-1956 | nweta-date=2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = Ọrụ zuru oke | asụsụ = en-US | archive-date = 2023-04-11 | archive-url = https: //web.archive.org/web/20230411185034/https://enoughproject.org/blog/sudan-brief-history-1956 |url-status=live }}</ref> N'afọ mgbe obodo ya nwetara nnwere onwe, el-Mahi sonyeere ndị ọrụ ahụike Egypt dị ka onye isi mgbaka iji kwado nguzogide megide [[w:Suez Crisis|1956 mbuso agha nke Egypt]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> Ọ gara Egypt ọzọ na Disemba 1964 iji mee mmemme ụbọchị mmeri Egypt na [[w:|Port Said]] ya na Onye isi ala [[w:|Gamal Abdel Nasser]].<ref name=":5" />[[File:The_Second_Supreme_Council_of_State_1964-1965.jpg] |thumb|[[[Kansụl Ọchịchị Sudan nke Abụọ]] site n’aka ekpe gaa n’aka nri: Tigani el-Mahi, [[w:Mubarak Al Fadil Shadad|Mubarak Shadad]], [[w:|Ibrahim Yusuf Sulayman]], [[w:|Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho]] na [[w:|Abdel Halim Mohamed]] | aka ekpe]]. Agbanyeghị, gọọmentị ọhụrụ chere ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka dị iche iche ihu ka ọ na-achọ iwulite steeti Sudan dị n'otu na nke nwere ọganihu. N'agbata afọ 1956 na 1965, Sudan nwere nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọtụtụ ndị agha agha. N'ime oge a, ndị agha na-achị Sudan afọ asatọ, gụnyere oge [[Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)#Abboud Military government (1958–64)|Ibrahim Abboud's president]] (1958–1964) na [[Agha obodo Sudan nke mbụ]] (1955–1972). Mkpebi ndị agha ahụ kpalitere ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị wee kpata ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Itinye Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Sudan azụ na Track |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/12/putting- sudans-political-transition-back-track | nweta-date=2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = United States Institute of Peace | asụsụ = en | Archive-date = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url = https:// web.archive.org/web/20230411185033/https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/12/putting-sudans-political-transition-back-track |url-status=live }}</ref> N'oge a, ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọrụ chọrọ mgbanwe miri emi nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba iji wusie ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ike, nke mere ka e nwee mmeri na ọchịchị ndị agha. Mgbe [[Sudanese October 1964 Revolution]] kwaturu General [[Ibrahim Abboud]], el-Mahi jere ozi dị ka onye otu nke mbụ [[Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)#laghachi na ọchịchị ndị nkịtị (1964–69)| Kọmiti nke Ọchịchị]], site na 3 Disemba 1964 ruo 10 June 1965, bụ onye na-elekọta Gọọmenti na-emekọ ihe ọnụ nke meghere ụzọ maka ntuli aka izugbe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daftar Presiden Sudan {{!}} UNKRIS { {!}} Pusat Ilmu Pengetahuan |url=http://p2k.unkris.ac.id/id3/1-3065-2962/Daftar-Presiden-Sudan_99865_p2k-unkris.html | nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-12 | webụsaịtị=p2k.unkris.ac.id |archive-date=2022-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212155849/http://p2k.unkris.ac.id/ id3/1-3065-2962/Daftar-Presiden-Sudan_99865_p2k-unkris.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdel Halim Mohamed Halim {{!}} RCP Museum |url=https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/abdel-halim-mohamed-halim | nweta-date=2023-04-09 |website=history.rcplondon.ac.uk | Archive-ụbọchị =2022-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210115155/https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inpiring-physicians/abdel-halim-mohamed-halim |url -status=live }}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke kansụl wee si otú a [[List of heads of state of Sudan |head of state]] na 1965.<ref name=":3" /> <ref name =":7">{{Cite news | date=2022-09-09 |title=Queen Elizabeth II na Africa: Na foto |asụsụ=en-GB |ọrụ=Akụkọ BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com .com/news/world-africa-62290768 | nweta-ụbọchị =2023-04-09 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128092018/https://web.archive.org/web/ ://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62290768 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite akwụkwọ | ikpeazụ1=Allison |first1=Ronald |url=https:// books.google.com/books?id=kIoUAQAIAAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |title=The Royal Encyclopedia |last2=Riddell |first2=Sarah |ụbọchị=1991 |onye nkwusa=Macmillan Press |isbn =978-0-333-53810-4 |asụsụ = en | nweta-ụbọchị =2023-04-11 | Archive-date=2023-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web /20230411232805/https://books.google.com/books?id=kIoUAQAIAAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Ọbịbịa Elizabeth II na Sudan N'afo 1965 ==== [[File: Queen's visit to Sudan (February1965).jpg|thumb|[[Elizabeth II]] n'oge nleta ya na Sudan na February 1965. N'aka ekpe ya bụ [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], n'aka nri ya bụ el-Mahi na n'azụ ya bụ [[Abdel Halim Mohamed]]] Na 8 February 1965, [[w:|Elizabeth II]] gara Sudan wee zute El Tigani El-Mahi, Onye isi oche nke Kansụl Kasị Elu n'oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibber |first=Peter |date= 2015-02-22 |title=Eme ncheta afọ 50 nke nleta steeti Queen Elizabeth na Sudan {{!}} Blọọgụ Ofesi, Commonwealth & Development Office |url=https://blogs.fcdo.gov.uk/petertibber/2015/ 02/22/50th-ememe-nke-steeti-nleta-of-Queen-elizabeth-to-sudan/ | nweta-date=2023-04-10 |asụsụ = en-GB | Archive-date=2022-12 -06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206212910/https://blogs.fcdo.gov.uk/petertibber/2015/02/22/50th-anniversary-of-the-state -visit-of-queen-elizabeth-to-sudan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nleta ahụ gụnyere nkwụsị na Khartoum na [[El-Obeid|El Obeid]].<ref name=":7]“> Nleta ụbọchị anọ nke Queen, nke mbụ mgbe [[w:Sudan nnwere onwe | nnwere onwe Sudan]] na akụkụ nke njem Commonwealth, jere ozi iji wusie mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Sudan na United Kingdom ike, ma gosipụta oge mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala. n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Salih |first=Mustafa Abdalla M. |date=2013 |title=Prọfesọ Mansour Ali Haseeb: Isi ihe sitere n’aka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke nyocha biomedical, dibịa. na ọkà mmụta sayensị | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Akwụkwọ akụkọSudanese nke Paediatrics | mpịakọta = 13 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 66–75 |issn = 0256-4408 |pmc=4949945 |pmid=27493377}}</ref> N’ụbọchị mbụ ya, Queen Elizabeth na Prince Philip nabatara Onye isi ala El Tigani El-Mahi na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Khartoum, tupu nnukwu igwe mmadụ anabata ha ka ha si n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu na-aga [[Republican Palace (Sudan)|Republican Palace]], ma ọ nọrọ na colonial. -era Grand Hotel dị na Khartoum, n'oge nleta ya.<ref>{{cite web |year=1965 |title=QUEEN NA SUDAN LETA EL OBEID NA KHARTOUM|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=71355 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724024827/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id =71355 |url-status=anwụ anwụ |archive-date=24 Julaị 2012 |access-date=29 Jenụarị 2011 |publisher=Ụzọ Britain }}</ref> Na foto e sere n’oge ụgbọ ala steeti si na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Khartoum, El Tigani El - A na-ahụ Mahi ka ọ na-eguzo n'akụkụ aka nri nke ụgbọ ala eze nwanyị, ebe onye agha si n'òtù ndị agha guzo n'aka ekpe. A na-ahụkwa Prince Philip na foto a, guzo n'aka ekpe ma yikwa okpu trilby.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Keystone Press Agency - Akwa nnabata maka Queen [Elizabeth II] na Khartoum |url=https:/ /www.rct.uk/collection/2003201/great-welcome-for-the-queen-elizabeth-ii-in-khartoum | nweta-date=2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = www.rct.uk | asụsụ = en | Archive-date=2023-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411172010/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2003201/great-welcome-for-the -queen-elizabeth-ii-in-khartoum |url-status=live }}</ref> Queen England IInatakwara [[garland]] ifuru site n’aka ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ nọ na Khartoum, dịka akụkụ nke nnabata ịhụnanya ọ nwetara n’oge nleta ya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keystone Press Agency - HM The Queen in Khartoum, n'oge nleta steeti na Republic of Sudan |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2006979/hm-the-queen-in-khartoum-during-the-state-visit-to-the-republic -of-the-sudan | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = www.rct.uk | asụsụ = en | archive-date = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20230411172010/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2006979/hm-the-queen-in-khartoum-during-the-state-visit-to-the-republic-of-the-sudan |url-status=live }}</ref> Otu ihe pụtara ìhè na nleta eze nwanyị bụ ehihie [[camel racing]], nke ya na El Tigani El-Mahi gara. A hụrụ ha abụọ ọnụ na ụgbọ ala Rolls Royce ghe oghe ka ha na-aga n'ọsọ asọmpi ahụ, ya na igwe mmadụ ndị Sudan na-ekiri egwu na-ekpori ndụ.<ref>{{Cite book | last=McDougall |first=Russell |url=https: //books.google.com/books?id=Dos5EAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA370 |title=Leta si Khartoum. D.R. Ewen: Ịkụzi akwụkwọ Bekee, Sudan, 1951-1965 | ụbọchị = 2021-07-19 | onye nkwusa = BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-46114-7 |asụsụ = en | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411232806/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dos5EAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA370 |url-status= live }}</ref> Nwanyị eze ahụ hụkwara ịgba egwu agbụrụ n'oge nleta ya wee gbakwụnye na mgbanwe omenala mere n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ<ref>{{Cite web |title=Epoque Limited (active 1965) - The Queen and Prince Philip rutere El Obeid na mmalite nleta steeti ha na Sudan. [Nleta steeti na Sudan, 1965] |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2003214/the-queen-and-prince-philip-arrive-at-el-obeid-at-start-of -nleta-steeti ha | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = www.rct.uk | asụsụ = en | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20230411172019/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2003214/the-queen-and-prince-philip-arrive-at-el-obeid-at-the-start-of-their-state -leta |url-status=ndụ }}</ref> Ndị obodo Omdurman na-anabatakwa Queen na [[Prince Philip, Duke nke Edinburgh]], gụnyere onye isi obodo [[Mansour Ali Haseeb]], na mmemme nnabata ahụ gụnyere egwu egwu ọdịnala Sudan.<ref name=": 8">“</ref>” Ezenwanyị na Prince Philip letakwara El Obeid, ebe onye isi ọchịchị obodo, Sayed Suleeman Wagieallah kelere ha.<ref name=":7" /> === Afọ ndị ọzọ === Sudan nwetara oge ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke abụọ, nke a makwaara dị ka [[w:Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)#Laghachi na ọchịchị ndị nkịtị (1964–69)|Democracy nke abụọ]]. Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche nke abụọ na Sudan na-ezo aka na oge site na 1965 ruo 1969 mgbe ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị laghachiri na asọmpi na ntuli aka, nke gọọmenti mgbanwe mere n'April na May 1965. N'ime oge a, ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọrụ radical chọrọ mgbanwe mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba. iji wusie ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ike ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'imeri ọchịchị ndị agha na-achị Sudan mbụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Sudan: Democracy and Military Coups (1958 - 1983) |url=https:// fanack.com/sudan/history-of-sudan/democracy-and-military-coup/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website = MENA Chronicle {{!}} Fanack |language=en-US | Archive -date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928060136/https://fanack.com/sudan/history-of-sudan/democracy-and-military-coup / |url-status=live}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, oge ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya adịteghị aka dịka [[w:1969 Sudanese coup d'état|coup d'état weere ọnọdụ n'afọ 1969]] mechara, nke Colonel [[w:Gaafar Nimeiry|Gaafar Nimeiry]] megidere ọchịchị onye isi ala [[w:|Ismail al-Azhari] na Prime Minister. Mkpebi a gosipụtara njedebe nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke abụọ na Sudan wee hụ mmalite nke ọchịchị Nimeiry nke afọ 16.<ref name=":9"> N'ime oge ahụ, el-Mahi nọgidere na-agbasi mbọ ike n'ọhụụ ya nke mba Sudanese na njirimara omenala, ma na-akatọ ọtụtụ n'ime atumatu na omume nke ọchịchị mgbe nnwere onwe. O nwere nchegbu karịsịa maka okwu gbasara ahaghị nhata na mpaghara na mwepu nke ụfọdụ otu dị n'ime obodo Sudan, ma kwado maka usoro ntinye aka na nha anya maka ọchịchị. Otú ọ dị, o lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ edemede ya na nke uche.<ref name=":2" /> === Ọnwụ Ya === el-Mahi nwụrụ na Khartoum na 8 Jenuarị 1970.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" /> A na-echeta ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi ọgụgụ isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Sudanese. akụkọ ihe mere eme, na onyinye ya na mgba mba ahụ na-agba maka nnwere onwe, omenala ndị Sudan, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndụ ọgụgụ isi na-anọgide na-eme ememe site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị na-eme ihe ike taa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" /> === Edensibia === <references /> == Njikọ Mpụga== * {{Commons-inline|Category:Al-Tijānī Māḥī|al-Tigany al-Mahy}} * {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjlU9nUlUNw&ab_channel=Sudania24TV |title=ذكري التجاني الماحي .. أبو الطب النفسي في السودان - الوراق |date=15 Jan 2019 |last=Sudania 24 TV (YouTube) |language=ar |trans-title=Remembering Al-Tijani Al-Mahi, the father of psychiatry in Sudan - Al-Warraq}} * {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkmmR-Q76eI&ab_channel=sayentoud |title=The Queen visit to Sudan, February 1965 |date=1965 |last=[[Pathé]] |type=YouTube}} {{Authority control}} [[DEFAULTSORT:el-Mahi el-Tigani]] [[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1911]] [[Category: Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 1970]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Khartoum]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum London]] [[Category: Ndị ọ̀gwọ́ ọrịa si mba Sudan]] [[Category: Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọgbọ 20th-Century si mba Sudan]] [[Category: Ndị odee nke ọgbọ 20th-century si mba Sudan]] [[Category:Egyptologists]] [[Category:Sudanese male writers]] [[Category:20th-century physicians]] [[Category:20th-century male writers]] [[Category:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan people]] 2auv4102sizro1swwu4guwjhfxvdacj 693072 693071 2026-07-31T09:03:55Z Mirah50 16972 Improved page 693072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''[[w:El-Tigani el-Mahi|El-Tigani el-Mahi]]''' ({{Lang-ar|التجاني الماحي}}; Eprel 1911 – 8 Jenụwarị 1970) bụ ọkà mmụta si mba Sudan, ọkachamara na agụmakwụkwọ, na onye ọsụ ụzọ n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|psychiatry]] n'Afrika. Ọ rụrụ nnukwu ọrụ na mgba mba ahụ gbara maka nnwere onwe ha pụọ na ọchịchị nchigbu ndị British, ma bụrụkwa onye isi ala si n'aka gafere n'aka nke Sudan mgbe [[w:|Sudanese October 1964 Revolution]] gasịrị. Ọ bụ onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na-anakọta arịa akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma mara maka [[w:|Egyptology]], na akụkọ ihe mere eme na akwụkwọ Sudan. === Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya === A mụrụ El-Tigani el-Mahi na [[w:Kawa, Sudan | Kawa Village]], [[w:White Nile (state)|Mpaghara White Nile]] na [[w:|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] na Eprel afọ 1911.<ref name= ":0">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Salih |first=Mustafa Abdalla M. |ụbọchị=2013 |title=Prọfesọ Tigani El Mahi: Short biography and photos |journal=Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics |olu=13 | mbipụta= 1 | ibe=75–78 |issn=0256-4408 |pmc=4949969 |pmid=27493362}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Eltikeina |first=M. | ụbọchị = 2022 | aha = Ncheta Ọkà mmụta: Prọfesọ Tigani El Mahi (1911-1970) |url=https://www.napataresearch.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Eltijany-Elmahi.pdf | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sayensị Napata | mpịakọta = 1 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-09 | Archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409141454/https:/ /www.napataresearch.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Eltijany-Elmahi.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> El-Mahi gụchara akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na Kawa, na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na obodo [[w:Rufaa|Rufaa]], Sudan.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ kwagara [[w:|Khartoum]] maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya.<ref name=":1" /> O nwetara nzere diplọma ya na Ụlọ akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ahụike Kitchener (ugbu a [[w:|Faculty of Medicine, Mahadum Khartoum]]) n'afọ 1935.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book | ikpeazụ=Safi |first=Ahmed El |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VRJxQEACAAJ |title=Mohamed Hamad Satti: Ihe ịrịba ama na nyocha Ubi na Ọrịa Ọrịa Tropical, Bacteriology na Epidemiology | ụbọchị = 2019 -04-30 | onye nkwusa = Bipụtara onwe ya |isbn=978-1-0964-3574-7 |asụsụ =en | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/ web/20221205204153/https://books.google.com/books?id=2VRJxQEACAAJ |archive-date=2022-12-05 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ndị ọchịchị Briten hiwere kọleji ahụ ka ha nye ụmụ akwụkwọ Sudan ụdịrị agụmakwụkwọ ka ọ dị na ọdịda anyanwụ, ọtụtụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ wee bụrụ ndị ama ama na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sudan na ọha mmadụ. Mgbe ọ nọ na kọleji, el-Mahi tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ akwụkwọ ma bụrụ onye na-akwado ụda olu maka nnwere onwe Sudan. Ọ bụkwa onye na-agụsi akwụkwọ ike na onye edemede, ma nyekwa aka akụkọ na edemede na akwụkwọ akụkọ kọleji na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ọ n'eme diploma ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Sudan Medical Service, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[w:|Omdurman]], [[w:Kosti, Sudan | Kosti]], Khartoum, na [[w:|Wadi Halfa]].<ref name= ":22">{{Cite web |title=Tijani Al-Mahi, The Encyclopedic Psychiatrist{{!}} Sudanow Magazine |url=https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?Id=448 |nweta- ụbọchị=2023-04-09 |webụsaịtị=sudanow-magazine.net |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409133122/https://sudanow- magazine.net/page.php?Id=448 |url-status=ebi |accessdate=2023-12-12 |archivedate=2023-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409133122/https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?Id=448 }}</ref> === Ọrụ ya dịka onye na-agwọ Isi Mgbaka === N'afọ 1947, el-Mahi gara London ịgụ akwụkwọ n'efu n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|ọmụmụ isi mgbaka]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal | last=Sheikh Idris A Rahim |date=April 2011 |title=The Mahi -Baasher Heritage |url=http://arabpsynet.com/Journals/SPJ/SudJouPsy2.pdf |akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudanese Journal of Psychiatry | mpịakọta = 1 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 87–97 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04 -09 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155311/http://arabpsynet.com/Journals/SPJ/SudJouPsy2.pdf |url-status = ndụ }}</ref> Na Julaị afọ 1949, o nwetara nzere diploma na nkà mmụta sayensị na [[w:|Mahadum London]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> wee bụrụ onye mbụ na-agwọ isi mgbaka n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Onye isi ala steeti; onye isi Afrịka mbụ na-agwọ isi mgbaka El Tigani El Mahi |url=https://search.emarefa.net/en/detail/BIM-293392-the-president-of-the-state-the-first-african-psychiatrist-el | nweta -date=2023-04-09 |website=search.emarefa.net |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409143143/https://search .emarefa.net/en/detail/BIM-293392-the-president-of-the-state-the-first-african-psychiatrist-el |url-status=live }}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sudan, o guzobere [[w:|Clinic for Nervous Disorders]] na mpaghara Mgbago úgwú Khartoum.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tigani El Mahi – Kushsudan.org |url=https://kushsudan.org/kushites/tigani-el-mahi/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409143145/https://kushsudan.org/kushites/tigani-el-mahi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe dị iche iche n'ofe Sudan, gụnyere Omdurman, Kosti, Khartoum, na Wadi Halfa. A họpụtara ya onye isi na-ahụ maka ahụike ụbụrụ maka {{III|Ministry of Health (Sudan)|lt=Ministry of Health in Sudan|ar|وزارة الصحة الاتحادية (السودان)}} n'afọ 1957, bụ ọkwá ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. el-Mahi mechara bụrụ onye isi oche nke [[w:|Union of Sudanese Doctors]] n'afọ 1966. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1969, ọ ghọrọ ọkammụta mbụ nke ọmụmụ isi mgbaka na Sudan na onye isi oche nke ọmụmụ isi mgbaka, ngalaba nke ọgwụ.<ref name = ":3" /><ref name= ":0" /> Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ ahụike ụbụrụ maka [[w:WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean | Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO)]] nke WHO site n'afọ 1959 ruo afọ 1964.<ref>{{Cite akwụkwọ | ikpeazụ=Tsacoyianis | nke mbụ = Beverly A. | url = http://worldcat.org/oclc/1341220492 | aha = Mmụọ na-akpaghasị : ọrịa uche, ọnyà, na ọgwụgwọ na Syria na Lebanon ọgbara ọhụrụ | afọ = 2021 |isbn=978 -0-268-20071-8 |oclc=1341220492 | nweta-ụbọchị =2023-04-09 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202304131540 /https://worldcat.org/title/1341220492 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ onye nhazi mbido nke [[w:|Sudanese Journal of Pediatrics]], na otu n'ime ndị malitere [[w:|African Psychiatric Association]].<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1961, e nyere ya aha "Nna nke isi mgbaka n'Afrịka" na ogbako Psychiatric Pan-African mbụ.<ref>{{Cite akwụkwọ | ikpeazụ=Ali el tigani el mahi |url=http://41.67.20.57/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1097 |title=El tigani el mahi: nna nke psychiatry africa | ụbọchị = 2017 | onye nkwusa=abdel karim mirghani cultural center |isbn=978-99942-63-19-6 |ebe =Khartoum | nweta-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155343/http://41.67.20.57/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1097 |url-status=live }}</ref></strong><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Movement |first=Nasser Youth |date=2022-04-21 |title=Tigani El-Mahi onye Sudan nke weputara onwe ya dị ka Chief Psychiatrist na Egypt Medical Corps |url=https://nasseryouthmovement.net/tigani-el-mahi |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Nasser Youth Movement |language=en |archive-date=2023 -04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409143144/https://nasseryouthmovement.net/tigani-el-mahi |url-status=live }}</ref> N'oge nzukọ ahụ el-Mahi kwuru:<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Baasher |first=Taha A. |date=2013 |title=Tigani El Mahi nke mbụ Ọmụmụ ihe ncheta | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudanese nke ụmụaka | mpịakọta = 13 | mbipụta = 1 | ibe = 79–89 |issn = 0256-4408 |pmc=4949970 |pmid=27493363}}</ref> Na ihe ọmụmụ isi mgbaka n'Africa, mmadụ nwere ike ịgbaso mmalite ya, mgbanwe ya, ntozu okè na mgbasa nke ihe ọmụma gbasara ahụike ụbụrụ mmadụ na gburugburu ụwa taa. (...) n'ìhè nke nnukwu kọntinent a, ga-eduga anyị n'echiche ọhụrụ nke nghọta, ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba na omenala ga-ejikọ, na-emekọrịta ihe ma pụta dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke echiche nke ahụike ụbụrụ mmadụ. N'ebe a n'Africa, ihe atụ na ahụike bụ obodo ka a ga-ewebata anyị n'ụlọ karịa (...) Ekwenyere el-Mahi na ọ bụ ya guzobere ọmụmụ isi mgbaka ọgbara ọhụrụ na Sudan wee rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịzụlite ọrụ ahụike ụbụrụ na mba ahụ. Ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ọmụmụ ihe [[w:|ọgwụ ọdịnala]] na [[w:|ethnopsychiatry]] na Sudan,<ref name=":0" /> ihe ọmụmụ ịsụ ụzọ banyere anwansi, [[w:Zār|zaar]],<ref>{ {Cite web |title=أماني شريف - التجاني الماحي.. رائد الطب النفسي في السودان.. حكايات قديمة عن الزار |trans-title=Amani Sharif - Al-Tijani Al-Mahi.. Ọsụ ụzọ na Sudan akụkọ ochie. Al-Zar |url=https://alantologia.com/blogs/41961/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410222101/https://alantologia.com /blog/41961 {{Kwuo akụkọ akụkọ | aha = Ọrịa na mmụọ: ọmụmụ nke òtù nzuzo nke mmụọ Zaar na ugwu Sudan |url=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510089 | onye mbipụta = Mahadum London | ụbọchị = 1972 | ogo = Ph.D. | nke mbụ = Pamela M. | ikpeazụ = Constantinides | ohere-ụbọchị = 15 Eprel 2023 | Archive-date = 15 Eprel 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230415082635/https://ethos .bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510089 |url-status=live }}</ref> wdg na mmekọrịta ha na ahụike ụbụrụ, ebe ha na ndị ọkachamara n'ọdịnala na Sudan na-arụkọ ọrụ.<ref> {{Cite akwụkwọ akụkọ | ikpeazụ1=Sorketti |first1=E. A. |ikpeazụ2=Zuraida |nke mbụ2=N. Z. | ikpeazụ3=Habil |nke mbụ3=M. H. | ụbọchị = Julaị 2010 | aha = Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị na-agwọ ọrịa ọdịnala na ndị isi mgbaka na Sudan |journal = International Psychiatry: Bulletin of the Board of International Affairs of the Royal College of Psychiatrists | mpịakọta = 7 | mbipụta = 3 | ibe = 71– 74 |doi=10.1192/S1749367600005907 |issn=1749-3676 |pmc=6734982 |pmid=31508045}}</ref><ref>{{Ce akwụkwọ |lst=Sorketti |mbụ=Ehabur | .academia.edu/5413583 |title=Ọgwụ ọdịnala na ahụike uche na Sudan |date=2013-12-06 |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155409/https://www.academia.edu/5413583 |url-status=live }}</ref>O kwuru na a na-elekọta ndị ọrịa n'okpuru ndị na-agwọ ọrịa ọdịnala karịa n'ụlọ ọgwụ.<ref name=":3" /> Ihe odide ya banyere isiokwu a kpuchiri isiokwu dị iche iche, gụnyere iji ọgwụ ọdịnala na-agwọ ọrịa uche, akụkụ omenala nke ahụike uche, na ihe ịma aka nke ịnye nlekọta ahụike uche na gburugburu ebe nchekwa ihe. Akwụkwọ mbụ ya, "Introduction to History of Arab Medicine,"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayfield |first=James B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67aS2vqNpLIC&dq=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA497 |title=Field of Reeds: Social, Economic and Political Change in Rural Egypt: in Search of Civil Society and Good Governance |date=2012-11-14 |publisher=Author House |isbn=978-1-4772-7490-3 |language=en |access-date=2023-04-11 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155325/https://books.google.com/books?id=67aS2vqNpLIC&dq=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA497 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Māḥī |first=al-Tiǧānī al- |url=http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/xslt/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=155016717&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R129.67.119.76,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R208.80.154.29,FN |title=مقدمة في تأريخ الطب العربي |date=1959 |publisher=مطبعة مصر (سودان) ليمتد, 1959 al-H̱artūm : Maṭbaʿaẗ Miṣr (Sūdān) limitid |location=الخرطوم, Soudan |language=ar |access-date=2023-04-10 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155445/http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/xslt/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=155016717&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R129.67.119.76,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R208.80.154.29,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.232.188,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.225.162,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.225.159,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.225.226,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.232.35,FN |url-status=live}}</ref> ka ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na ndị ọkachamara n'ịgwọ ahụike na mba Arab niile toro nke ukwuu.<ref name=":22" /> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ''Psychiatry in Sudan'' na 1957.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Elmahboob |first=Hiba |title=Memorial of Scholar |url=https://www.napataresearch.net/2195-2/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=NAPATA Research & Innovation Center |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155940/https://www.napataresearch.net/2195-2/ |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-12 |archivedate=2023-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155940/https://www.napataresearch.net/2195-2/ }}</ref> Enyere el-Mahi [[w:|Dọkịta Sayensị]] site na Mahadum Columbia na Mahadum nke Khartoum.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1971, Ụlọ Ọgwụ el-Tigani el-Mahi dị na Omdurman, ụlọ ọgwụ mbụ e hibere maka ahụike ụbụrụ na Sudan, bu aha ya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sorketti |first1=Ehab Ali |last2=Zainal |first2=Nor Zuraida |last3=Habil |first3=Mohamad Hussain |date=2011-05-24 |title=The characteristics of people with mental illness who are under treatment in traditional healer centres in Sudan |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764010390439 |journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=204–216 |doi=10.1177/0020764010390439 |pmid=21609984 |s2cid=5964369 |issn=0020-7640 |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155401/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020764010390439 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=E A |first1=Sorketti |last2=M H |first2=Habil |date=December 2009 |title=The current situation of the people with mental illness in the traditional healer centers in Sudan |url=https://journals.lww.com/mjp/Citation/2009/18020/THE_CURRENT_SITUATION_OF_THE_PEOPLE_WITH_MENTAL.12.aspx |journal=Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry |language=en-US |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=78 |issn=2232-0385 |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155310/https://journals.lww.com/mjp/Citation/2009/18020/THE_CURRENT_SITUATION_OF_THE_PEOPLE_WITH_MENTAL.12.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> N'afọ 1972, n'oge nke atọ nke [[w:|Pan-African Psychiatric Conference]], e mere nkuzi iji sọpụrụ ya.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Ọrụ Odide Ihe ya ==== Edemede mbụ el-Mahi laghachiri na 1940 mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ ahụike. O nyere aka n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike, gụnyere Sudan Medical Journal na British Medical Journal. O dekwara gbasara ihe gbasara ọha mmadụ, ọkachasị ndị metụtara obodo Sudan. Na 1946, o bipụtara otu isiokwu akpọrọ "Sudan na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ" na Journal of the Sudanese Society, bụ nke o kwuru banyere mmetụta agha ahụ nwere na ndị Sudan.<ref name=":0" /> [[File: Al-Tijānī Māḥī in 1965.jpg|thumb|el-Tigani el-Mahi na 1965]] el-Mahi bụ onye ama ama na mpaghara akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na ọgụgụ isi nke Sudan bụ onye na-etinyekwa aka n'ụzọ miri emi n'ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ na mmepe omenala na Sudan.<ref name=":0" /> Echiche nke [[w:|pan-Arabism]] nwere mmetụta miri emi na [[w:|pan-Africanism]], wee hụ ọdịnihu Sudan dị ka akụkụ nke nnukwu mmegharị maka nnwere onwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala n'ofe kọntinent ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal | last=Salih |first=Mustafa |date=2013 | aha = Otu elegy na ebe nchekwa nke Okammụta Tigani El Mahi (Arabic poem) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.24911/sjp.2013.1.17 |journal = Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudanese nke Paediatrics | ibe = 119 | doi= 10.24911/sjp.2013.1.17 |issn=0256-4408 | nweta-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ 20230413155443/https://www.ejmanager.com/mnstemps/106/106-1523536906.pdf?t=1681401283 |url-status=live }}</ref> el-Mahi bụ otu n'ime ndị tọrọ ntọala [[w:|Sudanese Writers Union]], otu òtù na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'ịkwalite akwụkwọ ndị Sudan na ịkwado mmepe nke ndị edemede Sudan. O guzobekwara Institute of African and Asian Studies na Mahadum Khartoum, nke ghọrọ ebe dị mkpa maka nyocha na mmụta gbasara omenala na obodo Africa na Eshia. Emere ya onye òtù [[w:|Academy of the Arabic Language]] dị na Cairo. Na mgbakwunye na Arabic, ọ makwa nke ọma asụsụ Bekee, [[w:Hausa language|Asụsụ Hausa]], Latin, na [[w:Persian language|Asụsụ Persia]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" /> Ihe odide el-Mahi kọwara ọtụtụ isiokwu nke ọma, gụnyere akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na omenala. O dere ọtụtụ akụkọ na edemede maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na Sudan na na mba ndị mba ọzọ.<ref name=":5" /> O dere banyere mkpa agụmakwụkwọ dị na Sudan na mkpa o dị ichekwa omenala,<ref name=":2" /> wee dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere "Cultural Heritage of the Sudan" na "The Life of [[w:Muhammad Ahmad|Mohammed Ahmed Al-Mahdi]]". el-Mahi mụtara nkà mmụta ihe ochie [[w:|Egyptology]] oge ochie na mmepeanya, ma marakwa [[w:Egypt hieroglyphs|hieroglyphics]].<ref name=":5" /> Ọ sụgharịrị ọtụtụ ihe odide hieroglyphic n'asụsụ Arabic ma bipụta akụkọ banyere Ijipt oge ochie, ọgwụ na okpukperechi. O dekwara maka njikọ omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị n'etiti Sudan na Egypt.<ref name=":2" /> el-Mahi bụkwa onye na-anakọta arịa akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere nnukwu mkpokọta akwụkwọ ozi []w:Charles George Gordon | General Gordon]] na ndetu onwe ya, nke o gosipụtara [[w:|Queen Elizabeth II]] n'oge nleta afọ 1965 na Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Hills |first=Mega C. |date=2019-09-27 |title=N'ime foto: Akụkọ banyere ndị otu ezin’ụlọ na-eleta Africa |url=https://www.standard .co.uk/evening-standard/insider/royals/royal-family-members-in-africa-from-the-queen-and-princess-diana-to-meghan-and-harry-a4247661.html | ohere-ụbọchị = 2023-04-09 | webụsaịtị = Standard Anyasị | asụsụ = en | Archive-date = 2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409133119/https://www. standard.co.uk/evening-standard/insider/royals/royal-family-members-in-africa-from-the-queen-and-princess-diana-to-meghan-and-harry-a4247661.html |url- status=live }}</ref><ref name=":22" /> Ọ chịkọtara ihe dị puku iri abụọ gụnyere mkpụrụ ego laghachiri n'oge [[w:|Alexander the Great]],<ref name=":0" /> na Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme puku isii bụ akụkụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum Khartoum ugbu a.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google .com/books?id=TyEbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |title=Sudan: Librarianship, Documentation |date=1974 |Onye nkwusa=FID/DC “Mba na-emepe emepe”, Secretary |asụsụ=en | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | Archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155346/https://books.google.com/books ?id=TyEbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ya ==== ===== Tupu nnwere onwe Sudan ===== el-Mahi bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na mgba a, na echiche ya na mmemme ya rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkpụzi ntụzịaka nke ịhụ mba Sudan na ngagharị nnwere onwe sara mbara. N'afọ ndị 1930, el-Mahi tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba na Sudan, ma nyere aka guzowe [[w:|Graduates' General Congress (GGC)]], otu ndị isi mba na-achị achị nke chọrọ ịchịkọta echiche ọha na eze Sudan megide ọchịchị ndị Briten. el-Mahi tinyere aka na GGC ma bụrụkwa onye na-akwado ụda maka nnwere onwe Sudan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":22" /> N'ime afọ ndị na-eduga na nnwere onwe, enwere ọtụtụ esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ọha na eze n'ime obodo Sudan, dịka otu dị iche iche na-achọ ike na mmetụta. Ndị òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[w:|Sudanese Communist Party (SCP)]], nke nwere nnukwu ndị na-eso ya n'etiti ndị ọrụ obodo na ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, bụ otu n'ime ọgbakọ kacha emetụta n'oge a. el-Mahi katọrọ atụmatụ na echiche ndị SCP, ma ọ matakwara òkè dị mkpa otu ahụ na-ekere na mgba maka nnwere onwe.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":22" /> ===== Mgbe Sudan nwechara nnwere onwe ===== Sudan nwetara [[w:Independence of Sudan | nnwere onwe]] site na [[w:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Condominium]] na 1 Jenụwarị 1956, na-ekwenyeghị n'ụdị na ọdịnaya nke akwụkwọ iwu na-adịgide adịgide. Kama nke ahụ, Mgbakọ Ndị Ọchịchị nakweere akwụkwọ akpọrọ [[Transitional Constitution]], nke nọchiri [[w:List of Governors of pre-independence Sudan|ndétu aha gọvanọ ndị chiri tupu nnwere onwe Sudan]] dị ka onye isi ala nke nwere Kọmishọna Kasị Elu nke mmadụ ise họpụtara nke ndị omeiwu mejupụtara ya. Sineti a họpụtara n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè.<ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Zapata |first=Mollie |date=2011-12-13 |title=Sudan: Nnwere onwe site na agha obodo, 1956-2005 |url=https://enoughproject. org/blog/sudan-brief-history-1956 | nweta-date=2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = Ọrụ zuru oke | asụsụ = en-US | archive-date = 2023-04-11 | archive-url = https: //web.archive.org/web/20230411185034/https://enoughproject.org/blog/sudan-brief-history-1956 |url-status=live }}</ref> N'afọ mgbe obodo ya nwetara nnwere onwe, el-Mahi sonyeere ndị ọrụ ahụike Egypt dị ka onye isi mgbaka iji kwado nguzogide megide [[w:Suez Crisis|1956 mbuso agha nke Egypt]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> Ọ gara Egypt ọzọ na Disemba 1964 iji mee mmemme ụbọchị mmeri Egypt na [[w:|Port Said]] ya na Onye isi ala [[w:|Gamal Abdel Nasser]].<ref name=":5" />[[File:The_Second_Supreme_Council_of_State_1964-1965.jpg] |thumb|[[[Kansụl Ọchịchị Sudan nke Abụọ]] site n’aka ekpe gaa n’aka nri: Tigani el-Mahi, [[w:Mubarak Al Fadil Shadad|Mubarak Shadad]], [[w:|Ibrahim Yusuf Sulayman]], [[w:|Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho]] na [[w:|Abdel Halim Mohamed]] | aka ekpe]]. Agbanyeghị, gọọmentị ọhụrụ chere ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka dị iche iche ihu ka ọ na-achọ iwulite steeti Sudan dị n'otu na nke nwere ọganihu. N'agbata afọ 1956 na 1965, Sudan nwere nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọtụtụ ndị agha agha. N'ime oge a, ndị agha na-achị Sudan afọ asatọ, gụnyere oge [[Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)#Abboud Military government (1958–64)|Ibrahim Abboud's president]] (1958–1964) na [[Agha obodo Sudan nke mbụ]] (1955–1972). Mkpebi ndị agha ahụ kpalitere ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị wee kpata ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Itinye Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Sudan azụ na Track |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/12/putting- sudans-political-transition-back-track | nweta-date=2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = United States Institute of Peace | asụsụ = en | Archive-date = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url = https:// web.archive.org/web/20230411185033/https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/12/putting-sudans-political-transition-back-track |url-status=live }}</ref> N'oge a, ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọrụ chọrọ mgbanwe miri emi nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba iji wusie ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ike, nke mere ka e nwee mmeri na ọchịchị ndị agha. Mgbe [[Sudanese October 1964 Revolution]] kwaturu General [[Ibrahim Abboud]], el-Mahi jere ozi dị ka onye otu nke mbụ [[Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)#laghachi na ọchịchị ndị nkịtị (1964–69)| Kọmiti nke Ọchịchị]], site na 3 Disemba 1964 ruo 10 June 1965, bụ onye na-elekọta Gọọmenti na-emekọ ihe ọnụ nke meghere ụzọ maka ntuli aka izugbe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daftar Presiden Sudan {{!}} UNKRIS { {!}} Pusat Ilmu Pengetahuan |url=http://p2k.unkris.ac.id/id3/1-3065-2962/Daftar-Presiden-Sudan_99865_p2k-unkris.html | nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-12 | webụsaịtị=p2k.unkris.ac.id |archive-date=2022-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212155849/http://p2k.unkris.ac.id/ id3/1-3065-2962/Daftar-Presiden-Sudan_99865_p2k-unkris.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdel Halim Mohamed Halim {{!}} RCP Museum |url=https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/abdel-halim-mohamed-halim | nweta-date=2023-04-09 |website=history.rcplondon.ac.uk | Archive-ụbọchị =2022-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210115155/https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inpiring-physicians/abdel-halim-mohamed-halim |url -status=live }}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke kansụl wee si otú a [[List of heads of state of Sudan |head of state]] na 1965.<ref name=":3" /> <ref name =":7">{{Cite news | date=2022-09-09 |title=Queen Elizabeth II na Africa: Na foto |asụsụ=en-GB |ọrụ=Akụkọ BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com .com/news/world-africa-62290768 | nweta-ụbọchị =2023-04-09 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128092018/https://web.archive.org/web/ ://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62290768 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite akwụkwọ | ikpeazụ1=Allison |first1=Ronald |url=https:// books.google.com/books?id=kIoUAQAIAAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |title=The Royal Encyclopedia |last2=Riddell |first2=Sarah |ụbọchị=1991 |onye nkwusa=Macmillan Press |isbn =978-0-333-53810-4 |asụsụ = en | nweta-ụbọchị =2023-04-11 | Archive-date=2023-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web /20230411232805/https://books.google.com/books?id=kIoUAQAIAAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Ọbịbịa Elizabeth II na Sudan N'afo 1965 ==== [[File: Queen's visit to Sudan (February1965).jpg|thumb|[[Elizabeth II]] n'oge nleta ya na Sudan na February 1965. N'aka ekpe ya bụ [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], n'aka nri ya bụ el-Mahi na n'azụ ya bụ [[Abdel Halim Mohamed]]] Na 8 February 1965, [[w:|Elizabeth II]] gara Sudan wee zute El Tigani El-Mahi, Onye isi oche nke Kansụl Kasị Elu n'oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibber |first=Peter |date= 2015-02-22 |title=Eme ncheta afọ 50 nke nleta steeti Queen Elizabeth na Sudan {{!}} Blọọgụ Ofesi, Commonwealth & Development Office |url=https://blogs.fcdo.gov.uk/petertibber/2015/ 02/22/50th-ememe-nke-steeti-nleta-of-Queen-elizabeth-to-sudan/ | nweta-date=2023-04-10 |asụsụ = en-GB | Archive-date=2022-12 -06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206212910/https://blogs.fcdo.gov.uk/petertibber/2015/02/22/50th-anniversary-of-the-state -visit-of-queen-elizabeth-to-sudan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nleta ahụ gụnyere nkwụsị na Khartoum na [[El-Obeid|El Obeid]].<ref name=":7]“> Nleta ụbọchị anọ nke Queen, nke mbụ mgbe [[w:Sudan nnwere onwe | nnwere onwe Sudan]] na akụkụ nke njem Commonwealth, jere ozi iji wusie mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Sudan na United Kingdom ike, ma gosipụta oge mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala. n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Salih |first=Mustafa Abdalla M. |date=2013 |title=Prọfesọ Mansour Ali Haseeb: Isi ihe sitere n’aka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke nyocha biomedical, dibịa. na ọkà mmụta sayensị | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Akwụkwọ akụkọSudanese nke Paediatrics | mpịakọta = 13 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 66–75 |issn = 0256-4408 |pmc=4949945 |pmid=27493377}}</ref> N’ụbọchị mbụ ya, Queen Elizabeth na Prince Philip nabatara Onye isi ala El Tigani El-Mahi na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Khartoum, tupu nnukwu igwe mmadụ anabata ha ka ha si n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu na-aga [[Republican Palace (Sudan)|Republican Palace]], ma ọ nọrọ na colonial. -era Grand Hotel dị na Khartoum, n'oge nleta ya.<ref>{{cite web |year=1965 |title=QUEEN NA SUDAN LETA EL OBEID NA KHARTOUM|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=71355 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724024827/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id =71355 |url-status=anwụ anwụ |archive-date=24 Julaị 2012 |access-date=29 Jenụarị 2011 |publisher=Ụzọ Britain }}</ref> Na foto e sere n’oge ụgbọ ala steeti si na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Khartoum, El Tigani El - A na-ahụ Mahi ka ọ na-eguzo n'akụkụ aka nri nke ụgbọ ala eze nwanyị, ebe onye agha si n'òtù ndị agha guzo n'aka ekpe. A na-ahụkwa Prince Philip na foto a, guzo n'aka ekpe ma yikwa okpu trilby.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Keystone Press Agency - Akwa nnabata maka Queen [Elizabeth II] na Khartoum |url=https:/ /www.rct.uk/collection/2003201/great-welcome-for-the-queen-elizabeth-ii-in-khartoum | nweta-date=2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = www.rct.uk | asụsụ = en | Archive-date=2023-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411172010/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2003201/great-welcome-for-the -queen-elizabeth-ii-in-khartoum |url-status=live }}</ref> Queen England IInatakwara [[garland]] ifuru site n’aka ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ nọ na Khartoum, dịka akụkụ nke nnabata ịhụnanya ọ nwetara n’oge nleta ya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keystone Press Agency - HM The Queen in Khartoum, n'oge nleta steeti na Republic of Sudan |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2006979/hm-the-queen-in-khartoum-during-the-state-visit-to-the-republic -of-the-sudan | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = www.rct.uk | asụsụ = en | archive-date = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20230411172010/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2006979/hm-the-queen-in-khartoum-during-the-state-visit-to-the-republic-of-the-sudan |url-status=live }}</ref> Otu ihe pụtara ìhè na nleta eze nwanyị bụ ehihie [[camel racing]], nke ya na El Tigani El-Mahi gara. A hụrụ ha abụọ ọnụ na ụgbọ ala Rolls Royce ghe oghe ka ha na-aga n'ọsọ asọmpi ahụ, ya na igwe mmadụ ndị Sudan na-ekiri egwu na-ekpori ndụ.<ref>{{Cite book | last=McDougall |first=Russell |url=https: //books.google.com/books?id=Dos5EAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA370 |title=Leta si Khartoum. D.R. Ewen: Ịkụzi akwụkwọ Bekee, Sudan, 1951-1965 | ụbọchị = 2021-07-19 | onye nkwusa = BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-46114-7 |asụsụ = en | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411232806/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dos5EAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA370 |url-status= live }}</ref> Nwanyị eze ahụ hụkwara ịgba egwu agbụrụ n'oge nleta ya wee gbakwụnye na mgbanwe omenala mere n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ<ref>{{Cite web |title=Epoque Limited (active 1965) - The Queen and Prince Philip rutere El Obeid na mmalite nleta steeti ha na Sudan. [Nleta steeti na Sudan, 1965] |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2003214/the-queen-and-prince-philip-arrive-at-el-obeid-at-start-of -nleta-steeti ha | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = www.rct.uk | asụsụ = en | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20230411172019/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2003214/the-queen-and-prince-philip-arrive-at-el-obeid-at-the-start-of-their-state -leta |url-status=ndụ }}</ref> Ndị obodo Omdurman na-anabatakwa Queen na [[Prince Philip, Duke nke Edinburgh]], gụnyere onye isi obodo [[Mansour Ali Haseeb]], na mmemme nnabata ahụ gụnyere egwu egwu ọdịnala Sudan.<ref name=": 8">“</ref>” Ezenwanyị na Prince Philip letakwara El Obeid, ebe onye isi ọchịchị obodo, Sayed Suleeman Wagieallah kelere ha.<ref name=":7" /> === Afọ ndị ọzọ === Sudan nwetara oge ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke abụọ, nke a makwaara dị ka [[w:Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)#Laghachi na ọchịchị ndị nkịtị (1964–69)|Democracy nke abụọ]]. Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche nke abụọ na Sudan na-ezo aka na oge site na 1965 ruo 1969 mgbe ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị laghachiri na asọmpi na ntuli aka, nke gọọmenti mgbanwe mere n'April na May 1965. N'ime oge a, ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọrụ radical chọrọ mgbanwe mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba. iji wusie ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ike ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'imeri ọchịchị ndị agha na-achị Sudan mbụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Sudan: Democracy and Military Coups (1958 - 1983) |url=https:// fanack.com/sudan/history-of-sudan/democracy-and-military-coup/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website = MENA Chronicle {{!}} Fanack |language=en-US | Archive -date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928060136/https://fanack.com/sudan/history-of-sudan/democracy-and-military-coup / |url-status=live}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, oge ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya adịteghị aka dịka [[w:1969 Sudanese coup d'état|coup d'état weere ọnọdụ n'afọ 1969]] mechara, nke Colonel [[w:Gaafar Nimeiry|Gaafar Nimeiry]] megidere ọchịchị onye isi ala [[w:|Ismail al-Azhari] na Prime Minister. Mkpebi a gosipụtara njedebe nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke abụọ na Sudan wee hụ mmalite nke ọchịchị Nimeiry nke afọ 16.<ref name=":9"> N'ime oge ahụ, el-Mahi nọgidere na-agbasi mbọ ike n'ọhụụ ya nke mba Sudanese na njirimara omenala, ma na-akatọ ọtụtụ n'ime atumatu na omume nke ọchịchị mgbe nnwere onwe. O nwere nchegbu karịsịa maka okwu gbasara ahaghị nhata na mpaghara na mwepu nke ụfọdụ otu dị n'ime obodo Sudan, ma kwado maka usoro ntinye aka na nha anya maka ọchịchị. Otú ọ dị, o lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ edemede ya na nke uche.<ref name=":2" /> === Ọnwụ Ya === el-Mahi nwụrụ na Khartoum na 8 Jenuarị 1970.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" /> A na-echeta ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi ọgụgụ isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Sudanese. akụkọ ihe mere eme, na onyinye ya na mgba mba ahụ na-agba maka nnwere onwe, omenala ndị Sudan, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndụ ọgụgụ isi na-anọgide na-eme ememe site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị na-eme ihe ike taa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" /> === Edensibia === <references /> == Njikọ Mpụga== * {{Commons-inline|Category:Al-Tijānī Māḥī|al-Tigany al-Mahy}} * {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjlU9nUlUNw&ab_channel=Sudania24TV |title=ذكري التجاني الماحي .. أبو الطب النفسي في السودان - الوراق |date=15 Jan 2019 |last=Sudania 24 TV (YouTube) |language=ar |trans-title=Remembering Al-Tijani Al-Mahi, the father of psychiatry in Sudan - Al-Warraq}} * {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkmmR-Q76eI&ab_channel=sayentoud |title=The Queen visit to Sudan, February 1965 |date=1965 |last=[[Pathé]] |type=YouTube}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mahi, El Tigani}} [[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1911]] [[Category: Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 1970]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Khartoum]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum London]] [[Category: Ndị ọ̀gwọ́ ọrịa si mba Sudan]] [[Category: Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọgbọ 20th-Century si mba Sudan]] [[Category: Ndị odee nke ọgbọ 20th-century si mba Sudan]] [[Category:Egyptologists]] [[Category:Sudanese male writers]] [[Category:20th-century physicians]] [[Category:20th-century male writers]] [[Category:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan people]] 5jro0pddomadi1g3wbonyysgcujseqj 693074 693072 2026-07-31T09:05:19Z Mirah50 16972 693074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''[[w:El-Tigani el-Mahi|El-Tigani el-Mahi]]''' ({{Lang-ar|التجاني الماحي}}; Eprel 1911 – 8 Jenụwarị 1970) bụ ọkà mmụta si mba Sudan, ọkachamara na agụmakwụkwọ, na onye ọsụ ụzọ n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|psychiatry]] n'Afrika. Ọ rụrụ nnukwu ọrụ na mgba mba ahụ gbara maka nnwere onwe ha pụọ na ọchịchị nchigbu ndị British, ma bụrụkwa onye isi ala si n'aka gafere n'aka nke Sudan mgbe [[w:|Sudanese October 1964 Revolution]] gasịrị. Ọ bụ onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na-anakọta arịa akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma mara maka [[w:|Egyptology]], na akụkọ ihe mere eme na akwụkwọ Sudan. === Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya === A mụrụ El-Tigani el-Mahi na [[w:Kawa, Sudan | Kawa Village]], [[w:White Nile (state)|Mpaghara White Nile]] na [[w:|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] na Eprel afọ 1911.<ref name= ":0">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Salih |first=Mustafa Abdalla M. |ụbọchị=2013 |title=Prọfesọ Tigani El Mahi: Short biography and photos |journal=Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics |olu=13 | mbipụta= 1 | ibe=75–78 |issn=0256-4408 |pmc=4949969 |pmid=27493362}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Eltikeina |first=M. | ụbọchị = 2022 | aha = Ncheta Ọkà mmụta: Prọfesọ Tigani El Mahi (1911-1970) |url=https://www.napataresearch.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Eltijany-Elmahi.pdf | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sayensị Napata | mpịakọta = 1 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-09 | Archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409141454/https:/ /www.napataresearch.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Eltijany-Elmahi.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> El-Mahi gụchara akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na Kawa, na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na obodo [[w:Rufaa|Rufaa]], Sudan.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ kwagara [[w:|Khartoum]] maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya.<ref name=":1" /> O nwetara nzere diplọma ya na Ụlọ akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ahụike Kitchener (ugbu a [[w:|Faculty of Medicine, Mahadum Khartoum]]) n'afọ 1935.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book | ikpeazụ=Safi |first=Ahmed El |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VRJxQEACAAJ |title=Mohamed Hamad Satti: Ihe ịrịba ama na nyocha Ubi na Ọrịa Ọrịa Tropical, Bacteriology na Epidemiology | ụbọchị = 2019 -04-30 | onye nkwusa = Bipụtara onwe ya |isbn=978-1-0964-3574-7 |asụsụ =en | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/ web/20221205204153/https://books.google.com/books?id=2VRJxQEACAAJ |archive-date=2022-12-05 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ndị ọchịchị Briten hiwere kọleji ahụ ka ha nye ụmụ akwụkwọ Sudan ụdịrị agụmakwụkwọ ka ọ dị na ọdịda anyanwụ, ọtụtụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ wee bụrụ ndị ama ama na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sudan na ọha mmadụ. Mgbe ọ nọ na kọleji, el-Mahi tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ akwụkwọ ma bụrụ onye na-akwado ụda olu maka nnwere onwe Sudan. Ọ bụkwa onye na-agụsi akwụkwọ ike na onye edemede, ma nyekwa aka akụkọ na edemede na akwụkwọ akụkọ kọleji na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ọ n'eme diploma ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Sudan Medical Service, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[w:|Omdurman]], [[w:Kosti, Sudan | Kosti]], Khartoum, na [[w:|Wadi Halfa]].<ref name= ":22">{{Cite web |title=Tijani Al-Mahi, The Encyclopedic Psychiatrist{{!}} Sudanow Magazine |url=https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?Id=448 |nweta- ụbọchị=2023-04-09 |webụsaịtị=sudanow-magazine.net |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409133122/https://sudanow- magazine.net/page.php?Id=448 |url-status=ebi |accessdate=2023-12-12 |archivedate=2023-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409133122/https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?Id=448 }}</ref> === Ọrụ ya dịka onye na-agwọ Isi Mgbaka === N'afọ 1947, el-Mahi gara London ịgụ akwụkwọ n'efu n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|ọmụmụ isi mgbaka]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal | last=Sheikh Idris A Rahim |date=April 2011 |title=The Mahi -Baasher Heritage |url=http://arabpsynet.com/Journals/SPJ/SudJouPsy2.pdf |akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudanese Journal of Psychiatry | mpịakọta = 1 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 87–97 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04 -09 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155311/http://arabpsynet.com/Journals/SPJ/SudJouPsy2.pdf |url-status = ndụ }}</ref> Na Julaị afọ 1949, o nwetara nzere diploma na nkà mmụta sayensị na [[w:|Mahadum London]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> wee bụrụ onye mbụ na-agwọ isi mgbaka n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Onye isi ala steeti; onye isi Afrịka mbụ na-agwọ isi mgbaka El Tigani El Mahi |url=https://search.emarefa.net/en/detail/BIM-293392-the-president-of-the-state-the-first-african-psychiatrist-el | nweta -date=2023-04-09 |website=search.emarefa.net |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409143143/https://search .emarefa.net/en/detail/BIM-293392-the-president-of-the-state-the-first-african-psychiatrist-el |url-status=live }}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sudan, o guzobere [[w:|Clinic for Nervous Disorders]] na mpaghara Mgbago úgwú Khartoum.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tigani El Mahi – Kushsudan.org |url=https://kushsudan.org/kushites/tigani-el-mahi/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409143145/https://kushsudan.org/kushites/tigani-el-mahi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe dị iche iche n'ofe Sudan, gụnyere Omdurman, Kosti, Khartoum, na Wadi Halfa. A họpụtara ya onye isi na-ahụ maka ahụike ụbụrụ maka {{III|Ministry of Health (Sudan)|lt=Ministry of Health in Sudan|ar|وزارة الصحة الاتحادية (السودان)}} n'afọ 1957, bụ ọkwá ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. el-Mahi mechara bụrụ onye isi oche nke [[w:|Union of Sudanese Doctors]] n'afọ 1966. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1969, ọ ghọrọ ọkammụta mbụ nke ọmụmụ isi mgbaka na Sudan na onye isi oche nke ọmụmụ isi mgbaka, ngalaba nke ọgwụ.<ref name = ":3" /><ref name= ":0" /> Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ ahụike ụbụrụ maka [[w:WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean | Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO)]] nke WHO site n'afọ 1959 ruo afọ 1964.<ref>{{Cite akwụkwọ | ikpeazụ=Tsacoyianis | nke mbụ = Beverly A. | url = http://worldcat.org/oclc/1341220492 | aha = Mmụọ na-akpaghasị : ọrịa uche, ọnyà, na ọgwụgwọ na Syria na Lebanon ọgbara ọhụrụ | afọ = 2021 |isbn=978 -0-268-20071-8 |oclc=1341220492 | nweta-ụbọchị =2023-04-09 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202304131540 /https://worldcat.org/title/1341220492 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ onye nhazi mbido nke [[w:|Sudanese Journal of Pediatrics]], na otu n'ime ndị malitere [[w:|African Psychiatric Association]].<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1961, e nyere ya aha "Nna nke isi mgbaka n'Afrịka" na ogbako Psychiatric Pan-African mbụ.<ref>{{Cite akwụkwọ | ikpeazụ=Ali el tigani el mahi |url=http://41.67.20.57/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1097 |title=El tigani el mahi: nna nke psychiatry africa | ụbọchị = 2017 | onye nkwusa=abdel karim mirghani cultural center |isbn=978-99942-63-19-6 |ebe =Khartoum | nweta-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155343/http://41.67.20.57/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1097 |url-status=live }}</ref></strong><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Movement |first=Nasser Youth |date=2022-04-21 |title=Tigani El-Mahi onye Sudan nke weputara onwe ya dị ka Chief Psychiatrist na Egypt Medical Corps |url=https://nasseryouthmovement.net/tigani-el-mahi |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Nasser Youth Movement |language=en |archive-date=2023 -04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409143144/https://nasseryouthmovement.net/tigani-el-mahi |url-status=live }}</ref> N'oge nzukọ ahụ el-Mahi kwuru:<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Baasher |first=Taha A. |date=2013 |title=Tigani El Mahi nke mbụ Ọmụmụ ihe ncheta | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudanese nke ụmụaka | mpịakọta = 13 | mbipụta = 1 | ibe = 79–89 |issn = 0256-4408 |pmc=4949970 |pmid=27493363}}</ref> Na ihe ọmụmụ isi mgbaka n'Africa, mmadụ nwere ike ịgbaso mmalite ya, mgbanwe ya, ntozu okè na mgbasa nke ihe ọmụma gbasara ahụike ụbụrụ mmadụ na gburugburu ụwa taa. (...) n'ìhè nke nnukwu kọntinent a, ga-eduga anyị n'echiche ọhụrụ nke nghọta, ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba na omenala ga-ejikọ, na-emekọrịta ihe ma pụta dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke echiche nke ahụike ụbụrụ mmadụ. N'ebe a n'Africa, ihe atụ na ahụike bụ obodo ka a ga-ewebata anyị n'ụlọ karịa (...) Ekwenyere el-Mahi na ọ bụ ya guzobere ọmụmụ isi mgbaka ọgbara ọhụrụ na Sudan wee rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịzụlite ọrụ ahụike ụbụrụ na mba ahụ. Ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ọmụmụ ihe [[w:|ọgwụ ọdịnala]] na [[w:|ethnopsychiatry]] na Sudan,<ref name=":0" /> ihe ọmụmụ ịsụ ụzọ banyere anwansi, [[w:Zār|zaar]],<ref>{ {Cite web |title=أماني شريف - التجاني الماحي.. رائد الطب النفسي في السودان.. حكايات قديمة عن الزار |trans-title=Amani Sharif - Al-Tijani Al-Mahi.. Ọsụ ụzọ na Sudan akụkọ ochie. Al-Zar |url=https://alantologia.com/blogs/41961/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410222101/https://alantologia.com /blog/41961 {{Kwuo akụkọ akụkọ | aha = Ọrịa na mmụọ: ọmụmụ nke òtù nzuzo nke mmụọ Zaar na ugwu Sudan |url=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510089 | onye mbipụta = Mahadum London | ụbọchị = 1972 | ogo = Ph.D. | nke mbụ = Pamela M. | ikpeazụ = Constantinides | ohere-ụbọchị = 15 Eprel 2023 | Archive-date = 15 Eprel 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230415082635/https://ethos .bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510089 |url-status=live }}</ref> wdg na mmekọrịta ha na ahụike ụbụrụ, ebe ha na ndị ọkachamara n'ọdịnala na Sudan na-arụkọ ọrụ.<ref> {{Cite akwụkwọ akụkọ | ikpeazụ1=Sorketti |first1=E. A. |ikpeazụ2=Zuraida |nke mbụ2=N. Z. | ikpeazụ3=Habil |nke mbụ3=M. H. | ụbọchị = Julaị 2010 | aha = Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị na-agwọ ọrịa ọdịnala na ndị isi mgbaka na Sudan |journal = International Psychiatry: Bulletin of the Board of International Affairs of the Royal College of Psychiatrists | mpịakọta = 7 | mbipụta = 3 | ibe = 71– 74 |doi=10.1192/S1749367600005907 |issn=1749-3676 |pmc=6734982 |pmid=31508045}}</ref><ref>{{Ce akwụkwọ |lst=Sorketti |mbụ=Ehabur | .academia.edu/5413583 |title=Ọgwụ ọdịnala na ahụike uche na Sudan |date=2013-12-06 |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155409/https://www.academia.edu/5413583 |url-status=live }}</ref>O kwuru na a na-elekọta ndị ọrịa n'okpuru ndị na-agwọ ọrịa ọdịnala karịa n'ụlọ ọgwụ.<ref name=":3" /> Ihe odide ya banyere isiokwu a kpuchiri isiokwu dị iche iche, gụnyere iji ọgwụ ọdịnala na-agwọ ọrịa uche, akụkụ omenala nke ahụike uche, na ihe ịma aka nke ịnye nlekọta ahụike uche na gburugburu ebe nchekwa ihe. Akwụkwọ mbụ ya, "Introduction to History of Arab Medicine,"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayfield |first=James B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67aS2vqNpLIC&dq=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA497 |title=Field of Reeds: Social, Economic and Political Change in Rural Egypt: in Search of Civil Society and Good Governance |date=2012-11-14 |publisher=Author House |isbn=978-1-4772-7490-3 |language=en |access-date=2023-04-11 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155325/https://books.google.com/books?id=67aS2vqNpLIC&dq=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA497 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Māḥī |first=al-Tiǧānī al- |url=http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/xslt/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=155016717&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R129.67.119.76,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R208.80.154.29,FN |title=مقدمة في تأريخ الطب العربي |date=1959 |publisher=مطبعة مصر (سودان) ليمتد, 1959 al-H̱artūm : Maṭbaʿaẗ Miṣr (Sūdān) limitid |location=الخرطوم, Soudan |language=ar |access-date=2023-04-10 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155445/http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/xslt/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=155016717&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R129.67.119.76,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R208.80.154.29,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.232.188,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.225.162,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.225.159,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.225.226,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.232.35,FN |url-status=live}}</ref> ka ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na ndị ọkachamara n'ịgwọ ahụike na mba Arab niile toro nke ukwuu.<ref name=":22" /> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ''Psychiatry in Sudan'' na 1957.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Elmahboob |first=Hiba |title=Memorial of Scholar |url=https://www.napataresearch.net/2195-2/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=NAPATA Research & Innovation Center |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155940/https://www.napataresearch.net/2195-2/ |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-12 |archivedate=2023-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155940/https://www.napataresearch.net/2195-2/ }}</ref> Enyere el-Mahi [[w:|Dọkịta Sayensị]] site na Mahadum Columbia na Mahadum nke Khartoum.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1971, Ụlọ Ọgwụ el-Tigani el-Mahi dị na Omdurman, ụlọ ọgwụ mbụ e hibere maka ahụike ụbụrụ na Sudan, bu aha ya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sorketti |first1=Ehab Ali |last2=Zainal |first2=Nor Zuraida |last3=Habil |first3=Mohamad Hussain |date=2011-05-24 |title=The characteristics of people with mental illness who are under treatment in traditional healer centres in Sudan |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764010390439 |journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=204–216 |doi=10.1177/0020764010390439 |pmid=21609984 |s2cid=5964369 |issn=0020-7640 |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155401/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020764010390439 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=E A |first1=Sorketti |last2=M H |first2=Habil |date=December 2009 |title=The current situation of the people with mental illness in the traditional healer centers in Sudan |url=https://journals.lww.com/mjp/Citation/2009/18020/THE_CURRENT_SITUATION_OF_THE_PEOPLE_WITH_MENTAL.12.aspx |journal=Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry |language=en-US |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=78 |issn=2232-0385 |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155310/https://journals.lww.com/mjp/Citation/2009/18020/THE_CURRENT_SITUATION_OF_THE_PEOPLE_WITH_MENTAL.12.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> N'afọ 1972, n'oge nke atọ nke [[w:|Pan-African Psychiatric Conference]], e mere nkuzi iji sọpụrụ ya.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Ọrụ Odide Ihe ya ==== Edemede mbụ el-Mahi laghachiri na 1940 mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ ahụike. O nyere aka n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike, gụnyere Sudan Medical Journal na British Medical Journal. O dekwara gbasara ihe gbasara ọha mmadụ, ọkachasị ndị metụtara obodo Sudan. Na 1946, o bipụtara otu isiokwu akpọrọ "Sudan na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ" na Journal of the Sudanese Society, bụ nke o kwuru banyere mmetụta agha ahụ nwere na ndị Sudan.<ref name=":0" /> [[File: Al-Tijānī Māḥī in 1965.jpg|thumb|el-Tigani el-Mahi na 1965]] el-Mahi bụ onye ama ama na mpaghara akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na ọgụgụ isi nke Sudan bụ onye na-etinyekwa aka n'ụzọ miri emi n'ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ na mmepe omenala na Sudan.<ref name=":0" /> Echiche nke [[w:|pan-Arabism]] nwere mmetụta miri emi na [[w:|pan-Africanism]], wee hụ ọdịnihu Sudan dị ka akụkụ nke nnukwu mmegharị maka nnwere onwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala n'ofe kọntinent ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal | last=Salih |first=Mustafa |date=2013 | aha = Otu elegy na ebe nchekwa nke Okammụta Tigani El Mahi (Arabic poem) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.24911/sjp.2013.1.17 |journal = Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudanese nke Paediatrics | ibe = 119 | doi= 10.24911/sjp.2013.1.17 |issn=0256-4408 | nweta-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ 20230413155443/https://www.ejmanager.com/mnstemps/106/106-1523536906.pdf?t=1681401283 |url-status=live }}</ref> el-Mahi bụ otu n'ime ndị tọrọ ntọala [[w:|Sudanese Writers Union]], otu òtù na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'ịkwalite akwụkwọ ndị Sudan na ịkwado mmepe nke ndị edemede Sudan. O guzobekwara Institute of African and Asian Studies na Mahadum Khartoum, nke ghọrọ ebe dị mkpa maka nyocha na mmụta gbasara omenala na obodo Africa na Eshia. Emere ya onye òtù [[w:|Academy of the Arabic Language]] dị na Cairo. Na mgbakwunye na Arabic, ọ makwa nke ọma asụsụ Bekee, [[w:Hausa language|Asụsụ Hausa]], Latin, na [[w:Persian language|Asụsụ Persia]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" /> Ihe odide el-Mahi kọwara ọtụtụ isiokwu nke ọma, gụnyere akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na omenala. O dere ọtụtụ akụkọ na edemede maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na Sudan na na mba ndị mba ọzọ.<ref name=":5" /> O dere banyere mkpa agụmakwụkwọ dị na Sudan na mkpa o dị ichekwa omenala,<ref name=":2" /> wee dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere "Cultural Heritage of the Sudan" na "The Life of [[w:Muhammad Ahmad|Mohammed Ahmed Al-Mahdi]]". el-Mahi mụtara nkà mmụta ihe ochie [[w:|Egyptology]] oge ochie na mmepeanya, ma marakwa [[w:Egypt hieroglyphs|hieroglyphics]].<ref name=":5" /> Ọ sụgharịrị ọtụtụ ihe odide hieroglyphic n'asụsụ Arabic ma bipụta akụkọ banyere Ijipt oge ochie, ọgwụ na okpukperechi. O dekwara maka njikọ omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị n'etiti Sudan na Egypt.<ref name=":2" /> el-Mahi bụkwa onye na-anakọta arịa akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere nnukwu mkpokọta akwụkwọ ozi []w:Charles George Gordon | General Gordon]] na ndetu onwe ya, nke o gosipụtara [[w:|Queen Elizabeth II]] n'oge nleta afọ 1965 na Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Hills |first=Mega C. |date=2019-09-27 |title=N'ime foto: Akụkọ banyere ndị otu ezin’ụlọ na-eleta Africa |url=https://www.standard .co.uk/evening-standard/insider/royals/royal-family-members-in-africa-from-the-queen-and-princess-diana-to-meghan-and-harry-a4247661.html | ohere-ụbọchị = 2023-04-09 | webụsaịtị = Standard Anyasị | asụsụ = en | Archive-date = 2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409133119/https://www. standard.co.uk/evening-standard/insider/royals/royal-family-members-in-africa-from-the-queen-and-princess-diana-to-meghan-and-harry-a4247661.html |url- status=live }}</ref><ref name=":22" /> Ọ chịkọtara ihe dị puku iri abụọ gụnyere mkpụrụ ego laghachiri n'oge [[w:|Alexander the Great]],<ref name=":0" /> na Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme puku isii bụ akụkụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum Khartoum ugbu a.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google .com/books?id=TyEbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |title=Sudan: Librarianship, Documentation |date=1974 |Onye nkwusa=FID/DC “Mba na-emepe emepe”, Secretary |asụsụ=en | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | Archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155346/https://books.google.com/books ?id=TyEbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ya ==== ===== Tupu nnwere onwe Sudan ===== el-Mahi bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na mgba a, na echiche ya na mmemme ya rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkpụzi ntụzịaka nke ịhụ mba Sudan na ngagharị nnwere onwe sara mbara. N'afọ ndị 1930, el-Mahi tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba na Sudan, ma nyere aka guzowe [[w:|Graduates' General Congress (GGC)]], otu ndị isi mba na-achị achị nke chọrọ ịchịkọta echiche ọha na eze Sudan megide ọchịchị ndị Briten. el-Mahi tinyere aka na GGC ma bụrụkwa onye na-akwado ụda maka nnwere onwe Sudan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":22" /> N'ime afọ ndị na-eduga na nnwere onwe, enwere ọtụtụ esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ọha na eze n'ime obodo Sudan, dịka otu dị iche iche na-achọ ike na mmetụta. Ndị òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[w:|Sudanese Communist Party (SCP)]], nke nwere nnukwu ndị na-eso ya n'etiti ndị ọrụ obodo na ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, bụ otu n'ime ọgbakọ kacha emetụta n'oge a. el-Mahi katọrọ atụmatụ na echiche ndị SCP, ma ọ matakwara òkè dị mkpa otu ahụ na-ekere na mgba maka nnwere onwe.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":22" /> ===== Mgbe Sudan nwechara nnwere onwe ===== Sudan nwetara [[w:Independence of Sudan | nnwere onwe]] site na [[w:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Condominium]] na 1 Jenụwarị 1956, na-ekwenyeghị n'ụdị na ọdịnaya nke akwụkwọ iwu na-adịgide adịgide. Kama nke ahụ, Mgbakọ Ndị Ọchịchị nakweere akwụkwọ akpọrọ [[Transitional Constitution]], nke nọchiri [[w:List of Governors of pre-independence Sudan|ndétu aha gọvanọ ndị chiri tupu nnwere onwe Sudan]] dị ka onye isi ala nke nwere Kọmishọna Kasị Elu nke mmadụ ise họpụtara nke ndị omeiwu mejupụtara ya. Sineti a họpụtara n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè.<ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Zapata |first=Mollie |date=2011-12-13 |title=Sudan: Nnwere onwe site na agha obodo, 1956-2005 |url=https://enoughproject. org/blog/sudan-brief-history-1956 | nweta-date=2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = Ọrụ zuru oke | asụsụ = en-US | archive-date = 2023-04-11 | archive-url = https: //web.archive.org/web/20230411185034/https://enoughproject.org/blog/sudan-brief-history-1956 |url-status=live }}</ref> N'afọ mgbe obodo ya nwetara nnwere onwe, el-Mahi sonyeere ndị ọrụ ahụike Egypt dị ka onye isi mgbaka iji kwado nguzogide megide [[w:Suez Crisis|1956 mbuso agha nke Egypt]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> Ọ gara Egypt ọzọ na Disemba 1964 iji mee mmemme ụbọchị mmeri Egypt na [[w:|Port Said]] ya na Onye isi ala [[w:|Gamal Abdel Nasser]].<ref name=":5" />[[File:The_Second_Supreme_Council_of_State_1964-1965.jpg] |thumb|[[[Kansụl Ọchịchị Sudan nke Abụọ]] site n’aka ekpe gaa n’aka nri: Tigani el-Mahi, [[w:Mubarak Al Fadil Shadad|Mubarak Shadad]], [[w:|Ibrahim Yusuf Sulayman]], [[w:|Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho]] na [[w:|Abdel Halim Mohamed]] | aka ekpe]]. Agbanyeghị, gọọmentị ọhụrụ chere ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka dị iche iche ihu ka ọ na-achọ iwulite steeti Sudan dị n'otu na nke nwere ọganihu. N'agbata afọ 1956 na 1965, Sudan nwere nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọtụtụ ndị agha agha. N'ime oge a, ndị agha na-achị Sudan afọ asatọ, gụnyere oge [[Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)#Abboud Military government (1958–64)|Ibrahim Abboud's president]] (1958–1964) na [[Agha obodo Sudan nke mbụ]] (1955–1972). Mkpebi ndị agha ahụ kpalitere ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị wee kpata ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Itinye Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Sudan azụ na Track |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/12/putting- sudans-political-transition-back-track | nweta-date=2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = United States Institute of Peace | asụsụ = en | Archive-date = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url = https:// web.archive.org/web/20230411185033/https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/12/putting-sudans-political-transition-back-track |url-status=live }}</ref> N'oge a, ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọrụ chọrọ mgbanwe miri emi nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba iji wusie ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ike, nke mere ka e nwee mmeri na ọchịchị ndị agha. Mgbe [[Sudanese October 1964 Revolution]] kwaturu General [[Ibrahim Abboud]], el-Mahi jere ozi dị ka onye otu nke mbụ [[Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)#laghachi na ọchịchị ndị nkịtị (1964–69)| Kọmiti nke Ọchịchị]], site na 3 Disemba 1964 ruo 10 June 1965, bụ onye na-elekọta Gọọmenti na-emekọ ihe ọnụ nke meghere ụzọ maka ntuli aka izugbe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daftar Presiden Sudan {{!}} UNKRIS { {!}} Pusat Ilmu Pengetahuan |url=http://p2k.unkris.ac.id/id3/1-3065-2962/Daftar-Presiden-Sudan_99865_p2k-unkris.html | nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-12 | webụsaịtị=p2k.unkris.ac.id |archive-date=2022-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212155849/http://p2k.unkris.ac.id/ id3/1-3065-2962/Daftar-Presiden-Sudan_99865_p2k-unkris.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdel Halim Mohamed Halim {{!}} RCP Museum |url=https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/abdel-halim-mohamed-halim | nweta-date=2023-04-09 |website=history.rcplondon.ac.uk | Archive-ụbọchị =2022-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210115155/https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inpiring-physicians/abdel-halim-mohamed-halim |url -status=live }}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke kansụl wee si otú a [[List of heads of state of Sudan |head of state]] na 1965.<ref name=":3" /> <ref name =":7">{{Cite news | date=2022-09-09 |title=Queen Elizabeth II na Africa: Na foto |asụsụ=en-GB |ọrụ=Akụkọ BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com .com/news/world-africa-62290768 | nweta-ụbọchị =2023-04-09 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128092018/https://web.archive.org/web/ ://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62290768 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite akwụkwọ | ikpeazụ1=Allison |first1=Ronald |url=https:// books.google.com/books?id=kIoUAQAIAAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |title=The Royal Encyclopedia |last2=Riddell |first2=Sarah |ụbọchị=1991 |onye nkwusa=Macmillan Press |isbn =978-0-333-53810-4 |asụsụ = en | nweta-ụbọchị =2023-04-11 | Archive-date=2023-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web /20230411232805/https://books.google.com/books?id=kIoUAQAIAAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Ọbịbịa Elizabeth II na Sudan N'afo 1965 ==== [[File: Queen's visit to Sudan (February1965).jpg|thumb|[[Elizabeth II]] n'oge nleta ya na Sudan na February 1965. N'aka ekpe ya bụ [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], n'aka nri ya bụ el-Mahi na n'azụ ya bụ [[Abdel Halim Mohamed]]] Na 8 February 1965, [[w:|Elizabeth II]] gara Sudan wee zute El Tigani El-Mahi, Onye isi oche nke Kansụl Kasị Elu n'oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibber |first=Peter |date= 2015-02-22 |title=Eme ncheta afọ 50 nke nleta steeti Queen Elizabeth na Sudan {{!}} Blọọgụ Ofesi, Commonwealth & Development Office |url=https://blogs.fcdo.gov.uk/petertibber/2015/ 02/22/50th-ememe-nke-steeti-nleta-of-Queen-elizabeth-to-sudan/ | nweta-date=2023-04-10 |asụsụ = en-GB | Archive-date=2022-12 -06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206212910/https://blogs.fcdo.gov.uk/petertibber/2015/02/22/50th-anniversary-of-the-state -visit-of-queen-elizabeth-to-sudan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nleta ahụ gụnyere nkwụsị na Khartoum na [[El-Obeid|El Obeid]].<ref name=":7]“> Nleta ụbọchị anọ nke Queen, nke mbụ mgbe [[w:Sudan nnwere onwe | nnwere onwe Sudan]] na akụkụ nke njem Commonwealth, jere ozi iji wusie mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Sudan na United Kingdom ike, ma gosipụta oge mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala. n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Salih |first=Mustafa Abdalla M. |date=2013 |title=Prọfesọ Mansour Ali Haseeb: Isi ihe sitere n’aka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke nyocha biomedical, dibịa. na ọkà mmụta sayensị | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Akwụkwọ akụkọSudanese nke Paediatrics | mpịakọta = 13 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 66–75 |issn = 0256-4408 |pmc=4949945 |pmid=27493377}}</ref> N’ụbọchị mbụ ya, Queen Elizabeth na Prince Philip nabatara Onye isi ala El Tigani El-Mahi na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Khartoum, tupu nnukwu igwe mmadụ anabata ha ka ha si n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu na-aga [[Republican Palace (Sudan)|Republican Palace]], ma ọ nọrọ na colonial. -era Grand Hotel dị na Khartoum, n'oge nleta ya.<ref>{{cite web |year=1965 |title=QUEEN NA SUDAN LETA EL OBEID NA KHARTOUM|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=71355 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724024827/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id =71355 |url-status=anwụ anwụ |archive-date=24 Julaị 2012 |access-date=29 Jenụarị 2011 |publisher=Ụzọ Britain }}</ref> Na foto e sere n’oge ụgbọ ala steeti si na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Khartoum, El Tigani El - A na-ahụ Mahi ka ọ na-eguzo n'akụkụ aka nri nke ụgbọ ala eze nwanyị, ebe onye agha si n'òtù ndị agha guzo n'aka ekpe. A na-ahụkwa Prince Philip na foto a, guzo n'aka ekpe ma yikwa okpu trilby.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Keystone Press Agency - Akwa nnabata maka Queen [Elizabeth II] na Khartoum |url=https:/ /www.rct.uk/collection/2003201/great-welcome-for-the-queen-elizabeth-ii-in-khartoum | nweta-date=2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = www.rct.uk | asụsụ = en | Archive-date=2023-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411172010/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2003201/great-welcome-for-the -queen-elizabeth-ii-in-khartoum |url-status=live }}</ref> Queen England IInatakwara [[garland]] ifuru site n’aka ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ nọ na Khartoum, dịka akụkụ nke nnabata ịhụnanya ọ nwetara n’oge nleta ya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keystone Press Agency - HM The Queen in Khartoum, n'oge nleta steeti na Republic of Sudan |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2006979/hm-the-queen-in-khartoum-during-the-state-visit-to-the-republic -of-the-sudan | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = www.rct.uk | asụsụ = en | archive-date = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20230411172010/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2006979/hm-the-queen-in-khartoum-during-the-state-visit-to-the-republic-of-the-sudan |url-status=live }}</ref> Otu ihe pụtara ìhè na nleta eze nwanyị bụ ehihie [[camel racing]], nke ya na El Tigani El-Mahi gara. A hụrụ ha abụọ ọnụ na ụgbọ ala Rolls Royce ghe oghe ka ha na-aga n'ọsọ asọmpi ahụ, ya na igwe mmadụ ndị Sudan na-ekiri egwu na-ekpori ndụ.<ref>{{Cite book | last=McDougall |first=Russell |url=https: //books.google.com/books?id=Dos5EAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA370 |title=Leta si Khartoum. D.R. Ewen: Ịkụzi akwụkwọ Bekee, Sudan, 1951-1965 | ụbọchị = 2021-07-19 | onye nkwusa = BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-46114-7 |asụsụ = en | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411232806/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dos5EAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA370 |url-status= live }}</ref> Nwanyị eze ahụ hụkwara ịgba egwu agbụrụ n'oge nleta ya wee gbakwụnye na mgbanwe omenala mere n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ<ref>{{Cite web |title=Epoque Limited (active 1965) - The Queen and Prince Philip rutere El Obeid na mmalite nleta steeti ha na Sudan. [Nleta steeti na Sudan, 1965] |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2003214/the-queen-and-prince-philip-arrive-at-el-obeid-at-start-of -nleta-steeti ha | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = www.rct.uk | asụsụ = en | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20230411172019/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2003214/the-queen-and-prince-philip-arrive-at-el-obeid-at-the-start-of-their-state -leta |url-status=ndụ }}</ref> Ndị obodo Omdurman na-anabatakwa Queen na [[Prince Philip, Duke nke Edinburgh]], gụnyere onye isi obodo [[Mansour Ali Haseeb]], na mmemme nnabata ahụ gụnyere egwu egwu ọdịnala Sudan.<ref name=": 8">“</ref>” Ezenwanyị na Prince Philip letakwara El Obeid, ebe onye isi ọchịchị obodo, Sayed Suleeman Wagieallah kelere ha.<ref name=":7" /> === Afọ ndị ọzọ === Sudan nwetara oge ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke abụọ, nke a makwaara dị ka [[w:Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)#Laghachi na ọchịchị ndị nkịtị (1964–69)|Democracy nke abụọ]]. Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche nke abụọ na Sudan na-ezo aka na oge site na 1965 ruo 1969 mgbe ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị laghachiri na asọmpi na ntuli aka, nke gọọmenti mgbanwe mere n'April na May 1965. N'ime oge a, ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọrụ radical chọrọ mgbanwe mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba. iji wusie ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ike ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'imeri ọchịchị ndị agha na-achị Sudan mbụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Sudan: Democracy and Military Coups (1958 - 1983) |url=https:// fanack.com/sudan/history-of-sudan/democracy-and-military-coup/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website = MENA Chronicle {{!}} Fanack |language=en-US | Archive -date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928060136/https://fanack.com/sudan/history-of-sudan/democracy-and-military-coup / |url-status=live}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, oge ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya adịteghị aka dịka [[w:1969 Sudanese coup d'état|coup d'état weere ọnọdụ n'afọ 1969]] mechara, nke Colonel [[w:Gaafar Nimeiry|Gaafar Nimeiry]] megidere ọchịchị onye isi ala [[w:|Ismail al-Azhari] na Prime Minister. Mkpebi a gosipụtara njedebe nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke abụọ na Sudan wee hụ mmalite nke ọchịchị Nimeiry nke afọ 16.<ref name=":9"> N'ime oge ahụ, el-Mahi nọgidere na-agbasi mbọ ike n'ọhụụ ya nke mba Sudanese na njirimara omenala, ma na-akatọ ọtụtụ n'ime atumatu na omume nke ọchịchị mgbe nnwere onwe. O nwere nchegbu karịsịa maka okwu gbasara ahaghị nhata na mpaghara na mwepu nke ụfọdụ otu dị n'ime obodo Sudan, ma kwado maka usoro ntinye aka na nha anya maka ọchịchị. Otú ọ dị, o lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ edemede ya na nke uche.<ref name=":2" /> === Ọnwụ Ya === el-Mahi nwụrụ na Khartoum na 8 Jenuarị 1970.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" /> A na-echeta ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi ọgụgụ isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Sudanese. akụkọ ihe mere eme, na onyinye ya na mgba mba ahụ na-agba maka nnwere onwe, omenala ndị Sudan, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndụ ọgụgụ isi na-anọgide na-eme ememe site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị na-eme ihe ike taa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" /> === Edensibia === <references /> == Njikọ Mpụga== * {{Commons-inline|Category:Al-Tijānī Māḥī|al-Tigany al-Mahy}} * {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjlU9nUlUNw&ab_channel=Sudania24TV |title=ذكري التجاني الماحي .. أبو الطب النفسي في السودان - الوراق |date=15 Jan 2019 |last=Sudania 24 TV (YouTube) |language=ar |trans-title=Remembering Al-Tijani Al-Mahi, the father of psychiatry in Sudan - Al-Warraq}} * {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkmmR-Q76eI&ab_channel=sayentoud |title=The Queen visit to Sudan, February 1965 |date=1965 |last=[[Pathé]] |type=YouTube}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mahi, El Tigani}} [[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1911]] [[Category: Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 1970]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Khartoum]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum London]] [[Category: Ndị ọ̀gwọ́ ọrịa si mba Sudan]] [[Category: Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọgbọ 20th-Century si mba Sudan]] [[Category: Ndị odee nke ọgbọ 20th-century si mba Sudan]] [[Category:Egyptologists]] [[Category:Sudanese male writers]] [[Category:20th-century physicians]] [[Category:20th-century male writers]] [[Category:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan people]] r1pqbb4r6fygmpbvm65u0ii2sxlknk8 693076 693074 2026-07-31T09:07:42Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 693076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''[[w:El-Tigani el-Mahi|El-Tigani el-Mahi]]''' ({{Lang-ar|التجاني الماحي}}; Eprel 1911 – 8 Jenụwarị 1970) bụ ọkà mmụta si mba Sudan, ọkachamara na agụmakwụkwọ, na onye ọsụ ụzọ n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|psychiatry]] n'Afrika. Ọ rụrụ nnukwu ọrụ na mgba mba ahụ gbara maka nnwere onwe ha pụọ na ọchịchị nchigbu ndị British, ma bụrụkwa onye isi ala si n'aka gafere n'aka nke Sudan mgbe [[w:|Sudanese October 1964 Revolution]] gasịrị. Ọ bụ onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na-anakọta arịa akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma mara maka [[w:|Egyptology]], na akụkọ ihe mere eme na akwụkwọ Sudan. === Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya === A mụrụ El-Tigani el-Mahi na [[w:Kawa, Sudan | Kawa Village]], [[w:White Nile (state)|Mpaghara White Nile]] na [[w:|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] na Eprel afọ 1911.<ref name= ":0">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Salih |first=Mustafa Abdalla M. |ụbọchị=2013 |title=Prọfesọ Tigani El Mahi: Short biography and photos |journal=Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics |olu=13 | mbipụta= 1 | ibe=75–78 |issn=0256-4408 |pmc=4949969 |pmid=27493362}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Eltikeina |first=M. | ụbọchị = 2022 | aha = Ncheta Ọkà mmụta: Prọfesọ Tigani El Mahi (1911-1970) |url=https://www.napataresearch.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Eltijany-Elmahi.pdf | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sayensị Napata | mpịakọta = 1 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-09 | Archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409141454/https:/ /www.napataresearch.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Eltijany-Elmahi.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> El-Mahi gụchara akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na Kawa, na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na obodo [[w:Rufaa|Rufaa]], Sudan.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ kwagara [[w:|Khartoum]] maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya.<ref name=":1" /> O nwetara nzere diplọma ya na Ụlọ akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ahụike Kitchener (ugbu a [[w:|Faculty of Medicine, Mahadum Khartoum]]) n'afọ 1935.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book | ikpeazụ=Safi |first=Ahmed El |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VRJxQEACAAJ |title=Mohamed Hamad Satti: Ihe ịrịba ama na nyocha Ubi na Ọrịa Ọrịa Tropical, Bacteriology na Epidemiology | ụbọchị = 2019 -04-30 | onye nkwusa = Bipụtara onwe ya |isbn=978-1-0964-3574-7 |asụsụ =en | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/ web/20221205204153/https://books.google.com/books?id=2VRJxQEACAAJ |archive-date=2022-12-05 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ndị ọchịchị Briten hiwere kọleji ahụ ka ha nye ụmụ akwụkwọ Sudan ụdịrị agụmakwụkwọ ka ọ dị na ọdịda anyanwụ, ọtụtụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ wee bụrụ ndị ama ama na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sudan na ọha mmadụ. Mgbe ọ nọ na kọleji, el-Mahi tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ akwụkwọ ma bụrụ onye na-akwado ụda olu maka nnwere onwe Sudan. Ọ bụkwa onye na-agụsi akwụkwọ ike na onye edemede, ma nyekwa aka akụkọ na edemede na akwụkwọ akụkọ kọleji na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ọ n'eme diploma ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Sudan Medical Service, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[w:|Omdurman]], [[w:Kosti, Sudan | Kosti]], Khartoum, na [[w:|Wadi Halfa]].<ref name= ":22">{{Cite web |title=Tijani Al-Mahi, The Encyclopedic Psychiatrist{{!}} Sudanow Magazine |url=https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?Id=448 |nweta- ụbọchị=2023-04-09 |webụsaịtị=sudanow-magazine.net |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409133122/https://sudanow- magazine.net/page.php?Id=448 |url-status=ebi |accessdate=2023-12-12 |archivedate=2023-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409133122/https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?Id=448 }}</ref> === Ọrụ ya dịka onye na-agwọ Isi Mgbaka === N'afọ 1947, el-Mahi gara London ịgụ akwụkwọ n'efu n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|ọmụmụ isi mgbaka]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal | last=Sheikh Idris A Rahim |date=April 2011 |title=The Mahi -Baasher Heritage |url=http://arabpsynet.com/Journals/SPJ/SudJouPsy2.pdf |akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudanese Journal of Psychiatry | mpịakọta = 1 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 87–97 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04 -09 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155311/http://arabpsynet.com/Journals/SPJ/SudJouPsy2.pdf |url-status = ndụ }}</ref> Na Julaị afọ 1949, o nwetara nzere diploma na nkà mmụta sayensị na [[w:|Mahadum London]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> wee bụrụ onye mbụ na-agwọ isi mgbaka n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Onye isi ala steeti; onye isi Afrịka mbụ na-agwọ isi mgbaka El Tigani El Mahi |url=https://search.emarefa.net/en/detail/BIM-293392-the-president-of-the-state-the-first-african-psychiatrist-el | nweta -date=2023-04-09 |website=search.emarefa.net |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409143143/https://search .emarefa.net/en/detail/BIM-293392-the-president-of-the-state-the-first-african-psychiatrist-el |url-status=live }}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sudan, o guzobere [[w:|Clinic for Nervous Disorders]] na mpaghara Mgbago úgwú Khartoum.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tigani El Mahi – Kushsudan.org |url=https://kushsudan.org/kushites/tigani-el-mahi/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409143145/https://kushsudan.org/kushites/tigani-el-mahi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe dị iche iche n'ofe Sudan, gụnyere Omdurman, Kosti, Khartoum, na Wadi Halfa. A họpụtara ya onye isi na-ahụ maka ahụike ụbụrụ maka {{III|Ministry of Health (Sudan)|lt=Ministry of Health in Sudan|ar|وزارة الصحة الاتحادية (السودان)}} n'afọ 1957, bụ ọkwá ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. el-Mahi mechara bụrụ onye isi oche nke [[w:|Union of Sudanese Doctors]] n'afọ 1966. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1969, ọ ghọrọ ọkammụta mbụ nke ọmụmụ isi mgbaka na Sudan na onye isi oche nke ọmụmụ isi mgbaka, ngalaba nke ọgwụ.<ref name = ":3" /><ref name= ":0" /> Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ ahụike ụbụrụ maka [[w:WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean | Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO)]] nke WHO site n'afọ 1959 ruo afọ 1964.<ref>{{Cite akwụkwọ | ikpeazụ=Tsacoyianis | nke mbụ = Beverly A. | url = http://worldcat.org/oclc/1341220492 | aha = Mmụọ na-akpaghasị : ọrịa uche, ọnyà, na ọgwụgwọ na Syria na Lebanon ọgbara ọhụrụ | afọ = 2021 |isbn=978 -0-268-20071-8 |oclc=1341220492 | nweta-ụbọchị =2023-04-09 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202304131540 /https://worldcat.org/title/1341220492 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ onye nhazi mbido nke [[w:|Sudanese Journal of Pediatrics]], na otu n'ime ndị malitere [[w:|African Psychiatric Association]].<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1961, e nyere ya aha "Nna nke isi mgbaka n'Afrịka" na ogbako Psychiatric Pan-African mbụ.<ref>{{Cite akwụkwọ | ikpeazụ=Ali el tigani el mahi |url=http://41.67.20.57/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1097 |title=El tigani el mahi: nna nke psychiatry africa | ụbọchị = 2017 | onye nkwusa=abdel karim mirghani cultural center |isbn=978-99942-63-19-6 |ebe =Khartoum | nweta-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155343/http://41.67.20.57/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1097 |url-status=live }}</ref></strong><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Movement |first=Nasser Youth |date=2022-04-21 |title=Tigani El-Mahi onye Sudan nke weputara onwe ya dị ka Chief Psychiatrist na Egypt Medical Corps |url=https://nasseryouthmovement.net/tigani-el-mahi |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Nasser Youth Movement |language=en |archive-date=2023 -04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409143144/https://nasseryouthmovement.net/tigani-el-mahi |url-status=live }}</ref> N'oge nzukọ ahụ el-Mahi kwuru:<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Baasher |first=Taha A. |date=2013 |title=Tigani El Mahi nke mbụ Ọmụmụ ihe ncheta | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudanese nke ụmụaka | mpịakọta = 13 | mbipụta = 1 | ibe = 79–89 |issn = 0256-4408 |pmc=4949970 |pmid=27493363}}</ref> Na ihe ọmụmụ isi mgbaka n'Africa, mmadụ nwere ike ịgbaso mmalite ya, mgbanwe ya, ntozu okè na mgbasa nke ihe ọmụma gbasara ahụike ụbụrụ mmadụ na gburugburu ụwa taa. (...) n'ìhè nke nnukwu kọntinent a, ga-eduga anyị n'echiche ọhụrụ nke nghọta, ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba na omenala ga-ejikọ, na-emekọrịta ihe ma pụta dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke echiche nke ahụike ụbụrụ mmadụ. N'ebe a n'Africa, ihe atụ na ahụike bụ obodo ka a ga-ewebata anyị n'ụlọ karịa (...) Ekwenyere el-Mahi na ọ bụ ya guzobere ọmụmụ isi mgbaka ọgbara ọhụrụ na Sudan wee rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịzụlite ọrụ ahụike ụbụrụ na mba ahụ. Ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ọmụmụ ihe [[w:|ọgwụ ọdịnala]] na [[w:|ethnopsychiatry]] na Sudan,<ref name=":0" /> ihe ọmụmụ ịsụ ụzọ banyere anwansi, [[w:Zār|zaar]],<ref>{ {Cite web |title=أماني شريف - التجاني الماحي.. رائد الطب النفسي في السودان.. حكايات قديمة عن الزار |trans-title=Amani Sharif - Al-Tijani Al-Mahi.. Ọsụ ụzọ na Sudan akụkọ ochie. Al-Zar |url=https://alantologia.com/blogs/41961/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410222101/https://alantologia.com /blog/41961 {{Kwuo akụkọ akụkọ | aha = Ọrịa na mmụọ: ọmụmụ nke òtù nzuzo nke mmụọ Zaar na ugwu Sudan |url=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510089 | onye mbipụta = Mahadum London | ụbọchị = 1972 | ogo = Ph.D. | nke mbụ = Pamela M. | ikpeazụ = Constantinides | ohere-ụbọchị = 15 Eprel 2023 | Archive-date = 15 Eprel 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230415082635/https://ethos .bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510089 |url-status=live }}</ref> wdg na mmekọrịta ha na ahụike ụbụrụ, ebe ha na ndị ọkachamara n'ọdịnala na Sudan na-arụkọ ọrụ.<ref> {{Cite akwụkwọ akụkọ | ikpeazụ1=Sorketti |first1=E. A. |ikpeazụ2=Zuraida |nke mbụ2=N. Z. | ikpeazụ3=Habil |nke mbụ3=M. H. | ụbọchị = Julaị 2010 | aha = Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị na-agwọ ọrịa ọdịnala na ndị isi mgbaka na Sudan |journal = International Psychiatry: Bulletin of the Board of International Affairs of the Royal College of Psychiatrists | mpịakọta = 7 | mbipụta = 3 | ibe = 71– 74 |doi=10.1192/S1749367600005907 |issn=1749-3676 |pmc=6734982 |pmid=31508045}}</ref><ref>{{Ce akwụkwọ |lst=Sorketti |mbụ=Ehabur | .academia.edu/5413583 |title=Ọgwụ ọdịnala na ahụike uche na Sudan |date=2013-12-06 |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155409/https://www.academia.edu/5413583 |url-status=live }}</ref>O kwuru na a na-elekọta ndị ọrịa n'okpuru ndị na-agwọ ọrịa ọdịnala karịa n'ụlọ ọgwụ.<ref name=":3" /> Ihe odide ya banyere isiokwu a kpuchiri isiokwu dị iche iche, gụnyere iji ọgwụ ọdịnala na-agwọ ọrịa uche, akụkụ omenala nke ahụike uche, na ihe ịma aka nke ịnye nlekọta ahụike uche na gburugburu ebe nchekwa ihe. Akwụkwọ mbụ ya, "Introduction to History of Arab Medicine,"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayfield |first=James B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67aS2vqNpLIC&dq=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA497 |title=Field of Reeds: Social, Economic and Political Change in Rural Egypt: in Search of Civil Society and Good Governance |date=2012-11-14 |publisher=Author House |isbn=978-1-4772-7490-3 |language=en |access-date=2023-04-11 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155325/https://books.google.com/books?id=67aS2vqNpLIC&dq=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA497 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Māḥī |first=al-Tiǧānī al- |url=http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/xslt/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=155016717&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R129.67.119.76,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R208.80.154.29,FN |title=مقدمة في تأريخ الطب العربي |date=1959 |publisher=مطبعة مصر (سودان) ليمتد, 1959 al-H̱artūm : Maṭbaʿaẗ Miṣr (Sūdān) limitid |location=الخرطوم, Soudan |language=ar |access-date=2023-04-10 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155445/http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/xslt/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=155016717&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R129.67.119.76,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R208.80.154.29,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.232.188,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.225.162,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.225.159,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.225.226,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.232.35,FN |url-status=live}}</ref> ka ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na ndị ọkachamara n'ịgwọ ahụike na mba Arab niile toro nke ukwuu.<ref name=":22" /> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ''Psychiatry in Sudan'' na 1957.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Elmahboob |first=Hiba |title=Memorial of Scholar |url=https://www.napataresearch.net/2195-2/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=NAPATA Research & Innovation Center |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155940/https://www.napataresearch.net/2195-2/ |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-12 |archivedate=2023-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155940/https://www.napataresearch.net/2195-2/ }}</ref> Enyere el-Mahi [[w:|Dọkịta Sayensị]] site na Mahadum Columbia na Mahadum nke Khartoum.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1971, Ụlọ Ọgwụ el-Tigani el-Mahi dị na Omdurman, ụlọ ọgwụ mbụ e hibere maka ahụike ụbụrụ na Sudan, bu aha ya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sorketti |first1=Ehab Ali |last2=Zainal |first2=Nor Zuraida |last3=Habil |first3=Mohamad Hussain |date=2011-05-24 |title=The characteristics of people with mental illness who are under treatment in traditional healer centres in Sudan |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764010390439 |journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=204–216 |doi=10.1177/0020764010390439 |pmid=21609984 |s2cid=5964369 |issn=0020-7640 |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155401/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020764010390439 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=E A |first1=Sorketti |last2=M H |first2=Habil |date=December 2009 |title=The current situation of the people with mental illness in the traditional healer centers in Sudan |url=https://journals.lww.com/mjp/Citation/2009/18020/THE_CURRENT_SITUATION_OF_THE_PEOPLE_WITH_MENTAL.12.aspx |journal=Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry |language=en-US |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=78 |issn=2232-0385 |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155310/https://journals.lww.com/mjp/Citation/2009/18020/THE_CURRENT_SITUATION_OF_THE_PEOPLE_WITH_MENTAL.12.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> N'afọ 1972, n'oge nke atọ nke [[w:|Pan-African Psychiatric Conference]], e mere nkuzi iji sọpụrụ ya.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Ọrụ Odide Ihe ya ==== Edemede mbụ el-Mahi laghachiri na 1940 mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ ahụike. O nyere aka n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike, gụnyere Sudan Medical Journal na British Medical Journal. O dekwara gbasara ihe gbasara ọha mmadụ, ọkachasị ndị metụtara obodo Sudan. Na 1946, o bipụtara otu isiokwu akpọrọ "Sudan na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ" na Journal of the Sudanese Society, bụ nke o kwuru banyere mmetụta agha ahụ nwere na ndị Sudan.<ref name=":0" /> [[File: Al-Tijānī Māḥī in 1965.jpg|thumb|el-Tigani el-Mahi na 1965]] el-Mahi bụ onye ama ama na mpaghara akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na ọgụgụ isi nke Sudan bụ onye na-etinyekwa aka n'ụzọ miri emi n'ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ na mmepe omenala na Sudan.<ref name=":0" /> Echiche nke [[w:|pan-Arabism]] nwere mmetụta miri emi na [[w:|pan-Africanism]], wee hụ ọdịnihu Sudan dị ka akụkụ nke nnukwu mmegharị maka nnwere onwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala n'ofe kọntinent ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal | last=Salih |first=Mustafa |date=2013 | aha = Otu elegy na ebe nchekwa nke Okammụta Tigani El Mahi (Arabic poem) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.24911/sjp.2013.1.17 |journal = Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudanese nke Paediatrics | ibe = 119 | doi= 10.24911/sjp.2013.1.17 |issn=0256-4408 | nweta-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ 20230413155443/https://www.ejmanager.com/mnstemps/106/106-1523536906.pdf?t=1681401283 |url-status=live }}</ref> el-Mahi bụ otu n'ime ndị tọrọ ntọala [[w:|Sudanese Writers Union]], otu òtù na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'ịkwalite akwụkwọ ndị Sudan na ịkwado mmepe nke ndị edemede Sudan. O guzobekwara Institute of African and Asian Studies na Mahadum Khartoum, nke ghọrọ ebe dị mkpa maka nyocha na mmụta gbasara omenala na obodo Africa na Eshia. Emere ya onye òtù [[w:|Academy of the Arabic Language]] dị na Cairo. Na mgbakwunye na Arabic, ọ makwa nke ọma asụsụ Bekee, [[w:Hausa language|Asụsụ Hausa]], Latin, na [[w:Persian language|Asụsụ Persia]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" /> Ihe odide el-Mahi kọwara ọtụtụ isiokwu nke ọma, gụnyere akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na omenala. O dere ọtụtụ akụkọ na edemede maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na Sudan na na mba ndị mba ọzọ.<ref name=":5" /> O dere banyere mkpa agụmakwụkwọ dị na Sudan na mkpa o dị ichekwa omenala,<ref name=":2" /> wee dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere "Cultural Heritage of the Sudan" na "The Life of [[w:Muhammad Ahmad|Mohammed Ahmed Al-Mahdi]]". el-Mahi mụtara nkà mmụta ihe ochie [[w:|Egyptology]] oge ochie na mmepeanya, ma marakwa [[w:Egypt hieroglyphs|hieroglyphics]].<ref name=":5" /> Ọ sụgharịrị ọtụtụ ihe odide hieroglyphic n'asụsụ Arabic ma bipụta akụkọ banyere Ijipt oge ochie, ọgwụ na okpukperechi. O dekwara maka njikọ omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị n'etiti Sudan na Egypt.<ref name=":2" /> el-Mahi bụkwa onye na-anakọta arịa akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere nnukwu mkpokọta akwụkwọ ozi []w:Charles George Gordon | General Gordon]] na ndetu onwe ya, nke o gosipụtara [[w:|Queen Elizabeth II]] n'oge nleta afọ 1965 na Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Hills |first=Mega C. |date=2019-09-27 |title=N'ime foto: Akụkọ banyere ndị otu ezin’ụlọ na-eleta Africa |url=https://www.standard .co.uk/evening-standard/insider/royals/royal-family-members-in-africa-from-the-queen-and-princess-diana-to-meghan-and-harry-a4247661.html | ohere-ụbọchị = 2023-04-09 | webụsaịtị = Standard Anyasị | asụsụ = en | Archive-date = 2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409133119/https://www. standard.co.uk/evening-standard/insider/royals/royal-family-members-in-africa-from-the-queen-and-princess-diana-to-meghan-and-harry-a4247661.html |url- status=live }}</ref><ref name=":22" /> Ọ chịkọtara ihe dị puku iri abụọ gụnyere mkpụrụ ego laghachiri n'oge [[w:|Alexander the Great]],<ref name=":0" /> na Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme puku isii bụ akụkụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum Khartoum ugbu a.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google .com/books?id=TyEbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |title=Sudan: Librarianship, Documentation |date=1974 |Onye nkwusa=FID/DC “Mba na-emepe emepe”, Secretary |asụsụ=en | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | Archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155346/https://books.google.com/books ?id=TyEbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ya ==== ===== Tupu nnwere onwe Sudan ===== el-Mahi bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na mgba a, na echiche ya na mmemme ya rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkpụzi ntụzịaka nke ịhụ mba Sudan na ngagharị nnwere onwe sara mbara. N'afọ ndị 1930, el-Mahi tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba na Sudan, ma nyere aka guzowe [[w:|Graduates' General Congress (GGC)]], otu ndị isi mba na-achị achị nke chọrọ ịchịkọta echiche ọha na eze Sudan megide ọchịchị ndị Briten. el-Mahi tinyere aka na GGC ma bụrụkwa onye na-akwado ụda maka nnwere onwe Sudan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":22" /> N'ime afọ ndị na-eduga na nnwere onwe, enwere ọtụtụ esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ọha na eze n'ime obodo Sudan, dịka otu dị iche iche na-achọ ike na mmetụta. Ndị òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[w:|Sudanese Communist Party (SCP)]], nke nwere nnukwu ndị na-eso ya n'etiti ndị ọrụ obodo na ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, bụ otu n'ime ọgbakọ kacha emetụta n'oge a. el-Mahi katọrọ atụmatụ na echiche ndị SCP, ma ọ matakwara òkè dị mkpa otu ahụ na-ekere na mgba maka nnwere onwe.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":22" /> ===== Mgbe Sudan nwechara nnwere onwe ===== Sudan nwetara [[w:Independence of Sudan | nnwere onwe]] site na [[w:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Condominium]] na 1 Jenụwarị 1956, na-ekwenyeghị n'ụdị na ọdịnaya nke akwụkwọ iwu na-adịgide adịgide. Kama nke ahụ, Mgbakọ Ndị Ọchịchị nakweere akwụkwọ akpọrọ [[Transitional Constitution]], nke nọchiri [[w:List of Governors of pre-independence Sudan|ndétu aha gọvanọ ndị chiri tupu nnwere onwe Sudan]] dị ka onye isi ala nke nwere Kọmishọna Kasị Elu nke mmadụ ise họpụtara nke ndị omeiwu mejupụtara ya. Sineti a họpụtara n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè.<ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Zapata |first=Mollie |date=2011-12-13 |title=Sudan: Nnwere onwe site na agha obodo, 1956-2005 |url=https://enoughproject. org/blog/sudan-brief-history-1956 | nweta-date=2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = Ọrụ zuru oke | asụsụ = en-US | archive-date = 2023-04-11 | archive-url = https: //web.archive.org/web/20230411185034/https://enoughproject.org/blog/sudan-brief-history-1956 |url-status=live }}</ref> N'afọ mgbe obodo ya nwetara nnwere onwe, el-Mahi sonyeere ndị ọrụ ahụike Egypt dị ka onye isi mgbaka iji kwado nguzogide megide [[w:Suez Crisis|1956 mbuso agha nke Egypt]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> Ọ gara Egypt ọzọ na Disemba 1964 iji mee mmemme ụbọchị mmeri Egypt na [[w:|Port Said]] ya na Onye isi ala [[w:|Gamal Abdel Nasser]].<ref name=":5" />[[File:The_Second_Supreme_Council_of_State_1964-1965.jpg] |thumb|[[[Kansụl Ọchịchị Sudan nke Abụọ]] site n’aka ekpe gaa n’aka nri: Tigani el-Mahi, [[w:Mubarak Al Fadil Shadad|Mubarak Shadad]], [[w:|Ibrahim Yusuf Sulayman]], [[w:|Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho]] na [[w:|Abdel Halim Mohamed]] | aka ekpe]]. Agbanyeghị, gọọmentị ọhụrụ chere ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka dị iche iche ihu ka ọ na-achọ iwulite steeti Sudan dị n'otu na nke nwere ọganihu. N'agbata afọ 1956 na 1965, Sudan nwere nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọtụtụ ndị agha agha. N'ime oge a, ndị agha na-achị Sudan afọ asatọ, gụnyere oge [[Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)#Abboud Military government (1958–64)|Ibrahim Abboud's president]] (1958–1964) na [[Agha obodo Sudan nke mbụ]] (1955–1972). Mkpebi ndị agha ahụ kpalitere ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị wee kpata ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Itinye Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Sudan azụ na Track |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/12/putting- sudans-political-transition-back-track | nweta-date=2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = United States Institute of Peace | asụsụ = en | Archive-date = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url = https:// web.archive.org/web/20230411185033/https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/12/putting-sudans-political-transition-back-track |url-status=live }}</ref> N'oge a, ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọrụ chọrọ mgbanwe miri emi nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba iji wusie ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ike, nke mere ka e nwee mmeri na ọchịchị ndị agha. Mgbe [[Sudanese October 1964 Revolution]] kwaturu General [[Ibrahim Abboud]], el-Mahi jere ozi dị ka onye otu nke mbụ [[Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)#laghachi na ọchịchị ndị nkịtị (1964–69)| Kọmiti nke Ọchịchị]], site na 3 Disemba 1964 ruo 10 June 1965, bụ onye na-elekọta Gọọmenti na-emekọ ihe ọnụ nke meghere ụzọ maka ntuli aka izugbe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daftar Presiden Sudan {{!}} UNKRIS { {!}} Pusat Ilmu Pengetahuan |url=http://p2k.unkris.ac.id/id3/1-3065-2962/Daftar-Presiden-Sudan_99865_p2k-unkris.html | nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-12 | webụsaịtị=p2k.unkris.ac.id |archive-date=2022-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212155849/http://p2k.unkris.ac.id/ id3/1-3065-2962/Daftar-Presiden-Sudan_99865_p2k-unkris.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdel Halim Mohamed Halim {{!}} RCP Museum |url=https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/abdel-halim-mohamed-halim | nweta-date=2023-04-09 |website=history.rcplondon.ac.uk | Archive-ụbọchị =2022-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210115155/https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inpiring-physicians/abdel-halim-mohamed-halim |url -status=live }}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke kansụl wee si otú a [[List of heads of state of Sudan |head of state]] na 1965.<ref name=":3" /> <ref name =":7">{{Cite news | date=2022-09-09 |title=Queen Elizabeth II na Africa: Na foto |asụsụ=en-GB |ọrụ=Akụkọ BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com .com/news/world-africa-62290768 | nweta-ụbọchị =2023-04-09 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128092018/https://web.archive.org/web/ ://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62290768 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite akwụkwọ | ikpeazụ1=Allison |first1=Ronald |url=https:// books.google.com/books?id=kIoUAQAIAAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |title=The Royal Encyclopedia |last2=Riddell |first2=Sarah |ụbọchị=1991 |onye nkwusa=Macmillan Press |isbn =978-0-333-53810-4 |asụsụ = en | nweta-ụbọchị =2023-04-11 | Archive-date=2023-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web /20230411232805/https://books.google.com/books?id=kIoUAQAIAAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Ọbịbịa Elizabeth II na Sudan N'afo 1965 ==== [[File: Queen's visit to Sudan (February1965).jpg|thumb|[[Elizabeth II]] n'oge nleta ya na Sudan na February 1965. N'aka ekpe ya bụ [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], n'aka nri ya bụ el-Mahi na n'azụ ya bụ [[Abdel Halim Mohamed]]] Na 8 February 1965, [[w:|Elizabeth II]] gara Sudan wee zute El Tigani El-Mahi, Onye isi oche nke Kansụl Kasị Elu n'oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibber |first=Peter |date= 2015-02-22 |title=Eme ncheta afọ 50 nke nleta steeti Queen Elizabeth na Sudan {{!}} Blọọgụ Ofesi, Commonwealth & Development Office |url=https://blogs.fcdo.gov.uk/petertibber/2015/ 02/22/50th-ememe-nke-steeti-nleta-of-Queen-elizabeth-to-sudan/ | nweta-date=2023-04-10 |asụsụ = en-GB | Archive-date=2022-12 -06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206212910/https://blogs.fcdo.gov.uk/petertibber/2015/02/22/50th-anniversary-of-the-state -visit-of-queen-elizabeth-to-sudan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nleta ahụ gụnyere nkwụsị na Khartoum na [[El-Obeid|El Obeid]].<ref name=":7]>“</ref>” Nleta ụbọchị anọ nke Queen, nke mbụ mgbe [[w:Sudan nnwere onwe | nnwere onwe Sudan]] na akụkụ nke njem Commonwealth, jere ozi iji wusie mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Sudan na United Kingdom ike, ma gosipụta oge mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala. n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Salih |first=Mustafa Abdalla M. |date=2013 |title=Prọfesọ Mansour Ali Haseeb: Isi ihe sitere n’aka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke nyocha biomedical, dibịa. na ọkà mmụta sayensị | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Akwụkwọ akụkọSudanese nke Paediatrics | mpịakọta = 13 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 66–75 |issn = 0256-4408 |pmc=4949945 |pmid=27493377}}</ref> N’ụbọchị mbụ ya, Queen Elizabeth na Prince Philip nabatara Onye isi ala El Tigani El-Mahi na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Khartoum, tupu nnukwu igwe mmadụ anabata ha ka ha si n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu na-aga [[Republican Palace (Sudan)|Republican Palace]], ma ọ nọrọ na colonial. -era Grand Hotel dị na Khartoum, n'oge nleta ya.<ref>{{cite web |year=1965 |title=QUEEN NA SUDAN LETA EL OBEID NA KHARTOUM|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=71355 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724024827/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id =71355 |url-status=anwụ anwụ |archive-date=24 Julaị 2012 |access-date=29 Jenụarị 2011 |publisher=Ụzọ Britain }}</ref> Na foto e sere n’oge ụgbọ ala steeti si na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Khartoum, El Tigani El - A na-ahụ Mahi ka ọ na-eguzo n'akụkụ aka nri nke ụgbọ ala eze nwanyị, ebe onye agha si n'òtù ndị agha guzo n'aka ekpe. A na-ahụkwa Prince Philip na foto a, guzo n'aka ekpe ma yikwa okpu trilby.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Keystone Press Agency - Akwa nnabata maka Queen [Elizabeth II] na Khartoum |url=https:/ /www.rct.uk/collection/2003201/great-welcome-for-the-queen-elizabeth-ii-in-khartoum | nweta-date=2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = www.rct.uk | asụsụ = en | Archive-date=2023-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411172010/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2003201/great-welcome-for-the -queen-elizabeth-ii-in-khartoum |url-status=live }}</ref> Queen England IInatakwara [[garland]] ifuru site n’aka ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ nọ na Khartoum, dịka akụkụ nke nnabata ịhụnanya ọ nwetara n’oge nleta ya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keystone Press Agency - HM The Queen in Khartoum, n'oge nleta steeti na Republic of Sudan |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2006979/hm-the-queen-in-khartoum-during-the-state-visit-to-the-republic -of-the-sudan | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = www.rct.uk | asụsụ = en | archive-date = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20230411172010/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2006979/hm-the-queen-in-khartoum-during-the-state-visit-to-the-republic-of-the-sudan |url-status=live }}</ref> Otu ihe pụtara ìhè na nleta eze nwanyị bụ ehihie [[camel racing]], nke ya na El Tigani El-Mahi gara. A hụrụ ha abụọ ọnụ na ụgbọ ala Rolls Royce ghe oghe ka ha na-aga n'ọsọ asọmpi ahụ, ya na igwe mmadụ ndị Sudan na-ekiri egwu na-ekpori ndụ.<ref>{{Cite book | last=McDougall |first=Russell |url=https: //books.google.com/books?id=Dos5EAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA370 |title=Leta si Khartoum. D.R. Ewen: Ịkụzi akwụkwọ Bekee, Sudan, 1951-1965 | ụbọchị = 2021-07-19 | onye nkwusa = BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-46114-7 |asụsụ = en | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411232806/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dos5EAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA370 |url-status= live }}</ref> Nwanyị eze ahụ hụkwara ịgba egwu agbụrụ n'oge nleta ya wee gbakwụnye na mgbanwe omenala mere n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ<ref>{{Cite web |title=Epoque Limited (active 1965) - The Queen and Prince Philip rutere El Obeid na mmalite nleta steeti ha na Sudan. [Nleta steeti na Sudan, 1965] |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2003214/the-queen-and-prince-philip-arrive-at-el-obeid-at-start-of -nleta-steeti ha | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = www.rct.uk | asụsụ = en | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20230411172019/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2003214/the-queen-and-prince-philip-arrive-at-el-obeid-at-the-start-of-their-state -leta |url-status=ndụ }}</ref> Ndị obodo Omdurman na-anabatakwa Queen na [[Prince Philip, Duke nke Edinburgh]], gụnyere onye isi obodo [[Mansour Ali Haseeb]], na mmemme nnabata ahụ gụnyere egwu egwu ọdịnala Sudan.<ref name=": 8">“</ref>” Ezenwanyị na Prince Philip letakwara El Obeid, ebe onye isi ọchịchị obodo, Sayed Suleeman Wagieallah kelere ha.<ref name=":7" /> === Afọ ndị ọzọ === Sudan nwetara oge ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke abụọ, nke a makwaara dị ka [[w:Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)#Laghachi na ọchịchị ndị nkịtị (1964–69)|Democracy nke abụọ]]. Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche nke abụọ na Sudan na-ezo aka na oge site na 1965 ruo 1969 mgbe ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị laghachiri na asọmpi na ntuli aka, nke gọọmenti mgbanwe mere n'April na May 1965. N'ime oge a, ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọrụ radical chọrọ mgbanwe mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba. iji wusie ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ike ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'imeri ọchịchị ndị agha na-achị Sudan mbụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Sudan: Democracy and Military Coups (1958 - 1983) |url=https:// fanack.com/sudan/history-of-sudan/democracy-and-military-coup/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website = MENA Chronicle {{!}} Fanack |language=en-US | Archive -date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928060136/https://fanack.com/sudan/history-of-sudan/democracy-and-military-coup / |url-status=live}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, oge ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya adịteghị aka dịka [[w:1969 Sudanese coup d'état|coup d'état weere ọnọdụ n'afọ 1969]] mechara, nke Colonel [[w:Gaafar Nimeiry|Gaafar Nimeiry]] megidere ọchịchị onye isi ala [[w:|Ismail al-Azhari] na Prime Minister. Mkpebi a gosipụtara njedebe nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke abụọ na Sudan wee hụ mmalite nke ọchịchị Nimeiry nke afọ 16.<ref name=":9"> N'ime oge ahụ, el-Mahi nọgidere na-agbasi mbọ ike n'ọhụụ ya nke mba Sudanese na njirimara omenala, ma na-akatọ ọtụtụ n'ime atumatu na omume nke ọchịchị mgbe nnwere onwe. O nwere nchegbu karịsịa maka okwu gbasara ahaghị nhata na mpaghara na mwepu nke ụfọdụ otu dị n'ime obodo Sudan, ma kwado maka usoro ntinye aka na nha anya maka ọchịchị. Otú ọ dị, o lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ edemede ya na nke uche.<ref name=":2" /> === Ọnwụ Ya === el-Mahi nwụrụ na Khartoum na 8 Jenuarị 1970.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" /> A na-echeta ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi ọgụgụ isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Sudanese. akụkọ ihe mere eme, na onyinye ya na mgba mba ahụ na-agba maka nnwere onwe, omenala ndị Sudan, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndụ ọgụgụ isi na-anọgide na-eme ememe site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị na-eme ihe ike taa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" /> === Edensibia === <references /> == Njikọ Mpụga== * {{Commons-inline|Category:Al-Tijānī Māḥī|al-Tigany al-Mahy}} * {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjlU9nUlUNw&ab_channel=Sudania24TV |title=ذكري التجاني الماحي .. أبو الطب النفسي في السودان - الوراق |date=15 Jan 2019 |last=Sudania 24 TV (YouTube) |language=ar |trans-title=Remembering Al-Tijani Al-Mahi, the father of psychiatry in Sudan - Al-Warraq}} * {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkmmR-Q76eI&ab_channel=sayentoud |title=The Queen visit to Sudan, February 1965 |date=1965 |last=[[Pathé]] |type=YouTube}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mahi, El Tigani}} [[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1911]] [[Category: Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 1970]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Khartoum]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum London]] [[Category: Ndị ọ̀gwọ́ ọrịa si mba Sudan]] [[Category: Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọgbọ 20th-Century si mba Sudan]] [[Category: Ndị odee nke ọgbọ 20th-century si mba Sudan]] [[Category:Egyptologists]] [[Category:Sudanese male writers]] [[Category:20th-century physicians]] [[Category:20th-century male writers]] [[Category:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan people]] kddjkc8e0lzu04k6vi68o7j6v9v1cdx 0 34850 693033 450887 2026-07-31T07:54:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga|image=Ratsimamanga in China in 1972.jpg|birth_date=28 December 1907|birth_place=[[Antananarivo]], [[French Madagascar]]|death_date={{Death date and age|2001|9|16|1907|12|28|df=yes}}|death_place=[[Antananarivo]], Madagascar|spouse=[[Suzanne Urverg-Ratsimamanga]]|parents=|citizenship=Madagascar, France|office1=Malagasy ambassador to France|term_start1=1960|term_end1=1972|office2=Malagasy ambassador to China and [[USSR]]|term_start2=1972|term_end2=1974|module={{Infobox scientist | embed=yes | fields = [[Nutraceutical]]<br>[[Pharmacopoeia]]<br>[[Herbal medicine]] | workplaces = [[French National Centre for Scientific Research]]<br>Malagasy Institute of Applied Research<br>[[UNESCO]]<br>[[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] | education =[[University of Antananarivo]]<br>[[University of Paris]]<br>[[Pasteur Institute]] | awards = Man of the Century, Madagascar<br>[[National Order of Madagascar|Grand Cross]], Madagascar<br>[[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]<br>[[Legion of Honour]], France<br>[[National Order of the Lion]], Senegal<br>[[Ordre des Palmes académiques]]<br>Order of Merit, [[Congo - Brazzaville]]<br>[[Ordre national du Mérite]], France<br>Grand Prize, [[Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences]] }}|honorific_suffix=[[African Academy of Sciences|FAAS]] [[The World Academy of Sciences|FTWAS]]|honorific_prefix=Professor|caption=Ratsimamanga in 1972}} '''[[w:Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga|Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga]]''' (28 Disemba 1907 - 16 Septemba 2001) bụ dọkịta Madagascar gụrụ [[w:|biochemistry]] na onye nnọchi anya Madagascar na mba ọzọ. Onye amụrụ n'ezinụlọ eze nwere mmechu-ihu, a zụrụ Ratsimamanga dịka dọkịta nke ọgwụ dị iche iche dị oké ọnụ ahịa na French Madagascar nakwa France, ebe ọ sụrụ ụzọ n'ihe gbasara [[w:|neutraceuticals]] nke oge a. Ratsimamanga laghachiri Madagascar ebe, ya na nwunye ya, [[w:|Suzanne Urverg-Ratsimamanga]], n'afọ 1957, guzobere ụlọ ọrụ [[w:Malagasy Institute of Applied Research|Malagasy Institute of Applied Research]] nke na-ahụ maka ọgwụ mgbọrọgwụ na mkpá akwụkwọ. Mgbe ọ nọ na France, Ratsimamanga tinyere aka na mbọ nnwere onwe Madagascar, mgbe nnwere onwe gasịkwaranụ, ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya mbụ nke Mba Madagascar na France ma nye aka ịkpụzi ihe omume ya na mba ọzọ nke mba ahụ. A na-ewere Ratsimamanga dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọkàmmụta a ma ama na Madagascar ma nye ya nkwanye ùgwù [[w:Order of merit|orders of merits]] kachasị elu n'ime mba nakwa n'etiti mba na mba ụwa. Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị guzobere The World Academy of Sciences (1983) na African Academy of Sciences (1985), a họpụtakwa ya dị ka ''Man of the Century'' nke Madagascar. === Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya === [[File:Young Ratsimamanga.jpg|right|thumb| Ratsimamanga ka na-eto eto ca. 1924]] A mụrụ Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga na 28 Disemba 1907, na Antananarivo, Madagascar, nye Razanadrakoto Ratsimiamanga na Lala Ralisoa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Généalogie de Prof. Rakoto Albert Ratsimamanga |trans-title=Genealogy of Prof. Rakoto Albert Ratsimamanga |url=https://gw.geneanet.org/taniko?lang=fr&n=ratsimamanga&oc=0&p=prof.+rakoto+albert |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Geneanet |language=fr |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195938/https://gw.geneanet.org/taniko?lang=fr&n=ratsimamanga&oc=0&p=prof.+rakoto+albert |url-status=live }}</ref> Ọ bụụrụ nwa nwa Prince [[w:|Ratsimamanga]], nwanne nna na onye ndụmọdụ nke Queen Ranavalona nke Atọ, onye e gburu n'afọ 1897 na mbido ọchịchị ndị France na Madagascar.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Universalis |first=Encyclopædia |title=ALBERT RAKOTO RATSIMAMANGA |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Encyclopædia Universalis |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2022-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117212009/https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mgbe Albert dịịrị naanị afọ iri na otu, nna ya nwụrụ n'afọ 1918 site na [[w:Alcoholism|Ịñụbiga mmanya ókè]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Ratsimamanga, Albert Rakoto |url=https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-50370 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Oxford African American Studies Center |year=2014 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.50370 |isbn=978-0-19-530173-1 |last1=Rich |first1=Jeremy |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182846/https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-50370 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ọ natara agụmakwụkwọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata ya na Ngalaba Ọmụmụ-ọgwụ, Mahadum Antananarivo, ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ dọkịta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:Traditional Medicine|Indigenous Medicine]] n'afọ 1924. <ref name=":0"/><ref name=":13" /> Ratsimamanga sooro na òtù ndị nnọchi anya Madagascar na [[w:|Colonial Exhibition]] agara na Paris n'afọ 1930,<ref name="Osseo-Asare">{{Cite book |last=Osseo-Asare |first=Abena Dove |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exs7AgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA251 |title=Bitter Roots: The Search for Healing Plants in Africa |date=2014-01-13 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-08616-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> bụ oge ọ nọ kpebie isonyere Mahadum Paris ịghọ Dọkịnta sayensị (MS) na Dọkịnta ọgwụ (MD). <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (1907-2001) |url=https://data.bnf.fr/12283647/albert_rakoto_ratsimamanga/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=data.bnf.fr |language=en |archive-date=2022-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117210506/https://data.bnf.fr/12283647/albert_rakoto_ratsimamanga/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Ravalitera |first=Pela |date=2012-11-30 |title=Madagascar, l'IMRA devient la Fondation Albert et Suzanne Rakoto Ratsimamanga |trans-title=Madagascar, IMRA becomes the Albert and Suzanne Rakoto Ratsimamanga Foundation |url=https://www.madagate.org/monde-malgache/portrait/2790-madagascarn-limra-devient-la-fondation-albert-et-suzanne-rakoto-ratsimamanga.|archive-date=2023-02-03 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Madagascar Express |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Ọ gụsịkwara akwụkwọ na nakwa, ma hiwe òtù na France. === Ọrụ Ya === ==== Ime Nnyocha ==== Ratsimamanga malitere ịrụ ọrụ ná [[w:|French National Centre for Scientific Research]] (CNRS) n'afọ 1945 mgbe [[w:|Frédéric Joliot-Curie]], onye nduzi nnyocha nke CNRS na onye nwetara ihe nrite Nobel n'isi ọmụmụ Kemistry (1935), bịakwutechara ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Wambebe |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1S9KDwAAQBAJ |title=African Indigenous Medical Knowledge and Human Health |date=2018-01-29 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-351-71049-7 |pages=118–120 |language=en |access-date=2022-11-18 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195918/https://books.google.com/books?id=1S9KDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Na CNRS, ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ na ọmụmụ nke Usoro ọbara mmadụ, na ọgwụgwọ maka [[w:|Ekpenta]] na ụkwara nta. <ref name=":0" /> Ọrụ Ratsimamanga gosipụtara ọnụnọ nke homonụ na nri na ọrụ ha n'iwulite ahụ mmadụ, ka ha na-ewepụ ihe ndị na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ na-ewepụ nsị, ọkachasị na imeju.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Giroud, A.; Ratsimamanga, A. R. |date=1936 |title=Distribution de la vitamine C chez les invertebres. |url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19361400394 |journal=Bulletin de la Société de Chimie Biologique |volume=18 |pages=375–383 |access-date=2022-11-18 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195924/https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/welcome/?target=%2fcabdirect%2fabstract%2f19361400394 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jouan |first1=Pierre-Nicolas |last2=Pouliot |first2=Yves |last3=Gauthier |first3=Sylvie F. |last4=Laforest |first4=Jean-Paul |date=2006-11-01 |title=Hormones in bovine milk and milk products: A survey |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958694606001506 |journal=International Dairy Journal |language=en |volume=16 |issue=11 |pages=1408–1414 |doi=10.1016/j.idairyj.2006.06.007 |issn=0958-6946 |access-date=2022-11-18 |archive-date=2014-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812011019/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958694606001506 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Daniel Schaffer, Peter McGrath, Gisela Isten, Tasia Asakawa |url=https://twas.org/sites/default/files/twas_packard_imra.pdf |title=Malagasy Institute for Applied Research |publisher=TWAS |access-date=2022-11-18 |archive-date=2022-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217173740/https://twas.org/sites/default/files/twas_packard_imra.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ratsimamanga bụụrụ onye isi ntụziaka mmalite nke ụlọ ọrụ [[w:|Malagasy Institute of Applied Research]] (IMRA) n'afọ 1957. <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-14 |title=Madagascar pushes untested herbal coronavirus remedy on its neighbors |url=https://www.codastory.com/waronscience/madagascar-covid-organics/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Coda Story |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117181041/https://www.codastory.com/waronscience/madagascar-covid-organics/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Puri |first1=Manveen |last2=Masum |first2=Hassan |last3=Heys |first3=Jennifer |last4=Singer |first4=Peter A |date=2010-12-13 |title=Harnessing biodiversity: the Malagasy Institute of Applied Research (IMRA) |journal=BMC International Health and Human Rights |volume=10 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S9 |doi=10.1186/1472-698X-10-S1-S9 |issn=1472-698X |pmc=3001617 |pmid=21144080 |doi-access=free }}</ref> IMRA lekwasịrị anya na [[w:Herbal Medicine|Iji mgbọrọgwụ na mkpa akwụkwọ agwọ ọrịa (phytotherapy)]] iji jiri osisi ndị dị na gburugburu ebe obibi na omume ọdịnala dị iche iche gwọọ ọrịa, ya bụ, [[w:|pharmacopoeia]] n'ụzọ ọdịnala.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=Steven M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IphwEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA238 |title=The New Natural History of Madagascar |date=2022-11-15 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-22262-2 |language=en |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195922/https://books.google.com/books?id=IphwEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA238 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rehman |first1=Sabith |last2=Iqbal |first2=Zafar |last3=Qureshi |first3=Rahmatullah |last4=Ur Rahman |first4=Inayat |last5=Khan |first5=Muazzam Ali |last6=Elshaer |first6=Mohamed M. A. |last7=Al Farraj |first7=Dunia A. |last8=Elshikh |first8=Mohamed S. |last9=Younas |first9=Muhammad |last10=Sakhi |first10=Shazia |last11=Nawaz |first11=Ghazala |last12=Ali |first12=Niaz |last13=Rahim |first13=Fazal |last14=Ali |first14=Hamid |last15=Khan |first15=Imran |date=2022-08-04 |title=Ethnogynaecological Knowledge of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used by the Indigenous Communities of North Waziristan, Pakistan |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |language=en |volume=2022 |pages=e6528264 |doi=10.1155/2022/6528264 |issn=1741-427X |pmc=9371843 |pmid=35966728|doi-access=free }}</ref> IMRA mechara gaa n'ihu n'iji osisi [[w:|Syzygium cumini]] dị ka ihe na-egbochi ọrịa shuga,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxdlRSMaO14C&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA109 |title=Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office: Patents |date=2001 |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, Patent and Trademark Office |language=en |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195928/https://books.google.com/books?id=VxdlRSMaO14C&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA109 |url-status=live }}</ref> na imepụta ọgwụ ndị ọzọ megide [[w:Malaria|ịba]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rafatro |first1=Herintsoa |last2=Ramanitrahasimbola |first2=David |last3=Rasoanaivo |first3=Philippe |last4=Ratsimamanga-Urverg |first4=Suzanne |last5=Rakoto-Ratsimamanga |first5=Albert |last6=Frappier |first6=François |date=2000-05-01 |title=Reversal activity of the naturally occurring chemosensitizer malagashanine in Plasmodium malaria |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006295299004001 |journal=Biochemical Pharmacology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=9 |pages=1053–1061 |doi=10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00400-1 |pmid=10704934 |issn=0006-2952}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rasoanaivo |first1=P. |last2=Petitjean |first2=A. |last3=Ratsimamanga-Urverg |first3=S. |last4=Rakoto-Ratsimamanga |first4=A. |date=1992-09-01 |title=Medicinal plants used to treat malaria in Madagascar |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741%2892%2990070-8 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |language=en |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=117–127 |doi=10.1016/0378-8741(92)90070-8 |pmid=1434686 |issn=0378-8741 |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195945/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0378874192900708?via%3Dihub |url-status=live }}</ref> [[w:|Ekpenta]], ụkwara ume ọkụ, [[w:Calculus (medicine)|lithiasis]], [[w:Blood Pressure|ọbara mgbali elu]], ịba ọcha n'anya na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ a na-ahụkarị.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eddouks |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iEyDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA217 |title=Phytotherapy in the Management of Diabetes and Hypertension |date=2016-02-02 |publisher=Bentham Science Publishers |isbn=978-1-68108-161-8 |language=en |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195941/https://books.google.com/books?id=-iEyDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA217 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications - Justia Patents Search |url=https://patents.justia.com/inventor/albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=patents.justia.com |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118162912/https://patents.justia.com/inventor/albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga |url-status=live }}</ref> Ratsimamanga bụụrụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Malagasy National Academy, nakwa [[w: Professor Emeritus|Ọkammụta larala ezumike nka]] nke Faculty of Medicine, Mahadum Antananarivo. Ọ bụụrụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere [[w:|World Academy of Sciences]] n'afọ 1983, na [[w:|African Academy of Sciences]] n'afọ 1985. Ọ bụụrụ onye òtù [[w:|Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences]], [[w:|Institut de France]] (1966), na [[w:|Académie Nationale de Médecine]] (1967).<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> ==== Na Ndọrọ Ndọrọ Ọchịchị ==== [[File:World Congress of Intellectuals in Defence of Peace 1948.jpg|thumb|Ratsimamanga mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu na 1948 [[w:World Congress of Intellectuals in Defence of Peace|World Congress Intellectuals in Defense of Peace]] ]] Ratsimamanga bụ onye na-eme udo na onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, n'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, ya na ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ nakwa ndị ji ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke France nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya. Mgbe ọ nọ na France, ya na Jacques Rabemananjara, Joseph Raseta na Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona guzobere njikọ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ Malagasy nọ na France nakwa òtù [[w:Democratic Movement for Malagasy Renovation]] (MDRM) n'afọ 1946. MDRM duziri ngagharị iwe megide mwufu ọbara nke Mgbukpọ Madagascar nke afọ 1947Òtù ọ dị, a maara MDRM dị ka ebe ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ si [[w:Hova (Madagascar)|Hova]] na-achịkwa, ndị bụ ndị ama ama na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke [[w:Merina People|Merina]] [[w: Kingdom of Imerina|Royal court]] gara aga ma chọọkwa iweghachite ọchịchị nke ndị Merina ahụ mgbe nnwere onwe bịachara. <ref name="Faraony">{{cite news |last=Leymarie |first=Philippe |date=March 1997 |title=Deafening silence on a horrifying repression |newspaper=Le Monde Diplomatique |url=http://mondediplo.com/1997/03/02madagascar |accessdate=13 December 2013 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312102529/http://mondediplo.com/1997/03/02madagascar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Galibert |first=Didier |date=2012 |title=Cosmopolitisme impérial et nationalisme: La vie circulaire d'Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (1907-2001) |script-title= |trans-title=Imperial Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism: The Circular Life of Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (1907-2001) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41938227 |journal=French Colonial History |volume=13 |pages=175–187 |doi=10.1353/fch.2012.0004 |issn=1539-3402 |jstor=41938227 |s2cid=144433736 |access-date=2022-11-18 |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118163545/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41938227 |url-status=live }}</ref> Emechara maa [[w:|Jacques Rabemananjara]], [[:fr:Joseph Raseta|Joseph Raseta]] na Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona ikpe ịnọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ oge ndụ ha niile mana e nyere ha mgbaghara n'afọ 1958. <ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Masson |first1=Antoine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPstZgf794kC |title=Representations of Justice |last2=O'Connor |first2=Kevin |date=2007 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-90-5201-349-7 |language=en |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195908/https://books.google.com/books?id=GPstZgf794kC |url-status=live }}</ref> Ratsimamanga kwuru na ọ maghị banyere nnupụisi ahụ, ya mere, o soghi na ya. <ref name=":5" /> Ka e mesịrị n'afọ 1949, Ratsimamanga guzobere Kansụl Mba Madagascar, Gọọmentị nọ n'ebe ọ gbagara zoo. O mechara daa. <ref name=":5" /> N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1948, Ratsimamanga nọchitere anya Madagascar na [[w:|World Congress of Intellectuals in Defence of Peace]], nke mere n'etiti ụbọchị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa irị n'afọ 1948 na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Wrocław, Poland, ma rụọ ọrụ n'ịhazi ike ndị Kọmunist dị ka ndị na-akwado udo, na n'akụkụ nke ọzọ, na-egosi West dị ka ihe iyi egwu nye udo. Ratsimamanga bụ onye otu ndị nnọchi anya kwurịtara maka nnwere onwe Madagascar site na France. <ref name=":13"/> <ref name=":4"/>% nke ndị Madagascar vootu maka nnwere onwe na ntuli aka nke afọ 1958, [1] ma mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị, a họpụtara Ratsimamanga ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya Mba Madagascar na France site na 1960 ruo 1972. <ref name=":6"/> Mgbe 1972 Coup <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGvOz7k0iRYC&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&pg=RA4-PA11|title=Current Background|date=1973-05-16|publisher=American Consulate General|language=en|accessdate=2022-11-23}}</ref>'état gasịrị, na 14 Disemba 1972, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya mbụ nke mba Madagascar na China na Soviet Union. <ref>{{Cite book|author=China)|first=United States Consulate General (Hong Kong|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqjMRr_-ZNEC&q=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia|title=Survey of China Mainland Press|date=1973|publisher=American Consulate General.|language=en|accessdate=2022-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Service|first=United States Joint Publications Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCkFAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&pg=RA10-PA14|title=Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa|language=en|accessdate=2022-11-23}}</ref> mechara guzobe ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya na West Germany, North Korea, na [[Sierra Leone]]. [1] [2] [[Usòrò:Ratsimamanga_USSR_1972.jpg|thumb|Ratsimamanga mgbe o gosipụtara asambodo ya na 14 Disemba 1972 na USSR]] <ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Conference|first=Unesco General|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vASHW9vOp4QC&q=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia|title=Records of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|date=1972|publisher=Unesco|pages=768|language=fr|accessdate=2022-11-23}}</ref>, Ratsimamanga na-anọchite anya mba Madagascar na European Economic Community, UNESCO, na Food and Agriculture Organization. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Resolutions and decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its sixty-fourth session, Paris, 13-14 December 1962|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000113221|accessdate=2022-11-18|work=unesdoc|archivedate=2022-11-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118153924/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000113221}}</ref> ghọkwara osote onye isi oche nke UNESCO nke Executive Council . [1] === Ndụ onwe onye na ọnwụ Ya === Ratsimamanga lụrụ [[w:|Suzanne Urverg-Ratsimamanga]] na 23 Maachị 1963. Ọ bụụrụ onye French [[w:Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi Jụụ]] gụrụ [[w:|biochemistry]], onye òtù [[w:|World Academy of Sciences]] (1989), na onye isi oche IMRA <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aewrAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia |title=Profiles of African Scientific Institutions |date=1992 |publisher=African Academy of Sciences and Network of African Scientific Organizations |isbn=978-9966-831-11-8 |language=en |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195921/https://books.google.com/books?id=aewrAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia |url-status=live }}</ref> na onye mmekọ kacha nso Albert ya na ya na-arụkọ. <ref name=":3" /> Site na njikọaka ya na Albert, ha guzobere "Albert na Suzanne Rakoto Ratsimamanga Foundation" n'ime IMRA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artemisia et plantes médicinales : le " Covid-Organics ", symbole de la recherche malgache – Jeune Afrique |trans-title=Artemisia and medicinal plants: the "Covid-Organics", symbol of Malagasy research - Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/937000/societe/tribune-artemisia-chloroquine-et-azithromycine-le-covid-organics-symbole-de-la-recherche-malgache/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=30 April 2020 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2022-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104145524/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/937000/societe/tribune-artemisia-chloroquine-et-azithromycine-le-covid-organics-symbole-de-la-recherche-malgache/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ngbolua |first1=K. N. |last2=Rafatro |first2=H. |last3=Rakotoarimanana |first3=H. |last4=Ratsimamanga |first4=U. S. |last5=Mudogo |first5=V. |last6=Mpiana |first6=P. T. |last7=Tshibangu |first7=D. S. T. |date=2011 |title=Pharmacological screening of some traditionally-used antimalarial plants from the Democratic Republic of Congo compared to their ecological taxonomic equivalence in Madagascar |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/77113 |journal=International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences |language=en |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=1797–1804 |doi=10.4314/ijbcs.v5i5.3 |issn=1997-342X |access-date=2023-02-03 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203163411/https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/77113 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ratsimamanga nwụrụ na 16 Septemba 2001, ka ọ gbachara afọ iri itoolu na atọ, na [[w:|Antananarivo]], Madagascar. <ref name=":2" E mere emume olili ozu Steeti maka ya.<ref name=":5" /> === Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù Ya === E nyere Ratsimamanga Grand Cross ihe nrite [[w:National Order of Madagascar|Grand Cross of the Malagasy National Order]], <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Grand-Croix de l'Ordre national |trans-title=Grand Cross of the National Order |url=https://tanikomadagascar.wordpress.com/tag/grand-croix-de-lordre-national/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=TANIKO Madagascar |date=30 September 2019 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118160000/https://tanikomadagascar.wordpress.com/tag/grand-croix-de-lordre-national/ |url-status=live }}</ref> nakwa Grand Cross n'ógó nke mbụ nke [[w:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany|Order of Merit]] nke mba Germany, <ref name=":10" /> Grand Officer nke [[w:Legion of Honour|Legion of Honor]] nke France, Commander of the Ordre National du Mèrite of France]], na Grand Prize sitere na [[w:|Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences]] <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga : Un hommage incontournable |trans-title=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga: An essential tribute |url=https://www.madagate.org/monde-malgache/portrait/463-albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga-un-hommage-incontournable.html |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.madagate.org |language=fr |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118160000/https://www.madagate.org/monde-malgache/portrait/463-albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga-un-hommage-incontournable.html |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-29 |archivedate=2022-11-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118160000/https://www.madagate.org/monde-malgache/portrait/463-albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga-un-hommage-incontournable.html }}</ref><ref name=":5" /> A họpụtara ya dị ka ''Man of the Century'' nke Madagascar n'afọ 1999. Ratsimamanga bụ onye òtù guzobere [[w:|World Academy of Sciences]] (FTWAS) n'afọ 1983,<ref>{{cite web |author=Université Cheikh-Anta-Diop |title=Liste des docteurs ''honoris causa'' de l'UCAD |trans-title=List of ''honoris causa'' doctors from UCAD |url=http://www.ucad.sn/cdp/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=748&Itemid=354 |access-date=16 March 2014 |website=Ucad |language=fr |publication-date= |archive-date=24 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224000518/https://www.ucad.sn/cdp/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=748&Itemid=354 |url-status=dead |accessdate=28 December 2023 |archivedate=24 December 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224000518/https://www.ucad.sn/cdp/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=748&Itemid=354 }}</ref> === Ihe Ncheta Ya === A na-ewere Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta ama ama na Madagascar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-12 |title=Six personnalités qui ont fait ou font Madagascar |trans-title=Six personalities who have made or are making Madagascar |url=https://fr.globalvoices.org/2013/12/12/158381/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Global Voices en Français |language=fr |archive-date=2022-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117182442/https://fr.globalvoices.org/2013/12/12/158381/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[w:|A Commemorative Stamp]] ka ewepụtara maka ncheta ya n'afọ 2002, nakwa Institut de France bipụtara ego n'ụdị ụtụ na ncheta Ratsimamanga. <ref>{{Cite web |title=iNumis - Mail Bid Sale 32 Lot 1558 |url=https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=lot&sid=1403&lot=1558 |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=www.numisbids.com |language=fr |archive-date=2022-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123154749/https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=lot&sid=1403&lot=1558 |url-status=live }}</ref>Enwere ike ịhụ ihe ncheta Ratsimamanga dị ka {{Blockquote|text=Ntụgharị oge nke amụma ndị mba ọzọ banyere nnwere onwe, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na iguzosi ike n'ihe nye ụkpụrụ ndị ọchịchị na-aga n'ihu n'ịkwalite echiche nke ịbụ nwa amaala mba Republic|onye edemede=Didier Galibert|title=Imperial Cosmopolitanism na Nationalism: The Circular Life of Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (1907-2001) ({{Lang-fr|Cosmopolitisme impérial et nationalisme: La vie circulaire d'Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (1907-2001)}})|isi = French Colonial History, 2012, Vol. 13, peeji 175}}   === Edensibia === <references /> == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Suzy Andrée Ramamonjisoa (2007). ''[https://www.worldcat.org/title/1141771391 Mụ na Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga]'' Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Madagascar (n'asụsụ French)   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-2-912290-79-3|978-2-912290-79-3]].  &nbsp; [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141771391 1141771391] * Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga na Patrick Rajoelina (2001). ''[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47896120 Madagascar: Ihe omimi nke 1947: ncheta]''. Paris: L'Harmattan (n'asụsụ French).   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/2-7475-1151-0|2-7475-1151-0]].  &nbsp; [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47896120 47896120].&nbsp; * Didier Galibert (2012). Cosmopolitisme impérial na nationalism: Ndụ okirikiri nke Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (1907-2001). Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke French Colonial. 13: 175–187.   [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] [https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1539-3402 1539-3402].&nbsp; * Raymond William Rabemananjara (1998). [https://www.torrossa.com/it/resources/an/5130303 ''Nwa nke ìhè: Akụkọ ndụ nke Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga''] (n'asụsụ Italian). 1–190 [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cwlle4ybb42dh47wjku26vvj525hwxe 2 34997 692685 145503 2026-07-30T12:59:25Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ọrụ */ fixed reference errors 692685 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ọrụ == Emecheta malitere ide banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere ndụ Black British na kọlụm oge niile na ''New Statesman'', <ref name="Busby">{{Cite news|authorlink=Margaret Busby|author=Busby|first=Margaret|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/feb/03/buchi-emecheta-obituary|title=Buchi Emecheta obituary|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=3 February 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBusby2017">[[Margaret Busby|Busby, Margaret]] (3 February 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/feb/03/buchi-emecheta-obituary "Buchi Emecheta obituary"]. ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref> na nchịkọta nke mpempe akwụkwọ ndị a ghọrọ akwụkwọ mbụ e bipụtara na 1972, ''In the Ditch'' . <ref name="Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction: An Anthology">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1tZoZ-GcTIC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+21+July+1944&pg=PA319|title=Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction: An Anthology|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1999|isbn=9780815314318|editor=Ross}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoss1999">Ross, Robert L., ed. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=W1tZoZ-GcTIC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+21+July+1944&pg=PA319 ''Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction: An Anthology'']. Psychology Press. p.&nbsp;319. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780815314318|<bdi>9780815314318</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="theguardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/26/buchi-emecheta-pioneering-nigerian-novelist-dies-aged-72|title=Buchi Emecheta, pioneering Nigerian novelist, dies aged 72|work=The Guardian|first=Danuta|author=Kean|date=26 January 2017|accessdate=28 January 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKean2017">Kean, Danuta (26 January 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/26/buchi-emecheta-pioneering-nigerian-novelist-dies-aged-72 "Buchi Emecheta, pioneering Nigerian novelist, dies aged 72"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ọkara onwe onye <ref name="The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English" />kọrọ banyere mgba nke onye isi agwa aha ya bụ Adah, onye a manyere ibi n'ime ụlọ ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ iji kwado ụmụ ya ise. <ref name="Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction: An Anthology" /> Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ e bipụtara afọ abụọ ka nke ahụ gasịrị, ''Citizen Class Second'' ( Allison na Busby, 1974), <ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38757048|title=Buchi Emecheta: Nigerian author who championed girls dies aged 72|work=BBC News|date=26 January 2017|accessdate=28 January 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38757048 "Buchi Emecheta: Nigerian author who championed girls dies aged 72"]. ''BBC News''. 26 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> depụtakwara n'ahụmahụ Emecheta n'onwe ya, Allison na Busby mechara bipụta akwụkwọ abụọ ahụ n'otu mpịakọta n'okpuru aha ''Adah's Story'' (1983). ). <ref name="British Book News">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Buchi+Emecheta+published+Second-Class+Citizen+and+In+the+Ditch+in+one+volume+as+Adah+%27s+Story.%22|title=British Book News|publisher=National Book League|year=1986}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://books.google.com/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Buchi+Emecheta+published+Second-Class+Citizen+and+In+the+Ditch+in+one+volume+as+Adah+%27s+Story.%22 ''British Book News'']. National Book League. 1986.</cite></ref> Akụkọ atọ ndị a webatara isi okwu atọ dị mkpa Emecheta bụ ndị na-achọ ka a na-emeso ha nha anya, ntụkwasị obi onwe onye na ugwu dịka nwanyị. Ọrụ ya ''Gwendolen'' (1989, nke e bipụtara dị ka ''Ezinụlọ'' ), ''Kehinde'' (1994) na ''The New Tribe'' (2000) dị iche n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ka ha na-ekwu okwu banyere ndụ ndị kwabatara na Great Britain. <ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Buchi-Emecheta|title=Buchi Emecheta {{!}} Biography, Books, & Facts|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=9 May 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Buchi-Emecheta "Buchi Emecheta | Biography, Books, & Facts"]. ''Encyclopedia Britannica''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Site na 1965 ruo 1969, Emecheta rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọbá akwụkwọ nke British Museum na London. <ref name="Something about the Author">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGoYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Education%3A+University+of+London%2C+B.Sc.+%28with+honors%29%2C+1972%22|title=Something about the Author|publisher=Gale Research International, Limited|year=1991|isbn=9780810322769|editor=Olendorf|edition=illustrated}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlendorf1991">Olendorf, Donna, ed. (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=JGoYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Education%3A+University+of+London%2C+B.Sc.+%28with+honors%29%2C+1972%22 ''Something about the Author''] (illustrated&nbsp;ed.). Gale Research International, Limited. p.&nbsp;59. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780810322769|<bdi>9780810322769</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Site na 1969 ruo 1976, ọ bụ onye ọrụ ntorobịa na ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze maka Inner London Education Authority, <ref name="Something about the Author" /> <ref>Busby, Margaret, "Buchi Emecheta", ''[[Daughters of Africa]]'', London: Jonathan Cape, 1992, p. 656.</ref> na site na 1976 ruo 1978 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ obodo na Camden, North London, <ref name="The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_YatfLrgnMC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+21+July+1944&pg=PA164|title=The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=2007|isbn=9788126908325|editor=Ray}}</ref> <ref name="Something about the Author" /> ka ọ na-aga n'ihu. iji wepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ na Allison na Busby - ''Ọnụahịa Alụmalụ'' (1976), ''Nwanyị ohu'' (1977), ''The Joys of Motherhood'' (1979) na ''Destination Biafra'' (1982) - yana akwụkwọ ụmụaka ''Titch the Cat'' (1979) na ''Enweghị ebe ọ ga-egwu'' (1980). Mgbe o nwesịrị ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye ode akwụkwọ, Emecheta gara ọtụtụ ebe dị ka prọfesọ na onye nkuzi ọbịa. Ọ gara ọtụtụ mahadum America, gụnyere Pennsylvania State University, Mahadum Rutgers, Mahadum California, Los Angeles, na Mahadum Illinois na Urbana-Champaign . <ref name="Something about the Author">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGoYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Education%3A+University+of+London%2C+B.Sc.+%28with+honors%29%2C+1972%22|title=Something about the Author|publisher=Gale Research International, Limited|year=1991|isbn=9780810322769|editor=Olendorf|edition=illustrated}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlendorf1991">Olendorf, Donna, ed. (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=JGoYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Education%3A+University+of+London%2C+B.Sc.+%28with+honors%29%2C+1972%22 ''Something about the Author''] (illustrated&nbsp;ed.). Gale Research International, Limited. p.&nbsp;59. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780810322769|<bdi>9780810322769</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="Society and Solitude">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGLWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+Emecheta+has+been+a+visiting+professor+or+lecturer+at+a+dozen+American+universities%2C+including+Penn+State%2C+University+of%22|title=Society and Solitude|publisher=University Press of America|year=1997|isbn=9780761801290|edition=2}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://books.google.com/books?id=BGLWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+Emecheta+has+been+a+visiting+professor+or+lecturer+at+a+dozen+American+universities%2C+including+Penn+State%2C+University+of%22 ''Society and Solitude''] (2&nbsp;ed.). University Press of America. 1997. p.&nbsp;241. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780761801290|<bdi>9780761801290</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Site na 1980 ruo 1981, ọ bụ nnukwu onye ibe ya na prọfesọ na-eleta Bekee na Mahadum Calabar, Nigeria. <ref name="The International Who's Who of Women 2002">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J8xDWDqOkEC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+21+July+1944&pg=PA161|title=The International Who's Who of Women 2002|author=Sleeman|first=Elizabeth|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2001|isbn=9781857431223|edition=revised}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSleeman2001">Sleeman, Elizabeth (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6J8xDWDqOkEC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+21+July+1944&pg=PA161 ''The International Who's Who of Women 2002''] (revised&nbsp;ed.). Psychology Press. p.&nbsp;161. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781857431223|<bdi>9781857431223</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Site na 1982 ruo 1983, Emecheta, ya na nwa ya nwoke bụ Sylvester, jere ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ Ogwugwu Afor, na-ebipụta ọrụ nke ya n'okpuru akara ngosi, <ref name="theguardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/26/buchi-emecheta-pioneering-nigerian-novelist-dies-aged-72|title=Buchi Emecheta, pioneering Nigerian novelist, dies aged 72|work=The Guardian|first=Danuta|author=Kean|date=26 January 2017|accessdate=28 January 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKean2017">Kean, Danuta (26 January 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/26/buchi-emecheta-pioneering-nigerian-novelist-dies-aged-72 "Buchi Emecheta, pioneering Nigerian novelist, dies aged 72"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> malite na ''Double Yoke'' (1982). <ref>Fraser, C. Gerald, [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/02/books/writer-her-dream-fulfilled-seeks-to-link-two-worlds.html "Writer, Her Dream Fulfilled, Seeks to Link Two Worlds"], ''The New York Times'', 2 June 1990.</ref> Ọ natara akwụkwọ ikike nka Arts Council of Great Britain, 1982–83, <ref name="The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_YatfLrgnMC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+21+July+1944&pg=PA164|title=The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=2007|isbn=9788126908325|editor=Ray}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRay2007">Ray, Mohit K., ed. (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=A_YatfLrgnMC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+21+July+1944&pg=PA164 ''The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English'']. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p.&nbsp;164. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9788126908325|<bdi>9788126908325</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="The International Who's Who of Women 2002" /> ma bụrụ otu n'ime ''Granta 's'' "Kachasị Mma nke Ndị Na-eto Eto British Novelists" na 1983. <ref name="theguardian" /> Na 1982, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]], na Mahadum London . <ref name="The International Who's Who of Women 2002" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye otu na Mahadum London na 1986. <ref name="International Who's Who of Authors and Writers 2004">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phhhHT64kIMC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+fellowship+at+the+University+of+London+in+1986.&pg=PA162|title=International Who's Who of Authors and Writers 2004|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2003|isbn=9781857431797|edition=revised}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://books.google.com/books?id=phhhHT64kIMC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+fellowship+at+the+University+of+London+in+1986.&pg=PA162 ''International Who's Who of Authors and Writers 2004''] (revised&nbsp;ed.). Psychology Press. 2003. p.&nbsp;162. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781857431797|<bdi>9781857431797</bdi>]].</cite></ref> N'ime ọtụtụ afọ, Emecheta na-arụkọ ọrụ na ọtụtụ òtù omenala na agụmagụ, gụnyere Africa Center, London, na Caine Prize for African Writing dị ka onye so na Advisory Council. <ref>The Council of the Caine Prize for African Writing, [http://caineprize.com/blog/2017/1/27/tribute-to-buchi-emecheta-1944-2017 "Tribute to Buchi Emecheta (1944–2017)"], Caine Prize blog, 1 February 2017.</ref> Buchi Emecheta nwere ọrịa strok na 2010, <ref name="theguardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/26/buchi-emecheta-pioneering-nigerian-novelist-dies-aged-72|title=Buchi Emecheta, pioneering Nigerian novelist, dies aged 72|work=The Guardian|first=Danuta|author=Kean|date=26 January 2017|accessdate=28 January 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKean2017">Kean, Danuta (26 January 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/26/buchi-emecheta-pioneering-nigerian-novelist-dies-aged-72 "Buchi Emecheta, pioneering Nigerian novelist, dies aged 72"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wee nwụọ na London na 25 Jenụwarị 2017, ọ dị afọ 72. <ref name="theguardian" /> <ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38757048|title=Buchi Emecheta: Nigerian author who championed girls dies aged 72|work=BBC News|date=26 January 2017|accessdate=28 January 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38757048 "Buchi Emecheta: Nigerian author who championed girls dies aged 72"]. ''BBC News''. 26 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>Adesanya, Femi, [https://www.informationng.com/2017/01/nigerian-literary-icon-buchi-emecheta-died.html "Nigerian Literary Icon, Buchi Emecheta Has Died"], Information Nigeria, 25 January 2017.</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ akụkọ ifo ya lekwasịrị anya na ịkpa ókè mmekọahụ na ajọ mbunobi agbụrụ na-akọwa site na ahụmịhe nke ya dị ka nne ma ọ bụ nna nanị ya na-azụ ụmụ na nwanyị ojii bi na United Kingdom. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/buchi-emecheta|title=Buchi Emecheta - Literature|work=literature.britishcouncil.org|language=en|accessdate=24 May 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/buchi-emecheta "Buchi Emecheta - Literature"]. ''literature.britishcouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> pkdoubh4wchci5tgyz95cmmkwt621ej 692687 692685 2026-07-30T13:00:43Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ọrụ */ fixed reference errors 692687 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ọrụ == Emecheta malitere ide banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere ndụ Black British na kọlụm oge niile na ''New Statesman'', <ref name="Busby">{{Cite news|authorlink=Margaret Busby|author=Busby|first=Margaret|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/feb/03/buchi-emecheta-obituary|title=Buchi Emecheta obituary|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=3 February 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBusby2017">[[Margaret Busby|Busby, Margaret]] (3 February 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/feb/03/buchi-emecheta-obituary "Buchi Emecheta obituary"]. ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref> na nchịkọta nke mpempe akwụkwọ ndị a ghọrọ akwụkwọ mbụ e bipụtara na 1972, ''In the Ditch'' . <ref name="Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction: An Anthology">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1tZoZ-GcTIC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+21+July+1944&pg=PA319|title=Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction: An Anthology|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1999|isbn=9780815314318|editor=Ross}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoss1999">Ross, Robert L., ed. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=W1tZoZ-GcTIC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+21+July+1944&pg=PA319 ''Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction: An Anthology'']. Psychology Press. p.&nbsp;319. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780815314318|<bdi>9780815314318</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="theguardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/26/buchi-emecheta-pioneering-nigerian-novelist-dies-aged-72|title=Buchi Emecheta, pioneering Nigerian novelist, dies aged 72|work=The Guardian|first=Danuta|author=Kean|date=26 January 2017|accessdate=28 January 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKean2017">Kean, Danuta (26 January 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/26/buchi-emecheta-pioneering-nigerian-novelist-dies-aged-72 "Buchi Emecheta, pioneering Nigerian novelist, dies aged 72"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ọkara onwe onye <ref name="The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English" />kọrọ banyere mgba nke onye isi agwa aha ya bụ Adah, onye a manyere ibi n'ime ụlọ ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ iji kwado ụmụ ya ise. <ref name="Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction: An Anthology" /> Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ e bipụtara afọ abụọ ka nke ahụ gasịrị, ''Citizen Class Second'' ( Allison na Busby, 1974), <ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38757048|title=Buchi Emecheta: Nigerian author who championed girls dies aged 72|work=BBC News|date=26 January 2017|accessdate=28 January 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38757048 "Buchi Emecheta: Nigerian author who championed girls dies aged 72"]. ''BBC News''. 26 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> depụtakwara n'ahụmahụ Emecheta n'onwe ya, Allison na Busby mechara bipụta akwụkwọ abụọ ahụ n'otu mpịakọta n'okpuru aha ''Adah's Story'' (1983). ). <ref name="British Book News">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Buchi+Emecheta+published+Second-Class+Citizen+and+In+the+Ditch+in+one+volume+as+Adah+%27s+Story.%22|title=British Book News|publisher=National Book League|year=1986}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://books.google.com/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Buchi+Emecheta+published+Second-Class+Citizen+and+In+the+Ditch+in+one+volume+as+Adah+%27s+Story.%22 ''British Book News'']. National Book League. 1986.</cite></ref> Akụkọ atọ ndị a webatara isi okwu atọ dị mkpa Emecheta bụ ndị na-achọ ka a na-emeso ha nha anya, ntụkwasị obi onwe onye na ugwu dịka nwanyị. Ọrụ ya ''Gwendolen'' (1989, nke e bipụtara dị ka ''Ezinụlọ'' ), ''Kehinde'' (1994) na ''The New Tribe'' (2000) dị iche n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ka ha na-ekwu okwu banyere ndụ ndị kwabatara na Great Britain. <ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Buchi-Emecheta|title=Buchi Emecheta {{!}} Biography, Books, & Facts|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=9 May 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Buchi-Emecheta "Buchi Emecheta | Biography, Books, & Facts"]. ''Encyclopedia Britannica''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Site na 1965 ruo 1969, Emecheta rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọbá akwụkwọ nke British Museum na London. <ref name="Something about the Author">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGoYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Education%3A+University+of+London%2C+B.Sc.+%28with+honors%29%2C+1972%22|title=Something about the Author|publisher=Gale Research International, Limited|year=1991|isbn=9780810322769|editor=Olendorf|edition=illustrated}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlendorf1991">Olendorf, Donna, ed. (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=JGoYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Education%3A+University+of+London%2C+B.Sc.+%28with+honors%29%2C+1972%22 ''Something about the Author''] (illustrated&nbsp;ed.). Gale Research International, Limited. p.&nbsp;59. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780810322769|<bdi>9780810322769</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Site na 1969 ruo 1976, ọ bụ onye ọrụ ntorobịa na ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze maka Inner London Education Authority, <ref name="Something about the Author" /> <ref>Busby, Margaret, "Buchi Emecheta", ''[[Daughters of Africa]]'', London: Jonathan Cape, 1992, p. 656.</ref> na site na 1976 ruo 1978 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ obodo na Camden, North London, <ref name="The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English" /> <ref name="Something about the Author" /> ka ọ na-aga n'ihu. iji wepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ na Allison na Busby - ''Ọnụahịa Alụmalụ'' (1976), ''Nwanyị ohu'' (1977), ''The Joys of Motherhood'' (1979) na ''Destination Biafra'' (1982) - yana akwụkwọ ụmụaka ''Titch the Cat'' (1979) na ''Enweghị ebe ọ ga-egwu'' (1980). Mgbe o nwesịrị ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye ode akwụkwọ, Emecheta gara ọtụtụ ebe dị ka prọfesọ na onye nkuzi ọbịa. Ọ gara ọtụtụ mahadum America, gụnyere Pennsylvania State University, Mahadum Rutgers, Mahadum California, Los Angeles, na Mahadum Illinois na Urbana-Champaign . <ref name="Something about the Author">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGoYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Education%3A+University+of+London%2C+B.Sc.+%28with+honors%29%2C+1972%22|title=Something about the Author|publisher=Gale Research International, Limited|year=1991|isbn=9780810322769|editor=Olendorf|edition=illustrated}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlendorf1991">Olendorf, Donna, ed. (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=JGoYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Education%3A+University+of+London%2C+B.Sc.+%28with+honors%29%2C+1972%22 ''Something about the Author''] (illustrated&nbsp;ed.). Gale Research International, Limited. p.&nbsp;59. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780810322769|<bdi>9780810322769</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="Society and Solitude">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGLWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+Emecheta+has+been+a+visiting+professor+or+lecturer+at+a+dozen+American+universities%2C+including+Penn+State%2C+University+of%22|title=Society and Solitude|publisher=University Press of America|year=1997|isbn=9780761801290|edition=2}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://books.google.com/books?id=BGLWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+Emecheta+has+been+a+visiting+professor+or+lecturer+at+a+dozen+American+universities%2C+including+Penn+State%2C+University+of%22 ''Society and Solitude''] (2&nbsp;ed.). University Press of America. 1997. p.&nbsp;241. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780761801290|<bdi>9780761801290</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Site na 1980 ruo 1981, ọ bụ nnukwu onye ibe ya na prọfesọ na-eleta Bekee na Mahadum Calabar, Nigeria. <ref name="The International Who's Who of Women 2002">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J8xDWDqOkEC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+21+July+1944&pg=PA161|title=The International Who's Who of Women 2002|author=Sleeman|first=Elizabeth|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2001|isbn=9781857431223|edition=revised}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSleeman2001">Sleeman, Elizabeth (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6J8xDWDqOkEC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+21+July+1944&pg=PA161 ''The International Who's Who of Women 2002''] (revised&nbsp;ed.). Psychology Press. p.&nbsp;161. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781857431223|<bdi>9781857431223</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Site na 1982 ruo 1983, Emecheta, ya na nwa ya nwoke bụ Sylvester, jere ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ Ogwugwu Afor, na-ebipụta ọrụ nke ya n'okpuru akara ngosi, <ref name="theguardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/26/buchi-emecheta-pioneering-nigerian-novelist-dies-aged-72|title=Buchi Emecheta, pioneering Nigerian novelist, dies aged 72|work=The Guardian|first=Danuta|author=Kean|date=26 January 2017|accessdate=28 January 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKean2017">Kean, Danuta (26 January 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/26/buchi-emecheta-pioneering-nigerian-novelist-dies-aged-72 "Buchi Emecheta, pioneering Nigerian novelist, dies aged 72"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> malite na ''Double Yoke'' (1982). <ref>Fraser, C. Gerald, [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/02/books/writer-her-dream-fulfilled-seeks-to-link-two-worlds.html "Writer, Her Dream Fulfilled, Seeks to Link Two Worlds"], ''The New York Times'', 2 June 1990.</ref> Ọ natara akwụkwọ ikike nka Arts Council of Great Britain, 1982–83, <ref name="The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_YatfLrgnMC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+21+July+1944&pg=PA164|title=The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=2007|isbn=9788126908325|editor=Ray}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRay2007">Ray, Mohit K., ed. (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=A_YatfLrgnMC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+21+July+1944&pg=PA164 ''The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English'']. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p.&nbsp;164. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9788126908325|<bdi>9788126908325</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="The International Who's Who of Women 2002" /> ma bụrụ otu n'ime ''Granta 's'' "Kachasị Mma nke Ndị Na-eto Eto British Novelists" na 1983. <ref name="theguardian" /> Na 1982, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]], na Mahadum London . <ref name="The International Who's Who of Women 2002" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye otu na Mahadum London na 1986. <ref name="International Who's Who of Authors and Writers 2004">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phhhHT64kIMC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+fellowship+at+the+University+of+London+in+1986.&pg=PA162|title=International Who's Who of Authors and Writers 2004|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2003|isbn=9781857431797|edition=revised}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://books.google.com/books?id=phhhHT64kIMC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+fellowship+at+the+University+of+London+in+1986.&pg=PA162 ''International Who's Who of Authors and Writers 2004''] (revised&nbsp;ed.). Psychology Press. 2003. p.&nbsp;162. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781857431797|<bdi>9781857431797</bdi>]].</cite></ref> N'ime ọtụtụ afọ, Emecheta na-arụkọ ọrụ na ọtụtụ òtù omenala na agụmagụ, gụnyere Africa Center, London, na Caine Prize for African Writing dị ka onye so na Advisory Council. <ref>The Council of the Caine Prize for African Writing, [http://caineprize.com/blog/2017/1/27/tribute-to-buchi-emecheta-1944-2017 "Tribute to Buchi Emecheta (1944–2017)"], Caine Prize blog, 1 February 2017.</ref> Buchi Emecheta nwere ọrịa strok na 2010, <ref name="theguardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/26/buchi-emecheta-pioneering-nigerian-novelist-dies-aged-72|title=Buchi Emecheta, pioneering Nigerian novelist, dies aged 72|work=The Guardian|first=Danuta|author=Kean|date=26 January 2017|accessdate=28 January 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKean2017">Kean, Danuta (26 January 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/26/buchi-emecheta-pioneering-nigerian-novelist-dies-aged-72 "Buchi Emecheta, pioneering Nigerian novelist, dies aged 72"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wee nwụọ na London na 25 Jenụwarị 2017, ọ dị afọ 72. <ref name="theguardian" /> <ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38757048|title=Buchi Emecheta: Nigerian author who championed girls dies aged 72|work=BBC News|date=26 January 2017|accessdate=28 January 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38757048 "Buchi Emecheta: Nigerian author who championed girls dies aged 72"]. ''BBC News''. 26 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>Adesanya, Femi, [https://www.informationng.com/2017/01/nigerian-literary-icon-buchi-emecheta-died.html "Nigerian Literary Icon, Buchi Emecheta Has Died"], Information Nigeria, 25 January 2017.</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ akụkọ ifo ya lekwasịrị anya na ịkpa ókè mmekọahụ na ajọ mbunobi agbụrụ na-akọwa site na ahụmịhe nke ya dị ka nne ma ọ bụ nna nanị ya na-azụ ụmụ na nwanyị ojii bi na United Kingdom. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/buchi-emecheta|title=Buchi Emecheta - Literature|work=literature.britishcouncil.org|language=en|accessdate=24 May 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/buchi-emecheta "Buchi Emecheta - Literature"]. ''literature.britishcouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> jfzopa7amxawfwtw2xojt37kq6w600w 692689 692687 2026-07-30T13:01:29Z Sayvhior 13464 692689 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ọrụ == Emecheta malitere ide banyere ahụmahụ ya banyere ndụ Black British na kọlụm oge niile na ''New Statesman'', <ref name="Busby">{{Cite news|authorlink=Margaret Busby|author=Busby|first=Margaret|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/feb/03/buchi-emecheta-obituary|title=Buchi Emecheta obituary|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=3 February 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBusby2017">[[Margaret Busby|Busby, Margaret]] (3 February 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/feb/03/buchi-emecheta-obituary "Buchi Emecheta obituary"]. ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref> na nchịkọta nke mpempe akwụkwọ ndị a ghọrọ akwụkwọ mbụ e bipụtara na 1972, ''In the Ditch'' . <ref name="Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction: An Anthology">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1tZoZ-GcTIC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+21+July+1944&pg=PA319|title=Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction: An Anthology|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1999|isbn=9780815314318|editor=Ross}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoss1999">Ross, Robert L., ed. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=W1tZoZ-GcTIC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+21+July+1944&pg=PA319 ''Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction: An Anthology'']. Psychology Press. p.&nbsp;319. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780815314318|<bdi>9780815314318</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="theguardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/26/buchi-emecheta-pioneering-nigerian-novelist-dies-aged-72|title=Buchi Emecheta, pioneering Nigerian novelist, dies aged 72|work=The Guardian|first=Danuta|author=Kean|date=26 January 2017|accessdate=28 January 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKean2017">Kean, Danuta (26 January 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/26/buchi-emecheta-pioneering-nigerian-novelist-dies-aged-72 "Buchi Emecheta, pioneering Nigerian novelist, dies aged 72"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ọkara onwe onye <ref name="The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English" />kọrọ banyere mgba nke onye isi agwa aha ya bụ Adah, onye a manyere ibi n'ime ụlọ ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ iji kwado ụmụ ya ise. <ref name="Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction: An Anthology" /> Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ e bipụtara afọ abụọ ka nke ahụ gasịrị, ''Citizen Class Second'' ( Allison na Busby, 1974), <ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38757048|title=Buchi Emecheta: Nigerian author who championed girls dies aged 72|work=BBC News|date=26 January 2017|accessdate=28 January 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38757048 "Buchi Emecheta: Nigerian author who championed girls dies aged 72"]. ''BBC News''. 26 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> depụtakwara n'ahụmahụ Emecheta n'onwe ya, Allison na Busby mechara bipụta akwụkwọ abụọ ahụ n'otu mpịakọta n'okpuru aha ''Adah's Story'' (1983). ). <ref name="British Book News">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Buchi+Emecheta+published+Second-Class+Citizen+and+In+the+Ditch+in+one+volume+as+Adah+%27s+Story.%22|title=British Book News|publisher=National Book League|year=1986}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://books.google.com/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Buchi+Emecheta+published+Second-Class+Citizen+and+In+the+Ditch+in+one+volume+as+Adah+%27s+Story.%22 ''British Book News'']. National Book League. 1986.</cite></ref> Akụkọ atọ ndị a webatara isi okwu atọ dị mkpa Emecheta bụ ndị na-achọ ka a na-emeso ha nha anya, ntụkwasị obi onwe onye na ugwu dịka nwanyị. Ọrụ ya ''Gwendolen'' (1989, nke e bipụtara dị ka ''Ezinụlọ'' ), ''Kehinde'' (1994) na ''The New Tribe'' (2000) dị iche n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ka ha na-ekwu okwu banyere ndụ ndị kwabatara na Great Britain. <ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Buchi-Emecheta|title=Buchi Emecheta {{!}} Biography, Books, & Facts|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=9 May 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Buchi-Emecheta "Buchi Emecheta | Biography, Books, & Facts"]. ''Encyclopedia Britannica''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Site na 1965 ruo 1969, Emecheta rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọbá akwụkwọ nke British Museum na London. <ref name="Something about the Author">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGoYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Education%3A+University+of+London%2C+B.Sc.+%28with+honors%29%2C+1972%22|title=Something about the Author|publisher=Gale Research International, Limited|year=1991|isbn=9780810322769|editor=Olendorf|edition=illustrated}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlendorf1991">Olendorf, Donna, ed. (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=JGoYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Education%3A+University+of+London%2C+B.Sc.+%28with+honors%29%2C+1972%22 ''Something about the Author''] (illustrated&nbsp;ed.). Gale Research International, Limited. p.&nbsp;59. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780810322769|<bdi>9780810322769</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Site na 1969 ruo 1976, ọ bụ onye ọrụ ntorobịa na ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze maka Inner London Education Authority, <ref name="Something about the Author" /> <ref>Busby, Margaret, "Buchi Emecheta", ''[[Daughters of Africa]]'', London: Jonathan Cape, 1992, p. 656.</ref> na site na 1976 ruo 1978 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ obodo na Camden, North London, <ref name="The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English" /> <ref name="Something about the Author" /> ka ọ na-aga n'ihu. iji wepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ na Allison na Busby - ''Ọnụahịa Alụmalụ'' (1976), ''Nwanyị ohu'' (1977), ''The Joys of Motherhood'' (1979) na ''Destination Biafra'' (1982) - yana akwụkwọ ụmụaka ''Titch the Cat'' (1979) na ''Enweghị ebe ọ ga-egwu'' (1980). Mgbe o nwesịrị ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye ode akwụkwọ, Emecheta gara ọtụtụ ebe dị ka prọfesọ na onye nkuzi ọbịa. Ọ gara ọtụtụ mahadum America, gụnyere Pennsylvania State University, Mahadum Rutgers, Mahadum California, Los Angeles, na Mahadum Illinois na Urbana-Champaign . <ref name="Something about the Author">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGoYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Education%3A+University+of+London%2C+B.Sc.+%28with+honors%29%2C+1972%22|title=Something about the Author|publisher=Gale Research International, Limited|year=1991|isbn=9780810322769|editor=Olendorf|edition=illustrated}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlendorf1991">Olendorf, Donna, ed. (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=JGoYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Education%3A+University+of+London%2C+B.Sc.+%28with+honors%29%2C+1972%22 ''Something about the Author''] (illustrated&nbsp;ed.). Gale Research International, Limited. p.&nbsp;59. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780810322769|<bdi>9780810322769</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="Society and Solitude">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGLWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+Emecheta+has+been+a+visiting+professor+or+lecturer+at+a+dozen+American+universities%2C+including+Penn+State%2C+University+of%22|title=Society and Solitude|publisher=University Press of America|year=1997|isbn=9780761801290|edition=2}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://books.google.com/books?id=BGLWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+Emecheta+has+been+a+visiting+professor+or+lecturer+at+a+dozen+American+universities%2C+including+Penn+State%2C+University+of%22 ''Society and Solitude''] (2&nbsp;ed.). University Press of America. 1997. p.&nbsp;241. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780761801290|<bdi>9780761801290</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Site na 1980 ruo 1981, ọ bụ nnukwu onye ibe ya na prọfesọ na-eleta Bekee na Mahadum Calabar, Nigeria. <ref name="The International Who's Who of Women 2002">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J8xDWDqOkEC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+21+July+1944&pg=PA161|title=The International Who's Who of Women 2002|author=Sleeman|first=Elizabeth|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2001|isbn=9781857431223|edition=revised}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSleeman2001">Sleeman, Elizabeth (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6J8xDWDqOkEC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+21+July+1944&pg=PA161 ''The International Who's Who of Women 2002''] (revised&nbsp;ed.). Psychology Press. p.&nbsp;161. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781857431223|<bdi>9781857431223</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Site na 1982 ruo 1983, Emecheta, ya na nwa ya nwoke bụ Sylvester, jere ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ Ogwugwu Afor, na-ebipụta ọrụ nke ya n'okpuru akara ngosi, <ref name="theguardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/26/buchi-emecheta-pioneering-nigerian-novelist-dies-aged-72|title=Buchi Emecheta, pioneering Nigerian novelist, dies aged 72|work=The Guardian|first=Danuta|author=Kean|date=26 January 2017|accessdate=28 January 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKean2017">Kean, Danuta (26 January 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/26/buchi-emecheta-pioneering-nigerian-novelist-dies-aged-72 "Buchi Emecheta, pioneering Nigerian novelist, dies aged 72"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> malite na ''Double Yoke'' (1982). <ref>Fraser, C. Gerald, [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/02/books/writer-her-dream-fulfilled-seeks-to-link-two-worlds.html "Writer, Her Dream Fulfilled, Seeks to Link Two Worlds"], ''The New York Times'', 2 June 1990.</ref> Ọ natara akwụkwọ ikike nka Arts Council of Great Britain, 1982–83, <ref name="The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_YatfLrgnMC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+21+July+1944&pg=PA164|title=The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=2007|isbn=9788126908325|editor=Ray}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRay2007">Ray, Mohit K., ed. (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=A_YatfLrgnMC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+21+July+1944&pg=PA164 ''The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English'']. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p.&nbsp;164. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9788126908325|<bdi>9788126908325</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="The International Who's Who of Women 2002" /> ma bụrụ otu n'ime ''Granta 's'' "Kachasị Mma nke Ndị Na-eto Eto British Novelists" na 1983. <ref name="theguardian" /> Na 1982, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]], na Mahadum London . <ref name="The International Who's Who of Women 2002" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye otu na Mahadum London na 1986. <ref name="International Who's Who of Authors and Writers 2004">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phhhHT64kIMC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+fellowship+at+the+University+of+London+in+1986.&pg=PA162|title=International Who's Who of Authors and Writers 2004|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2003|isbn=9781857431797|edition=revised}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://books.google.com/books?id=phhhHT64kIMC&q=Buchi+Emecheta+fellowship+at+the+University+of+London+in+1986.&pg=PA162 ''International Who's Who of Authors and Writers 2004''] (revised&nbsp;ed.). Psychology Press. 2003. p.&nbsp;162. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781857431797|<bdi>9781857431797</bdi>]].</cite></ref> N'ime ọtụtụ afọ, Emecheta na-arụkọ ọrụ na ọtụtụ òtù omenala na agụmagụ, gụnyere Africa Center, London, na Caine Prize for African Writing dị ka onye so na Advisory Council. <ref>The Council of the Caine Prize for African Writing, [http://caineprize.com/blog/2017/1/27/tribute-to-buchi-emecheta-1944-2017 "Tribute to Buchi Emecheta (1944–2017)"], Caine Prize blog, 1 February 2017.</ref> Buchi Emecheta nwere ọrịa strok na 2010, <ref name="theguardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/26/buchi-emecheta-pioneering-nigerian-novelist-dies-aged-72|title=Buchi Emecheta, pioneering Nigerian novelist, dies aged 72|work=The Guardian|first=Danuta|author=Kean|date=26 January 2017|accessdate=28 January 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKean2017">Kean, Danuta (26 January 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/26/buchi-emecheta-pioneering-nigerian-novelist-dies-aged-72 "Buchi Emecheta, pioneering Nigerian novelist, dies aged 72"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> wee nwụọ na London na 25 Jenụwarị 2017, ọ dị afọ 72. <ref name="theguardian" /> <ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38757048|title=Buchi Emecheta: Nigerian author who championed girls dies aged 72|work=BBC News|date=26 January 2017|accessdate=28 January 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38757048 "Buchi Emecheta: Nigerian author who championed girls dies aged 72"]. ''BBC News''. 26 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>Adesanya, Femi, [https://www.informationng.com/2017/01/nigerian-literary-icon-buchi-emecheta-died.html "Nigerian Literary Icon, Buchi Emecheta Has Died"], Information Nigeria, 25 January 2017.</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ akụkọ ifo ya lekwasịrị anya na ịkpa ókè mmekọahụ na ajọ mbunobi agbụrụ na-akọwa site na ahụmịhe nke ya dị ka nne ma ọ bụ nna nanị ya na-azụ ụmụ na nwanyị ojii bi na United Kingdom. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/buchi-emecheta|title=Buchi Emecheta - Literature|work=literature.britishcouncil.org|language=en|accessdate=24 May 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/buchi-emecheta "Buchi Emecheta - Literature"]. ''literature.britishcouncil.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> ==Edensibia== {{reflist}} c4456e3c86v9nu873turvg1b96wjc7i 0 36032 693024 149698 2026-07-31T07:02:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Akpe: Return of the Beast, bụ ihe nkiri [[Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] nke 2019 nke [[Toka McBaror]] duziri ma Justice Nuagbe mepụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akpe: Return of the Beast Trailer & Info|url=http://www.quicklookfilms.com/movie/304267/Akpe-Return-of-the-Beast-Trailer-and-Info|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=QuickLook Films}}</ref> Ndi na-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Jide Kosoko]] na-eduzi ebe [[Juliet Ibrahim]], [[Bolanle Ninalowo]], [[Daniel Lloyd (Nigerian actor)|Daniel Lloyd]] na [[Eniola Badmus]] na-akwado ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gists|first=Naija|title='London And The Beast Part 2' Gets Screening Date - NaijaGists.com - Proudly Nigerian DIY Motivation & Information Blog|url=https://naijagists.com/london-and-the-beast-part-2/|accessdate=2021-10-04|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a na-agbagharị gburugburu Akpe, onye kpọpụtara onwe ya eze Zanga ebe ezigbo enyi ya na-ahazi otu ụmụ nwoke ka ha merie okporo ụzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=DOWNLOAD: Akpe (Return Of The Beast) - 2020 Nollywood Movie • NaijaPrey|url=https://www.naijaprey.com/download-akpe-return-of-the-beast-2020-nollywood-movie/|accessdate=2021-10-04|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004115426/https://www.naijaprey.com/download-akpe-return-of-the-beast-2020-nollywood-movie/}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a mere ngosi nke mbụ ya na 27 October 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-21|title=Comedian Ushbebe set for private screening of new movie ‘ Akpe: The return of the beast’|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/10/comedian-ushbebe-set-for-private-screening-of-new-movie-akpe-the-return-of-the-beast/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndị mere ihe nkiri a == * [[Jide Kosoko]] as Akpe * [[Juliet Ibrahim]] * [[Bolanle Ninalowo]] * [[Daniel Lloyd (Nigerian actor)|Daniel Lloyd]] * [[Eniola Badmus]] * Maazị Jollof == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ihe nkiri 2019]] lxvqorzvwyvkhrgl4vhb6i41eg47nmp 0 36577 692692 151311 2026-07-30T13:03:46Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 692692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;" |Buru |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;" |<span title="Buru (Indonesia)-language text">''li fuk Buru''</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Indonesia]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Buru Island|Àgwàetiti Buru]] ([[Maluku (province)|Maluku]]) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |45,000 (2009)<ref name="e25"/>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] * [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malay-Polynesia]] ** [[Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages|Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa]] *** [[Central Maluku languages|Central Maluku]] **** [[Sula–Buru languages|Sula-Buru]] ***** [[Buru languages|Buru]] ****** '''Buru''' </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Writing system|Usoro ide ihe]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Latin script|Latịn]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:mhs|mhs]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/buru1303 buru1303]</code> |} '''Buru''' ma ọ bụ '''Buruese''' (Buru: {{Lang|mhs|li fuk Buru}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2gopb02cFeIC&pg=PA117|title=The Poetic Power of Place: Comparative Perspectives on Austronesian Ideas of Locality|author=Grimes|first=Barbara Dix|chapter=Knowing Your Place: Representing relations of precedence and origin on the Buru landscape|year=2006|publisher=ANU Press|isbn=9781920942861|editor=Fox|location=Canberra|chapterurl=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p77651/pdf/ch0758.pdf|doi=10.22459/PPP.09.2006}}</ref>) bụ asụsụ Malayo-Polynesian nke alaka Central Maluku. 'afọ 1991, ihe dị ka mmadụ 45,000 bi n'àgwàetiti Indonesia _people" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Buru people">Ndị Buru (Indonesia: ) na-asụ ya. [1] <ref name="e25"/> na-echekwa ya na obodo Buru na Ambon na ụfọdụ Àgwàetiti Maluku ndị ọzọ, yana n'isi obodo Indonesia Jakarta na Netherlands. Nnyocha zuru ezu nke asụsụ Buru nke ndị ozi ala ọzọ Australia na ndị na-ede akụkọ ihe mere eme Charles E. Grimes na Barbara Dix Grimes mere n'afọ ndị 1980. == Asụsụ == Enwere ike ịmata asụsụ atọ nke Buru, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha bụ nke agbụrụ ya na agwaetiti Buru na-eji: Rana (nke aha ya bụ ọdọ mmiri dị n'etiti Buru; ihe karịrị ndị na-asụ 14,000), Masarete (ihe karịrị ndị na'asụ 9,500) na Wae Sama (ihe karịrị 6,500). Ihe dị ka 3,000-5,000 nke ndị Rana tinyere asụsụ ha bụ isi na-eji ihe a na-akpọ "asụsụ nzuzo" Ligahan. Asụsụ Fogi dịbu n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke agwaetiti ahụ adịkwaghị. Mmekọrịta okwu n'etiti olumba bụ ihe dịka 90% n'etiti Masarete na Wae Sama, 88% n'etiti masarete na Rana na 80% n'etiti Wae Sama na Rana. Ewezuga asụsụ obodo, ọtụtụ ndị Buru, ọkachasị na mpaghara na obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụfọdụ iwu na nghọta nke asụsụ gọọmentị nke mba ahụ, Indonesian. <ref name="e25">[https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/mhs Buru] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;">[[File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg|link=Paywall|alt=Closed access icon|14x14px|closed access publication – behind paywall]]</span></ref> n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-ejikwa Ambonese Malay. == Aha na ihe mgbochi == Ndị Buru na-eji aha ọdịnala, tinyere aha ndị Alakụba ma ọ bụ nke Ndị Kraịst, ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ Lesnussa, Latbual, Nurlatu, Lehalima, Wael na Sigmarlatu. Asụsụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ usoro okwu ndị a machibidoro iwu, nke bụ ma omume ma asụsụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ikwu na-ezo aka na ibe ha site na aha ndị ikwu, mana ọ bụghị site na aha (ya bụ, ''nna'', mana ọ bụ ''Lesnussa''). Otú ọ dị, n'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ọdịbendị Austronesian ndị ọzọ, ndị Buru na-ezo aka na ndị ikwu nwụrụ anwụ site na aha. Ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ka okike, owuwe ihe ubi, ịchụ nta na igbu azụ, nke a ga-ahọrọ okwu ụfọdụ dabere na mpaghara agwaetiti. Ihe omuma ndi a nwere nkọwa n'akụkọ ifo ndi ozo. 'ọnọdụ niile, a naghị ahapụ okwu maka ihe ndị a machibidoro iwu, kama a na-eji ihe ndị ọzọ dochie ya. Asụsụ niile nke Buru nwere okwu ndị a gbazitere agbazitere. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na Dutch na Portuguese n'oge Dutch colonization ma na-ezo aka na ihe ndị a na-ahụtụbeghị n'àgwàetiti ahụ. Ụdị okwu ndị ọzọ gbazitere sitere n'asụsụ Malay n'ihi mbata nke ndị mmadụ si n'àgwàetiti dị nso. == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == Asụsụ Buru nwere ụdaume na ụdaume 17. E gosipụtara ha na tebụl ndị dị n'okpuru ebe a: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Mkpụrụ okwu ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Apical !Akụkụ dị iche iche !N'azụ |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n | |ŋ |- ! rowspan="2" |Kwụsị !<small>enweghị olu</small> | align="center" |p | align="center" |t̪ | align="center" |tʃ | align="center" |k |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> |b |d | (dʒ) |g |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | align="center" |f | align="center" |s | | align="center" |h |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | | align="center" |r | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ | align="center" |w |l | align="center" |j | |} {| class="wikitable" |+Mkpụrụedemede ! !'''N'ihu''' !'''Central''' !'''Ịlaghachi azụ''' |- !N'akụkụ | align="center" |i | | align="center" |u |- !N'etiti | align="center" |na | | align="center" |o |- !Emeghe | | align="center" |a | |} == Usoro ide ihe == N'adịghị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Buru na agwaetiti Ambelau dị nso (Lisela, Kayeli na Ambelau), Buru nwere usoro ederede na-arụ ọrụ dabere na mkpụrụedemede Latin. [[Onye Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]] Buru ji Bible e dere n'asụsụ ha na-efe ofufe, nke ndị ozi ala ọzọ Dutch sụgharịrị na 1904. <ref name="e25"/> == Asụsụ == Enwere ike ịhazi asụsụ Buru dị ka asụsụ isi-okwu-ihe, prepositional, na ndị na-agbanwe aha na-esote aha isi na ahịrịokwu aha, na genitive na-apụta n'ihu aha. === Ịgọnahụ === Na Buru, echiche onye na-ekwu okwu ma ọ bụ nyocha nke otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ okwu na-apụta na njedebe. Ọbụna akụkọ zuru ezu nwere ike iji ahịrịokwu ma ọ bụ abụọ mechie na-egosipụta àgwà onye na-ekwu okwu banyere ihe a na-ekwu, ebe ma ọ bụ onye ha nụrụ ya, ma ọ bụ ikpe ndị yiri ya. A na-egosipụta nke a na ahịrịokwu na ọbụna ọkwa ahịrịokwu site na enyemaka, akụkụ nke usoro TAM (Tense-aspect-mood), mkpado, na ndị ọzọ dị otú ahụ. Grimes kew{{R|Grimes}} ihe ndị a dị ka "ndị dị n'èzí na ahịrịokwu kwesịrị ekwesị". [1]:<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 232">&#x3A;&#x200A;232&#x200A;</span></sup> Nke a na-agụnye nyocha nke eziokwu nke ihe a na-ekwu, nke akara moo, isi okwu na-adịghị mma na Buru. Ihe niile na-ezo aka na Grimes (1991).{{R|Grimes}}{{interlinear|[Sira hapu lafa-t la yako langina] '''moo'''.|3.PL.A tie food-NOM for 1.SG earlier NEG|'They '''didn't''' tie up trailfood for me earlier.'{{rp|(166), §12.4}}|lang=mhs|number=(1)}}Nkwupụta ikpeazụ dị otú ahụ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma n'Asụsụ Austronesian, ebe ihe na-ezighị ezi na-apụta n'ihu ngwaa ma ọ bụ predicate. Akụkụ a yiri ka ọ gafere ókèala asụsụ dị n'etiti asụsụ ndị agbata obi Papuan na Buru, yana asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Moluca. Nke {{R|Klamer}} gosipụtara site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na "ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-egosi mmekọrịta ogologo oge na nke sara mbara n'etiti ndị Austronesians na ndị na-abụghị ndị Austronesian na Halmahera na ndị Moluccas".{{R|Klamer}}:<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 375">&#x3A;&#x200A;375&#x200A;</span></sup> N'ihi ya, Klamer kwubiri na ọ bụ "ihe ezi uche dị na ya iji nyochaa ... mgbagha ikpeazụ na ... Buru ... dị ka nwere mmalite [na-abụghị nke Austronesian (ya bụ Papuan) ] nke enwere ihe akaebe akụkọ ihe mere eme na asụsụ".<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 376">&#x3A;&#x200A;376&#x200A;</span></sup>{{interlinear|Da kaa '''mohede'''.|3.SG eat {not yet}|'He has'''n't''' eaten '''yet'''.'{{rp|(185), §12.4.5}}|lang=mhs|number=(2)}}{{interlinear|Da kaa gehu-t '''tehuk''' '''moo'''|3.SG eat taro-NOM longer NEG|'She does'''n't''' eat taro '''anymore'''.'{{rp|(188), §12.4.6}}|lang=mhs|number=(3)}}{{interlinear|Da kaa '''tehuk''' gehu-t '''tehuk''' '''moo'''.|3.SG eat longer taro-NOM longer NEG|'She does'''n't''' eat taro '''anymore'''.'{{rp|(189), §12.4.6}}|lang=mhs|number=(4)}}{{Lang|mhs|sa}} ike ijikọta ihe deictic sa na moo (ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu) iji pụta 'ihe ọ bụla, ọ dịghị (ọ dịghị), ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla'. {{Lang|mhs|Sa}} nwere njikọ na quantifier sia ('ụfọdụ'), na, n'ihi ya, a na-akọwapụta ihe ndị metụtara sa ... moo dị ka '{{Lang|mhs|sia}} otu'. Ebe onye {{Lang|mhs|sa}}-ekwu okwu na-etinye ihe a sa na-egosi oke nke mgbagha, ebe ihe na-adịghị mma, dị ka iwu maka Buru, na-anọgide na-abụ ahịrịokwu ikpeazụ. A na-anọchite anya Ihe ndị na-adịghị mma na ''onye ọ bụla'' na ''ihe ọ bụla'' na Buru dị ka {{Lang|mhs|ii sa}} ('otu ihe') na {{Lang|mhs|geba sa}} ('otu onye') n'otu. {{R|Grimes}} ==== Deictics dị ka ihe nnọchianya ==== Deictics nwere ike dochie anya ihe ma ọ bụ ihe mgbakwunye nke preposition, dịka ha nwere ike ime maka arụmụka NPs. Mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ a, a na-eche na njirimara nke onye na-ezo aka bụ anaphorically retrievable ma ọ bụ uncontroverially known. banyere ihe a na-ekwu, ebe ma ọ bụ onye ha nụrụ ya, ma ọ bụ ikpe ndị yiri ya. A na-egosipụta nke a na ahịrịokwu na ọbụna ọkwa ahịrịokwu site na enyemaka, akụkụ nke usoro TAM (Tense-aspect-mood), mkpado, na ndị ọzọ dị otú ahụ. Grimes kew ihe ndị a dị ka "ndị dị n'èzí na ahịrịokwu kwesịrị ekwesị". [1]:: 232  Nke a na-agụnye nyocha nke eziokwu nke ihe a na-ekwu, nke akara moo, isi. <sup>:173.</sup>{{interlinear|Da defo <u>fi</u> <u>saka</u>.|3S stay [LOC up]<sub>PP</sub>|'He lives <u>up there</u>.'|lang=mhs|number=(8)}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2|refs=<ref name="Grimes">{{Cite thesis |last=Grimes |first=Charles E. |title=The Buru language of Eastern Indonesia |date=1991 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=Australian National University |hdl=1885/10925 |doi=10.25911/5d763986bcd89 |hdl-access=free |dynamics=free}}</ref> <ref name="Klamer">{{cite journal |last1=Klamer |first1=Marian |title=Typical Features of Austronesian Languages in Central/Eastern Indonesia |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |date=2002 |volume=41 |issue=2 |page=363 |doi=10.1353/ol.2002.0007|hdl=1887/18284 |s2cid=56055951 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Grimes, Barbara Dix|title=Buru inside out|editor=Visser, L.E.|chapter=Halmahera and beyond|location=Leiden|year=1994}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] as8c5kryennjrqsr1tpd5uh2to5il9w 0 36588 692962 654073 2026-07-31T03:22:49Z Geraldine Kene 23189 Fixed reference error 692962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Dinka''' (nke bụ́ Thuɔŋjäŋ, Thoŋ ë Jieng ma ọ bụ nanị Jieng) bụ ụyọkọ olumba Nilotic nke ndị Dinka na-asụ, bụ́ agbụrụ bụ́ isi nke South Sudan. Enwere ụdị isi dị iche iche, dị ka Padang, Rek, Agaar, Ciec, Apaak, Aliep, Bor, Hol, Nyarweng, Twic East na Twic Mayardit, bụ ndị pụrụ iche (n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere nghọta) chọrọ iche iche. ụkpụrụ edemede. A na-eji Jaang, Jieng ma ọ bụ Muonyjieng dị ka okwu izugbe kpuchie asụsụ Dinka niile. Na nso nso a, Akutmɛ̤t Latueŋ Thuɔŋjäŋ (Ndị Mmepe Asụsụ Dinka) atụpụtawo otu mkpụrụ edemede edekọtara ọnụ nke Dinka. Asụsụ kacha nwee njikọ na Dinka bụ asụsụ Nuer. Asụsụ Luo nwekwara njikọ chiri anya. Okwu Dinka na-egosi oke nso na Nubian, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmekọrịta oge ochie n'etiti ndị Dinka na alaeze Alodia. Dinka nwere usoro ụdaume bara ụba, nwere ụdaume dị mkpụmkpụ iri na atọ nwere ọdịiche. Enwere ụdaume asaa gbakwunyere ụzọ abụọ dị na ụda olu. Ihe ndị dị n'okpuru, [◌̤], na-aka usoro olu ume ume, nke nọchiri anya n'asụsụ Dinka site na diaereses, ⟨◌̈⟩. Ụdaume na-enweghị akara bụ modal ma ọ bụ na-ada ụda. === Ọmụmụ ụdaolu === ==== Mkpụrụ okwu ==== E nwere ụdaume iri abụọ: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! ! colspan="2" |Akpụkpọ ahụ ! colspan="2" |Ezé ezé ! colspan="2" |Alveolar ! colspan="2" |Palatal ! colspan="2" |Velar |- !<small>Ụgbọ imi</small> | style="border-right: 0;" width="20px" | | style="border-left: 0;" width="20px" |m | style="border-right: 0;" width="20px" | | style="border-left: 0;" width="20px" |n̪ | style="border-right: 0;" width="20px" | | style="border-left: 0;" width="20px" |n | style="border-right: 0;" width="20px" | | style="border-left: 0;" width="20px" |ɲ | style="border-right: 0;" width="20px" | | style="border-left: 0;" width="20px" |ŋ |- !<small>Kwụsị</small> | style="border-right: 0;" |p | style="border-left: 0;" |b | style="border-right: 0;" |t̪ | style="border-left: 0;" |d̪ | style="border-right: 0;" |t | style="border-left: 0;" |d | style="border-right: 0;" |c | style="border-left: 0;" |ɟ | style="border-right: 0;" |k | style="border-left: 0;" |ɡọ |- !<small>Ihe na-esiri ike</small> | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | style="border-right: 0;" | | style="border-left: 0;" |ɣ |- ! rowspan="2" |<small>Ihe na-eru nso (N'akụkụ) <br /></small> | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | style="border-right: 0;" | | style="border-left: 0;" |j | style="border-right: 0;" | | style="border-left: 0;" |w |- | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | style="border-right: 0;" | | style="border-left: 0;" |l | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |- !<small>Rhotic</small> | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | style="border-right: 0;" | | style="border-left: 0;" |ɾ | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |} ==== Mkpụrụedemede ==== Dinka nwere usoro ụdaume bara ọgaranya, nke nwere ụdaume iri na atọ dị mkpirikpi. E nwere àgwà ụdaume asaa tinyere ọdịiche ụzọ abụọ na phonation. Ihe {{IPA|[◌̤]}} dị n'okpuru, na-egosi usoro olu na-eku ume, nke a na-anọchite anya ya na orthography Dinka site na diaereses, Mkpụrụedemede ndị a na-amaghị aha ha bụ modal ma ọ bụ ụda olu. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |N'ihu ! colspan="2" |Ịlaghachi azụ |- !<small>ala dị larịị</small> !<small> iku ume</small> !<small>ala dị larịị</small> !<small>iku ume</small> |- !N'akụkụ |i |{{IPA|i̤}} |u | |- !N'etiti etiti |na |{{IPA|e̤}} |o |{{IPA|o̤}} |- !N'etiti oghere |Ọ bụ |{{IPA|ɛ̤}} |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya |{{IPA|ɔ̤}} |- !Emeghe | colspan="2" | |a |{{IPA|a̤}} |} A kọwaala ụdaume anọ na ụdaume Dinka: olu modal, olu na-eku ume, olu faucalized, na olu siri ike. Usoro modal nwere mmezu olu na-eme mkpọtụ ma ọ bụ nke siri ike na gburugburu ebe ụfọdụ, ebe ụdaume na-eku ume dị n'etiti ma kọwaa ya dị ka ụda olu (faucalized). Nke <ref name="Remijsen" /> na-adabere na ụda. <ref name="Remijsen" />{{Cite journal|author=Remijsen|first=Bert|title=Tonal alignment is contrastive in falling contours in Dinka|journal=Language|date=2013|volume=89|issue=2|pages=297–327|doi=10.1353/lan.2013.0023|url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/19691543/89.2.remijsen.pdf}}</ref>'elu nke a, e nwere ụdaume atọ dị iche iche, ihe a na-ahụ n'asụsụ ole na ole.Ọtụtụ mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa Dinka bụ otu, Ọtụtụ mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa Dinka bụ otu, nke mechiri emechi nwere ma nke dị mkpụmkpụ ma ọ bụ ogologo ụdaume. Ụfọdụ mgbagha na-agbatị ụdaume ahụ: * {{IPA|/lèl/}} 'iche\2sg' * {{IPA|/lèːl/}} 'iche\3sg' * /{{IPA|/léːl/}}/ 'kpaliri\2sg' * {{IPA|/lèːːl/}} 'kpaliri\3sg' {| |dị mkpirikpi |''ràaan ā-lèl'' |"Ị na-ekewapụ mmadụ (''raaan'')." |- |ogologo oge |''ràaan ā-leeel'' |"Ọ na-ekewapụ mmadụ". |- |ogologo oge |''lràaan ā-leeel'' |"Ọ na-akpasu mmadụ iwe". |} Ojiji dị ukwuu nke ụda na mmekọrịta ya na ọdịdị bụ ihe dị ịrịba ama nke asụsụ niile nke Dinka. Asụsụ Bor niile nwere ụda anọ <ref name="Remijsen">{{Cite journal|author=Remijsen|first=Bert|title=Tonal alignment is contrastive in falling contours in Dinka|journal=Language|date=2013|volume=89|issue=2|pages=297–327|doi=10.1353/lan.2013.0023|url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/19691543/89.2.remijsen.pdf}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRemijsen2013">Remijsen, Bert (2013). [https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/19691543/89.2.remijsen.pdf "Tonal alignment is contrastive in falling contours in Dinka"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Language''. '''89''' (2): 297–327. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/lan.2013.0023|10.1353/lan.2013.0023]]. [[Hdl (ihe njirimara)|hdl]]:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F1a385cb5-78ab-44d7-adec-93744524bc3d 20.500.11820/1a385cb5-78ab-44d7-adec-93744524bc3d]</span>. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144514695 144514695].</cite></ref> ọkwa mkpụrụedemede: Low, High, Mid, na Fall. Na Bor n'onwe ya, a naghị ahụ ụda na-ada na ụdaume dị mkpirikpi ma e wezụga dị ka ntụgharị maka passive na oge ugbu a. <ref>{{Cite web|title=South Sudan people groups, languages and religions {{!}} Joshua Project|url=https://joshuaproject.net/countries/OD|accessdate=2022-09-17|work=joshuaproject.net}}</ref> Nyaarweng na Twïc <ref>{{Cite book|author=Sudan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACsMAQAAIAAJ&dq=Eastern+Twi+Dinka&pg=PA179|title=Reports on the Finance, Administration, and Condition of the Sudan|date=1912|publisher=F. Nimr|language=en}}</ref> a hụghị ya ma ọlị. Na Bor n'onwe ya, na ikekwe n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ, a na-ahụ Fall dị ka nke a na njedebe nke ahịrịokwu prosodic. N'ebe ọzọ ọ na-aghọ elu. Na Bor n'onwe ya na ikekwe asụsụ ndị ọzọ, ụda dị ala bụ ụda dị ala naanị mgbe ụda dị ala ọzọ gasịrị. N'ebe ọzọ ọ na-ada, mana ọ bụghị otu ihe ahụ dị ka Fall: Ọ naghị adị elu n'etiti ahịrịokwu, ndị ọkà okwu nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụda abụọ na-ada n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha nwere otu ụda olu. Ihe dị iche na-egosi na ọ dị na oge: na Fall onye na-anụ ụda dị elu nke na-ada, ebe allophone na-ada ada na-amalite ịda wee pụta. (Ya bụ, otu na-ada na mora mbụ nke ụdaume, ebe nke ọzọ na-ada na mora nke abụọ.) Nke a bụ ihe ọhụrụ n'ihi na e chepụtawo na ndịrịta iche oge dị otú ahụ abụghị ụda ụda. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Silverman|first=Daniel|title=Tone sandhi in Comaltepec Chinantec|journal=Language|date=1997|volume=73|issue=3|pages=473–92|doi=10.2307/415881}}</ref> === Ọdịdị === Asụsụ a na-egosipụta ụdaume ablaut ma ọ bụ apophony, mgbanwe nke ụdaume dị n'ime (dị ka goose / geese Bekee): <ref>After Bauer 2003:35</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Otu !Ọtụtụ !ịma mma !Mgbanwe ụdaume |- |{{IPA|dom}} |{{IPA|dum}} |'ubi/ubi' | ({{IPA|o–u}}) |- |{{IPA|kat}} |{{IPA|kɛt}} |'frame/frame' | ({{IPA|a–ɛ}}) |} == Asụsụ == Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-ekewa Dinka n'ime asụsụ ise ma ọ bụ ụyọkọ asụsụ kwekọrọ na ọnọdụ ala ha n'ihe gbasara ibe ha: <ref>{{Cite web|title=South Sudan people groups, languages and religions {{!}} Joshua Project|url=https://joshuaproject.net/countries/OD|accessdate=2022-09-17|work=joshuaproject.net}}</ref> Ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ: * Padaŋ nke Ayuël jiel (Abiliang, Nyiël, Ageer, D Disney). * Luäc (Akook, Wieu, Aguer) * Ŋɔŋ de Jok (Upper Nile) * Rut * Thoi Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ: * Ŋɔŋ nke Jok Athuorkok (Abiei) * Ŋ nke Jok de Awet * Kuel nke Ruweeng (Panaru, Aloor ku Paweny) Ndịda Central: * Aliap * Ciëc (Jang) * Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịṅụ mmanya * Agaar * Apääk de Yirol n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ: * Bor * Twic (Abụọ) * Nyarweng * Hol Ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ: * Malual-Jinyaaɛrŋ (Abiëm, Pali alli, Aroyo, Paliëupiny ku Pajok) * Luänyjäŋ * Twic Bol '''Rek''' * Nwunye na-anọ * Apuk * Awan Cän ku Awan Mɔ̈u * Ụgbọ mmiri * Abiëm Mayar * Ọ na-eme ihe na-eme * Nöi Ayii * Nyaŋ Aköc * Atok Buk * Ler Akën * Awan Parek * Lɔn Ariik * Mgbe ị na-eme ya * Kɔŋgör Arop * Apuk Padɔc * Muɔk Aköt Wut * Yär Ayiɛɛi * Apuk Jurwiir * N'ihi ya, ọ na-eme ihe nkiri * Luäny Malek * Ihe ndị ọzọ a na-akpọ Ya * Thïïk/Thïŋ Majɔk * Kɔŋ-ŋör Akuëcbɛ̈ny * Onye na-amụ nwa * Adöör Mabior * Bäc Ihe ndị a ga-abụ ihe a na-aghọta ibe ha ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị maka mkpa ụda dị na mgbanwe ụtọ asụsụ, dịka ọrụ ụtọ asụsụ nke ụda dị iche site n'otu ụdị gaa na nke ọzọ. Lee Ethnologue online [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=SD&seq=10 map nke Sudan] maka ebe nke olumba. == Usoro ide ihe ==   Ejirila ọtụtụ Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Latin dee Dinka kemgbe mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ dị ugbu a bụ: : a ä b c d dh e ë ɛ̈ g ɣ i ï j k l m n nh ny ŋ t th u w o ö ɔ̈ p r {| |'''Akwụkwọ ozi dị ugbu a''' |'''Ihe ndị ọzọ''' |- |{{center|ɛ}} |ė ("e" ''nwere ntụpọ n'elu'') |- |{{center|ɣ}} |h, x, q |- |{{center|ŋ}} |ng |- |{{center|ɔ}} |"O" nke ''nwere ntụpọ n'elu'' ya) |} Aleu Majok Aleu mepụtara mkpụrụedemede Dinka dabere <ref>{{Cite web|author=Majok|first=Aleu|title=The New Muonyjang (Dinka) Script|url=https://pioockuthuongjangda.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/the-new-muonyjang-dinka-script.pdf}}</ref> edemede Nilerian.  N'afọ 2020, Deng Chol webatara usoro edemede Dinka ọhụrụ (Nilotic Script), e mepụtara edemede ọhụrụ ahụ site na usoro edemede Meroëtic oge ochie, <nowiki>https://m.facebook.com/story.php? story_fbid0244koadcEeYx CqJ8L6s8LZq9DxfyFdfGo8Y SamiqMz247YAewH7gQRSE3Uhz9tz9t</nowiki> Azl&J2=1110637293327802 Jocmibex<nowiki/>https://m. facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=pfbid0244koadcEeYx CqJ8L6s8LZq9DxfyFdfGo8YSamiMqz247 YAewH7gQRSE3Uhz9tzAzl&id= 111062937332780&mibextid=2JQ9oc == Ihe Nlereanya == Isiokwu 1 nke Universal Declaration of Human Rights <ref>{{Cite web|title=Omniglot|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/dinka.php|accessdate=2023-08-13}}</ref> Dinka: N'oge a na-eme ihe nkiri, n'oge a, n'ebe a na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ahụ, n'ime oge a na-anọ n'oge ọzọ.''&nbsp;'' Igbo: A mụrụ mmadụ niile nweere onwe ha nhata na ugwu na ikike. Enyere ha uche na akọ na uche ma kwesị ịkpakọrịta ibe ha n'ime mmụọ nke ụmụnna. == Hụkwa ==   * Ndị Dinka * Asụsụ Naịl na Sahara == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4qhoospxb7faw3vwf699mmq1a4bwm81 0 36595 692812 595230 2026-07-30T19:58:01Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 692812 wikitext text/x-wiki Ijoid bụ otu asụsụ a na-atụ aro ma ọ bụghị nke a na-egosipụta na-ejikọta [[Ijaw languages|Asụsụ Ijaw]] (Ịjọ) na [[Asusu Defaka|Asụsụ Defaka]] dị n'ihe ize ndụ. Otú <ref>Roger Blench, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121203022520/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf Niger-Congo: an alternative view]</ref> dị, myirịta ahụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmetụta Ijaw na Defaka. Asụsụ ndị Ijoid, ma ọ bụ ikekwe naanị Ijaw, ka a tụrụ aro ka ha guzobe ngalaba dị iche iche nke ezinụlọ Niger-Congo a na-atụ anya ya ma depụta ya maka isiokwu ha-ihe-ngwaa usoro usoro okwu, nke bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe na Niger-Congo, na-ekekọrịta naanị. site na alaka ndị dị anya dịka Mande na Dogon.re. Dị ka Mande na Dogon, Ijoid enweghị ọbụna akara nke usoro klas aha a na-ewere dị ka njirimara nke Niger-Congo, ya mere ọ nwere ike kewapụ n'oge site na ezinụlọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0U4k9duWUOIC|title=Historical Linguistics and the Comparative Study of African Languages|author=Dimmendaal|first=Gerrit Jan|date=2011-01-01|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-9027211781|language=en}}</ref> ọkà mmụta asụsụ Gerrit Dimmendaal na Tom Güldemann nwere obi abụọ banyere itinye ya na Niger-Congo kpamkpam ma were asụsụ Ijaw / Ijoid dị ka ezinụlọ nwere onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.academia.edu/29429826|title=Joseph Greenberg and the Current State of Niger-Congo|author=Babaev|first=Kirill}}</ref> == Okwu ntụnyere == Nkọwa okwu ndị bụ isi maka Proto-[[Ijaw languages|Ijaw]], Kalabari, na [[Asusu Defaka|Defaka]]: {| class="wikitable sortable" !Asụsụ !anya !ntị !imi !ezé !ire !ọnụ !ọbara !ọkpụkpụ !osisi !mmiri !Iri nri !aha |- |Proto-[[Ijaw languages|Ijaw]]<ref>Blench, Roger M. and Kay Williamson. 2007. ''Comparative Ijoid Word List''. Unpublished Manuscript.</ref> |*ịdị n'anya3 |*ɓeri1 |*N'ihi na ọ bụ n'afọ 3 |*aka2 |*ɪɓɛɛɛɛʊ2 |*ɓɪpɪ2 |*dị ka ọ dị 1 |*Sịgbụ2 |*ịdị n'anya2 |*biji1 |*fɪɪ2 |*ɪrɛ2 |- |Kalabari |Tọn |ɓeri |nínī |áká |Akpịrịka |ɓɪ́ɓɪ́ |Ugboro abụọ |Obutbɪ-ye, jumping |sɪn |minji |fɪ́ |Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya |- |[[Asusu Defaka|Defaka]] |Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya |ɓasi |níni |nɪan |Mọntọnọ |Akpịrịkpa |ḿbua |ya mere |Ibotin |mbɪ́á |Ọ bụ n'oge gara aga |[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |} === Ọnụ ọgụgụ === Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ ọ bụla: <ref name="ChanNumeralsNC">{{Cite web|url=https://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/channumerals/Niger-Congo.htm|title=The Niger-Congo Language Phylum|author=Chan|first=Eugene|publisher=Numeral Systems of the World's Languages|date=2019}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Nchịkọta !Asụsụ !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 !7 !8 !9 !10 |- |Defaka |[[Asusu Defaka|Defaka]] |Nkọwa okwu |ihe ịrịba ama |taato |Snow |Ị na-eme ihe nkiri |ma ọ bụ |Ubi (5 + 2?) |túàtùà (5 + 3?) |Ọ ga-abụ (5 + 4?) |wóì |- |Ijo, Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Ebe Ugwu Ọwụwa |[[Asụsụ Nkoroo|Nkoroo]] |ɡbɔ́rí |màmì |Tatar |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya |sɔ́nɔ́ |bụ Ví |Saịdọrọ |nínì (4+4?) |n'ebe ahụ |Anya |- |Ijo, Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Ebe Ugwu ỌwụwaAnyanwụ, Ọwụwa |Ibani |ŋ̀ɡɪ̀́́́́ |m̀mɛ́́́́ɛ́́́ |Ọrịa |na-adị n'obodo |sɔ́nɔ́ |soníɛ́ |Saịdọrọ |nke dị n'etiti |Eséníé |na ọ ga-abụ na ọ gafere |- |Ijo, Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Ebe Ugwu ỌwụwaAnyanwụ, Ọwụwa |Okrika (Kalabari) |ŋ̀ɡèi |maɪ̃ |Ọrịa na-egbu egbu |ineĩ |N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |Sonio |N'oge gara aga |nke iri na itoolu |Esenie |Oji, n'azụ |- |Ijo, West Ijo |[[Izon language|Izon (Ijaw/Ijo)]] (1) |Keni |Nne |tǎrụ |N'ebe a na-agagharị agagharị |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme ihe nkiri? |Sǒndie |Sọnọma |nínɡíni |isé |Ee |- |Ijo, West Ijo |[[Izon language|Izon (Ijaw/Ijo)]] (2) |Keni |Nne |tǎrụ |N'ebe a na-agagharị agagharị |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme ihe nkiri? |Sǒndie |Sọnọma |nínɡíni |isé |Ee |- |Ijo, West Ijo |[[Izon language|Izon (Ijaw/Ijo)]] (3) |Keni |Maịl |tǎarụ |N'ebe a na-agagharị agagharị |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme ihe nkiri? |Sǒndie |Sọnọma |níníni ma ọ bụ nínɡíni |isé |oyi/ ole |- |Ijo, West, Inland Ijo |Okordia |Nkọwa |Ihe ijuanya |Ịgba chaa chaa |Ebe a bụ na |sɔ̃ɔ̃rɔ̃ |sɔ̃zie / sɔ̃zɪ |N'oge a na-adịghị anya |Maị na-eme ihe |Iji karama (10 - 1) |ejiji |} == Akwụkwọ == * Jenewari, Charles E. W. (1989) 'Ijoid'. Na Bendor-Samuel, John na Hartell, Rhonda L. (ed.), ''Asụsụ Niger-Congo: Nchịkọta na nkọwa nke ezinụlọ asụsụ kachasị ukwuu n'Africa'', 105-118. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1969. 'Igbo' na 'Ịjọ', isi nke 7 na 8 na: Asụsụ Naịjirịa Iri na Abụọ, ed. site n'aka E. Dunstan. Longmans * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1971. Asụsụ Benue-Congo na Ịjọ. Na: Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. 7, usoro mbipụta. site na T. A. Sebeok, 245-306. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1988. Ihe akaebe asụsụ maka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Niger Delta. Na: The Prehistory of the Niger Delta, ed. site na E.J. Alagoa na ndị ọzọ. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1998. Defaka laghachiri. Usoro dị iche iche maka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afrịka, nke Nkparom C. Ejituwu dezigharịrị, Isi nke 9, 151-183. Port Harcourt: Mahadum nke Port Harcoort Press. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2004. Ọnọdụ asụsụ na Niger Delta. Isi nke 2 na: Mmepe nke asụsụ Ịzọn, nke Martha L. Akpana dezigharịrị, 9-13. * Williamson, Kay & Blench, Roger (2000) 'Niger-Congo', na Heine, Bernd and Nurse, Derek (eds) African Languages: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, peeji nke 11-42.&nbsp; == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Ijoid/IjoOP.htm Ihe eji eme ihe] (Roger Blench) {{Niger-Congo branches}} t867jnx8hwdx1aa5eerzjyqlrcswy6n 0 36609 692744 176405 2026-07-30T14:16:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Capitol Theatre, Capitol Piazza, Singapore - 20150610-01.jpg|thumb|Capitol Theatre, Capitol Piazza, Singapore .]]   Ụlọ ihe nkiri Capitol, nke a na-akpọ '''Kyo-Ei Gekijo''', bụ ụlọ ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe mere eme dị na Singapore. E jikọtara ya na ụlọ nwere okpukpu anọ a maara dị ka Ụlọ Capitol. A na-ewere Ụlọ Egwuregwu Capitol dị ka otu n'ime Ụlọ ihe nkiri kachasị mma na Singapore na 1930s n'oge ahụ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'afọ 1929, Mirza Mohamed Ali Namazie, onye ọchụnta ego Persian nke ezinụlọ Namazie, nyere iwu ka e wuo ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ na Singapore, ya na S. A. H. Shirazee, onye ahịa India-Muslim na onye isi obodo, na ụmụnne South Africa Joe na Julius Fisher sitere na First National Pictures, sonyeere iji guzobe Capitol Theatres Ltd dị ka onye ọrụ ya. Namazie <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19300522-1.2.110|title=Today's Opening of The Capitol Theatre.|accessdate=2018-03-29}}</ref>-eje ozi dị ka onyeisi oche ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri na Shirazee dị ka onye nduzi, Joe Fisher dị ka onye isi nchịkwa na nwanne ya nwoke Julius Fisher dị ka njikwa mgbasa ozi. === Ihe owuwu na ngwá ọrụ === Joe Fisher gara mba ofesi iji nweta ihe maka arịa ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ, ihe ịchọ mma na imewe. Ndị na-ese ihe na Britain bụ Keys na Dowdeswell, mere ụlọ ihe nkiri Capitol, ya na atụmatụ ya n'ozuzu ya, nhazi oche na ọkụ sitere na Roxy Theatre na [[New York City|New York]], [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]]. Ndị na-ewu ụlọ bụ Messrs Brossard na Mopin malitere iwu ntọala ahụ n'ihe dị ka July 1929. Messrs Sherwin-Williams Paint Co. na mmekorita ya na onye mmekọ mpaghara Messrs Lohmann na Co., chepụtara mgbidi ụlọ ihe nkiri na nkọwa zuru ezu. Ọ bụ ezie na etinye ya na usoro ikuku, elu ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ nwere ike imeghe nke na-ahapụ oghere dị mita 40 maka ikuku ọzọ. Nhazi mbụ nke ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ nwere ike ịnabata ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 1,600, na 1,100 nọ ọdụ n'ala ala. Enwere oche 500 ọzọ na gburugburu nke enwere ike ịbanye site na lifts ma ọ bụ steepụ. Oche n<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepressb19290809-1.2.47|title=CINEMA AND THEATRE.|accessdate=2018-03-29}}</ref> ahụ dị sentimita ole na ole n'obosara karịa oche ndị Britain na-eme ihe nkiri, ụlọ ọrụ New York nyekwara ihe mkpuchi ahụ. Ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ nwere nnukwu ụlọ ngosi dị n'okpuru veranda ma na-agba ogologo ụlọ ahụ kama ịnọ n'azụ. O nwere ihe ngosi Simplex kachasị ọhụrụ nke a rụnyere na oghere nchebe ọkụ. A na-ekwu na ụda na ụda nke ihe nkiri ahụ dị iche n'oge ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19290809-1.2.67|title=THE CAPITOL.|accessdate=2018-03-29}}</ref> na-ebubata ihe owuwu ụda dị oke ọnụ nke na-efu ma ọ dịkarịa ala 40,000 Straits dollar site na Western Electric Company. === Ọrụ n'okpuru Shaw Organisation === Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19470727-1.2.65|title=REAL ESTATE DEALS REACH $25 MILLIONS|accessdate=2018-03-29}}</ref> 1945, Capitol Theatre na Namazie Mansions etinyela ya n'okpuru ụgwọ ụlọ site na Hong Kong na Shanghai Banking Corporation. Ka e mesịrị na 1946, Shaw zụrụ ụlọ ndị ahụ maka $ 3 nde wee mee Capitol Theatre dị ka ụlọ ihe nkiri ya ma gbanwee aha Mansions ya dị nso dị ka Shaws Building. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19560607-1.2.7|title=Runme wins damage award|accessdate=2018-03-29}}</ref> ngwụcha afọ 1948, a malitere imezigharị ụlọ ndị ahụ nke gụnyere idozi ihe owuwu ahụ mebiri emebi na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ọhụrụ na ụlọ oriri a maara dị ka Capitol Ballroom & Restaurant na ụlọ ọrụ a na-akpọ Capitol Blue Room na okpukpu mbụ. A na-egbu oge imeghe ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ na 30 Machị 1951, n'ihi mbata nke ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka [[Scandinavian Ice Revue]] iji wụnye ice rink na ụlọ ihe nkiri. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19510329-1.2.129|title=ICE SHOW PUT OFF 24 HOURS|accessdate=2018-03-29}}</ref> meghere ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ na 31 Machị 1951 n'elekere 9.15 nke ehihie iji kwado ihe ngosi ice mbụ na Singapore. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19521223-1.2.150|title=New Chinese restaurant|accessdate=2018-04-02}}</ref>'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1952, e meghere '''Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Capitol Chinese''' na Capitol Blue Room n'uhuruchi, nke bụ nri pụrụ iche na Shanghai na Sichuan nke ndị na-esi nri si China kwadebere. Site na 1951 ruo n'afọ 1960, ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ bụkwa ebe a na-anabata asọmpi ịma mma Miss Singapore na Miss Malaya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/photographs/record-details/63f9b350-1162-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad|title=MISS SINGAPORE FINALISTS AT THE CAPITOL THEATRE|work=www.nas.gov.sg|accessdate=2018-03-29}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1659_2010-04-21.html|title=The Quests {{!}} Infopedia|author=Singapore|first=National Library Board|work=eresources.nlb.gov.sg|accessdate=2018-03-29}}</ref> na-eme ihe ngosi Variety Musical Express [1] na otu egwu Singaporean The Quests <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19670705-1.2.28.1|title=Page 4 Advertisements Column 1|accessdate=2018-03-29}}</ref> na Capitol site na 1960s gaa n'ihu. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19781209-1.2.40|title=Capitol Building and Shaw Tower to be sold|accessdate=2018-03-29}}</ref>'afọ 1978, Shaw Organisation weputara Capitol Theatre na Shaws Building maka ire ere, agbanyeghị na enweghi nkwekọrịta. Shaw Organisation mechara kpughee atụmatụ inweta ala nke Capitol Shopping Centre dị nso na ịkwatu Capitol Theatre na Shaws Building ma mezigharịa saịtị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ahịa na ụlọ ihe nkiri nwere ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na ụlọ ahịa na ebe obibi.Otú <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19810323-1.2.29|title=Capitol row hearings start in July|accessdate=2018-03-29}}</ref> dị, n'okpuru Iwu Nchịkwa nke Rent 1953 nke iwu ntaramahụhụ Singapore, Shaw Organisation ga-enye ndị bi na ya ugbu a ụgwọ ọrụ nke gosipụtara ihe ịma aka nye ha. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/biztimes19881213-1.2.47|title=Capitol Cinema acquired by govt|accessdate=2018-03-29}}</ref>'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1984, Gọọmentị Singapore wepụtara ụlọ abụọ ahụ maka mmepe ọzọ ma mesịa nweta ụlọ ndị ahụ n'aka Shaw n'afọ 1987, nke Shaw Organisation ghọrọ onye na-akwụ ụgwọ maka iji ụlọ ihe nkiri na ụlọ ahụ. N'afọ 1989, ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ mechiri maka mmezigharị izu abụọ na ọnụahịa nke S $ 700,000 na rewiring, reequipped na usoro ụda ọhụrụ na ihe ngosi na eserese nke ụlọ ihe nkiri ma meghee ọzọ na 26 Ọktoba 1989 na Lethal Weapon 2. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19891026-1.2.28.20.3|title=Capitol retains old style|accessdate=2018-03-29}}</ref> rụzigharịrị ụlọ Shaws ma megharịa ya na 30 Eprel 1992 dị ka ụlọ Capitol maka ebumnuche azụmahịa. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19981225.2.7.4|title=Goodbye, Capitol|accessdate=2018-03-29}}</ref>'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1998, ụlọ ihe nkiri Capitol gosipụtara ihe nkiri ikpeazụ ya bụ Soldier, ma mechie ya n'ụbọchị na-esote. == Mgbanwe == <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Mak|first=Elizabeth|date=2015-05-16|title=The resurrection of Capitol Theatre|url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/real-estate/the-resurrection-of-capitol-theatre|accessdate=2020-12-07|work=The Business Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes20060702-1.2.47.2.1|title=CAPITOL DOWNHILL|accessdate=2018-04-02}}</ref>'afọ 2000, ụlọ ọrụ Singapore Tourism Board weghaara ụlọ abụọ ahụ iji chọpụta ihe ndị ọzọ a ga-eji mee ya, mana atụmatụ iji gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ maka otu ndị na-ese ihe na-agwụ agwụla ma ọnụahịa nke imezigharị ya dị oke egwu ma bụrụ ihe a na-apụghị ịzụ ahịa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=3 April 2008|title=Capitol Theatre Slated For Redevelopment|work=[[The Straits Times]]|url=<!--http://propertyhighlights.blogspot.com/2008/04/capitol-theatre-slated-for.html-->}}</ref>'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2008, e bu ụzọ kpughee atụmatụ nke imezigharị ụlọ ihe nkiri Capitol, Capitol Building, Capitol Centre na Stamford House dị ka otu ebe jikọtara ọnụ na akụkọ akụkọ nke The Straits Times. Site <ref name=":0"/>'ịmezigharị mmepe 4 dị ka otu, ọ ga-enye ohere ka Ụlọ Egwuregwu ahụ na-agba ọsọ dị ka "onye ndú furu efu" n'etiti mmepe azụmahịa 3 ndị ọzọ. Ihe owuwu anọ <ref name=":1" /><nowiki> n'akụkụ ya nwere ngụkọta nke ihe dị ka " data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Convert","href":"./Template:Convert"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"1.45"},"":{"wt":"ha"},"3":{"wt":"m2"},"abbr":{"wt":"on"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwpQ" typeof="mw:Transclusion">1.45 hectare (14,500 m2 na ngụkọta ndị bi na ya 250, gụnyere ọfịs na ụlọ ahịa. Site </nowiki><ref name=":1" /> ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bi na ya na-apụ na Mee 2009, Singapore Land Authority ga-agwa ndị bi na ọ dị mkpa ịkwaga mgbe emechara nkọwa nke mmepe nke saịtị ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Conservation Portal -|url=https://www.ura.gov.sg/Conservation-Portal/Explore/History?bldgid=SRNBR|accessdate=2020-12-07|work=www.ura.gov.sg|archivedate=2021-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130221709/https://www.ura.gov.sg/Conservation-Portal/Explore/History?bldgid=SRNBR}}</ref> Capitol Center, e bipụtara ụlọ atọ ndị ọzọ maka nchekwa na 16 Julaị 2007, <ref name=":1" /> nke pụtara na a ghaghị idebe ihu ụlọ ndị a. In November 2011, Shimizu Corporation was awarded the redevelopment project to develop into a large scale mixed use complex called "Capitol Development". With Grant Associates working closely with the project's lead architect, Richard Meir and Partners Architects, the project consists of Singapore's largest cinema cum theatre complex, 6 stars luxury hotel & retail shops, with an approximate Gross Floor Area (GFA) of 21,000 m2 (2.1 ha),<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Large Scale Redevelopment Project Commenced in Singapore/News & Info - Shimizu Corporation|url=http://www.shimz.co.jp/english/news_release/2011/878.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210054611/http://www.shimz.co.jp/english/news_release/2011/878.html|archivedate=10 February 2012|accessdate=2018-03-29|work=www.shimz.co.jp|language=en}}</ref> and on the site of the former Capital Centre, a shopping mall, Capitol Piazza and residential tower, Eden Residences Capitol, with an approximate GFA of 29,000 m2 (2.9 ha).<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.asiaone.com/singapore/eat-shop-and-live-capitol|title=Eat, shop and live at Capitol|work=AsiaOne|accessdate=2018-03-29}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> As it was common to jaywalk on the roads between the St Andrew's Cathedral and the Capitol Centre prior to the redevelopment, the new development was connected to the nearby City Hall MRT station via an underpass stretching towards the Capitol Piazza.<ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2016-10-08|title=Restoration works bring back shine for Architectural Heritage Awards winners|url=https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/restoration-works-bring-back-shine-architectural-heritage-awards-winners|accessdate=2020-12-07|work=AsiaOne|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/> bụ na ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ tọgbọ chakoo ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri, òké jupụtara na ya, plaster ya na-ada, ihe ịchọ mma efuola, mmiri abanyewo n'ala ya. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=13, 15 & 17 Stamford Road|url=https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate/Get-Involved/Conserve-Built-Heritage/Architectural-Heritage-Season/-/media/B70C04CE495444C794CE1E143E1BFCDA.ashx|accessdate=2024-02-22|archivedate=2025-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403085632/https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate/Get-Involved/Conserve-Built-Heritage/Architectural-Heritage-Season/-/media/B70C04CE495444C794CE1E143E1BFCDA.ashx}}</ref>'oge usoro mweghachi ahụ, a kpughere nkọwa mbụ dị ka "ọla edo na plaster mouldings, na ihe ndị dị mma nke 'Pegasus' abụọ e sere ọtụtụ ugboro. [1] Tụkwasị <ref name=":5" /> nke a, mgbidi elu ụlọ Zodiac nke ndị Peshia mbụ ebe ọ bụ na enweghị ike ịzọpụta, e mepụtara ya ọzọ. [1] <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":0" /> wepụrụ ụlọ elu mbụ ahụ, e gwupụtakwara ala ọhụrụ, ka a na-echekwa iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ụlọ ahụ na ụlọ ndị gbara ya gburugburu. E webatara teknụzụ ọhụrụ n'ime ụlọ ihe nkiri iji melite ya. <ref name=":4"/><ref name=":0"/> rụnyere usoro oche na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya, na-enye ohere ka ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ gbanwee ghọọ ebe na-arụ ọtụtụ ọrụ iji kwado ọtụtụ ihe omume. Usoro ahụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Capitol Theatre, Singapore - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ipnt6bC6-UM|accessdate=2020-12-07|work=www.youtube.com}}</ref>-enye ohere maka oche 800 na oche 452 nwere ike ịgbanwe. Tụkwasị <ref name=":0" /> nke a, ọkara nke oge ahụ ga-eji Golden Village (GV) mee ihe iji gosipụta ihe nkiri blockbuster, ọ rụnyekwara sava na ihe ngosi na ebe ahụ, na-enye ohere ka ebe ahụ kwado ihe omume red carpet. <ref>{{Cite web|date=1 February 2011|title=Capitol site to undergo S$750m redevelopment – Singapore Commercial Guru|url=https://www.singaporecommercialguru.com/capitol-site-to-undergo-s750m-redevelopment/|accessdate=2020-12-07|work=Channel NewsAsia|language=en-US}}</ref> ga-enyefe ọkara nke ọzọ nke oge ahụ maka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri n'ógbè ahụ. === Ịmegheghachi === A rụzuru mmepe nke Capitol Singapore complex kemgbe ma mee emume mmepe ya na 3 Eprel 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.capitolsingapore.com/pressroom/all/56|title=Capitol Singapore {{!}} Capitol Singapore marks new milestone with Topping Out Ceremony|work=www.capitolsingapore.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-29|archivedate=2019-01-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115182053/http://www.capitolsingapore.com/pressroom/all/56}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/singapura-the-musical-to-open-at-newly-refurbished-capitol-theatre-in-may|title=Singapura: The Musical to open at newly-refurbished Capitol Theatre in May|author=migration|date=2015-02-11|work=The Straits Times|accessdate=2018-03-29|language=en}}</ref> meghere ụlọ ihe nkiri Capitol na 19 Mee 2015 mgbe afọ 17 nke ezumike na mmalite ụwa nke Singapura: The Musical . [1] == Ihe ngosi == <gallery> Usòrò:CapitolTheatre-Singapore-20061108.jpg|alt=Old Capitol Theatre|Ihe nkiri Old Capitol Usòrò:Old_Capitol.JPG|alt=Old Capitol Theatre, before restoration|Old Capitol Theatre, tupu eweghachi ya Usòrò:CapitolTheatre.JPG Usòrò:Capitol_Theatre,_Capitol_Piazza,_Singapore_-_20150610-02.jpg Usòrò:The_Plaza_and_Capitol_Theatre,_Capitol_Piazza,_Singapore_-_20150917.jpg|alt=Capitol Piazza and Capitol Theatre,|Capitol Piazza na Capitol Theatre, Usòrò:Entrance_of_Capitol_Theatre,_Galleria,_Capitol_Piazza,_Singapore_-_20150610.jpg|alt=Entrance of Capitol Theatre|Ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke Ụlọ Egwuregwu Capitol Usòrò:Entrance_of_Capitol_Theatre,_Galleria,_Capitol_Piazza,_Singapore_-_20150917.jpg Usòrò:Capitol_Theatre,_Capitol_Piazza,_Singapore,_at_night_-_20150921-01.jpg|alt=Capitol Theatre at night, with light-up fountain|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Capitol n'abalị, nke nwere isi iyi ọkụ Usòrò:Capitol_Theatre,_Capitol_Piazza,_Singapore,_at_night_-_20150921-02.jpg|alt=Capitol Theatre at night, with light-up fountain|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Capitol n'abalị, nke nwere isi iyi ọkụ </gallery> == Edensibia == ezumike nká na ISO 639-3 ma ọ bụ asụsụ ndị e wepụrụ na Ethnologue n'ihi na asụsụ ahụ doro anya na ọ dịghị adị ma enweghị ike ịmata ya na asụsụ dị ugbu a. Ndepụta ahụ anaghị agụnye ihe atụ ebe "asụsụ" na-aghọ ụdị mkpụrụ okwu nke asụsụ ọzọ ma ọ bụ aha obodo ebe a na-asụ asụsụ a maara nke ọma; ndị a bụ ihe atụ nke duplicates, nke a na-edozi na ISO 639-3 site na njikọta koodu. Ọ na-agụnye "asụsụ" nke enweghị ihe akaebe ma ọ bụ nke a na-apụghị ịchọta. (N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, Otú ọ dị, ihe akaebe maka enweghị{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kpyket3msq19h9lb7awndts1xzaf938 0 36669 692815 151323 2026-07-30T20:10:06Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 692815 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}}  '''Asụsụ ndị Maya'''[ihe odide 1] mejupụtara ezinụlọ asụsụ a na-asụ na Mesoamerica, ma na ndịda Mexico ma n'ebe ugwu Central America. Ọ dịkarịa ala nde mmadụ isii na-asụ asụsụ Maya, karịsịa na Guatemala, [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], Belize, El Salvador na Honduras. N'afọ 1996, Guatemala nabatara asụsụ 21 nke Maya site na aha, [1] [ihe odide 2] na Mexico nabatara asatọ n'ime ókèala ya. Ezinụlọ asụsụ Mayan bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị mma edere na ndị a mụrụ na [[Amerikas|Amerịka]]. Asụsụ ndị Maya nke oge a sitere n'Asụsụ Proto-Mayan, nke a na-eche na a na-asụ ya ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 5,000 gara aga; e mezigharịrị ya site na iji usoro ntụnyere. Asụsụ proto-Mayan dịgasị iche iche na ọ dịkarịa ala alaka isii dị iche iche: Huastecan, Quichean, Yucatecan, Qanjobalan, Mamean na Chʼolan-Tzeltalan. Asụsụ ndị Maya bụ akụkụ nke mpaghara asụsụ Mesoamerica, mpaghara nke njikọta asụsụ mepụtara n'ime ọtụtụ puku afọ nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Mesoam America. Asụsụ ndị Maya niile na-egosipụta njirimara nchọpụta nke mpaghara asụsụ a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ha niile na-eji aha mmekọrịta kama iji gosipụta mmekọrịta mpaghara. Ha nwekwara ihe ndị na-eme ka ha dị iche na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Mesoamerica, dị ka iji ergativity na nhazi asụsụ nke ngwaa na isiokwu na ihe ha, ụdị ntụgharị pụrụ iche na ngwaa, na klas okwu pụrụ iche nke "ọnọdụ" nke bụ ihe atụ nke asụsụ Maya niile. N'oge pre-Columbian nke Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mesoamerica, edere ụfọdụ asụsụ Mayan na akara ngosi-syllabic Maya. Ojiji ya zuru ebe niile n'oge oge Classic nke mmepeanya Maya (ihe dị ka 250-900). Ihe odide Maya n[3] dị ndụ karịrị 5,000 a maara n'otu n'otu na ụlọ, ihe ncheta, ite na akwụkwọ mkpo, [1] jikọtara ya na akwụkwọ ndị bara ọgaranya na-esote mmeri n'asụsụ Mayan e dere na edemede Latin, na-enye ihe ndabere maka nghọta nke oge a nke akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu oge Columbus nke a na-enweghị atụ na Amerịka. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Ndị Maya === [[Usòrò:Mayan_Language_Migration_Map.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nkọwapụta ụzọ mbata na ụbọchị maka ezinụlọ asụsụ Maya dị iche iche. Mpaghara ahụ egosiri dị ka Proto-Mayan bụzi nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ Qʼanjobalan (na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọzọ). [Ihe odide ala peeji 1]<ref group="notes" />Based on Kaufman (1976).</ref>]] Asụsụ ndị Maya [4] ụmụ nke asụsụ proto a na-akpọ Proto-Mayan ma ọ bụ, na Kʼicheʼ Maya, ''Nabʼee Mayaʼ Tzij'' ("Asụsụ Maya ochie"). [1] [5] kwenyere na a na-asụ asụsụ Proto-Mayan n'ugwu Cuchumatanes nke etiti Guatemala n'ógbè kwekọrọ na ebe a na-ekwu Qʼanjobalan taa. Atụmatụ mbụ nke gosipụtara ugwu ugwu Chiapas-Guatemalan dị ka "ebe a mụrụ" asụsụ ndị Maya bụ nke onye Germany na-ahụ maka ihe ochie na ọkà mmụta Karl Sapper bipụtara na 1912. [Ihe odide ala peeji 1][6]Terrence Kaufman na John Justeson ewughachila ihe karịrị 3000 okwu maka asụsụ proto-Mayan. [1] Dabere [7] atụmatụ nkewa nke Lyle Campbell na Terrence Kaufman, nkewa mbụ mere n'ihe dị ka 2200 BCE, mgbe Huastecan kewara site na Mayan n'onwe ya mgbe ndị na-ekwu ya kwagara n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ n'akụkụ Gulf Coast nke Mexico. Ndị na-asụ Proto-Yucatecan na Proto-Chʼolan mechara kewapụ onwe ha n'òtù ahụ wee kwaga n'ebe ugwu n'ime Yucatán Peninsula. Ndị na-asụ asụsụ nke alaka ọdịda anyanwụ kwagara n'ebe ndịda n'ebe Mamean na Quichean bi ugbu a. Mgbe ndị [8]-asụ proto-Tzeltalan mechara kewapụ onwe ha n'òtù Chʼolan wee kwaga n'ebe ndịda n'ime Chiapas Highlands, ha zutere ndị na-ekwu Asụsụ Mixe-Zoque. Dabere [9] echiche ọzọ nke Robertson na Houston, Huastecan nọrọ n'ugwu Guatemala na ndị na-asụ Chʼolan-Tzeltalan, na-ekewapụ onwe ha na alaka ahụ n'oge na-adịghị anya karịa ka Kaufman tụrụ aro. [1] N'oge ochie (tupu afọ 2000 BCE), ọtụtụ okwu ndị e si n'asụsụ Mixe-Zoquean yiri ka ha abanyela n'asụsụ proto-Mayan. Nke a emeela ka e nwee echiche na ndị Maya mbụ bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Mixe-Zoquean, ikekwe Ndị Olmec. [Ihe odide ala peeji 1]N'ihe banyere asụsụ Xincan na Lencan, n'aka nke ọzọ, asụsụ Mayan na-abụkarị isi iyi karịa onye na-anata okwu mgbazinye. Ndị ọkachamara n'asụsụ Maya dị ka Campbell kwenyere na nke a na-egosi oge mmekọrịta siri ike n'etiti ndị Maya na ndị Lencan Ndị Xinca, ikekwe n'oge oge Classic (250-900). === Oge ochie === [[Usòrò:Palenque_glyphs-edit1.jpg|thumb|Oge ochie Maya glyphs na stucco na Museo de sitio na Palenque, Mexico]] N'oge Classic, nnukwu alaka malitere ịba ụba n'asụsụ dị iche iche. Nkewa dị n'etiti Proto-Yucatecan (n'ebe ugwu, ya bụ, Yucatán Peninsula) na Proto-Chʼolan (n'etiti ndịda, ya bụ. ugwu Chiapas na Petén Basin) emeworị site n'oge Classic, mgbe edere ọtụtụ ihe odide Maya dị ugbu a. A na-agba akaebe na ụdị abụọ ahụ na ihe odide hieroglyphic na saịtị Maya nke oge ahụ, a na-akpọkarị ha abụọ "Asụsụ Maya Classic". [10] bụ ezie na otu asụsụ a ma ama bụ nke a na-edekarị na ederede hieroglyphic dị ugbu a, achọpụtala ihe akaebe maka ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị atọ dị iche iche nke Mayan n'ime usoro hieroglyph - ụdị Chʼolan nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ a hụrụ n'ihe odide ndị e dere na mpaghara ndịda Maya na ugwu, ụdị Chʼola nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ sitere na mpaghara Usumacinta site na etiti narị afọ nke asaa gaa n'ihu, na ụdị Yucatecan a hụrụ n"ihe odide ndị sitere na Yucatán Peninsula.<ref name="Kettunen & Helmke 2020 p. 13">{{harvtxt|Kettunen|Helmke|2020|p=13}}</ref> Ihe mere e ji chọta naanị ụdị asụsụ ole na ole n'ihe odide glyphic bụ ma eleghị anya na ndị a jere ozi dị ka olumba dị ùgwù n'ógbè Maya dum; a ga-ede ihe odide hieroglyphic n'asụsụ nke ndị a ma ama. Stephen Houston, John Robertson na David Stuart atụwo aro na ụdị dị iche iche nke Chʼolan a hụrụ n'ọtụtụ ederede glyphic nke Southern Lowland bụ asụsụ ha na-akpọ "Classic Chʼoltiʼan", asụsụ nna ochie nke asụsụ Ch'ortiʼ na Chʼoltiiʼ nke oge a. [12] na-atụ aro na ọ malitere n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda etiti Petén Basin, nakwa na e ji ya mee ihe n'ihe odide ma eleghị anya ndị isi na ndị ụkọchukwu na-asụkwa ya. Otú ọ dị, Mora-Marín ekwuola na àgwà ndị Classic Lowland Maya na asụsụ Chʼoltiʼan na-ekerịta bụ ihe nchedo kama ịbụ ihe ọhụrụ, nakwa na ọdịiche dị iche iche nke Chʼolan n'ezie na-esote oge ochie. Asụsụ nke ihe odide ala [13] ala nke oge ochie ga-abụ proto-Chʼolan. === Oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị === N'oge Spanish na-achị Central America, asụsụ ụmụ amaala niile ka Spanish kpuchiri, nke ghọrọ asụsụ ọhụrụ a ma ama. Ojiji nke asụsụ ndị Maya bịara na njedebe n'ọtụtụ ngalaba dị mkpa nke ọha mmadụ, gụnyere nchịkwa, okpukpe na akwụkwọ. Ma mpaghara Maya na-eguzogide mmetụta ndị ọzọ karịa ndị ọzọ, ma eleghị anya n'ihi nke a, ọtụtụ obodo Maya ka nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị na-asụ Otu asụsụ. Asụsụ Spanish na-achịkwa mpaghara Maya ugbu a. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị Maya na-anwụ anwụ ma ọ bụ na-ewere ha dị ka ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ndị ọzọ ka dị irè, na ndị na-asụ ya n'ofe afọ niile na iji asụsụ ala na ngalaba niile nke ọha mmadụ. [Ihe odide ala peeji nke 2] == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ Ogbi nke Maya * Cauque Maya (asụsụ ngwakọta) == Ihe edeturu == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}{{Reflist|30em}} == Edensibia ==  Na [[Sahel]] na East Africa, ndị na-asụ Nilo-[[Sahara]] na-ejikọta na ndị na-achị [[Alaeze Ukwu Gao]] sultanates dị ike nke na-achịkwa mpaghara ahụ dịka Gao Empire, ịbụ alaeze Songhai kachasị ukwuu nke na-ejikarị Sahel, West Africa, Sahara / [[Maghreb]] na Central Africa, alaeze Kanem-Bornu na Central Africa.Na [[Sahel]] na East Africa, ndị na-asụ Nilo-[[Sahara]] na-ejikọta na ndị na-achị [[Alaeze Ukwu Gao]] sultanates dị ike nke na-achịkwa mpaghara ahụ dịka Gao Empire, ịbụ alaeze Songhai kachasị ukwuu nke na-ejikarị Sahel, West Africa, Sahara / [[Maghreb]] na Central Africa, alaeze Kanem-Bornu na Central Africa. == Njikọ mpụga == * The Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages - saịtị Spanish / Maya, isi ikike na asụsụ Mayan (n'asụsụ Spanish) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927062939/http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/node/24 Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions Program na Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Mahadum Harvard] E debere Wayback Machine * [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/results-list.php?collection=1210 Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions, Mpịakọta 1-9. E bipụtara ya site na Peabody Museum Press ma kesaa ya site na Harvard University Press] * Ndepụta Swadesh maka asụsụ Mayan (site na Ndepụta Swadeh nke Wiktionary) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120814025555/http://cholsamaj.org/libros_por_genero.php?genre=4 Asụsụ ndị Maya na akwụkwọ asụsụ sitere na Cholsamaj] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060812000027/http://www.utexas.edu/courses/stross/ant389_files/maylanbib.htm Nchịkọta asụsụ ndị Maya n'ịntanetị na Mahadum Texas] * [http://www.mayas.uady.mx/diccionario/index.html Mahadum Yucatan Mayan-Spanish dictionary] (Spanish) [[Òtù:All articles with unsourced statements]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8fzrzeaq3sk0uquv3dlk4x0pzqi5pje 692823 692815 2026-07-30T20:15:43Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 692823 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}}  '''Asụsụ ndị Maya'''[ihe odide 1] mejupụtara ezinụlọ asụsụ a na-asụ na Mesoamerica, ma na ndịda Mexico ma n'ebe ugwu Central America. Ọ dịkarịa ala nde mmadụ isii na-asụ asụsụ Maya, karịsịa na Guatemala, [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], Belize, El Salvador na Honduras. N'afọ 1996, Guatemala nabatara asụsụ 21 nke Maya site na aha, [1] [ihe odide 2] na Mexico nabatara asatọ n'ime ókèala ya. Ezinụlọ asụsụ Mayan bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị mma edere na ndị a mụrụ na [[Amerikas|Amerịka]]. Asụsụ ndị Maya nke oge a sitere n'Asụsụ Proto-Mayan, nke a na-eche na a na-asụ ya ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 5,000 gara aga; e mezigharịrị ya site na iji usoro ntụnyere. Asụsụ proto-Mayan dịgasị iche iche na ọ dịkarịa ala alaka isii dị iche iche: Huastecan, Quichean, Yucatecan, Qanjobalan, Mamean na Chʼolan-Tzeltalan. Asụsụ ndị Maya bụ akụkụ nke mpaghara asụsụ Mesoamerica, mpaghara nke njikọta asụsụ mepụtara n'ime ọtụtụ puku afọ nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Mesoam America. Asụsụ ndị Maya niile na-egosipụta njirimara nchọpụta nke mpaghara asụsụ a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ha niile na-eji aha mmekọrịta kama iji gosipụta mmekọrịta mpaghara. Ha nwekwara ihe ndị na-eme ka ha dị iche na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Mesoamerica, dị ka iji ergativity na nhazi asụsụ nke ngwaa na isiokwu na ihe ha, ụdị ntụgharị pụrụ iche na ngwaa, na klas okwu pụrụ iche nke "ọnọdụ" nke bụ ihe atụ nke asụsụ Maya niile. N'oge pre-Columbian nke Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mesoamerica, edere ụfọdụ asụsụ Mayan na akara ngosi-syllabic Maya. Ojiji ya zuru ebe niile n'oge oge Classic nke mmepeanya Maya (ihe dị ka 250-900). Ihe odide Maya n[3] dị ndụ karịrị 5,000 a maara n'otu n'otu na ụlọ, ihe ncheta, ite na akwụkwọ mkpo, [1] jikọtara ya na akwụkwọ ndị bara ọgaranya na-esote mmeri n'asụsụ Mayan e dere na edemede Latin, na-enye ihe ndabere maka nghọta nke oge a nke akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu oge Columbus nke a na-enweghị atụ na Amerịka. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Ndị Maya === [[Usòrò:Mayan_Language_Migration_Map.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nkọwapụta ụzọ mbata na ụbọchị maka ezinụlọ asụsụ Maya dị iche iche. Mpaghara ahụ egosiri dị ka Proto-Mayan bụzi nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ Qʼanjobalan (na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọzọ). [Ihe odide ala peeji 1]<ref> group="notes" />Based on Kaufman (1976).</ref>]] Asụsụ ndị Maya [4] ụmụ nke asụsụ proto a na-akpọ Proto-Mayan ma ọ bụ, na Kʼicheʼ Maya, ''Nabʼee Mayaʼ Tzij'' ("Asụsụ Maya ochie"). [1] [5] kwenyere na a na-asụ asụsụ Proto-Mayan n'ugwu Cuchumatanes nke etiti Guatemala n'ógbè kwekọrọ na ebe a na-ekwu Qʼanjobalan taa. Atụmatụ mbụ nke gosipụtara ugwu ugwu Chiapas-Guatemalan dị ka "ebe a mụrụ" asụsụ ndị Maya bụ nke onye Germany na-ahụ maka ihe ochie na ọkà mmụta Karl Sapper bipụtara na 1912. [Ihe odide ala peeji 1][6]Terrence Kaufman na John Justeson ewughachila ihe karịrị 3000 okwu maka asụsụ proto-Mayan. [1] Dabere [7] atụmatụ nkewa nke Lyle Campbell na Terrence Kaufman, nkewa mbụ mere n'ihe dị ka 2200 BCE, mgbe Huastecan kewara site na Mayan n'onwe ya mgbe ndị na-ekwu ya kwagara n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ n'akụkụ Gulf Coast nke Mexico. Ndị na-asụ Proto-Yucatecan na Proto-Chʼolan mechara kewapụ onwe ha n'òtù ahụ wee kwaga n'ebe ugwu n'ime Yucatán Peninsula. Ndị na-asụ asụsụ nke alaka ọdịda anyanwụ kwagara n'ebe ndịda n'ebe Mamean na Quichean bi ugbu a. Mgbe ndị [8]-asụ proto-Tzeltalan mechara kewapụ onwe ha n'òtù Chʼolan wee kwaga n'ebe ndịda n'ime Chiapas Highlands, ha zutere ndị na-ekwu Asụsụ Mixe-Zoque. Dabere [9] echiche ọzọ nke Robertson na Houston, Huastecan nọrọ n'ugwu Guatemala na ndị na-asụ Chʼolan-Tzeltalan, na-ekewapụ onwe ha na alaka ahụ n'oge na-adịghị anya karịa ka Kaufman tụrụ aro. [1] N'oge ochie (tupu afọ 2000 BCE), ọtụtụ okwu ndị e si n'asụsụ Mixe-Zoquean yiri ka ha abanyela n'asụsụ proto-Mayan. Nke a emeela ka e nwee echiche na ndị Maya mbụ bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Mixe-Zoquean, ikekwe Ndị Olmec. [Ihe odide ala peeji 1]N'ihe banyere asụsụ Xincan na Lencan, n'aka nke ọzọ, asụsụ Mayan na-abụkarị isi iyi karịa onye na-anata okwu mgbazinye. Ndị ọkachamara n'asụsụ Maya dị ka Campbell kwenyere na nke a na-egosi oge mmekọrịta siri ike n'etiti ndị Maya na ndị Lencan Ndị Xinca, ikekwe n'oge oge Classic (250-900). === Oge ochie === [[Usòrò:Palenque_glyphs-edit1.jpg|thumb|Oge ochie Maya glyphs na stucco na Museo de sitio na Palenque, Mexico]] N'oge Classic, nnukwu alaka malitere ịba ụba n'asụsụ dị iche iche. Nkewa dị n'etiti Proto-Yucatecan (n'ebe ugwu, ya bụ, Yucatán Peninsula) na Proto-Chʼolan (n'etiti ndịda, ya bụ. ugwu Chiapas na Petén Basin) emeworị site n'oge Classic, mgbe edere ọtụtụ ihe odide Maya dị ugbu a. A na-agba akaebe na ụdị abụọ ahụ na ihe odide hieroglyphic na saịtị Maya nke oge ahụ, a na-akpọkarị ha abụọ "Asụsụ Maya Classic". [10] bụ ezie na otu asụsụ a ma ama bụ nke a na-edekarị na ederede hieroglyphic dị ugbu a, achọpụtala ihe akaebe maka ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị atọ dị iche iche nke Mayan n'ime usoro hieroglyph - ụdị Chʼolan nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ a hụrụ n'ihe odide ndị e dere na mpaghara ndịda Maya na ugwu, ụdị Chʼola nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ sitere na mpaghara Usumacinta site na etiti narị afọ nke asaa gaa n'ihu, na ụdị Yucatecan a hụrụ n"ihe odide ndị sitere na Yucatán Peninsula.<ref name="Kettunen & Helmke 2020 p. 13">{{harvtxt|Kettunen|Helmke|2020|p=13}}</ref> Ihe mere e ji chọta naanị ụdị asụsụ ole na ole n'ihe odide glyphic bụ ma eleghị anya na ndị a jere ozi dị ka olumba dị ùgwù n'ógbè Maya dum; a ga-ede ihe odide hieroglyphic n'asụsụ nke ndị a ma ama. Stephen Houston, John Robertson na David Stuart atụwo aro na ụdị dị iche iche nke Chʼolan a hụrụ n'ọtụtụ ederede glyphic nke Southern Lowland bụ asụsụ ha na-akpọ "Classic Chʼoltiʼan", asụsụ nna ochie nke asụsụ Ch'ortiʼ na Chʼoltiiʼ nke oge a. [12] na-atụ aro na ọ malitere n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda etiti Petén Basin, nakwa na e ji ya mee ihe n'ihe odide ma eleghị anya ndị isi na ndị ụkọchukwu na-asụkwa ya. Otú ọ dị, Mora-Marín ekwuola na àgwà ndị Classic Lowland Maya na asụsụ Chʼoltiʼan na-ekerịta bụ ihe nchedo kama ịbụ ihe ọhụrụ, nakwa na ọdịiche dị iche iche nke Chʼolan n'ezie na-esote oge ochie. Asụsụ nke ihe odide ala [13] ala nke oge ochie ga-abụ proto-Chʼolan. === Oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị === N'oge Spanish na-achị Central America, asụsụ ụmụ amaala niile ka Spanish kpuchiri, nke ghọrọ asụsụ ọhụrụ a ma ama. Ojiji nke asụsụ ndị Maya bịara na njedebe n'ọtụtụ ngalaba dị mkpa nke ọha mmadụ, gụnyere nchịkwa, okpukpe na akwụkwọ. Ma mpaghara Maya na-eguzogide mmetụta ndị ọzọ karịa ndị ọzọ, ma eleghị anya n'ihi nke a, ọtụtụ obodo Maya ka nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị na-asụ Otu asụsụ. Asụsụ Spanish na-achịkwa mpaghara Maya ugbu a. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị Maya na-anwụ anwụ ma ọ bụ na-ewere ha dị ka ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ndị ọzọ ka dị irè, na ndị na-asụ ya n'ofe afọ niile na iji asụsụ ala na ngalaba niile nke ọha mmadụ. [Ihe odide ala peeji nke 2] == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ Ogbi nke Maya * Cauque Maya (asụsụ ngwakọta) == Ihe edeturu == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}{{Reflist|30em}} == Edensibia ==  Na [[Sahel]] na East Africa, ndị na-asụ Nilo-[[Sahara]] na-ejikọta na ndị na-achị [[Alaeze Ukwu Gao]] sultanates dị ike nke na-achịkwa mpaghara ahụ dịka Gao Empire, ịbụ alaeze Songhai kachasị ukwuu nke na-ejikarị Sahel, West Africa, Sahara / [[Maghreb]] na Central Africa, alaeze Kanem-Bornu na Central Africa.Na [[Sahel]] na East Africa, ndị na-asụ Nilo-[[Sahara]] na-ejikọta na ndị na-achị [[Alaeze Ukwu Gao]] sultanates dị ike nke na-achịkwa mpaghara ahụ dịka Gao Empire, ịbụ alaeze Songhai kachasị ukwuu nke na-ejikarị Sahel, West Africa, Sahara / [[Maghreb]] na Central Africa, alaeze Kanem-Bornu na Central Africa. == Njikọ mpụga == * The Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages - saịtị Spanish / Maya, isi ikike na asụsụ Mayan (n'asụsụ Spanish) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927062939/http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/node/24 Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions Program na Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Mahadum Harvard] E debere Wayback Machine * [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/results-list.php?collection=1210 Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions, Mpịakọta 1-9. E bipụtara ya site na Peabody Museum Press ma kesaa ya site na Harvard University Press] * Ndepụta Swadesh maka asụsụ Mayan (site na Ndepụta Swadeh nke Wiktionary) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120814025555/http://cholsamaj.org/libros_por_genero.php?genre=4 Asụsụ ndị Maya na akwụkwọ asụsụ sitere na Cholsamaj] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060812000027/http://www.utexas.edu/courses/stross/ant389_files/maylanbib.htm Nchịkọta asụsụ ndị Maya n'ịntanetị na Mahadum Texas] * [http://www.mayas.uady.mx/diccionario/index.html Mahadum Yucatan Mayan-Spanish dictionary] (Spanish) [[Òtù:All articles with unsourced statements]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ob33inhqzbfetjfxbp7752s2aw2a6xp 0 36812 692704 196844 2026-07-30T13:16:01Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692704 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Child_using_sign_language.jpg|thumb|Nwatakịrị na-etinye aka n'echiche nke "nnụnụ"]] {{Databox}}<ref name="Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al"/><ref name="ParentingScience.com"/>ndị ogbi ụmụaka bụ iji aka mee ihe na-enye ụmụ ọhụrụ na ụmụntakịrị ohere ịgwa mmetụta, ọchịchọ, na ihe tupu mmepe asụsụ a na-ekwu okwu. Site <ref name="Iverson Goldin-Meadow"/> nduzi na agbamume, ịbịanye aka na-etolite site na ọkwa okike na mmepe nwa ọhụrụ a maara dị ka mmegharị ahụ. <ref name="Capone McGregor"/> na-akụzi mmegharị ahụ ndị a na okwu maka ụmụaka na-anụ ihe, ha abụghịkwa otu ihe ahụ dị ka Asụsụ ndị ogbi. <ref name="wanting the best"/> uru ndị <ref name="Mueller Sepulveda"/>na-ahụkarị nke a chọtara site na iji mmemme akara nwa gụnyere nkekọ nne na nna na nwa na nkwurịta okwu, [1] mbelata nkụda mmụọ, [2] na ùgwù onwe onye ka mma maka nne na nna ma nwatakịrị. <ref name="Nelson White Grewe">{{Cite journal|author=Nelson|first=L. H.|date=2012|title=Evidence for website claims about the benefits of teaching sign language to infants and toddlers with normal hearing.|journal=Infant and Child Development|volume=21|issue=5|pages=474–502|doi=10.1002/icd.1748}}</ref><ref name="Kirk Howlett et al">{{Cite journal|author=Kirk|first=K. E.|date=2013|title=To sign or not to sign? The impact of encouraging infants to gesture on infant language and maternal mind-mindedness.|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/83741/1/To_Sign_or_Not_to_Sign._Kirk_Pine_Howlett_Fletcher..docx|journal=Child Development|volume=84|issue=2|pages=574–590|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01874.x|pmid=23033858}}</ref> <ref name="Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al" />-eme nchọpụta achọpụtala na akara nwa anaghị [[Abá|aba]] uru ma ọ bụ mebie mmepe asụsụ nke ụmụ ọhụrụ. Ngwaahịa nkwalite <ref name="Nelson White Grewe" /> ịdị mfe nke ịnweta ozi emeela ka nlebara anya nke akara nwa na-enweta, na-eme ka ọ dị mkpa na ndị na-elekọta ha ga-agụ akwụkwọ tupu ha emee mkpebi iji akara nwa. [1] <ref name="Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al" /> == Nchịkọta == [[Usòrò:Eat_finish_en.jpg|thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama maka "eri" na "ịcha"]] Ihe ịrịba ama nwa ọhụrụ <ref name="ParentingScience.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.parentingscience.com/baby-sign-language.html|title=Baby sign language: A guide for the science-minded parent|work=www.parentingscience.com|accessdate=2016-02-14}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.parentingscience.com/baby-sign-language.html "Baby sign language: A guide for the science-minded parent"]. ''www.parentingscience.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref>-agụnye mmegharị ahụ ka mma na ihe ịrịba ama gbanwere na a na-akụziri ụmụ ọhụrụ na okwu a na-ekwu na ebumnuche nke ịmepụta nkwurịta okwu nne na nna na nwa bara ọgaranya. <ref name="Pizer Walters Meier"/>Ź<ref name="wanting the best">{{Cite journal|author=Howlett|first=N.|date=2011|title=Does wanting the best create more stress? The link between baby sign classes and maternal anxiety|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/83784/1/Howlett_Kirk_Pine_2011_Baby_Sign_Maternal_Stress.doc|journal=Infant and Child Development|volume=20|issue=4|pages=437–445|doi=10.1002/icd.705}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHowlettKirkPine2011">Howlett, N.; Kirk, E.; Pine, K.J. (2011). [http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/83784/1/Howlett_Kirk_Pine_2011_Baby_Sign_Maternal_Stress.doc "Does wanting the best create more stress? The link between baby sign classes and maternal anxiety"]. ''Infant and Child Development''. '''20''' (4): 437–445. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/icd.705|10.1002/icd.705]]. [[Hdl (ihe njirimara)|hdl]]:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://hdl.handle.net/2299%2F6402 2299/6402]</span>.</cite></ref> ihe mere ndị nne <ref name="Mueller Sepulveda">{{Cite journal|author=Mueller Sepulveda|first=V.|date=2013|title=Parental perception of a baby sign workshop on stress and parent- child interaction|journal=Early Child Development and Care|doi=10.1080/03004430.2013.797899|volume=184|issue=3|pages=450–468}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMueller_SepulvedaSepulveda2013">Mueller Sepulveda, V.; Sepulveda, A. (2013). "Parental perception of a baby sign workshop on stress and parent- child interaction". ''Early Child Development and Care''. '''184''' (3): 450–468. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/03004430.2013.797899|10.1080/03004430.2013.797899]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144886033 144886033].</cite></ref> nna ji eji akara nwa bụ na-enwe olileanya na ọ ga-ebelata nkụda mmụọ na-emetụta ịnwa ịkọwa mkpa nwa ha tupu ha ekwuo okwu. <ref name="Teaching Gestural Signs - review"/><ref name="Volterra Iverson Castrataro">{{Cite book|title=The development of gesture in hearing and deaf children|author=Volterra|first=V.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|editor=Schick|location=New York: New York|pages=Chapter 3}} [[Otú:CS1 errors: periodical ignored]]</ref> ike iwere <ref name="Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al"/>{{Cite journal|author=Fitzpatrick|first=E. M|date=2014|title=How handy are baby signs? A systematic review of the impact of gestural communication on typically developing, hearing infants under the age of 36 months|journal=First Language|volume=34|issue=6|pages=486–509|doi=10.1177/0142723714562864}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFitzpatrickThibertGrandpierreJohnston2014">Fitzpatrick, E. M; Thibert, J; Grandpierre, V; Johnston, J. C (2014). "How handy are baby signs? A systematic review of the impact of gestural communication on typically developing, hearing infants under the age of 36 months". ''First Language''. '''34''' (6): 486–509. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/0142723714562864|10.1177/0142723714562864]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143811768 143811768].</cite></ref> dị ka usoro nkwurịta okwu bara uru na mmalite mmepe, ebe ọ bụ na mmepụta okwu na-agbaso ikike ụmụaka nwere ikwupụta onwe ha site na mmegharị ahụ. [1] [2] [3] Ihe ịrịba ama nwa dị iche na Asụsụ ndị ogbi. <ref name="Doherty-Sneddon">{{Cite journal|author=Doherty-Sneddon|first=G.|date=2008|title=The great baby signing debate|journal=The Psychologist|volume=21|issue=4|pages=300–303}}</ref> nne <ref name="Capone McGregor" /> nna na-anụ ihe na ụmụaka na-eji akara nwa eme ihe iji melite nkwurịta okwu. <ref name="Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al"/>ndị ogbi, gụnyere ASL, BSL, ISL na ndị ọzọ, bụ asụsụ okike, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ndị ogbi. Asụsụ ndị ogbi <ref name="Porpora guide">{{Cite book|title=The Complete Guide to Baby Sign Language|author=Porpora|first=T|publisher=Atlantic Publishing Group Inc.|year=2011|isbn=978-1-60138-393-8|location=Ocala:Florida}}</ref>-ejigide ụtọ asụsụ nke ha, na nhazi ahịrịokwu. [1] <ref name="Mueller Sepulveda">{{Cite journal|author=Mueller Sepulveda|first=V.|date=2013|title=Parental perception of a baby sign workshop on stress and parent- child interaction|journal=Early Child Development and Care|doi=10.1080/03004430.2013.797899|volume=184|issue=3|pages=450–468}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMueller_SepulvedaSepulveda2013">Mueller Sepulveda, V.; Sepulveda, A. (2013). "Parental perception of a baby sign workshop on stress and parent- child interaction". ''Early Child Development and Care''. '''184''' (3): 450–468. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/03004430.2013.797899|10.1080/03004430.2013.797899]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144886033 144886033].</cite></ref>'ihi na asụsụ ndị ogbi dị mgbagwoju anya ịmụta dị ka asụsụ ọ bụla a na-asụ, a na-ejikarị akara ndị dị mfe eme ihe na ụmụ ọhụrụ na akara ụmụaka. <ref name="Capone McGregor">{{Cite journal|author=Capone|first=N. C.|date=2004|title=Gesture development: A review for clinical and research practices|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617908/document|journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research|volume=47|issue=1|pages=173–186|doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015)|pmid=15072537}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCaponeMcGregor2004">Capone, N. C.; McGregor, K.K. (2004). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617908/document "Gesture development: A review for clinical and research practices"]. ''Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research''. '''47''' (1): 173–186. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015)|10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015)]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15072537 15072537]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7244799 7244799].</cite></ref> [2] Ịkụzi ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-enye ohere maka mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ụdị ihe ịrịbaanya ma ọ chọghị ka nne na nna mụta ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ndị ogbi. Ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-abụkarị mmegharị ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama e si n'asụsụ ndị ogbi nweta ma gbanwee ya iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe maka nwa ọhụrụ ịzụlite. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmegharị ahụ na ihe ịrịba ama nwa ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-ezighi ezi. <ref name="Iverson Goldin-Meadow">{{Cite journal|author=Iverson|first=J. M.|date=2005|title=Gesture paves the way for language development|journal=Gesture and Language Development|volume=16|issue=5|pages=367–371|doi=10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x|pmid=15869695}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIversonGoldin-Meadow2005">Iverson, J. M.; Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). "Gesture paves the way for language development". ''Gesture and Language Development''. '''16''' (5): 367–371. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x|10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15869695 15869695]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16877963 16877963].</cite></ref>Omume Ihe atụ bụ ụdị nkwurịta okwu nke ụmụaka na-eji tupu ha enwee ike ịmepụta asụsụ a na-ekwu. Nke a na-agụnye ịkọwa ihe ha chọrọ ma ọ bụ iji mmegharị aka na okwu nke na-enye ohere nkwurịta okwu ka ukwuu maka ụmụ ọhụrụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://psychcentral.com/lib/teaching-your-baby-sign-language-can-benefit-both-of-you/|title=Teaching Your Baby Sign Language Can Benefit Both of You {{!}} Psych Central|date=2016-05-17|work=Psych Central|accessdate=2017-04-27|language=en-US}}</ref>'ide banyere isiokwu ahụ, Jane Collingwood na-ekwu na "Ụmụaka site na ihe dị ka ọnwa isii nwere ike ịmalite ịmụta ihe ịrịba ama ndị bụ isi, nke na-ekpuchi ihe na echiche ndị dị ka "agụụ", "mmiri", "agụụ"", "ụra", "onye udo", "karịa", "ọkụ", "egwuri egwu", "sa ahụ", "sa". [1] Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ụmụaka na-eto eto ga-emepụta mmegharị mbụ ha n'etiti afọ 9 na 12 n'enweghị ihe mkpali ma ọ bụ enyemaka ọ bụla site n'aka onye nlekọta. Ụmụaka na-amụta otu esi eji asụsụ ahụ ha, anya, na mmegharị aka dị ka ụzọ isi dọta uche na nkwurịta okwu. <ref name="Iverson Goldin-Meadow" /> ụmụaka nwetara ụfọdụ mmepụta asụsụ, ha ga-ejikọta asụsụ na mmegharị ahụ iji gaa n'ihu na-ekwurịta okwu. Mmetụta ahụ na-anọgide na-adị n'ime mmadụ niile n'afọ ọ bụla nke bụ ihe dị iche na akara nwa. == Uru na ọghọm == === Uru ndị a tụrụ aro === <ref name="Teaching Gestural Signs - review"/>ịrịba ama nwa <ref name="Volterra Iverson Castrataro">{{Cite book|title=The development of gesture in hearing and deaf children|author=Volterra|first=V.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|editor=Schick|location=New York: New York|pages=Chapter 3}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVolterraIversonCastrataro2006">Volterra, V.; Iverson, J M.; Castrataro, M. (2006). Schick, B.; Marschark, M.; Spencer, P. E. (eds.). ''The development of gesture in hearing and deaf children''. New York: New York: Oxford University Press. pp.&nbsp;Chapter 3.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true"> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;work=</code> ignored ([[Enyemaka: njehie CS1|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored]]</ref>-akwalite nkwurịta okwu tupu nwatakịrị enwe ike ịgwa ndị ọzọ okwu. Ebe ọ bụ na mmegharị ahụ bụ akụkụ nke okwu nkịtị, ịkụziri ụmụaka akara na-enye ohere ịmụta akụkụ nke nkwurịta okwu nke a na-eji asụsụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.babycentre.co.uk/baby/development/stimulatingdevelopment/babysigning/#4|title=Baby Signing|date=September 2014|accessdate=2 March 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Iverson Goldin-Meadow">{{Cite journal|author=Iverson|first=J. M.|date=2005|title=Gesture paves the way for language development|journal=Gesture and Language Development|volume=16|issue=5|pages=367–371|doi=10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x|pmid=15869695}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIversonGoldin-Meadow2005">Iverson, J. M.; Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). "Gesture paves the way for language development". ''Gesture and Language Development''. '''16''' (5): 367–371. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x|10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15869695 15869695]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16877963 16877963].</cite></ref> dị, emeghị ya iji dochie asụsụ. <ref name="Daniels - effect of" /> <ref name="Seal DePaolis">{{Cite journal|author=Seal|first=B. C.|date=2014|title=Manual activity and onset of first words in babies exposed and not exposed to baby signing|journal=Sign Language Studies|volume=14|issue=4|pages=444–465|doi=10.1353/sls.2014.0015}}</ref> na-egosi na ụmụ ọhụrụ nwere ike ịmụta mmegharị ahụ tupu ha amụta nkà ikwu okwu. [1] [2] <ref name="Daniels - effect of">{{Cite journal|author=Daniels|first=M.|date=1994|title=The effect of sign language on hearing children's language development|journal=Communication Education|volume=43|issue=4|pages=291–298|doi=10.1080/03634529409378987}}</ref> mere, ndị na-amụta ihe ịrịba ama ndị a dị mfe nwere ike ịkwalite mmepe nghọta ha site n'inweta nkà asụsụ site na ụzọ anya na nke ịnụ ihe. <ref name="Doherty-Sneddon"/>'otu edemede dị na The Psychologist, Gwyneth Doherty-Sneddon atụlewo n'ụzọ zuru ezu echiche dị n'azụ uto nke ihe omume a na ụfọdụ n'ime nkwupụta ndị na-akwado ya. Doherty-Sneddon <ref name="Doherty-Sneddon" />-ekwu na akara nwa abụghị ihe ọhụrụ. Ndị <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clibbens|first=J.|date=2002|title=Strategies for achieving joint attention when signing to children with Down's syndrome.|journal=International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders|volume=37|issue=3|pages=309–323|doi=10.1080/13682820210136287|pmid=12201980}}</ref>-agwọ okwu na asụsụ ejirila ụdị dị iche iche mee ihe ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ na ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ na okwu ha, ikike nghọta, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. A na-aghọta n'ọtụtụ ebe na nkwurịta okwu bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ụmụaka nwee nghọta, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, mmetụta uche, na omume. Ihe ịrịba ama <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mind in Society|author=Vygotsky|first=L. S.|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1978|location=Cambridge, MA}}</ref> nwere ike inye aka n'imeziwanye ọrụ mmepe ndị a dị mkpa. Ihe ịrịba ama nwa ọhụrụ <ref name="Goodwyn Acredolo Brown"/>-eme ka nne na nna na nwa ahụ mara ibe ha nke na-eduga n'ịkọwapụta ihe nwa ọhụrụ ahụ na-ekwurịta okwu. <ref name="Mueller Sepulveda" /> anakọtara akụkọ onwe onye site n'aka ndị nne na-etinye aka na nkuzi ọzụzụ ụmụaka, iji mee ka o doo anya ma ịbịanye aka na nwa ha ga-eme ka nrụgide nne na nna gbakwunye na / ma ọ bụ melite nkwurịta okwu nne na nna na nwa. N'ozuzu, ndị nne na nna egosighi mmetụta siri ike ma ọ bụ nkụda mmụọ site na usoro ọzụzụ ụmụaka kama ha kọrọ ikike ka ukwuu ịghọta nwa ha. <ref name="Pizer Walters Meier"/><ref name="Mueller Sepulveda">{{Cite journal|author=Mueller Sepulveda|first=V.|date=2013|title=Parental perception of a baby sign workshop on stress and parent- child interaction|journal=Early Child Development and Care|doi=10.1080/03004430.2013.797899|volume=184|issue=3|pages=450–468}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMueller_SepulvedaSepulveda2013">Mueller Sepulveda, V.; Sepulveda, A. (2013). "Parental perception of a baby sign workshop on stress and parent- child interaction". ''Early Child Development and Care''. '''184''' (3): 450–468. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/03004430.2013.797899|10.1080/03004430.2013.797899]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144886033 144886033].</cite></ref> chọpụtara na nkwurịta okwu a bara ọgaranya na-eduga na mmekọrịta dị mma karị na nwa ha nke na-abara uru n'ozuzu site na nguzobe nke njikọ nne na nna na nwa mbụ. Ụmụa<ref name="Goodwyn Acredolo Brown">{{Cite journal|author=Goodwyn|first=S|date=2000|title=Impact of symbolic gesturing on early language development.|journal=Journal of Nonverbal Behavior|volume=24|issue=2|pages=81–103|doi=10.1023/A:1006653828895}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGoodwynAcredoloBrown2000">Goodwyn, S; Acredolo, L; Brown, C. A. (2000). "Impact of symbolic gesturing on early language development". ''Journal of Nonverbal Behavior''. '''24''' (2): 81–103. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1023/A:1006653828895|10.1023/A:1006653828895]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11823057 11823057].</cite></ref> ndị mụtara mmegharị ahụ ka mma na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na nyocha okwu na-ekwupụta ma na-anabata ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị a na-agbaghị ume ịmụta mmegharị ahụ dị otú ahụ. Asụsụ <ref name="Goodwyn Acredolo Brown" />-anabata ihe pụtara inwe ike ịmata okwu na ihe ịrịba ama, ebe asụsụ na-egosipụta ihe na-agụnye usoro nke ịmepụta okwu ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịbaanya. Nnyocha egosiwo <ref name="Volterra Iverson Castrataro"/ mmegharị ahụ ka mma maka ụmụaka na-anụ ihe bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ iji nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'iji mmegharị ahụ eme ihe, yana iji ụdị nnọchiteanya na ọrụ nkwurịta okwu ihe atụ. Omume ihe atụ <ref name="Volterra Iverson Castrataro" /> mma nwere ike inye aka na mmepe asụsụ site n'inye ụmụaka ihe ọmụma dị ukwuu banyere echiche site n'ịkọwa ọrụ nke ihe ndị ha na-ahụ. <ref name="Volterra Iverson Castrataro" />'ịkwado mmepe asụsụ na-egosipụta ihe egosila na ịmụ ihe n'ụzọ ihe atụ nwere ike iduga na mmepe okwu dị elu na nnweta asụsụ ngwa ngwa. <ref name="Goodwyn Acredolo Brown" /> Nkwurịta okwu nke nwa ọhụrụ <ref name="Effects on development">{{Cite journal|author=Mueller|first=V.|date=2014|title=The effects of baby sign training on development|journal=Early Child Development and Care|volume=184|issue=8|doi=10.1080/03004430.2013.854780}}</ref> irè mekwara ka e meziwanye ọtụtụ ebe mmepe site n'iji nsonaazụ nwatakịrị ahụ tụnyere tupu na mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. Ụfọdụ <ref name="Effects on development" />'ime mpaghara ndị a gụnyere nkwurịta okwu, nghọta, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, omume mgbanwe, mmepe nke anụ ahụ, na nke ọma nke ụmụaka. Otú <ref name="Volterra Iverson Castrataro" /> dị, ọganihu a dị mkpụmkpụ (site n'agbata ọnwa 12 na 15). [1] Doherty-Sneddon <ref name="Doherty-Sneddon"/>{{Cite journal|author=Doherty-Sneddon|first=G.|date=2008|title=The great baby signing debate|journal=The Psychologist|volume=21|issue=4|pages=300–303}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDoherty-Sneddon2008">Doherty-Sneddon, G. (2008). "The great baby signing debate". ''The Psychologist''. '''21''' (4): 300–303.</cite></ref>-ekwu, Otú ọ dị, na oge a na-anọchite anya naanị ụkpụrụ zuru oke. Ọganihu na uru dị ukwuu n'ọtụtụ ụmụaka na-adịghị ekwu okwu ruo mgbe ha gachara ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke abụọ. Doherty-Sneddon kwukwara <ref name="Doherty-Sneddon"/> otu isi okwu bụ ijide n'aka na nyocha zuru oke na nke a haziri nke ọma dị iji kwado nkwupụta ndị e mere n'ihe gbasara ntinye aka nwa. Nnyocha akwụkwọ kwubiri <ref name="Johnston, Durieux-Smith, Bloom">{{Cite journal|author=Johnston|first=J. C.|date=2005|title=teaching gestural signs to infants to advance child development: A review of the evidence.|journal=First Language|volume=25|issue=2|pages=235–251|doi=10.1177/0142723705050340}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na a kọrọ uru na 13 n'ime 17 ọmụmụ, adịghị ike dị iche iche na usoro eji eme ihe maka ọmụmụ ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-ahapụ ihe akaebe na-enweghị nkwado. N'ezie, nyocha banyere mmetụta nke ịbịanye aka nwa chọrọ ìgwè nchịkwa ka mma, dị ka ụmụaka na-etinye aka na ihe omume na-adọrọ mmasị na nke na-atọ ụtọ dabere na mmekọrịta asụsụ ndị okenye na ụmụaka, mana ọ bụghị ịbịanye aha nwa. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clibbens|first=J.|date=2002|title=Strategies for achieving joint attention when signing to children with Down's syndrome|journal=International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders|volume=37|issue=3|pages=309–323|doi=10.1080/13682820210136287|pmid=12201980}}</ref><ref name="Goodwyn Acredolo Brown">{{Cite journal|author=Goodwyn|first=S|date=2000|title=Impact of symbolic gesturing on early language development.|journal=Journal of Nonverbal Behavior|volume=24|issue=2|pages=81–103|doi=10.1023/A:1006653828895}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGoodwynAcredoloBrown2000">Goodwyn, S; Acredolo, L; Brown, C. A. (2000). "Impact of symbolic gesturing on early language development". ''Journal of Nonverbal Behavior''. '''24''' (2): 81–103. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1023/A:1006653828895|10.1023/A:1006653828895]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11823057 11823057].</cite></ref> a maka nyocha ọzọ na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ ihe ịrịba ama nwa n'onwe ha na-eme ka mmepe asụsụ dị mfe kama uru dị n'okpuru na-arụsi ọrụ ike, nlebara anya jikọtara ọnụ nke ihe ịrịbaanya nwa na-akpali. <ref name="Goodwyn Acredolo Brown">{{Cite journal|author=Goodwyn|first=S|date=2000|title=Impact of symbolic gesturing on early language development.|journal=Journal of Nonverbal Behavior|volume=24|issue=2|pages=81–103|doi=10.1023/A:1006653828895}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGoodwynAcredoloBrown2000">Goodwyn, S; Acredolo, L; Brown, C. A. (2000). "Impact of symbolic gesturing on early language development". ''Journal of Nonverbal Behavior''. '''24''' (2): 81–103. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1023/A:1006653828895|10.1023/A:1006653828895]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11823057 11823057].</cite></ref> mere, nlebara anya anya nke ọma n'oge mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa na-enye nwa ọhụrụ ike ilekwasị anya n'isiokwu na ihe gbara ya gburugburu, mee ka echiche doo anya, ma mepụta omume agbakwunyere na mmekọrịta ihe atụ. A na-atụ aro usoro ndị a dị n'okpuru akara nwa iji mepụta uru maka nwa ọhụrụ dịka; ịkwalite okwu, ịkwalite mmepe ọgụgụ isi, belata iwe na nkụda mmụọ, na imeziwanye mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa na nkwurịta okwu. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Child psychology|author=Balter|first=L|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1999|location=New York|pages=116–139}}</ref><ref name="Goodwyn Acredolo Brown" />, a na-eme ka mmepe asụsụ dị mma site n'ịkwalite nghọta, ịkwalite ịgụ na ide na ikwe ka nwa ọhụrụ kwupụta mkpa ha ka nne na nna wee bụrụ onye na-emeghachi omume ma na-edebe nwa ha. Ụmụaka na-ele onye na-elekọta ha anya n'oge omume na ọnọdụ kwa ụbọchị. Nchọpụt<ref name="Gongorra Chamarrita">{{Cite journal|author=Gongora|first=X|date=2009|title=Infant sign language program effects on synchronic mother-infant interactions|journal=Infant Behavior and Development|volume=32|issue=2|pages=216–225|doi=10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.12.011|pmid=19233477}}</ref> a na-enye ohere ka ụmụ ọhụrụ mụta akara site na ịgbaziri omume site na usoro a hụrụ. Njikọ sitere n'okike na-eme n'etiti ihe ịrịba ama na ihe, na-enye ohere ka ụmụ ọhụrụ nyochaa ma kwupụta echiche ọhụrụ tupu mmepe asụsụ. Ụmụ ọhụrụ ga-amụta ijikọ okwu na mmegharị ha na-eme mgbe ha na-eji ihe, dị ka ịtụ bọọlụ. Mgbe njikọ a gasịrị, ụmụaka na-amalite ijikọ okwu na mmegharị naanị, n'ọnọdụ a, mmegharị ahụ. Ụmụ ọhụrụ ugbu a nwere ike ime ihe ngosi iji mee ka ndị na-elekọta ha mara na ha chọrọ ịtụ bọọlụ, si otú a na-eme ka nkwurịta okwu ha na-abụghị okwu dịkwuo ukwuu. Ụmụ ọhụrụ <ref name="Gongorra Chamarrita" />-ejikwa ikike nnọchiteanya dị ka ndị a iji gosipụta mmetụta mmetụta uche ka ha na-ejikọta mmegharị ma ọ bụ akara na mmetụta. Nnyocha ndị ọzọ <ref name="Volterra Iverson Castrataro"/>-egosi na ịbawanye ojiji nke mmegharị ahụ, ọ bụghị iji asụsụ ndị ogbi eme ihe, nwere ike ịbawanye ọgaranya nke mmepe asụsụ nwatakịrị. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bonvillian|first=J. D.|date=2000|title=Young children's acquisition of the formational aspects of American Sign Language: Parental report findings.|journal=Sign Language Studies|volume=1|issue=1|pages=45–64|doi=10.1353/sls.2000.0002}}</ref> na-atụ aro na ihe ịrịba ama mmụta na-eme n'ime oge, na-ekwu na ọ dị mkpa ka ndị na-elekọta ụmụaka nwee ndidi n'ihi na ọ na-ewe ihe karịrị mkparịta ụka dị mkpirikpi n'etiti nne na nna na nwatakịrị. Mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa dị mkpa maka mmụta nke akara nwa ebe ọ bụ na nwa ọhụrụ na-ele onye na-elekọta ya anya maka nduzi. Site n'iji nlezianya gosipụta ihe ịrịba ama ahụ nye nwa ọhụrụ ahụ, onye na-elekọta ya na nwa ọhụrụ ahụ na-echekwa uche jikọrọ aka nke na-eme ka nkwurịta okwu dịkwuo elu. Mgbe ndị <ref name="Teaching Gestural Signs - review">{{Cite journal|author=Johnston|first=J. C.|date=2005|title=Teaching gestural signs to infants to advance child development: A review of evidence|journal=First Language|volume=25|issue=2|doi=10.1177/0142723705050340|pages=235–251}}</ref>-elekọta ụmụaka na-enyere aka iji aka mepụta ihe ịrịba ama ahụ, ha na-arịwanye elu agbamume, ikwughachi, na nkwurịta okwu. <ref name="Gongorra Chamarrita">{{Cite journal|author=Gongora|first=X|date=2009|title=Infant sign language program effects on synchronic mother-infant interactions|journal=Infant Behavior and Development|volume=32|issue=2|pages=216–225|doi=10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.12.011|pmid=19233477}}</ref> bụ ọrụ onye na-elekọta ya ọ bụghị naanị ịkụziri ụfọdụ akara aka, karịa ihe ụmụ ọhụrụ na-enweta, kamakwa inye nkwado na nzaghachi nye ụmụ ọhụrụ mgbe a na-emepụta akara n'ụzọ ziri ezi. <ref name="Gongorra Chamarrita" /> <ref name="Teaching Gestural Signs - review" />'ime njikọ, na agbamume nne na nna maka njikọ ahụ, ụmụ ọhụrụ nwere ike ịmụta ma na-etinye aka na asụsụ ndị ogbi ụmụaka. N'afọ 1998, Kimberlee Whaley duziri mmemme na A. Sophie Rogers Infant-Toddler Laboratory School na Mahadum [[Ohaïyo|Ohio]] State. A kụziiri ụmụ ọhụrụ ihe ịrịba ama ụfọdụ eji eme ihe na American Sign Language, tinyere ndị nkuzi ha, iji chọpụta ma enwere ike iji ihe ịrịbaanya ndị a mee ka ha na ụmụaka na-ekwurịta okwu dị irè. Site n'ihe dị ka ọnwa 9, ụmụaka malitere iji ihe ịrịba ama ha mụtara; ndị a gụnyere okwu ndị dị ka "eri", "juice", "more", "now", na "sleep". Ihe omume ahụ chọpụtara <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/signlang.htm|title=Infants Use Sign Language to Communicate At Ohio State School|author=Grabmeier|first=Jeff|date=25 January 1999|publisher=[[Ohio State University]]<!--Wikipedians do not use "The" as part of Ohio State's name; it is considered a marketing gimmick, and routinely deleted.-->|accessdate=2 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614041005/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/signlang.htm|archivedate=14 June 2010}}</ref> ụmụaka ga-ejikwa ihe ịrịba ama ha mụtara na klas na-ekwurịta okwu na ndị nne na nna n'ụlọ. Dabere na nyocha a, ịmụ akara nwa yiri ka ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ bara uru maka ụmụaka ma ọ bụrụ na etinye ya n'ọrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na nlekọta ụbọchị. == Mmetụta mgbasa ozi na Ịntanetị == <ref name="Pizer Walters Meier">{{Cite journal|author=Pizer|first=G.|date=2007|title=Bringing up a baby with baby sign: Language ideologies and socialization in hearing families|journal=Sign Language Studies|volume=7|issue=4|pages=387–430|doi=10.1353/sls.2007.0026}}</ref>'ihi ngwaahịa nkwalite, ịnweta vidiyo nkuzi akara ụmụaka, na nnọchiteanya na omenala a ma ama, mbọ ndị nne na nna na-agba ịbịanye aka na nwa ha nwere ike ilekwasị anya na akụkụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya kama ebumnuche ịkwalite nkà nkwurịta okwu nwa ha. Nnyoch<ref name="Nelson White Grewe" /> nyochara ogo nke ozi gbasara akara nwa a hụrụ na ịntanetị dabere na nyocha. Nsonaazụ chọpụtara ebe nrụọrụ weebụ iri atọ na atọ nke niile kwalitere akara nwa na uru ndị metụtara ya. Ihe karịrị 90% nke ozi na-ezo aka na isiokwu echiche ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa nkwalite na-agba ndị nne na nna ume ịbịanye aka, na-enweghị ihe ndabere na nyocha. <ref name="Nelson White Grewe">{{Cite journal|author=Nelson|first=L. H.|date=2012|title=Evidence for website claims about the benefits of teaching sign language to infants and toddlers with normal hearing.|journal=Infant and Child Development|volume=21|issue=5|pages=474–502|doi=10.1002/icd.1748}}</ref> bụ ezie na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na-ekwu na iji akara nwa ga-ebelata iwe, mee ka ùgwù onwe onye, afọ ojuju, mmetụta nke mmezu nwa, mee ka mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa dịkwuo elu, ma belata nkụda mmụọ, saịtị ndị ahụ anaghị enye ihe akaebe zuru ezu dabere na nyocha iji kwado nkwupụta ndị a. Nnyocha ọzọ nyochara ozi ịntanetị achọtara site na iji [[Google]] Scholar yana nchekwa data agụmakwụkwọ ole na ole. Ndị <ref name="Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al">{{Cite journal|author=Fitzpatrick|first=E. M|date=2014|title=How handy are baby signs? A systematic review of the impact of gestural communication on typically developing, hearing infants under the age of 36 months|journal=First Language|volume=34|issue=6|pages=486–509|doi=10.1177/0142723714562864}}</ref>-eme nchọpụta nyochara ma nsonaazụ na-ekwu na akara nwa na-agba ume mmepe, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nghọta, na nkà asụsụ ka ha na-enweta njikọ ka ukwuu n'etiti nne na nna na nwa. Ebumnuche nke ịjụ ajụjụ a bụ ịchọta ozi nke na-enye ndị nne na nna, ndị na-elekọta, ndị nkụzi ụmụaka, na ndị dọkịta ohere ime mkpebi doro anya banyere oke nkwenye a ga-etinye na akara nwa. Mgbe <ref name="Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al" /> chịkọtara ihe niile a kpọtụrụ aha, e nwere isiokwu 1747 nwere naanị isiokwu 10 na-enye nyocha gbasara nsonaazụ mmepe nwa ọhụrụ n'ihe metụtara akara nwa. Nkwekọrịta e nwetara site na isiokwu 10 ndị a na-ekwu na akara nwa, dị ka ngwaahịa a na-akpọsa na-eji eme ihe nke Acredolo na Goodwyn dere, anaghị aba uru na mmepụta asụsụ ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta nne na nna na nwa. Otú <ref name="Fitzpatrick Grandpierre et al" /> dị, enweghi ihe akaebe sitere na isiokwu ndị a na akara nwa ọhụrụ na-emerụ ụmụ ọhụrụ n'ụzọ ọ bụla. Site na ọmụmụ abụọ a, a na-egosi na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ozi 100% dabere na nyocha. Ndị na-achọ ozi gbasara uru na ọghọm nke iji akara nwa kwesịrị ijide n'aka na ha na-enweta saịtị ndị nyocha kwadoro ọ bụghị echiche. Ngwaahịa ndị nne <ref name="Johnston, Durieux-Smith, Bloom">{{Cite journal|author=Johnston|first=J. C.|date=2005|title=teaching gestural signs to infants to advance child development: A review of the evidence.|journal=First Language|volume=25|issue=2|pages=235–251|doi=10.1177/0142723705050340}}</ref> nna na-ekere òkè na ọmụmụ ihe akara ụmụaka ma ọ bụ na-etinye ya n'ọrụ n'ụlọ, na-achọpụta na ha nwere ike iji ya tụnyere ogo nke ngwaahịa eji eme nchọpụta. <ref name="Johnston, Durieux-Smith, Bloom" /> na-atụ aro ka ndị nne na nna kpachara anya maka ngwaahịa akara nwa n'ihi na ọ na-esiri ike nyochaa ntụkwasị obi nke ngwaahịa ndị a na-ere maka ime ka akara nwa dị mfe. == Ihe osise == <gallery> Usòrò:Mom_dad_en.jpg Usòrò:More_drink_en.jpg Usòrò:Play_now_en.jpg Usòrò:Tired_sleepy_hurt_en.jpg Usòrò:Yes_no_en.jpg Usòrò:Young_boy.jpg|alt=Young boy asking for food|Nwa okorobịa na-arịọ maka nri </gallery> == Hụkwa == * Ọganihu ụmụaka * The Connected Baby (ihe nkiri) * Ịmụta asụsụ * ''Oge ịbịanye aka!'' * Ịkụ mkpu aka * Mmetụta aka n'ịmụta asụsụ * Nkwurịta okwu nwa == Edensibia == asụ, a na-ejikarị akara ndị dị mfe eme ihe na ụmụ ọhụrụ na akara ụmụaka. [2] Ịkụzi ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-enye ohere maka mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ụdị ihe ịrịbaanya ma ọ chọghị ka nne na nna mụta ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ndị ogbi. Ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-abụkarị mmegharị ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama e si n'asụsụasụ, a na-ejikarị akara ndị dị mfe eme ihe na ụmụ ọhụrụ na akara ụmụaka. <ref name="Capone McGregor2">{{Cite journal|author=Capone|first=N. C.|date=2004|title=Gesture development: A review for clinical and research practices|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617908/document|journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research|volume=47|issue=1|pages=173–186|doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015)|pmid=15072537}}</ref> [2] Ịkụzi ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-enye ohere maka mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ụdị ihe ịrịbaanya ma ọ chọghị ka nne na nna mụta ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ndị ogbi. Ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-abụkarị mmegharị ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama e si n'asụsụasụ, a na-ejikarị akara ndị dị mfe eme ihe na ụmụ ọhụrụ na akara ụmụaka. <ref name="Capone McGregor3">{{Cite journal|author=Capone|first=N. C.|date=2004|title=Gesture development: A review for clinical and research practices|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617908/document|journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research|volume=47|issue=1|pages=173–186|doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2004/015)|pmid=15072537}}</ref> [2] Ịkụzi ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-enye ohere maka mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ụdị ihe ịrịbaanya ma ọ chọghị ka nne na nna mụta ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ndị ogbi. Ihe ịrịba ama nwa na-abụkarị mmegharị ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama e si n'asụsụ == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == *   *   * {{Cite journal|author=Goodwyn|first=S. W.|year=2000|title=Impact of Symbolic Gesturing on Early Language Development|journal=Journal of Nonverbal Behavior|volume=24|issue=2|pages=81–103|doi=10.1023/A:1006653828895}} * {{Cite journal|author=Nelson|first=L. H.|year=2012|title=Evidence for Website Claims about the Benefits of Teaching Sign Language to Infants and Toddlers with Normal Hearing|journal=Infant and Child Development|volume=21|issue=5|pages=474–502|doi=10.1002/icd.1748}} * {{Cite journal|author=Pizer|first=G.|year=2007|title=Bringing up Baby with Baby Signs: Language Ideologies and Socialization in Hearing Families|journal=Sign Language Studies|volume=7|issue=4|pages=387–430|doi=10.1353/sls.2007.0026}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.signingtime.com/ ''Oge ịbịanye aka'' - PBS Show Teach Signs to Children] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8n2defs1kf8kooyxzdt1ctmkpko2hyi 0 36912 692807 151387 2026-07-30T19:49:58Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 692807 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#efefef;" |Asụsụ ndị dị na Yugoslavia |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọkara onye ọrụ | class="infobox-data" |Ndị Serbia na Croatia, ndị [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], ndị Slovenia[[Slovene language|Onye Slovenia]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Regional language|Ógbè]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Albanian language|Albanian]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Minority language|Ndị ka nta]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Balkan Romani|Romani]]_language" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="A[[Romanian language|Romanian]] language">Aromanian, [[Czech language|Czech]], [[German language|German]], Hungarian, Italian, Venetian, Romani, Romanian, [[Pannonian Rusyn]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Foreign language|Mba Ọzọ]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Russian language|Russian]], [[English language|Bekee]], [[French language|French]] |} {{Databox}}Asụsụ nke Yugoslavia bụ asụsụ niile a na-asụ na Yugoslavia mbụ. Ha bụ asụsụ na olumba ndị Indo-European, ya bụ, ụdị ndị dị na South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, na Slovene) yana asụsụ Albanian, [[Romanian language|Romanian]]_language" id="mwEg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian, Czech, German, Italian, Venetian, Balkan Romani, Romanian, Pannonian Rusyn, Slovak na Ukrainian. E nwekwara akpa ebe a na-asụ asụsụ dị iche iche na-abụghị Indo-European, dị ka nke Hungarian na Turkish. == Iwu asụsụ na Yugoslavia == Site na 1966, nkewa asụsụ na agbụrụ bụ akụkụ nke mkparịta ụka ọha na eze na Yugoslavia. E nyere Iwu asụsụ na ọkwa obodo. Ọnọdụ asụsụ gosipụtara na iwu obodo ọ bụla, ma kọwaa ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu na iwu obodo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=TOLLEFSON|first=JAMES W.|date=1980|title=Language Policy and National Stability in Yugoslavia|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40870538|journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes|volume=22|issue=4|pages=506–517|doi=10.1080/00085006.1980.11091645|issn=0008-5006}}</ref> Yugoslavia guzobere iwu asụsụ ya na gọọmentị etiti, mba, na mpaghara. E dere iwu asụsụ gọọmentị etiti site na ụkpụrụ anọ na-esonụ: <ref name=":0" /> # Nzọụkwụ ụlọ bụ ihe ndabere nke iwu asụsụ. # A chọrọ usoro pụrụ iche. Ịkwado "ikike nhata" maka agbụrụ niile ezughị ezu. # Njikọ nke mba na mba niile dabere na ikike nke usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nchịkwa iji nye usoro nkwupụta. # Mba na mba ọ bụla kwesịrị inwe olu kpọmkwem n'ịkọwapụta usoro ụfọdụ. == Ndepụta asụsụ na Yugoslavia == Nke a bụ ndepụta nke asụsụ nke mba Yugoslavia mbụ: === Asụsụ gọọmentị na ọkwa mba === * Serbo-[[Kroatia|Croatia]] - Asụsụ dị iche iche na asụsụ dị ichelekana nke [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]], Croatia, Montenegro na [[Serbia]], kewara n'ụdị mba anọ eji eme ihe na mba dị iche iche mgbe nkewa nke Yugoslavia gasịrị: Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin na Serbian. * Asụsụ Slovene - asụsụ nke Ndị [[Slovenia]] na Slovenia * Asụsụ Masedonia - asụsụ nke North Macedonia (nke bụbu Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) === Asụsụ ndị ka nta === A na-eji asụsụ ndị pere mpe dị iche iche eme ihe n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na ọkwa dị iche iche dị n'okpuru gọọmentị: === Asụsụ ndị ka nta na-abụghị nke gọọmentị === * Asụsụ ndị na-esonụ nwere ndị na-asụ ya na mba ahụ, mana ha anaghị eji ya eme ihe: ** Balkan Gagauz Turkish, nke ndị Turkey nke SAP Kosovo na SR Macedonia na-asụ; ** Romani, nke a na-asụ na mba ahụ dum; <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://balticworlds.com/romani-writers-and-the-legacies-of-yugoslavia/|title=Romani writers and the legacies of Yugoslavia|work=Baltic Worlds|date=6 September 2018|accessdate=9 August 2022}}</ref> ** Romanian, nke a na-asụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke SR Serbia (karịsịa Timok Valley). == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ nke Bosnia na Herzegovina * Asụsụ nke Croatia * Asụsụ nke Kosovo * Asụsụ nke Montenegro * Asụsụ nke North Macedonia * Asụsụ nke Serbia * Asụsụ ndị dị na Slovenia * Asụsụ Ogbi nke Yugoslavia, asụsụ ogbi nke dabeere na Serbo-Croatian * Asụsụ nke Soviet Union == Edensibia == itinye adịrị na ngwaa iji gosipụta nnọchiaha onye. A na-etinye nnọchiaha naanị na ahịrịokwu maka imesi ya ike. Ọzọkwa isiokwu na ndị ọzọ na-agbanwe aha na-esote aha, nke a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke{{Reflist}}{{Yugoslavia topics}}{{Europe topic|Languages of}} 3kno71h0fvqdzixt6yttpsew7nchal0 0 36964 692675 151460 2026-07-30T12:40:02Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692675 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: silver;" |Asụsụ Ogbi nke ndị Juu Algeria |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: silver;" |Asụsụ Ogbi Ghardaia Asụsụ Ogwe Ihe<br /><br />''sfat ha-simanim shel yehudi aljiriah'' |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: silver;" |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n"ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị ka a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ya ka a na na-ekwu.<br /><br /><small>[nke e dere n'ala ala peeji]</small> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Israel]], ikekwe France |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ndị ọrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |Onye na-anwụ anwụ (2012) <ref name="e25">[https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/ajs Algerian Jewish Sign Language] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;">[[File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg|link=Paywall|alt=Closed access icon|14x14px|closed access publication – behind paywall]]</span></ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Village sign language|Asụsụ Ogbi nke obodo]]</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: silver;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:ajs|ajs]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ghar1240 ghar1240]</code> |} <ref name="Lanesman2016"/><ref name="LanesmanMeir2012">{{Cite book|author=Lanesman|first=Sara|year=2012|editor=Zeshan|title=Sign languages in village communities: Anthropological and linguistic insights|pages=153–179|publisher=de Gruyter Mouton and Ishara Press}}</ref>'''Asụsụ Ogbi nke ndị Juu Algeria''' ('''AJSL'''), nke a makwaara dị ka Asụsụ Ogwe Ghardaia, bụ Asụsụ Ogbi nke obodo na-anwụ anwụ nke sitere na Ghardaïa, Algeria nke a na-eji ugbu a na Israel na ikekwe na France. Obodo ndị Juu nke Ghardaïa kwagara France na Israel n'ime afọ 1943 ruo 1962. Otú <ref name="Lanesman2016">{{Cite book|author=Lanesman|first=Sara|year=2016|title=Algerian Jewish Sign Language: Its emergence and survival|publisher=Ishara Press|doi=10.26530/OAPEN_588714|isbn=9780992922108|url=http://www.oapen.org/search?identifier=588714}}</ref> dị, n'ihi na ndị Juu Algeria ntị chiri na-alụkarị ndị Israel ntị chiri si ebe ndị ọzọ, ha nabatara asụsụ ogbi Israel (ISL) dị ka asụsụ ha bụ isi ma AJSL bụzi naanị ndị okenye na-eji ya eme ihe. Obere ihe ka a maara banyere ojiji ya na France. == Edensibia == bipụtara na [[livemint.com]] n'ọnwa Eprel 2021, Swapna Kona Nayudu kwuru okwu banyere otu esi eme ka ndị agha India nọchite anya na fim ahụ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na "A na-egosi ndị India na ndị Congo na-akwado ndị agha{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.jdcc.org/jewish-deaf-tidbits/documentation-of-algerian-jewish-sign-language Akụkọ JDCC] {{Jewish languages}}{{Sign language navigation}} f6w50b50meiebvo8wp342yfox70msgh 0 37060 692869 540073 2026-07-30T20:55:09Z Chinemeremprince 13026 692869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Babanki}} '''Babanki''', ma ọ bụ '''''Kəjòm''''' (Babanki), bụ [[Asụsụ Bantoid]] nke ndị Babanki nke Western Highlands nke [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] na-asụ. == Ọdịdị ala na nkewa == Babanki bụ onye otu Center Ring subfamily nke asụsụ Grassfields, nke bụ onye otu Southern Bantoid subfamily of the Atlantic-Congo branch of the hypothetical Niger-Congo language family. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Babanki|url=https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10899|accessdate=|work=Endangered Languages Project|archivedate=2024-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416050151/https://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10899}}</ref> ka Ethnologue si kwuo, e nwere ndị na-asụ Babanki 39,000 ka ọ na-erule afọ 2011, ọ bụ ezie na Endangered Languages Project na-ekwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ 39,000 na-anọchite anya ndị agbụrụ ebe ndị na-ekwu asụsụ ahụ dị ihe dị ka 20,000. na-asụkarị ya n'obodo nta Kejom Ketinguh na Kejom Keku (nke a makwaara dị ka Babanki Tungo na Big Babanki, n'otu n'otu), <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Akumbu|first=Pius W.|title=Insights from Practices in Community-Based Research|chapterurl=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110527018-015/html|chapter=Babanki literacy classes and community-based language research|date=2018-03-19|pages=266–279|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-3-11-052701-8|language=en|doi=10.1515/9783110527018-015|url=https://hal.science/hal-03691828/file/1Akumbu_Babanki%20literacy%20classes%20and%20community-based%20language%20research.pdf}}</ref> nke dị na ngalaba Mezam nke mpaghara Northwest nke [[Kameroon|Cameroon]]. Asụsụ ndị a na-asụ n'ebe dị nso gụnyere asụsụ Ring ndị yiri ya bụ [[Kom language (Cameroon)|Kom]], Vengo, na [[Nsei language|Nsei]] n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, yana asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ bụ Bafut, [[Mbili-Mbui language|Mbili-Mbui]], na Awing n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. <ref name=":)"> {{cite journal |last1=Faytak |first1=Matthew |last2=Akumbu |first2=Pius W. |title=Kejom (Babanki) |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=August 2021 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=333–354 |doi=10.1017/S0025100319000264|s2cid=235915107 |doi-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]. </ref>na-asụkarị [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]], ọkachasị Cameroonian Pidgin English, ruo n'ókè nke na nke ikpeazụ na-amalite ịnọchi Babanki na ngalaba niile, gụnyere ụlọ. Tụkwasị <ref name=":)" /> nke a, ụfọdụ ndị na-asụ ya nwere ike ịsụ [[Asụsụ French|French]], asụsụ ọzọ nke Cameroon ma e wezụga Bekee, na ndị na-ekwu ya bi na Kejom Keku nwekwara ike ịsụ asụsụ [[Kom language (Cameroon)|Kom]] dị nso, dabere na ọkwa ha na ndị Obodo Kom. O nwere ụdị abụọ, dabere na obodo abụọ a na-asụ ya. na-egosipụta obere ọdịiche fonetiki, phonological, na lexical mana ha na-aghọta ibe ha. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Akumbu|first=Pius W.|title=Language in Contact: The Case of the Fulɓe Dialect of Kejom (Babanki)|journal=African Study Monographs|date=December 2010|volume=31|issue=4|pages=173–187|doi=10.14989/139265}}</ref> na-ekwukwa ụdị dị iche iche nke ụfọdụ ndị otu agbụrụ Fula bi n'ugwu ndị gbara Kejom Ketinguh gburugburu. == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === Babanki nwere ụdaume iri abụọ na ise. Ọtụtụ ụdaume -apụta na ụdị ụdaume prenasalized, labialized, na palatalized, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka bụ ihe a na-ejighị n'aka ma Babanki nwere njikọ ndị a ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha bụ naanị ụyọkọ ụdaume nke ụdaume dị mfe nwere imi na-enweghị ebe, /w/, ma ọ bụ /j/, n'otu n'otu. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+'''Mkpụrụ okwu Babanki''' !  ! colspan="2" |Bilabial ! colspan="2" |Ezé egbugbere ọnụ<nowiki><br id="mwXQ"></nowiki> ! colspan="2" |Alveolar ! colspan="2" |Post-alveolar<nowiki><br id="mwYg"></nowiki> ! colspan="2" |Palatal ! colspan="2" |Akpụkpọ ụkwụ<nowiki><br id="mwZw"></nowiki> ! colspan="2" |Velar |- !Plosive | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" | b | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" | t | style="border-left-width: 0;" | d | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" | k | style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɡọ |- !Africate | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" | p͡f | style="border-left-width: 0;" | b͡v | style="border-right-width: 0;" | t͡s | style="border-left-width: 0;" | d͡z | style="border-right-width: 0;" | t͡ʃ | style="border-left-width: 0;" | d͡ʒ | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  |- !Ihe na-esiri ike | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" | f | style="border-left-width: 0;" | v | style="border-right-width: 0;" | s | style="border-left-width: 0;" | z | style="border-right-width: 0;" | ʃ | style="border-left-width: 0;" | ʒ | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  |- !Ụgbọ imi | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" | m | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" | n | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɲ | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" | ŋ |- !Ihe atụ | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" | j | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" | w | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" | Ọdịdị[lower-alpha 1] |- !Ihe atụ dị n'akụkụ | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" | l | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  | style="border-right-width: 0;" |  | style="border-left-width: 0;" |  |} Babanki nwere ụfọdụ allophonic palatalization n'ihu ụdaume /{{IPA|/i e/}}/. A na-ahụ {{IPA|[ɥ]}} ndị dị na {{IPA|/k g/}} dị ka palatalized [{{IPA|kʲ}} {{IPA|gʲ}}], n'otu n'otu, na ọnụ ọnụ-velar approximant {{IPA|/w/}} dị ka ọnụ-palatal approximant [ɥ]. Mgbanwe a na-emetụtakwa ụdaume egbugbere ọnụ (dịka {{IPA|/kʷì/→[kᶣì]}} "elu"), ọ bụ ezie na egbugbere abụọ na egbugboro ọnụ na-ejigide nkwonkwo nke abụọ. A na-ahụ ụdaume pre-nased na Babanki (ndị ụdaume ọnụ niile ma {{IPA|/v/}} nwere ike ịpụta dị ka pre-nasal) n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dabere n'otú e si akọwa ụdaume ahụ. N'ihu ihe mgbochi ma soro ụda, a na-ahụkarị prenasalization dị ka nkwụsị imi homorganic (dịka /ḱnt͡ʃík/→[ḱ́́ɲt͡ʃíʔ] "lid"), mgbe ọ na-esote ụdaume ma na-esochi ụdaume, ana-ahụkarị pranasalisation n'enweghị mmechi ọnụ zuru ezu nke na-eme ka ụdaume bu ụzọ bụrụ nasalized (dịka. /f́nʃìk/→[f́ʃìʔ] "beetle"). Tụkwasị na nke a, mgbe ụdaume a na-akpọ pre-nasal bụ okwu mbido ma ọ nweghị ụdaume bu ya ụzọ, akụkụ imi na-abụkarị syllabic ma na-eji ụda dị ala (dịka /ndɔɔń/→[ǹdɔńŋ] "potato"). === Mkpụrụedemede === Babanki nwere ụdaume asatọ dị iche iche n'ịdị elu, gburugburu, na nkwado. [[Nasalization|imi]]="210" href="./Vowel_length" id="mwAWE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Vowel length">Ọdịiche dị n'ogologo na nasalization na-emekwa n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Babanki bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ihi na ọ na-emegide ma ụdaume dị gburugburu na nke dị nso na nke dị n'etiti. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+'''Mkpụrụedemede Babanki''' !  !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ | i |ɨ • ʉ  N'ihi ya, ọ bụ | u |- !N'etiti etiti | na | Ọdịdị | o |- !N'etiti oghere | () [ala-alpha 2] [lower-alpha 2] |  | (ɔː) [ala-alpha 2] [lower-alpha 2] |- !Emeghe | a |  |  |} {{IPA|[àbé]}}<nowiki> nowrap" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA","href":"./Template:IPA"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"[ɔ]"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAbQ" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">[ọ]</nowiki>{{IPA|[ɛ]}} mkpụrụedemede mepere emepe, a na-ahụ ụdaume {{IPA|/e/}} na {{IPA|/o/}} dị ka nso-etiti {{IPA|[e]}} na [o], ebe na mkpụrụedemede mechiri emepe a na-aghọta ha dị ka oghere-etiti [ɛ] na [ɔ] (iji [àbé] "agụ" na {{IPA|[bɛ̀ʔ]}} "snatch", [ə́kó] "ego" na [kɔ́ʔ] "chop"). === Ụda === Babanki nwere ma ụda okwu na ụda ụtọ asụsụ. Na ọkwa ụdaume, a na-akọwa ya dị ka nke nwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ala /ī/ na elu /ī/ tonemes, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ọtụtụ usoro ụda olu dị n'elu. N'ụzọ na-adịghị ahụkebe, ụda olu nwere ike ịpụta na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị na-abụghị ndị sitere na ya. {| class="wikitable" |+Ụda Babanki !Aha ya !Ihe edere |- |'''Elu''' |'''{{IPA|˦}}''' |- |N'elu |{{IPA|ꜜ˦}} |- |N'etiti |{{IPA|˧}} |- |'''Ala Dị Ala''' |'''{{IPA|˨}}''' |- |Ịda ala |{{IPA|˨˩}} |- |Ịda n'etiti |{{IPA|˦˧}} |- |Ịda n'elu ala |{{IPA|˦˨}} |- |Ịrị elu dị ala |{{IPA|˨˦}} |} <ref name=":P">{{Cite journal|author=Hyman|first=Larry H.|title=Tonology of the Babanki Noun|journal=Studies in African Linguistics|date=July 1979|volume=10|issue=2|pages=159–178}}</ref>{{IPA|[ꜜ˦]}} dị elu na nke dị n'etiti bụ otu ụda, mana ha dị iche; ụda dị elu na-eme n'enweghị ihe mgbochi ma na-emepụta ụda olu maka ụda dị elu n'otu ahịrịokwu ụda, ebe ụda dị n'ime ga-ebute ụda dị elu ma na-ejedebe na gburugburu ebe obibi ole na ole. === Phonotactics === ka ọ na-adịkarị, okwu Babanki nwere CV (C) stem nwere nhọrọ (C) V prefixes na suffixes. mmalite mmalite bụ ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ụdaume Babanki na-apụta naanị; mmalite nke affixes na okwu ọrụ na-enye ohere naanị ụdaume {{IPA|/t k f v s ʃ m n j ɰ/}}, naanị ụdaume coda a kwadoro bụ {{IPA|/m n ŋ f s k/}}. <ref name=":)" />Allophony dị nnọọ iche na ụdaume coda; {{IPA|/k/}} na-aghọta dị ka nkwụsị glottal {{IPA|[ʔ]}}, na rimes na-agwụ na alveolar nasal {{IPA|/n/}} nke nucleus ya bụ ụdaume na-abụghị elu /{{IPA|/a e o/}}/ (ya bụ /an en on/) diphthongize, na-apụta dị ka [aɪ̯n~aɪ̯̃ ɛɪ̯n~"ɛɪ̯̃] . Colescence nke ụdaume dịkwa ezigbo mkpa na Babanki. Ọ na-apụta na /Vá/ na /VÁ/ usoro (ewepu ndị {{IPA|/C/|}} bụ /m/), ebe ụdaume ikpeazụ dị n'etiti na-enweghị okirikiri na (n'ihe banyere nke ikpeazụ) ụdaume coda na-agbakọta na otu ụdaume dị ogologo {{IPA|[Vː]}}, nke a pụghị ikpebi àgwà ya site na ụdaume ọ bụla (ọ bụ ezie na /V Á/ usoro ụdaume dị anya na-abụkarị otu àgwà ahụ dị ka ụdaume mbụ). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a ga-enyocha ahịrịokwu ahụ "ahịhịa m" n'ụzọ ụda olu:   N'ebe a, usoro /òń́/ na-agbakọta na ụdaume ogologo {{IPA|[ɔː]}}. bụ ezie ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdaume niile dị ogologo na-apụta na Babanki bụ n'ihi usoro a, enwere ihe atụ ole na ole nke ụdaume dị ogologo nke a na-esoghị n'ụzọ doro anya, dịka na okwu [[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]] na [{{IPA|[ⁿbɛ̀ː]}}] "okwu adreesị maka fon". == Ihe Nlereanya == {| class="wikitable" |+"The North Wind and the Sun" ''(from {{harvcoltxt|Faytak|Akumbu|2021}})'' !Phonetic transcription{{efn|In this passage, the low falling tone {{IPA|[˨˩]}} is transcribed using the diacritic for extra low tone, e.g. {{IPA|[ȅ]}}|name="tone notation"}} !Translation |- | colspan="1" |{{IPA|ɘ̀fʷɔ́fꜜɘ́ gɘ̀ː kᶣì wɛ̂ː t͡ʃᶣìt͡ʃᶣì ǹtáŋmɘ́ lá à tóː ndɘ̀ t͡ʃòː ndɘ̀ ló sɘ́t͡sɛ̀ɪ̯n wùd͡ʒèʔ mû ɰ mɔ̀ʔ dàlɘ́ lɨ̀mtɘ́ vȉ}} {{IPA|vwě ꜜɰʉ́mɘ́ lá ɥìʔ á ɰɘ́ t͡ʃòː mbȉ ɘ̀ nɘ̀ lá wùd͡ʒèʔ nájì t͡súʔ dàlɘ́ lɨ̀mtɘ́ː wɛ́ɪ̯n mwâ tóː wɛ́ɪ̯n t͡ʃòː wút͡sɛ́ɪ̯n}} {{IPA|ɘ̀fɔ́fꜜɘ́ gɘ̀ː kᶣìː mɘ̀ zìtɘ̀ sɘ̀ t͡ʃǒ nôː nàntô}} {{IPA|ɰɘ̌ lì t͡ʃǒː ɰɔ́ʔtɘ̀ wùd͡ʒèʔ jí bɔ̀ŋsɘ̀ fʷɔ́mtɘ̀ dàlɘ́ lɨ̀mtɘ́ː wɛ́ɪ̯n á wɛ́ː wɛ̏ɪ̯n}} {{IPA|kɘ̀ɲʉ̃ː kʲíkɘ́ ɰɔ́ʔ ɘ̀fʷɔ́fꜜɘ́ gɘ̀ː kᶣì ɰɘ̀ kʲé}} {{IPA|t͡ʃᶣìt͡ʃᶣǐː zìtɘ̀ báɪ̯n ɘ̀ lɨ̀mɘ̀ vȉ wùd͡ʒèʔ jí zàŋsɘ̀ t͡sùʔ dàlɘ́ lɨ̀mtɘ́ː wɛ́ɪ̯n}} {{IPA|kɘ́ t͡ʃòː ɘ̀fɔ́fꜜɘ́ gɘ̀ː kᶣì ɰɘ̀ bʲɨ́mɘ́ lá t͡ʃᶣìt͡ʃᶣǐː ꜜtóː t͡ʃòː jȉ}} | colspan="1" |The North Wind and the Sun were arguing about who was stronger than who, until a traveler wearing a warm gown came. They agreed that the person who would first make the traveler take off his gown was stronger than the other. The North Wind then began to blow with great force. As he blew stronger, the traveler instead wrapped his warm gown around his body. This thing was too much, and the North Wind gave up. Then the Sun began to shine and make places hot, and the traveler quickly took off his gown. This surpassed the North Wind; he accepted that the Sun was stronger than him. |- ! colspan="2" |Phonemic transcription with interlinear gloss |- | colspan="2" |{{interlinear|{{IPA|ɘ̀-fʷóf}} {{IPA|ɘ}} {{IPA|gɘ̀}} {{IPA|ɘ̀}} {{IPA|kʷì}} {{IPA|wénɘ̀}} {{IPA|t͡ʃʷìt͡ʃʷì}} {{IPA|ǹ-táŋmɘ́}} {{IPA|lá}} {{IPA|à}} {{IPA|tó-ɘ}} {{IPA|ndɘ̀}} {{IPA|t͡ʃò-ɘ}} {{IPA|ndɘ̀}} {{IPA|ló}}, {{IPA|sɘ́t͡sèn}} {{IPA|wù-d͡ʒèk}} {{IPA|mú}} {{IPA|ɰɘ̀}} {{IPA|mòk}} {{IPA|dálɘ̀}} {{IPA|lɨ̀mtɘ́}} {{IPA|vì}}.|C3-wind ASS.C3 part DIR above with sun(C1) PST-quarrel COMP FOC be.strong-PROG who pass-PROG who EMPH until C1.NMLZ-travel while 3SG.C1 wear gown(C1) hot come|The North Wind and the Sun were arguing about who was stronger than who, until a traveler wearing a warm gown came.}} {{interlinear|{{IPA|vɘ̀wé}} {{IPA|ɰʉ́mɘ́}} {{IPA|lá}} {{IPA|ɥìk}} {{IPA|á}} {{IPA|ɰɘ́}} {{IPA|t͡ʃò-ɘ}} {{IPA|mbì}} {{IPA|ɘ̀}} {{IPA|nè}} {{IPA|lá}} {{IPA|wù-d͡ʒèk}} {{IPA|nájì}} {{IPA|t͡súk}} {{IPA|dálɘ̀}} {{IPA|lɨ̀mtɘ́}} {{IPA|ɘ́}} {{IPA|wén}} {{IPA|mú}} {{IPA|à}} {{IPA|tó-ɘ}} {{IPA|wén}} {{IPA|t͡ʃò-ɘ}} {{IPA|wú-t͡sén}}.|3PL.C2 agree COMP person(C1) REL 3SG.C1 pass-PROG first CONJ cause COMP C1.NMLZ-travel DEM remove gown(C1) hot ASS.C1 3SG.POSS.C1 so FOC be.strong-PROG 3SG.C1 pass-PROG C1.NMLZ-certain|They agreed that the person who would first make the traveler take off his gown was stronger than the other.}} {{interlinear|{{IPA|ɘ̀-fʷóf}} {{IPA|ɘ}} {{IPA|gɘ̀}} {{IPA|ɘ̀}} {{IPA|kʷì}} {{IPA|ɘ́}} {{IPA|mɘ̀}} {{IPA|zìtɘ̀}} {{IPA|sɘ̀}} {{IPA|t͡ʃò-ɘ}} {{IPA|nókɘ̀}} {{IPA|nàntô}}.|C3-wind ASS.C3 part DIR above SUBJ.C3 then start PRS pass-PROG really much|The North Wind then began to blow with great force.}} {{interlinear|{{IPA|ɰɘ̀}} {{IPA|ɘ́}} {{IPA|lì}} {{IPA|t͡ʃò-ɘ}} {{IPA|ɰóktɘ̀}} {{IPA|wù-d͡ʒèk}} {{IPA|jí}} {{IPA|bòŋsɘ̀}} {{IPA|fʷómtɘ̀}} {{IPA|dálɘ̀}} {{IPA|lɨ̀mtɘ́}} {{IPA|ɘ́}} {{IPA|wén}} {{IPA|á}} {{IPA|wén}} {{IPA|ɘ̀-wén}}.|3SG.C3 SUBJ.C3 so pass-PROG be.big C1.NMLZ-travel DEM instead fold gown(C1) hot ASS.C1 3SG.POSS.C1 to 3SG.POSS.C3 C3-body|As he blew stronger, the traveler instead wrapped his warm gown around his body.}} {{interlinear|{{IPA|kɘ̀-ɲʉ́}} {{IPA|ɘ̀}} {{IPA|kí-kɘ́}} {{IPA|ɰɔ́k}} {{IPA|ɘ̀-fʷóf}} {{IPA|ɘ}} {{IPA|gɘ̀}} {{IPA|ɘ̀}} {{IPA|kʷì}} {{IPA|ɰɘ̀}} {{IPA|ké}}.|C7-thing ASS.C7 this-C7 be.big C3-wind ASS.C3 part DIR above 3SG.C3 allow|This thing was too much, and the North Wind gave up.}} {{interlinear|{{IPA|t͡ʃʷìt͡ʃʷì}} {{IPA|zìtɘ̀}} {{IPA|bán}} {{IPA|ɘ̀}} {{IPA|lɨ̀mɘ̀}} {{IPA|vì}} {{IPA|wù-d͡ʒèk}} {{IPA|jí}} {{IPA|zàŋsɘ̀}} {{IPA|t͡sùk}} {{IPA|dálɘ̀}} {{IPA|lɨ̀mtɘ́}} {{IPA|ɘ́}} {{IPA|wén}}.|sun(C1) start shine CONJ hot-PROG come C1.NMLZ-travel DEM hurry remove gown(C1) hot ASS.C1 3SG.POSS.C1|Then the Sun began to shine and make places hot, and the traveler quickly took off his gown.}} {{interlinear|{{IPA|kɘ́}} {{IPA|t͡ʃò}} {{IPA|ɘ̀-fʷóf}} {{IPA|ɘ}} {{IPA|gɘ̀}} {{IPA|ɘ̀}} {{IPA|kʷì}} {{IPA|ɰɘ̀}} {{IPA|bʲɨ́mɘ́}} {{IPA|lá}} {{IPA|t͡ʃʷìt͡ʃʷì}} {{IPA|ɘ́}} {{IPA|tó-ɘ}} {{IPA|t͡ʃò-ɘ}} {{IPA|jì}}.|3SG.C7 pass C3-wind ASS.C3 part DIR above 3SG.C3 accept COMP sun(C1) SUBJ.C1 be.strong-PROG pass-PROG 3SG.C3|This surpassed the North Wind; he accepted that the Sun was stronger than him.}} |} === Nkà mmụta mmekọrịta na asụsụ nke Babanki === {{Cite book|author=Brye|first=Edward|year=2001|title=Rapid Appraisal Sociolinguistic Research Among the Babanki|series=ALCAM|location=Yaoundé|publisher=SIL|url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/10/50/65/105065712080039677599685021672982723232/SILESR2001_005.pdf}} == Ihe edeturu == == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==   == Edensibia == kwuo, e nwere ndị na-asụ Babanki 39,000 ka ọ na-erule afọ 2011, ọ bụ ezie na Endangered Languages Project na-ekwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ 39,000 na-anọchite anya ndị agbụrụ ebe ndị na-ekwu asụsụ ahụ dị ihe dị ka 20,000.abụọ n'ime ọtụtụ ndị na-akpọ onwe ha ''Ngoe'' ka ha na ndị na-asụ [[Manenguba languages|Asụsụ Ngoe]] nwere mmalite akụkọ ifo, mana asụsụ ha abụghị akụkụ {{Languages of Cameroon}}{{authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mefxoijz1bqaq4pxwpie2h5afm66d2c 0 37073 692655 151618 2026-07-30T12:27:27Z Chinemeremprince 13026 692655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language}} Asụsụ Bafia Asụsụ Bantu nke mmadụ 60,000 na-asụ na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] dịka ọnụọgụ 1991 si dị. == Nchịkọta == na-eji ya eme ihe na mpaghara Bafia nke Mbam na Inoubou Division na Central Province na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Cameroon. <ref>[https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2015/2015-017.pdf]</ref> nwere ụdị abụọ, Kpa na Pey. Onye mbụ kpọrọ asụsụ ahụ bụ Rɨkpa, na onwe ha dị ka Bekpak; onye nke ikpeazụ bụ Rɨpey. Pey nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2015-017.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513050019/http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2015-017.pdf|title=ISO 639-3 Registration Authority|archivedate=May 13, 2015}}</ref> iche. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{Languages of Cameroon}}{{Narrow Bantu languages|A-B}}{{Authority control}} etlk3r2qbv867ad0lbj63k4nzkf73be 0 37184 692842 496283 2026-07-30T20:29:52Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 692842 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Frank Rautenbach.jpg|thumb|Frank Rautenbach]] <ref>{{Cite web|author=Groenewald|first=Zane|date=2019-12-02|title=Actor Francois Rautenbach crowdfunds to save a 6-year-old boy’s life.|url=https://porkyspeople.com/actor-francois-rautenbach-crowdfunds-to-save-a-6-year-old-boys-life/|accessdate=2021-10-17|work=Porky's People|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017063749/https://porkyspeople.com/actor-francois-rautenbach-crowdfunds-to-save-a-6-year-old-boys-life/}}</ref>'''Leon Francois Rautenbach''' (amụrụ na 12 Mee 1972), nke a maara nke ọma dị ka '''Frank Rautenbach''', bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe na South Africa. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri Faith Like Potatoes, The Bang Bang Club na ihe nkiri akụkọ ndụ Hansie: A True Story.<ref>{{Cite web|author=KG|first=imfernsehen GmbH & Co|title=Filmografie Frank Rautenbach|url=https://www.fernsehserien.de/frank-rautenbach/filmografie|accessdate=2021-10-17|work=fernsehserien.de|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Rautenbach|url=https://www.moviepilot.de/people/frank-rautenbach|accessdate=2021-10-17|work=moviepilot.de|language=de}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == <ref>{{Cite web|title=Is Life Worth Living with Frank & Leigh Rautenbach|url=https://www.wellington.co.za/event/life-worth-living-frank-leigh-rautenbach/|work=wellington.co.za}}</ref> mụrụ Rautenbach na 12 Mee 1972 na East London, South Africa. Ọ lụrụ onye njikwa mmepụta, Leigh Rautenbach kemgbe Febụwarị 24, 1996. == Ọrụ == <ref>{{Cite web|title=Faith like Potatoes|url=http://www.faithlikepotatoes.com/Faith_like_Potatoes/Faith_like_Potatoes.html|accessdate=2021-10-17|work=www.faithlikepotatoes.com}}</ref>'afọ 2006, o mere ihe nkiri mbụ ya na Faith Like Potatoes nke [[Regardt van den Bergh]] duziri. Ihe nkiri <ref>{{Cite web|author=Media|first=Rhema|date=2015-11-15|title=Frank Rautenbach - Life After Faith Like Potatoes|url=https://vimeo.com/145796305|accessdate=2021-10-17}}</ref> bụ ihe nkiri akụkọ ndụ nke dabeere n'akwụkwọ Angus Buchan dere. N'afọ 2008, o mere ihe nkiri egwuregwu ''Hansie'' nke van den Bergh duziri. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kotian|first=Harish|title=Movie on Hansie Cronje nears completion|url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/hansie/20071030.htm|accessdate=2021-10-17|work=Rediff|language=en}}</ref>'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye bụbu onye na-eme egwuregwu cricket na South Africa bụ Hansie Cronjé . [1] Mgbe ihe ịga nke ọma ahụ gasịrị, o mechara rụọ ọrụ ọzọ na The Bang Bang Club, ihe nkiri akụkọ ndụ banyere ndụ ndị nta akụkọ foto anọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ime obodo nta dị na South Africa n'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bang_bang_club/|title=The Bang Bang Club|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=1 June 2020}}</ref> nkiri ahụ nwetara nyocha <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/judith-matloff-26439933/?ppe=1|title=Judith Matloff|work=[[LinkedIn]]|accessdate=29 September 2019}}</ref> iche iche site n'aka ndị nkatọ. [1] [2] [3] N'afọ 2019, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri telivishọn nke martial arts Warrior site n'ịrụ ọrụ "Patterson". Ihe nkiri ahụ ghọrọ ihe na-ewu ewu n'afọ ahụ. N'afọ 2020, ọ sonyeere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ncha a ma ama 7de Laan ma rụọ ọrụ nkwado "Tiaan Terreblanche". == Ihe nkiri == == Edensibia == Johanna Adriina Kok. Ọ lụrụ Louis Jacobus Nel na 1857 na [[Pietermaritzburg]]. Maré nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 37 mgbe ọ mụsịrị nwa ya nke iri na otu, e lie ya n'akụkụ ebe obibi ochie na ugbo ha ''Welgegund'', nso [[Greytown, KwaZulu-Natal|Greytown]]{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{DEFAULTSORT:Rautenbach,Frank}} * [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm1421542/ IMDb] {{authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] k3uerrguqc0ja8ww3xqht4c3iwux5ht 0 37218 693100 197129 2026-07-31T10:25:44Z Nachi kim 20090 693100 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Nwaanyị Jacobs</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline">Oluwafemisola Jacobs</div>Mee 8<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data category" |Onye Naijiria |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụmụ amaala | class="infobox-data category" |Onye Naijiria |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mmụta | class="infobox-data" |mgbasa ozi ọha na eze, Mahadum Lagos State |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma mater&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Mahadum Lagos State |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ọrụ a ma ama</span> | class="infobox-data" |Nzukọ ahụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Telivishọn | class="infobox-data" |Tinsel |} Femi [1] (amụrụ Oluwafemisola Jacobs {{Audio|Yo-Femi Jacobs.ogg|Audio}}//i; 8 Mee) [2] bụ onye Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri, ọkà okwu na onye na-agụ egwu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/11/acting-is-an-effective-medium-to-preach-morals-femi-jacobs/|title=Acting is an effective medium to preach Morals|publisher=dailyindependentnig.com|accessdate=14 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514142548/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/11/acting-is-an-effective-medium-to-preach-morals-femi-jacobs/|archivedate=14 May 2014}}</ref> ghọrọ onye a ma ama maka igwu egwu Makinde Esho na ihe nkiri The Meeting, nke [[Rita Dominic]] na [[Jide Kosoko]] na-eme. Maka ọrụ <ref name="AMAA">{{Cite web|author=Charles Mgbolu|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/03/the-meeting-by-rita-dominic-gets-six-nominations-at-amaa-2013/|title=The Meeting by Rita Dominic gets six nominations at AMAA 2013|publisher=Vanguard News|date=18 March 2013|accessdate=8 October 2015}}</ref> na The Meeting, ọ natara nhọpụta maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ ndu na 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards . [1] <ref name="AMVCA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dstv.com/News/AMVCA-winners-announced/126405|title=AMVCA winners announced|date=8 March 2015|publisher=DStv|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417012639/http://www.dstv.com/News/AMVCA-winners-announced/126405|archivedate=17 April 2015}}</ref> nwetakwara ihe nrite maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na Comedy na 2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA). [1] == Akụkọ ndụ == Femi gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Fakunle Comprehensive, Osogbo na Osun State nke Nigeria. Jacobs gụrụ mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na [[Mahadum nke Ȯra Lagos|Mahadum Lagos State]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/spice/culture/i-am-still-a-singer-femi-jacobs/|title=I am still a Singer – Femi Jacobs|publisher=punchng.com|accessdate=14 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514185819/http://www.punchng.com/spice/culture/i-am-still-a-singer-femi-jacobs/|archivedate=14 May 2014}}</ref> == Ndị a nabatara == Maka ọrụ ya na The Meeting, ọ natara nhọpụta maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ ndu na 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref name="AMAA"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.votsonline.com/mavins-ybnl-nominated-for-city-people-entertainment-awards-2015/|title=Loading|work=votsonline.com|accessdate=22 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305171553/http://www.votsonline.com/mavins-ybnl-nominated-for-city-people-entertainment-awards-2015/|archivedate=5 March 2016}}</ref> nwetakwara nhọpụta maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ihe nkiri na 2013 Nigeria Entertainment Awards, maka onye ọkacha mmasị African International Emerging Screen Talent na 2014 Screen Nation Awards, [1] na maka onye na'akwado onye na-arụ ọrụ kachasị mma n'afọ na 2015 City People Entertainment Awards. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2014/01/31/list-of-nominees-screen-nation-awards-2014/|title=List of Nominees: Screen Nation Awards 2014 &#124; Nollywood by Mindspace|accessdate=5 October 2015|archivedate=5 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005212318/http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2014/01/31/list-of-nominees-screen-nation-awards-2014/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.fevatv.com/best-of-nollywood-award-winners/|title=Best of Nollywood Award winners -|author=Justin|date=17 October 2014|accessdate=22 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="AMVCA"/> meriri ihe nrite maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na Comedy na 2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) [1] na onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha elu (English) na [[2014 Best of Nollywood Awards]] (BON). [2] == Ihe nkiri == === Telivishọn === * ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' (dị ka Eddie Edoma) * ''Tango'' (2008) * ''Ndị na-eme ihe n'etiti'' (2014) * ''Ihe A Na-akpọ Alụmdi na Nwunye'' (2015) * Binary Unit (2015) * ''Alụghị di'' (2019 -) === Ihe nkiri === * ''[[The Meeting (ihe nkiri 2012)|Nzukọ ahụ]]'' (2012) * ''Nhọrọ'' (2006) * ''Okporo ụzọ okpuru ala'' * ''Ha abụọ'' * Onye na-eme nrọ (2012) * ''[[Journey to Self|Njem Ịga Onwe Gị]]''(2013) * Nye Siza (2014) * ''[[Hel nke Eluigwe]]'' (2015) * The ''Black Sihouette'' (2015) <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160714211055/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=4883 "Black Silhouette gets cinema release date"]. Nollysilverscreen.com.</ref> * ''Onye Nleta'' (2015) <ref>{{Cite web|title='The Guest' Watch Rita Dominic, Femi Jacobs, Somkele Idahlamah in trailer [Video]|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/the-guest-watch-rita-dominic-femi-jacobs-somkele-idahlamah-in-trailer-video-id3601314.html|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=25 March 2015|publisher=Chidumga Izuzu|accessdate=25 March 2015|archivedate=19 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619014435/http://pulse.ng/movies/the-guest-watch-rita-dominic-femi-jacobs-somkele-idahlamah-in-trailer-video-id3601314.html}}</ref> * Nleta (2015) <ref>{{Cite web|title='Femi Jacobs feature on first Four-Man cast movie in Nigeria|url=http://www.yeyepikin.com/2015/08/nollywood-the-visit-to-premiere-in-october/|work=YeYePikin Movie Blog|publisher=Precious|accessdate=18 September 2015|archivedate=7 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185138/http://www.yeyepikin.com/2015/08/nollywood-the-visit-to-premiere-in-october/}}</ref> * ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Iquo'' (2015) * ''Onye ọkwọ ụgbọala: Oko Ashewo'' (2015) * Alụrụ naanị (2015) * Obi nke Nwanne nwanyị (2015) * ''Ihe Ọjọọ Nile'' * ''[[Looking For Baami|Ịchọta Baami]]<ref>{{Cite web|author=nollywoodreinvented|date=2020-01-04|title=Looking For Baami|url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/01/looking-for-baami.html|accessdate=2020-10-11|work=Nollywood Reinvented|language=en-US}}</ref>'' * ''[[Eagle Wings|Nnụnụ Ugo]]'' * ''[[Introducing the Kujus|Ịkpọbata ndị Kujus]]'' * ''The New Normal (ihe nkiri nke afọ 2020) '' == Onyinye na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ememe mmeri !Ụdị !Ihe nkiri !Nsonaazụ !Nkwupụta |- |2020 |[[2017 Best of Nollywood Awards|Ihe nrite Nollywood kacha mma]] |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na-eduzi - Bekee |''Agba nke Ịghọ aghụghọ''|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-12|title=Behold hot steppers and winners at BON awards 2020|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/behold-hot-steppers-and-winners-at-bon-awards-2020/|accessdate=2021-10-11|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2021 |Ihe nrite Nollywood kacha mma |Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma - Bekee |''Nnụnụ Ugo''|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-14|title=BON Awards 2021: 'Rattlesnake', 'The Milkmaid' win big|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/500777-bon-awards-2021-rattlesnake-the-milkmaid-win-big.html|accessdate=2022-03-13|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |2022 |Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |''Ịkpọbata ndị Kujus''|{{pending}} |<ref>{{Cite news|title=2022 Africa Magic Awards Nominees don land- See who dey list|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-60818021|accessdate=2022-03-26}}</ref> |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na Naijiria == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị * Nwaanyị JacobsnaIMDb {{DEFAULTSORT:Jacobs: Femi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] sr8oovbyiowfcwik3qrjyw0vgvyo929 0 37220 692772 629158 2026-07-30T17:39:42Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 692772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:OpenSpeaks-juy-Juray-Dinabandhu Gamango-OG-Social Impact of Aadhaar.webm|thumb|Onye na-ekwu Juray, asụsụ Munda, na-ekwu maka ID biometrics nke India]] '''Asụsụ Munda''' bụ otu asụsụ ndị yiri ibe ha nke ihe dị ka nde mmadụ itoolu na-asụ na [[Ndia|India]], Bangladesh na Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Santhali|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sat/|work=Ethnologue|accessdate=21 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|date=23 January 2016|editor=Hock|title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia|doi=10.1515/9783110423303|isbn=9783110423303}}</ref> N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-akpọ ha asụsụ '''Kolarian'''. <ref>Bradley (2012) notes, MK in the wider sense including the Munda languages of eastern South Asia is also known as Austroasiatic</ref> M alaka nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ Austroasiatic, nke pụtara na ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ ndị dị ka asụsụ Mon Ndị Khmer, Ndị Vietnamese, yana asụsụ ndị pere mpe na Thailand na Laos na Asụsụ Mangic nke South China. <ref name="elanguage">{{Cite web|author=Daladier|first=Anne|title=Kinship and Spirit Terms Renewed as Classifiers of "Animate" Nouns and Their Reduced Combining Forms in Austroasiatic|url=http://elanguage.net/journals/bls/article/viewFile/752/645|publisher=Elanguage|accessdate=22 March 2015|archivedate=27 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127193916/http://elanguage.net/journals/bls/article/viewFile/752/645}}</ref><ref name="Sealang">{{Cite web|author=Pinnow|first=Heinz-Jurgen|title=A comparative study of the verb in Munda language|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/pinnow1966comparative.pdf|work=Sealang.com|accessdate=22 March 2015}}</ref>Bhumij, Ho, Mundari, na Santali bụ asụsụ Munda ama ama. <ref name="auto">{{Citation |last=Anderson |first=Gregory D. S. |title=Munda Languages |date=29 March 2017 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.37 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5}}</ref> [2] [[Usòrò:LSI_map_of_Munda_languages.jpg|thumb|Map asụsụ nke Grierson nke India, 1906]] na-ekewa ezinụlọ ahụ n'ozuzu ya n'alaka abụọ: North Munda, nke a na-asụ na Chota Nagpur Plateau nke Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Odisha na West Bengal, yana n'akụkụ Bangladesh na Nepal, na South Munda, a na-ekwu na etiti Odisha na n'akụkụ ókèala dị n'etiti Andhra Pradesh na Odisha. <ref name="Bhattacharya">{{Cite journal|author=Bhattacharya|first=S.|title=Munda studies: A new classification of Munda|date=1975|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|volume=17|issue=1|issn=1572-8536|pages=97–101|doi=10.1163/000000075794742852}}</ref> <ref name="Languagesgulper">{{Cite web|url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Munda.html|title=Munda languages|work=The Language Gulper|accessdate=14 May 2019}}</ref> North Munda, nke Santali bụ asụsụ a na-asụkarị ma bụrụ asụsụ gọọmentị na India, nwere okpukpu abụọ karịa ndị na-asụrụ South Munda. Mgbe Santali gasịrị, asụsụ Mundari na Ho nọ n'ọnọdụ na-esote n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, Korku na Sora sochiri. Asụsụ Munda ndị fọdụrụnụ ndị obere ìgwè ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-asụ, a kọwakwara ha nke ọma. Ihe ndị e ji mara asụsụ Munda gụnyere ọnụọgụ atọ (otu, abụọ na ọtụtụ), nwoke na nwanyị abụọ (ndị dị ndụ na ndị na-adịghị ndụ), ọdịiche dị n'etiti nnọchiaha nke onye mbụ na-agụnye na nke pụrụ iche, iji nsonaazụ ma ọ bụ ndị enyemaka iji gosipụta oge, na akụkụ, ngụkọta, na mgbagwoju anya reduplication, yana ịgbanwee. [1] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Donegan|first=Patricia Jane|title=South-East Asian Features in the Munda Languages|url=https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/download/1041/825|journal=Berkley Linguistics Society}}</ref> Munda bụkwa polysynthetic na aglutinating. Na usoro ụda nke Munda, usoro ụdaume anaghị adịkarị ma e wezụga n'etiti okwu. == Mmalite == [[Usòrò:Austroasiatic-en.svg|thumb|Nhazi nke asụsụ Austroasiatic ugbu a]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sidwell AA studies state of the art 2018.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1O3SkrYNq20ZmUgcK-MFPN7QAvByEMfVA/view?usp=embed_facebook|accessdate=12 May 2023|work=Google Docs}}</ref><ref>Sidwell, Paul. 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190503013417/https://www.academia.edu/36689736/Austroasiatic_Studies_state_of_the_art_in_2018 Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018]. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 22 May 2018.</ref> Rau <ref>Blench, Roger. 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220330133810/http://rogerblench.info/Language/Austroasiatic/Munda%20hypothesis%202019.pdf The Munda maritime dispersal: when, where and what is the evidence?]</ref> Sidwell (2019), <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rau, Felix|title=The Munda Maritime Hypothesis|date=2019|issn=1836-6821|journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (JSEALS)|volume=12|issue=2}}</ref> tinyere Blench (2019), na-atụ aro na tupu Proto-Munda abịala na Mahanadi River Delta n'ihe dị ka 1,500 BCE site na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia site na ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri, kama site na ala. Asụsụ Munda mechara gbasaa na mmiri Mahanadi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355078227|title=The spread of Munda in prehistoric South Asia -the view from areal typology To appear in: Volume in Celebration of the Bicentenary of Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University)|author=John Peterson|date=October 2021|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref> nke 2021 -atụ aro na asụsụ Munda gbasara ruo n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Uttar Pradesh ma metụta Asụsụ Indo-Aryan nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. [1] [2] == Nchịkọta == Munda nwere alaka ise a na-enweghị esemokwu (Korku dị ka onye nọpụrụ iche, Remo, Savara, Kherwar, na Kharia-Juang). Agbanyeghị, a na-arụrịta ụka banyere mmekọrịta ha. === Diffloth (1974) === A na-ekwukarị nkewa nke Diffloth (1974):   === Diffloth (2005) === Diffloth (2005) jidere Koraput (nke Anderson jụrụ, n'okpuru) mana ọ hapụrụ South Munda ma tinye Kharia-Juang na asụsụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu:   === Anderson (1999) === <ref name="Anderson1999">Anderson, Gregory D.S. (1999). "A new classification of the Munda languages: Evidence from comparative verb morphology." Paper presented at 209th meeting of the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, MD.</ref> Gregory Anderson na 1999 bụ nke a:   Otú ọ dị, na 2001, Anderson kewara Juang na Kharia na alaka Juang-Kharia ma wepụkwa Gtaʔ na alaka Gutob-Remo-Gtaʔ mbụ ya. Ya mere, atụmatụ ya nke afọ 2001 gụnyere alaka ise maka South Munda. === Anderson (2001) === Anderson (2001) na-agbaso Diffloth (1974) ma e wezụga ịjụ ịdị irè nke Koraput. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-atụ aro, na ndabere nke ntụnyere ọdịdị, na Proto-South Munda kewara kpọmkwem n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ nke Diffloth, Kharia-Juang, Sora-Gorum (Savara), na Gutob-Remo-Gtaʼ (Remo). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Anderson|first=Gregory D S|title=A New Classification of South Munda: Evidence from Comparative Verb Morphology|series=Indian Linguistics|year=2001|publisher=Linguistic Society of India|location=Poona|pages=21–36}}</ref> Alaka South Munda ya nwere alaka ise na-esonụ, ebe alaka North Munda bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka nke Diffloth (1974) na Anderson (1999).   * Rịba ama: "[[" = na-ekerịta ụfọdụ isoglosses ọhụrụ (usoro, okwu). Na asụsụ Austronesian na Papua, Malcolm Ross akpọwo nke a "njikọ". === Sidwell (2015) === Paul Sidwell (2015:197) <ref>Sidwell, Paul. 2015. "Austroasiatic classification." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). ''The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages''. Leiden: Brill.</ref> na-ewere Munda dị ka nke nwere alaka 6 na-ahazi, ọ naghị anabata South Munda dị iche iche.   == Nbudata == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Aha asụsụ !Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọkà okwu (2011) !Ebe |- |Korwa |28,400 |Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand |- |Birjia |25,000 |Jharkhand, West Bengal |- |Mundari (nke gụnyere Bhumij) |1,600,000 |Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar |- |Asur |7,000 |Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha |- |Ho |1,400,000 |Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal |- |Birhor |2,000 |Jharkhand |- |Santali |7,400,000 |Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Assam, Bangladesh, Nepal |- |Turi |2,000 |Jharkhand |- |Korku |727,000 |Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra |- |Kharia |298,000 |Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh |- |Juang |30,400 |Odisha |- |Gtaʼ |4,500 |Odisha |- |Bonda |9,000 |Odisha |- |Gutob |10,000 |Odisha, Andhra Pradesh |- |Gorum |20 |Odisha, Andhra Pradesh |- |Sora |410,000 |Odisha, Andhra Pradesh |- |Juray |25,000 |Odisha |- |Lodhi |25,000 |Odisha, West Bengal |- |Koda |47,300 |West Bengal, Odisha, Bangladesh |- |Kol |1,600 |West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bangladesh |} == Ihe owuwu ==   Sidwell & Rau (2015: 319, 340-363) wughachiri ụdị prototype ahụ. <ref name="SidwellRau2015">Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). ''The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages''. Leiden: Brill.</ref> Nrụzigharị Proto-Munda kemgbe ahụ Rau dezigharịrị ma melite ya (2019). [1] == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ Nihali * Ndị Munda == Ihe odide == === Ihe edeturu === {{Reflist}} === Nkwupụta n'ozuzu === *   * {{Cite book|author=Diffloth|first=Gérard|year=2005|chapter=The contribution of linguistic palaeontology to the homeland of Austro-Asiatic|editor=Sagart|title=The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|pages=79–82}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Anderson|first=Gregory D S|title=The Munda verb: typological perspectives|series=Trends in linguistics|year=2007|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-11-018965-0}} * {{Cite book|editor=Anderson|title=Munda Languages|series=Routledge Language Family Series|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-32890-6}} * {{Cite journal|author=Anderson|first=Gregory D. S.|date=2015|title=Prosody, phonological domains and the structure of roots, stems and words in the Munda languages in a comparative/historical light.|journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics|volume=2|issue=2|pages=163–183|doi=10.1515/jsall-2015-0009}} * {{Cite book|first=Gregory D. S.|author=Anderson|year=2002|chapter=Switch-Reference in South Munda|editor=Macken|title=Papers from the 10th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society|location=Tempe, AZ|publisher=Arizona State University, South East Asian Studies Program|pages=39–54|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/anderson2002switch.pdf}} *   * {{Cite book|author=Donegan|first=Patricia|chapter=South-East Asian Features in the Munda Languages: Evidence for the Analytic-to-Synthetic Drift of Munda|year=2002|publisher=Berkeley Linguistics Society|editor=Chew|title=Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Special Session on Tibeto-Burman and Southeast Asian Linguistics, in honour of Prof. James A. Matisoff|pages=111–129|location=Berkeley, CA}} * {{Cite book|author=Newberry|first=J|title=North Munda hieroglyphics|year=2000|publisher=J Newberry|location=Victoria, BC}} * {{Cite book|author=Śarmā|first=Devīdatta|title=Munda: sub-stratum of Tibeto-Himalayan languages|series=Studies in Tibeto-Himalayan languages|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7099-860-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Varma|first=Siddheshwar|title=Munda and Dravidian languages: a linguistic analysis|year=1978|publisher=Vishveshvaranand Vishva Bandhu Institute of Sanskrit and Indological Studies, Panjab University|location=Hoshiarpur|oclc=25852225}} * {{Cite journal|author=Zide|first=Norman H.|year=1999|title=The Proto-Munda Verb and Some Connections with Mon-Khmer|journal=Working Papers International Symposium on South Asian Languages Contact and Convergence, and Typology|pages=401–421}} * {{Cite book|author=Zide|first=Norman H.|chapter=The Proto-Munda Verb: Some Connections with Mon-Khmer|editor=Subbarao|title=Yearbook of South-Asian Languages and Linguistics|year=2001|location=Delhi|publisher=Sage Publications|pages=517–540|doi=10.1515/9783110245264.517}} * {{Cite book|first=Gregory D. S.|author=Anderson|year=2001|chapter=Recent Advances in the Reconstruction of the Proto-Munda Verb|editor=Brinton|title=Historical Linguistics 1999: Selected papers from the 14th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Vancouver, 9–13 August 1999|series=Current Issues in Linguistic Theory|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Benjamins|pages=13–30|doi=10.1075/cilt.215.03and|isbn=978-90-272-3722-4}} ; Ịkwaga n'akụkọ ihe mere eme *   *   * {{Cite journal|author=Rau|first=Felix|year=2019|title=The Maritime Munda Hypothesis|journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society|volume=12|issue=2|pages=31–53}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://sealang.net/munda/ Ọrụ Asụsụ SEAlang Munda] ** [http://sealang.net/munda/dictionary/ SEAlang Munda Etimological Dictionary] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20211103032630/http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Donegan & Stampe Munda] * [https://livingtongues.org/projects/asia/india/munda-languages/ Asụsụ Munda na Living Tongues] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061001210916/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Austroasiatic/Munda/Munda_-_General/munda_-_general.html Akwụkwọ edemede] * [http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/langhotspots/Ho/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ asụsụ Ho nke K. David Harrison, Swarthmore College] * [http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Nchekwa na Ebe Ọrụ maka Ihe Nketa Na-adịghị Ahụ anya nke Austroasiatic)] * <nowiki>http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0003-66EE-3@view</nowiki> Asụsụ Munda na RWAAI Digital Archive South Munda. Mgbe Santali gasịrị, asụsụ Mundari na Ho nọ n'ọnọdụ na-esote n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, Korku na Sora sochiri. Asụsụ Munda ndị fọdụrụnụ ndị obere ìgwè ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-asụ, a kọwakwara ha nke ọmSouth Munda. Mgbe Santali gasịrị, asụsụ Mundari na Ho nọ n'ọnọdụ na-esote n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, [[Asụsụ Korku|Korku]] na [[Asụsụ Sora|Sora]] sochiri. Asụsụ Munda ndị fọdụrụnụ ndị obere ìgwè ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-asụ, a kọwakwara ha nke ọm{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 47n94i8kpiareoqt56x5lfrnjhl2l1k 0 37321 693065 151948 2026-07-31T08:48:02Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Luvale|states=[[Angola]], [[Zambia]]|region=|speakers={{sigfig|635,000|2}}|date=2001–2010|familycolor=Niger-Congo|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]|fam3=[[Volta-Congo]]|fam4=[[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]]|fam5=[[Bantoid languages|Bantoid]]|fam6=[[Southern Bantoid]]|fam7=[[Bantu languages|Bantu]] ([[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages#Zone K|Zone K]])|iso3=lue}} '''Luvale''' (nke a na-akpọkwa Chiluvale, Lovale, Lubale, Luena, Lwena) bụ Asụsụ Bantu nke ndị Lovale nke [[Angola]] na [[Zambia]] na-asụ. A na-amata ya dị ka asụsụ mpaghara maka ebumnuche agụmakwụkwọ na nchịkwa na Zambia, ebe ihe dị ka mmadụ 168,000 na-asụ ya ka ọ na-erule afọ 2006. Luvale <ref>{{Cite web|title=Luvale (Chiluvale)|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/luvale.htm|work=Omniglot|accessdate=23 May 2022}}</ref>-eji ụdị mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Latịn gbanwere n'ụdị edere ya. Luvale nwere njikọ chiri anya na [[Chokwe language|Chokwe]]. == Okwu == O nwere ọtụtụ okwu ndị e si na Portuguese nweta site na mmekọrịta ndị ọchịchị na narị afọ nke 20, <ref name="Tracing">{{Cite book|author=Albaugh|first=Ericka A.|title=Tracing language movement in Africa|date=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=9780190657550|pages=263, 267, 269, 271}}</ref> dị ka: {| class="wikitable" !Luvale !Asụsụ Portuguese !Bekee |- |''xikata'' |''steepụ'' |ubube |- |''xikitelu'' |''Onye na-ere anwụnta'' |Ụgbụgbọ anwụnta |- |''Agụba'' |''nwamba'' |nwamba |- |''mbalili'' |''barel'' |ite ntụ (n'ụzọ nkịtị. barrel) |- |''kaluwaxa'' |''ụgbọ ala'' |ịnyịnya ígwè |- |''izu'' |''izu'' |izu |} == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Luvale<ref name=":0" /> ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n |ɲ |ŋ | |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive/Africate<br /> !enweghị olu |p |t |tʃ |k | |- !Nri |mb |nd |ɲdʒ |ŋɡ | |- ! rowspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike !enweghị olu |f |s |ʃ | |h |- !kwuru okwu |v |z |ʒ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |w |l |j | | |} === Mkpụrụedemede === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Mkpụrụedemede nke Luvale<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Horton|first=A. E.|title=A Grammar of Luvale|publisher=Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press|year=1949|edition=2nd}}</ref> ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ |i iː | |u uː |- !N'etiti etiti |e eː | |o oː |- !N'etiti oghere |ɛ ɛː | |Ọ bụ n'afọ ka a na-akpọ ɔː |- !Emeghe | |a aː | |} == Ndị ọkà okwu == * Bernard K. Mbenga * Samba Yonga * Mokoomba == Edensibia == mpaghara maka ebumnuche agụmakwụkwọ na nchịkwa na Zambia, ebe ihe dị ka mmadụ 168,000{{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|title=Luvale Reading Lessons|url=http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/81|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621183747/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/81|archivedate=2015-06-21|accessdate=2014-05-04|work=Lubuto Library Special Collections|language=en}} * Moses C.B. Mulongas, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150621021714/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/74 Vishimo vya Kuuko],'' Lubuto Library Special Collections, nwetara na Mee 3, 2014. * [https://archive.today/20140504014129/http://lubutocollections.org/items/browse?search=luvale&submit_search=Search Akwụkwọ asụsụ Luvale], Lubuto Library Special Collections * [http://www.language-archives.org/language/lue Ihe onwunwe OLAC na banyere asụsụ Luvale] {{Languages of Angola}}{{Languages of Zambia}}{{Narrow Bantu languages|J-M}}{{Authority control}} 3flbb4edjhsfo0l77dp07hzxniugsvc 0 37401 692787 152071 2026-07-30T18:08:10Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 692787 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |N'Ko |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |<span title="N'Ko-language text"><span lang="nqo" dir="rtl">Ọdịdị</span></span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Guinea]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Mali]], West Africa[[West Africa|Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] * [[Mande languages|Mande]] ** Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Mande *** Central Mande **** Manding-Jogo ***** Manding-Vai ****** Manding-Mokole ******* [[Manding languages|Manding]] ******** '''N'Ko''' </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Writing system|Usoro ide ihe]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[N'Ko script|Ihe odide N'Ko]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-2]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code><span class="plainlinks">[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=506 nqo]</span></code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:nqo|nqo]]</code> |} '''N'Ko''' bụ ụdị koiné dị n'otu nke ọtụtụ Asụsụ Manding e dere na mkpụrụedemede N'Ko. A na-eji ya eme ihe na [[Guinea]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Mali]], [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]], [[Burkina Faso]] na ụfọdụ mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka, karịsịa, ma ọ bụghị naanị, n'ụdị ederede, ebe a na-eji ụdị dị iche iche nke Manding eme ihe n'okwu: [[Asụsụ Maninka|Maninka]], [[Asusu igbo|Bambara]], [[Asụsụ Dyula|Dyula]] na ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fakoli.net/nko/tutorial/intro.html|title=N'Ko Language Tutorial: Introduction|accessdate=2018-12-01|archivedate=2021-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610124342/http://www.fakoli.net/nko/tutorial/intro.html}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Donaldson|first=Coleman|date=2019-03-01|title=Linguistic and Civic Refinement in the N'ko Movement of Manding-Speaking West Africa|journal=Signs and Society|volume=7|issue=2|pages=156–185; 181|doi=10.1086/702554|issn=2326-4489}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDonaldson2019">Donaldson, Coleman (2019-03-01). "Linguistic and Civic Refinement in the N'ko Movement of Manding-Speaking West Africa". ''Signs and Society''. '''7''' (2): 156–185, 181. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/702554|10.1086/702554]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:2326-4489|2326-4489]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:181625415 181625415].</cite></ref> bụ ndekọ edemede nwere ụtọ asụsụ a maara dị ka kángbɛ ("asụsụ doro anya") nke Solomana Kante, ya na ụdị {{Lang|man|màninkamóri}}, nke a na-asụ na mpaghara Kankan nke Kante, na-eje ozi dị ka asụsụ nkwekọrịta. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI10681364/|title=Donaldson, Coleman (2017) ''Clear Language: Script, Register and the N'ko Movement of Manding-Speaking West Africa.'' Doctoral Dissertation, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania.|date=January 2017|pages=1–303|accessdate=2019-02-21|archivedate=2019-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224128/https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI10681364/|author=Donaldson|first=Coleman}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://repository.upenn.edu/gse_grad_pubs/2/|title=Donaldson, Coleman (2017) "Orthography, Standardization and Register: The Case of Manding." In Standardizing Minority Languages: Competing Ideologies of Authority and Authenticity in the Global Periphery, edited by Pia Lane, James Costa, and Haley De Korne, 175–199. Routledge Critical Studies in Multilingualism. New York, NY: Routledge.|journal=Gse Graduate Student Research|date=January 2017|accessdate=2019-02-21|author=Donaldson|first=Coleman|issue=2}}</ref> Valentin Vydrin na 1999 <ref>{{Cite book|title=Manding-English Dictionary : (Maninka, Bamana)|author=Vydrin|first=Valentin|year=1999|isbn=9780993996931|location=Lac-Beauport|pages=8|oclc=905517929|authorlink=Valentin Vydrin}}</ref> na Coleman Donaldson na 2019 <ref name=":0" /> gosipụtara na ewu ewu nke ide asụsụ Manding n'ụdị N'Ko na-eto eto. <ref>Oyler, Dianne White (1994) ''Mande identity through literacy, the N'ko writing system as an agent of cultural nationalism''. Toronto : African Studies Association.</ref> na-ejikarị ụdị ederede a eme ihe maka agụmakwụkwọ n'etiti ndị na-asụ asụsụ dị iche iche. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/11/magazine/everyone-speaks-text-message.html|title=Everyone Speaks Text Message|author=Rosenberg|first=Tina|date=2011-12-09|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2019-05-24|language=en-US}}</ref> na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na nkwurịta okwu eletrọniki. Ụkpụrụ ahụ na-agba mbọ ịnọchite anya asụsụ Manding niile n'ụzọ na-anwa igosi ụdaume "proto-Manding" na okwu ndị ahụ, gụnyere mgbe a na-akpọpụta ya n'ụdị okwu nke oge a dị nnọọ iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu nkwekọrịta dị otú ahụ, maka ịnọchite anya velars n'etiti ụdaume: {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, {{IPA|[k]}}, {{IPA|[ɣ]}}, {{IPA|[x]}} ma ọ bụ efu nwere ike ịkpọpụta, mana mkpụrụ okwu ga-abụ otu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, okwu maka "aha" na [[Asusu igbo|Bambara]] bụ [tɔɡɔ] na [[Asụsụ Maninka|Maninka]] ọ bụ [英], mana ụdị ederede N'Ko bụ ̆ ''tô''. Na nkwurịta okwu ederede, onye ọ bụla ga-ede ya n'otu ụzọ site na iji edemede N'Ko, ma gụọ ya ma kpọọ ya dị ka asụsụ nke ha. == Ihe edeturu == . == Edensibia == enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu nkwekọrịta dị otú ahụ, maka ịnọchite anya velars n'etiti ụdaume: [ɡ], [k], [ɣ], [x] ma ọ bụ efu nwere ike ịkpọpụta, mana mkpụrụ okwu ga-abụ otu. Dịka{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [http://kanjamadi.org/baju/dictionary N'Ko-English-French-Arabic dictionary] na kanjamadi.org {{Constructed languages}} 1kt0xspihzupuyal0fmrjd2x65dqsn6 0 37507 693040 540117 2026-07-31T08:02:17Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  <ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/335581/Lekhitic-languages Lekhitic languages], Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 2008</ref>'''asụsụ''' Lechitic (ma ọ bụ '''Lekhitic''') bụ obere asụsụ nke nwere Polish na ọtụtụ asụsụ na olumba ndị ọzọ a na-asụbu n'ógbè nke bụ Poland ugbu a na ọwụwa anyanwụ Germany. Ọ bụ otu n'ime alaka nke nnukwu West Slavic subgroup; alaka ndị ọzọ nke obere ìgwè a bụ Asụsụ Czech-Slovak na Asụsụ Sorbian. == Asụsụ == [[Usòrò:Book_of_Henryków.PNG|thumb|Akwụkwọ Henryków, nke nwere ihe a na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ahịrịokwu mbụ e dere na Poland]] [[Usòrò:Zendzenie_kaszebow_leba_kartuze.jpg|thumb|Kashubian jamboree na Łeba na 2005 - ọkọlọtọ na-egosi aha Kashubian nke Kartuzy CountyÓgbè Kartuzy]] Asụsụ Lechitic bụ: * Polish, nke ihe dị ka nde mmadụ iri atọ na asatọ na-asụ asụsụ Poland na ọtụtụ nde mmadụ n'ebe ndị ọzọ na-eji. &nbsp;A na-Obere Polish dị ka nke nwere ọtụtụ olumba, gụnyere Greater Polish, Lesser Polish, Ndị Masovian, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. ** [[Silesia]]_language" id="mwKQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Silesian language">Silesia, nke ihe karịrị mmadụ 530,000 na-eji taa (nchịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke afọ 2011) <ref name="GUS2011">[http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_raport_z_wynikow_NSP2011.pdf Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011. Raport z wyników] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221235509/http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_raport_z_wynikow_NSP2011.pdf |date=21 December 2012 }} – [[Central Statistical Office (Poland)|Central Statistical Office of Poland]]</ref> na Polish Silesia na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ na Czech Silesia. A na-elekarị ụdị dị iche iche nke Silesian anya dị ka olumba Polish na Czech, a na-ahụkwa ha mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka asụsụ dị iche. * Pomeranian, nke ndị Slavic Pomeranians na-asụ, nke naanị ụdị fọdụrụ bụ: ** Kashubian, nke ihe karịrị mmadụ 110,000 na-eji taa (nchịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke afọ 2011) n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Pomerania. Mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ewere ya dị ka olumba Polish; * Polabian, nke na-adịghịzi kemgbe etiti narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, asụsụ West Lechitic nke ndị Slavic na-asụbu n'ógbè ndị gbara osimiri Elbe gburugburu n'ebe bụzi ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Germany. == Ihe ndị e ji mara ya == Ihe ndị e ji mara asụsụ Lechitic gụnyere:<ref>{{Cite book|author=Rospond|first=Stanisław|authorlink=Stanisław Rospond|date=1973|title=Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego|pages=25|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Klemensiewicz|first=Zenon|authorlink=Zenon Klemensiewicz|date=1985|title=Historia języka polskiego|pages=18–19|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe]]|isbn=83-01-06443-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Stieber|first=Zdzisław|authorlink=Zdzisław Stieber|date=1965|title=Zarys dialektologii języków zachodnio-słowiańskich|pages=16–17|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe]]}}</ref> * == Ihe odide ihe atụ == Ihe na-esonụ bụ Ekpere Onyenwe anyị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Lechitic: {| class="wikitable" !Polish !Upper Silesian<ref>{{Cite web|title=Endangered Languages Project – Upper Silesian – Ôjcze nasz|url=https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/8349/samples/6665|accessdate=20 April 2021|work=www.endangeredlanguages.com|language=en|archivedate=20 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420182835/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/8349/samples/6665}}</ref> !Kashubian[<ref>[[:File:Jerozolëma, kòscel Pater noster, "Òjcze nasz" pò kaszëbskù.JPG]]</ref>] !Polabian<ref>[http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/idg/slav/polabbs.htm Das polabische Vaterunser / "Our Father" in Polabian]</ref> |- |<poem>Ojcze nasz, któryś jest w niebie, święć się imię Twoje, przyjdź królestwo Twoje, bądź wola Twoja jako w niebie tak i na ziemi. Chleba naszego powszedniego daj nam dzisiaj. I odpuść nam nasze winy, jako i my odpuszczamy naszym winowajcom. I nie wódź nas na pokuszenie, ale nas zbaw ode złego. Amen.</poem> |<poem>Ôjcze nŏsz, kery jeżeś we niebie, bydź poświyncōne miano Twoje. Przińdź krōlestwo Twoje, bydź wola Twoja, jako we niebie, tak tyż na ziymi. Chlyb nŏsz kŏżdodziynny dej nōm dzisiŏk. A ôdpuś nōm nasze winy, jako a my ôdpuszczōmy naszym winnikōm. A niy wōdź nŏs na pokuszyniy, nale zbŏw nŏs ôde złygo. Amyn.</poem> |<poem>Òjcze nasz, jaczi jes w niebie, niech sã swiãcy Twòje miono, niech przińdze Twòje królestwò, niech mdze Twòja wòlô jakno w niebie tak téż na zemi. Chleba najégò pòwszednégò dôj nóm dzysô i òdpùscë nóm naje winë, jak i më òdpùszcziwómë naszim winowajcóm. A nie dopùscë na nas pòkùszeniô, ale nas zbawi òde złégò. Amen.</poem> |<poem>Nôße Wader, ta toy giß wa Nebisgáy, Sjungta woarda tügí Geima, tia Rîk komma, tia Willia ſchinyôt, kok wa Nebisgáy, tôk kak no Sime, Nôßi wißedanneisna Stgeiba doy nâm dâns, un wittedoy nâm nôße Ggrêch, kak moy wittedoyime nôßem Grêsmarim, Ni bringoy nôs ka Warſikónye, tay löſoáy nôs wit wißókak Chaudak. Amen.</poem> |} == Okwu mmalite == {{Commons category}} A na-etinye okwu Lechitic na asụsụ nke otu a na ndị Slavic na-asụ asụsụ ndị a (nke a maara dị ka Lechites). Okwu a nwere njikọ na aha nna nna Polish Lech na aha Lechia nke a na-akpọ Poland mgbe ụfọdụ. Maka nkọwa zuru ezu, lee Lechites. == Hụkwa == * Lech, Čech, na Rus == Ihe edeturu == ugbu a na ọwụwa anyanwụ Germany. Ọ bụ otu n'ime alaka nke nnukwu West Slavic subgroup; alaka ndị ọzọ nke obere ìgwè a bụ Asụsụ{{Reflist|1}}{{Slavic languages}}{{Authority control}} kc16l32st0qas6z391iefrnmdeuaaoc 0 37520 693043 644638 2026-07-31T08:09:38Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 693043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Nding|nativename=Eliri|states=[[Sudan]]|extinct=Threatened/Critically Endangered|familycolor=Niger-Congo|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]|iso3=eli}} <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Meinhof|first=Carl|date=1965|title=Eliri|journal=Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen|volume=7/9|pages=36–50}}</ref>'''Nding''' bụ asụsụ (nke dị oke egwu) nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/610522460|title=Atlas of the world's languages in danger|date=2010|publisher=Unesco|others=Christopher Moseley, Alexandre Nicolas, Unesco, Unesco. Intangible Cultural Heritage Section|isbn=978-92-3-104095-5|edition=3rd ed. entirely revised, enlarged and updated|location=Paris|oclc=610522460}}</ref> Niger-Congo n'ezinụlọ [[Asụsụ Talodi-Heiban|Talodi]] nke Kordofan, [[Sudan]]. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Eberhard|first=David M.|title=Ethnoloɠue: Languages in Africa and Europe|publisher=SIL International Publications|year=2020|isbn=978-1-55671-458-0|edition=23rd|location=Dallas|pages=279}}</ref> == Ihe ọmụma n'ozuzu == <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Seligmann|first=Brenda Z.|date=1965|title=Note on the Language of the Nubas of Southern Kordofan|journal=Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen|volume=1/2|pages=167–188}}</ref> na-asụ Nding n'ógbè ugwu (Jebel) Eliri, na ndịda Talodi na South Kordofan, Sudan . <ref name=":2" /> N'ihi nke ahụ, a na-akpọkwa asụsụ ahụ Eliri. <ref name=":0" /> ka UNESCO "Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" si kwuo site na 2010, asụsụ ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. Otú <ref name=":1" /> dị, mbipụta 2020 nke "Ethnolo Qatarue" kọwara ya dị ka ihe nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, na-agụnye ndị ọkà okwu 400 n'etiti ụfọdụ ndị na-eto eto na ndị okenye niile. == Egwú == === Mkpụrụedemede === <ref name=":2" /> 'asụsụ Nding, enwere ụdaume ndị a: ''a, e, i, o, u''. N'etiti ndị a, e. o, enwere ike ịhazi ya dị ka ogologo ma ọ bụ mkpirikpi, ịkpọpụta ya. === Mkpụrụ okwu === <ref name=":2" /> na-edekwa ụdaume "''l''" [el] dịka "ọ". === Mgbanwe ụdaume na ụdaume === Okwu ''n'' ike ịgbanwe site na enweghị olu gaa na olu ma ọ bụrụ na okwu bu ya ụzọ jiri "n" mechie. <ref name=":2" /> ọmụmaatụ, ''tetjo'' [eng. ụlọ] na ahịrịokwu "nwoke ahụ hapụrụ ụlọ" na-aghọ ''detjo'': babura ako an detjo. <ref name=":2" /> ''gị'' dị o''ta''">t ahụ yiri ka ha na-eme n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, ebe ọ bụ na enweghị njikọ doro anya achọtara, dịka tj na-aghọ ''dj'', ti na-aghọta ''di'', ta na-aghọzi ''da''. == Ụda olu == === Aha nnọchiaha === ==== Aha nnọchiaha ==== Ndị nnọchiaha nkịtị: aṅi (I), aṅo (you), aṅo, ''arnaṅo'' (we), ata (ha).<ref name=":2" /> Ndị nnọchiaha onwe onye n'ihu ngwaa: ''ńi/ṅi/ni'' (I), ''afọ'' (you), aṅo/ari (we), ṅorno/ano (you pl.), ''ṅota''/oʹt (she).<ref name=":2" /> Ndị nnọchiaha onwe onye nwekwara ike ijikọta na ngwaa ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka nsonaazụ; ya mere, na-egosi isiokwu nke omume ahụ: -''ia/i'' (M), -''wa/o'' (ị), -wa /''wa/oba'' (ya), -''uria/-ori'' (anyị), -''Otasị/-''/-ata (ị pl.), -una/-ata (ya).<ref name=":2" /> Mgbe nke ahụ mere, ogwe okwu ahụ nwere ike ịgbanwe (dịka ụdaume ''a, o, u'' nwere ọchịchọ ịgbanwe). <ref name=":2" /> o sina dị, enwere ọtụtụ mgbagwoju anya na mgbagwoju eme na data gbasara nnọchiaha onwe onye, yabụ enwere ọtụtụ nsogbu ịchọta usoro doro anya. ==== Ndị nnọchiaha nwere ihe ==== Ndị nnọchi''a'' onwe onye: ''i/iṅ/ńe'' (my/my), -a (yo/yours), -oba (ya), -''Ori'' (our), -''ono/-ai'' (your/yours, -ano/-ota (ya).<ref name=":2" /> ==== Ndị nnọchiaha na-ajụ ajụjụ ==== Ndị nnọchiaha ajụjụ: abura (onye), ''bi'' ma ọ bụ ''Yara'' (ihe), tja (ebe).<ref name=":2" /> === Ngwaa === ==== Okwu ndị na-esote ==== Lee paragraf dị n'elu na nnọchiaha onwe onye. ==== Ịgọnahụ ==== <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":2" /> na-emezu ịgọnahụ site n'iji post-position ma/nā/nʹ. ==== Ụdị iwu ==== Ihe ọmụm''Afọ'' banyere ụdị imperative bụkwa ihe a na-ejighị n'aka, mana dịka mmadụ na-ahụ n'ihe atụ na-esonụ, a hụla ya, na enwere ọdịiche n'etiti imperative n'otu ụdị na n'ọtụtụ (a na-enweta nsonaazụ -ano n'ọtụtụ): ŭṅo! (ị na-aga!) ''Uṅano!'' (pl. ị na-aga!).<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" /> ==== Njikọ nke ngwaa "inwe" ==== {| class="wikitable" |+Njikọ nke ngwaa "inwe"<ref name=":2" /> !Aha nnọchiaha [eng.] !Nding !Nsụgharị |- |M |''bāno/banŏ'' |"Enwere m" |- |ị |''banŏē'' |"ị nwere" |- |ya |''banŏē'' |"ọ nwere" |- |anyị |''gari'' |"anyị nwere" |- |gị (pl.) |''andona'' |"ị (pl.) nwere" |- |ha |''Afọ'' ''andona'' |"ha nwere" |} ==== Oge gara aga ==== Nchịkọta ihe atụ nke ahịrịokwu "ịgbukpọ osisi": ''''koñori guri'''' (M gbajiri osisi), ''koño guri'' (ị gbajiri...), ''''''koñata guri'''''' (ọ gbajiri...).<ref name=":3" /> === Okwu mmeghe === Adverbs: ''Nĕnna'' (ebe a), ''Tegue'' (ụtụtụ echi).<ref name=":2" /> === (N'ihu na mgbe) ọnọdụ === Postpositions: ma/nā/nʹ (iji maka ịgọnahụ<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" /> Nkọwa okwu: ''ra'' ([[[[[[[[k]), mgbe mmadụ na-''afọ'' maka ebe ihe dị), ''ba'' ([[k]"), an ([[k""), ''nā'' ([[k""), ''Tuko'' ([[k'ozuzu"), tuka ([[k "n'ozuzu" n'echiche, mgbe mmadụ jụrụ maka ebe dị), ''djeta'' ("n'ebe dị anya"), ''noṅgotjon'' ("n'okpuru"), ''tenyagan'' ("n'etiti").<ref name=":2" /> == Edensibia == of the World's Languages in Danger" si kwuo site na 2010, asụsụ ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. Otú ejighị n'aka, mana dịka mmadụ na-ahụ n'ihe atụ na-esonụ, a hụla ya, na enwere ọdịiche n'etiti{{Reflist}}{{Languages of Sudan}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6znnsxlens3irhu8umf0i8lbov6stlp 0 37561 693041 153426 2026-07-31T08:05:54Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693041 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;" |Lele |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Chad]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" | (26,000 e depụtara na 1991) [https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lln/ Lele] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Afroasiatic languages|Ndị Afrịka na Eshia]] * [[Chadic languages|Chadic]] ** [[East Chadic languages|Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Chadic]] *** [[East Chadic A languages|Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Chadic A]] **** [[Nancere languages|Nancere]] (A.2.1) ***** '''Lele''' </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:lln|lln]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lele1276 lele1276]</code> |} {{Reflist}} '''Lele''' bụ asụsụ East Chadic a na-asụ na mpaghara Tandjilé, na ngalaba Tandjilée Ouest, n'ebe ndịda Kélo . == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụedemede === Lele nwere ụdaume ise dị n'okpuru. Mkpụrụedemede dị n'etiti dị ala karịa n'etiti. <ref name="Frajzyngier"/> niile nwere ike ịnwe ogologo ọdịiche. E nwere ụfọdụ asymmetries na ndepụta ụdaume Lele. == Asụsụ == === Aha === Aha <ref name="Frajzyngier"/> nke nwoke ma ọ bụ nke nwanyị, mana enweghị akara ọdịdị nke okike na aha.:: 55  A na-ahụ ọdịiche a naanị na usoro nkwekọrịta (okike zoro ezo). Naanị obere aha ka a na-akara maka ọtụtụ: nnukwu anụmanụ, okwu ikwu na ihe ole na ole na-adịghị ndụ. <ref name="Frajzyngier" /> na-akara aha dị iche iche n'ụzọ dịgasị iche iche gụnyere nsonaazụ /-e/ ma ọ bụ /-anyị/ na infix /-a-/ .<ref name="Frajzyngier" />:: 56  E nwere aha atọ nwere ụdị ọtụtụ na-adịghị mma: "nwaanyị", "hen" na "onye".: 58  E nwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe a na-apụghị iwepụ na ihe a na'apụghị iwepu na ahịrịokwu aha. N'ihe onwunwe a na-apụghị ịnapụ mmadụ, a na-eji nsonaazụ na aha na-egosi onye nwe ya (nsonaazụ nkwekọrịta onye nwe ya). <ref name="Frajzyngier">{{Cite book|author=Frajzyngier|first=Zygmunt|title=A Grammar of Lele|date=2001|publisher=CSLI Publications|location=Stanford, California}}</ref>'ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe a na-apụghị ịnapụ mmadụ ihe niile, a na-edepụta onye nwe ya site na okwu nnọchiaha na-esote aha.: 61  === Ngwaa === Usoro ọnọdụ-ọdịdị-ọnọdụ na-agụnye ụdị okwu anọ a na-akpọ "oge gara aga", "ọdịnihu", "aha" na "ihe dị mkpa". Ụdị "nke gara aga" na-enwekarị ụdaume /i/. Ụdị "ọdịnihu" na "aha" nwere ụdaume ikpeazụ /e/. A na-ekewa ha n'etiti onwe ha site na ụda dị elu na nkeji okwu mbụ nke ụdị "ọdịnihu". Ụdị imperative <ref name="Frajzyngier"/>-enwekarị ụdaume /a/ ma ọ bụ /u/ .: 44  Ụfọdụ ngwaa nwekwara ụdị otutu nke a na-egosi site na nsonaazụ /-wi/ ma ọ bụ ụdaume mbido. <ref name="Frajzyngier"/> ọtụtụ nke ngwaa nwere ike igosi ọtụtụ ihe omume, ọtụtụ isiokwu na-adịghị agafe agafe, ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ ihe.:: 164 ">&#x3A;&#x200A;124&#x200A; Verbs nwekwara ike ịgbanwe site na adverbs, gụnyere klas nke ideophones, <ref name="Frajzyngier" />: 164 site na akara "ventive" (nke sitere na ngwaa "na-abịa") na-esote ngwaa, ma ọ bụ akara "inceptive" (nke si na ngwaa ""hapụ") na-ebute ngwaa. === Aha nnọchiaha === Usoro ntụaka ahụ na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'ụzọ iri. A na-ekewapụta nwoke na nwanyị na nnọchiaha nke abụọ na nke atọ. Onye mbụ na-abụghị otu nnọchiaha gụnyere ụdị abụọ na-agụnye, ụdị ọtụtụ na-agụpụta, na ụdị ọtụtụ. Ụdị ọnụọgụgụ <ref name="Frajzyngier"/> nnọchiaha bimorphemic nke jikọtara ụdị ọnụọgụ abụọ nke onye mbụ na ụdị ọnụọụọgụ nke onye nke abụọ.: 100  === Usoro okwu === N'okwu na-anọpụ iche, arụmụka aha na-apụta n'usoro okwu SVO. Otú ọ dị, nnọchiaha onye nke atọ na-agbaso ngwaa. == Edensibia == abụghị otu nnọchiaha gụnyere ụdị abụọ na-agụnye, ụdị ọtụtụ na-agụpụta, na ụdị ọtụtụ. Ụdị ọnụọgụgụ{{East Chadic languages}} == Akwụkwọ == * Cope, Pamela Simons. 1993. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200717022224/https://main.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/index.php/downloads/summary/66-volume2301/316-the-plural-in-lele Ọtụtụ n'ime Lele]. ''JWAL'' 23 (1) * Cope, Pamela Simons na Donald A. Burquest. 1986. Ụfọdụ okwu banyere nasalization na Lele. ''JWAL'' 16 (2) * {{Cite book|author=Cope|first=Pamela Simons|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/608164729|title=Dictionnaire lélé-français : suivi d'un index français-lélé. Essai de description lexicale de la langue tchadique parlée dans la région de Kélo, Tchad|date=2010|publisher=L'Harmattan|others=Nicolas Quint|isbn=978-2-296-10335-1|location=Paris|oclc=608164729|language=fr}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1995. Abụọ complementizers na Lele. Na Ibriszimow, Dymitr na Leger, Rudolf (ed.), ''Studia chadica na hamitosemitica: Akten des internationalen Symposions zur Tschadsprachenforschung Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, 6.-8. Mee 1991'', 163-170. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2001. ''Asụsụ Lele''. Stanford: CSLI Publications. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1942. ''Nnyocha dị mkpirikpi nke asụsụ Lélé na olumba Nantchoa''. Beirut: Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ Katọlik. 197 peeji nke * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1951. Ọnụ ọgụgụ na okike n'asụsụ Lélé. N'ime Akụkọ nke nzukọ mba ụwa mbụ nke ndị Africa ọdịda anyanwụ, Dakar 1945, 197-208. Dakar: Inst. Ndị France nke Africa ojii (IFAN). * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1982. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180425220311/https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/elanguage/sal/article/view/1122/1145.html Nwaanyị na-egosi na Lele: ihe owuwu oghere]. ''Ọmụmụ Asụsụ Africa'' 13. 217-229. == Njikọ mpụga == *   jtq2axj0k76owc6p545g3wzxcp5rm64 0 37688 692686 152454 2026-07-30T13:00:10Z Chinemeremprince 13026 692686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|date=2003–2009}} '''Bozo''' (: Boso nke pụtara ụlọ ahịhịa) bụ [[Asụsụ Mande]] nke Ndị Bozo nke [[Inner Niger Delta]] na [[Mali]] na-asụ.Maka [[Iku azu|Ịkụ azụ]], a na-ahụkwa ọtụtụ Bozo na mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka ebe e nwere [[Osimiri]] na Dams, dị ka Nigeria, [[Burkina Faso]] na [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]]. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ afọ 2000 si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Bozo dị ihe dị ka 132,100. A na-ewere Bozo dị ka ụyọkọ asụsụ, mana enwere obere ọdịiche. Ethnologue na-amata asụsụ anọ dabere na ihe achọrọ maka ihe mmụta. Bozo bụ akụkụ nke alaka ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Asụsụ Mande]]; onye ikwu asụsụ kacha nso bụ [[Soninke language|Soninke]], asụsụ a na-asụ n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda mmiri nke ndịda Mali, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Senegal]], na ndịda [[Mauritania]]. Ndị Bozo na-asụkarị otu ma ọ bụ karịa asụsụ mpaghara dịka [[Asusu igbo|Bambara]], [[Asụsụ Fula|Fula]], ma ọ bụ [[Asụsụ Koyra Chiini|Western Songhay]]. Asụsụ ahụ bụ ụda olu, nwere ụda okwu atọ. A na-ekewa ụyọkọ Bozo n'ụdị ndị a: * Hainyaxo (Hainyaho, Kelengaxo, Kɛlɛngaxo) (a few thousand speakers), spoken in Mali<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code%3DBZX|title=Welcome to ethologue.com|accessdate=2006-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930124841/http://www.ethologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=BZX|archivedate=2007-09-30}}</ref> * Tiɛma Cɛwɛ (Tièma cièwè, Tièma cièwe, Tiema ciewe, Tiema cewe, Tiemacèwè, Tiemacewe, Tiema) (2,500 speakers in 1991), spoken in Mali{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} * Tiéyaxo (Tieyaxo, Tigemaxo) (a few thousand speakers), spoken in Mali and Burkina Faso<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code%3DBOZ|title=Ethnologue 14 report for language code:BOZ|accessdate=2005-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514190629/http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=BOZ|archivedate=2006-05-14}}</ref> * Sorogaama (Jenaama, Sorogama, Sorko) (200,000 speakers in 2005), spoken in Mali, Nigeria and Ivory Coast{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} Hainyaxo (Kelengaxo), nke Hain (sg. Xan) na-asụ, bụ olumba kachasị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, nke a na-asụrụ n'ebe abụọ n'akụkụ Osimiri Niger. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Tieyaxo (Tigemaxo), onye agbata obi ya dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke a na-asụ gburugburu Diafarabé. Asụsụ Bozo nke etiti na nke a na-asụkarị bụ Jenaama (Sorogama), nke nwere asụsụ anọ, Pondori (n'ebe ndịda [[Mopti]]" id="mwNg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mopti">Mopti), Kotya, Korondugu (n'akụkụ Mopti) na Debo (n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Debo). Tiemacewe (Tièma Cièwè) bụ olumba Bozo nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke a na-asụ na nso ọdọ mmiri Debo. == Naịjirịa == Na Naijiria, a na-akpọkarị olumba Jenaama / Sorogama nke asụsụ Bozo Sorko. A na-asụ ya na steeti Naijiria nke [[Ȯra Niger|Niger]], [[Ȯra Kebbi|Kebbi]], na [[Ȯra Kwara|Kwara]] (Ọdọ Mmiri Kainji). == Usoro ide ihe == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" ! colspan="27" |[5] akwụkwọ Bozo nke DNAFLA [1] |- |A |B |C |D |E |Ọ bụ |F |G |H |M |J |K |L |M |N |Ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka mmadụ ghara ịdị |Ŋ |O |Ọ bụ |P |R |S |T |U |W |X |Y |- |a |b |c |d |na |Ọ bụ |f |g |h |i |j |k |l |m |n |ɲ |ŋ |o |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya |p |r |s |t |u |w |x |na |} [5] na-egosi ụdaume dị ogologo site na okpukpu abụọ nke mkpụrụedemede ahụ: Ōa, ee, ee, ii, oo, ɔɔ, uu; a na-egosi nasalization site na ịgbaso mkpụrụedemede nwere n: Ōan, en, ɛn, in, on, Liver, un. == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Edensibia == * Daget, Jacques & Konipo, M. & Sanakoua, M. (1953) 'Asụsụ Bozo' (Sudanese Studies, 1). Koulouba: French Institute of Black Africa, Gọọmentị Sudan, IFAN Center. * Blecke, Thomas (1998) ''Lexikalische Strukturen und grammatische Kategorien im Tigemaxo (Bozo, Mande) ''. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-89645-070-0|3-89645-070-0]] * {{Cite book|author=République du Mali, Direction nationale de l’alphabétisation fonctionnelle et de la linguistique appliquée|year=1993|title=Alphabets et règles d'orthographe des langues nationales|location=Bamako|publisher=DNAFLA|ref={{harvid|DNAFLA|1993}}}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Map ethnolinguistic nke asụsụ Bozo (SIL) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060628214958/http://sahelia.unice.fr/web/3sahelia/docMande/mande/CommentdagetBozo.html Asụsụ Bozo] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120605152638/http://www.sil-mali.org/en/language/boz Ihe onwunwe na Bozo-Tieyaxo] E debere ya na Wayback Machine site na [https://web.archive.org/web/20141117163449/http://www.sil-mali.org/en SIL Mali] E debere yango na Wayback machine. * Resources in Bozo-Jenaama E debere Wayback Machine site na [https://web.archive.org/web/20141117163449/http://www.sil-mali.org/en SIL Mali] E debere Wayback machine. {{Languages of Mali}}{{Mande languages}}{{Authority control}} lhwdvdk00zgo9ghpty2mpmy3b0rb9y0 0 37689 692788 152415 2026-07-30T18:10:08Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 692788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Aweer|states=[[Kenya]]|region=[[Coast Province]], [[North Eastern Province, Kenya|North-Eastern Province]]|speakers=7,600|date=2009 census|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic|fam2=[[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]]|fam3=[[Lowland East Cushitic languages|Lowland East Cushitic]]|fam4=[[Omo-Tana]]|iso3=bob|fam5=East Omo-Tana|fam6=Aweer-Garre|script=[[Latin alphabet|Latin]]|map=Eastern-Omo-Tana.jpg}} Aweer (''Aweera''), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Boni''' (Bon, Bonta), bụ Asụsụ Cushitic nke Eastern [[Kenya]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stiles|first=Daniel|date=2001|title=Hunter-Gatherer Studies: The Importance of Context|url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68408/1/ASM_S_26_41.pdf|journal=African Study Monographs. Supplementary Issue|volume=26|pages=41–65|doi=10.14989/68408}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Biber|first=Douglas|date=1984|title=The Waata Dialect of Oromo: Grammatical Sketch and Vocabulary|journal=Language|volume=60|issue=4|doi=10.2307/413828|issn=0097-8507}}</ref> Aweer, ndị a maara site na aha mkparị "''Boni,''" bụ ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-achịkọta ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, na-ebi ndụ site na ịchụ nta, ịnakọta, na ịnakọta mmanụ aṅụ. <ref> {{Cite journal|author=Prins|first=A.H.J.|year=1963|title=The Didemic Diarchic Boni|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute|volume=93|issue=2|pages=174–85}}</ref> nna <ref> {{Cite journal|author=Prins|first=A.H.J.|year=1960|title=Notes on the Boni, a Tribe of Hunters in Northern Kenya|journal=Bulletin of the International Committee on Urgent Anthropological and Ethnological Research|volume=1|issue=3|pages=25–27}}</ref> dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Kenya site na mpaghara Lamu na Ijara ruo na mpaghara Badaade nke Southern [[Somalia]]. Dị ka Ethnologue si kwuo, e nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ Aweer 8,000. Aweer nwere myirịta na Asụsụ Garre, <ref>Raymond G. Gordon Jr., ed. 2005. ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World''. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</ref> <ref name="Ethngex">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gex Ethnologue - Garre language]</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|first=Mauro|author=Tosco|year=1994|title=The Historical Reconstruction of a Southern Somali Dialect: Proto-Karre-Boni|journal=Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika|volume=15|pages=153–209|url=https://www.academia.edu/4248545}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ndị na-asụ ya dị iche na ndị na-ekwu okwu Garre. <ref name="Ethnbob">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=bob|title=Ethnologue - Aweer language|accessdate=2014-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714194740/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=bob|archivedate=2014-07-14}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme == E nwere aro na ndị na-asụ asụsụ Aweer bụ ihe fọdụrụ na ndị na'oge mbụ na-achụ nta na ndị na na-achịkọta ndị bi n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka; ọ bụ ezie na nke a abụghị n'enweghị arụmụka n'etiti ndị ọkachamara na n'adịghị ka ndị agbata obi na-asụrụ asụsụ Dahalo, ọ nweghị ihe akaebe doro anya nke asụsụ nke mgbanwe site na asụsụ gara aga; a na-ekwu nke ọma na ohere nke mgbanwe a dabere na echiche banyere ọnọdụ ha dị ka ndị na-eri nri karịa ihe akaebe asụsụ nke otu ụdị ahụ dị na asụsụ dị na asụsụ ndị agbata obi. Dị ka e kwuru na Heine (1982:141), arụmụka banyere ọnọdụ nke ma ndị Aweer agbanweela ma ọ bụ na ha esighị n'asụsụ gara aga bụ nke a: <ref> {{Cite book|author=Heine|first=Bernd|year=1982|title=Boni Dialects|series=Language and Dialect Atlas of Kenya|editor=Heine|location=Berlin|publisher=Dietrich Reimer}}</ref> # Ndị bi n'ọhịa ahụ bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ na-abụghị Sam (= nke na-abụghị East Omo-Tana), bụ ndị, n'ihi mmekọrịta ha na ndị na-azụ anụ Sam n'akụkụ ọhịa ahụ, nabatara asụsụ Sam. Nke a ga-apụta na mmekọrịta Boni na ndị Sam bụ naanị asụsụ; a ga-achọ mmalite ọdịbendị ha na ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na'achịkọta ndị bi n'oké ọhịa tupu ọbịbịa nke Eastern Sam. # Akụkụ nke Eastern Sam, ya bụ, ndị nna nna nke Boni, banyere n'oké ọhịa dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri wee nabata ndụ onye na-achụ nta na onye na-achịkọta ihe. O yikarịrị ka ọ bụ agha, mwakpo anụmanụ ma ọ bụ nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi kpatara mmepe dị otú ahụ, na-amanye otu ndị ahụ ịhapụ akụ na ụba anụ ụlọ ha. Tosco (1994) <ref name=":0" /> kwuru na Heine kwenyere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke abụọ, dịka Tosco (1994:155) gara n'ihu kwuo:   N'otu akwụkwọ ahụ, Tosco na-ekwu na e nwere omenala ọnụ n'etiti ndị agbụrụ Aweer nke ha nwere n'otu oge nwere ehi ma, n'ihi na ha furu ha (na ikekwe ọnọdụ ha), aghọwo ndị na-eri nri. Enwere ike ịchọta echiche yiri nke ahụ na Stiles (1988:41-42), <ref> {{Cite journal|author=Stiles|first=Daniel|year=1988|title=Historical interrelationships of the Boni with pastoral peoples of Somalia and Kenya|journal=Kenya Past and Present|volume=20|pages=38–45}}</ref> na nkwekọrịta zuru oke bụ na ọ bụ ezie na a maghị mmalite nke Aweer na asụsụ ha n'ezie, o yikarịrị ka ha abụghị ndị na-eri nri n'otu oge. Tosco (1994:159) wepụtara echiche na-asọ mpi, ma eleghị anya nke yiri nke mbụ Heine, nke jikọtara mpụta nke Aweer na mgbasawanye nke ndị na-ekwu okwu Garre site n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ:   Ọ na-ekwu na n'ime ọrụ na-abịanụ a ga-ebipụta, Tosco (1992), <''sir-''<nowiki> about="#mwt73" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-14","html":"Tosco, Mauro. 1992. The classification of Dahalo: another perspective. In Banti, Giorgio (ed.), Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on Cushitic and Omotic languages, Turin, 16–18 November 1989. Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale."}}' id="cite_ref-14" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref"></nowiki>[./Aweer_language#cite_note-14 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[1]</nowiki></span>] na e nwere mgbazinye ego nke East Omo-Tana (ma ọ bụ n'okwu ya, "Somali") sitere na Dahalo nke enwere ike ịgbazinye ma ọ bụ Aweer ma ọ bụ Garre, dị ka ngwaa šir- (IPA: [ʃir-]) 'ịdị n'ebe ahụ, ịdị adị' nke na-egosi mgbanwe ụda *k > [ʃ] /_i na ngwaa na-achọghị- (I PA: [ʔunneːd]) 'to eater] nke na ụda N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị a nwekwara ike ịbụ mgbazinye ego site na Aweer gaa na Dahalo. Enwere ike ịchọta echiche yiri nke ahụ <ref> {{Cite book|author=Nurse|first=Derek|year=2019|chapter=When Northern Swahili met southern Somali|editor=Emily Clem|title=Theory and Description in African Linguistics|pages=649–665|location=Berlin|publisher=Language Science Press|doi=10.5281/zenodo.3367193|isbn=978-3-96110-205-1}}</ref> Nọọsụ (2019). [1] == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == Ndepụta ụdaume e wughachiri maka Proto-Aweer (''ọkwa ikpeazụ a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Aweer niile'') dị ka ndị a: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Mkpụrụ okwu ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Ezé / Alveolar<br /> !Palato- (alveolar) <br /> !Velar !Uvular !Mkpịsị aka |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n |ɲ | | | |- ! rowspan="4" |Plosive !enweghị olu |p |t |c |k |q |ʔ |- !kwuru okwu |b |d |ɟ |g | | |- !ejective | |tʼ |cʼ |kʼ | | |- !implosive | |ka |Ọdịdị |Ihe a na-akpọ China | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike |f |s |ʃ | | |h |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ | |l |j |w | | |- ! colspan="2" |Rhotic | |r, r̪ | | | | |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * AWEER E debere Wayback Machine == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite web|author=Rilling|first=Art|year=2012|title=Sociolinguistic Surveys in Selected Kenyan Languages: The Boni/Dahalo Report|work=SIL International|url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/50904}} * {{Cite journal|doi=10.1075/jhl.18009.eli|title=Visualizing the Boni dialects with Historical Glottometry|year=2019|author=Elias|first=Alexander|journal=Journal of Historical Linguistics|volume=9|pages=70–91|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8402p0tv}} {{Languages of Kenya}}osimiri wee nabata ndụ onye na-achụ nta na onye na-achịkọta ihe. O yikarịrị ka ọosimiri wee nabata ndụ onye na-achụ nta na onye na-achịkọta ihe. O yikarịrị ka ọosimiri wee nabata ndụ onye na-achụ nta na onye na-achịkọta ihe. O yikarịrị ka ọosimiri wee nabata ndụ onye na-achụ nta na onye na-achịkọta ihe. O yikarịrị ka ọ{{Cushitic languages}}{{Authority control}} 2vlrnk4x4ipwqeak2jwmcjln016z3py 0 37716 692652 540069 2026-07-30T12:22:36Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 692652 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;" |Arhuaco |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;" |''Ikʉ'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Colombia]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |14,800 [[Arhuacos]] (2001) <ref name="e16">[https://www.ethnologue.com/16/show_language/arh Arhuaco language] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (16th ed., 2009) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;">[[File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg|link=Paywall|alt=Closed access icon|14x14px|closed access publication – behind paywall]]</span></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |8,000 (2009)<ref name="e18">[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/arh/ Arhuaco] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Chibchan language|Chibchan]] * Arwako-Chimila ** Asụsụ Arwako *** '''Arhuaco''' </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:arh|arh]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/arhu1242 arhu1242]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20240626144651/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/666 Ica] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[File:Arhuaco.png|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;" |'''Isiokwu a nwere akara ụdaolu [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]].''' Enweghị [[Help:IPA#Rendering issues|nkwado nsụgharị]] kwesịrị ekwesị, ị nwere ike ịhụ [[Unicode]]_block)#Replacement_character" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Specials (Unicode block)">akara ajụjụ, igbe, ma ọ bụ akara ndị ọzọ kama mkpụrụedemede Unicode. Maka ntuziaka mmeghe na akara IPA, lee Help:IPA. |} '''Arhuaco''', nke a maara dị ka (Arhuaco: Ikʉ), bụ asụsụ Ụmụ amaala America nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ Chibchan, nke Ndị Arhuaco na-asụ na [[South Amerika|South America]]. nwere ndị na-asụ asụsụ 8,000, ha niile nọ na mpaghara Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta nke [[Colombia]], 90% n'ime ha bụ ndị na-ekwu otu asụsụ. Ịgụ na ide bụ 1 ruo 5% n'asụsụ ha. .<ref name="eth">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=arh Arhuaco], by Arango and Sánchez, Ethnologue, 1998, access date {{date|04/16/08}}</ref> Ụfọdụ -sụ Spanish, na 15 ruo 25% bụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ n'asụsụ enyemaka ahụ. Ndị ọrụ ahụ nwere ọdịbendị ọdịnala siri ike jiri ire ha mee ihe nke ọma. makwaara ya dị ka: ''Aruaco, Bintuk, Bíntukua, Bintucua, Ica, Ijca, Ijka, Ika, na Ike.'' Asụsụ ahụ na-eji usoro ahịrịokwu isiokwu-ihe-okwu (SOV). == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Mkpụrụedemede ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ |i-agụnye__ibo__ Ihe omuma aỌdịdị |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị |u bụ na-agụ__ibo__ Akwụkwọ bụ̣̣́ nke a na-akpọ "Spanish"Ọdịdị |- !N'etiti |na-agụnye__ibo__ Ihe omuma aỌdịdị |ə'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNa-ekwu maka yaỌdịdị |o-adịNkọwaỌdịdị |- !Emeghe | |n'ihi yaIhe omuma di icheỌdịdị | |} {{IPA|/ə/}} na-ebuli elu ma jikọta ya na {{IPA|/ɨ/}} okwu n'ikpeazụ. Asụsụ a na-edebanye aha ụdaume iri na asaa: === Ọdịdị nke ụdaume === Ewezuga ụfọdụ, mkpụrụedemede Arhuaco nwere ike ịmalite site na ụdaume abụọ (nke abụọ n'ime ha ga-abụ glide /w j/) ma nwee ike mechie ya site na otu n'ime ụdaume ndị a: /ʔ n r w j/. === Prosody === Mmetụta Arhuaco na-adaba na nkeji okwu nke abụọ, na nrụgide nke abụọ na-eme na nkeji okwu ọ bụla bu ụzọ, n'ihe gbasara okwu ndị toro ogologo (dịka /ˌunkəˈsia / 'mkpịsị aka nchebe'). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Landaburu|first=Jon|title=La lengua Ika|publisher=Instituto Caro y Cuervo|year=2000|location=Bogotá}}</ref> E nwere ụfọdụ affixes na enclitics ndị bụ extrametrical ma ghara ịgụ dị ka mkpụrụedemede maka ọrụ nrụgide. == Ọdịdị == === Aha nnọchiaha === {| class="wikitable" |+Aha ndị Arhuaco !onye !otu !ọtụtụ |- |Nke Mbụ |nən |niβi |- |Nke abụọ |ma |miβi |- |Nke atọ |a |Ijiknaʔ |} (1985, 34) depụtara nnọchiaha onwe onye isii maka Arhuaco, na otu na ọtụtụ nọmba maka onye mbụ, nke abụọ, na nke atọ ma kwuo na ha "anaghị apụta ugboro ugboro na ederede; ha na-apụta mgbe ụfọdụ na ọnọdụ isiokwu, na-adịkarịghị na ọnọdụ ihe, na ọtụtụ mgbe dị ka ihe nke nnọchianya". <ref>{{Cite book|author=Ostler|first=Nicholas|editor=Smith|title=Historical Linguistics 1995. Volume 1: General issues and non-Germanic Languages. Selected papers from the 12th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Manchester, August 1995|date=2000|publisher=John Benjamins|location=Amsterdam, Netherlands|isbn=978-90-272-3666-1|pages=279–293|chapter=The Development of Transitivity in the Chibchan Languages of Colombia|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=DapxAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA279}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bergqvist|first=Henrik|title=Epistemic marking in Ika (Arwako)|journal=Studies in Language|date=2012|volume=36|issue=1|pages=154–181|doi=10.1075/sl.36.1.05ber|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-80129}}</ref>'ụzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe, akara onye na ngwaa Arhuaco agbanweela ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ dị irè iji akara epistemic modality ma ọ bụ evidentiality. == Edensibia ==   Frank, Paul 1985. Asụsụ nke Ika. Akwụkwọ edemede PhD. Mahadum Pennsylvania. Frank, Paul 2000. Okwu Ika. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2000. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231214000038/https://lenguasdecolombia.caroycuervo.gov.co/ICCadmin/ICC/documentos/ika.pdf Asụsụ Ika]. n'asụsụ ụmụ amaala nke Colombia: Otu ọhụụ nkọwa. Bogota: Instituto Caro y Cuervo''.'' == Ihe edeturu == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/49237 Arhuaco (Ika) akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120320150545/http://www.humanas.unal.edu.co/home/versiones/arh Asụsụ Ika nke Faculty of Humanities nke National University of Colombia.] {{Languages of Colombia}}{{Chibchan languages}}{{authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mnrxhbjcymsj64jjmh681nwultjqabd 0 37717 693067 152478 2026-07-31T08:51:17Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693067 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Mah Meri''', nke a makwaara dị ka '''Besisi''', '''Cellate''', '''Hma" Btsisi"''', '''Ma" Betisek''', na "'''"Orange Sabat"'''" (okwu mkparị), <ref name="EthnoMHE" /> bụ Asụsụ Austroasiatic a na-asụ na Malay Peninsula. na Semaq Beri, Semelai na Temoq, Mah Meri sitere na alaka Southern Aslian nke asụsụ Aslian. [1] Mah Meri naanị asụsụ Aslian fọdụrụnụ nke a na-asụ n'akụkụ osimiri (n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Negeri Sembilan na Selangor) na ndị na-asụgharị ya bụ 3,675 dị ka edere na Orang Asli Museum na Gombak. <ref name="KruspeDictionary"> Kruspe, N., & Zainal, A. (2010). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25822793 A Dictionary of Mah Meri as Spoken at Bukit Bangkong]. ''Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications'', (36), Iii-410. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25822793</ref> ọkọwa okwu nke asụsụ Mah Meri <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nicole Kruspe|url=https://portal.research.lu.se/portal/en/persons/nicole-kruspe(78880aa9-091a-4528-98a0-fb515df7e813).html|work=Lund University Research Portal|accessdate=28 March 2020}}</ref> nke Nicole Kruspe chịkọtara. == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụedemede<ref name="KruspeIPA"> Kruspe, N., & Hajek, J. (2009). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/mah-meri/9A24F080E4DB641337DD772CE0BC5F76 Mah Meri] ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association'', 39(2), 241-248. [[doi:10.1017/S0025100309003946]]</ref> === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Ndebanye aha 1 ụdaume ! rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |N'ihu ! rowspan="2" |Central ! colspan="2" |Ịlaghachi azụ |- class="small" !gburugburu !+ gburugburu |- !Elu |i nyere&nbsp;&nbsp;Ọ bụ |Ọdịdị |ɯ̃ɯ ɯ&nbsp;&nbsp; |u dị iche iche&nbsp;&nbsp;Otú ọ dị, |- !Ebe Ugwu Dị Elu |na E ẽ&nbsp;&nbsp;Ọ bụ |ə-adị&nbsp;&nbsp;Ọ bụ n'oge a | |o õ&nbsp;&nbsp;Ọ bụ |- !Ebe Dị Ala |ɛ̃ ɛ̃&nbsp;&nbsp; | | |Ọ bụ n'afọ&nbsp;&nbsp; |- !Ala Dị Ala | |n'ihi na ọ bụ&nbsp;&nbsp;[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | | |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Ndebanye aha ụdaume 2 ! rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |N'ihu ! rowspan="2" |Central ! colspan="2" |Ịlaghachi azụ |- class="small" !gburugburu !+ gburugburu |- !Elu |na-esote | |__ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa |Ọdịdị |- !Ebe Ugwu Dị Elu |na-adị |Na-adị | |Ebe ahụ |- !Ebe Dị Ala |Ọdịdị | | |Ọdịdị |- !Ala Dị Ala | |na-adị | | |} === Ndepụta olu<ref name="KruspeIPA"> Kruspe, N., & Hajek, J. (2009). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/mah-meri/9A24F080E4DB641337DD772CE0BC5F76 Mah Meri] ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association'', 39(2), 241-248. [[doi:10.1017/S0025100309003946]]</ref> === E nwere ndekọ olu abụọ na Mah Meri: Ndebanye aha 1: Ndebanye aha 1 nwere ogo olu doro anya, oge dị mkpirikpi na ụda dị ala. Ndebanye aha 1 ụdaume nwekwara obere mgbochi phonotactic. Ndebanye aha 2: Ndebanye aha 2 bụ ndị na-adịghị ike, ogologo ma dị elu na ụda. Ndebanye aha 2 ụdaume nwekwara obere ụdaume na-eku ume. === Mkpụrụ okwu<ref name="KruspeIPA"> Kruspe, N., & Hajek, J. (2009). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/mah-meri/9A24F080E4DB641337DD772CE0BC5F76 Mah Meri] ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association'', 39(2), 241-248. [[doi:10.1017/S0025100309003946]]</ref> === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! ! !Labial !Denti-<nowiki><br id="mwuw"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>alveolar !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Glottal |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Plosive |{{IPA link|p}} &nbsp; &nbsp; {{IPA link|b}} |{{IPA link|t}} &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; {{IPA link|d}} | |{{IPA link|k}} &nbsp; &nbsp; {{IPA link|g}} |{{IPA link|ʔ}} |- |{{IPA link|pʰ}} &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; |{{IPA link|tʰ}} &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; | | |{{IPA link|kʰ}} &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; | |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |{{IPA link|m̥}} &nbsp; &nbsp; {{IPA link|m}} | |{{IPA link|n̥}} &nbsp; &nbsp; {{IPA link|n}} |{{IPA link|ɲ̊}} &nbsp; &nbsp; {{IPA link|ɲ}} |{{IPA link|ŋ̊}} &nbsp; &nbsp; {{IPA link|ŋ}} | |- ! colspan="2" |Tap | | |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; {{IPA link|ɾ}} | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Fricative | | |{{IPA link|s}} &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; | | |{{IPA link|h}} &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Affricate | | | |tɕ dʑ | | |- | | | |tɕʰ | | |- ! colspan="2" |Approximant |ʍ w | | |{{IPA link|j}} |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; {{IPA link|ɰ}} | |- ! colspan="2" |Lateral Approximant | | |{{IPA link|l̥}} &nbsp; &nbsp; {{IPA link|l}} | | | |} == Asụsụ ==   == Ihe ize ndụ nke asụsụ na ịdị ike == Dị ka Ethnologue si kwuo, <ref name="EthnoMHE">{{Cite web|title=Mah Meri|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mhe|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|accessdate=28 March 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[[ethnologue:mhe|"Mah Meri"]]. ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> ọnọdụ asụsụ nke Mah Meri bụ '6b: Threatened', na-ezo aka na ọnọdụ ebe a na-eji asụsụ ahụ eme ihe maka nkwurịta okwu ihu na ihu n'ime ọgbọ niile, mana ọ na-efunahụ ndị ọrụ. Ọnọdụ a dabere na Lewis na Smino's (2010) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=M. Paul|title=Assessing endangerment: Expanding Fishman's GIDS|journal=Revue roumaine de linguistique|date=2010|volume=55|issue=2|pages=103–120|url=https://www.lingv.ro/RRL-2010.html|accessdate=28 March 2020}}</ref> Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS). Nnyocha nke Coluzzi, Riget & Wang (2017) <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="479" href="./Malay_language" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Malay language">\" id=\"mwAiw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofolase of the rnational Journal of the Sociology of Language<nowiki></i></nowiki>. <nowiki><b id=\"mwAi4\">2017</b></nowiki> (244): 137–161. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"481\" href=\"./Doi_(identifier)\" id=\"mwAi8\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a></nowiki>:<nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl-2016-0060\" id=\"mwAjA\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">10.1515/ijsl-2016-0060</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"482\" href=\"./S2CID_(identifier)\" id=\"mwAjE\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a></nowiki><nowiki><span id=\"mwAjI\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151338370\" id=\"mwAjM\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">151338370</a></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-7" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Mah_Meri_language#cite_note-7 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[1]</nowiki></span>]</sup> banyere iji asụsụ eme ihe na àgwà n'ime obodo nta Mah Meri 4 dị iche iche na Carey Island na-atụ aro na ọ bụ ezie na Mah Meri ka nwere ọnọdụ siri ike ma dị mma na obodo, enwere ohere maka mgbanwe asụsụ zuru oke na Malay n'ọdịnihu n'ihi obere ojiji nke Mah Meri n'etiti ọgbọ na-eto eto. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) * <nowiki>http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0003-66E2-7@view</nowiki> Mah Meri na RWAAI Digital Archive * ELAR archive nke Mah Meri (na Ceq Wong) ihe ndekọ asụsụ[http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0208 Ihe odide asụsụ Mah Meri (na Ceq Wong)] 7igqd82j60bmcp517ivgvctto9kknal 0 37826 692854 179862 2026-07-30T20:40:03Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} + Databox 692854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox person|website=}} '''Francois L. Woukoache''' (amụrụ na 16 Febụwarị 1966), bụ Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ede ihe nkiri na Belgian-[[Kameroon|Cameroon]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bb557a3fb|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619202357/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bb557a3fb|archivedate=June 19, 2019|title=François L. Woukoache, Born: 1966, Yaounde|publisher=British Film Institute|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref> O meela ihe dị ka ihe nkiri iri abụọ na usoro akụkọ ụmụaka na ọtụtụ mmemme telivishọn. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ ya na 16 Febụwarị 1966 na Yaoundé n'ezinụlọ nwere ụmụnne itoolu. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gara ọmụmụ sayensị dị elu. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na National Institute of Performing Arts na Brussels (INSAS). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=3718|title=François Woukoache: Cameroun|publisher=africultures|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1991, o mere ihe nkiri mbụ ya, ''Melina'' . N'afọ 1995, o mere ''oche'' nkiri Asientos nke na-ekwu maka ahia ohu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://journals.openedition.org/recherchestravaux/697|title=Asientos (1995) de François L. Woukoache|publisher=openedition|accessdate=27 October 2020|archivedate=26 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126041707/https://journals.openedition.org/recherchestravaux/697}}</ref> E gosipụtara ihe nkiri ahụ n'ọtụtụ mmemme ihe nkiri ma too ya nke ukwuu. Mgbe ahụ o mere obere The smoke in the eyes na 1997 na Brussels. N'afọ 1998, Woukoache duziri ihe nkiri Fragments de vie . Ihe nkiri a na-ese okwu kọwara usoro nke obodo ukwu na Africa na-eme mkpọtụ, nke ụlọ mmanya na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ abalị nke obodo dị na Equatorial Africa. <ref name="pbcpictures">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbcpictures.com/bin/htdoc.cgi?id=0004367_pbc_bio|title=François L. Woukoache: February 26, 1966 in Yaoundé (Cameroon)|publisher=pbcpictures|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref>'otu afọ ahụ, o duziri ihe nkiri We no longer died nke dabeere na ndụ mgbe mgbukpọ agbụrụ na Rwanda gasịrị. Kemgbe afọ 1998, ọ na-etinye aka na ọrụ ọzụzụ na mmepụta ihe nkiri na Rwanda. O mechara bụrụ onye nkuzi na School of Journalism and Communication na National University of Rwanda . N'oge a, ọ lekọtara imepụta ihe nkiri abụọ mbụ dị mkpirikpi na Rwanda na 1999: ''Kiberinka'' na Entre deux mondes . N'afọ 200, o mere ihe ngosi Nous ne Sommes Plus Morts . Ihe nkiri ahụ meriri Special Jury Mention <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tv5monde.com/cms/cinema/p-779-Fragments-de-vie.htm?ficheId=66&position=81&search=films&recherche=&pays=0&categorie=0&genre=0&annee=&page=6&action=ok&lettre=&cfid=779|title=African cinemas the encyclopedia of African film|publisher=tv5monde|accessdate=27 October 2020|archivedate=26 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126041707/http://www.tv5monde.com/cms/cinema/p-779-Fragments-de-vie.htm?ficheId=66&position=81&search=films&recherche=&pays=0&categorie=0&genre=0&annee=&page=6&action=ok&lettre=&cfid=779}}</ref> Zanzibar International Film Festival . <ref name="pbcpictures"/> N'agbata afọ 2003 na afọ 2005, ọ bụ onye nhazi nke ọrụ ''Igicucu n'Urumuri'' nke a malitere dị ka mmeghe maka ihe nkiri na ụlọ akwụkwọ Rwandan. N'afọ 2009, Woukoache duziri ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi The lady of the 4th floor . N'agbata afọ 2013 na 2016, ọ haziri ọrụ Faces of Life . Site na ọrụ ahụ, ọ zụrụ ụmụ nwanyị Rwanda iji nka anya dị ka ụzọ isi gosipụta okwu na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://afrimages.net/ntarabana-depasser-le-genocide-rwandais-2/|title=Ntarabana : dépasser le génocide rwandais|publisher=afrimages|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref> mechara duzie ihe nkiri ahụ, ''Ntarabana'' . <ref name="pbcpictures"/> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ụdị !Ihe mgbochi. |- |1995 |''oche'' |Onye nduzi, onye edemede |Ihe nkiri | |- |1999 |''Akụkụ nke ndụ'' |Onye nduzi, onye edemede, onye na-emepụta |Dị mkpirikpi | |- |2000 |''Ọ dị mma!'' |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | |- |2000 |''Anyị anwụghịzi'' |Onye nduzi |Ihe nkiri | |} == Hụkwa == * Ihe nkiri nke Africa == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|nm0941886}} {{ACArt}}Fragments de vie . Ihe nkiri a na-ese okwu kọwara usoro nke obodo ukwu na Africa na-eme mkpọtụ, nke ụlọ mmanya na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ abalị nke obodo ukwu na Africa na-eme mkpọtụ, nke {{DEFAULTSORT:Woukoache, Francois L}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3j88ycwsxpz4b6t7d0ljspy316akyeu 0 37888 692894 692533 2026-07-30T22:22:15Z Sylvaline39 15355 692894 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Fatou Bintou Kandé Senghor''' (amụrụ na 9 Jenụwarị 1971) bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri nke Senegal, onye edemede, na onye na-ese foto. == Akụkọ ndụ == <ref name="Poissonnier">{{Cite news|author=Poissonnier|first=Ariane|title=Wala bok, la parole est aux rappeurs !|url=https://musique.rfi.fr/actu-musique/rap/20150915-wala-bok-fatou-kande-senghor|accessdate=18 November 2020|work=[[Radio France Internationale]]|date=15 September 2015}}</ref> mụrụ Senghor na Dakar na 1971 ma too n'etiti Naijiria, Ghana, na Benin. Nna ya bụ onye nnọchi anya mba ọzọ si n'ógbè Casamance. Ọ gụrụ ihe nkiri na akwụkwọ Bekee na Mahadum Charles de Gaulle - Lille III, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gụchaa akara ugo mmụta ya n'ihi na ọ na-etinye aka nke ukwuu na gburugburu nka na Paris. Senghor gara mmemme ihe nkiri na telivishọn nke Ouagadougou na 1992, ebe ọ bụ na ọ ghọrọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri n'oge ahụ. <ref name="iam">{{Cite news|author=Ehonian|first=Virginie|title=‘GIVING BIRTH’: RENCONTRE AVEC FATOU KANDE SENGHOR|url=http://www.iam-africa.com/venice-2015-rencontre-avec-fatou-kande-senghor/|accessdate=18 November 2020|work=Intense Art Magazine|date=27 May 2015|language=French}} [[Òtù:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> chere na ọ gaghị eme ule ikpeazụ ya ma debanye aha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nka, mana o kpebiri na nke a abụghị eziokwu. Senghor gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1993. N'afọ 1996, Senghor rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ nkwukọrịta maka World Bank. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ chọtara ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri maka National Council of Negro Women. Site na 1998 ruo 2000, Senghor bụ ọkachamara n'ihe nkiri maka Goethe Institut. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Mahadum Suffolk Dakar Campus n'etiti afọ 2000 na 2002. <ref name="africultures" >{{Cite web|title=Waru Studio|url=http://www.contemporaryand.com/place/waru-studio/|work=Contemporary And|accessdate=18 November 2020|archivedate=21 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121143454/http://www.contemporaryand.com/place/waru-studio/}}</ref><ref name="skidmore">{{Cite web|title=Fatou Kandé Senghor on Filmmaking in Senegal|url=https://tang.skidmore.edu/collection/explore/31-fatou-kande-senghor|work=[[Skidmore College]]|accessdate=November 18, 2020}}</ref> 2001 o guzobere Waru Studio, ihe enyemaka maka nyocha nka site na iji teknụzụ ọhụrụ na Dakar. <ref name="iam" />{{Cite news|author=Ehonian|first=Virginie|title=‘GIVING BIRTH’: RENCONTRE AVEC FATOU KANDE SENGHOR|url=http://www.iam-africa.com/venice-2015-rencontre-avec-fatou-kande-senghor/|accessdate=18 November 2020|work=Intense Art Magazine|date=27 May 2015|language=French}}</ref> chere na ọ bụ ebe ndị na-ese ihe na-ekerịta, mana a maara ya dị ka "onye okike nke ohere", akara Senghor jụrụ. Site <ref name="africultures" /> 2004 ruo 2005, Senghor bụ onye isi njikwa nke RADIO TOP FM 107.0 ma bụrụkwa onye na-ede isiokwu n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu. <ref name="africultures" />{{Cite web|title=Fatou Kandé Senghor|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=14015|work=Africultures|accessdate=18 November 2020|language=French}}</ref> bụkwa onye na-ese foto na onye na-emepụta ejiji maka ihe nkiri ''Faat Kiné'' nke [[Ousmane Sembène]], Off Road nke Berenghar Fall na Madame Brouette nke Moussa Sène Absa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Diop|first=Baba|title=Diola Tigi, de Fatou Kandé Senghor|url=http://africine.org/critique/diola-tigi-de-fatou-kande-senghor/7952|work=Africine|accessdate=18 November 2020|language=French|date=15 July 2008}}</ref>'afọ 2007, Senghor duziri ''Diola Tigi'', nke na-enye akụkọ banyere emume mmalite nna nna n'obodo Baila. N'afọ 2012, o duziri The Other in Me, banyere nloghachi Etienne na Leopold Senghor, ụmụ ejima nke onye isi ala Senegal mbụ Léopold Sédar Senghor na Africa. Ọ kọwara ya dị ka ihe siri ike ịmepụta, dezie, na ịhazi. Senghor duziri Giving Birth na 2015. Ihe nkiri ahụ <ref name="skidmore" />{{Cite web|title=Fatou Kandé Senghor on Filmmaking in Senegal|url=https://tang.skidmore.edu/collection/explore/31-fatou-kande-senghor|work=[[Skidmore College]]|accessdate=November 18, 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://tang.skidmore.edu/collection/explore/31-fatou-kande-senghor "Fatou Kandé Senghor on Filmmaking in Senegal"]. ''[[Kọleji Skidmore|Skidmore College]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref>-akọ akụkọ banyere onye na-eme ihe n'arịa Seni Awa Camara na ọgụ ya na ime ime na-enweghị isi. Emere <ref name="iam" />{{Cite news|author=Ehonian|first=Virginie|title=‘GIVING BIRTH’: RENCONTRE AVEC FATOU KANDE SENGHOR|url=http://www.iam-africa.com/venice-2015-rencontre-avec-fatou-kande-senghor/|accessdate=18 November 2020|work=Intense Art Magazine|date=27 May 2015|language=French}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEhonian2015">Ehonian, Virginie (27 May 2015). [http://www.iam-africa.com/venice-2015-rencontre-avec-fatou-kande-senghor/ "'GIVING BIRTH': RENCONTRE AVEC FATOU KANDE SENGHOR"]. ''Intense Art Magazine'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> na Venice Biennale, ebe a nabatara ya nke ọma. <ref name="Poissonnier" />{{Cite news|author=Poissonnier|first=Ariane|title=Wala bok, la parole est aux rappeurs !|url=https://musique.rfi.fr/actu-musique/rap/20150915-wala-bok-fatou-kande-senghor|accessdate=18 November 2020|work=[[Radio France Internationale]]|date=15 September 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPoissonnier2015">Poissonnier, Ariane (15 September 2015). [https://musique.rfi.fr/actu-musique/rap/20150915-wala-bok-fatou-kande-senghor "Wala bok, la parole est aux rappeurs !"]. ''[[Redio France Internationale|Radio France Internationale]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> bipụtara akwụkwọ Wala Bok, une histoire orale du hip hop au Sénégal na 2015, na-enyocha ihe nkiri hip-hop site na akaebe sitere n'aka ndị na-eti egwu, ndị njikwa na ndị na-emepụta ihe. Senghor lụrụ Etienne Senghor <ref name="skidmore" />{{Cite web|title=Fatou Kandé Senghor on Filmmaking in Senegal|url=https://tang.skidmore.edu/collection/explore/31-fatou-kande-senghor|work=[[Skidmore College]]|accessdate=November 18, 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://tang.skidmore.edu/collection/explore/31-fatou-kande-senghor "Fatou Kandé Senghor on Filmmaking in Senegal"]. ''[[Kọleji Skidmore|Skidmore College]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> nwee ụmụ atọ. Ọ bi n'etiti Dakar na Thiès. Se<ref name="africultures" />{{Cite web|title=Fatou Kandé Senghor|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=14015|work=Africultures|accessdate=18 November 2020|language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=14015 "Fatou Kandé Senghor"]. ''Africultures'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> nwere mmasị n'ịgba ihe atụ na echiche banyere omume okpukpe ndị nna nna dị ka Islam na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst aka. == Ihe nkiri == * 1998: ''Dal Diam'' * 2000: ''Tara ụzọ nke Ụwa'' * 2003: ''Dona Ana Maria Cabral'' * 2007: ''Diola Tigi'' * 2008: ''Akụkụ abụ m'' * 2008: ''Nlaghachi nke Enyí'' * 2012: Onye nke ọzọ nọ n'ime m ''Onye nke ọzọ n'ime m'' * 2013: ''Malibala'' * 2015: ''Ịmụ nwa'' == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [[imdbname:1242240|Fatou Kande Senghor]] na Internet Movie Database[[IMDb|Ebe nchekwa data ihe nkiri n'ịntanetị]] {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Senghor, Fatou Kandé}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gnv66bvhpzzcfqs691xaibqqkpl5ooc 0 37936 693039 207519 2026-07-31T08:01:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693039 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} <ref name="Victorian" />{{Cite web|url=https://www.victorian-cinema.net/samama.php|title=Albert Samama Chikly (1872–1934)|publisher=Who's Who of Victorian Cinema|accessdate=14 October 2020}}</ref>'''Albert Samama Chikly''' (24 Jenụwarị 1872 - 28 Disemba 1934), bụ [[Tunisia|Onye Tunisia]] na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ese foto. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mubi.com/cast/albert-samama-chikly|title=Albert Samama Chikly: Director|work=MUBI|accessdate=14 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="ilcinemaritrovato" />{{Cite web|url=https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/en/sezione/albert-samama-chikly-principe-dei-pionieri/|title=Albert Samama Chikly, Prince of the Pioneers|work=Cinema Ritrovato|accessdate=14 October 2020|archivedate=19 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019075807/https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/en/sezione/albert-samama-chikly-principe-dei-pionieri/}}</ref> na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ogidi ndị mbụ na World Cinema, Albert bụ onye na-ese foto, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na'ihe gbasara teknụzụ, onye na onye na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ ya na 24 Jenụwarị 1872 na Tunis, Tunisia n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya nke Tunisia nke sitere na ndị Juu. Nna ya David Samama, bụ onye na-echekwa ego nke Bey onye guzobere ụlọ akụ nke mesịrị ghọọ Bank of Tunisia . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wfpp.columbia.edu/pioneer/haydee-chikly/|title=Haydée Chikly|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|accessdate=21 March 2020}}</ref> Nne ya bụ onye na-elekọta ụlọ. Albert gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ihe ya na Charles Lavigerie na mgbe ahụ na ndị Jesuit na Marseille. Ọ bụ onye njem nke gara Cape Horn, China na Australia ugboro ugboro ọbụna mgbe ọ dị obere. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.akbanksanat.com/en/event/osmanli-imparatorlugundan-goruntuler-1-samama-chikly?date=1869|title=Views From Ottoman Empire 1 Albert Samama Chickly|publisher=akbanksanat|accessdate=14 October 2020}}</ref> natara aha njirimara ya 'Chikli' site na ụmụnne ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ nke agwaetiti Chikly, obere agwaetiti dị na Ọdọ Mmiri Tunis. Ọ lụrụ Bianca Ferrero, nwanyị a mụrụ n'Itali si Savoy, onye bụ onye egwu."Visionario Chikly, portò il cinema (e la bicicletta) agli africani"] ''La Repubblica'' (11 July 2015).Di na nwunye ahụ nwere otu nwa nwanyị Haydée Tamzali. O mechara bụrụ nwa amaala France Albert nwụrụ na 1934 na Tunis mgbe ọ dị afọ 62 ma lie ya n'ebe ili ozu ndị Juu a na-akpọ Borgel. == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1896, Albert laghachiri Tunisia wee were foto mbụ site n'enyemaka nke onye na-ese foto Soler. <ref name="Ritrovato" />{{Cite web|url=https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/en/proiezione/albert-samama-chikly-tre-programmi/|title=Three Programmes|publisher=Cinema Ritrovato|accessdate=14 October 2020|archivedate=19 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019090540/https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/en/proiezione/albert-samama-chikly-tre-programmi/}}</ref>'iso ihe ngosi nke Auguste na Louis Lumière, ọ na-agbasa ihe nkiri The Exit from the Lumière factory na Lyon na The Arrival of a train at La Ciotat station. Ọ gara n'ihu na-amụ sayensị na usoro nke foto na ihe nkiri ma bụrụ onye mbụ webatara ịnyịnya ígwè na wireless telegraph na Tunisia. <ref name="Victorian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.victorian-cinema.net/samama.php|title=Albert Samama Chikly (1872–1934)|publisher=Who's Who of Victorian Cinema|accessdate=14 October 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.victorian-cinema.net/samama.php "Albert Samama Chikly (1872–1934)"]. Who's Who of Victorian Cinema<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> mechara webata igwe X-ray mbụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ Tunisia. N'afọ 1908, Albert mere ihe nkiri site na iji balloon n'etiti Hammam-Lif na Grombalia. O mechara mee ihe nkiri banyere ala ọma jijiji nke 1908 na Messina ma eleghị anya mee ihe nkiri mbụ n'okpuru mmiri na 1909. <ref name="ilcinemaritrovato">{{Cite web|url=https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/en/sezione/albert-samama-chikly-principe-dei-pionieri/|title=Albert Samama Chikly, Prince of the Pioneers|work=Cinema Ritrovato|accessdate=14 October 2020|archivedate=19 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019075807/https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/en/sezione/albert-samama-chikly-principe-dei-pionieri/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240305001841/https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/en/sezione/albert-samama-chikly-principe-dei-pionieri/ "Albert Samama Chikly, Prince of the Pioneers"]. ''Cinema Ritrovato''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref>'afọ 1910, o mere ihe nkiri Tuna fishing na Tunisia n'okpuru nkwado nke Albert I, Prince of Monaco. [[Usòrò:Haydee_Tamzali.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Haydée Tamzali, nwa nwanyị]] Ọ zụlitere mmasị maka ihe ngosi na ịkọ akụkọ ebe ọ malitere ịkọ ihe omume na Tunisia niile maka akwụkwọ akụkọ 'Le Matin' na 'L'Illustration'. N'afọ 1911, e nyere ya ọrụ ịkọ akụkọ banyere Agha Italo-Turkish mere na Tripolitania. Mgbe ahụ, o mepụtara ihe nkiri, dị ka 'La Pêche aux éponges' ma ọ bụ 'Trafic d'Armes off Douara'. <ref name="luminous" />{{Cite web|url=http://www.luminous-lint.com/app/photographer/Albert__Samama-Chikli/A/|title=Other: Albert Samama Chikly|publisher=Luminous-Lint|accessdate=14 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Victorian"/>'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ọ sonyeere ngalaba foto na ihe nkiri nke ndị agha France wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị nta akụkọ iri na abụọ nke Abel Gance duziri bụ ndị mere ihe nkiri nke Agha Verdun. N'afọ 1920, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto na onye na-ede akwụkwọ maka magazin njem na akwụkwọ nduzi ndị njem. N'afọ 1922, ọ bụ onye na-ese foto na ihe nkiri Tales of a Thousand and One Nights nke onye Russia bụ Victor Tourjanski duziri. Mgbe ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ izu n'etiti ndị bi n'ime ime obodo, Albert mepụtara ''Encyclopedia na foto nke ndụ ndị Tunisia''. <ref name="ilcinemaritrovato"/> N'afọ 1922, Albert mere ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo mbụ ya bụ ''[[Zohra (ihe nkiri)|Zohra]]'' nke bụkwa ihe nkiri akụkọ akụkọ ifo mbụ nke Tunisia. <ref name="luminous">{{Cite web|url=http://www.luminous-lint.com/app/photographer/Albert__Samama-Chikli/A/|title=Other: Albert Samama Chikly|publisher=Luminous-Lint|accessdate=14 October 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.luminous-lint.com/app/photographer/Albert__Samama-Chikli/A/ "Other: Albert Samama Chikly"]. Luminous-Lint<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma ma gosipụta ya na ụlọ ihe nkiri Omnia Pathé na Tunisia na 21 Disemba 1922. N'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, nwa ya nwanyị, Haydée Tamzali rụrụ ọrụ bụ isi. O mechara bụrụ nwanyị mbụ na-akọwa na onye na-ede ihe nkiri nke ALbert. <ref name="Ritrovato">{{Cite web|url=https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/en/proiezione/albert-samama-chikly-tre-programmi/|title=Three Programmes|publisher=Cinema Ritrovato|accessdate=14 October 2020|archivedate=19 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019090540/https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/en/proiezione/albert-samama-chikly-tre-programmi/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240222164349/https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/en/proiezione/albert-samama-chikly-tre-programmi/ "Three Programmes"]. Cinema Ritrovato<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="ilcinemaritrovato"/> ọ dị ugbu a, ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri Arabian. <ref name="luminous"/>'afọ 1923, o duziri ihe nkiri Ain el-Ghezal ou la fille de Carthage, ihe nkiri mbụ nke onye Tunisia duziri na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Tunisia. <ref name="Ritrovato"/> mepụtara ya na nkwado nke Habib Bey. == Ihe Nketa == N'afọ 1996, ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi Albert Samama Chikli, ihe nkiri a magburu onwe ya na igwe ya na-atọ ọchị bụ nke [[Mahmoud Ben Mahmoud]] duziri iji sọpụrụ Albert Samama. == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ụdị !Ihe mgbochi. |- |1909 |''Brugge na Brussels'' |Onye nduzi |Ihe nkiri | |- |1909 |''Antwerpen na Oostende'' |Onye nduzi |Ihe nkiri | |- |1922 |''[[Zohra (ihe nkiri)|Zohra]]'' |Onye nduzi, onye nchịkọta akụkọ |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://letterboxd.com/film/zohra/|title=Zohra 1922 Directed by Albert Samama Chikly|publisher=letterboxd|accessdate=14 October 2020}}</ref> |- |1924 |''Ain el-Ghezal ma ọ bụ nwa nwanyị Carthage'' |Onye nduzi |Ihe nkiri | |} == Ihe ngosi == == Edensibia == elekọta ụlọ. Albert gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ihe ya na Charles Lavigerie na mgbe ahụ na ndị Jesuit na Marseille. Ọ bụ onye njem nke gara Cape Horn, China na Australia ugboro ugborouL'Illustration'. N'afọ 1911, e nyere ya ọrụ ịkọ akụkọ banyere Agha Italo-Turkish mere na Tripolitania. Mgbe ahụ, o mepụtara ihe nkiri, dị{{Reflist}} * [[c:Category:Albert_Samama-Chikli|Ụdị Wikipedia]] == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|nm0157418}} * [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4071376/albert-samama-chikly-tunisian/ Albert Samama Chikly, onye Tunisia na-eme ihe nkiri (1924)] * [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057%2F9781137312372_10 Tunisia] * [http://www.fondation-jeromeseydoux-pathe.com/Journée%20dédiée%20à%20Albert%20Samama%20Chikly Albert Samama Chikly - Foundation Jérôme Seydoux-Pathé] * [https://en.notrecinema.com/communaute/stars/stars.php3?staridx=280111 Albert SAMAMA-CHIKLY aha ọzọ: SAMAMA ] {{authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 45w8lku99hengde1bmtql3kth3xu846 0 38064 692634 692601 2026-07-30T12:08:51Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox person|name=Flora Gomes|birth_date=31 December 1949|birth_place=Cadique, Guinea-Bissau|nationality=Bissau-Guinean|alma_mater=Instituto Cubano del Arte y la Industria Cinematográficos|occupation=film director|notable_works=Mortu Nega|image= '''Flora Gomes''' bụ Onye nduzi ihe nkiri [[Guinea-Bissau|Bissau-Guinea]]. A mụrụ ya na [[Cadique]], [[Guinea-Bissau]] na 31 Disemba 1949 <ref>[[imdbname:0326884|Flora Gomes at IMDB]]</ref> ma mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Cuba, o kpebiri ịmụ ihe nkiri na Instituto Cubano del Arte y la Industria Cinematográficos na Havana. Agbapụrụ afọ iri na anọ ka nnwere onwe gasịrị, Gomes's Mortu Nega (Ọnwụ Ajụjụ) (1988) bụ ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo mbụ na ihe nkiri ngosipụta nke abụọ emere na Guinea-Bissau. (Ihe nkiri nke mbụ bụ N'tturudu, onye nduzi Umban u'Kest na 1987.) Na FESPACO 1989, ihe nkiri ahụ meriri Oumarou Ganda Prize.''Mortu Nega'' dị na Creole nwere ndepụta okwu Bekee. N'afọ 1992, Gomes duziri ''Udju Azul di Yonta'', <ref>[http://newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0099 ''Udju Azul di Yonta'' at California Newsreel]</ref> nke e gosipụtara na ngalaba Un Certain Regard na 1992 Cannes Film Festival. <ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/68/year/1992.html|title=Festival de Cannes: Udju Azul di Yonta|accessdate=2009-08-16|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Nwa nke nne na nna na-amaghị akwụkwọ, mgbe ọ bụ nwatakịrị, Gomes lụsoro ọgụ megide njedebe nke ọnọdụ ọha na eze ya na mmegbu nke usoro ọchịchị Portuguese n'okpuru ọchịchị António Salazar. Ọ kwadoro nguzogide Bissau-Guinean megide ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị na-achị ma nwee mmasị dị ukwuu na Amílcar Cabral. Ọ hapụrụ Guinea-Bissau iji mụọ ihe nkiri na Cuba (1972) na Cuban Institute of Art and Cinematography, n'okpuru nduzi nke Santiago Álvarez. Ọ gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ihe ya na [[Senegal]], na Senegalese Journal for Motion Picture News, n'okpuru nduzi nke [[Paulin Soumanou Vieyra]]. Ya na Sergio Pina duziri ihe nkiri abụọ ma soro Chris Marker na Anita Fernandez rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka. Mgbe ọ laghachiri na [[Guinea-Bissau]] a tọhapụrụ, Gomes mere ihe nkiri maka emume nnwere onwe mba ya (24 Septemba 1974), na-emezu ọchịchọ Amílcar Cabral na ọ ga-abụ ndị Bissau-Guineans n'onwe ha na-ewere oge akụkọ ihe mere eme a na fim. Mgbe ọ tọhapụrụ onwe ya n'aka ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị, ọtụtụ ndị nta akụkọ na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-aga n'ihu na-eleta Guinea-Bissau na Gomes, n'ihi ihe ọmụma ya banyere ihe nkiri, chọrọ ka ọ nyere ha aka, nke nyere ya ohere ịgbasawanye nkà ya. Na ngwụcha afọ ndị 1970, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto na onye na-eme foto maka Ministry of Information. == Onyinye na ihe ndị ọ rụzuru == === 1988 === Mortu Nega meriri: * Bronze Tanit na Carthage Film FestivalEmume Ihe nkiri Carthage * Ihe nrite maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na Carthage Film Festival * Ihe nrite maka ihe nkiri na onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou|FESPACO]] === 1992 === ''Udju Azul di Yonta'' meriri: * Bronze Tanit na Carthage Film Festival * Ihe nrite OAU (Organization of African Unity) na Carthage Film Festival * Ihe nrite maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na FESPACO * Ihe nrite pụrụ iche nke ndị ọka ikpe na Salonika Film Festival (Greece) * Distinguished with the Order of Merit for Culture by the [[Tunisia|Tunisian]] Government. * Named a member of the principal jury at the Carthage Film Festival. === 1996 === * Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres nke gọọmentị France nyere ya. * ''Po di Sangui'' meriri Silver Tanit award na Carthage Film Festival === 2002 === * ''Nha fala'' meriri ihe nrite mba ụwa nke French Bourse nyere maka ihe nkiri kachasị mma site na South. * ''Nha fala'' nwetakwara ihe nrite ihe nkiri Latin kacha mma na Venice Film Festival. * ''Nha fala'' meriri ihe nrite obodo na Amiens International Film Festival (France). * Ndị obodo Bissau-Guinean nabatara Flora Gomes na [[Portugal]] maka ọrụ ya n'ime ka ọdịbendị Bissau na-Guinean mara n'ụwa niile. === 2003 === * ''Nha fala'' meriri Grand Prize na Vie d'Afrique Festival na Montreal. * ''Nha fala'' meriri Grand Prize maka ihe nkiri na FESPACO site na ndị ọka ikpe [[Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]]. === 2004 === * Flora Gomes bụ onye otu ndị ọka ikpe na Amiens International Film Festival. === 2005 === * A họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi oche nke ndị ọka ikpe ECOWAS na FESPACO. * Mahadum nke Lisbon nabatara ya, na-anata ihe nrite na-eme emume maka ọrụ ya zuru ụwa ọnụ. * Ọ bụ onye nnọchiteanya na nke abụọ Brown University Africana Film Festival. === 2006 === * Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe / prọfesọ nleta na Ngalaba nke Africana Studies na Mahadum Brown. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gomes, Flora}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fgvhfk1si61uolwd79qqbotdt510p4m 0 38112 693085 637993 2026-07-31T09:21:55Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 693085 wikitext text/x-wiki * {{IMDb name|0756431}} * {{official|http://fouadsaid.com/}} {{Databox}}  '''Fouad Said''' (amụrụ 1933) bụ onye na-emepụta ihe na Egypt, onye na-ese ihe nkiri na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Said akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na USC School of Cinematic Arts. Ọ natara nke ya master's degree from University of Southern California n'ime 1973.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15799coll3/id/399517|title=The diversification of Cinemobile Systems Inc. into feature film production :: University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses|work=digitallibrary.usc.edu|accessdate=2020-01-02|archivedate=2020-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102204749/http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15799coll3/id/399517}}</ref> Ọ gụchara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na mgbanwe dị iche iche nke ụlọ ọrụ Cinemobile Systems site na mmepụta gwongworo akụrụngwa gaa na ihe nkiri mmepụta.<ref name=":2" /> == Ọrụ == A maara ya nke ọma maka ịmepụta Cinemobile, ụlọ [[Cinemobile|Ihe nkiri]] na-agagharị agagharị, nke e mepụtara na usoro TV I Spy ma gosipụta na ọ nwere mmetụta na Hollywood.   <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-01-30-tv-16789-story.html|title=THE MAN WITH THE GOLDEN SPY RUN|date=1994-01-30|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-02}}</ref><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Said tụụrụ ime ihe bu ụzọ na Cinemobile mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka onye na-emepụta Sheldon Leonard na Hong Kong. <ref name=":1" /> gbanwere ụgbọala Ford econoline panel ka ọ ga-ebunye n'ụgbọelu ibu ma jupụta ya na ngwá ọrụ niile dị mkpa, dị ka igwefoto na generators. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170426221858/http://ispy65.tripod.com/id161.htm Dick Hobson, "Little Fou's Big Revolution" ''TV Guide'' 23 March 1968] accessed 12 July 2014</ref><ref>[https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/197105/fouad.sa.id-the.man.who.showed.hollywood.how.htm Bart Sheridan, "Fouad Sa'id: The Man Who Showed Hollywood How", ''Saudia Aramco World'' Sept-Oct 1971] accessed 01 January 2020</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/Error/NotFound?aspxerrorpath=/Search/Nominations|title=Browser Unsupported - Academy Awards Search {{!}} Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences|work=awardsdatabase.oscars.org|accessdate=2020-01-02}}</ref> mechara nweta onyinye sayensị na injinia site na Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences na 1969 "maka imepụta na iwebata usoro Cinemobile nke ụgbọala ngwá ọrụ maka mmepụta ihe nkiri". Said kwadoro ụlọ ọrụ mmepe <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Screenplay: The Foundations of Screenwriting Expanded Edition|author=Field|first=Syd|publisher=[[Dell Publishing]]|year=1994|isbn=0-440-57647-4|url=https://archive.org/details/screenplayfounda00fiel_0}}</ref> $ 10 nde na itinye ego n'èzí. Taft Broadcasting mechara bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ nne <ref name=":0" /> nna nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, na United Artists Theatre Group na Hemdale Film Corporation dị ka ndị na-etinye ego. == Ihe ndị a họọrọ == * Virgin Sacrifice (1959) - onye na-emepụta ihe, onye na-ese ihe nkiri * 3 Nuts in Search of a Bolt (1964) - onye na-ese ihe nkiri * I Spy (1965-68) - onye na-ese ihe nkiri * ''Hickey &amp;amp; Boggs'' (1972) - onye na-emepụta * Across 110th Street (1972) - onye na-emepụta * The Deadly Trackers (1973) - onye na-emepụta * ''Aloha Bobby na Rose'' (1975) - onye na-emepụta == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * ensibia {{IMDb name|0756431}} * {{official|http://fouadsaid.com/}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Said,Fouad}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] f25j40q2ewr6gm6o0edaeeo3i8798m1 0 38113 692957 196304 2026-07-31T03:15:58Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Fawzi Saleh|other_names=|image=|image_size=|alt=|caption=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1981|1|1|mf=yes}}|birth_name=Ahmed Fawzi Saleh|birth_place=[[Alexandria]], [[Egypt]]|death_date=|death_place=|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=<!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->|nationality=[[Egyptian people|Egyptian]]|alma_mater=[[Suez Canal University]]<br> [[Cairo Higher Institute of Cinema]]|education=|height=|years_active=2008–present|party=|spouse=|children=|awards=|father=|mother=|relatives=|signature=|website=|footnotes=|occupation=Director, screenwriter, co-producer}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmstarts.de/personen/523761.html|title=Fawzi Saleh: Director, screenwriter, co-producer|publisher=filmstarts|accessdate=3 November 2020}}</ref>'''Ahmed Fawzi Saleh''' (amụrụ na 1 Jenụwarị 1981), bụ Onye na-eme ihe nkiri n'Ijipt. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailynewsegypt.com/2018/05/28/finding-humanity-in-egyptian-tanners-district-in-ahmed-fawzi-salehs-poisonous-roses/|title=Finding humanity in Egyptian tanners' district in Ahmed Fawzi Saleh's Poisonous Roses|work=Daily News Egypt|accessdate=3 November 2020}}</ref> maara ya nke ọma dị ka onye nduzi nke ihe nkiri a ma ama bụ Poisonous Roses . [1] <ref name="egypttoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/40881/World-premiere-of-Poisonous-Roses-to-take-place-at-IFFR|title=World premiere of 'Poisonous Roses'to take place at IFFR|publisher=Egypt Today|accessdate=3 November 2020}}</ref> ime ihe nkiri, Saleh bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ ya na 1 Jenụwarị 1981 na Alexandria, Egypt. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.festivalmarrakech.info/en/personnalite/ahmed-fawzi-saleh/|title=AHMED FAWZI SALEH: DIRECTOR, EGYPT|publisher=Festival Marrakech|accessdate=3 November 2020}}</ref> nwetara akara ugo mmụta na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Suez Canal wee nweta akara ugo mmụta n'ide ihe nkiri na Cairo Higher Institute of Cinema na 2009. <ref name="IFFR">{{Cite web|url=https://iffr.com/en/persons/ahmed-fawzi-saleh|title=Ahmed Fawzi Saleh|publisher=IFFR|accessdate=3 November 2020|archivedate=12 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212130827/https://iffr.com/en/persons/ahmed-fawzi-saleh}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2008, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye nduzi nke Rashid Masharawi . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dohafilminstitute.com/financing/projects/grants/poisonous-roses|title=Poisonous Roses|publisher=Doha Film Institute|accessdate=3 November 2020}}</ref> N'okpuru nduzi nke Masharawi na 2010, Saleh mere obere ihe omuma ya Living Skin nke emere na 2011. Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara otuto dị egwu ma gosipụta ya n'ọtụtụ mmemme ihe nkiri mba ụwa. Site na ihe ịga nke ọma nke nwa agbọghọ dị mkpirikpi, o mere ihe ngosi mbụ ya bụ Poisonous Roses na 2018. Ihe <ref name="egypttoday"/> ahụ gosipụtara n'ụwa niile na 47th International Film Festival Rotterdam na Bright Future section . <ref name="IFFR"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/egypt-selects-poisonous-roses-international-film-at-oscars-2020-1237356|title=Oscars: Egypt Selects 'Poisonous Roses' for International Feature Category|work=Variety|author=Kozlov|first=Vladmir|date=6 September 2019|accessdate=10 September 2019}}</ref> nkiri ahụ mechara họrọ <ref name="Egypt">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellerreport.com/life/2019-09-06---egypt-nominates-%22poisoned-rose%22-for-the-academy-award-.HJZ7iZtyLr.html|title=Egypt nominates "poisoned rose" for the Academy Award|work=Teller Report|date=5 September 2019|accessdate=6 September 2019|archivedate=6 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906081424/https://www.tellerreport.com/life/2019-09-06---egypt-nominates-%22poisoned-rose%22-for-the-academy-award-.HJZ7iZtyLr.html}}</ref> ka ntinye Ijipt maka Best International Feature Film na 92nd Academy Awards, mana a họpụtabeghị ya. <ref name="IFFR"/> nyekwara aka dị ka onye ọrụ afọ ofufo n'ọtụtụ ọrụ nke otu ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Egypt. == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ụdị !Ihe mgbochi. |- |2010 |''Akpụkpọ ahụ Dị Ndụ'' |Onye nduzi, ihe nkiri, onye na-emepụta |Ihe nkiri | |- |2018 |''[[Roses Na-egbu Mmanụ]]'' |Onye nduzi, onye edemede, onye na-emepụta |Ihe nkiri | |- |2020 |''Onye Ozu ohi'' |Onye edemede |Ihe nkiri TV | |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == nwetara akara ugo mmụta na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Suez Canal wee nweta akara ugo mmụta n'ide ihe nkiri na Cairo * {{IMDb name|nm4199462}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Saleh, Fawsi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c95jm08h7ilfqrhf956riwqe8f3f7bg 0 38656 692637 538466 2026-07-30T12:13:51Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Added {{DEFAULTSORT}} and {{DATABOX}} 692637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Florence Diya Aya''' bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na nwanyị ọchụnta ego.A mụrụ ya na Garkida na 1948 wee si Garaje Agban, Kagoro, Laura Local Government Area nke Kaduna State.Ọ bụ onye otu ụlọ ọgbakọ omebe iwu Kaduna steeti site na 1990 ruo 1993 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Biographical legacy and research foundation, Nigeria, Who's who in Nigerai|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/aya-chief-hon-florence-diya/}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Aya gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na Waka Girls Primary School site na 1957 ruo 1961. Ọ gara Government Girls College, Dalle, Kano steeti. Site na 1962 ruo 1966, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Kashim Ibrahim Library, Ahmadu Bello University, na 1963 ruo 1969 na dị ka odeakwụkwọ nzuzo na Faculty of Engineering, Ahmidu Bello University Zaria site na 1972 ruo 1984. <ref name="aya-chief-hon-florence-diya" /> Ọ bụ onye na-ere ngwaahịa mmanụ na African Petroleum site na 1984 ruo 1989. === Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === <ref>{{Cite news|date=May 23, 2018|title=governor Kaduna|work=Kaduna state government twitter handle|url=https://twitter.com/govkaduna/status/999269819802439685}}</ref>Aya ghọrọ onye omeiwu a na-akwanyere ùgwù nke Kaduna State House of Assembly site na 1990 ruo 1993 ebe ọ jere ozi dịka onye ndu ntakiri site na 1992 ruo 1993 .N'afọ 1999, ọ ghọrọ onye otu ụlọ omebe iwu etiti na-anọchite anya mpaghara gọọmenti etiti Kaura na 1999 ruo 2003.Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke kọmitii mmepe ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa, onye otu kọmitii nke kọmitii Houselọ maka ahụike, ozi na agwa gọọmentị etiti.Ọ bụkwa onye otu International Parliamentary Union, National Council of Women Societies na Women in Politics.Ugbu a ọ bụ onye otu Peoples Democratic Party. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nens agency of Nigeria|first=News agency of Nigeria|date=April 20, 2022|title=2023: 18 women aspiring for Senate, Reps, State Assembly seats in Kaduna|work=The Guardian newspaper, Nigeria|url=https://guardian.ng/news/2023-18-women-aspiring-for-senate-reps-state-assembly-seats-in-kaduna/}}</ref>'<ref>{{Cite web|title=biographical legacy and research foundation, Nigeria|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/aya-chief-hon-florence-diya/}}</ref> ==== Ndụ onwe onye ==== Ọ lụrụ Mazị Yohanna Aya.o nwere ụmụ ise. <ref name="aya-chief-hon-florence-diya">{{Cite web|title=Biographical legacy and research foundation, Nigeria|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/aya-chief-hon-florence-diya/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/aya-chief-hon-florence-diya/ "Biographical legacy and research foundation, Nigeria"].</cite></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aya, Florence}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hcpxozx9xbxkou3d2hqi18ad1ezgo6p 0 38684 692636 154273 2026-07-30T12:11:48Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Florence Akinwale''' bụ nwanyị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si [[Ȯra Ekiti|Ekiti State]], Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite web|author=migrate|date=2011-01-31|title=“Dreams for Nigeria” Documentary Premieres|url=https://www.iri.org/news/dreams-for-nigeria-documentary-premieres/|accessdate=2023-03-03|work=International Republican Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Akinwale nọchitere anya ndị Emure/Gbenyi/Ekiti East Federal constituency na ọgbakọ mba Naijiria site na 2007 ruo 2011 n'okpuru [[Peoples Democratic Party|pati People's Democratic]] platform. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Tordue|first=Salem|date=2011-02-23|title=Reps Querry Aviation Minister Over Unspent N22bn|work=Vanguard|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/02/reps-query-aviation-minister-over-unspent-n22bn/|accessdate=2023-03-03}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Public offices held by Akinwale Florence Atinuke in Nigeria|url=https://www.citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/akinwale-florence-atinuke|accessdate=2023-03-03|work=www.citizensciencenigeria.org|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Akinwale, Florence}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8hqy7qusn3gpmfibeyb6ukr0ok403x1 0 38723 692947 154346 2026-07-31T02:47:03Z Philip Emeka 16124 fixed reference error 692947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Irene Ighodaro''' (16 Mee 1916 – 29 Nọvemba 1995) bụ dibia bekee na onye ngbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze Sierra Leone bụ nwanyị [[Sierra Leone]] mbụ tozuru oke dịka dọkịta ahụike. Ọ bụ onye isi otu otu ụmụnwaanyị Christian Association of Nigeria. Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche mbụ nke otu ahụike ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Edet|first=Hope|date=2017-03-03|title=IGHODARO, Dr. Irene Elizabeth Beatrice|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ighodaro-dr-irene-elizabeth-beatrice/|accessdate=2022-05-22|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ == A mụrụ Ighodaro Irene Elizabeth Beatrice Wellesley-Cole na Freetown, Sierra Leone, otu n'ime ụmụ asaa nke injinia Wilfred Wellesley-Cole. Nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye bụ dọkịta Robert Wellesley-Cole . Ọ gara Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Nlereanya Gọọmenti wee gụchaa na Annie Walsh Memorial School. O kpebiri ịghọ dibịa mgbe ọ nyesịrị nne ya ara site n'ọrịa na-egbu ya. Ọ natara MBBS ya na Mahadum Durham dị na England na 1945. <ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oR_mDAAAQBAJ&dq=Irene+Ighodaro&pg=PA28 The Black Handbook: The People, History and Politics of Africa and the ...]''</ref> O mechara lụọ Samuel Ighodaro nke [[Benin|Benin City]] bụ onye ya na ya mụrụ ụmụ anọ; Tony, Wilfred, Ayo, na Yinka. Ha kwagara Naijiria, ebe ọ ghọrọ onye ọka ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke Midwestern Nigeria. <ref name="Morgan">{{Cite book|author=Morgan|first=Barbara|title=Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia|date=2002|publisher=Yorkin Publications|location=Waterford, Connecticut|isbn=0-7876-4074-3|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591304351.html|chapter=Ighodaro, Irene (1916–1995)}}</ref> Ighodaro jigidere usoro ahụike onwe ya ma bụrụkwa onye otu ọtụtụ kọmitii ndụmọdụ ahụike ọdịda anyanwụ Naijiria. Ọ gakwuuru Òtù Ahụ́ Ike Ụwa n'ihe banyere ahụ́ ike ụmụaka na nne ma dee akwụkwọ ''bụ́ Afọ Mbụ nke Baby'' . Ọ chịkwara ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ụlọ ọgwụ na Mahadum Benin, bụrụkwa onye so na kọmitii Executive World YWCA. <ref name="Morgan" />E mere ya [[Order of the British Empire|onye otu Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) na 1958. <ref name="Morgan" /> Ighodaro nwụrụ na 29 November 1995. <ref name="Morgan" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Crane, Louise. ''Nwada Africa: Profaịlụ ụmụ nwanyị Africa nke oge a'' . Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, 1973. {{authority control}} psj7v76rlpnw8oc1w7hrkvslydwmjn1 0 38770 693117 155571 2026-07-31T11:14:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|title=[[Chief Executive Officer]] of [[LADOL|Lagos Deep Offshore Logistics Base]]}} <ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|author=Laura Secorun Palet|url=http://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/amy-jadesimi-a-one-woman-economic-engine/38752|title=Amy Jdesimi: A One-Woman Economic Engine|accessdate=3 November 2017|date=22 January 2015|publisher=The Daily Dose (Ozy.com)|archivedate=21 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223418/https://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/amy-jadesimi-a-one-woman-economic-engine/38752}}</ref>'''Amy Jadesimi''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1976) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Naijiria na onye isi nchịkwa nke [[LADOL|Lagos Deep Offshore Logistics Base]] (LADOL), ụlọ ọrụ logistics na injinia nwere onwe ya na Port of Lagos, Nigeria. == Nzụlite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Amy Jadesimi na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] n'afọ 1976. Nna ya bụ Chief [[Oladipo Jadesimi]], onye isi oche nke [[LADOL]]. <ref name="Bio"/> Nne ya<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the Boss: Amy Jadesimi, managing director, LADOL (Nigeria)|publisher=How We Made It In Africa|date=22 October 2015|url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/meet-the-boss-amy-jadesimi-managing-director-ladol-nigeria/52384/|accessdate=3 November 2017|first=Kate|author=Douglas|archivedate=24 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724162456/https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/meet-the-boss-amy-jadesimi-managing-director-ladol-nigeria/52384/}}</ref>, Alero Okotie-Eboh, bụ onye na-agbasa ozi n'oge gara aga nke ghọrọ onye na-elekọta ụlọ oge niile. Nna nna <ref name="3R">{{Cite web|accessdate=24 August 2018|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/i-always-wanted-to-be-a-broadcaster/|title=I always wanted to be a broadcaster|date=3 August 2014|first=Yetunde|author=Oladeinde}}</ref>, Chief Festus Okotie-Eboh, bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ghọrọ Minista na-ahụ maka ego na Naijiria. <ref name="Bio"/><ref name="Data">{{Cite web|accessdate=3 November 2017|date=15 September 2013|url=http://venturesafrica.com/amy-jadesimi-working-towards-transformation/|title=Towards Transformation: The Amy Jadesimi Story|author=Ventures Africa|publisher=Ventures Africa Magazine}}</ref>Jadesimi gụrụ akwụkwọ na Benenden School na United Kingdom, wee na Mahadum Oxford, ebe ọ gụsịrị BA na Physiological Sciences na BMBCh na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na 1999.Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ nwetara MBA na Stanford Graduate School of Business. <ref name="3R"/>Jadesimi bụ nwanne nwanyị ọkara nke Emma McQuiston, ụdị ejiji nke bụ Marchionness of Bath ugbu a. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike, Goldman Sachs were ya n'ọrụ. Jadesimi malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ngalaba Investment Banking nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nke dị n'ọfịs ha na [[London]], na-elekwasị anya na njikọta, nnweta na ego ụlọ ọrụ. <ref name="Data"/> rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ afọ atọ. Ọ bụ ezie na a maara Jadesimi nke ọma dị ka onye ọchụnta ego, o bughị n'obi ịhapụ ọrụ ahụike ma chụsoo ọrụ ọzọ. Goldman Sachs nyere ya ọrụ mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ dị na Oxford. Mgbe <ref name="5R">{{Cite web|url=https://sinmisolany.com/2016/08/16/amy-jadesimi/|title=Amy Jadesimi, Managing Director of the Lagos Deep Offshore Logistics Base (LADOL)|accessdate=24 August 2018|date=16 August 2016|publisher=Sinmisolany.com|author=Sinmisola Nojimu-Yusuf|archivedate=13 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813072402/https://sinmisolany.com/2016/08/16/amy-jadesimi/}}</ref> rụchara ọrụ n'ebe ahụ afọ atọ, ọ laghachighị n'ụlọ ọgwụ ma ọ bụ ọrụ mbụ ya kama ọ gara n'ihu na-agbaso MBA na Stanford. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Stanford, ọ nọrọ otu afọ na Brait SE na Johannesburg, South Africa, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba nkeonwe, dị ka onye isi azụmahịa. N'afọ 2004, ọ laghachiri n'ala nna ya wee sonye na LADOL, ụlọ ọrụ nhazi nke nna ya malitere n'afọ 2001. <ref name="Data"/> oge na-aga, ọ rịgooro n'ọkwa ma na 2009, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ họpụtara ya dị ka Chief Executive Officer nke azụmahịa ahụ. Site na LADOL, Jadesimi sonyeere Venture Strategies for Health and Development (VSHD) ebe ya na ndị dọkịta Naijiria ndị ọzọ na ndị na-ahụ maka ọmụmụ na-arụ ọrụ iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ nne na Naijiria. Mgbe ha na-ekwu maka ọtụtụ ikpe ahụ, Jadesimi na ndị dọkịta ndị ọzọ chọpụtara na ọgwụ ndị e ji belata ọnwụ nne dị oke ọnụ; ya mere, ọ bụghị ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ime nwere ike ịzụta ha. VSHD bịara na ọgwụ nke dabara adaba maka ọnwụ nne ma ka mma maka ahịa. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web|title=People: Amy Jadesimi|author=Oreoluwa Atobatele|url=https://the234project.com/people/nigeria/amy-jadesimi/|publisher=The234Project.Com|accessdate=24 August 2018|date=24 August 2018|archivedate=23 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823205023/http://the234project.com/people/nigeria/amy-jadesimi/}}</ref>'okpuru nlekọta Jadesimi, nzukọ ahụ jikọtara aka na ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọgwụ na Naijiria, Emzor Pharmaceuticals, iji kesaa ọgwụ ahụ na Naijeria. <ref name="7R">{{Cite web|publisher=Philanthropreneurshipforum.com|url=https://www.philanthropreneurshipforum.com/speaker/dr-amy-jadesimi/|title=Biography of Dr. Amy Jadesimi, Managing Director and CEO, LADOL|date=2016|accessdate=24 August 2018|author=Philanthropreneurshipforum.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430120326/https://www.philanthropreneurshipforum.com/speaker/dr-amy-jadesimi/|archivedate=30 April 2018}}</ref> Gabiga LADOL, ọ nọ na kọmitii ndụmọdụ ụwa nke Prince's Trust International, onye guzobere kọmishọna nke Business and Sustainable Development and Commission na onye na-enye onyinye na Forbes. E gosipụtara ya dị ka onye ọbịa na London Business School African summit, na-ekwu maka njikọta na uto na kọntinent ahụ, n'otu oge ahụ Jadesimi sonyere na-amalite ihe osise a na-akpọ Remember To Rise . <ref name="Omenka">{{Cite news|title=Innovative Painting: Remember To Rise is an Olufeko and London Business School collabo endorsed by the noteworthy|url=https://www.omenkaonline.com/innovative-painting-remember-rise-olufeko-london-business-school-africa-club-collabo-endorsed-celebrities-business-noteworthy/|accessdate=5 January 2019|publisher=Omenkaonline.com|date=13 November 2018}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na onyinye == N'afọ 2012, a kpọrọ Jadesimi [[Desmond Tutu|Achịbishọp Desmond Tutu]] Fellow. N'afọ 2013, World Economic Forum kpọrọ ya aha dị ka Onye ndu ụwa na-eto eto. N'afọ ahụ kwa, e nyere ya aha Rising Talent site na Women's Forum for the Economy and Society. Forbes gụnyere ya na 2014 20 Youngest Power Women in Africa isiokwu. The Financial Times kpọrọ ya <ref name="7R"/> otu n'ime ndị Afrịka iri abụọ na ise kachasị mma iji lelee. A matara Dr Jadesimi dị ka otu n'ime ndị Top 100 kacha nwee mmetụta n'ụwa niile nke ndị si n'Afrịka na nkwado nke United Nations International Decade for People of African Descent[https://www.un.org/en/observances/decade-people-african-descent Afọ Iri Mba Nile nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Maka Ndị A mụrụ n'Afrịka] == Hụkwa == * Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke Naịjirịa * [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos Steeti]] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] iiv2funqz243jwiz3cdh5gmfwdkdgqd 0 39405 692660 155918 2026-07-30T12:30:29Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Florence Bosire''' (amụrụ 26 Septemba 1988) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ volleyball nwanyị Kenya lara ezumike nka. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba ụmụ nwanyị Kenya . O sonye na 2010 FIVB Volleyball World Championship, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenyan volleyball team at the 2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship|url=http://www.sebare.com/teams/team14.html|work=sebare.com|accessdate=11 October 2015|archivedate=18 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218150025/http://www.sebare.com/teams/team14.html}}</ref> na na 2011 FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/en/volleyball/Competitions/WorldClubChampionships/2011/Women/Teams.asp?Team=KEP|title=FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship 2011|work=www.fivb.org|accessdate=2017-04-09}}</ref> Ya na [[Kenya Prisons (team)|ụlọ mkpọrọ Kenya]] gbara egwu. == Klọb == * [[Kenya Prisons (team)|Kenya Prisons]] (2010) == Edensibia == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bosire, Florence}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lcmqpx682gfza4ub1kspnnbvkcq9glu 0 39513 692811 450282 2026-07-30T19:55:57Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Fride Mekong à Iroume''' (amụrụ (1985-07-08 ) ) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ volley nke Cameroon. Ọ bụ onye otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị mba Cameroon wee gbaa [[FAP VB|FAP Yaoundé]] egwu na 2014. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke otu mba Cameroon na asọmpi Volleyball ụmụ nwanyị 2014 FIVB na Italy. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Team Roster – Cameroon|url=http://italy2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/CMR-Cameroon/team_roster|work=italy2014.fivb.org|date=|accessdate=1 October 2014|archivedate=14 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014232511/http://italy2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/CMR-Cameroon/team_roster}}</ref> == Klọb == * [[FAP VB|FAP Yaoundé]] (2014) == Edensibia == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Iroume, Fride Mekong}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hsad0ew946jalxs50c2c7kdkxscvzup 0 39568 692971 156217 2026-07-31T03:57:56Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692971 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Fayrouz Aboelkheir''' (amụrụ 4 Maachị 2006) bụ onye egwuregwu skwọsh Egypt. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://psaworldtour.com/players/view/13710/fayrouz-aboelkheir|title=Fayrouz Aboelkheir - Professional Squash Association}}</ref> Ọ meriri asọmpi ọkachamara [[Egyptian Challenger Tour|nke Egypt Challenger Tour #1]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://psaworldtour.com/tournaments/view/11554?tab=womens_results|title=Tournaments - Professional Squash Association|work=psaworldtour.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thesquashsite.com/egyptian-challenger-tour-1|title=Egyptian Challenger Tour #1|date=March 19, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.squashinfo.com/events/8811-womens-egyptian-challenger-tour-2021|title=Squash Info &#124; Women's Egyptian Challenger Tour 2021 &#124; Squash|work=www.squashinfo.com}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Aboelkheir, Fayrouz}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] bh29il8dzwqyfmmxz48tw4evp0vjl78 0 39674 692912 496301 2026-07-31T00:08:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox person|title=CEO, Nigerian Satellite Company Ltd|URL={{URL|nigcomsat.gov.ng}}}} '''Abimbola Alale''' bụ onye [[Ndị Naijiria|Naijiria]] na-ahụ maka teknụzụ satịlaịtị. N'afọ 2016, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi nchịkwa maka Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited site [[Goodluck Jonathan]], onye bụbu onyeisi oche nke Nigeria. Onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] họpụtara ya ọzọ n'afọ 2019 maka afọ anọ ọzọ. Dị ka nke 2016, ọ guzoro dị ka onye mbụ na nanị nwanyị CEO nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ satịlaịtị na Africa, Europe, na Middle East. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-38367073/abimbola-alale-the-woman-taking-nigeria-to-space|title=The woman taking Nigeria to space|work=BBC News|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-12}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, Reset Global People depụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi ụmụ nwanyị 100 kacha elu n'Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-07|title=2021 Top 100 Women CEOs in Africa list announced|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/2021-Top-100-Women-CEOs-in-Africa-list-announced-1510280|accessdate=2022-08-25|work=GhanaWeb|language=en|archivedate=2022-08-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825121332/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/2021-Top-100-Women-CEOs-in-Africa-list-announced-1510280}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == Alale nwere akara ugo mmụta postgraduate na Space Studies na MBA site na International Space University, Strasbourg, France. O nwetara Ph.D. mmemme na Peace, Security and Strategic Studies sitere na mahadum [[Ȯra Nasarawa|steeti Nassarawa]] . O nwere asambodo na teknụzụ Innovation na Leadership na Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, USA. Ọ gara asambodo ọzọ na World Financial Public Relations na Marketing Business School na Management School, London. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://itedgenews.ng/2019/01/17/nigerian-government-renews-abimbola-alales-tenure-nigcomsat-mdceo/|title=Nigerian government renews Abimbola Alale's tenure as NIGCOMSAT MD/CEO|author=ITEdgeNews|date=2019-01-17|work=ITEdgeNews.ng|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-12|archivedate=12 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412231035/http://itedgenews.ng/2019/01/17/nigerian-government-renews-abimbola-alales-tenure-nigcomsat-mdceo/}}</ref> Ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ M/D na CEO nke NIGCOMSAT, Alale bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke ahịa maka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. <ref name=":0"/> N'afọ 2015, ọ nọchiri anya Injinia Ahmed Timasaniyu. dị ka onye isi ọrụ nke Nigerian Communications Satellite . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanews.space/abimbola-alale-appointed-nigcomsat-managing-director-for-another-4-years/|title=Abimbola Alale appointed NIGCOMSAT Managing Director for another 4 years|author=Africa|first=Space in|date=2019-01-11|work=Space in Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-12|archivedate=2020-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412231045/https://africanews.space/abimbola-alale-appointed-nigcomsat-managing-director-for-another-4-years/}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye otu bọọdụ ndụmọdụ maka Space Generation Council (SGAC) site na 2018 ruo 2019. Emebere bọọdụ ndụmọdụ iji nye ntụzịaka na ndụmọdụ gbasara SGAC. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanews.space/nigcomsat-md-ceo-abimbola-alele-joins-sgac-advisory-board/|title=NIGCOMSAT MD & CEO, Abimbola Alale joins SGAC Advisory Board|author=Africa|first=Space in|date=2018-07-17|work=Space in Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-12|archivedate=2020-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218234505/https://africanews.space/nigcomsat-md-ceo-abimbola-alele-joins-sgac-advisory-board/}}</ref> O nyela aka n'ọtụtụ ọrụ mba dị ka ya NigComSat-1, NigComSat-1R oru na nguzobe nke National Direct-to-Home Digital Transmission Center. == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ bụ nne mụrụ ụmụ iri, itoolu n'ime ha ka e kuchiri. <ref name=":1"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] {{DEFAULTSORT: Adale, Abimbola}} ep4zxn43vy2dxu0m360jjf6dztjvzxo 0 39799 692953 674354 2026-07-31T03:09:06Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692953 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Chidozie Godsfavour Ugochinyere''' (born 13 March 2000), known professionally as '''Fave''', bụ onye [[Ndị Naijiria|Naijiria]] na-agụ abụ na onye na-edekọ ihe. Ọ nwetara nkwanye ùgwù ka o wepụtasịrị vidiyo dị ogologo nkeji na Twitter n'oge mkpọchi COVID-19 . Na 2022, ọ meriri Rookie nke Afọ na The Headies 2022 wee bụrụ onye a họpụtara maka Kasị Mma Artist na Best Artist na African Reggae, Dancehall na All Africa Music Awards . Ọzọkwa, a họpụtara ya maka Best New Artiste na 2022 Soundcity MVP Awards <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adebiyi|first=Adeayo|date=2022-09-05|title=FAVE wins Rookie of the Year at the 2022 Headies Awards|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/fave-wins-rookie-of-the-year-at-the-2022-headies-awards/lsgvkv5|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Olorunnisola|first=Israel|date=2021-11-30|title=Fave: From SoundCloud to national sensation|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/fave-from-soundcloud-to-national-sensation/yvc4pf0|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ambrose|date=2023-02-27|title=Fave SZN Biography, Age, Career, Songs, State And Net Worth|url=https://basenaija.com/fave-szn-biography-age-career-songs-state-and-net-worth/|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=BaseNaija|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311100902/https://basenaija.com/fave-szn-biography-age-career-songs-state-and-net-worth/}}</ref> == ndabere na ọrụ == Dị ka nwa etiti na nanị ada nke Chidozie, obere ezinụlọ nke mmadụ ise bi na ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Nigeria n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, ahụmahụ egwu ya na-amalite na chọọchị mgbe ọ dị afọ 6. Tupu ya ebili na stardom na 2020, Fave (nke sitere na Favour) bụ naanị onye ọbụ abụ dị afọ 19 na-agbaso akara ugo mmụta iwu nwere naanị otu MOMMS nke na-anọchite anya m ma ọ bụ kpuchie Mmehie M. Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ya ahụla ka ọ na-agbagharị gburugburu ụdị gụnyere ịgba egwu, Afro pop, Afro beats, Dane, R & B, Fave na-ewere onwe ya dị ka nwa agbọghọ "pop". Ụzọ uri ya si ede ihe na-ebute ụzọ adịghị ike na-esonyere ya na atụmatụ doro anya na-ebufe oke mmetụta mmetụta mgbe mgbe n'ọgba aghara aghara aghara ma ọ bụ n'ọganihu ịgbà. N'afọ 2019, ka ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ nzere Law na south-wwest Nigeria, o tinyere ọtụtụ freestyles n'akara Twitter ya bụ nke nyere aka mee ka ọ pụta ìhè, ọ malitere inwe mmasị mgbe amaokwu ya na Jinmi Abdul mepụtara n'efu ghọrọ ihe ntanetị kpọmkwem. na Twitter ebe o nwetara nzaghachi dị mma n'aka ọha. Fave gara n'ihu wepụta otu NBU mbụ ya nke pụtara "Ọ dịghị onye ma ọ bụ U" na 17th nke Eprel 2020 mpụta mbụ nọmba 64 na Apple music Top 100 chaatị. Ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ikike afọ otu afọ na [[Mr Eazi|Mr Eazi's]] emPawa Africa na Nọvemba 2021. Fave bilitere na stardom ka ahapụchara nke otu ya kacha ewu ewu "Baby riddim" ewepụtara n'okpuru emPawa Africa . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fave Biography: Who Is He and Where Is He From?|url=https://buzznigeria.com/fave-biography-who-is-she-and-where-is-she-from/|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=buzznigeria.com}}</ref> Otu "Baby riddim" ghọrọ abụ nke 1 na Nigeria na chaatị ntụgharị na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ntinye nke abụọ site n'aka onye isi nwanyị na-ese ihe ruo nọmba 1 na Nigeria na chaatị ntụgharị, otu bụkwa nọmba 1 Global Shazam Afrobeats ndekọ maka izu isii. n'usoro na 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adebiyi|first=Adeayo|date=2022-09-29|title=Singing sensation Fave & talented producer Damie get plaques for their chart-topping song 'Baby Riddim'|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/fave-and-talented-producer-damie-get-plaques-for-baby-riddim/sybnt03|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> Fave wepụtara EP mpụta mbụ ya akpọrọ 'Riddim 5' nke dara na Tọzdee Jenụwarị 20, 2022. EP gụnyere egwu solo ise - Obsessed, SMK, Kilotufe, Mr. Man, na ihe kacha eme nke ọma, Baby Riddim. EP ghọrọ ọrụ mbụ ewepụtara 2022 ịga nọmba 1 na eserese ọba egwu Apple Music na Nigeria. Onye na-egwu egwu Naijiria [[Olamide]] gosipụtara Fave na egwu abụọ "Chọọ" na "Pon Pon" n'ime egwu UY Scuti ya ewepụtara na 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fave Debuts with ‘Riddim 5’ – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/01/22/fave-debuts-with-riddim-5/|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> Onye na-abụ abụ Naijiria [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] gosipụtara Fave n'otu egwu ya akpọrọ "eguzosi ike n'ihe" ewepụtara na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tv|first=Bn|date=2022-10-14|title=Simi, Fave & Kemi Adetiba Team Up on the Vibrant Music Video for “Loyal” {{!}} Watch|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/10/video-simi-fave-loyal/|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> E mechara gosi ya na egwu 'kante' kwụsịrị album Davido Timeless nke ewepụtara na Machị 2023, egwu nke o jiri wepụta egwu dị egwu na olu ya na-ekere òkè na ya. == Ihe ngosi ==   '''EPs''' * ''Riddim 5'' (2022) '''Ndị na-alụbeghị di''' {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="1" scope="col" |Aha ! rowspan="1" scope="col" | Afọ ! rowspan="1" scope="col" | Album |- | "Ndị nne" | 2019 | rowspan="5" {{Non-album single}} |- | "Dal" | 2020 |- | "Mara mma" | 2021 |- | "Baby Riddim" | 2021 |- | "Scatta Scatta" | 2022 |} '''Dị ka onye na-ese ihe ngosi''' {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke ngosi ndị ọbịa, nke ewepụtara n'afọ, ndị omenkà ndị ọzọ na aha ọba egosiri ! scope="col" style="width:8em;" | Aha ! scope="col" | Afọ ! scope="col" | Ndị omenkà ndị ọzọ ! scope="col" | Album |- ! scope="row" | "Ihe nkiri" | 2020 | Dimeji | ''Akụkọ banyere udo & mmụọ'' |- ! scope="row" | "Chọrọ" | rowspan="2" | 2021 | rowspan="2" | [[Olamide]] | rowspan="2" | ''UY Scuti'' |- ! scope="row" | "Pon Pon" |- ! scope="row" | "N'ịhụnanya" | 2022 | Ajebo Hustlers | ''Omume ọjọọ nwata 101'' |- ! scope="row" | "Na-eguzosi ike n'ihe" | rowspan="3" | 2022 | [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] | ''Ikwu eziokwu'' |- ! scope="row" | "Gwuo" | TI Blaze | ''El Major'' |- ! scope="row" | "Kante" | [[Davido]] | ''Oge na-adịghị agwụ agwụ'' |- |} '''Vidio egwu''' {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta vidiyo egwu, na-egosi afọ ewepụtara na onye nduzi ! scope="col" style="width:14em;" | Aha ! scope="col" | Afọ ! scope="col" | Album ! scope="col" | Onye isi |- | "Mara mma" | 2021| {{Non-album single}} | [[Clarence Peters]] |- | "Baby Riddim" | rowspan="2" | 2022 | rowspan="2" | ''Riddim 5'' | Ọbịa |- | "Mazi nwoke" | Ụmụnne Abụọ |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Ihe nrite ! scope="col" | Afọ ! scope="col" | Onye nnata ! scope="col" | Otu ! scope="col" | Nsonaazụ ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Ref. |- | rowspan="2" | All African Music Awards | rowspan="4" | 2022 | rowspan="4" | Onwe ya | Onye nka kacha ekwe nkwa| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-21|title=All Africa Music Awards (AFRIMA) Unveils Nominees List for 2022 Edition|url=https://guardian.ng/apo-press-releases/all-africa-music-awards-afrima-unveils-nominees-list-for-2022-edition/|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311100900/https://guardian.ng/apo-press-releases/all-africa-music-awards-afrima-unveils-nominees-list-for-2022-edition/}}</ref> |- | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na African Reggae, Dancehall | {{Nom}} |- | Soundcity MVP Awards Ememme | Onye nka ohuru kacha mma| {{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web|author=Emmanuel|first=Solution|date=2023-02-12|title=Soundcity MVP Awards 2023: Burnaboy, Kizz Daniel win (FULL WINNERS LIST)|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/581354-soundcity-mvp-awards-2023-burnaboy-kizz-daniel-win-full-winners-list.html|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=Premium Times Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | Ndị isi | Rookie nke Afọ|{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-05|title=Full list: Wizkid, others win at Headies 2022|url=https://punchng.com/full-list-wizkid-others-win-at-headies-2022/|accessdate=2023-03-11|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | 2023 | Onye na-ede abụ nke afọ | Onwe ya maka ( [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] - "Iguzosi ike n'ihe")|{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|author=Arogbonlo|first=Israel|title=Full list: See 2023 Headies Award winners|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/full-list-see-2023-headies-award-winners/|work=Tribune Online|accessdate=10 September 2023|date=4 September 2023}}</ref> |} == Edensibia == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Fave}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndi égwú nke Naigeria]] 9u3aqij792biki6q5ttcdht83v5zcmf 0 39816 692684 157130 2026-07-30T12:59:14Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Oluwafunmilayo Kemi Jimoh''' (amụrụ Mee 29, 1984, na [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]] ), nke a na-akpọkarị '''Funmi Jimoh''', bụ onye na-awụ ogologo oge America, onye gbara asọmpi n'oge okpomọkụ 2008 . </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Jimoh gbara aka na mahadum Rice . Na Rice, Jimoh gbara ọsọ n'ọsọ ma mwụ elu ogologo na mmemme sprinting, dị ka ihe mgbochi 100 mita . <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blogs.chron.com/owls/2007/05/qa_funmi_jimoh_1.html |title=Q&A: Funmi Jimoh |accessdate=2024-03-29 |archivedate=2007-06-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604092031/http://blogs.chron.com/owls/2007/05/qa_funmi_jimoh_1.html }}</ref> Ọ wụliri elu 22 ụkwụ ¾ inch (6.72 mita) na July 2008 na Eugene, Oregon iji tinye nke atọ na Ọnwụnwa Olympic nke US iji ruo eruo maka asọmpi Summer Summer 2008 na Beijing. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> N'egwuregwu Olympic, Jimoh wụliri mita 6.61 n'asọmpi ntozu nke mwụ elu ụmụ nwanyị. Ogologo ahụ jikọtara ya na nke itoolu na ntozu wee mee ka Jimoh nweta ọkwa na nke ikpeazụ. Jimoh debere nke iri na abụọ na nke ikpeazụ, jiri ọwụli elu nke mita 6.29. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> N'oge asọmpi ụwa nke 2009 na Berlin Jimoh debere 21st na ntozu site na mwụ elu nke mita 6.34 ma ghara ime nke ikpeazụ. N'oge 2011 World Championship Jimoh debere 12th na 13th 2013 World Championship . Ihe kacha mma nke onwe ya bụ mita 6.96 nke ọ nwetara na Doha na 8 Mee 2009. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> {| class="wikitable" |2015 | 6.72 | Roma |- | 2014 | 6.81 | Sacramento, CA |- | 2013 | 6.92 | Doha |- | 2012 | 6.82 | Chula Vista, CA |- | 2011 | 6.88 | Eugene, OR |- | 2011 | 6.88 | Doha |- | 2010 | 6.81 | Walnut, CA |- | 2009 | 6.96 | Doha |- | 2008 | 6.91 | Houston, TX |- | 2007 | 6.46 | Berkeley, CA |- | 2006 | 6.36 | Baton Rouge, LA |- | 2005 | 6.31 | Tulsa, oke |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}} * Funmi Jimoh at World Athletics * Funmi Jimoh at legacy.USATF.org (archived) * [http://www.nbcolympics.com/athletes/athlete=1497/bio/ NBC Olympics Bio] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080920150011/http://www.funmijimoh.com/ Funmi Jimoh's blog] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080910223904/http://riceowls.cstv.com/sports/w-track/mtt/jimoh_funmi00.html Rice University profile] {{Footer USA Track & Field 2008 Summer Olympics}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jimoh, Funmi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tbfph4c7nvm5d0p2yh4w9efuw3xcygt 0 40023 692910 160725 2026-07-30T23:46:11Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 692910 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mwepụta Housing bụ onye obodo dabere na Melbourne na-ebuga ọrụ akara ebe obibi na Nkwado ụlọ nye ndị Victoria dara ogbenye. otu ahụ hibere site na njikọ nke Hanover Welfare Services na HomeGround Services, na 1 Julaị 2015. Dị ka ndị na-eso ụzọ, Launch Housing na-enye ụlọ na nkwado, yana ndị na-akwado iwu iwu mmadụ na ibe ya, Nkwado,  ihe na ọhụrụ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Hanover === E hiwere Hanover na 1964 dị ka otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nkwado enweghị ebe obibi izizi na Melbourne. <ref>History compiled by Hanover staff, volunteers and Board members</ref> Ewepụtara aha ahụ n'okporo ụzọ Hanover dị na Fitzroy, ebe nzukọ ahụ hibere na mbụ. Ndị guzobere Hanover doro anya na ọ ga-abụ ụlọ ọrụ dị iche na ndị na-enye ọrụ enweghị ebe obibi ndị ọzọ. Ọ ga-abụ nzukọ nke ihe akaebe na-akwalite na nke ghọtara ndị ahịa ya dị ka ụmụ amaala na-arụsi ọrụ ike, nwere ugwu, ọchịchọ, nkà na ike. Ọ ga-abụkwa ụlọ ọrụ butere mgbanwe. N'igosi mmegharị mmekọrịta ọha na eze na amụma nke e guzobere, Hanover na-enweghị njikọ ọ bụla na gọọmentị, ụlọ ụka ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ma tinye ya dị ka ụlọ ọrụ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nke ndị isi nchịkwa na-achịkwa. Na mbụ ihe kacha lekwasịrị anya ya bụ nkwado maka ndị ikom na-enweghị ebe obibi n'ime ime obodo. N'ime afọ 45 gara aga, ohere a agbasawanyela nke ukwuu. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Aha ezigbo ozi dị ka ihe ndabere maka akara n'ihu ọrụ na ndị ikom.  Ụzọ ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka eserese, na-egosi ma kọwapụtapụta ya.  A ga-achịkọta ndị ikpe ndị na-ahụ maka e wee mee ka Pizza nke pụtara, na ime ike ịme ọkụ ihe iche maka isiokwu ndị dị ka mbibiga ókè na nsogbu ọrụ. Afọ 1980 hụrụ nlebara anya na-aga n'ihu n'inye ọrụ nke lebara mkpa ndị mmadụ na-enwe enweghị ebe obibi anya, gụnyere nguzobe nke mmemme enyemaka nnabata nke Commonwealth na gọọmentị steeti na-akwado. Nke a butere oge mgbasawanye nke nkwado na mmemme nke Hanover wetara. N'okpuru ọhụrụ ọhụrụ 1990s, Hanover ka Hazi si, na ego sitere na Gọọmenti Steeti na Federal nyere aka nrụghari nke Gordon House.  N'ime oge a, ewepụtara ọrụ iche na-ezubere maka mkpa ibe, ụmụ na-alụ iche di na ndị iche.  N'otu oge ahụ, nchacha ọkụ Hanover siri ike, ihe Michael Horn ka ọ bụrụ onye njikwa njikwa Hanover na 1991. N'ọgwụ 1990s, iji ọgwụ eme ihe n'etiti ndị bi na Melbourne's isi Crisis Accommodation Centre eruola ɔkwan ọrịa na-efe efe, na-akpali Hanover butere nnukwu ule nke ebi ọhụrụ iji nye nkwado ndị na-eji ọgwụ.  Ndị Gọọmenti Victoria akara, akara Ndabere ọgwụ na- achịkwa ebe obibi bụ mmalite n'ịkwado ndị mmadụ na-enwe mmetụta ebe obibi site na ọgwụ na ọgwụ. E hibere ọrụ HomeGround na Disemba 2002 site na ngosipụta nke otu abụọ nwere echiche iji ụmụaka ụlọ nke Argyle Street Housing yana Nkwado na nhụta nke Outreach Victoria.  [1] Ọ bụ egwu ebe obibi, ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ Nkwado na-arụ ọrụ iji jide ebe obibi na Melbourne, Victoria, Australia .  Ọ bụ nke nke Australian Common Ground Alliance, nke ịhụnanya ya na Common Ground (NYC) .  [2] HomeGround Services nwere ụlọ ọrụ dị na Collingwood, Victoria ;  Preston, Victoria;  St Kilda, Victoria;  Prahran, Victoria;  yana Elizabeth Street Common Ground na CBD. Ọhụụ Ndị Ọrụ HomeGround ịrụ ọrụ maka ịkwụsị enweghị ebe obibi na Melbourne dabara na ọganihu gọọmenti etiti na steeti na nso nso a na ntụzịaka a. Gọọmenti Australia ewepụtala akwụkwọ ọcha ya na enweghị ebe obibi, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fahcsia.gov.au/sa/housing/progserv/homelessness/whitepaper/Pages/default.aspx|title=White Paper on Homelessness|publisher=Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA)|year=2010|accessdate=2010-09-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705023655/http://www.fahcsia.gov.au/sa/housing/progserv/homelessness/whitepaper/Pages/default.aspx|archivedate=2009-07-05}}</ref> nke gụnyere ebumnuche maka ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi, yana Gọọmenti Victoria kwadoro atụmatụ atụmatụ enweghị ebe obibi nke Victoria. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.housing.vic.gov.au/homelessness-and-family-violence/homelessness/Homelessness-2020|title=Victorian Homelessness Strategy|publisher=Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA)|year=2010|accessdate=2010-09-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531195540/http://www.housing.vic.gov.au/homelessness-and-family-violence/homelessness/Homelessness-2020|archivedate=31 May 2010}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ ihe na-aga n'ihu na-enye aka na enweghị ebe obibi gụnyere: <ref>{{Cite news|title=Housing affordability worsens|url=http://www.theage.com.au/business/housing-affordability-worsens-20091022-ha2q.html|publisher=Fairfax Digital|accessdate=2010-09-16|first=Chris|author=Zappone|date=2009-10-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fahcsia.gov.au/sa/housing/pubs/housing/national_housing_supply/Documents/chap5.htm|title=Chapter 5 - Affordability|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|year=2008|accessdate=2010-09-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923221214/http://www.fahcsia.gov.au/sa/housing/pubs/housing/national_housing_supply/Documents/chap5.htm|archivedate=2009-09-23}}</ref> ==== Nọmba ndị ahịa ==== * Enyemaka nye ezinụlọ 9000 na-enweghị ebe obibi nọ na nsogbu ma ọ bụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke enweghị ebe obibi ịchọta ebe obibi na ebe obibi ogologo oge. * Nlekọta nke ihe dị ka ụlọ obibi mgbanwe 330. <ref name="report">{{cite web|title=HomeGround Services annual report|url=http://www.homeground.org.au/upload/assets/HomeGround_AR_09_LR.pdf|publisher=HomeGround Services|year=2009|accessdate=2010-03-19}}}</ref> * Nkwado nye ihe karịrị ụlọ obibi ọha 700 iji gbochie nchụpụ. ==== Ihe omume ==== Ọrụ HomeGround rụrụ ọrụ na mpaghara enweghị ebe obibi, ụlọ, ọrụ nkwado na nkwado mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ọrụ ya gụnyere: * Ọrụ ndụmọdụ ụlọ nsogbu nsogbu (Ntụle mbụ na atụmatụ) * Mmemme Mgbasa Ozi Ndị Ọrụ * Mmemme Nkwado Ụlọ ikpe ziri ezi * Mmemme ahụike uche gụnyere ConnectED na mmemme ụzọ ụzọ ahụike uche ụlọ * Mmemme mgbasa ozi * Mmemme Nweta mgbazinye nkeonwe * Mmemme njikwa mgbazinye nkeonwe * Mmemme nkwado na nkwado ebe obibi ọha * Mmepe Ụlọ Na-akwado * Mmemme mgbazinye na ihe onwunwe * Nkwado <ref>{{Cite web|title=HomeGround Services|url=http://www.homelessnessinfo.net.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=149:homeground-services&catid=174:long-term&Itemid=204|publisher=Australian National Homelessness Information Clearinghouse|year=2009|accessdate=2010-03-02}}</ref>Ụbọchị HomeGround bụ onye mmekọ na Elizabeth Street Common Ground (Melbourne, Australia) na-akwado ọrụ ụlọ nke zubere ibuga ihe ụlọ ụlọ 131 dabere na ihe Nlereanya Ground na Elizabeth Street, Central Melbourne na Ọktoba 2010. [1] Ụbọchị HomeGround ga-enye  ngwa, ngwa, Nkwado na ọrụ ọrụ ga-adị na saịtị ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.callthisahome.net/|title=Sub-standard private rooming houses are the most dangerous form of accommodation in Victoria|publisher=Campaign for safe rooming houses in Victoria|year=2008|accessdate=2010-09-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928105630/http://www.callthisahome.net/|archivedate=2010-09-28}}</ref>Na 2009 HomeGround Services sonye na otu iri anọ ndị ọzọ na Kpọọ nke a ụlọ?  Ireland maka ụlọ obibi dị mma na Victoria, na-akwado maka nkwado nke ngalaba ụlọ obibi nke Victoria. Ndị ọrụ HomeGround meriri mmemme mmemme Victoria's Melbourne Street ruo Home na mmekorita ya na The Salvation Army na ịrụ ọrụ na Royal District Nursing Service. Okporo ụzọ Melbourne ruo Ụlọ bụ ihe atụ ọzọ bụ isi sitere na akwụkwọ ọcha Federal na enweghị ebe obibi. == Ọrụ == <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hanover.org.au/|title=Home|work=hanover.org.au|accessdate=2024-04-02|archivedate=2021-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226200546/https://www.hanover.org.au/}}</ref>Hanover na-enye ndị na-enwe ahụmahụ ebe obibi ọrụ ndị iche iche, nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ahụmahụ ebe obibi ma ọ bụ nsogbu ụlọ.  a play: Ebe obibi nsogbu, oge etiti na ụlọ, nkwado, mmemme aka na ndị, mmemme, nkwado, nri nri na mmemme mmemme. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4m39nielzraof77z11mj54eiva9dsic 0 40956 692873 692331 2026-07-30T21:44:54Z Sylvaline39 15355 692873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Fausto Isidro Meza Flores a na-akpọ " El Chapo Isidro ", bụ onye nwe ọgwụ na Mexico na onye ndu Los Mazatlecos.  Ọ nwere ọkwa dị elu na Beltrán Leyva Cartel ma bụrụ onye aka nri Alfredo Beltrán Leyva tupu a gbochie ya na United States. === Ndụ mmalite na nrịgo === <ref name="history1">{{Cite news|title=Chapo Isidro: A History|url=http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2012/07/chapo-isidro-history.html|accessdate=January 18, 2013|work=[[Borderland Beat]]|date=July 9, 2012}}</ref>Meza Flores (nke a mara na ụwa ndị omempụ dị ka El Chapo Isidro ) akwụkwọ na June 19, 1982, na Navojoa, Sonora, Mexico .  [1] [2] Ụlọ ọrụ mpụ ya na 1990s, na mbụ na-arụ ọrụ maka Juárez Cartel n'okpuru nduzi nke onye ndu mgbe ahụ Amado Carrillo Fuentes .  Mgbe onye nwe ahụ ahụ nwụsịrị n'ihi nsogbu ịwa ahụ rọba na 1997, Meza Flores gbaha njirimara ahụ yana ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ere ọgwụ ike wee jide isonye na ndị agha Beltrán Leyva Cartel .  Dị ka onye otu isiokwu Beltrán Leyva, ọ pịa na ya bụ "onye na-akụ ọkpọ nke nwere ike, nwere ike sere egwu, na obi ike."  [3] Mgbe ndị agha Mexico gbagburu onye ndu Arturo Beltrán Leyva ma gbuo ya na Disemba 2009, ọtụtụ ndị nọ na cartel gbahapụrụ wee guzobe ụgbọ mpụ nọọrọ onwe ya na Edgar Valdez Villarreal, nke a mara dị ka La Barbie .  Otú ọ dị, Meza Flores ụzọ na-ijesi ike n'ihe nye njikọ Beltrán Leyva na ikike ya na Vicente Carrillo Fuentes ịkụziri aka <ref>{{Cite news|title=Mexico's drug war heats up near Arizona border|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/38093155|accessdate=December 16, 2012|work=[[NBC News]]|date=July 5, 2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Beckhusen|first=Robert|title=Mexican hitman claims cartels bought guns from US Border Patrol|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-11/09/mexican-cartel-buy-guns-from-us-border-patrol|accessdate=December 16, 2012|work=[[Wired UK]]|date=November 9, 2012}}</ref>Ọgụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ n'etiti ndị otu Sinaloa Cartel (ya na nkwado nke Gente Nueva ) na Beltrán Leyva Cartel (na nkwado nke Los Zetas na ndị ikom Los Mazatlecos Meza Flores) gburugburu ihe dị ka mmadụ 30 n'obodo Tubutama,  Sonora nke dị n'ebe ugwu.  Mexico na July 1, 2010. [1] [2] Ndị a na-eji ọgwụ eme ihe na-alụ ogu naanị kilomita ole na ole gafe oke mba ụwa na steeti Arizona nke US - mpaghara ama maka ịbụ ụzọ mbupụ mmiri ọgwụ  na aha ndị mmadụ.  [3] A kọkwara na Meza Flores na onye na-azụ ụgwọ ọgwụ ike a na-akpọ Arnoldo del Cid Buelna (nke a mara n'ụwa ndị omekome dị ka El Gilo ) bụ ndị mere ọrụ ike na ndị oji egbe Sinaloa Cartel.  .  [4] Achọtara ụgbọ ala iri na otu n'oge gara aga, nke nwere mgbo nọ n'ebe ahụ, mara ọtụtụ egbe egbe.  Ụfọdụ n'ime ụgbọ ala ndị ahụ nwere ihe osise "X" na windo ha, usoro nke ndị na-ere ọgwụ na Mexico na-eme ihe iji mata ndụ nke ụgbọ ala ha na nke ndị na-agba ọgwụ n'  oge agha === Los Mazatlecos oge === <ref>{{Cite news|title=Cae lugarteniente de "El Chapo Isidro" en Sinaloa|url=http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=360345|accessdate=December 14, 2013|work=[[Proceso (magazine)|Proceso]]|date=December 13, 2013|language=Spanish}}</ref>Ndị otu ya, Los Mazatlecos, dabere na mpaghara Guasave, Los Mochis, Mazatlan na Sinaloa na Nayarit ma na-ahụ maka isiga nnukwu methamphetamine, heroin, marijuana, na cocaine 2000. [1] [2] Ọ bụ otu n'ime  ndị isi ndị isi nke Beltrán Leyva Cartel n'obodo Mazatlán na n'ugwu ugwu nke steeti Sinaloa.  Kamar 2010, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi mgba nke Sinaloa Cartel;  dị n'etiti otu a na-ere ọgwụ ebutela ọtụtụ ntọọ na ogbugbu na Sinaloa.  [3] [4] Meza Flores bụ onye aka nri nke Héctor Beltrán Leyva (nke nwụrụ anwụ ugbu a) onye ndu ozizi elu nke Beltrán Leyva Cartel;  enyemaka ọrụ dị na Mazatlán, Guamúchil, Los Mochis, Choix na Los Cabos.  N'April 28, 2010, ndị mmanye iwu Mexico nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Meza Flores n'ugwu Choix, Sinaloa .  Otú ọ dị, ọrụ a gburugburu ndị agha ma gbuo mmadụ iri na abụọ n'ime ndị oji egbe, onye aka nri ya Omar Alfonso Rubio (a na-akpọ "El Chonte").  Na Disemba 12, 2013, ndị agha Mexico jidere otu n'ime ndị isi ndị isi Meza Flores, Ignacio "Nacho" González na Guasave, Sinaloa. == Ọnọdụ == Meza Flores bụ onye gbara ọsọ United States akwụkwọ maka ebubo ebubo ọgwụ ọgwụ.  Ndị FBI na-enye onyinye $5 nde US.  [1] Ebe obibi ikpeazụ ya mara amara bụ na steeti Nuevo León, ebe a kọrọ na ya na ụfọdụ ndị agha egwuregwu ya na egwuregwu egwuregwu na San Pedro Garza García na January 19, 2013 <ref>{{Cite news|author=Cedillo|first=Juan|title=El rival de 'El Chapo' señalado por EU no tiene cargos en México|url=http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2013/01/21/el-rival-de-el-chapo-senalado-por-eu-no-tiene-cargos-en-mexico|accessdate=January 22, 2013|work=CNNMéxico|date=January 21, 2013|language=Spanish}}</ref> == Iwu iwu Kingpin == <ref>{{Cite web|title=Treasury Designates Additional Sinaloa-Based Drug Trafficking Organization|url=http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg1824.aspx|publisher=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]|accessdate=January 17, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121112746/http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg1824.aspx|archivedate=January 21, 2013}}</ref>Officelọ ọrụ nke njikwa akụ nke mba ọzọ (OFAC) nke Ngalaba Akụ nke United States mara ọkwa na January 17, 2013, na ha kpochiri akụ Meza Flores, ndị ya akụkọ asaa, na ụlọ ọrụ a nwere njikọ na ọrụ ndị omempụ ya site na  .  Iwu nka nka Kingpin narcotics mba ofesi (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ezo aka na ya dị ka "Kingpin Act"). == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ site n'ikpe ziri ezi bụ ndị kwụsịrị * Agha Ọgwụ Ọgwụ Mexico == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Meza Flores, Fausto Isidro}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Aha]] 2jznww1k8mn2stksm8p7fmkzhosgi6x 0 41137 693121 158841 2026-07-31T11:36:31Z Epiphanus Jide 14249 Removed broken file 693121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gómez|principal=|headmaster=|staff=|teaching_staff=|grades=|gender=Coeducational|enrollment=|athletics=|mascot=|nickname=|accreditation=|national_ranking=|publication=|newspaper=|yearbook=|affiliations=<!-- Localización -->|website=[http://www.nazaretalicante.es Nazareth College]|picture=|picture_caption=|logo_size=|affiliation=|assst_admin=|president=|asst principal=|tuition=|campus=|colors=|free_label1=Other name|free_text1=Center for Educational Action Singular (CAES)|free_label2=Founder|free_text2=Francisco Javier Fontova|free_label3=|free_text3=}}'''Nazareth College, Alicante''', bụ ọrụ  bụ́ nke Society of Jesus malitere na 1957 ilekọta agụmakwụkwọ na mkpa ndị ọzọ nke ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na ezinụlọ ha n'ógbè Alicante, [[Spain]] . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Na Septemba 1957, Jesuit Francisco Javier Fontova malitere Nazaret na nzaghachi nye ụmụntakịrị nwere nsogbu nke mwepu ọha na eze na Alicante. Ọ malitere site n'inye ụmụaka 32 nri, ndị abụọ n'ime ha bi n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. “Ndị Nne Katọlik” nke ọgbakọ Marian nyere aka n’ịkụziri ụmụaka ihe. <ref>''NAZARET,'' ''Monthly publication of the "Child Crusade of Charity"'' (1957)</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 1977, e nwere ụmụ nwoke 190 dị n'agbata afọ 5 ruo 17 bi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ a na-ebi ebi, nwere ndị nkuzi 4. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta saịtị Jesuit == Edensibia == ụmụntakịrị nwere nsogbu nke mwepu ọha na eze na Alicante. Ọ malitere site n'inye ụmụaka{{Reflist|2}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|38|21|35.65|N|0|29|57.2|W}} 2a07vfkm3m9ea72pi2vgzl66ord4xcn 0 41383 692859 159155 2026-07-30T20:44:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692859 wikitext text/x-wiki   14 ahụ bụ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri Britain nke 1973 nke David Hemmings duziri yana Jack Wild na June Brown gbara ya.  E wepụtakwara ya dị ka fim adị na, na United States, dị ka The Wild Little Bunch .  Atụmatụ ya, dabere na eziokwu, , àmà iri na anọ na-ama London bụ ndị na-ahụ mgbei mgbe nne nanị ha na-azụ ụmụ nwụsịrị.<ref>Pulleine, Tim (2003). "[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/dec/04/news.timpulleine Obituary: David Hemmings]", ''Guardian.co.uk''.</ref> <ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160307103421/http://www.tvguide.com/movies/the-fourteen/123688/ The Fourteen]", ''Movies.TVGuide.com''.</ref> == Atụmatụ == Ihe nkiri a na-achọ anya na ekiri nke 14 bụ ndị a iji chebe onwe ha mgbe nne ha ( June Brown ) nwụrụ.  Reg ( Jack Wild ), ọkpara nke na-eru afɔ 18, bụ onye na-elekọta kpọ ruo mgbe ụfọdụ batara ma ziga ha niile n'amachibido .  ụzọ.  Reg na-ama mgbe niile ịlụ ogụ iji mee ka mpaghara ya n'otu n'agbanyeghị ihe ọ elala. * Jack Wild dị ka Reg * June Brown dị ka Nne * Liz Edmiston dị ka Sylvia * [[Diana Beevers]] dị ka Miss Field * Cheryl Hall dị ka Reena * Anna Wing dị ka Oriakụ Booth * John Bailey ka Maazị Sanders * Alun Armstrong dị ka Tommy * Keith Buckley dị ka Mr. Whitehead * [[Tony Calvin]] dị ka Fada Morris * [[Chris Kelly (actor)|Chris Kelly]] dị ka Roy (dị ka Christian Kelly) * [[Frank Gentry]] dị ka Terry * [[Peter Newby]] dị ka Billy * [[Paul Daly (actor)|Paul Daly]] dị ka Freddy * [[Richard Heywood (actor)|Richard Haywood]] dị ka John (dị ka Richard Heyward) * Malcolm Tierney dịka Maazị Michael == Mmepụta == === Ebe ịse foto === A gbara ihe nkiri a na ebe echegharị London na Berkshire yana na Pinewood Studios, London, England == Hapụ == <ref name="berlinale">{{Cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1973/03_preistr_ger_1973/03_Preistraeger_1973.html|title=Berlinale 1973: Prize Winners|accessdate=1 July 2010|work=berlinale.de}}</ref>Emere ihe nkiri a na 23rd Berlin International Film Festival ebe o akara ọcha == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|id=0070921|title=The 14}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] jrxn3vakjmsp8ipmccwf7yi33jnr39v 0 41834 693027 630789 2026-07-31T07:16:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ''' bụ ezi a na-ere akara na-egosi na a na-ahụ ụfọdụ ọkụ eletrik site na iji isi ọhụrụ ume ọhụrụ . Otu ụkpụrụ na- waya anya ụgbọ nke otu Megawathour nke ọkụ eletrịka. Ihe akọwara dị ka “mmeghari ohuru” dị iche site na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ruo na akwụkwọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, opekata mpe, a na-ahụta isi isi ndị a dị ka ikiri ike imeghari: Asambodo akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na- anya uru gburugburu ebe obibi nke ike mmeghari ohuru ewepụtara. Enwere ike ịre ndị ahụ iche na ike emepụtara. Ọtụtụ mba na-eji akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ dị ka ụzọ isi mee ka nke ụgbọ ọkụ ọkụ eletrik na-adị nso na ike na-enyere aka nkwado nkwado nke ego na akwụkwọ nri. A na-eji ihuenyo mba dị otú ahụ dị ka Poland, Sweden, UK, Italy, Belgium (Wallonia na Flanders), na ụfọdụ steeti US. Ozugbo n'ime grid, ike mmeghari agaghị ekwe omume ikewapụ na ike a na-emepụta. Nke a na-eme ka ịzụrụ nke akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ikike hà ịzụrụ a na-azọrọ, na akwụkwọ nwe iwesa ume si mmeghari akụkụ nke dum ike na okporo. Ya mere, ịzụrụ akwụkwọ anaghị emetụta oke ume ọhụrụ ewepụtara n'ezie - naanị otu esi kesaa ya. N'amara ka akwụkwọ ikike CO 2 e -Reduction, dịka AAU's ma ọ bụ CER's n'okpuru UNFCC, nke nwere ike inye n'ụwa nile, Green Certificates akara ike ike / akwụkwọ akara n'etiti eg Belgium na Italy, hapụ naanị USA na EU so States. . == Hụkwa ==    == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190518235655/http://www.green-certificates.com/ Ụlọ ọrụ Asambodo Green – saịtị asambodo azụmaahịa green] . * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230607014412/http://www.gbb.org/ Ụlọ Ọrụ Azụmaahịa Green – saịtị asambodo azụmaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ] ( EERE ). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100912134731/http://www.greenbusinessleague.com/ Njikọ Azụmahịa Green – saịtị asambodo azụmaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ] Archived </link> * [http://www.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/markets/certificates.shtml?page=0 Green Power Network's RECs ibe] ( EERE ). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110221233803/http://www.green-certificate.com/ Atụmatụ Asambodo Ọkọlọtọ Green] mg5efxerb2saasxdzqeavnq8kwxjy5n 0 42139 692983 160903 2026-07-31T04:30:22Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 692983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  [[Usòrò:Hat_from_Handmade_Arcade_Pittsburgh.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|333x333px| Okpu nwere mmetụta zụtara n'ime Arcade Handmade 2009.]] '''Handmade Arcade''' bụ ihe ngosi nka nwere onwe kwa afọ na Pittsburgh, [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]] . Ihe ngosi a na-elekwasị anya na ihe na usoro na-adigide, emelitere, megharịa, na [[Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi|gburugburu ebe obibi]] . Ndị na-ere ahịa si n'ọtụtụ steeti; na 2012, sonyere si 15 dị iche iche na-ekwu. Dị ka ihe atụ, akụkụ ụfọdụ na-agụnye obere akpa e ji akwụkwọ ndị e megharịrị arụgharị arụgharị, eriri igwefoto ndị e ji ákwà vine kpụọ, ọla ndị e ji ihe ndị a chọtara mee, ohiri isi ndị e si na T-shirts vine rụọ, na ihe ndị a na-asa ahụ́ na ihe ndị e ji eme ihe. <ref name="pdf">{{cite press release | title =HA News Release | date =November 9, 2012 | url =http://www.handmadearcade.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/HAPressRelease_11_9_12.pdf | accessdate =February 10, 2013 | archive-date =April 2, 2015 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121928/http://www.handmadearcade.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/HAPressRelease_11_9_12.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref> Ndị bịara ya eruola 10,000. N'afọ 2007 na 2009, ọ meriri onyinye nturu ugo ndị mmadụ maka emume nka kacha mma site na Council Greater Pittsburgh Arts Council. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Zuchowski|first=Dave|title=Armory offers handmade goods, history|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|date=December 10, 2009|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/neighborhoods-south/armory-offers-handmade-goods-history-370672/|accessdate=February 10, 2013}}</ref> Emere Arcade Handmade nke mbụ na 2004 na Nrụpụta Nrụpụta na Point Breeze . <ref name="2004gormly">{{Cite news|author=Gormly|first=Kellie B.|title=Young indie vendors sell handmade crafts at show|work=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]|date=November 13, 2004|url=http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/lifestyles/homegarden/s_272251.html|accessdate=February 10, 2013}}</ref> Onye malitere ya bụ Gloria Forouzan nke Lawrenceville . <ref name="mother" /> Ego Sprout nyere ego dị oke mkpa maka mmemme mbụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Levine|first=Marty|title=Ten tenacious years for The Sprout Fund. So what's next?|work=[[Pop City Media]]|date=January 18, 2012|url=http://www.popcitymedia.com/features/sproutfund011812.aspx|accessdate=February 10, 2013}}</ref> N'afọ ahụ, ndị bịaranụ bụ 1,000, na-ere ahịa 60. <ref name="mother">{{Cite news|author=Agostino|first=Michael|title=Handmade Arcade is not your mother's crafts show|work=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]|date=November 9, 2005|url=http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/ae/more/s_392495.html|accessdate=February 10, 2013}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bịara ya na ndị na-ere ahịa amụbaala okpukpu abụọ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=McNulty|first=Timothy|title=Handmade Arcade: Crafts from the underground|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|date=November 9, 2006|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/sectionfront/life/handmade-arcade-crafts-from-the-underground-458406/|accessdate=February 10, 2013}}</ref> Ụdị 2006 hụrụ ndị bịara 5,000. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Gormly|first=Kellie B.|title=Handmade Arcade opens window to one-of-a-kind wares|work=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]|date=November 9, 2007|url=http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/lifestyles/fashion/s_537035.html|accessdate=February 10, 2013}}</ref> Na 2008, ọ kwagara na Hunt Armory . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Gormly|first=Kellie B.|title=Handmade Arcade offers distinctive crafts|work=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]|date=November 8, 2008|url=http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/ae/more/s_597366.html|accessdate=February 10, 2013}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2011, ndị bịara ya amụbaala ruo 7,000, na-enye ohere ịkwaga David L. Lawrence Convention Center <ref>{{Cite news|author=Klimovich Harrop|first=JoAnne|title=Artisans showcase custom crafts at Handmade Arcade|work=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]|date=November 11, 2011|url=http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/ae/s_766647.html|accessdate=February 10, 2013}}</ref> == Edensibia == ákwà vine kpụọ, ọla ndị e ji ihe ndị a chọtara mee, mmemme mbụ ahụ. N'afọ ahụ, ndị bịaranụ bụ 1,000{{Reflist}} 661cyj1zuwnhuk1otm390fyoywvl62p 0 42923 692872 184038 2026-07-30T20:59:28Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692872 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''LFrank Almaguer''' (amụrụ 1945) bụ onye nnọchi anya mba America lara ezumike nka na onye ọrụ ọrụ mba ofesi . O jerela ozi n'ọtụtụ ọkwa na Peace Corps, United States Agency for International Development, Ngalaba Ọchịchị US na [[Nhazi nke Mba America|Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị America]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academyofdiplomacy.org/member/frank-almaguer/|title=Frank Almaguer|work=The American Academy of Diplomacy|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-07|archivedate=2019-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909073232/https://www.academyofdiplomacy.org/member/frank-almaguer/}}</ref> == ndabere == Amụrụ Almaguer na Holguin, Cuba wee tolite na Miami, Florida . <ref name="ann">{{Cite web|title=President Clinton Names Almaguer as U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Honduras|url=http://clinton6.nara.gov/1999/04/1999-04-16-almaguer-named-us-ambassador-to-the-republic-of-honduras.html|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|date=16 April 1999|accessdate=2 August 2009|archivedate=27 July 2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010727011656/http://clinton6.nara.gov/1999/04/1999-04-16-almaguer-named-us-ambassador-to-the-republic-of-honduras.html}}</ref> O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Arts na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum Florida na 1967 yana Master of Science na nchịkwa gọọmentị site na Mahadum George Washington na 1974. <ref name="ann" /> == Ọrụ == Almaguer jere ozi na Peace Corps dị ka onye ọrụ afọ ofufo na Orange Walk Town, Belize site na 1967 ruo 1969, dịka onye isi obodo PC Belize site na 1974 ruo 1976, yana dịka onye isi obodo PC na Honduras site na 1976 ruo 1979. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/about_state/biography/almaguer_frank.html|title=8/99 Biography: Frank Almaguer|work=1997-2001.state.gov|accessdate=2020-01-07}}</ref> Site na 1979 ruo 1983, Almaguer jere ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke United States Agency for International Development (USAID) na Panama . Site na 1983 ruo 1986, Almaguer rụrụ ọrụ na USAID na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] dịka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ South America na Mexico. Site na 1986 ruo 1990, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye isi mgbasa ozi USAID na [[Ecuador]] . N'ime afọ agụmakwụkwọ 1990-91, Almaguer sonyeere na mmemme Seminar nke Ngalaba Ọchịchị US nke USlọ Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ Ofesi nke US na-elekọta. Site na 1991 ruo 1993, Almaguer jere ozi dị ka onye isi ngalaba mgbasa ozi mpaghara USAID maka Eastern Europe, dabere na Washington. Site na 1993 ruo 1996, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye osote onye na-ahụ maka enyemaka ndị mmadụ na USAID na onye isi ọrụ na Washington. Site na 1996 ruo 1999, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi mgbasa ozi USAID na [[Bolivia]] . Na 1999, Onye isi ala Bill Clinton họpụtara Almaguer wee kwado ya site na US Senate ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya United States na Honduras, ebe ọ jere ozi site na Ọgọst 1999 ruo Septemba 2002. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Almaguer (1945-)|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/almaguer-frank|publisher=U.S. Department of State, [[Office of the Historian]]|accessdate=2 August 2009}}</ref> Almaguer lara ezumike nká na Ọrụ Ofesi United States na ọkwa nke onye ozi ọrụ na Nọvemba 2002. Site na 2003 ruo 2005, Almaguer jere ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ dị elu na Pan American Development Foundation, bụ onye nnọchiteanya United States na nzukọ 60th kwa afọ nke United Nations Commission on Human Rights, ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ mba ụwa na mgbanwe mgbanwe akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. A họpụtara Almaguer ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ maka nchịkwa na ego na [[Nhazi nke Mba America|Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị America]], ọkwa nke atọ na OAS, na February 2005, ebe ọ jere ozi ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ isii. Ọ lara ezumike nká na ọnọdụ OAS na Disemba 2010. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ lara ezumike nká na OAS, Almaguer na-eje ozi na ọtụtụ bọọdụ: Ọ na-eje ozi kemgbe 2012 na Board of Trustees nke Pan American Agricultural University (aka, Zamorano), na-eje ozi ụmụ akwụkwọ si America dum. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na Board nke USAID Alumni Association (2012-2016). N'afọ 2016, onye odeakwụkwọ nke United States John Kerry họpụtara Almaguer ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na Board of Grievance Board (FSGB), ọnọdụ nke odeakwụkwọ nke steeti Mike Pompeo họpụtara ya na 2018. Na 2017, a họpụtara Almaguer ka ọ bụrụ onye otu American Academy of Diplomacy. == Ndụ onwe onye == Almaguer lụrụ Antoinette Almaguer (née Gallegos), onye Albuquerque, New Mexico . Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ toro eto na ụmụ ụmụ anọ. Almaguer na nwunye ya bi na Vienna, Virginia . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://events.r20.constantcontact.com/register/eventReg?oeidk=a07efzstte5ecbd8127&oseq=&c=&ch=|title=2019 UAA Winterfest|work=events.r20.constantcontact.com|accessdate=2020-01-07|archivedate=2023-08-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822013812/https://events.r20.constantcontact.com/register/eventReg?oeidk=a07efzstte5ecbd8127&oseq=&c=&ch=}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20010727011656/http://clinton6.nara.gov/1999/04/1999-04-16-almaguer-named-us-ambassador-to-the-republic-of-honduras.html Ọkwa ọkwa ọkwa dịka onye nnọchi] Archived </link> Ọnwa Nke Anọ 16, 1999 * [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/rls/12243.htm Ngalaba Steeti US] * [http://www.oas.org/documents/eng/biography_Frank_Almaguer.asp Bio na OAS] {{s-start}} {{s-dip}} {{succession box|title=[[United States Ambassador to Honduras]]|before=[[James F. Creagan]]|after=[[Larry L. Palmer]]|years=1999–2002}} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Almaguer, Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3l129vfiycf5m9o0gimztuvammkhtbc 0 43439 692991 163160 2026-07-31T04:42:40Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Fekrou Gabreselassie''' (Ọrịa 20 Ọktoba 1949) bụ onye ọkpọ Etiopia. Ọ gbara na mmemme welterweight nke ụmụ nwoke na 1972 Summer Olympics . [1] N' askar Olympic nke afọ 1972, o meri n'ọgụ ya na Kyoji Shinohara nke Japan. [1] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gabreselassie, Fekrou}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] inp5jyfjt6j0abp4919amjcifw71col 0 43963 692791 164887 2026-07-30T18:12:27Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692791 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Francisco Rivera Ordóñez</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="280" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="190" decoding="async" height="280" resource="./File:Francisco_Rivera_Ordóñez_20minutos.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Francisco_Rivera_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez_20minutos.jpg" width="190" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Francisco_Rivera_Ordóñez_20minutos.jpg|frameless]]</img> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Amụrụ | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline"> Francisco de Asís Rivera Ordóñez</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><span style="display:none"> </span><span style="display:none">( <span class="bday">1974-01-03</span> )</span> Ọnwa Mbụ 3, 1974 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(afọ&nbsp;50)</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]</div> |- class="bday" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ọrụ | class="infobox-data role" | Onye na-alụ ọgụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Di na nwunye | class="infobox-data" | |} Francisco de Asís Rivera Ordóñez (nke gara aga. The Duke of Montoro ; amuru 3 Jenuarrị 1974 na Madrid [1] ) bu onye torero nke Spain ma obu 'agha ehi'. == Ezinụlọ ezinụlọ == .Rivera sitere n'ahịrị ogologo ahịrị ndị ama ama: nna nna ya bụ Cayetano Ordóñez, El Nino de la Palma;  nna nna ya bụ Antonio Ordóñez;  nna nna ya bụ Luis Miguel Dominguín;  nna ya bụ Francisco Rivera Paquirri;  nwanne ya nwoke bụ Cayetano Rivera Ordóñez;  nwanne nna ya bụ Jose Antonio Canales Rivera == Ọrụ igbu ehi == Na 2009, e nyere ya ihe nrite nke Fine Arts site n'aka Ministry Culture of Spain, ihe nrite na-achọsi ike ịlụ ọgụ, mana nnata ya butere mkpesa ọha. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/19/world/europe/19matador.html?ref=world|title=As Bullfighter Gains Honor, Peers Perceive a Grave Loss|accessdate=2009-03-19|work=New York Times|first=Victoria|author=Burnett|date=2009-03-19}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ bụ nwa Paquirri (Francisco Rivera) na Carmen Ordóñez, na nwanne ya nwoke bụ matador Cayetano Rivera Ordóñez .  Nwunye nke abụọ nna ya bụ Isabel Pantoja, onye Francisco nwere nwanne nne, Francisco Jose Rivera Pantoja. O nwere otu nwa ndidi, Cayetana Rivera y Martínez de Irujo (a na-ekiri October 16, 1999), site na site na redio ya na Eugenia Martínez de Irujo, 12th Duchess nke Montoro, na October 23, 1998. Di na nyere ahụ gbara ike.  na 2002. Nne Eugenia bụ Duchess nke Alba, Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, bụ onye mgbasa aha ya n'ụwa. Na 2011, Francisco Rivera malitere ịlụ Lourdes Beatriz Montes Parejo, <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kf-TgsREcFoC&q=lourdes+beatriz&pg=PA147 Google Books]</ref> mgbe ahụ onye ọka iwu dị afọ 27 si Sevilla. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hola.com/famosos/2011090454330/fran-rivera-lourdes-fiesta/|title=Lourdes, novia de Francisco Rivera, protagonista indiscutible en la fiesta posterior a la corrida goyesca de Ronda|date=4 September 2011}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.hola.com/actualidad/2015082180580/lourdes-montes-sale-hospital-carmen/ Hola]</ref>Akụkọ na September 14, 2013 na Ronda .  Ha nwere nwa, aha ya bụ Carmen (Ọgọst 19, 2015). <ref>{{Cite news|author=Addley|first=Esther|title=Spanish matador investigated for bullfighting with baby|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/26/fran-rivera-spanish-matador-investigated-baby-daughter-bullfight|accessdate=26 January 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=26 January 2016}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == <ref>[http://www.mitaurored.com/entrevistas/catherine-tosko-y-la-prohibicion-en-cataluna.htm ''The Bull and The Ban''] - Mitaurored</ref>Rivera Ordóñez, onye maara na ndị nta ndị dị ka "Fran", bụ isiokwu nke akwụkwọ bụ Death and the Sun: A Matador's Season in the Heart of Spain site n'aka onye nta ndị America bụ Edward Lewine .  Na 2012 ọ ti aka na akwụkwọ ọzọ, The Bull and The Ban site na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Catherine Tosko na onye na-agba ehi Britain na onye edemede Alexander Fiske-Harrison . * Ndepụta nke ndị na-agba ehi == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rivera Ordonez, Francisco}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gydhh6mkqe2cjz57x67wki7woja4irh 0 44086 692829 496092 2026-07-30T20:19:13Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Abdi Fufa''' (amuru 27 Septemba 1995) <ref name="world_athletics_profile">{{Cite web|title=Abdi Fufa|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/abdi-fufa-14643286|accessdate=11 July 2020|work=World Athletics|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712131904/https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/abdi-fufa-14643286|archivedate=2020-07-12}}</ref> bu onye oso ogologo oge Etiopia . Ọ gbara asọmpi n'ọsọ ndị okenye na asọmpi mba ụwa nke 2019 IAAF nke emere na Aarhus, Denmark. <ref name="senior_men_race_iaaf_world_cross_country_2019">{{Cite web|title=Senior men's race|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6265/AT-XSE-M-f----.RS6.pdf?v=-1530503012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706223921/https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6265/AT-XSE-M-f----.RS6.pdf?v=-1530503012|archivedate=6 July 2020|accessdate=27 June 2020|work=2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships}}</ref> Ọ gụchara n'ọkwa iri na ise. <ref name="senior_men_race_iaaf_world_cross_country_2019" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Abdi Fufa at World Athletics {{DEFAULTSORT:Fufa, Andi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6mskm5yc6acn3oydwnwo0o05spe7wou 0 44089 692909 176785 2026-07-30T23:40:08Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 692909 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Plaza de Toros 01.jpg|thumb|plaza de Toros]] Santa Cruz Bullring ( Spanish </link> ) bụ ọgba aghara na Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.  Emeghere na 1893, ọ na-abụ bullfight ikpeazụ ya na 1983. Mgbe ejiri mee ihe dị iche iche nke ihe omume ndị ọzọ ọ mechiri na 2003, ma ọ bụ nhọrọ ugbu a, na-enwe ụgwọ iji wulite ya.  Ede pụtara dị ka Bien de Interés Cultural na 2014. == Mwube na ọrụ == Mgbu a dị na nkwụsị nke Rambla de General Franco na Calle Horacio Nelson, na nso La Paz, na Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Ọ bụ Antonio Pintor Ocete mere ya, ma wuo ya na 1892-93 nwere ikike nke mmadụ 6,800.  Nraranye ya bụ na 30 mọdị 1893. Facade nke ụdị Mudéjar dị n'ụdị polygon, nwere nwere 32, ụlọ ahụ igwe dayameta nke 80 meters (260 ft), nke 48 mita (157 ft) bụ onye na-agba ọsọ.  Mgbanaka ahụ nwere ụlọ elu etiti.  Ihe owuwu a na-eji diẹ osisi maka ihe owuwu, n'ihi iwu obodo n'oge ahụ, na facade, mgbanaka na sties nke e ji nkume wuo, na nkume (site na saịtị ahụ n'onwe ya) ejiri mee ihe.  maka steepụ na oche. Ihe owuwu ya bụ ozi, anyị n'ihi na ewuruola mgbaghara ọzọ na La Laguna dị nso na 1891. Na 1924 ọ nwere ike ọkụ, ma meghee afɔ 3 ka e ịhụnanya.  N'oge ọ kacha elu, ọ dọtara igwe mmadụ 8,000, ma mmegharị na ndị matadors dịka Luis Mazzantini, na Eguía na Antonio Moreno Fernández 'Lagartijillo'.  Enwere ọkụ ọkụ na ya 1947, nke na-akpata. Agha ehi ikpeazụ bụ na 18 Disemba 1983, machibido ịlụ ogụ na Canary Islands na 1991. E mechara jiri ya mee emume emume carnival, emetụta ọkpọ, ịgba mgba na ebe egwu egwu, egwu Celia Cruz, Rubén Blades na Mecano o Jerry Luis Lewis  .  Ewubere ihe ihe na-acha ọkụ na nke na-acha ọcha n'elu oké ehi na 1986, bụ nke dara awụ ole na ole ka e ịhụnanya n' inye onye mgbasa ozi ahụ. N'afọ 1986, e nwere atụmatụ iji mee ka ọ bụrụ ámá egwuregwu ọgbara ọhụrụ 10,000, mana nke a emeghị. Asọmpi nke ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ 35 mere na Julaị 2008 iji wulite ọgba aghara, Nhazi mmeri nke Antonio del Pozo Mozo, nwa ya nwoke Cesar na Carlos Bernal Limiñana ga-echekwa facade, yana ụlọ ahịa na ọfịs ọgbara ọhụrụ n'ime ihe owuwu ahụ, yana akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. oghere. .Na 2014 ọ natara Bien de Interés Cultural status dị ka nke mgbasawanye nke mkpa nke Barrio de los Hoteles mpaghar == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} <ref name="magazine">{{cite web |title=Santa Cruz Bullring, Still Defiant And Undefeated |url=http://www.tenerifemagazine.com/the-arts/history-the-arts/santa-cruz-bullring-still-defiant-and-undefeated.htm |website=TENERIFE MAGAZINE |accessdate=12 May 2019 |date=22 April 2010 |archivedate=12 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512110607/http://www.tenerifemagazine.com/the-arts/history-the-arts/santa-cruz-bullring-still-defiant-and-undefeated.htm }}</ref> <ref name="Diario_15Jul18">{{cite news |last1=Torres |first1=Natalia |title=Proponen abrir una parte de la Plaza de Toros para integrarla en la Rambla |url=https://diariodeavisos.elespanol.com/2018/07/proponen-abrir-una-parte-de-la-plaza-de-toros-para-integrarla-en-la-rambla/ |accessdate=12 May 2019 |work=Diario de Avisos |date=15 July 2018 |language=es-ES}}</ref> <ref name="morales">{{cite web |title=Crónica negra de una corrida de toros en Tenerife, en el año 1906 |url=https://manuelmoramorales.com/2013/04/28/cronica-negra-de-una-corrida-de-toros-en-tenerife-en-el-ano-1906/ |website=manuel mora morales |accessdate=12 May 2019 |language=es |date=28 April 2013}}</ref> e31uhwqbw5kvy3dxon5f71t53ygmxey 0 44323 692743 165874 2026-07-30T14:13:57Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added default sort and databox 692743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gabriel Ruhumba''' (amụrụ 1938) bụ onye Tanzania amụrụ onye edemede, ode akwụkwọ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, onye ntụgharị na agụmakwụkwọ. E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, Village in Uhuru na 1969. Odela akwụkwọ akụkọ dị iche iche na-esote na Swahili. Ọ kụzikwaara akwụkwọ n'ọtụtụ mahadum, na, ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 2016, ọ bụ prọfesọ nke Comparative Literature na Mahadum Georgia dị na USA. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Ruhumbika na 1938 na Ukerewe Island nke Ukerewe District na Ọdọ Victoria nke Mpaghara Mwanza nke oge a. Mgbe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ nzere nzere bachelọ na Mahadum Makerere dị na Uganda, wee gụchaa kọleji Makerere nke Mahadum London, ọ gụchara PhD (Docteur de l'Université) na Mahadum Paris-Sorbonne dị na France. == Ọrụ == E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Ruhumba, Village in Uhuru, na 1969; nke a bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke abụọ nke asụsụ Bekee nke Tanzania, mgbe [[Peter K. Palangyo|Peter Palangyo]]'s Dying in the Sun (1968). Nke a bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, nke dabeere na ihe ndị mere n'ezie metụtara ajụjụ gbasara agbụrụ na njirimara mba n'ihe gbasara ọgụ [[Tanganyika (territory)|Tanganyika]]_African_National_Union" id="mwHA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tanganyika African National Union">Tanganyika African National Union maka ọbụbụeze na Tanganyika (nke bụzi Tanzania).[1] Ọ bụ ezie na e dere Village in Uhuru ma bipụta ya na Bekee, Ruhumba kpebiri ide akwụkwọ akụkọ ya niile sochirinụ na Swahili, mkpebi yiri nke onye edemede Kenya bụ Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya n'asụsụ Swahili, nke na-ekpuchi Pan-Africa Uhuru Movement, gụnyere ''Miradi Bubu na Wazalendo'' (Silent Empowerment of the Compatriots, 1991), ''Janga Sugu la Wazawa'' (Everlasting Doom for the Children of the Land, 2002) na ''Wacha Mungu wa Bibi Kilihona'' (The God-loving Children of Grandma Kilihona), 2014. O dekwara nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, ''Uwike Usiwike Kutakuche'' (Ma Cock Crows ma ọ bụ Not It Dawns). Ewezuga ihe odide nke ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị, ọkachasị site na French gaa na Swahili, ọ bụ ezie na ọ sụgharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ Aniceti Kitereza Myombekere and His Wife Bugonoka, Their Son Ntulanalwo, and Daughter Bulihwali site na [[Kikerewe language|Kikerewe]] gaa na Bekee. Ruhumba bụ nwa nwanne Kitereza ma nwee ohere pụrụ iche maka ihe odide na akwụkwọ akụkọ Kitereza.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanbookscollective.com/books/mr.-myombekere-and-his-wife-bugonoka-their-son-ntulanalwo-and-daughter-bulihwali|title=African Books Collective: Mr. Myombekere and his Wife Bugonoka, Their Son Ntulanalwo and Daughter Bulihwali}}</ref> Ruhumba akụzikwara akwụkwọ na mahadum dị iche iche, ma n'Africa ma na USA. Ọ kụziri ihe na Mahadum Dar es Salaam (site na 1970 ruo 1985) na Mahadum Hampton na [[Végíníyà|Virginia]] (site na 1985 ruo 1992). Site na 1992 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 2016, ọ bụ Prọfesọ nke Comparative Literature na Mahadum Georgia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gabriel Ruhumbika {{!}} Comparative Literature|url=http://www.cmlt.uga.edu/people/faculty/gabriel-ruhumbika|publisher=[[University of Georgia]]|accessdate=1 February 2013}}</ref> == Edensibịa == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ruhumba, Gabriel}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di nd flli18qpyzh4046jtuqc35q2h6k2gji 0 44514 692898 692520 2026-07-30T22:27:44Z Sylvaline39 15355 Added Databox 692898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fatma Zohra Zamoum''' (amụrụ na ubochi iri na itoolu na onwa Jenụwarị n'afo1967) bụ onye edemede Franco-Algeria, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nkuzi. <ref name="africult">{{Cite web|url=http://www.africultures.com/php/index.php?nav=personne&no=10422|title=Fatma Zohra Zamoun|publisher=Africultures|accessdate=15 March 2015|language=French}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Zamoun na Bordj Menaïel n'ebe ugwu Algeria, n'ime ezinụlọ a ma ama nke ndị nna nna ya bụ Omar ben Zamoum na Mohamed ben Zamoum. Mgbe ọ gachara na ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà eserese na Algiers (1985-1988), ọ gara Paris ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ime ihe nkiri sinima na agụmakwụkwọ olu ana eme nkiri na Sorbonne na 1995.<ref name="africult" />{{Cite web|url=http://www.africultures.com/php/index.php?nav=personne&no=10422|title=Fatma Zohra Zamoun|publisher=Africultures|accessdate=15 March 2015|language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.africultures.com/php/index.php?nav=personne&no=10422 "Fatma Zohra Zamoun"] (in French). Africultures<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Ọ na-eke oge ya n'etiti Algiers na Paris, na-achụso ihe ndị kachasị amasị ya, eserese, akụkọ ifo na ihe nkiri sinima.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africine.org/?menu=fiche&no=10422|title=Zamoum Fatma Zohra|publisher=Africine.org|accessdate=15 March 2015|language=}}</ref> ''[[Z'har]]'' (2009) bụ ihe nkiri mbụ nke Zamoun, na-egosi ihe nkiri sitere na ime ihe ike Algiers nwere na 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africine.org/?menu=film&no=8183|title=Z'har|publisher=Africine.org|accessdate=15 March 2015|language=}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, o duziri ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo dị mkpirikpi La Pelote de Laine ma dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gụnyere Comment j'ai fumé tous mes livres (2006). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maghrebdesfilms.fr/z-har.html|title=Z'har|publisher=Les films maghrébins|accessdate=15 March 2015|language=French}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ọ duziri ma mepụta ihe nkiri nke abụọ ''Kedach Ethabni'' (Combien tu m'aimes) nke na-akọ akụkọ banyere otú obere Adel si emeso oge ya na nne nne ya nọrọ mgbe nne na nna ya gbasara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africine.org/?menu=film&no=13195|title=Kedach ethabni (Combien tu m'aimes)|publisher=Africine.org|accessdate=15 March 2015|language=French}}</ref>Ọ duziri ma mepụta kemgbe ahụ "Azib Zamoum, Akụkọ gbasara ala", na 2014 Na 2019, o nwetara ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo dị ala nke aha ya bụ PARKOUR (S) na ihe ngosi a na-ebipụtabeghị: Ahụ + Nka <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmsdocumentaires.com/films/5267-azib-zamoum-une-histoire-de-terres|title=Azib Zamoum, une histoire de terres|accessdate=2024-05-13|archivedate=2021-07-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727114545/https://www.filmsdocumentaires.com/films/5267-azib-zamoum-une-histoire-de-terres}}</ref><ref>https://filmfreeway.com/PARKOURS and http://sudhorizons.dz/fr/principal-francais/culture/53364-41e-festival-international-du-cinema-du-caire-deux-fims-algeriens-en-competition</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmfreeway.com/BODYplusART777|title=Body + Art}}</ref> == Ọrụ == * 1995: Foto nke njem, ihe ngosi * 1996: Ihe mmụta nke ihe, ihe ngosi * 1999: À tous ceux qui partent, akwụkwọ akụkọ * 2003: narị afọ nke iri abụọ na ihe osise Algeria, ọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na nka * 2004: ''Ụlọ Roy Azdak'', ihe nkiri * 2005: La Pelote de laine, ihe ngosi * 2006: ''Olee otú m si ese akwụkwọ m niile'', akwụkwọ akụkọ * 2009: ''[[Z'har]]'' (Un) Lucky, ihe nkiri nnwale * 2009: ''Le Docker noir, ihe ngosi'' * 2012: ''Kedach Ethabni'' ma ọ bụ kedu ka ịhụnanya si abanye, ihe nkiri * 2014: "Azib Zamoum, Akụkọ Banyere Ala", ihe nkiri docu maka TV na sinima * 2019: "PARKOUR (S), akụkọ ifo * 2019: AHU+ NKA, ogologo ihe ngosi == Hụkwa == * Omar ben Zamoum * Mohamed ben Zamoum == Ebe m si dee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{DEFAULTSORT:Zamoun, Fatma Zohra}} * {{IMDb name|2235254|Fatma Zohra Zamoum}} {{Authority control}}Nchịkọta ikike [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cdtyib1rb3ubm65cqcluiiza6oewgqb 692899 692898 2026-07-30T22:28:31Z Sylvaline39 15355 692899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fatma Zohra Zamoum''' (amụrụ na ubochi iri na itoolu na onwa Jenụwarị n'afo1967) bụ onye edemede Franco-Algeria, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nkuzi. <ref name="africult">{{Cite web|url=http://www.africultures.com/php/index.php?nav=personne&no=10422|title=Fatma Zohra Zamoun|publisher=Africultures|accessdate=15 March 2015|language=French}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Zamoun na Bordj Menaïel n'ebe ugwu Algeria, n'ime ezinụlọ a ma ama nke ndị nna nna ya bụ Omar ben Zamoum na Mohamed ben Zamoum. Mgbe ọ gachara na ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà eserese na Algiers (1985-1988), ọ gara Paris ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ime ihe nkiri sinima na agụmakwụkwọ olu ana eme nkiri na Sorbonne na 1995.<ref name="africult" />{{Cite web|url=http://www.africultures.com/php/index.php?nav=personne&no=10422|title=Fatma Zohra Zamoun|publisher=Africultures|accessdate=15 March 2015|language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.africultures.com/php/index.php?nav=personne&no=10422 "Fatma Zohra Zamoun"] (in French). Africultures<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Ọ na-eke oge ya n'etiti Algiers na Paris, na-achụso ihe ndị kachasị amasị ya, eserese, akụkọ ifo na ihe nkiri sinima.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africine.org/?menu=fiche&no=10422|title=Zamoum Fatma Zohra|publisher=Africine.org|accessdate=15 March 2015|language=}}</ref> ''[[Z'har]]'' (2009) bụ ihe nkiri mbụ nke Zamoun, na-egosi ihe nkiri sitere na ime ihe ike Algiers nwere na 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africine.org/?menu=film&no=8183|title=Z'har|publisher=Africine.org|accessdate=15 March 2015|language=}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, o duziri ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo dị mkpirikpi La Pelote de Laine ma dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gụnyere Comment j'ai fumé tous mes livres (2006). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maghrebdesfilms.fr/z-har.html|title=Z'har|publisher=Les films maghrébins|accessdate=15 March 2015|language=French}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ọ duziri ma mepụta ihe nkiri nke abụọ ''Kedach Ethabni'' (Combien tu m'aimes) nke na-akọ akụkọ banyere otú obere Adel si emeso oge ya na nne nne ya nọrọ mgbe nne na nna ya gbasara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africine.org/?menu=film&no=13195|title=Kedach ethabni (Combien tu m'aimes)|publisher=Africine.org|accessdate=15 March 2015|language=French}}</ref>Ọ duziri ma mepụta kemgbe ahụ "Azib Zamoum, Akụkọ gbasara ala", na 2014 Na 2019, o nwetara ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo dị ala nke aha ya bụ PARKOUR (S) na ihe ngosi a na-ebipụtabeghị: Ahụ + Nka <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmsdocumentaires.com/films/5267-azib-zamoum-une-histoire-de-terres|title=Azib Zamoum, une histoire de terres|accessdate=2024-05-13|archivedate=2021-07-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727114545/https://www.filmsdocumentaires.com/films/5267-azib-zamoum-une-histoire-de-terres}}</ref><ref>https://filmfreeway.com/PARKOURS and http://sudhorizons.dz/fr/principal-francais/culture/53364-41e-festival-international-du-cinema-du-caire-deux-fims-algeriens-en-competition</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmfreeway.com/BODYplusART777|title=Body + Art}}</ref> == Ọrụ == * 1995: Foto nke njem, ihe ngosi * 1996: Ihe mmụta nke ihe, ihe ngosi * 1999: À tous ceux qui partent, akwụkwọ akụkọ * 2003: narị afọ nke iri abụọ na ihe osise Algeria, ọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na nka * 2004: ''Ụlọ Roy Azdak'', ihe nkiri * 2005: La Pelote de laine, ihe ngosi * 2006: ''Olee otú m si ese akwụkwọ m niile'', akwụkwọ akụkọ * 2009: ''[[Z'har]]'' (Un) Lucky, ihe nkiri nnwale * 2009: ''Le Docker noir, ihe ngosi'' * 2012: ''Kedach Ethabni'' ma ọ bụ kedu ka ịhụnanya si abanye, ihe nkiri * 2014: "Azib Zamoum, Akụkọ Banyere Ala", ihe nkiri docu maka TV na sinima * 2019: "PARKOUR (S), akụkọ ifo * 2019: AHU+ NKA, ogologo ihe ngosi == Hụkwa == * Omar ben Zamoum * Mohamed ben Zamoum == Ebe m si dee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|2235254|Fatma Zohra Zamoum}} {{Authority control}}Nchịkọta ikike {{DEFAULTSORT:Zamoun, Fatma Zohra}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kfzhukvfaofvyhibh754ikehte1ir2q 0 44587 692883 692559 2026-07-30T22:04:18Z Sylvaline39 15355 Added Databox 692883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị na ha agaghị ọbụna ọtụtụ ìhè n'obodo wee nweta nzere Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ Kwame Nkrumah ma nwee nzere Master of Fine Arts na Mahadim Hartford . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=FATRIC BEWONG|url=https://www.fatricbewong.com/|accessdate=2022-04-30|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520081401/https://www.fatricbewong.com/}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Akolgo|first=Ayine|date=2019-01-02|title=Rita Fatric Bewong: Fashioned From The Environment, Framed In Time And Finished In Color|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347423799|journal=Critical Interventions|volume=13|issue=1|pages=97–104|doi=10.1080/19301944.2020.1758509|issn=1930-1944}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=Fatric Bewong|url=https://liveart.dk/fatric-bewong/|accessdate=2023-06-02|work=Live Art Denmark|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-06-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602014357/https://liveart.dk/fatric-bewong/}}</ref> n'ọrụ ya, ọ na-enyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti colonization, ịzụ ahịa, ihe mkpofu, mmetọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.[3] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bewong, Fatric}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] q9zbuaaz40t1m3exw38j7w9t1jk7d5t 0 44806 693007 641156 2026-07-31T05:44:30Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 693007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Edson Chagas|image=|caption=|birth_date={{birth year and age|1977}}|birth_place=[[Luanda]], Angola|occupation=Photographer}} Edson Chagas ( ụtụ 1977) bụ onye ese foto Angola.  A foto azụ dị ka onye na-ese, ọrụ ya na-egosi obodo na akara .  N'usoro ya "Achọtaghị ya", onye na-ese ihe na-ama ihe ndị gbaghapụrụ agbahapụ n'ebe ọzọ n'ime obodo.  Usoro ọzọ na-eji ihe ozi ndị ọzọ Africa dị ka trope maka njikwa akara na Luanda, obodo ya.  Chagas nọchitere anya Angola na 2013 Venice Biennale, nke o meri ya Golden Lion maka pavilion mba kacha mma.  O gosila ihe ngosi na Museum of Modern Art na Brooklyn Museum . == Ndụ mbido == Edson Chagas enyi na Luanda, Angola, na 1977. [1] O nwere akara ugo ahọpụta na fotojournalism site na London College of Communication wee six foto akwụkwọ na Mahadum Wales, Newport .  Dị ka nke 2015, ọ na-mịda na-ebi na Luanda ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta ihe oyiyi maka Expansão, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Angolan. <ref name="Design Indaba: MoMA">{{Cite web |last1=Sebambo |first1=Khumo |title=Edson Chagas' photographs are simple and striking |work=Design Indaba |date=2015-09-16 |url=http://www.designindaba.com/articles/creative-work/edson-chagas-photographs-are-simple-and-striking |access-date=2017-02-09 |df=mdy-all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081433/http://www.designindaba.com/articles/creative-work/edson-chagas-photographs-are-simple-and-striking |archive-date=February 11, 2017 }}</ref> == Ọrụ == Chagas nọchitere anya Angola na pavilion mba mbụ nke Venice Biennale na 2013, nke Paula Nascimento na Stephano Rabolli Pansera mere.  Ngosipụta ya etinyere n'ala inye onyinye, foto ndị nwere nnukwu akwụkwọ mmado nke ihe ndị a tụfuru atụfuru etinyere n'ihe gbasara ihe owuwu nke ihu igwe na isi obodo Angola, Luanda .  [1] Mpempe akwụkwọ mmado ndị a nọ na "juxtaposition siri ike" na-akpọ ihe mma iwe nke ndị ọbịa, Palazzo Cini, [1] nke emechirila akwụkwọ iri abụọ gara aga.  [1] Akwụkwọ New York Times gosiri pavilion ahụ "kpakpando na-agbawa agbawa" nke Biennale, wee nweta ihe nrite ihi elu nke afọ abụọ, Ọdụm Ọdụm maka pavilion mba kacha mma.  [1] Ndị juri ahụ toro amụma ya nke "ihe ike na eserese anya nke saịtị".  [1] Frieze dere na pavilion ahụ pịa "Ụbụrụ na mbara igwe, ... na-anabata ihe ndị gbara ya gburugburu na ụlọ akwụkwọ gabiga na diplomacy na imeziwanye ihe ọzọ", dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mba Africa ndị ọzọ dị.  [1] Artsy ' Giles Peppiatt ụzọ a dị ka ihe ngosi na nzụta nkwado na 2014 1:54 ngwere nka nke Africa. {{R|Artsy: 1:54 2014}} <ref name="C&: series">{{Cite web |last1=Sousa |first1=Suzana |title=C& in conversation with Edson Chagas: 'Most of my work is series. It's a method that reflects how I feel things.' |work=Contemporary And |date=2013-05-28 |url=http://www.contemporaryand.com/magazines/most-of-my-work-is-series-its-a-method-that-reflects-how-i-feel-things/ |access-date=2017-02-09 |df=mdy-all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211083056/http://www.contemporaryand.com/magazines/most-of-my-work-is-series-its-a-method-that-reflects-how-i-feel-things/ |archive-date=February 11, 2017 }}</ref> Foto ndị a sitere na nnukwu usoro nke Chagas, "Achọtaghị ya", [1] nke oku foto ndị yiri ya site na obodo — na mgbakwunye na Luanda — ebe onye na-ese foto osisi oge: London na Newport, Wales .  [1] Ndị ọrụ izi ahụ gwara Chagas ka ọ nwe foto ndị sitere na Luanda maka Biennale, nke ọ pụta na ọ na-anakwere ebe ọ bụ na o wepụrụghị usoro ahụ n'aka ya.  [1] Ọ tara na obodo ndị ahụ, nke ọ elelu na-akwado nkwado nnukwu mmemme, echiche “echiche nke mmeghari ohuru” na omenala ya.  Na-ahụ site na Luanda, ebe eji eji ihe niile, Chagas kwuru ka omume ndị a na-eji agwa ka oge na-aga.  Ọ na-ese foto nke ọ gbala n'ime oghere ebe ọ na-eme ihe na gburugburu ya.  A gbagburu ụfọdụ ihe n'ihe mgbochi nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ebe a emechi ha, ebe ndị ọzọ ga-achọ.  Saịtị na usoro a, Chagas chere na ògee nke obodo ahụ.  O kwuru na ya na-ezube ịga n'ihu na usoro ahụ Chagas ụzọ ụzọ dị iche iche na 2014. Ọrụ ya na ngosi nka 1:54 nnukwu egwuregwu nke masks Africa dị ka trope kwuo okwu iko Africa.  [1][2] Usoro ihe onyonyo ya nke "Oikonomo" nke nwere akpa akara akara n'isi ya bụ iji zoo ya n'azụ akara nke ikekete ụwa niile na ndị eji nke abụọ na Luanda [1][2] —  ngwa ahaha ndị ọzọ na-e ahia omenala ndị Africa.  [1] ụfọdụ n'ime akpa ndị ahụ nkiri onyonyo dị ka okwu "Ụwa nke mmetụta" na ma nsonaazụ Caribbean.  [1] Usoro a, nke sitere na 2011, ka emechara gosi na ihe ngosi "Disguise: Masks and Global African Art" nke Brooklyn Museum 's 2016. [1][2] Hyperallergic ụgwọ nke onye na-ese ihe na-  eyi akpa Barack Obama n'isi ya dị ka kitschy, na-atọ ọchị, na dị ka onye ọzọ.  [1] Mgbe e ịhụ na 2014, na foto Paris, Chagas ụzọ usoro ihe osise foto, "Tipo Passe", na-egosi ụdị ejiji na ejiji oge a ma na-eyi omenala, ihe nkiri Africa tupu oge ndị .  [1][2] Uwe ahụ sitere n'ahịa n'okporo ụzọ na ndị na-ere akara na-ebubata, ebe ihe ngosi ahụ sitere na nchịkọta nkeonwe.  [1] Hyperallergic ụdị otu ụdị onyonyo a, ya na nkpuchi a pịrị apị na uwe madras plaid bụ "nchikota na-ama atụ na-atọ ụtọ".  [1] E mere ike ndị ahụ na ike asaa. <ref name="NYT: Paris">{{Cite news |last1=Reyburn |first1=Scott |title=In Paris, Photography and Old Masters Meet |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2014-11-14 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/17/arts/international/in-paris-photography-and-old-masters-meet.html |issn=0362-4331 |df=mdy-all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915044727/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/17/arts/international/in-paris-photography-and-old-masters-meet.html |archive-date=September 15, 2016 }}</ref> {{R|Design Indaba: MoMA}}Na 2015, ụmụ Chagas maka ihe ngosi ihe ngosi foto nke oge a nke Museum of Modern Art's "Ocean of Images: New Photography 2015".  [1] Nhọrọ ya — site na usoro mbụ "Achọtaghị", "Tino Passe", na "Oikonomo" - lekwasịrị anya na isiokwu nke obodo na-esiri ike. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [https://www.artsy.net/artist/edson-chagas Edson Chagas at Artsy]  {{DEFAULTSORT:Chagas, Edson}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mi6hnrqvfmzl6ednsvtuh7vjsj22n1n 693010 693007 2026-07-31T05:47:17Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 693010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Edson Chagas|image=|caption=|birth_date={{birth year and age|1977}}|birth_place=[[Luanda]], Angola|occupation=Photographer}} Edson Chagas ( ụtụ 1977) bụ onye ese foto Angola.  A foto azụ dị ka onye na-ese, ọrụ ya na-egosi obodo na akara .  N'usoro ya "Achọtaghị ya", onye na-ese ihe na-ama ihe ndị gbaghapụrụ agbahapụ n'ebe ọzọ n'ime obodo.  Usoro ọzọ na-eji ihe ozi ndị ọzọ Africa dị ka trope maka njikwa akara na Luanda, obodo ya.  Chagas nọchitere anya Angola na 2013 Venice Biennale, nke o meri ya Golden Lion maka pavilion mba kacha mma.  O gosila ihe ngosi na Museum of Modern Art na Brooklyn Museum . == Ndụ mbido == Edson Chagas enyi na Luanda, Angola, na 1977. [1] O nwere akara ugo ahọpụta na fotojournalism site na London College of Communication wee six foto akwụkwọ na Mahadum Wales, Newport .  Dị ka nke 2015, ọ na-mịda na-ebi na Luanda ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta ihe oyiyi maka Expansão, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Angolan. <ref name="Design Indaba: MoMA">{{Cite web |last1=Sebambo |first1=Khumo |title=Edson Chagas' photographs are simple and striking |work=Design Indaba |date=2015-09-16 |url=http://www.designindaba.com/articles/creative-work/edson-chagas-photographs-are-simple-and-striking |access-date=2017-02-09 |df=mdy-all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081433/http://www.designindaba.com/articles/creative-work/edson-chagas-photographs-are-simple-and-striking |archive-date=February 11, 2017 }}</ref> == Ọrụ == Chagas nọchitere anya Angola na pavilion mba mbụ nke Venice Biennale na 2013, nke Paula Nascimento na Stephano Rabolli Pansera mere.  Ngosipụta ya etinyere n'ala inye onyinye, foto ndị nwere nnukwu akwụkwọ mmado nke ihe ndị a tụfuru atụfuru etinyere n'ihe gbasara ihe owuwu nke ihu igwe na isi obodo Angola, Luanda .  [1] Mpempe akwụkwọ mmado ndị a nọ na "juxtaposition siri ike" na-akpọ ihe mma iwe nke ndị ọbịa, Palazzo Cini, [1] nke emechirila akwụkwọ iri abụọ gara aga.  [1] Akwụkwọ New York Times gosiri pavilion ahụ "kpakpando na-agbawa agbawa" nke Biennale, wee nweta ihe nrite ihi elu nke afọ abụọ, Ọdụm Ọdụm maka pavilion mba kacha mma.  [1] Ndị juri ahụ toro amụma ya nke "ihe ike na eserese anya nke saịtị".  [1] Frieze dere na pavilion ahụ pịa "Ụbụrụ na mbara igwe, ... na-anabata ihe ndị gbara ya gburugburu na ụlọ akwụkwọ gabiga na diplomacy na imeziwanye ihe ọzọ", dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mba Africa ndị ọzọ dị.  [1] Artsy ' Giles Peppiatt ụzọ a dị ka ihe ngosi na nzụta nkwado na 2014 1:54 ngwere nka nke Africa. <ref name="Artsy: MoMA 2015">{{Cite web |last1=Kedmey |first1=Karen |title=MoMA and Guggenheim Take Stock of Photography in 2015 |work=[[Artsy]] |date=2015-11-09 |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-moma-and-guggenheim-take-stock-of-photography-in-2015 |access-date=2017-02-10 |df=mdy-all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075401/https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-moma-and-guggenheim-take-stock-of-photography-in-2015 |archive-date=February 11, 2017 }}</ref> <ref name="C&: series">{{Cite web |last1=Sousa |first1=Suzana |title=C& in conversation with Edson Chagas: 'Most of my work is series. It's a method that reflects how I feel things.' |work=Contemporary And |date=2013-05-28 |url=http://www.contemporaryand.com/magazines/most-of-my-work-is-series-its-a-method-that-reflects-how-i-feel-things/ |access-date=2017-02-09 |df=mdy-all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211083056/http://www.contemporaryand.com/magazines/most-of-my-work-is-series-its-a-method-that-reflects-how-i-feel-things/ |archive-date=February 11, 2017 }}</ref> Foto ndị a sitere na nnukwu usoro nke Chagas, "Achọtaghị ya", [1] nke oku foto ndị yiri ya site na obodo — na mgbakwunye na Luanda — ebe onye na-ese foto osisi oge: London na Newport, Wales .  [1] Ndị ọrụ izi ahụ gwara Chagas ka ọ nwe foto ndị sitere na Luanda maka Biennale, nke ọ pụta na ọ na-anakwere ebe ọ bụ na o wepụrụghị usoro ahụ n'aka ya.  [1] Ọ tara na obodo ndị ahụ, nke ọ elelu na-akwado nkwado nnukwu mmemme, echiche “echiche nke mmeghari ohuru” na omenala ya.  Na-ahụ site na Luanda, ebe eji eji ihe niile, Chagas kwuru ka omume ndị a na-eji agwa ka oge na-aga.  Ọ na-ese foto nke ọ gbala n'ime oghere ebe ọ na-eme ihe na gburugburu ya.  A gbagburu ụfọdụ ihe n'ihe mgbochi nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ebe a emechi ha, ebe ndị ọzọ ga-achọ.  Saịtị na usoro a, Chagas chere na ògee nke obodo ahụ.  O kwuru na ya na-ezube ịga n'ihu na usoro ahụ Chagas ụzọ ụzọ dị iche iche na 2014. Ọrụ ya na ngosi nka 1:54 nnukwu egwuregwu nke masks Africa dị ka trope kwuo okwu iko Africa.  [1][2] Usoro ihe onyonyo ya nke "Oikonomo" nke nwere akpa akara akara n'isi ya bụ iji zoo ya n'azụ akara nke ikekete ụwa niile na ndị eji nke abụọ na Luanda [1][2] —  ngwa ahaha ndị ọzọ na-e ahia omenala ndị Africa.  [1] ụfọdụ n'ime akpa ndị ahụ nkiri onyonyo dị ka okwu "Ụwa nke mmetụta" na ma nsonaazụ Caribbean.  [1] Usoro a, nke sitere na 2011, ka emechara gosi na ihe ngosi "Disguise: Masks and Global African Art" nke Brooklyn Museum 's 2016. [1][2] Hyperallergic ụgwọ nke onye na-ese ihe na-  eyi akpa Barack Obama n'isi ya dị ka kitschy, na-atọ ọchị, na dị ka onye ọzọ.  [1] Mgbe e ịhụ na 2014, na foto Paris, Chagas ụzọ usoro ihe osise foto, "Tipo Passe", na-egosi ụdị ejiji na ejiji oge a ma na-eyi omenala, ihe nkiri Africa tupu oge ndị .  [1][2] Uwe ahụ sitere n'ahịa n'okporo ụzọ na ndị na-ere akara na-ebubata, ebe ihe ngosi ahụ sitere na nchịkọta nkeonwe.  [1] Hyperallergic ụdị otu ụdị onyonyo a, ya na nkpuchi a pịrị apị na uwe madras plaid bụ "nchikota na-ama atụ na-atọ ụtọ".  [1] E mere ike ndị ahụ na ike asaa. <ref name="NYT: Paris">{{Cite news |last1=Reyburn |first1=Scott |title=In Paris, Photography and Old Masters Meet |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2014-11-14 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/17/arts/international/in-paris-photography-and-old-masters-meet.html |issn=0362-4331 |df=mdy-all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915044727/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/17/arts/international/in-paris-photography-and-old-masters-meet.html |archive-date=September 15, 2016 }}</ref> {{R|Design Indaba: MoMA}}Na 2015, ụmụ Chagas maka ihe ngosi ihe ngosi foto nke oge a nke Museum of Modern Art's "Ocean of Images: New Photography 2015".  [1] Nhọrọ ya — site na usoro mbụ "Achọtaghị", "Tino Passe", na "Oikonomo" - lekwasịrị anya na isiokwu nke obodo na-esiri ike. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [https://www.artsy.net/artist/edson-chagas Edson Chagas at Artsy]  {{DEFAULTSORT:Chagas, Edson}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] eu75ahdzifhs9exw0trh7mp73s8tzgb 693011 693010 2026-07-31T05:47:52Z Mirah50 16972 693011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Edson Chagas|image=|caption=|birth_date={{birth year and age|1977}}|birth_place=[[Luanda]], Angola|occupation=Photographer}} Edson Chagas ( ụtụ 1977) bụ onye ese foto Angola.  A foto azụ dị ka onye na-ese, ọrụ ya na-egosi obodo na akara .  N'usoro ya "Achọtaghị ya", onye na-ese ihe na-ama ihe ndị gbaghapụrụ agbahapụ n'ebe ọzọ n'ime obodo.  Usoro ọzọ na-eji ihe ozi ndị ọzọ Africa dị ka trope maka njikwa akara na Luanda, obodo ya.  Chagas nọchitere anya Angola na 2013 Venice Biennale, nke o meri ya Golden Lion maka pavilion mba kacha mma.  O gosila ihe ngosi na Museum of Modern Art na Brooklyn Museum . == Ndụ mbido == Edson Chagas enyi na Luanda, Angola, na 1977. [1] O nwere akara ugo ahọpụta na fotojournalism site na London College of Communication wee six foto akwụkwọ na Mahadum Wales, Newport .  Dị ka nke 2015, ọ na-mịda na-ebi na Luanda ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta ihe oyiyi maka Expansão, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Angolan. <ref name="Design Indaba: MoMA">{{Cite web |last1=Sebambo |first1=Khumo |title=Edson Chagas' photographs are simple and striking |work=Design Indaba |date=2015-09-16 |url=http://www.designindaba.com/articles/creative-work/edson-chagas-photographs-are-simple-and-striking |access-date=2017-02-09 |df=mdy-all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081433/http://www.designindaba.com/articles/creative-work/edson-chagas-photographs-are-simple-and-striking |archive-date=February 11, 2017 }}</ref> == Ọrụ == Chagas nọchitere anya Angola na pavilion mba mbụ nke Venice Biennale na 2013, nke Paula Nascimento na Stephano Rabolli Pansera mere.  Ngosipụta ya etinyere n'ala inye onyinye, foto ndị nwere nnukwu akwụkwọ mmado nke ihe ndị a tụfuru atụfuru etinyere n'ihe gbasara ihe owuwu nke ihu igwe na isi obodo Angola, Luanda .  [1] Mpempe akwụkwọ mmado ndị a nọ na "juxtaposition siri ike" na-akpọ ihe mma iwe nke ndị ọbịa, Palazzo Cini, [1] nke emechirila akwụkwọ iri abụọ gara aga.  [1] Akwụkwọ New York Times gosiri pavilion ahụ "kpakpando na-agbawa agbawa" nke Biennale, wee nweta ihe nrite ihi elu nke afọ abụọ, Ọdụm Ọdụm maka pavilion mba kacha mma.  [1] Ndị juri ahụ toro amụma ya nke "ihe ike na eserese anya nke saịtị".  [1] Frieze dere na pavilion ahụ pịa "Ụbụrụ na mbara igwe, ... na-anabata ihe ndị gbara ya gburugburu na ụlọ akwụkwọ gabiga na diplomacy na imeziwanye ihe ọzọ", dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mba Africa ndị ọzọ dị.  [1] Artsy ' Giles Peppiatt ụzọ a dị ka ihe ngosi na nzụta nkwado na 2014 1:54 ngwere nka nke Africa. <ref name="Artsy: MoMA 2015">{{Cite web |last1=Kedmey |first1=Karen |title=MoMA and Guggenheim Take Stock of Photography in 2015 |work=[[Artsy]] |date=2015-11-09 |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-moma-and-guggenheim-take-stock-of-photography-in-2015 |access-date=2017-02-10 |df=mdy-all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075401/https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-moma-and-guggenheim-take-stock-of-photography-in-2015 |archive-date=February 11, 2017 }}</ref> <ref name="C&: series">{{Cite web |last1=Sousa |first1=Suzana |title=C& in conversation with Edson Chagas: 'Most of my work is series. It's a method that reflects how I feel things.' |work=Contemporary And |date=2013-05-28 |url=http://www.contemporaryand.com/magazines/most-of-my-work-is-series-its-a-method-that-reflects-how-i-feel-things/ |access-date=2017-02-09 |df=mdy-all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211083056/http://www.contemporaryand.com/magazines/most-of-my-work-is-series-its-a-method-that-reflects-how-i-feel-things/ |archive-date=February 11, 2017 }}</ref> Foto ndị a sitere na nnukwu usoro nke Chagas, "Achọtaghị ya", [1] nke oku foto ndị yiri ya site na obodo — na mgbakwunye na Luanda — ebe onye na-ese foto osisi oge: London na Newport, Wales .  [1] Ndị ọrụ izi ahụ gwara Chagas ka ọ nwe foto ndị sitere na Luanda maka Biennale, nke ọ pụta na ọ na-anakwere ebe ọ bụ na o wepụrụghị usoro ahụ n'aka ya.  [1] Ọ tara na obodo ndị ahụ, nke ọ elelu na-akwado nkwado nnukwu mmemme, echiche “echiche nke mmeghari ohuru” na omenala ya.  Na-ahụ site na Luanda, ebe eji eji ihe niile, Chagas kwuru ka omume ndị a na-eji agwa ka oge na-aga.  Ọ na-ese foto nke ọ gbala n'ime oghere ebe ọ na-eme ihe na gburugburu ya.  A gbagburu ụfọdụ ihe n'ihe mgbochi nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ebe a emechi ha, ebe ndị ọzọ ga-achọ.  Saịtị na usoro a, Chagas chere na ògee nke obodo ahụ.  O kwuru na ya na-ezube ịga n'ihu na usoro ahụ Chagas ụzọ ụzọ dị iche iche na 2014. Ọrụ ya na ngosi nka 1:54 nnukwu egwuregwu nke masks Africa dị ka trope kwuo okwu iko Africa.  [1][2] Usoro ihe onyonyo ya nke "Oikonomo" nke nwere akpa akara akara n'isi ya bụ iji zoo ya n'azụ akara nke ikekete ụwa niile na ndị eji nke abụọ na Luanda [1][2] —  ngwa ahaha ndị ọzọ na-e ahia omenala ndị Africa.  [1] ụfọdụ n'ime akpa ndị ahụ nkiri onyonyo dị ka okwu "Ụwa nke mmetụta" na ma nsonaazụ Caribbean.  [1] Usoro a, nke sitere na 2011, ka emechara gosi na ihe ngosi "Disguise: Masks and Global African Art" nke Brooklyn Museum 's 2016. [1][2] Hyperallergic ụgwọ nke onye na-ese ihe na-  eyi akpa Barack Obama n'isi ya dị ka kitschy, na-atọ ọchị, na dị ka onye ọzọ.  [1] Mgbe e ịhụ na 2014, na foto Paris, Chagas ụzọ usoro ihe osise foto, "Tipo Passe", na-egosi ụdị ejiji na ejiji oge a ma na-eyi omenala, ihe nkiri Africa tupu oge ndị .  [1][2] Uwe ahụ sitere n'ahịa n'okporo ụzọ na ndị na-ere akara na-ebubata, ebe ihe ngosi ahụ sitere na nchịkọta nkeonwe.  [1] Hyperallergic ụdị otu ụdị onyonyo a, ya na nkpuchi a pịrị apị na uwe madras plaid bụ "nchikota na-ama atụ na-atọ ụtọ".  [1] E mere ike ndị ahụ na ike asaa. <ref name="NYT: Paris">{{Cite news |last1=Reyburn |first1=Scott |title=In Paris, Photography and Old Masters Meet |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2014-11-14 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/17/arts/international/in-paris-photography-and-old-masters-meet.html |issn=0362-4331 |df=mdy-all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915044727/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/17/arts/international/in-paris-photography-and-old-masters-meet.html |archive-date=September 15, 2016 }}</ref> {{R|Design Indaba: MoMA}}Na 2015, ụmụ Chagas maka ihe ngosi ihe ngosi foto nke oge a nke Museum of Modern Art's "Ocean of Images: New Photography 2015".  [1] Nhọrọ ya — site na usoro mbụ "Achọtaghị", "Tino Passe", na "Oikonomo" - lekwasịrị anya na isiokwu nke obodo na-esiri ike. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [https://www.artsy.net/artist/edson-chagas Edson Chagas at Artsy]  {{DEFAULTSORT:Chagas, Edson}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8z71km4cfrf59ji10khzp4su5op497p 0 44936 693023 687078 2026-07-31T07:00:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''kosua Adoma Owusu''' (amuru Jenụwarị 1, 1984) bụ onye [[Ndị America Ghana|Ghana-American]] onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nrụpụta. Ihe nkiri ya na-enyocha njirimara ndị isi ojii kwabatara na America site n'ụdị dị iche iche sitere na edemede cinematic ruo na akụkọ nnwale ruo na mgbasa ozi a ma ama Black wulitere. N'ịkọwa echiche nke " uche abụọ ," nke ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na onye na-akwado ikike obodo WEB Du Bois chepụtara, Owusu bu n'obi ịmepụta oghere sinima ma ọ bụ nsụhọ nke atọ. N'ọrụ ya, Feminism, queerness, na njirimara [[Afrịka|ndị Africa]] na-emekọrịta ihe na oghere omenala ndị Africa, ndị America ọcha, na ndị ojii America. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Akosua Adoma Owusu talks about triple consciousness|url=https://www.artforum.com/interviews/akosua-adoma-owusu-talks-about-triple-consciousness-79725|work=ArtForum|accessdate=2019-05-03}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinema.utoronto.ca/events/aesthetics-triple-consciousness-interdisciplinary-approaches-films-akosua-adoma-owusu|title=The Aesthetics of Triple Consciousness|work=University of Toronto|accessdate=2019-10-10|first=Julie|author=MacArthur|date=18 September 2019|archivedate=2021-11-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128025238/https://www.cinema.utoronto.ca/events/aesthetics-triple-consciousness-interdisciplinary-approaches-films-akosua-adoma-owusu}}</ref> Ugbu a ọ bụ onye nkuzi nleta na Mahadum Harvard na Pratt Institute na Brooklyn, New York. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Ndị nne na nna Ghana mụrụ Owusu ma zụlite ya na obodo ndị mbata na Alexandria, Virginia . Ọ bụ ọdụdụ n'ime ụmụnne atọ Grace na Albert A. Owusu, Sr. Owusu nwere akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na School of Film/Video na School of Fine Art si California Institute of Arts, nke ọ nwetara na 2008. <ref>{{Cite web|title=40 Festivals and Counting: Me Broni Ba (my white baby) on the Film Circuit|url=https://blog.calarts.edu/2010/07/21/40-festivals-and-counting-me-broni-ba-my-white-baby-on-the-film-circuit/|work=California Institute of the Arts|date=21 July 2010|accessdate=2010-07-21}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ interdisciplinary na Media Studies <ref>{{Cite web|title=School of Cinematic Arts|url=https://cinema.usc.edu/directories/profile.cfm?id=35474&first=&last=&title=&did=17&startpage=1&startrow=1|work=USC Department of Critical Studies|accessdate=2020-06-17|first=Nitin|author=Govil}}</ref> na Studio Art dị iche na Mahadum Virginia na 2005. <ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Virginia Arts Magazine - Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=https://magazine.arts.virginia.edu/stories/hoos-for-art-adoma|work=University of Virginia|accessdate=2015-12-09}}</ref> Owusu malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye enyemaka mgbe emepụtara ihe na Chris Rock 's HBO documentary <ref>{{Cite web|title=ME BRONI BA (MY WHITE BABY) - Cinema Guild Non-Theatrical|url=http://store.cinemaguild.com/nontheatrical/product/2358.html|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=store.cinemaguild.com}}</ref> " Ezi ntutu " (2009). N'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbanwere ime ihe nkiri dị nkenke nke onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fowler In Focus: The Art of Hair in Africa|url=https://www.fowler.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Art-of-Hair-Press-Release-_Final_rev-4-17-15.pdf|work=Fowler Museum UCLA|accessdate=2015-01-14}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'oge na-adịghị anya ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na CalArts na 2008, Owusu bụ onye ama ama <ref>{{Cite web|title=On Work: A Selection of Shorts – The Flaherty 2010|url=https://www.nga.gov/content/dam/ngaweb/calendar/film/pdfs/2011/ngafilm-2011-spring.pdf|work=National Gallery of Art|accessdate=2011-06-10|first=Dennis|author=Lim|archivedate=2022-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925061600/https://www.nga.gov/content/dam/ngaweb/calendar/film/pdfs/2011/ngafilm-2011-spring.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=In Praise of Independents: The Flaherty|url=http://www.lisahillart.com/2011/05/screening-me-broni-ba/|work=Lisa Hill|accessdate=2011-06-27}}</ref> nke 56th Robert Flaherty Film Seminar nke onye ama ama na-akatọ na onye na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri Dennis Lim mere. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dennis Lim|url=http://dennis-lim.com|work=Dennis Lim|accessdate=2016-02-18}}</ref> ''Indiewire'' kpọrọ aha ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nwanyị isii Avant-Garde bụ ndị Redefined Cinema, na otu n'ime ndị Artists Black Huffington Post : 30 Contemporary Art Makers Under 40 You should Know, <ref>{{Cite web|title=30 Black Artists Under 40 You Should Know|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/26/black-artists-under-40-contemporary-painters-sculptors-performance-race-representation-art_n_2725639.html|work=The Huffington Post|date=26 February 2013|accessdate=2016-02-18}}</ref> Owusu bụ 2013 MacDowell Colony Fellow <ref>{{Cite web|title=Akosua Adoma Owusu - Artist|url=https://www.macdowell.org/artists/akosua-adoma-owusu|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=MacDowell|language=en}}</ref> na 2015 Guggenheim Fellow . <ref>{{Cite web|title=2015 Guggenheim Fellows|url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/akosua-adoma-owusu/|work=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=2015-10-13|archivedate=2022-12-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214094935/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/akosua-adoma-owusu/}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, Owusu nwetara ihe nrite Lincoln Center maka ndị nka na-apụta <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emerging Artist Awards|url=http://aboutlincolncenter.org/press-room/release/1213?category_id=recent|work=Lincoln Center|accessdate=2019-11-20}}</ref> nke ihe nkiri nyere na Lincoln Center . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lincoln Center Awards For Emerging Artists|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Photo-Flash-BE-MORE-CHILL-Producer-Jennifer-Ashley-Tepper-and-More-Receive-2020-Emerging-Artist-Awards-at-Lincoln-Center-20200227|work=Broadway World|accessdate=2020-02-27}}</ref> ''Indiewire'' kọwara ụdị ihe nkiri na-agbanwe ọdịdị nke Owusu:   Ọmụma mmụọ ya dị ka ọ na-akọwa ya, ghọrọ ebe ọpụpụ maka ihe nkiri ya ''Me broni ba'' (nwa ọcha m). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wiki.uanl.mx/index.php/Ambulante_2010_en_la_UANL|title=2010 Ambulante Documentary Festival: Akosua Adoma Owusu|accessdate=2020-06-03|archivedate=2020-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603163548/http://www.wiki.uanl.mx/index.php/Ambulante_2010_en_la_UANL}}</ref> N'iji [[Ntụtụ ịsị|ntutu isi]] dị ka usoro [[Culture|omenala]], ọ na-enyocha njirimara na echiche ndị Africa na ndị Africa na America na mgbalị iji dozie esemokwu ha. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Akosua Adoma Owusu's Triple Consciousness|url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.com/2010/11/akosua-adoma-owusus-triple-consciousness.html|work=African Women in Cinema|date=23 November 2010|accessdate=2010-11-23}}</ref> Ed Halter, otu n'ime ndị guzobere Light Industry na Brooklyn, depụtara ''Me Broni Ba'' dị ka otu n'ime ihe nkiri iri kacha elu nke 2010 na magazin ''Artforum'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artforum.com/print/201008/ed-halter-26416|title=Akosua Adoma Owusu / Top Ten|work=artforum.com|accessdate=2010-12-18|first=Ed|author=Halter}}</ref> O mepụtala ihe nkiri na-enweta ihe nrite gụnyere ''Reluctantly Queer'' (2016) na ''Kwaku Ananse'' . Na 2013, ''Kwaku Ananse'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://grasshopperfilm.vhx.tv/products/kwaku-ananse|title=Grasshopper Film Products: Kwaku Ananse|accessdate=2020-06-03|archivedate=2020-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603163335/https://grasshopperfilm.vhx.tv/products/kwaku-ananse}}</ref> nwetara nhọpụta ọla edo na Berlinale <ref>[https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2013/02_programm_2013/02_filmdatenblatt_2013_20135751.html#tab=filmStills 2013 Berlinale, Berlin International Film Festival]</ref> wee merie 2013 Africa Movie Academy Award <ref>[https://www.indiewire.com/2015/06/interview-akosua-adoma-owusus-kwaku-ananse-at-the-institute-of-contemporary-art-philadelphia-153842/ Interview: Akosua Adoma Owusu's 'Kwaku Ananse']</ref> maka mba West Africa nke [[Ghana]] na ngalaba ihe nkiri kacha mma. Ihe nkiri ahụ, bụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri Ghana Jojo Abot, kwadoro Focus Features' Africa First, <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAYzvqdDmTc Focus Features: Akosua Adoma Owusu Profile]</ref> ma nwee mmalite nke North America na 2013 Toronto International Film Festival . <ref>{{Cite web|title=TIFF 2013: You'll Appreciate This Poster For Akosua Adoma Owusu's 'Kwaku Ananse'|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2013/08/tiff-2013-youll-appreciate-this-poster-for-akosua-adoma-owusus-kwaku-ananse-165869/|work=Indiewire|date=19 August 2013|accessdate=2013-08-20}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Triple Consciousness: Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=https://tiff.net/events/triple-consciousness-films-by-akosua-adoma-owusu|work=Toronto International Film Festival|accessdate=2019-11-07}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Higher Learning: Akosua Adoma Owusu on the Art of Adaptation|url=https://www.tiff.net/events/higher-learning-akosua-adoma-owusu-on-the-art-of-adaptation|work=Toronto International Film Festival|accessdate=2019-11-08}}</ref> Agụnyere ''Kwaku Ananse'' na 2013 Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma - César Golden Nights, mmemme a haziri site na nkwado sitere na UNESCO nke na-ahọrọ ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi ama ama. ''Achọghị Queer'' (2016) <ref>{{Cite web|title=The New York African Film Festival's "Africa in New York" Shorts|url=http://www.bkmag.com/2016/05/04/new-york-african-film-festival-shorts/|work=Brooklyn Magazine|accessdate=2016-05-04|first=Mark|author=Asch|date=4 May 2016}}</ref> emepụtara na mmekorita ya na Dr. Kwame Edwin Otu, <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://woodson.as.virginia.edu/people/profile/eko3q |title=University of Virginia - Carter G. Woodson Institute |accessdate=2024-05-22 |archivedate=2023-01-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127135431/https://woodson.as.virginia.edu/people/profile/eko3q }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Normative Collusions and Amphibious Evasions|url=https://www.swarthmore.edu/news-events/listen-anthropologist-kwame-edwin-otu-normative-collusions-and-amphibious-evasions|work=Swarthmore College|date=2 April 2018|accessdate=2018-04-03}}</ref> onye osote prọfesọ nke [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|African American]] and African Studies na Mahadum Virginia <ref>{{Cite web|title=Reluctantly Queer: Sassoi, and the Shifting Paradigms of Masculinity and Sexual Citizenship in the era of neoliberal LGBTIQ politics|url=https://virginia.academia.edu/KwameEdwinOtu|work=Academica.edu|accessdate=2020-02-14|first=Dr. Kwame|author=Otu}}</ref> ka ahọpụtara maka onyinye Golden Bear na Teddy Award. <ref>[https://issuu.com/teddyaward/docs/programm_teddy_2016_lowres 30th Teddy Award Programme Guide 2016]</ref> na 2016 Berlin International Film Festival. <ref>[https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2016/02_programm_2016/02_Filmdatenblatt_2016_201605738.php#tab=filmStills Berlinale, Berlin International Film Festival]</ref> Ọ nwere mmalite nke North America dị ka akụkụ nke New Directors/New Films Festival . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Best of New Directors/New Films 2016 Might Be These 3 Documentary Shorts|url=https://nonfics.com/the-best-of-new-directors-new-films-2016-might-be-these-3-documentary-shorts-41180dce9472/|work=NonFics|accessdate=2016-05-12|first=Daniel|author=Walber|date=18 March 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lincolncenter.org/video/574024518064f1795546a664|title=New Directors/New Films 2016 - Film at Lincoln Center|accessdate=2020-06-03|archivedate=2022-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524180339/http://www.lincolncenter.org/video/574024518064f1795546a664}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://boldaslove.us/2016/03/18/new-directorsnew-films-2016-genre-bending-docs-and-experimental-film-march-16-27-in-nyc/|title=New Directors/New Films 2016 – Genre Bending Docs|work=Bold As Love Magazine|accessdate=2016-03-18|first=Curtis Caesar|author=John}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, Owusu <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trueafrica.co/article/meet-the-ghanaian-filmmaker-adapting-a-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-novel-to-film/|title=Meet the Ghanaian filmmaker who's adapting Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|work=True Africa.co|accessdate=2016-06-22|first=Priscilla|author=Debar|date=22 June 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://culturela.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/onlineprnews.com-.pdf |title=New Filmmakers LA - Developing Nations |accessdate=2024-05-22 |archivedate=2023-09-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926030933/https://culturela.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/onlineprnews.com-.pdf }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Akosua Adoma Owusu Will Adapt Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's "On Monday of Last Week"|url=https://womenandhollywood.com/akosua-adoma-owusu-will-adapt-chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-on-monday-of-last-week-91a2eb85878a/|work=Women and Hollywood|accessdate=2016-06-13|first=Casey|author=Cipriani|archivedate=2020-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610144517/https://womenandhollywood.com/akosua-adoma-owusu-will-adapt-chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-on-monday-of-last-week-91a2eb85878a/}}</ref> dere wee duzie "N'ụbọchị Mọnde nke izu ụka gara aga", <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cast for adaptation of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's short story announced|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/on-monday-of-last-week-cast-for-adaptation-of-chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-short-story/s731rx3|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=17 August 2016|accessdate=2016-08-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Adaptation of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Short Story "On Monday of Last Week"|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/06/bn-tv-watch-trailer-monday-last-week/|work=Bella Naija|date=30 June 2017|accessdate=2017-06-30}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title='Black Panther' Stars Lupita Nyong'o, Danai Gurira To Adapt 'Americanah' Into Miniseries|url=https://www.vibe.com/2018/03/lupita-nyongo-danai-gurira-americanah-miniseries|work=Vibe Magazine|date=March 2018|accessdate=2018-03-03}}</ref> ngbanwe ihe nkiri nke obere akụkọ nke otu aha ahụ sitere n'aka onye edemede a ma ama [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|bụ Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie.]] nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirisi, "Ihe dị n'olu gị." <ref>[https://www.chimamanda.com/news_items/short-story-chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-thing-around-neck-adapted-film-ghanaian-director-akosua-adoma-owusu/ Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie - Official site]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Is Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie the most influential woman in Africa right now?|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/10/19/africa/chimamanda-adichie-influence-africa/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2016-10-20|first=Phoebe|author=Parke|date=19 October 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Another Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Story Is Being Adapted Into a Film|url=http://www.essence.com/2016/06/13/akosua-adoma-owusu-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-short-story|work=Essence.com|accessdate=2016-10-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe nkiri nke gosipụtara [[Actor|onye na-eme ihe nkiri]] America bụ Karyn Parsons kacha mara amara maka ọrụ ya dị ka Hilary Banks na NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, nwetara nhọpụta na 2017 African Movie [[Academy Awards]] . Ihe nkiri ahụ gara n'ihu na ihuenyo na Fowler Museum, <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Triple Consciousness of 'On Monday Last Week'|url=https://femmagazine.com/the-triple-consciousness-of-on-monday-last-week-2018/|work=FEM Magazine|accessdate=2018-05-17|first=Jemina|author=Garcia}}</ref> ICA [[London]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Daughters of Africa Screen Narratives: Archive Revelations VII|url=https://archive.ica.art/whats-on/daughters-africa-screen-narratives-archive-revelations-vii|work=ICA London|accessdate=2018-06-13|first=June|author=Givanni|archivedate=2018-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624151036/https://archive.ica.art/whats-on/daughters-africa-screen-narratives-archive-revelations-vii}}</ref> na 25th New York African Film Festival nke ihe nkiri na Lincoln Center kwadoro. <ref>[https://www.filmlinc.org/films/selbe-one-among-many/ Safi Faye - Film Society of Lincoln Center]</ref> Owusu kwuru na N'ajụjụ ọnụ 2015 na ''Elle nke South Africa (magazine)'', Owusu kwuru "Amalitere m ịse ihe nkiri na [[Ghana]] dịka ụzọ isi chọta ebe n'ime ihe nketa Ghana m. M na-akpọkarị onwe m dị ka onye Ghana-American, ma m na-ewere onwe m. ịbụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri America nke sitere na agbụrụ Ghana Mgbe m nọ na America, ọ na-adị m ka onye Ghana na-adị m, mgbe m nọ na Ghana, ọ na-adị m ka mụ na ndị enyi m si [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|America]] gaa Ghana iji nyere m aka na mkpasu iwe na-eji oji ma [[Afrịka|n'Africa]] ma n'ebe ndị Africa nọ n'Africa mere ka echiche ịhụnanya banyere kọntinent ahụ dị ka ebe obibi na-echere m ịse ihe nkiri na Ghana, bụ akụkụ nke njem a." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=http://www.elle.co.za/meet-akosua-adoma-owusu/|work=Elle Magazine South Africa|accessdate=2015-09-12|first=Ntombenhle|author=Shezi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527223655/http://www.elle.co.za/meet-akosua-adoma-owusu/|archivedate=2017-05-27}}</ref> Na 2011, Owusu gosipụtara ọrụ na ''Cusp: Works on Film & Video site Kevin Jerome Everson & Akosua Adoma Owusu'' na Ụlọ Ahịa Ụlọ Ahịa. A na-akpọ "mmetụta chiri anya na ezigbo nghọta nke ọhụụ nke ọgụgụ isi bara uru", <ref>{{Cite web|title=Whip My Hair|url=http://www.sfweekly.com/sanfrancisco/whip-my-hair/Content?oid=2180113|work=SF Weekly|accessdate=2016-02-18|first=Hiya|author=Swanhuyser|archivedate=2016-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803181134/http://www.sfweekly.com/sanfrancisco/whip-my-hair/Content?oid=2180113}}</ref> ihe ngosi a gụnyere ''ikpughe mgbọrọgwụ'', mmeghari nke dị jụụ nke otu n'ime ihe nkiri kachasị egwu sitere na Alex Haley 's ''Roots (1977 miniseries)'' na-ejikọta achọta. ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri kpakpando Owusu na ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe nkiri Africa. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.freewaves.org/video_tags/history |title=LA Freewaves Archive - Revealing Roots |accessdate=2024-05-22 |archivedate=2024-05-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527054022/http://archive.freewaves.org/video_tags/history }}</ref> Enyerela ihe nkiri Grasshopper LLC akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara ọrụ Owusu. <ref>[http://store.grasshopperfilm.com/triple-consciousness-films-by-akosua-adoma-owusu.html Grasshopper Film: Akosua Adoma Owusu]</ref> Farber Law LLC nọchitere ya. Emepụtara ihe nkiri ya n'okpuru ụlọ ọrụ ya bụ Obibini Pictures LLC. == Nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide == Ọrụ ya gụnyere na mkpokọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Whitney Museum of American Art, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://collection.whitney.org/artist/14667/AkosuaAdomaOwusu|title=Whitney Museum Collections|accessdate=2018-09-09|archivedate=2018-09-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910014808/http://collection.whitney.org/artist/14667/AkosuaAdomaOwusu}}</ref> Center Georges Pompidou, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/agenda/event.action?param.id=FR_R-fe46d1a3df9ce4b6ad849cd7721fb87&param.idSource=FR_E-fe46d1a3df9ce4b6ad849cd7721fb87|title=Global(e) Resistance - Centre Pompidou Collections|accessdate=2020-06-03|archivedate=2020-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103123126/https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/agenda/event.action?param.id=FR_R-fe46d1a3df9ce4b6ad849cd7721fb87&param.idSource=FR_E-fe46d1a3df9ce4b6ad849cd7721fb87}}</ref> na Fowler Museum na UCLA . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Film Screening and Artist Talk: Akosua Adoma Owusu at Fowler Museum at UCLA|url=https://curate.la/event.php?id=3781|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=curate.la|archivedate=2023-01-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127135750/https://curate.la/event.php?id=3781}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri Rex == N'afọ 2013, Owusu malitere atụmatụ Kickstarter zuru ụwa ọnụ iji 'Save the Rex'! <ref>[https://vimeo.com/81255397 Akosua Adoma Owusu: Life & Save the Rex Project Part 1]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmmaker battles to save historic Ghana cinema|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/filmmaker-battles-to-save-historic-ghana-cinema-19978618.html|work=Yahoo US|date=22 November 2013|accessdate=2013-11-22|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmmaker hoping to rejuvenate Ghana's dilapidated old cinemas|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuEwUkOmsno|work=AFP news agency|accessdate=2013-10-27|language=en-US}}</ref> Cinema Rex bụ otu n'ime ụlọ sinima kacha ochie na Ghana. N'oge enweghị nchekwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Ghana na 60s, 70s na 80s, enwere mbelata na Arts. Ụlọ ihe nkiri niile mechiri n'ihi mpụ ndị agha na iwu na-alọta . Owusu chọrọ ichekwa ụlọ sinima Rex maka ichekwa ụlọ sinima. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Reimagining Ghana's Cinemaspace|url=https://africasacountry.com/2013/11/reimagining-ghanas-cinemaspace|work=Africa is a Country|accessdate=2013-11-13|first=Zachary|author=Rosen}}</ref> Na 2016, Owusu mepụtara ihe ngosi ihuenyo dabere na mgbasa ozi ya zuru ụwa ọnụ iji chekwaa Rex Cinema <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana : La jeune réalisatrice américano-ghanéenne Akosua Adoma Owusu fait revivre le Rex Cinéma|url=https://www.opinion-internationale.com/2014/02/04/ghana-la-jeune-realisatrice-americano-ghaneenne-akosua-adoma-owusu-fait-revivre-le-rex-cinema_22035.html|work=Opinion Internationale|date=4 February 2014|accessdate=2014-02-04|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.kuwaittimes.net/pdf/2013/nov/23/p24.pdf |title=Kuwait Times |accessdate=2024-05-22 |archivedate=2021-09-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923172239/http://news.kuwaittimes.net/pdf/2013/nov/23/p24.pdf }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana: une réalisatrice se bat pour sauver le cinéma Rex|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/26491/politique/ghana-une-realisatrice-se-bat-pour-sauver-le-cinema-rex/|work=Jeune Afrique|date=27 November 2013|accessdate=2013-11-28}}</ref> na Ghana na Camargo Foundation na Cassis, France. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Owusu|first=Akosua Adoma|title=Camargo Foundation|url=http://camargofoundation.org/programs/partnership-programs/jerome-foundation/art-matters/2016/akosua-adoma-owusu/|accessdate=2016-10-09|work=The Camargo Foundation - Save the Rex}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Save the Rex|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5734222/?ref_=nm_knf_i4|work=IMDb|accessdate=2018-10-10|first=Akosua Adoma|author=Owusu}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, ''The Guardian'' kwuputara na Owusu na-arụ ọrụ na ndụ nke ndụ n'ezie, ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo banyere mkpọsa ya iji weghachi ihe nkiri Rex mere eme. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Accra at 60: concrete heads and colonial questions in Ghana's capital|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/06/accra-60-independence-birthday-parade-arts-colonisation-ghana|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2017-03-09|first=Alice|author=McCool|date=6 March 2017}}</ref> == Mmezu nke mba ụwa == N'afọ 2015, ihe nkiri abụọ nke Owusu duziri ma mepụta bụ ihe ndị nkatọ nwetara na magazin Artforum . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sutton|first=Kate|title=Akosua Adoma Owusu / Critics' Picks|url=http://artforum.com/picks/id=56161|accessdate=2016-02-18|work=artforum.com}}</ref> Ihe nkiri Owusu ''Reluctantly Queer'' bụ otu n'ime ihe nkiri kacha mma nke ndị nkatọ na 2016 na Sight &amp;amp; Sound, akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe nkiri na-ebipụta kwa ọnwa nke British Film Institute (BFI) bipụtara <ref>{{Cite web|title=The best films of 2016.|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk//best-films-2016|work=Sight & Sound Magazine|accessdate=2016-12-20|language=en-US|archivedate=2016-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130185646/http://www.bfi.org.uk/best-films-2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, ndị [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|Britain]] Royal African Society kpọrọ Owusu ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ nke izu ha yana ''Elle nke South Africa (magazine)'' kpọrọ ya dịka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 50 na-enweghị atụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=What's Trending #014: Human of the Week|url=http://whatsonafrica.org/whats-trending-014/|accessdate=2016-08-07|work=Whatsonafrica.org|date=4 August 2016|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218205209/http://whatsonafrica.org/whats-trending-014/}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, akpọrọ aha ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Dazed'' dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nnwale nnwale na-agbakọ nnukwu isiokwu ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ten experimental filmmakers tackling the world's big topics|url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/34976/1/filmmakers-experimenting-with-big-subjects|work=Dazed.com|date=2 March 2017|accessdate=2017-03-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 2018, Cobo Center nyere Owusu ọrụ ka o mepụta ntinye vidiyo n'akụkụ Jefferson na Washington avenues na ogbe ndịda [[Detroit]], Michigan n'oge ọnwa akụkọ ihe mere eme ojii. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-09|title=Video game art dances across Cobo Center marquee as part of yearlong series|url=https://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20180309/news/654786/video-game-art-dances-across-cobo-center-marquee-as-part-of-yearlong|accessdate=2023-02-17|work=Crain's Detroit Business|language=en}}</ref> Enyere Owusu onye na-ese ihe na-ebi ndụ site na Goethe-Institut Vila Sul na Salvador, Bahia [[Brazil]], na 2018, tinyere onye na-ese ihe nrụnye Britain na onye na-ese ihe nkiri [[Isaac Julien]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Akosua Adoma Owusu - 04/06 - 27/07/2018 - Goethe-Institut Brasilien|url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/br/en/sta/sal/ueb/vil/ako.html|accessdate=2023-02-17|work=www.goethe.de}}</ref> Owusu sonyeere dị ka onye ọka iwu ama ama na mmemme ihe nkiri Ann Arbor nke afọ 57 wee gosi mmemme pụrụ iche nke raara nye ọrụ ya. Na 2019, o duuru ogbako maka ndị na-ese ihe nkiri, ndị nkatọ na ndị nyocha na Amamihe Triple na Cinema Camp <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cinema Camp|url=https://www.cinema.camp/en|work=Electrified Identities|accessdate=2019-09-12|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418054211/https://www.cinema.camp/en}}</ref> mmemme ogologo ụbọchị anọ kwa afọ nke Meno Avilys Film Center nke dabere na Vilnius, [[Lithunia|Lithuania]] haziri. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Iš Ganos kilusi režisierė A. A. Owusu|url=https://www.zmones.lt/naujiena/is-ganos-kilusi-rezisiere-a-a-owusu-mes-afrikos-filmu-kurejai-turime-pasiulyti-kinui-kazka-autentisko.87280837-b99f-11e9-a421-aa000054c883|work=ŽMONĖS|accessdate=2019-08-08|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe nkiri Owusu bụ ''White Afro'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=White Afro|url=https://www.locarnofestival.ch/en/pardo/program/archive/2019/film?fid=1111691&eid=72&|work=Locarno Film Festival|accessdate=2019-08-30|language=en-US|archivedate=2019-08-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819042347/https://www.locarnofestival.ch/en/pardo/program/archive/2019/film?fid=1111691&eid=72&}}</ref> nwetara ihe nrite Premio Medien Patent Verwaltung AG na Pardi di domani (Leopards of Tomorrow) ngalaba nke 2019 Locarno Festival <ref>{{Cite web|title=Locarno Open Doors 2014|url=https://www.rsi.ch/news/vita-quotidiana/ciak-news/Il-programma-completo-della-67esima-edizione-1461910.html/BINARY/Il%20programma%20completo%20della%2067esima%20edizione|work=Festival del film Locarno|accessdate=2014-08-24|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Locarno open doors to Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://variety.com/2012/film/news/locarno-open-doors-to-sub-saharan-africa-1118053160/|work=Variety|date=26 April 2012|accessdate=2012-04-26|language=en-US}}</ref> na [[Switzerland]] . Edere ihe nkiri a n'asụsụ etiti Europe atọ. Ihe nkiri Owusu ''Pelourinho: Ha anaghị eche banyere anyị n'ezie'' bụ otu n'ime ihe nkiri kacha mma nke ndị nkatọ na 2019 na magazin Sight & Sound nke British Film Institute (BFI) bipụtara. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The best films of 2019.|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/polls-surveys/annual-round-ups/best-films-2019-all-votes|work=Sight & Sound Magazine|accessdate=2019-12-20|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ahọpụtara == * 2020: ''Akosua Adoma Owusu: Welcome to the Jungle'' at the Museum of Modern Art Documentary Fortnight<ref>{{Cite web|title=MoMA Documentary Fortnight|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/6387|work=Museum of Modern Art|accessdate=2020-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2019: ''Akosua Adoma Owusu: Welcome to the Jungle'' at Contemporary Arts Center (New Orleans)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contemporary Arts Center New Orleans|url=https://cacno.org/welcometothejungle|work=Contemporary Arts Center New Orleans|accessdate=2020-02-03|archivedate=2021-10-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028072648/https://cacno.org/welcometothejungle}}</ref> * 2019: ''Akosua Adoma Owusu: Welcome to the Jungle'' at Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts|url=https://wattis.org/view?id=687|work=CCA Wattis Institute|accessdate=2019-04-10}}</ref> * 2019: ''Between Three Worlds: Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at REDCAT<ref>{{Cite web|title=REDCAT|url=https://www.redcat.org/event/between-three-worlds-films-akosua-adoma-owusu|work=REDCAT(Roy and Edna Disney/CalArts Theater)|accessdate=2018-12-28|archivedate=2022-05-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516084645/https://www.redcat.org/event/between-three-worlds-films-akosua-adoma-owusu}}</ref> * 2019: ''Triple Consciousness: Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yerba Buena Center for the Arts|url=http://www.sfcinematheque.org/screenings/triple-consciousness-films-by-akosua-adoma-owusu/|work=SF Cinematheque|accessdate=2019-04-11}}</ref> * 2019: ''Sala de Video: Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at the São Paulo Museum of Art<ref>{{Cite web|title=Video room: Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=https://masp.org.br/en/exhibitions/video-room-akosua-adoma-owusu|work=Museu de Arte de São Paulo|accessdate=2019-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Afro-Atlantic Histories|url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/204006/histrias-afro-atlnticas/|work=Museu de Arte de São Paulo|accessdate=2018-09-12}}</ref> * 2019: ''Triple Consciousness: Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at the Institute for Contemporary Art, Richmond<ref>{{Cite web|title=Institute for Contemporary Art|url=https://icavcu.org/films/short-film-showcase-akosua-adoma-owusu/|work=Institute for Contemporary Art(ICA)|accessdate=2019-03-14|archivedate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217224129/https://icavcu.org/films/short-film-showcase-akosua-adoma-owusu/}}</ref> * 2019: ''Screening: Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago<ref>{{Cite web|title=Screening: Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=https://mcachicago.org/Calendar/2019/01/Screening-Akosua-Adoma-Owusu|work=MCA Chicago|accessdate=2018-12-27|archivedate=2018-12-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230025933/https://mcachicago.org/Calendar/2019/01/Screening-Akosua-Adoma-Owusu}}</ref> * 2018: ''Triple Consciousness'' at BOZAR, Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Triple Consciousness: Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=https://www.bozar.be/en/activities/147402-triple-consciousness|work=BOZAR Cinema|accessdate=2018-05-11|archivedate=2020-08-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810055234/https://www.bozar.be/en/activities/147402-triple-consciousness}}</ref> * 2018: ''African Twilight'' at the Bowers Museum;<ref>{{Cite web|title=African Twilight|url=https://www.bowers.org/index.php/component/yendifevents/event/1735-kwaku-ananse-screening-and-live-performance-by-baba-the-storyteller|work=African Twilight|accessdate=2018-09-15|archivedate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217224129/https://www.bowers.org/index.php/component/yendifevents/event/1735-kwaku-ananse-screening-and-live-performance-by-baba-the-storyteller}}</ref> * 2018: ''Fragments of a Dream'' at the McNay Art Museum;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fragments of a Dream|url=https://www.mcnayart.org/exhibitions/upcoming/fragments-of-a-dream|work=McNay Art Museum|accessdate=2018-06-15|archivedate=2018-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624150923/https://www.mcnayart.org/exhibitions/upcoming/fragments-of-a-dream}}</ref> * 2018: ''Screening and Conversation with Director Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at the Fowler Museum at UCLA;<ref>{{Cite web|title=On Monday of Last Week|url=https://www.fowler.ucla.edu/events/screening-conversation-monday-last-week-akosua-adoma-owusu/|work=Fowler Museum|accessdate=2018-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Akosua Adoma Owusu - John Simon Memorial Foundation|url=https://www.gf.org/news/events/akosua-adoma-owusu/|work=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=2018-04-17|archivedate=2022-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123211850/https://www.gf.org/news/events/akosua-adoma-owusu/}}</ref> * 2017: ''Akosua Adoma Owusu and Bus Nut'' at the Atlanta Contemporary Art Center;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atlanta Contemporary Art Center|url=https://atlantacontemporary.org/exhibitions/akosua-adoma-owusu|work=Atlanta Contemporary|accessdate=2017-06-05|archivedate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217224542/https://atlantacontemporary.org/exhibitions/akosua-adoma-owusu}}</ref> * 2016: ''Making Africa: Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Voices of African Cinema - Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=http://www.cccb.org/en/participants/file/akosua-adoma-owusu/223091|work=Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona|accessdate=2016-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Making Africa - Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=http://www.cccb.org/en/activities/file/new-voices-of-african-cinema-akosua-adoma-owusu/223059|work=Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona - Akosua Adoma Owusu|accessdate=2016-04-21}}</ref> * 2016: ''Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at Tabakalera<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tabakalera|url=https://www.tabakalera.eu/en/akosua-adoma-owusu|work=Tabakalera|accessdate=2016-04-06|archivedate=2019-04-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411052826/https://www.tabakalera.eu/en/akosua-adoma-owusu}}</ref> * 2016: ''Encuentro con Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at the Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León<ref>{{Cite web|title=Encuentro con Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=http://www.laguiago.com/evento/encuentro-akosua-adoma-owusu-musac/|work=MUSAC|date=7 April 2016|accessdate=2016-09-15}}</ref> * 2016: ''L'évènement Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at the Centre Georges Pompidou<ref>{{Cite web|title=L'évènement Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/resource/c45yK9a/rx5XKMR|work=Centre Pompidou|accessdate=2016-09-03|archivedate=2018-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624150435/https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/resource/c45yK9a/rx5XKMR}}</ref> * 2016: ''Triple Consciousness'' at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston<ref>{{Cite web|title=Triple Consciousness: Films of Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=https://www.cinemahtx.org/3889-2/|work=Houston Cinema Arts Society|date=26 October 2016|accessdate=2016-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Billy Woodberry - Bless Their Little Hearts|url=https://www.cinemahtx.org/introduction-to-the-2016-program/|work=Houston Cinema Arts Festival|date=26 October 2016|accessdate=2016-10-26}}</ref> * 2016: ''Dreamlands: Immersive Cinema and Art, 1905–2016'' at the Whitney Museum of American Art<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dreamlands: Afrofuturism - Whitney Museum|url=https://whitney.org/Events/Afrofuturism|work=Whitney Museum of American Art|accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dreamlands: Pain Revisited - Whitney Museum|url=https://whitney.org/Events/PainRevisited|work=Whitney Museum of American Art|accessdate=2016-12-12|archivedate=2020-10-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028032813/https://whitney.org/Events/PainRevisited}}</ref> * 2015: ''Modern Mondays: An Evening with Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at the Museum of Modern Art<ref>{{Cite web|title=An Evening With Akosua Adoma Owusu - MoMA|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/1621|work=Museum of Modern Art|accessdate=2015-12-27}}</ref> * 2015: ''Existential Crisis'' at the Rochester Art Center<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rochester Art Center|url=http://rochesterartcenter.org/exhibition/akosua-adoma-owusu/|accessdate=2015-12-11|archivedate=2021-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614050241/https://rochesterartcenter.org/exhibition/akosua-adoma-owusu/}}</ref> * 2015: ''America Is Hard to See'' at the Whitney Museum of American Art<ref>{{Cite web|title=America is Hard To See|url=https://whitney.org/Exhibitions/AmericaIsHardToSee|work=Whitney Museum of American Art|accessdate=2015-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=24700 News from CalArts|url=http://blog.calarts.edu/2015/04/20/calartians-named-2015-guggenheim-fellows/|work=California Institute of the Arts|date=20 April 2015|accessdate=2015-07-09}}</ref> * 2015: ''The Art of Hair in Africa'' at the Fowler Museum at UCLA<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fowler in Focus: The Art of Hair in Africa|url=https://www.fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/fowler-focus-art-hair-africa/|work=Fowler Museum at UCLA|accessdate=2015-11-10}}</ref> * 2015: ''Two Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at Art and Practice <ref>{{Cite web|title=In Conversation: Njideka Akunyili Crosby and Akosua Adoma Owusu with Jamillah James|url=https://www.artandpractice.org/public-programs/in-conversation-njideka-akunyili-crosby-and-akosua-adoma-owusu-with-jamillah-james/|work=Art and Practice|accessdate=2015-09-24|archivedate=2020-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603163249/https://www.artandpractice.org/public-programs/in-conversation-njideka-akunyili-crosby-and-akosua-adoma-owusu-with-jamillah-james/}}</ref> in association with the Hammer Museum<ref>{{Cite web|title=Off-Site Program: In Conversation: Njideka Akunyili Crosby and Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/programs-events/2015/09/off-site-program-in-conversation-njideka-akunyili-crosby-and-akosua-adoma-owusu/|work=Hammer Museum|date=24 September 2015|accessdate=2015-09-27}}</ref> * 2015: ''Do/Tell'' at the Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia<ref>{{Cite web|title=Do/Tell|url=https://icaphila.org/exhibitions/do-tell-erin-bernard-heather-hart-rachelle-mozman-and-akosua-adoma-owusu/|work=ICA Philadelphia|date=8 March 2015|accessdate=2015-09-29|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2014: ''Prospect.3: Notes for Now'' New Orleans Triennial<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prospect.3|url=https://www.artforum.com/inprint/issue=201501&id=49428|work=artforum.com|accessdate=2015-01-13|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2013: ''Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at the Moderna Museet<ref>{{Cite web|title=CinemAfrica - Moderna Museet|url=https://www.modernamuseet.se/stockholm/sv/aktiviteter/cinemafrica-filmfestival/|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2012: ''Fore'' at the Studio Museum in Harlem<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fore - Smithsonian Libraries|url=https://siris-libraries.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1546O9V395595.39270&profile=liball&source=~!silibraries&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!1025889~!1&ri=2&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=akosua+adoma+owusu&index=GW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=2|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2012: ''The Bearden Project'' at the Studio Museum in Harlem<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beardenmania|url=http://gailgregg.com/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/Beardenmania.pdf|work=ARTnews|accessdate=2012-06-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Bearden Project|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/841590034|oclc=841590034|accessdate=2012-12-20|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2011: ''VideoStudio: Changing Same'' at the Studio Museum in Harlem<ref>{{Cite web|title=VideoStudio: Changing Same|url=https://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibition/videostudio/changing-same|accessdate=2010-11-12|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230025935/https://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibition/videostudio/changing-same|archivedate=2018-12-30}}</ref> * 2011: ''Quadruple Consciousness'' at the Vox Populi (art gallery)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quadruple Consciousness|url=http://voxpopuligallery.org/exhibitions/quadruple-consciousness/|work=voxpopuligallery.org|accessdate=2011-01-06|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217224928/http://voxpopuligallery.org/exhibitions/quadruple-consciousness/}}</ref> * 2009: ''30 Seconds Off an Inch'' at the Studio Museum in Harlem<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Beating Heart of Social Import|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/11/arts/design/11inch.html|work=NY Times|accessdate=2009-12-10|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2009: ''Me Broni Ba'' at the Museum of Modern Art Documentary Fortnight <ref>{{Cite web|title=MoMA Documentary Fortnight|url=http://press.moma.org/wp-content/press-archives/PRESS_RELEASE_ARCHIVE/DocMonth_Release.pdf|work=Museum of Modern Art|accessdate=2009-02-01|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Year !Award !Work !Category !Result !Ref. |- |2005 |Virginia Film Festival |''Ajube Kete'' |Ken Jacobs Award for Best Experimental Short Film |Won | |- |2008 |Berlin International Film Festival |''Me Broni Ba/My White Baby'' |Berlinale Talent Campus |Won | |- |2008 |California Institute of the Arts |''Good Hair'' |Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences Grant |Won | |- |2008 |Detroit Docs |''Intermittent Delight'' |Most Progressive Filmmaker Award |Won | |- |2008 |Mexico International Film Festival |''Me Broni Ba/My White Baby'' |Silver Palm Award |Won | |- |2009 |[[Athens International Film and Video Festival]] |''Me Broni Ba/My White Baby'' |Best Documentary Short |Won | |- |2009 |Chicago Underground Film Festival |''Me Broni Ba/My White Baby'' |Best Documentary Short |Won | |- |2010 |Robert J. Flaherty Film Seminar |Work |Featured Artist |Won | |- |2010 |Real Life Documentary Festival |''Me Broni Ba/My White Baby'' |Special Jury Mention, Best Short Film |Won | |- |2011 |Black Maria Film Festival |''Drexciya'' |Jury's Citation Prize |Won | |- |2011 |African Film Festival, Tarifa |''Drexciya'' |Special Jury Mention |Won | |- |2011 |Expresión en Corto International Film Festival |''Drexciya'' |Best Experimental Short |Won | |- |2012 |Focus Features Africa First |''Kwaku Ananse'' |Production Grant |Won | |- |2012 |Creative Capital Foundation |''Black Sunshine'' |Film/Video Grant |Won | |- |2012 |Art Matters Foundation |''Kwaku Ananse'' |Post-Production Grant |Won | |- |2013 |Ann Arbor Film Festival |''Split Ends, I Feel Wonderful'' |Most Promising Filmmaker Prize |Won | |- |2013 |Berlin International Film Festival |''Kwaku Ananse'' |Golden Bear Best Short Film |Nominated | |- |2013 |Africa Movie Academy Award |''Kwaku Ananse'' |Best Short Film |Won | |- |2013 |Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma |''Kwaku Ananse'' |Best Short Film of the Year |Won | |- |2013 |Arte International Prize |''Black Sunshine'' |Development Grant |Won | |- |2013 |MacDowell Colony Fellowship |''Black Sunshine'' |Screenwriting Grant |Won | |- |2014 |Berlin International Film Festival |''Black Sunshine'' |Production Grant |Won | |- |2015 |Association Cinémas et Cultures d'Afrique |''Kwaku Ananse'' |Special Jury Mention |Won | |- |2015 |John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |''Black Sunshine'' |Guggenheim Fellowship |Won | |- |2015 |Tribeca Film Institute |''Black Sunshine'' |Tribeca All Access Development Grant |Won | |- |2016 |Berlin International Film Festival |''Reluctantly Queer'' |Golden Bear for Best Short Film |Nominated | |- |2016 |Berlin International Film Festival |''Reluctantly Queer'' |Teddy Award for Best Short Film |Nominated | |- |2016 |Baltimore International Black Film Festival |''Reluctantly Queer'' |Audience Award for Best International Short Film |Won | |- |2016 |The Camargo Foundation |''Save the Rex'' |Travel Grant |Won | |- |2017 |Africa Movie Academy Award |''On Monday of Last Week'' |Best Short Film |Nominated | |- |2018 |Pratt Institute |''On Monday of Last Week'' |Mellon Research Grant |Won | |- |2018 |International Short Film Festival Oberhausen |Oberhausen Film Seminar |Featured Artist |Won | |- |2018 |Goethe-Institut Vila Sul Salvador-Bahia |''Black Sunshine'' |Artist-in-Residence |Won | |- |2018 |Cobo Center Marquee Video Art Series |''Intermittent Delight'' |John S. and James L. Knight Foundation |Won | |- |2019 |Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts |''Akosua Adoma Owusu: Welcome to the Jungle'' |The Westridge Foundation |Won | |} == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Film !Role |- |2005 |''Ajube Kete'' |writer, director, producer, cinematographer |- |2006 |''Tea 4 Two'' |director, producer, cinematographer |- |2007 |''Intermittent Delight'' |director, producer, cinematographer |- |2008 |'' Revealing Roots'' |actress, director, producer |- |2008 |''Boyant: A Michael Jordan in a Speedo is Far Beyond the Horizon'' |actress, producer |- |2009 |''Me Broni Ba'' |director, producer, cinematographer |- |2010-11 |''Drexciya'' |director, producer, cinematographer |- |2012 |''Split Ends, I Feel Wonderful'' |director, producer |- |2013 |''Kwaku Ananse'' |writer, director, producer |- |2015 |''Bus Nut'' |director, producer, cinematographer |- |2016 |''Reluctantly Queer'' |director, producer, cinematographer |- |2017 |''On Monday of Last Week'' |writer, director, producer |- |2018 |''Mahogany Too'' |director, producer, cinematographer |- |2019 |''Pelourinho: They Don't Really Care About Us'' |director, producer, cinematographer |- |2019 |''White Afro'' |director, producer, cinematographer |- |2020 |''King of Sanwi'' |director, producer, cinematographer |- |in production |''Black Sunshine'' (feature film) |writer, director, producer |- |} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Owusu, Akosua Adoma, na Adwoa Adu-Gyamfi. ''Me broni ba'' . New York, NY: [http://store.cinemaguild.com/nontheatrical/product/2358.html Cinema Guild] (2009). * Baron, Jaimi. ''Akụkụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị: Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke oge a na-ama aka arụ ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị site na ntinye aka.'' [http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7mw7m95b] Ụlọ ọrụ UCLA maka ọmụmụ ihe ụmụ nwanyị (2009). * Birchall, Danny. ''Ihe Ekwuru Ọzọ'' (2010) [https://online.ucpress.edu/fq/article/63/3/55/41775/Things-Said-Again Ihe nkiri Nkeji nkeji 63, mbipụta 3], pg. 55-57 * Nelmes, Jill. ''Okwu mmalite nke ọmụmụ ihe nkiri'' (2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=AnGrAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22erie%22+%2B+%22akosua+adoma+owusu%22&pg=PT620] * Dovey, Lindiwe. ''Mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị Africa na ihe nkiri'' (2012) [https://web.archive.org/web/20220119221237/http://www.agi.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/429/feminist_africa_journals/archive/16/fa16_full_pub.pdf], p.&nbsp;18-23. * Nkpuchi, Mia, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dX-kvyCFVF0C&q=%2522erie%2522%2520%252&pg=PA140 Ihe nkiri Black American nke oge a: agbụrụ, okike na mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na ihe nkiri] (2012). * Kendall, Nzingha, [http://muse.jhu.edu/article/525956 Commentary: Haunting in Akosua Adoma Owusu's Short Experimental Films] (2013). ''Igwefoto ojii'' * Agyeman, Erica. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210509162156/https://www.festivaldecurtasbh.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/20_FESTCURTASBH_online.pdf Akosua Adoma Owusu: Na-enyocha 'Threeness] Archived </link> , ''Nlebanya mba ụwa nke Art African American Art'' 24.3 (2013), 11–13. * Prabhu, Anjali. ''Cinema nke oge a nke Africa na ndị mba ọzọ'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZ5kAwAAQBAJ&dq=akosua+adoma+owusu&pg=PT307] (2014). * Laderman, David. ''Mgbasa ozi nlele'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=B0WkAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22control%22+%2B+%22akosua+adoma+owusu%22&pg=PA179] (2014). * UNESCO. ''Egalité des genres: patrimoine et créativité'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=brsPBgAAQBAJ&dq=Cinemas+D%E2%80%99Afrique+%2B+akosua+adoma+owusu&pg=PA109] (2014). * Ellerson, Beti. ''Ọchịchị Gaze: Ihe nkiri na Feminisms n'Africa'' (2015) [https://books.google.com/books?id=3DZjDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22akosua+adoma+owusu%22+%22triple+consciousness%22&pg=PT50] * Johnson, Elizabeth. ''Akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị na Nollywood Melodramas'' (2016) [https://books.google.com/books?id=x4vpDAAAQBAJ&dq=%22akosua+adoma+owusu%22+%22triple+consciousness%22&pg=PA113], p.&nbsp;113. * Kelly, Gabrielle. ''Celuloid Ceiling: Ndị isi ihe nkiri ụmụ nwanyị na-agbaji'' (2018) [https://books.google.com/books?id=N0KeDwAAQBAJ&dq=Celluloid+Ceiling%3A+Women+Film+Directors+Breaking+Through+%2B+%22akosua+adoma+owusu%22&pg=PT24] * Lené Hole, Kristin. ''Ihe nkiri Feminisms: Okwu Mmalite zuru ụwa ọnụ'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=QCBtDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22akosua+adoma+owusu%22+ajube+kete&pg=PT251] (2018). * Bisschoff, Lizelle. ''Womenmụ nwanyị nọ na sinima Africa: gafere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ahụ.'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=4aS-DwAAQBAJ&dq=Lizelle+Bisschoff+%2B+%22akosua+adoma+owusu%22&pg=PT127] (2019). * Nyeck, SN ''Routledge Handbook of Queer African Studies'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=lkPBDwAAQBAJ&dq=reluctantly+queer+akosua+adoma+owusu&pg=PT10] (2019). * Williams, James S. ''Ethics and Aesthetics in Contemporary African Cinema: The Politics of Beauty'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=rrGIDwAAQBAJ&dq=reluctantly+queer+akosua+adoma+owusu&pg=PA179] (2019). * Dasilva, Dax. ''Afọ nke Njikọ: Igniting The Changemaker'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=eD7YDwAAQBAJ&dq=akosua+adoma+owusu&pg=PT98] (2020). * Huberman, Anthony. ''Abbas ka Yuki: Ide n'akụkụ ihe ngosi'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=lMNLzAEACAAJ] (2020). == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [http://akosuaadoma.com/ Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị] * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3113362/?ref_=tt_ov_dr/ Akosua Adoma Owusu] at the [[IMDb|Internet Movie Database]] * [https://mubi.com/cast/akosua-adoma-owusu/ Akosua Adoma Owusu] na MUBI * Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ojii * Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Ghana == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cb8gf9qthv1cj9cp5h9v2hykvyk9ii3 0 44968 693090 673418 2026-07-31T09:40:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693090 wikitext text/x-wiki   Althea McNish CM FSCD (15 Mee 1924 - 16 mbịara 2020) bụ onye na-ese ihe sitere na Trinidad bụ onye ndu onye akwa akwa Black Britain mbụ aha mba ụwa. Amụrụ na Trinidad, McNish kwagara Britain na 1950s.  Eji ozi ya na Caribbean Artists Movement (CAM) na 1960, na-ekere òkè na ihe ngosi na akwụkwọ ozi nke CAM ma na-enyere aka iche nka Caribbean na ọha Britain.  A na-anya ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nke Victoria na Albert Museum, Whitworth Museum, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture na Cooper-Hewitt (Smithsonian Design Museum), n'etiti ebe ndị ọzọ. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240522114318/http://www.ajr.org.uk/index.cfm/section.journal/issue.Oct11/article=9171 "Art notes (review)"], AJR, October 2011 Journal.</ref> <ref>[https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/objects/18441427/ "Sample (England), 1962"], Cooper Hewitt.</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161130002448/http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/312635.html?mulR=687477787%7C1 "Printed Textile 'Caribe'"], Philadelphia Museum of Art.</ref> <ref name="MoDA website">{{Cite web|title=You searched for McNish|url=https://moda.mdx.ac.uk/?s=McNish|work=Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture (MoDA)|publisher=Middlesex University|accessdate=26 February 2020}}</ref> <ref name="JC">Tessler, Gloria (13 December 2018), [https://www.thejc.com/news/obituaries/obituary-john-saul-weiss-1.473895 "Obituary: John Saul Weiss"], ''[[Jewish Chronicle]]''.</ref>McNish bụ onye otu nke Chartered Society of Designers .  Ọ akụkọ onye isi John Weiss (1933 – 2018). == ndabere == === Afọ mbụ === A markiiba Althea Marjorie McNish [1] na Port of Spain, Trinidad, gburugburu 1933. Nna ya, onye edemede Joseph Claude McNish, sitere na ndị ọbịa Merikin na Trinidad .  [2] Ọ na-ese ihe mgbe ọ bụ nwata, na-enyere aka na azụmahịa ime uwe nne ya site n'ime ihe ọrụ, bụ obere onye otu Trinidad Arts Society ma mee ihe mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 16. [  3] egwu ya ndị egwu obodo Sybil Atteck, Amy Leong Pang na Boscoe Holder, na ndị ọgbara ọhụrụ Europe dịka Vincent van Gogh . === Kwaga London === Na 1951 McNish so nne ya kwa London, England, isonyere nna ya n'ebe ahụ.  [1] [2] O nweelarị ebe ọ ga-agụ akwụkwọ na Architectural Association School of Architecture na Bedford Square dị ka akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na London School of Printing and Graphic Arts, Central School of Arts and Crafts na Royal College of Art .  [2] N'afọ ikpeazụ ya na London School of Printing and Graphic Arts, ọ nwera na textiles na agbamume nke Eduardo Paolozzi, wee họrọ textiles e biri ebi dị ka isiokwu nke iwe ya na ịga n'ihu na Royal College of Art  .  ebe Hugh Casson akwụkwọ talent ya. Mgbe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, ọ akwụkwọ ozi site na Arthur Stewart-Liberty, onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ngalaba onwe, na-ozira ya otu ụbọchị site na tagzi Zika Ascher, bụ onye nyere ya ikike mkpokọta maka Dior .  [1] N'ime nke ọma maka ndị aha a ma ama, McNish bụ ihe Caribbean mbụ ama ama na ngalaba a. Na 1966, McNish haziri akwa maka akwa akwa nke Elizabeth II n'oge egwu Queen na Trinidad. O so na ihe ngosi nka nke Caribbean Artists Movement (CAM) mere na 1967, May 1968 na Jenụwarị 1971, na-agụnye textiles yana "panel plastic in laminate".  [1] Maka akara Caribbean nke BBC TV mmemme mmemme Full House, nke John La Rose iduro ma eguzo ya na 3 February 1973, ọ chị ọchịchị ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri CAM dị ka ntọala studio maka ndị edemede CAM, ndị na-  egwu egwu na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri.  [2] N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọrụ ya - nke akwa akwa atọ e biri ebi na- anya ya site na akụkọ ọrụ ya: Golden Harvest, Pomegranate na Fresco [3] - e sere na ngozi RCA Black: gara  aga, ugbu a & Future (31 August-6 September 2011), [4] ] [5] nke Royal College of Art haziri na akwụkwọ ya na African na African-Caribbean Design Diaspora (AACDD) iji mee ememe nka na imewe site n  'aka ndi Afrika na Afrika-Caribbean akwụkwọ akwụkwọ <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240522114321/http://www.aacdd.org/event/events/rca-black-past-present-future.html "RCA Black: Past, Present & Future"], African and African Caribbean Design Diaspora, 2011.</ref> <ref>Goddard, Juliette, [http://www.duniamagazine.com/2011/09/a-cultural-diversity-affair-at-the-royal-college-of-art-black-exhibition-in-london/ "A Cultural Diversity Affair at the Royal College of Art BLACK EXHIBITION in London"], ''Dunia'', 6 September 2011.</ref> === Mmekọrịta ya na John Weiss === <ref>Brian W. Alleyne, [https://epdf.pub/radicals-against-race-black-activism-and-cultural-politics.html "Radicals Against Race: Black Activism and Cultural Politics"], Berg, 2002, pp. 145–46.</ref>Na 1969 ọ ngosi John Weiss, onye na-ese ụlọ ụlọ, onye na-ese ihe na onye ọkọ ọkụ ihe mere eme, wee soro ya rụkọọ ọrụ site na 1971. Ha na John La Rose na-akpa ụka na 2 February 1999 dị  ka ụgwọ nke ndị Britannia: Ndụmahụ Ndụ na usoro Britain nke e mere na New Beacon Books (ndị ọzọ so na-agụnye Dennis Bovell, Gus John, Rev. Wilfred Wood, Aggrey Burke, Yvonne Brewster, na Alexis Rennie) <ref>[https://www.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/news-and-events/building-britannia-celebrates-the-windrush-generation-and-its-descendants "Building Britannia Celebrates the Windrush Generation and its Descendants"], [[George Padmore Institute]], 22 June 2022.</ref> <ref name="JC"/>N'oge ọnwụ Weiss na 2018, Jake Leith, onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Chartered Society of Designers, kwuru, sị: "John na Althea bụ ndị nwere ike dị ukwuu maka ndị na-eje ozi UK Eji na Textile Design." McNish die na biri 2020, na ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi Spring Lane na Muswell Hill . == Atụmatụ ama ama == Ọtụtụ n'ime ngosi McNish gbadoro ụkwụ na okike n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ na-eji isiokwu na-adịghị ahụkebe, mgbe ụfọdụ geometric.  Otu n'ime mbụ ya iji banye na ikike, Golden Harvest na 1957, bụ akara ngosi na satin owu, nke Hull Traders rụpụtara ya nke o mekwara ụzọ ndị ọzọ maka ya), [1] ọbọ a dabere na ya.  ubi ọka wheat Essex mana na-eji agba akụ.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ngosi ya Tropic, [2] akwa akwa e edina na silk ma njikere Zika Ascher na 1959, na Gilia, akwa akwa na-enye owu na- akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ na ola edo,  nke Hull Traders ikpe na 1961, nọ na ya.  nchịkọta akwa na Victoria & Albert Museum .  Nakwa na 1959, maka ọrụ nke Ngalaba Nchọpụta Kere maka SS Oriana ọhụrụ, bụ nke ewepụtara na Nọvemba 1959 ma bụrụ onye ikpeazụ nke Orient Steam Navigation Company's the Ocean liners, ọ rụpụtara maka ụlọ nri abụọ, Rayflower [3] na painiapulu.  na pọmigranet, [4] [5] etinyere n'ime ogwe plastik Warerite, ahịrị nke Perstorp Group mechara ịchụso ya.  Nhazi nke 1960 nke ime ime Port of Spain General Hospital, Trinidad, site na ndị na-ese ezinụlọ ụlọ Devereux na Davies, ihe ihe osise McNish <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Rebuilding of the General Hospital, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, West Indies; Architects: Devereux & Davies|journal=Interbuild|date=May 1961|pages=28–30}}</ref> <ref>[[Holland Cotter|Cotter, Holland]], [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/24/arts/art-review-this-realm-of-newcomers-this-england.html?pagewanted=all "ART REVIEW; This Realm of Newcomers, This England"], ''The New York Times'', 24 October 1997.</ref>Na 1997, na-egosi ihe ngosi Transforming the Crown: African, Asian and Caribbean Artists in Britain, 1966-1996, nke McNish ngwaọrụ na Studio Museum na Harlem, New York, na ndị ọzọ na-ese CAM, New York Times kọrọ na  ọ "na-ihe ihe na-ahụ ahụkebe, ụdị akwa geometric sitere n'ike ike ns sitere n'Africa". <ref> Stefanie Waldek, [https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/women-designers-who-changed-history "Five Female Designers Who Changed History"], ''Architectural Digest'', 8 March 2018.</ref>Na 2018 McNish hụrụ aha na Architectural Digest dị ka otu n'ime "Ndị na-ahụ ụdị ọrụ nke ihe ihe mere eme" (n' watch Maija Isola, Norma Merrick Sklarek, Muriel Cooper, na Denise Scott Brown ) McNish nwanne na 2018 BBC akwụkwọ ndị anọnye na-ama aha ọzọ onye nka ojii?  Akụkọ ihe omimi nke Britain zoro ezo, nke Brenda Emmanus gbasoro Sonia Boyce na otu mka ọ na-eduzi na-egosi ihe ngosi na Manchester Art Gallery, na- akara anya na ndị na-ese ihe nke Africa na Asia bụ ndị keere òkè n  'ịkpụzi ihe mere eme nke British art. <ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bcy4kd ''Whoever Heard of a Black Artist? '']</ref> <ref>Ramaswamy, Chitra (30 July 2018), [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/jul/30/whoever-heard-of-a-black-artist-britains-hidden-art-history "Whoever Heard of a Black Artist? Britain’s Hidden Art History review – a powerful picture of whitewashing"], ''The Guardian''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libertylondon.com/uk/features/althea-mcnish-colour-is-mine.html|title=The Importance of althea McNish|first=Kareem|author=Reid|publisher=Liberty|accessdate=30 July 2022}}</ref> Na 2022, isi nlegharị anya ọrụ ya, akpọrọ Althea McNish: Agba bụ nke m, atụkwasịkwara (2 Eprel – 11 Septemba 2022) na William Morris Gallery na Walthamstow, ọwụwa anyanwụ London, nke Liberty Fabrics na-akwado.[1] [2]  Rosie Sinclair nke Goldsmiths, Mahadum London, na-ekwu, sị: “Ma eleghị anya, mgbe ihe ngosi a gasịrị, ndị mmadụ ga-eleba anya n'ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe na ákwà ndị e ji emepụta ihe ma na-eche ihe mere agba ji bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ụtọ imewe ọhụrụ n'ime ọha mmadụ n'oge a ma chee echiche banyere ya.  ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, onye ọsụ ụzọ imewe dị ka Althea, onye mere ka nke a mee."[3] Sinclair kwukwara, sị: "Ọ bụ nwanyị ojii na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme akwa mba ụwa."[4] dabara na ihe ngosi ahụ, Liberty Fabrics  eweghachitere mkpokọta capsule nke atụmatụ izizi McNish Na 15 Mee 2023, dabara na ncheta ọmụmụ 99th nke ọmụmụ ya, ekpughere ihe ncheta na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na nsọpụrụ ya n'ụlọ mbụ ya na West Green Road na Tottenham, north London. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.haringey.gov.uk/news/late-tottenham-textile-artist-althea-mcnish-honoured-blue-plaque-west-green-road|title=Late Tottenham textile artist Althea McNish honoured with blue plaque on West Green Road|work=haringey.gov.uk|date=15 May 2023|accessdate=16 May 2023|archivedate=15 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515185446/https://www.haringey.gov.uk/news/late-tottenham-textile-artist-althea-mcnish-honoured-blue-plaque-west-green-road}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://socanews.com/news/blue-plaque-unveiling-for-althea-mcnish/|title=Althea McNish Blue Plaque unveiled|first=Dunstn|author=Creavalle|work=Soca News|date=16 May 2023|accessdate=1 June 2023}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ahọpụtara == ; Ihe ngosi solo <ref name="AAVAD">[http://aavad.com/artistbibliog.cfm?id=10202 Althea McNish Bibliography and Exhibitions], AAVAD.</ref> * 1958: ''Althea McNish'' . Ụlọ osisi Woodstock, London. * 1982: ''Althea McNish'' . Ụlọ ihe ngosi nke ndị mmadụ, London. * 1997: ''Althea McNish'' . Hockney Gallery, Royal College of Art, London. * 2003: ''Althea McNish: Ụwa m nke agba: Ọrụ mba ụwa na mkpali nke onye na-emepụta akwa akwa Black British Trinidadian'' . Mahadum Ohio, Athens, USA. * 2022: ''Althea McNish: Agba bụ nke m'' . William Morris Gallery, London. * 2023: ''Althea McNish: Agba bụ nke m'' . Mahadum nke Manchester, Whitworth Art Gallery, Manchester. ; Ihe ngosi otu <ref name="AAVAD"/> * 1961: ''Ihe osise nke Trinidad na Tobago Artists'' . Ụlọ ọrụ Commonwealth, London. * 1967: ''Caribbean Artists Movement'' . Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal, Stratford . * 1968: ''Caribbean Artists Movement'' . Digby Stuart College, House of Commons nke United Kingdom na London School of Economics, London. * 1971: ''Caribbean Artists na England'' . Ụlọ ọrụ Commonwealth, London. * 1975: ''Caribbean Women Artists ngosi'' . Olympia International Arts Center, [[Kingston|Kingston, Jamaica]] . * 1978: ''Afro-Caribbean Art'' . Ahịa Artists, London, nke Drum Arts Center haziri. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220603235051/http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=979&table=artefacts "Afro-Caribbean Art catalogue"], Drum Arts Centre, London, 1978.</ref> * 1978: ''Ụzọ Anyị Dị Ndụ Ugbu a'' . Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Victoria & Albert, London. * 1981: ''INDIGO '81 ihe ngosi mba ụwa'' . Indigo, Lille, France . * 1982: ''Commonwealth Festival ngosi'' . Brisbane, Australia . * 1986: ''Mee ma ọ bụ mebie'' . Henry Moore Gallery, London. * 1996: ''Njikọ Caribbean 2: Pulse Island'' . Ụlọ ọrụ Islington Arts, London. * 1997: ''Ịgbanwe okpueze: Ndị nka Africa, Eshia na Caribbean na Britain, 1966–1996'' . Caribbean Cultural Center, Studio Museum na Harlem, na Bronx Museum of Arts, New York. * 1997: ''Trinidad na Tobago Site n'Anya nke Artist: Site na Cazabon ruo Narị Afọ Iri Ọhụrụ 1813–2000'' . Ụlọ ọrụ Commonwealth, London. Ihe ngosi na emume ncheta afọ 35 nke nnwere onwe nke Republic of Trinidad na Tobago. * 1998: ''Isii na Otu: Ndị nka si Caribbean'' . Ụlọ ihe ngosi Morley, London. * 2007: ''Azụmahịa na Alaeze Ukwu: Icheta Ịgba Ohu'' . Whitworth Art Gallery, Mahadum Manchester, Manchester. <ref>[http://revealinghistories.org.uk/legacies-commemorating-the-bicentenary-of-british-abolition/places/trade-and-empire-remembering-slavery-at-the-whitworth-art-gallery.html "Legacies: Commemorating the bicentenary of British abolition: Trade and Empire: Remembering Slavery at The Whitworth Art Gallery"], Revealing Histories.</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250119184639/https://www.a-n.co.uk/events/trade-and-empire-remembering-slavery/ "Trade and Empire: Remembering Slavery"], a-n The Artists Information Company, 11 January 2008.</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|first=Alan|author=Rice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K71k4jPg2o8C&q=weiss&pg=PT90|title=Creating Memorials, Building Identities: The Politics of Memory in the Black Atlantic|publisher=Liverpool University Press|date=2011}}</ref> * 2011: ''RCA Black'' . Royal College of Art, London. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210520053902/https://www.rca.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/rca-black/ "RCA Black"], Royal College of Art, 25 August 2011.</ref> * 2019: ''Bilie, Bilie ugbu a.'' Somerset House, London. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Grant|first=Colin|authorlink=Colin Grant (author)|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/jun/02/get-up-stand-up-now-zak-ove-black-british-art|title=Get Up, Stand Up Now: Black British art's response to the Windrush scandal|date=2019-06-02|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2020-04-23|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == * 1976: Chaconia Medal (Gold), Republic of Trinidad na Tobago, "maka ogologo na meritorious ọrụ nka na imewe" <ref name="PresTnT">{{Cite web|title=National Awards Database|url=https://otp.tt/trinidad-and-tobago/national-awards-database/|work=The Office of the President of Trinidad and Tobago}}</ref> * 1988: Award Scarlet Ibis, Trinidad na Tobago High Commission, London <ref name="RCASociety">{{Cite web|title=Independence Arts Achievement award for Althea|url=http://www.rcasociety.net/content/independence-arts-achievement-award-althea|work=RCA Society|date=8 September 2012|accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref> * 2006: Dọkịta nsọpụrụ nke Fine Art, Mahadum Trinidad na Tobago <ref>Doughty, Melissa (5 December 2016), [https://web.archive.org/web/20240522114324/https://archives.newsday.co.tt/2016/12/05/colouring-the-world-how-textile-expert-changed-world-view/ "Colouring the world How textile expert changed world view"], ''Trinidad and Tobago Newsday''.</ref> <ref name="RCASociety" /> * 2008: Onye nta akụkọ bụ Angela Cobbinah kọwara ya dị ka "ihe na-emetụta ozugbo, na-enyere aka ịmepụta usoro ejiji ọhụrụ yana kpalie ndị na-emepụta ejiji na-adọrọ mmasị na-aga n'ihu dị ka Zandra Rhodes ." * 2012: Jubilee Gala Award for Achievement in Arts na UK High Commission of Trinidad na Tobago, na-eme ememe ncheta 50th nke nnwere onwe. <ref name="RCASociety" /> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] og0s71li6orn0g8fc6m94s1lz8bfiva 0 44969 693126 540041 2026-07-31T11:41:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693126 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Andrea_Chung.jpg|thumb|264x264px| Onyonyo ọrụ n'oge ihe omumu ihe omumu nke umunwanyi na Kingston, NY.]] '''Andrea Chung''' ( mmalite 1978) bụ onye omenkà America malite na Newark, NJ ma na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na San Diego, CA.  Ọrụ ya na-anya n'ụzọ bụ isi na mba ndị dị n'akwụkwọetiti dị n'Oké ndọrọ India na Agha Caribbean ;  kpọmkwem ka ndị si mba ọzọ si eziokwu dị egwu na oghere ndị e weere dị ka "paradaịs".  Na njikọ, ọ na-egosi dị n'etiti omenala ndị a, mbugharị, na ọrụ - niile n'ime nke colonial na postcolonial dị iche iche.  Ọrụ ya na-ebute ihe ndị dị mkpa nke ọrụ ya ma tinyekwa ihe ndị dị mkpa na omenala ndị ọ na-amụ.  Enwere ike ịhụ nke a na ọrụ ndị dị ka, "Bato Disik", ihe na 2013 na Helmuth Projects, bụ ebe ndị na-ahụ maka shuga na-ele anya ihe nketa nke ubi shuga na ụzọ colonial. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Combs|first=Seth|title=Andrea Chung pays homage to working class heroes|url=http://sdcitybeat.com/article-14110-andrea-chung-pays-homage-to-working-class-heroes.html|accessdate=12 September 2015|publisher=San Diego City Beat|date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Andrea Chung's Artistic Love Affair With Process and Materials|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacqueline-bishop/andrea-chungs-artistic-lo_b_5553889.html|work=The Huffington Post|date=7 July 2014|accessdate=2015-09-14}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Labor, History, Power. Andrea Chung in Conversation with AM DeBrincat|url=http://www.artfilemagazine.com/Andrea-Chung|work=ArtFile Magazine|accessdate=2015-10-07}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == <ref>{{Cite web|title=Andrea Chung « KLOWDENMANN|url=https://klowdenmann.com/artist/andrea-chung/bio/|accessdate=2020-09-08|work=klowdenmann.com|archivedate=2020-10-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025184111/https://klowdenmann.com/artist/andrea-chung/bio/}}</ref>A Ajụjụ Chung na nne na nna Jamaican / Chinese na Trinidadian .  A akụkụ ya na Houston, TX.  [1] Chung USB BFA ya na Illustration site na Parsons School of Design na New York na MFA na Maryland Institute College of Art na Baltimore na 2008.  Mauritius ebe o kere ọrụ Securicorp na-arụ ọrụ, nzaghachi nye nsogbu nke mmekpa ahụ n'okporo ụzọ ámá.  Ọ gara Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture na 2008 ma bụrụ onye 2012 bi na Headlands Center for Arts [3] na 2013 Artist-in-Residence na McColl Center maka nka + ọhụrụ na Charlotte, NC.  [4] A na-ahụ ihe osise Chung na mkpokọta Mahadum Harvard, Mahadum Texas, na Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. == Ihe ngosi == === Solo na ihe ngosi mmadụ abụọ === * 2017 ''Ị mebiri oké osimiri na ọkara ka ị nọrọ ebe a'', Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego, CA <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://localemagazine.com/andrea-chungs-powerful-work-sweet-looks/|title=Andrea Chung's Powerful Work is as Sweet as It Looks - Locale Magazine|date=2018-01-01|work=Locale Magazine|accessdate=2018-05-19|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2016 ''mpako na ajọ mbunobi'', New Image Art Gallery, Los Angeles, CA <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newimageartgallery.com/andrea-chung-pride-and-prejudice/|title=Andrea Chung - Pride And Prejudice|work=NEW IMAGE ART|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-05-19}}</ref> * 2014 Winter ngosi, San Diego Art Institute, San Diego, CA * 2013 ''Bain de Mer,'' Helmulth Projects, San Diego, CA * 2013 ''Corporeal Contours: Firelei Báez na Andrea Chung'', Community Folk Art Center, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY * ''Ụzọ ngbanwe 2013: Tom Block na Andrea Chung'', CCBC, Dundalk, MD * 2008 ''Arlington Art Center Fall Solo ngosi'', Arlington, VA === Ihe ngosi otu ahọpụtara === * 2024 ''Mmụọ n'Ala'', Pérez Art Museum Miami, FL <ref>{{Cite web|title=Spirit in the Land • Pérez Art Museum Miami|url=https://www.pamm.org/en/exhibition/spirit-in-the-land/|accessdate=2024-02-28|work=Pérez Art Museum Miami|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2023 ''Spirit in the Land'', Nasher Museum of Art na Duke University, Durham, NC <ref>{{Cite web|title=Spirit in the Land|url=https://nasher.duke.edu/exhibitions/spirit-in-the-land/|accessdate=2024-02-28|work=Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Schoonmaker|first=Trevor|title=Spirit in the land: Exhibition, Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 2023|date=2023|publisher=Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University|isbn=978-0-938989-45-5|location=Durham, North Carolina}}</ref> * ''Ahụ 2020 na Singularity'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20240522114842/https://klowdenmann.com/exhibition-artfair-entry/bodies-as-singularity/ Klowden Mann Gallery], Los Angeles, CA * 2017 ''Pacific Standard Time – okirikiri na sekit:'' ''Chinese Caribbean Art'', Chinese American Museum, Los Angeles, CA <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-ca-cm-pst-chinese-japanese-art-20171222-htmlstory.html|title=Pacific Standard Time turns to one overlooked group in Latin America: Asian immigrants|author=Cheng|first=Scarlet|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=22 December 2017|accessdate=2018-05-19}}</ref> * 2017 ''Prospect 4 New Orleans: The Lotus N'agbanyeghị apiti'', New Orleans, LA <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.contemporaryand.com/exhibition/prospect-4-the-lotus-in-spite-of-the-swamp/|title=Prospect.4: The Lotus in Spite of the Swamp {{!}} Contemporary And|work=www.contemporaryand.com|language=de|accessdate=2018-05-19}}</ref> * 2017 Jamaican Biennale, Kingston, Jamaica <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hyperallergic.com/364501/a-biennial-bragging-rights-and-the-worlds-largest-drum-2017-jamaica-biennial/|title=Jamaica Report: A Biennial, Bragging Rights — and the World's Largest Drum?|date=2017-03-11|work=Hyperallergic|accessdate=2018-05-19|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Mmetụta 2017: Ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa na Njikọ ha na Art Africa'', San Diego Mesa College Art Gallery, San Diego, CA <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://vanguardculture.com/impressions-african-american-artists-connection-african-art/|title=Impressions: African American Artists and Their Connection to African Art - Vanguard Culture|date=2017-02-08|work=Vanguard Culture|accessdate=2018-05-19|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2016 ''enweghị ike nkewa: mmụọ na ụwa ihe onwunwe'', nke William Cordova kwadoro, Prizm Art Fair, Miami, FL <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hyperallergic.com/342675/in-miamis-little-haiti-a-fair-spotlights-artists-of-the-african-diaspora/|title=In Miami's Little Haiti, a Fair Spotlights Artists of the African Diaspora|date=2016-12-02|work=Hyperallergic|accessdate=2018-05-19|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2016 ''Ajụjụ ọjọọ,'' Wonderroot Gallery, Atlanta, GA <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://burnaway.org/review/a-bad-question-wonderroot/|title=Asking Better Questions: tART Collective and Smoke School of Art at WonderRoot - BURNAWAY|work=burnaway.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520124411/https://burnaway.org/review/a-bad-question-wonderroot/|archivedate=2018-05-20}}</ref> * 2016 ''Jamaican Pulse: Art and Politics from Jamaica and the Diaspora'', Royal West of England Academy, Bristol, England * 2016 ''Art of Dissent'', Boehm Gallery, Palomar College, San Marcos, CA * ''Ụzọ 2016 Jamaican'', Punkt Ø / Galleri F15, Oslo, Norway <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punkto.no/jamaican-routes.5825670-383922.html|title=Jamaican Routes - Fylkesgalleriet Punkt Ø|work=www.punkto.no|language=no|accessdate=2018-05-19|archivedate=2018-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520124405/http://www.punkto.no/jamaican-routes.5825670-383922.html}}</ref> * 2015 ''Convergence,'' Cabrillo National Ncheta, San Diego, CA <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shipinthewoods.com/convergence/|title=Convergence|work=A SHIP IN THE WOODS|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-05-19}}</ref> * 2015 ''Ihe Ephemeral'', San Diego Art Institute, San Diego, CA <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sandiego-art.org/past-exhibitions/2015/8/29/ephemeral-objects|title=Ephemeral Objects|work=San Diego Art Institute|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-05-19|archivedate=2018-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520124245/http://www.sandiego-art.org/past-exhibitions/2015/8/29/ephemeral-objects}}</ref> * 2015 ''Bienial del Sur'', Caracas, Venezuela * 2015 ''New Contemporaries VIII'', Valencia Gallery, San Diego, CA * 2015 Ịpụ na Obi nke Ọchịchịrị, Harvey B. Gantt Center, Charlotte, NC <ref>{{Cite web|title=Venturing Out of the Heart of Darkness|url=https://www.ganttcenter.org/exhibitions/venturing-out-of-the-heart-of-darkness/|work=Harvey B. Gantt Center|accessdate=2015-10-07}}</ref> * 2014 New Media, Trinidad + Tobago 2014 Film Festival, [http://aliceyard.blogspot.com/ Alice Yard], Mahadum nke West Indies, Medulla Gallery, Trinidad == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] sxwmqfe4y6tzj3wux94321i8kvruj4h 0 45082 692968 538077 2026-07-31T03:53:01Z Philip Emeka 16124 removed infobox and added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Fayez Mustafa al-Sarraj''' ( Arabic ma ọ bụ {{Lang|ar|فايز السراج}}; amụrụ 20 February 1960) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Libya]] nke jere ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke Council Council of Libya na Onye isi gọọmentị <ref name="20160331theguardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/30/chief-libyas-un-backed-government-fayez-sarraj-arrives-tripoli|title=Chief of Libya's new UN-backed government arrives in Tripoli|first=Chris|author=Stephen|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=31 March 2016|accessdate=11 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331020606/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/30/chief-libyas-un-backed-government-fayez-sarraj-arrives-tripoli|archivedate=31 March 2016}}</ref> nke gọọmentị National Accord site na 2016 ruo 2021, nke e guzobere na 17 Disemba 2015 n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Libya. . Ọ bụbu onye otu nzuko omeiwu nke Tripoli . <ref name="guard" /> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Fayez Mustafa na 20 February 1960 na Tripoli . O sitere na ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya nke agbụrụ Kouloughli nke nwere ụlọ ahịa na nnukwu ala. <ref name="Pacifier la Libye : le pari fou du Premier ministre Fayez al-Sarraj" /> A na-ekwu na Al-Sarraj n'onwe ya bụ onye Turkey . Nna ya, Mostafa al-Sarraj bụ onye ozi n'oge Ọchịchị Ọchịchị Libya . <ref name="Pacifier la Libye : le pari fou du Premier ministre Fayez al-Sarraj">{{Cite news|date=8 April 2016|title=Pacifier la Libye : le pari fou du Premier ministre Fayez al-Sarraj|language=fr|work=[[France 24]]|url=http://france24.com/fr/20160408-libye-premier-ministre-fayez-al-sarraj-gouvernement-tripoli-tobrouk|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> <ref name="economist21698322">{{Cite news|date=5 May 2016|title=Italy ponders military intervention in Libya|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21698322-carabinieri-may-not-be-marching-tripoli-just-yet-italy-ponders-military-intervention|work=[[The Economist]]|accessdate=2 August 2016}}</ref> Fayez al-Sarraj zụrụ azụ dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na n'oge Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Ụlọ. <ref name="Mezran">{{Cite web|author=Mezran, Karim|date=9 October 2015|title=The Libyan Agreement: The First Step in a Long Journey|publisher=Atlantic Council|url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/the-libyan-agreement-the-first-step-in-a-long-journey|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404185211/http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/the-libyan-agreement-the-first-step-in-a-long-journey|archivedate=4 April 2016}}</ref> Na 2014, ọ jere ozi dị ka Minister of Housing and Utilities na Maiteeq Cabinet nke GNC . <ref>{{Cite news|title=GNC-approved Maetig cabinet revealed|date=29 March 2014|work=Libya Herald|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/05/29/gnc-approved-maetig-cabinet-revealed/}}</ref> Ndị mmegide ya katọrọ nhọpụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya dị ka mmanye mba ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=PROFILE Fayez Sarraj: A Libyan leader with a tough job|work=Europe Online Magazine|publisher=Europe Online Magazine|url=http://en.europeonline-magazine.eu/profilefayez-sarraj-a-libyan-leader-with-a-tough-job_447307.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404185557/http://en.europeonline-magazine.eu/profilefayez-sarraj-a-libyan-leader-with-a-tough-job_447307.html|archivedate=4 April 2016}}</ref> Otu akụkọ pụtara na 2016 na akwụkwọ akụkọ Guardian hotara Guma el-Gamaty, onye so na Libya Dialogue, òtù UN na-ahụ maka ọchịchị nke kere ọchịchị ọhụrụ ahụ, na-ekwu na al-Sarraj na-atụ anya ịrịọ maka enyemaka iji lụso ISIS ọgụ na ịzụ ụgbọ. Ngalaba Libya." <ref name="20160303theguardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/30/chief-libyas-un-backed-government-fayez-sarraj-arrives-tripoli|title=Chief of Libya's new UN-backed government arrives in Tripoli|author=Stephen|first=Chris|work=Chief of Libya's new UN-backed government arrives in Tripoli|publisher=The Guardian Newspaper|accessdate=31 March 2016}}</ref> Na-esochi ntuli aka Libya nke 2014, gọọmentị kewara n'etiti New General National Congress na Tripoli na ndị omebe iwu nke ụlọ omebe iwu nke mba ụwa na Tobruk . <ref name="guard">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/09/libya-national-unity-government-announced-by-un-after-months-of-talks|title=Libya national unity government announced by UN after months of talks|work=The Guardian|date=8 October 2015|accessdate=24 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122075140/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/09/libya-national-unity-government-announced-by-un-after-months-of-talks|archivedate=22 November 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/09/libya-national-unity-government-announced-by-un-after-months-of-talks "Libya national unity government announced by UN after months of talks"]. </cite></ref> === Onye isi ala === Na mbido October 2014 onye nnọchi anya [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|United Nations]] na Libya, Bernardino León, tụrụ aro ka gọọmentị ịdị n'otu nke mba Libya, ka ndị isi oche nke Fayez al-Sarraj na-edu ya, dị ka praịm minista, ndị nnọchi anya atọ sitere na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ, ọdịda anyanwụ, na ndịda nke mba ahụ. mpaghara, na ndị ozi abụọ. <ref name="aljazeera1510082236">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/libya-unity-government-151008223631097.html|title=UN proposes unity government to end Libya conflict|accessdate=11 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605105300/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/libya-unity-government-151008223631097.html|archivedate=5 June 2016}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ndị omebe iwu mba ụwa nabatara na Tobruk na ndị ọchịchị Tripoli jụrụ ọchịchị ịdị n'otu mba a. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Libyan officials reject UN-proposed unity deal with rival government|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/19/libya-un-unity-government-power-sharing-rejection|work=The Guardian|accessdate=19 November 2015|first=Associated Press in|author=Benghazi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118161758/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/19/libya-un-unity-government-power-sharing-rejection|archivedate=18 November 2015}}</ref> Fayez al-Sarraj, na ndị isi isii nke Council President na ndị a tụrụ aro ka ha rutere Tripoli na 30 Maachị 2016. <ref name="afp3518986">{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/support-grows-libyas-unity-government-000257765.html|title=Support grows for Libya's new unity government|accessdate=11 June 2016}}</ref> N'echi ya, a kọrọ ya  na GNA ewegharala ụlọ ọrụ praịm minista nakwa na GNC họpụtara praịm minista Khalifa al-Ghawil gbagara Misrata. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/03/31/rebel-tripoli-administration-vanishes-ghwell-flees-to-misrata/|title=Rebel Tripoli administration vanishes &#124;|accessdate=31 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410013608/https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/03/31/rebel-tripoli-administration-vanishes-ghwell-flees-to-misrata/|archivedate=10 April 2016}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup>Na 14 October 2014, ndị agha na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nye GNC weghaara ụlọ nke High Council of State ma kwupụta nlọghachi nke Ghawil cabinet <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/gnc-retakes-parliament-compound-high-council-state-condemns|title=GNC retakes parliament compound, High Council of State condemns &#124; The Libya Observer|publisher=Libyaobserver.ly|accessdate=6 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022011431/http://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/gnc-retakes-parliament-compound-high-council-state-condemns|archivedate=22 October 2016}}</ref> <ref name="trtworld207539">{{Cite web|url=http://www.trtworld.com/mea/rival-group-seizes-libyas-un-backed-government-offices-207539|title=Rival group seizes Libya's UN-backed government offices|publisher=TRT World|date=15 October 2016|accessdate=6 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022054456/http://www.trtworld.com/mea/rival-group-seizes-libyas-un-backed-government-offices-207539|archivedate=22 October 2016}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, agha mere n'etiti ndị agha Sarraj na-eguzosi ike n'ihe na ndị agha Ghawil. <ref name="ahram245898">{{Cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/245898/World/Region/Clashes-erupt-in-Libyan-capital-Tripoli.aspx|title=Clashes erupt in Libyan capital Tripoli – Region – World – Ahram Online|publisher=English.ahram.org.eg|date=16 October 2016|accessdate=6 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022012511/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/245898/World/Region/Clashes-erupt-in-Libyan-capital-Tripoli.aspx|archivedate=22 October 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Musa|first=Rami|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/us-concerned-about-use-of-force-in-libyas-capital/2016/10/16/a26658c4-9386-11e6-9cae-2a3574e296a6_story.html|title=Clashes erupt in Libyan capital|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=6 November 2016}}</ref> E boro al-Sarraj ebubo na ọ natachara onwe ya na ezinụlọ ya nwa amaala ni-Vanuatu na Jenụwarị 2020 site n'aka The Guardian. N'April 2023, The Guardian weghaara nkwupụta ahụ, ma rịọ mgbaghara maka mmejọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-14|title=Who's buying Vanuatu's passports? Crypto moguls, wanted men and even a prime minister|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/15/whos-buying-vanuatus-passports-crypto-moguls-wanted-men-and-even-a-prime-minister|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=the Guardian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-17|title=L'ancien Premier ministre Fayez al-Sarraj abandonne sa nationalité libyenne|url=https://www.maghreb-intelligence.com/lancien-premier-ministre-fayez-al-sarraj-abandonne-sa-nationalite-libyenne/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=Maghreb Intelligence|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-04-13|title=Corrections and clarifications Mr Faiez Sarraj – apology|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2023/apr/13/corrections-and-clarifications|accessdate=2023-04-18|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Na 16 Septemba 2020, al-Sarraj kwuru na ya ga-ahapụ n'ọkwa ya ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke Ọktoba 2020, na-esote ọnwa ngagharị iwe na Tripoli . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Libya's Tripoli-based PM Al-Sarraj to stand down|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1735646/middle-east|accessdate=17 September 2020|work=Arab News|date=16 September 2020|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=Libya's UN-backed PM al-Sarraj says he plans to quit {{!}} DW {{!}} 16.09.2020|url=https://www.dw.com/en/libyas-un-backed-pm-al-sarraj-says-he-plans-to-quit/a-54955557|accessdate=17 September 2020|work=DW.COM}}</ref> Na 31 Ọktoba 2020, al-Sarraj kagburu mkpebi ya ịgba arụkwaghịm. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/31/libyan-prime-minister-takes-back-decision-to-resign|title=Libyan PM al-Serraj takes back resignation}}</ref> Na-eso ọgbakọ mkparịta ụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Libyan, ọ bufere ikike ya na 15 Maachị 2021. == Gọọmentị nke National Accord == [[Usòrò:Secretary_John_Kerry_Sits_With_Libyan_Prime_Minister_al-Sarraj_at_the_Bristol_Hotel_in_Vienna_(27048565825).jpg|thumb| Sarraj ya na odeakwụkwọ nke United States John Kerry, 16 Mee 2016]] Sarraj abụrụla Prime Minister nke Gọọmenti National Accord kemgbe nkeji ya na Disemba 2015 dịka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|United Nations]] na-edu. Tupu ọ bịarutere Tripoli na March 2016, Sarraj lanarịrị mbọ igbu ọchụ abụọ dị iche iche. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/libyan-prime-minister-survives-assassination-attempt-b897nr5dh|title=Libyan prime minister survives assassination attempt|author=Cairo|first=Bel Trew|date=21 February 2017|work=The Times|accessdate=7 November 2017}}</ref> N'ime afọ abụọ gara aga, GNA na-agbasi mbọ ike ka ọ nweta ọkwa dịka ụlọ ọrụ iwu kwadoro n'ime obodo, Libya ka na-ekewa. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://chronicle.fanack.com/libya/faces/fayez-al-sarraj/|title=Libyan PM Fayez al-Sarraj: Can Former Architect Rebuild a Shattered Country?|work=Fanack.com|accessdate=7 November 2017}}</ref> Ndị oflọ ndị nnọchi anya (HoR) jụrụ ndị gọọmentị mbụ tụrụ aro ka ha mee, na-eduga Sarraj ka ọ guzobe gọọmentị nwetara votu enweghị ntụkwasị obi site na HoR. <ref name="aljazeera1608221502">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/libya-backed-government-confidence-vote-160822150247789.html|title=Libya's UN-backed government gets 'no confidence' vote|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023092407/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/libya-backed-government-confidence-vote-160822150247789.html|archivedate=23 October 2017}}</ref> Esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị agha na-asọrịta mpi ka na-akawanye njọ, ụmụ amaala Libya echewokwa ihe isi ike akụ na ụba, gụnyere onu oriri, nrụrụ aka, na ịzụ ahịa, nke "na-agbaze ego ego nke mba ahụ". <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/libya/2016-09-06/coming-fall-libyas-gna|title=The Coming Fall of Libya's GNA|author=Muntasser|first=Emadeddin Zahri|date=6 September 2016|work=Foreign Affairs|accessdate=7 November 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/the-serraj-experiment-of-libya|title=The Failed Serraj Experiment of Libya|author=Pusztai|first=Wolfgang|work=Atlantic Council|accessdate=7 November 2017}}</ref> Ndị nnọchiteanya United Nations bụ́ ndị hiwere ọchịchị ịdị n'otu ná mmalite ekwupụtawo nchegbu banyere ikike o nwere inwe ọganihu. Na December 2016, Security Council kwuru na "ikike nwere oke" nke GNA ma kwuo na "Nkwekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Libya emezughị ihe a tụrụ anya ya. Mmejuputa a kwụsịrị." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=55730|title=UN News – Libyan political accord 'stands firm, but stuck' – UN envoy tells Security Council|date=6 December 2016|work=UN News Service Section|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630012914/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=55730#.WdOyTltSyUk|archivedate=30 June 2017|accessdate=7 November 2017}}</ref> Ọnwa ole na ole na-esote nkwupụta a, nchịkọta nzuko UN Security Council April 2017 dọrọ aka ná ntị na "Libya nwere ike ịlaghachi na esemokwu" ma kwuo na gọọmentị agbaala mbọ iji "inye ọrụ ndị bụ isi mgbe ha na-agba mbọ ịlụso iyi ọha egwu ọgụ, ịkwaga iwu na-akwadoghị na mbupụ mmanụ." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sc12799.doc.htm|title=Libya Could Relapse into Conflict, Secretary-General's Special Representative Warns, Citing Volatile Security, Human Rights Situation {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025014558/http://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sc12799.doc.htm|archivedate=25 October 2017}}</ref> N'ịgbalị ime ka gọọmentị dị irè karị, akụkọ apụtala n'ime afọ 2017 nke nkwenye maka ịhazigharị GNA na nkwekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Libya dum. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-un/support-growing-for-amending-libya-government-leadership-u-n-official-idUSKBN15O083|title=Support growing for amending Libya government leadership: U.N. official|date=9 February 2017|work=Reuters|accessdate=7 November 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.libyanexpress.com/will-libyas-government-of-national-accord-fall/|title=Will Libya's Government of National Accord fall?|date=13 September 2017|work=Libyan Express – Libya News, Opinion, Analysis and Latest Updates from Libya|accessdate=7 November 2017}}</ref> Na Julaị 2018, Libya jụrụ atụmatụ European Union iji kwụsị ịkwaga Libya . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Libya rejects EU plans for migrant centers on its territory|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-libya/libya-rejects-eu-plans-for-migrant-centers-on-its-territory-idUSKBN1KA0X3|work=Reuters|date=20 July 2018|accessdate=29 August 2018}}</ref> Na 10 Eprel 2019, onye isi United Nations António Guterres kwuru, n'isi ụlọ ọrụ UN, na ọ ka nwere olile anya izere "agha ọbara maka Tripoli". Ụbọchị abụọ tupu mgbe ahụ, ndị agha na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nye Khalifa Haftar malitere ịkwaga n'isi obodo ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/04/1036481|title='Still time' to stop a 'bloody battle' for Libya's capital, insists Guterres|accessdate=11 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411210849/https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/04/1036481|archivedate=11 April 2019}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.pm.gov.ly/ Gọọmenti nke National Accord – Office nke Prime Minister] * [https://twitter.com/faiezserraj Ihe ntanetị Twitter gọọmentị] {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Aguila Saleh Issa]]|as=President of the House of Representatives of Libya}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of heads of state of Libya|Chairman of the Libyan Presidential Council]]|years=2016–2021}} {{s-aft|after=[[Mohamed al-Menfi]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Abdullah al-Thani]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of heads of government of Libya|Prime Minister of Libya]]|years=2016–2021}} {{s-aft|after=[[Abdul Hamid Al-Dabaib]]}} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sarraj, Fayez}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:1960 births]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tf9jbp81w7oajnobsm2n2lk6d9d2019 0 45252 692802 167570 2026-07-30T19:41:54Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Freida High Wasikhongo Tesfagiorgis|birth_name=|birth_date=|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|education={{flatlist| *[[Northern Illinois University]] B.S *[[University of Wisconsin-Madison]] M.A and M.F.A. *[[University of Chicago]] Ph.D.}}|occupation=*painter *professor *art historian}} <ref name="Howard">{{Cite web|title=Honorees and Distinguished Speakers|url=https://art.howard.edu/porter-colloquium/honorees-and-distinguished-speakers|work=Howard University Art Department|accessdate=31 July 2021}}</ref>Freida High Wasikhongo Tesfagiorgis ( nánnọ Ọktoba 21, 1946) [1] bụ onye na-ese ihe, onye ọkọ-ozi ihe mere eme, na onye na-ahụ maka ime na-ahụ anya nke gbadoro anya na nka African American, ọgbara ọhụrụ na  nke ogbugbu a, African Diaspora, na European Art and Primitivism ọgbara ọhụrụ.  [2] Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Emerita, Ngalaba American-American Studies, Gender & Women's Studies, na Art, Mahadum Wisconsin-Madison .  N'afọ 2021, ọ bụ onye nna nke ihe nrite mmeri ndụ na 31st kwa afọ James A. Porter Colloquium na Art American Art na Mahadum Howard == Agụmakwụkwọ == Tesfagiorgis natara AA site na Graceland College, Lamoni, Iowa, BS na Mahadum Northern Illinois, DeKalb, Illinois, MA na MFA sitere na Mahadum Wisconsin-Madison, yana Ph.D.  sitere na Mahadum Chicago <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://afroamericanstudies.wisc.edu/people/tesfagiorgis.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306171716/https://afroamericanstudies.wisc.edu/people/tesfagiorgis.html|archivedate=2016-03-06|title=Freida High W. Tesfagiorgis, Faculty, Department of Afro-American Studies|author=<!--Not stated-->|work=www.wisconsin.edu|accessdate=2019-11-16}}</ref> == Mbipụta == * Tesfagiorgis, Freida High W.. 1987. "Afrofemcentrism na Art nke Elizabeth Catlett na Faith Ringgold." ''Sage; Atlanta, Ga.'' 4 (1). <ref>ISSN 0741-8639</ref> * Tesfagiorgis, Freida High W. 1993. "N'ịchọ okwu na nkatọ / s nke dị n'etiti nka nke ndị oji ojii." Gụnyere na: :* 1993. ''Theorizing Black Feminisms: The Visionary Pragmatism of Black Women'', deziri Stanlie M. James na Abena PA Busia . London ; New York: Routledge. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=92047346&searchType=1&permalink=y|title=Theorizing black feminisms: the visionary pragmatism of Black women|date=November 18, 1993|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> :* 1997. ''Ọhụụ Gendered: Art of Contemporary Africana Women Artists'', deziri Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art na Salah M. Hassan. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=97013331&searchType=1&permalink=y|title=Gendered visions: the art of contemporary Africana women artists|date=November 18, 1997|publisher=Africa World Press}}</ref> :* 2001. ''Nkatọ omenala ndị nwanyị ojii.'' ''Keyworks na ọmụmụ omenala'' , nke Jacqueline Bobo deziri. 3. Malden, Mas: Blackwell. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=00057916&searchType=1&permalink=y|title=Black feminist cultural criticism|editor=Bobo|date=November 18, 2001|publisher=Blackwell}}</ref> :* 2015. ''Feminism-Art-Theory: Anthology 1968-2014'', nke Hilary Robinson deziri . Mbipụta nke abụọ. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=2014043992&searchType=1&permalink=y|title=Feminism-art-theory: an anthology 1968-2014|editor=Robinson|date=November 18, 2015|publisher=Wiley Blackwell}}</ref> * Elu, Freida. 1999. "Otu ihe jikọrọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nka na nwanyị ojii: Framing Nigeria." In ''Contemporary Textures: Multidimensionality in Nigerian Art'', nke Nikru Nzegwu deziri. Binghamton, NY: International Society for the Study of Africa, Mahadum Binghamton. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=98088223&searchType=1&permalink=y|title=Contemporary textures: multidimensionality in Nigerian art|editor=Nzegwu|date=November 18, 1999|publisher=International Society for the Study of Africa, Binghamton University}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://afroamericanstudies.wisc.edu/staff/freida-high-w-tesfagiorgis-emeritus/ Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị] na Mahadum Wisconsin-Madison * [https://niuarts.com/artifacts-summer18/freida-high/ Njirimara ihe eji eme ihe: Freida High Wasikhongo Tesfagiorgis] {{DEFAULTSORT:Tesfagiorgis, Freida Wasikhongo}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kqwp6lcnweesjh4t5fheqn4vmy96y9f 0 45330 692861 167679 2026-07-30T20:45:14Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 692861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|URL={{URL|www.franscronje.tv}}}} '''Frans Johannes Cornelius Cronje''' bụ onye South Africa cricketer bụbu onye gbara bọọlụ maka Border, Griqualand West na Orange Free State n'oge 1980 na 1990. O mechara bụrụ onye na-emepụta fim, onye nduzi na onye edemede, ọkachamara na fim nwere isiokwu Ndị Kraịst. Ọ mepụtara ihe nkiri 2008 Hansie, dabere na ndụ nwanne ya nwoke, Hansie Cronje, onye bụbu onye isi otu egwuregwu cricket mba South Africa. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Cronje na 1967 na Bloemfontein nye Ewie na San-Marie (née Susanna Maria Strydom [1]) Cronje. Ezinụlọ Cronje sitere na ndị Huguenot kwabatara na Normandy na ngwụcha 1600s.[2] Nna ya nọchitere anya Orange Free State site na 1961 ruo 1971 wee bụrụ onye isi oche nke Orange Free State Cricket Union. Nwanne ya nwoke nke nta, Hansie ghọrọ onye cricketer mba ụwa, na-achị South Africa n'etiti 1993 na 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ewie Cronje|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/content/player/44634.html|accessdate=6 September 2019|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hansie Cronje|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/content/player/44485.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=6 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Hansie's mom makes sad wish|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/hansies-mom-makes-sad-wish-87690|accessdate=6 September 2019|work=IOL News|date=5 June 2002|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Khan|first=Iqbal|title=Cronje the Christian turns up at SA nets|url=https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/sport/cronje-the-christian-turns-up-at-sa-nets-123357|accessdate=6 September 2019|work=IOL News|date=11 September 2002|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Alex|title=Biopic on Cronje will divide the sport again|url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/biopic-on-cronje-will-divide-the-sport-again-20060318-gdn6k8.html|accessdate=6 September 2019|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=18 March 2006|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1985, Cronje nọchitere anya South Africa na ọkwa ụmụ akwụkwọ na rugby union na cricket. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Austin|first=Warwick|title=Rising star De Swardt chooses cricket|url=https://www.supersport.com/cricket/domestic-cricket/news/170113/Rising_star_De_Swardt_chooses_cricket|accessdate=6 September 2019|work=SuperSport|date=13 January 2017|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ cricket == Cronje gbara bọọlụ cricket n'ụlọ na South Africa n'agbata afọ 1986 na 1996. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frans Cronje|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/content/player/44482.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=6 September 2019}}</ref> Oge izizi ya na klas mbụ bịara na Nọvemba 1986 megide ndị otu Australia na-eme njem dị ka akụkụ nke njem nnupụisi nke 1986-87 nke South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/47/47990.html|title=Orange Free State v Australian XI in 1986/97|date=21 November 1986|work=CricketArchive|accessdate=2019-09-08}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Ihe nkiri ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Afọ ! colspan="3" scope="col" |E nyere ya aha ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" scope="col" |Ihe edeturu ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" scope="col" |  |- ! width="65" |Onye nduzi ! width="65" |Onye na-emepụta ya ! width="65" |Onye edemede |- ! scope="row" |''[[Okpukpe Dị ka Poteto]]'' | rowspan="2" |2006| {{no}}| {{yes}}| {{no}} | style="text-align:left" | | |- ! scope="row" |''Onye Ọrụ Ugbo nke Chineke'' | {{no}}| {{yes}}| {{no}} | style="text-align:left" | | |- ! scope="row" |''[[Hansie|Hansie: Ezi Akụkọ]]'' |2008| {{no}}| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | style="text-align:left" | |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Evans|first=Ian|title=Film-making brother seeks redemption for South African cricket hero|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/film-making-brother-seeks-redemption-for-south-african-cricket-hero--403858.html|accessdate=6 September 2019|work=The Independent|date=29 September 2007|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Onye na-eme ihe nkiri'' |2012|{{yes}}|{{yes}}|{{yes}} | style="text-align:left" |Ọ bụkwa onye na-eme ihe nkiri. A maara ya dị ka Break Away na mba ofesi. |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hansie's brother wraps recession movie|url=https://www.channel24.co.za/movies/news/hansies-brother-wraps-recession-movie-20120315|accessdate=6 September 2019|work=Channel24|date=15 March 2012|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''A mụrụ ya ka ọ bụrụ mmeri'' |2014|{{yes}}|{{yes}}|{{yes}} | style="text-align:left" |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Law|first=Jeannie|title='Born to Win' Movie Highlights a Teacher's Quest to Find God|url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/born-to-win-movie-highlights-a-teachers-quest-to-find-god.html|accessdate=6 September 2019|work=The Christian Post|date=10 January 2016|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Mkpu'' |2018|{{yes}}|{{yes}}|{{yes}} | style="text-align:left" |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Dercksen|first=Daniel|title=Filmmaker Frans Cronje talks about The Roar, An Inspirational New South African Film|url=https://writingstudio.co.za/filmmaker-frans-cronje-talks-about-the-roar-an-inspirational-new-south-african-film/|accessdate=6 September 2019|work=The Writing Studio|date=28 February 2018}}</ref> |- |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{IMDb name|nm2370094|Frans Cronjé}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cronje,Frans}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5wbp77blhkvelz5llol5j08tetnm2gb 0 45388 693019 206950 2026-07-31T06:30:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Aïcha Snoussi''' ({{lang-ar|عائشة سنوسي}}, born 1989) is a Tunisian queer artist from Hammamet. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Snoussi na Tunis n'afọ 1989 ma ọ malitere ise ihe mgbe ọ dị obere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://loveartexhibitions.com/2019/02/25/undefined-scrolls-aicha-snoussi/|title=Undefined Scrolls: Aïcha Snoussi|author=Loveartandexhibitions|date=2019-02-25|work=LOVE ART + EXHIBITIONS|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-19}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ Fine Art na Institut Supérieur des Beaux-Arts na Tunis, mgbe ahụ ọ gụrụ maka MA na Fine Art na Paris-Sorbonne . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://agorgi.com/aicha-snoussi/|title=Aïcha Snoussi – A.GORGI|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-12-19|archivedate=2018-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519215452/https://agorgi.com/aicha-snoussi/}}</ref> Ọ bi ma na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na Paris.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://aichasnoussi.tumblr.com/bio|title=BIO|work=Tumblr|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-19}}</ref> Na mbụ, Snoussi zụrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe, mana ugbu a ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ink na ágbá, na-emepụta nnukwu ọrụ na-echetara Hieronymous Bosch ma ọ bụ Georges Bataille.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.1-54.com/london/artists/snoussi-aicha/|title=1-54 Contemporary African Art Fair|accessdate=2019-12-19|archivedate=2019-04-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421141400/http://1-54.com/london/artists/snoussi-aicha/}}</ref> Ọ na-ekwu okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ banyere ajọ mbunobi megide ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'ime ụwa nka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/fr/podcast/lart-la-poudre-2-%C3%A0-beaubourg/id1172772210?i=1000460034900|title=La Poudre: L'art & La Poudre #2 - À Beaubourg sur Apple Podcasts|work=Apple Podcasts|language=fr-fr|accessdate=2019-12-19}}</ref> A kpọrọ ya ka ọ kwuo okwu banyere nka na ụmụ nwanyị na Pompidou Centre na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/live/LaurenBastide|title=Suivez en direct Lauren Bastide & La Poudre - Centre Pompidou|work=www.centrepompidou.fr|accessdate=2019-12-19|archivedate=2019-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219220942/https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/live/LaurenBastide}}</ref>. === Ihe ngosi === N'afọ 2017, egosiri ọrụ Snoussi na ngosi nka nke oge a na Paris, nke gosipụtara ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe si n'ofe Afrịka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.happeningafrica.com/spring-in-paris-and-london-market-fever-for-contemporary-african-art/|title=Spring in Paris and London: Market fever for Contemporary African art|author=isabelwilcox|date=2017-05-22|work=Happening Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-19}}</ref> O gosipụtara ọrụ ya Le Livre des anomalies, nke bụ akụkọ sara mbara nke ihe osise ndị e tinyere n'akwụkwọ mmega ahụ.[1] Ọrụ ndị a kpọrọ ndị ọbịa ka ha gbakwunye na ha na Snoussi nwere mmasị n'ịgbasa nkewa na oghere gallery n'etiti onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ekiri ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nawaat.org/portail/2017/04/17/aicha-snoussi-quand-le-dessin-reinvente-les-sexes-de-lart/|title=Aïcha Snoussi : quand le dessin réinvente les sexes de l'art|date=17 April 2017|work=Nawaat|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2019-12-19}}</ref> Ihe ngosi Snoussi nke afọ 2016 na Tunisian Embsassy na [[London]], nyochara ihe osise ahụ dị egwu ma gosipụta ihe osise buru ibu nke e sere kpọmkwem na mgbidi ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya na-acha ọbara ọbara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nataal.com/tunisia-talents|title=Tunisia Talents|work=nataal.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-19}}</ref> Mmekọahụ na ahụ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ Snoussi, nke akọwapụtara site na njikọta nke isiokwu sayensị na ihe omimi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ideomagazine.com/6765-2/ai%cc%88cha-snoussi/|title=Aïcha Snoussi|work=IDEO|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2019-12-19|archivedate=2020-11-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113252/https://www.ideomagazine.com/6765-2/ai%CC%88cha-snoussi/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://femmesdetunisie.com/aicha-snoussi-la-face-cachee-de-la-beaute/|title=Aïcha Snoussi, la face cachée de la beauté|author=Zyla|first=Noémie|date=2017-09-29|work=FDT|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2019-12-19|archivedate=2019-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219215545/https://femmesdetunisie.com/aicha-snoussi-la-face-cachee-de-la-beaute/}}</ref> A na-emeso akwụkwọ dị ka akpụkpọ ahụ a na-emegbu site na ịkpụ, ịpị ma see ihe.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ na-egosipụta ọrụ ya mgbe niile kemgbe 2013, na ihe ngosi, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, na: Climbing through the Tide (Tunis, 2019), Galerie LaLalande (Paris, 2019), Art Brussels (2018), Somerset House (London, 2017), Platform Parallel (Tunis), Cité Internationale des arts (Paris، 2015), Jazz Festival (Carthage, 2014), Galerie Yahia (Tunis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tekiano.com/2019/03/14/exposition-inaugurale-de-b7l9-climbing-through-the-tide-le-16-mars-a-la-station-dart-bhar-lazreg/|title=Exposition Inaugurale de B7L9 "Climbing Through The Tide" le 16 mars à la Station d'Art Bhar Lazreg {{!}} Tekiano :: TeK'n'Kult|author=dit|first=ALBERT BENAMOU|date=14 March 2019|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2019-12-19}}</ref><ref name=":2"/>="#mwt78" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-13","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite web&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://artviewer.org/tag/aicha-snoussi/&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Aïcha Snoussi – Art Viewer&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;language&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en-US&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2019-12-19&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwzg\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt75\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwzw\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://artviewer.org/tag/aicha-snoussi/\" id=\"mw0A\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Aïcha Snoussi – Art Viewer\"</a></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mw0Q\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mw0g\">2019-12-19</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-13" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Aïcha_Snoussi#cite_note-13 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[9]</nowiki></span>]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/10/06/a-la-foire-1-54-de-londres-l-art-africain-sur-son-31_5196934_3212.html|title=A la foire 1:54 de Londres, l'art africain sur son 31|date=2017-10-06|accessdate=2019-12-19|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plateformeparallele.com/artistes/aicha-snoussi|title=Aïcha Snoussi • Parallèle|work=www.plateformeparallele.com|accessdate=2019-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://repertoire-artistestunisiens.com/aicha-snoussi/|title=Aïcha Snoussi -|date=2016-07-30|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2019-12-19|archivedate=2019-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219215547/http://repertoire-artistestunisiens.com/aicha-snoussi/}}</ref> === LGBTQ* Ihe osise na Tunisia === Omume Snoussi dị mkpa n'ịkwupụta ọrụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.linstant-m.tn/article_623_immersion-dans-l-univers-singulier-d-aicha-snoussi-.html|title=Immersion dans l'univers singulier d'Aïcha Snoussi|work=www.linstant-m.tn|language=fr|accessdate=2019-12-19|archivedate=2019-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219215543/http://www.linstant-m.tn/article_623_immersion-dans-l-univers-singulier-d-aicha-snoussi-.html}}</ref> Ọ na-enyocha otú ajọ ọhụụ dị n'ọrụ ya si emetụta iji mepụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke ọchịchị aka ike nke Tunisia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://humanitiesinstitute.buffalo.edu/event/queer-studies-research-workshop-work-in-progress-talk-by-anne-marie-butler-the-matter-of-the-body-queer-considerations-of-contemporary-tunisian-womens-art/|title=Queer Studies Research Workshop: Work-in-Progress talk by Anne Marie Butler, "The Matter of the Body: Queer Considerations of Contemporary Tunisian Women's Art"|date=October 31, 2018|work=University at Buffalo|accessdate=April 5, 2021}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị omenkà iri na atọ ahọpụtara igosi na Paris iji mee emume Ụbọchị Mba Nile megide Homophobia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mondafrique.com/des-artistes-tunisiens-celebrent-a-paris-la-journee-contre-lhomophobie/|title=Treize artistes tunisiens célèbrent à Paris la journée contre l'homophobie|author=Mondafrique|first=La redaction de|date=2019-05-17|work=Mondafrique|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2019-12-19|archivedate=2019-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603012649/https://mondafrique.com/des-artistes-tunisiens-celebrent-a-paris-la-journee-contre-lhomophobie/}}</ref> Ngwakọta ya nke ihe ọjọọ na ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị mma nke omenala Tunisia. Queerness pụtara naanị na nka ụmụ nwanyị na Tunisia n'afọ 2010 ma Snoussi nọ n'ihu mmepe ya. [4] == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] giz5g9lxet48g36hfavsrhdjugd5exb 0 45434 692825 538821 2026-07-30T20:16:56Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692825 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Frédéric Pierre Bourdin''' <ref name="observer" />{{Cite news|author=David Grann|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/sep/28/crime.unitedstates|title=The great pretender: David Grann meets Frederic Bourdin, the man who pretended to be missing teenager|work=[[The Observer]]|date=27 September 2008|accessdate=4 August 2012}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDavid_Grann2008">David Grann (27 September 2008). [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/sep/28/crime.unitedstates "The great pretender: David Grann meets Frederic Bourdin, the man who pretended to be missing teenager"]. ''[[Onye Na-ekiri Ihe Ndị Mere|The Observer]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> (amụrụ na 13 June 1974) <ref name="mbrown">Mick Brown, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmmakersonfilm/9459425/The-Imposter-interview-with-the-Chameleon.html "The Imposter: interview with the Chameleon,"] ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 11 August 2012.</ref> bụ onye France na-eme ihe aghụghọ nke ndị nta akụkọ kpọrọ "The Chameleon". <ref name="telegraph" /> Ọ malitere ime ka ọ bụrụ nwatakịrị ma kwuo na ọ na-eche na ọ dịkarịa ala njirimara ụgha 500; atọ bụ ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-efu efu. [3]<ref name="lplitt">Laura Plitt, producer, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-19949847 "Frederic Bourdin – the man who changed his identity 500 times,"] [[BBC News]], 19 October 2012.</ref><ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4087370.stm|title=France holds 'Chameleon' impostor|work=[[BBC]]|date=13 June 2005|accessdate=13 July 2012}}</ref> == Ndụ malitere == A mụrụ ya na Nanterre, nne na nna ya ochie zụlitere Bourdin na Nantes ruo mgbe ọ gbapụrụ ma mesịa gaa Paris. Ọ maghị nna ya, onye nne ya kwuru na ọ bụ onye Algeria lụrụ di aha ya bụ Kaci.<ref name="newyorker">[[David Grann]], [https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/08/11/080811fa_fact_grann?currentPage=all "The Chameleon: The many lives of Frédéric Bourdin,"] ''[[The New Yorker]]'', 11 August 2008.</ref> == Ime ka mmadụ bụrụ == Nicholas Barclay, dị afọ 13 n'oge ọ na-efu efu, bụ nke ikpeazụ hụrụ ka ya na ndị enyi ya na-egwu basketball na obodo ya nke San Antonio, Texas, na 13 June 1994. Barclay emeghị ya n'ụlọ, a hụbeghị ya ma ọ bụ nụ ya kemgbe. Na 1997, Bourdin weghaara njirimara Barclay wee buru ya gaa United States. Ọ bụ ezie na Bourdin nwere anya aja aja na ụda French, o mere ka ezinụlọ ahụ kwenye na ọ bụ nwa ha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, na-ekwu na ọ gbanarị mgbanaka ụmụaka na-agba akwụna na mgbanaka ahụ agbanweela agba anya ya.[1] Bourdin biri na ezinụlọ ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnwa ise ruo 6 Maachị 1998. Na ngwụcha afọ 1997, onye nchọpụta onwe onye nọ n'ógbè ahụ malitere inyo ya enyo mgbe ya na ndị ọrụ TV na-arụ ọrụ na-ese foto ezinụlọ ahụ. Onye nchọpụta ahụ jiri foto nke ntị Bourdin tụnyere ntị Nicholas wee chọpụta na ha adabaghị. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1998, FBI nwetara iwu ụlọ ikpe iji were mkpịsị aka nwa okorobịa ahụ na DNA, nke e mechara chọpụta na ọ bụ nke Bourdin. N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 1998, Bourdin kwetara na ikpe mara ya maka wayo paspọtụ na Ịgha ụgha n'ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị etiti San Antonio. A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ afọ isii, ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ karịa ka ntuziaka ikpe tụrụ aro.<ref name="observer" />{{Cite news|author=David Grann|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/sep/28/crime.unitedstates|title=The great pretender: David Grann meets Frederic Bourdin, the man who pretended to be missing teenager|work=[[The Observer]]|date=27 September 2008|accessdate=4 August 2012}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDavid_Grann2008">David Grann (27 September 2008). [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/sep/28/crime.unitedstates "The great pretender: David Grann meets Frederic Bourdin, the man who pretended to be missing teenager"]. ''[[Onye Na-ekiri Ihe Ndị Mere|The Observer]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe Bourdin si na U.S. lọghachitere France na 2003, ọ kwagara Grenoble ma were aha Léo Balley, nwa nwoke France dị afọ 14 nke na-efu efu kemgbe 1996; Nnwale DNA gosipụtara na ọ bụghị Balley. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2004, ọ nọ na Spain, na-azọrọ na ọ bụ onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma aha ya bụ Rubén Sánchez Espinoza onye e gburu nne ya na Mwakpo bọmbụ na Madrid. Mgbe ndị uwe ojii chọpụtara eziokwu ahụ, ha chụpụrụ ya na France.<ref name="telegraph" />{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/1491956/Chameleon-caught-pretending-to-be-boy.html|title='Chameleon' caught pretending to be boy|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|first=Henry|author=Samuel|date=13 June 2005|accessdate=13 July 2012}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSamuel2005">Samuel, Henry (13 June 2005). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/1491956/Chameleon-caught-pretending-to-be-boy.html "'Chameleon' caught pretending to be boy"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Telegraph|The Daily Telegraph]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> Na June 2005, Bourdin mere onwe ya dị ka Francisco Hernandez-Fernandez, nwa mgbei dị afọ iri na ise na Spain, ma nwee otu ọnwa na Collège Jean Monnet ( akwụkwọ ike dị ala) na Pau, France.  O kwuru na nne na nna ya gburu n'ihe ọkụ.  Ọ na-eyi uwe dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, na-eji ụdị ije ije kwesiri, na-ekpuchi ntutu isi ya na-agbadata na okpu baseball ma na-eji creme ihu.  N'abụ iri na abụọ n'afọ Juun, onye egosi si n'ihe akwụkwọ ya akwụkwọ ya mgbe ọ hụchara ihe omume metụtara gbasara ọrụ ya.  N'ikiri na isii n'ọnọ September, a mara ya ikpe ịga elele elele na inwe na iji ngosi Léo Balley.[1] Dị ka ajụjụ ọnụ si kwuo, Bourdin anọwo na-achọ "ịhụnanya na mmetụta ịhụnanya" na nlebara anya ọ na-enwetụbeghị mgbe ọ bụ nwata. O meela ka ọ bụ nwa mgbei ọtụtụ ugboro.<ref name="telegraph">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/1491956/Chameleon-caught-pretending-to-be-boy.html|title='Chameleon' caught pretending to be boy|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|first=Henry|author=Samuel|date=13 June 2005|accessdate=13 July 2012}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Na 8 August 2007, Bourdin lụrụ nwanyị French aha ya bụ Isabelle mgbe ha nwesịrị nkwekọrịta otu afọ. Di na nwunye ahụ na ụmụ ha ise bi na France.  Na 23 March 2017, Bourdin mere Facebook post na-ekwu na Isabelle hapụrụ ya maka nwoke ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọ naghị enwe obi ụtọ maka afọ 10 na enweghị obi ụtọ na ọnwa ndị na-adịbeghị anya.  Ọ na-azọrọ na ọ hapụrụ ya na ụmụ ha.  Ọnọdụ Isabelle na ụmụaka amabeghị ugbu a. Dị ka The Daily Mirror si kwuo, Bourdin kwuru na 2012 na ọ gaghị "ime onwe ya ka onye ọ bụla ọzọ".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/real-life-stories/the-imposter-frederic-bourdin-fooled-family-946178|title=The elaborate imposter: Conman, 30, fools family into thinking he is their missing teenage son|work=The Mirror|first=Matt|author=Roper|date=30 June 2012|accessdate=8 March 2013}}</ref> David Grann, onye na-ede akwụkwọ maka The New Yorker, gbara Bourdin ajụjụ ọnụ na 2008. Mgbe Isabelle mụrụ nwa mbụ ha, Bourdin kpọtụrụ Grann ma gwa ya na nwa ahụ bụ nwa agbọghọ. Grann wee jụọ ma ọ bụrụ na Bourdin aghọwo onye ọhụrụ ugbu a ebe ọ bụ nna na di, nke Bourdin zara, "Ee e, nke a bụ onye m bụ" <ref name="observer">{{Cite news|author=David Grann|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/sep/28/crime.unitedstates|title=The great pretender: David Grann meets Frederic Bourdin, the man who pretended to be missing teenager|work=[[The Observer]]|date=27 September 2008|accessdate=4 August 2012}}</ref> == Ihe osise na mgbasa ozi == E gosipụtara na 6 Jenụwarị 2009, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episode "Stranger" (Season 10, Episode 11) yiri Bourdin na-abanye n'ụlọ ezinụlọ site n'ime ka nwa ha nwanyị furu efu bi n'ụlọ ha ruo oge ụfọdụ tupu a chọpụta ya ma na-abịa n'ihu na ebubo nke mmetọ ya mgbe a na-eche ya ihu n'ụlọ ikpe. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe omume akụkọ ifo na-agbanwe aha na okike nke ndị isi, ihe ndị dị na ọnọdụ na-anọgide na-agbakọta na myirịta ha. E mechara jiri usoro akụkọ ahụ (ya na ọdịdị ya na Bourdin) mee ihe ọzọ na 25 Ọktoba 2017 "Complicated" (Season 19, Episode 5). N'afọ 2010, e webatara akụkọ akụkọ ifo nke Nicholas Barclay na ụlọ ihe nkiri n'okpuru aha The Chameleon, nke onye isi France na onye na-ede ihe nkiri bụ Jean-Paul Salomé.  Bourdin - ahagharịrị Fortin na ihe nkiri - bụ onye omere Canada Marc-André Grondin gosipụtara.  Emepụtara ihe nkiri a site na Le Caméléon, akụkọ ndụ Christophe D'Antonio nyere ikike nke Bourdin.[1]  Ọ malitere na 2010 Tribeca Film Festival.[2] The Imposter, ihe ngosi banyere impersonation nke Bourdin nke Nicholas Barclay, gosipụtara na Sundance Film Festival na Jenụwarị 2012. <ref>David Rooney, [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/sundance-imposter-film-review-285212 "The Imposter: Sundance Film Review,"] ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', 26 January 2012.</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bourdon, Frederic}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6sgbzwdp4wrmu6zrkpc4e03uu9mtmfe 0 45447 693111 630858 2026-07-31T10:57:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amna Elhassan''' ( Arabic , amụrụ 1988 na Khartoum, [[Sudan]] ) bụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri na onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke Sudan, onye bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na Khartoum. Ọrụ nka ya na-elekwasịkarị anya n'echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị Sudan na ndụ ọha na eze na nke onwe, gosipụtara na mgbasa ozi dị iche iche, gụnyere mbipụta na eserese . == Ndụ na ọrụ == Na 2010, Elhassan nwetara nzere bachelọ na architecture site na Mahadum Khartoum, sochiri na 2013 site na nzere masta na nhazi ihe owuwu na Mahadum Sapienza dị na Rome, Italy. Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Sudan, ọ raara onwe ya nye nka na eserese mara mma, na-arụ ọrụ na onye ndụmọdụ ya, onye Sudanese artist Hatim Koko, na Khartoum Arts Training Center. E gosipụtara ihe ngosi mbụ ya na Khartoum na [[Rashid Diab]] Arts Center na National Museum of Sudan, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, site na 2016 gaa n'ihu. Ọzọkwa, o gosila ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi mba ụwa, na July 2022 a kpọrọ òkù dị ka onye nkuzi ọbịa na Mahadum Fine Arts nke Hamburg, Germany, na-akụzi otu klas akpọrọ "Art N'oge Oge Nsogbu". <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=HFBK: Exhibition by Amna Elhassan|url=https://hfbk-hamburg.de/en/aktuelles/kalender/austellung-von-amna-elhassan/|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=hfbk-hamburg.de|language=en|archivedate=2022-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113181909/https://hfbk-hamburg.de/en/aktuelles/kalender/austellung-von-amna-elhassan/}}</ref> E gosikwara ọrụ ya n'akwụkwọ nka 2019 ''Sudan weghachiri ya'' dị ka akụkụ nke otu ndị na-eto eto na-ese ihe na-akọ ụdị nka nka nke akụkọ akụkọ Sudan, ugbu a na ọdịnihu. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Fuhrmann|first=Larissa-Diana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3kkEAAAQBAJ&dq=Amna+Elhassan&pg=PT81|title=Sudan Retold: Ein Kunstbuch über die Vergangenheit und Zukunft des Sudan|date=2019-12-15|publisher=Hirnkost|isbn=978-3-945398-92-0|language=en, de, ar}}</ref> === Ihe ngosi Solo na Frankfurt === Na ihe ngosi site na Nọvemba 2022 ruo February 2023, ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nka nke Schirn na Frankfurt/Main, Germany, kwuputara ihe ngosi solo nke Elhassan mere akpọrọ ''Bodies Deconstructed – na Search of Home.'' <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-04|title=Amna Elhassan|url=https://www.schirn.de/en/exhibitions/2022/amna_elhassan/|accessdate=2022-11-15|work=Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt|language=en}}</ref> N'ịbụ nke a tụpụtara maka rotunda nke ụlọ ngosi nka nka ama ama n'ụwa niile, nnukwu eserese ya akpọrọ "December" pụtara dị ka ihe ncheta nye ndị ihe metụtara mgbanwe mgbanwe Sudan nke malitere na Disemba 2018 ma ụmụ nwanyị Sudan kwadoro nke ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Fuhrmann|first=Larissa-Diana|date=2022-11-16|title=Female resistance made in Sudan|url=https://www.schirn.de/en/magazine/context/2022/amna_elhassan/female_resistance_made_in_sudan/|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt|language=en}}</ref> Ewezuga nnukwu eserese ya, ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara eserese 21 na mbipụta Elhassan rụpụtara kemgbe 2019, na-egosi ihe ngosi ndụ kwa ụbọchị yana eserese ụmụ nwanyị Sudan. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Amna Elhassan. Deconstructed Bodies – In Search of Home - Frankfurt|url=https://www.art-in.de/ausstellung.php?id=8381|accessdate=2022-12-06|work=art-in.de|language=De-de}}</ref> N'otu oge ahụ, e bipụtara ọrụ nka Elhassan na ihe odide so ya dị ka ntụle mbụ banyere ọrụ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Amna Elhassan|url=https://material-verlag.hfbk-hamburg.de/index.php/material/438-amna-elhassan|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=material-verlag.hfbk-hamburg.de|language=de, en}}</ref> Na ntụle ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung'' dere "Ihe osise nnwale ya na mbipụta ya, nke e mepụtara na usoro analog na dijitalụ dị iche iche na nke ọ na-eji mmanụ, acrylic na agba agba n'ígwé n'ígwé na akwụkwọ na kwaaji, na-eleba anya mgbanwe na nguzogide ụmụ nwanyị Sudan." <ref>{{Cite news|author=Deschka|first=Katharina|date=2022-11-11|title=Amna Elhassan in der Schirn: Suche nach einem sicheren Ort|language=de|work=faz.net|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/kultur/amna-elhassan-in-der-schirn-kunsthalle-18449015.html|accessdate=2022-11-12}}</ref> Dị ka Sebastian Baden si kwuo, onye isi ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nka nke Schirn, Elhassan bụ "olu dị mkpa nke inye onwe ya ikike nka na Sudan." Ọ gbakwụnyere, sị: "Site na eserese panorama nke saịtị ya dị na rotunda nke Schirn, Elhassan na-esetịpụ ihe ịrịba ama nke obi ike na ntinye aka na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya . " <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=November 2022|title=Amna Elhassan: Deconstructed Bodies- In Search of Home|url=https://www.artisnext.net/kalender/detail.xhtml?id=63355|accessdate=2022-12-06|work=art is next — we locate art|language=de}}</ref> N'ikwu banyere usoro ọrụ Elhassan na graffiti Sudanese na ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mural "December", onye nlekọta Larissa-Diana Fuhrmann kpọrọ ihe ngosi ahụ "njikọ kpọmkwem n'etiti ngagharị iwe na okporo ụzọ Sudan na ebe ngosi nka" na Frankfurt. <ref name=":1"/> == Ihe ngosi otu na solo == * Rashid Diab Arts Center, Khartoum, 2017 * National Museum of Sudan, Khartoum, 2016 * Njem d'Art Contemporain de Carthage JACC, Tunis, 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Journées d'Art Contemporain de Carthage: 57 artistes à l'exposition L'Internationale à l'œuvre|url=https://www.vitaminedz.com/fr/Algerie/journees-d-art-contemporain-de-carthage-57-6932813-Articles-0-0-1.html|accessdate=2022-11-14|work=vitaminedz.com|language=fr}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe nkiri Afriart na Kampala, Uganda, 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Exhibition {{!}} Playing to the Gallery {{!}}|url=https://afriartgallery.org/exhibitions/playing-to-the-gallery|accessdate=2022-11-14|work=afriartgallery.org|archivedate=2022-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114133231/https://afriartgallery.org/exhibitions/playing-to-the-gallery}}</ref> * Egypt International Art ngosi, Cairo, Egypt, 2021 * Mahadum nke Fine Arts, Hamburg, Germany, 2022 <ref name=":0"/> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Schirn na Frankfurt/Main, Germany, 2022/2023 * Art nka nke Sudan - narị afọ nke 21 na nka nke mgbanwe * Mgbanwe nke Sudan - nka na okwu ama ama * <nowiki><i id="mwXw">Yabụ na 2019, année zéro</i></nowiki> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Daum, Werner na [[Rashid Diab]] (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=a4q3AwAAQBAJ&dq=Kenana+Handbook+Of+Sudan+werner+daum&pg=PA453 Art Modern na Sudan] Na Hopkins, Peter G. (ed.) ''Kenana Handbook of Sudan'' . New York: Routledge, p.&nbsp;453–516  * Köttering, Martin na Sebastian Baden (eds.) 2022. ''Amna Elhassan.'' Hamburg: Materialverlag. ISBN 978-3-944954-69-1 * akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe ngosi nka, Septemba 2023, [https://web.archive.org/web/20240229072311/https://musesd.com/the-muse-magazine-2/ ajụjụ ọnụ Amna Elhassan, p. 31-40] == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.amnaelhassan.com/ Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị] nwere onyonyo eserese ya * " [https://web.archive.org/web/20231204091143/https://www.schirn.de/en/magazine/context/2022/amna_elhassan/5_gruende_amna_elhassan_in_der_schirn_zu_sehen/ Ezigbo ihe ise mere ị ga-eji lelee Amna Elhassan na Schirn"] - Nkọwa na foto nke ihe ngosi na Frankfurt * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kqu-QswJa8s Vidiyo nke ihe ngosi Amna Elhassan arụ arụrụ arụ - Na-achọ ụlọ] na [[YouTube]] * Akwụkwọ nka [https://web.archive.org/web/20210506234309/https://story.goethe.de/sudan-retold-en#207779 ''Sudan kwughachiri'' ụdị n'ịntanetị] * [https://www.artsy.net/artist/amna-elhassan Amna Elhassan] na artsy.net [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] o5bcltflg5ogd9jdfwmj4g3zn6x3slo 0 45461 692897 692524 2026-07-30T22:25:20Z Sylvaline39 15355 692897 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Fatou Baldeh''' [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] (amụrụ Disemba 1983) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mrs Fatou Baldeh {{!}} Key Information {{!}} reportlet|url=https://reportlet.co.uk/psc/9tDQnWiLsrkg_6fq_R_2ijIKrVw/mrs-fatou-baldeh|accessdate=2021-03-27|work=reportlet.co.uk|archivedate=2020-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030225117/https://reportlet.co.uk/psc/9tDQnWiLsrkg_6fq_R_2ijIKrVw/mrs-fatou-baldeh}}</ref> bụ onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị Gambia na-agba mbọ ịkwụsị [[Ibe nwaanyị ugwu|ibi ụmụ nwanyị]] (FGM). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Violence Unseen|url=https://aliciabruce.co.uk/violence-unseen|accessdate=2021-03-27|work=Alicia Bruce|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Baldeh [[Ibe nwaanyị ugwu|egburu úkwù nwanyị]] mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa wee bụrụ onye e gbubiri ya dị ka nne ya. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Female mutilation: 'I was screaming'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-scotland-24945504|accessdate=2021-03-27}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title='I was screaming for my mother'|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13131835.i-was-screaming-for-my-mother/|accessdate=2021-03-27|work=HeraldScotland|date=15 November 2013|language=en}}</ref> Baldeh gụchara nzere bachelọ na Psychology na Health na Mahadum Wolverhampton wee gụchaa nzere nna ya ukwu na ahụike mmekọahụ na ịmụ nwa na Mahadum Queen Margaret, Edinburgh. <ref>{{Cite web|title=QMU and DARF join forces to raise awareness of female genital mutilation in Scotland|url=https://www.mynewsdesk.com/uk/maggie-wright-associates-ltd/pressreleases/qmu-and-darf-join-forces-to-raise-awareness-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-scotland-937095|accessdate=2021-03-27|work=Mynewsdesk|date=4 December 2013|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Baldeh|first=Fatou|date=2019-08-07|title=How A Truth Commission on Past Human's Rights Violation has Started a Conversation on Sexual Violence in Gambia|url=https://impakter.com/how-a-truth-commission-on-past-humans-rights-violation-has-started-a-conversation-on-sexual-violence-in-gambia/|accessdate=2021-03-27|work=Impakter|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ na mmemme == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Dignity Alert Research Forum na Edinburgh na-arụ ọrụ iji wusie ikike ụmụ nwanyị ike na ikike mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-11-15|title=Female genital mutilation 'rising in soft-touch Scotland'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-24915967|accessdate=2021-03-27}}</ref> Na May 2015, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nduzi nke Dignity Alert Research Forum. <ref>{{Cite web|title=DIGNITY ALERT AND RESEARCH FORUM LIMITED – Filing history (free information from Companies House)|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/SC335240/filing-history?page=1|accessdate=2021-03-27|work=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, o kwuputara n'ihu ọha okwu gbasara ibi ụmụ nwanyị bi na Scotland na a katọrọ ya nke ukwuu maka nkwupụta ndị dị otú ahụ. Na 30 Jenụwarị 2014, Baldeh mechara pụta n'ihu Kọmitii Ohere nha nhata na nzuko omeiwu Scottish ebe a gwara ya ka ọ tinye aka na ngosipụta nke onye ọ bụla iji kọwaa ihe gbasara usoro na ntuziaka achọrọ ka emejuputa ya iji gbochie ụmụ agbọghọ ịbụ ndị a metụtara FGM. na Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Comment: A survivor of female genital mutilation speaks out|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/13143136.comment-a-survivor-of-female-genital-mutilation-speaks-out/|accessdate=2021-03-27|work=HeraldScotland|date=30 January 2014|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ ndụ ya dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Scotland, Baldeh laghachiri na [[The Gambia|Gambia]] na 2018. Ọ tọrọ ntọala òtù Women in Liberation and Leadership (WILL) mgbe ọ laghachiri Gambia. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-09|title=Supporting safe spaces as a tool for promoting women's health, dignity and wellbeing|url=https://gambia.unfpa.org/en/news/supporting-safe-spaces-tool-promoting-womens-health-dignity-and-wellbeing|accessdate=2021-03-27|work=UNFPA Gambia|language=en}}</ref> O meela ihe ọmụmụ na ọmụmụ ihe na Gambia nakwa na International Center for Transitional Justice . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201902010200.html|title=Gambia: Traditional Communicators, Women Lead the Way for Justice in the Gambia|date=31 January 2019|publisher=International Center for Transitional Justice (New York)}}</ref> Na Maachị 2020, Baldeh nwetara ihe nrite She maka ntinye pụtara ìhè n'ịkwado ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị na Gambia. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-09|title=Groundbreaking: She Awards Gambia Holds Its Inaugural Awards Night|url=https://www.chronicle.gm/groundbreaking-she-awards-gambia-holds-its-inaugural-awards-night-2/|accessdate=2021-03-27|work=The Chronicle Gambia|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125040003/https://www.chronicle.gm/groundbreaking-she-awards-gambia-holds-its-inaugural-awards-night-2/}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2020, onye nnọchi anya Britain na Gambia Sharon Wardle nyere ya [[Order of the British Empire|Order nke Alaeze Ukwu Britain]] n'ihi ya , nkwanye ùgwù pụrụ iche nke 2019 iji kwado mbọ ya na nkwa ya bara uru gbasara ịkwado ndị isi ojii na obodo agbụrụ na Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Her majesty the queen honours two Gambian nationals for outstanding service – The Point|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/her-majesty-the-queen-honours-two-gambian-nationals-for-outstanding-service|accessdate=2021-03-27|work=thepoint.gm|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Baldeh, Fatou}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hhhhs0tu1tyi3jivpzioiox52xbkud3 0 45707 693135 673988 2026-07-31T11:52:52Z Epiphanus Jide 14249 Removed broken file 693135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nura Musa Inuwa''' pronunciation akpọkwara ''M Inuwa'' (amụrụ 18 Septemba 1989) bụ onye Naijiria na-agụ abụ, onye na-agụ abụ na onye na-agụ egwu [[Ndi Haụsa|Hausa]] . bụkwa onye na-ese ihe na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri. A mụrụ ya, zụlitere ma gụ akwụkwọ na [[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|Kano State]] n'obodo Gwammaja dị na Dala Local Government Area, [[Kano]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arewarmu.com.ng/2017/04/tarihin-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa.html|title=Tarihin Mawaki Nura M Inuwa|author=arewarmu1|accessdate=2019-12-18|language=ha|archivedate=2021-08-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830104843/https://www.arewarmu.com.ng/2017/04/tarihin-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1101084-dandalin-kannywood-shahararren-mawaki-nura-m-inuwa-zai-angwance.html|title=Dandalin Kannywood: Shahararren mawaki Nura M. Inuwa zai angwance|author=Mustapha Saddiq|date=24 April 2017|work=hausa.legit.ng|accessdate=24 March 2020|language=ha}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Eji ọtụtụ n'ime egwu ya na ihe nkiri Kannywood . O nwere ihe karịrị egwu 500. Ya na Umar Sharif na-akpakọrịta, ha wepụtara album akpọrọ ''Rarrashi'' . Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Kannywood [[Adam A. Zango|bụ Adam A Zango]] bụkwa ezigbo enyi ya na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Kannywood. Ọ sere Nura M inuwa n'ihe nkiri akpọrọ Rigar Aro. N'afọ 2019 ọ bụụrụ onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ndoro-ndoro ochichi, Alhaji [[Atiku Abubakar]], bụbu [[Vice President of Nigeria|osote onye isi ala Federal Republic of Nigeria]] abụ mkpọsa. <ref name="bbc1" /> N'afọ 2012 ka a wụsara batrị acid n'ihu ya, onye a na-amaghị ama kpọọ ya ka ọ bịa zute ya na sharada, ọ gwara ya na ọ chọrọ ịgụ ya egwu maka agbamakwụkwọ ya, nwunye ya rịọrọ ya ka ọ nye Nura M inuwa nkwekọrịta nke ha. egwu agbamakwụkwọ, mgbe o rutere, ha wụsara ya acid n'ihu ya, nke na-eduga ná mbibi nke anya ekpe ya, ndị omempụ amaghị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-46804288|title=Watsa min acid ya kara min kwarin gwiwa ne – Nura M Inuwa|date=2019-01-09|work=BBC News Hausa|language=ha|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref> <ref name="bbc1">{{Cite web|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1214210-watsa-min-acid-ya-kara-min-kwarin-gwiwa-ne-nura-m-inuwa.html|title=Watsa min acid ya kara min kwarin gwiwa ne – Nura M Inuwa|author=Bala|first=Abubakar Nura|date=2019-01-09|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=ha|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == Aisha Humaira, Rai-dai, Badi ba rai, Soyayyar facebook, Sayyada, Mijin Biza, Abinda Yake Ruhi, Alkuki, Yan Kudu, Zurfin Ciki, Soyayyace, Faggen Soyayya, inka iya zance, Ga wuri ga waina, Ummi, Babban gida, Dan ọchịchị, Manyanmata, Hubbi, Matan Zamani, Onye na-ese onyinyo Baiwa, Basaja, Zurfin Ciki, Abbana, Alkawari, Dawo dawo, Wata Ruga, Yar Fulani, Salma, Mai Gadan Zinare, Labarina, Yan Arewa, Duniyar Masoya, Mailaya, In Kaiya Zance, Daren Alkhairi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-46693772|title=Wakoki 10 mafi shahara a cikin 2018 - BBC News Hausa|publisher=Bbc.com|language=ha|date=|accessdate=2020-03-24}}</ref> == Albums == {| class="wikitable" |+ !s/n ! Album ! Afọ |- | 1 | Wasika | 2018 |- | 2 | Dan magori | 2018 |- | 3 | Makashinka | 2012 |- | 4 | Afra | 2015 |- | 5 | Siyan baki | 2018 |- | 6 | Matan gida | 2018 |- | 7 | Soyayya | 2016 |- | 8 | Ụbọchị aurena | 2018 |- | 9 | Maurata. | |- | 10 | Manyan mata | 2018 |- | 11 | Soyayya | 2015 |- | 12 | Rigar aro | 2015 |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ndị Hausa == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndi égwú nke Naigeria]] 7nmu59oqd3qbi911jtbg5aujxbdjnf5 0 46092 693001 239402 2026-07-31T05:16:58Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 693001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Felicity Jane Johnson''' OAM (amuru ya na 30 May 1971) o bu onye Australian paralympic tandem cyclist,onye nwetere silver medal na 2008 summer Paralympics n'obodo Beijing nakwa medal ola ocha na 2012 Summer Paralympics nke emere na London. == Onye ọ bụla == A mụrụ Felicity Jane Johnson na 30 Mee 1971 na nsogbu ịhụ ụzọ.<ref name="apc" /><ref name="oam">{{Cite news|work=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|Daily Telegraph]]|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/australia-day-honours-list-2014-in-full/story-fni0cx12-1226808786064|title=Australia Day honours list 2014: in full|date=26 January 2014|accessdate=26 January 2014}}</ref> Ọrụ egwuregwu mbụ ya bụ dị ka onye na-eme egwuregwu n'egwuregwu ma merie ọlaọcha abụọ na 800m na FESPIC Games. &nbsp;Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ nkwado na Can Do for Kids, otu e guzobere maka ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ mmetụta.[1]<ref name="apc">{{Cite web|title=Felicity Johnson|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/team/felicity-johnson|work=Australian Paralympic Committee Team Profile|accessdate=4 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704184803/http://www.paralympic.org.au/team/felicity-johnson|archivedate=4 July 2012}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Johnson ritere ihe nrite ọlaọcha na 2008 Beijing Games na ihe omume Women's 1 km Time Trial B VI 1-3 na onye na-anya ụgbọelu ya Katie Parker.<ref name="IPC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/felicity-johnson|title=Felicity Johnson|work=Paralympic.org|publisher=[[International Paralympic Committee]]|accessdate=18 October 2012}}</ref> &nbsp;Na 2012 London Paralympics, o ritere ihe nrite ọla edo na Women's 1 km Time Trial B na onye na-anya ụgbọelu ya Stephanie Morton.[1]&nbsp;<ref name="IPC" /> N'afọ 2014, ya na onye na-anya ụgbọelu Holly Takos sonyeere ma sọọ mpi na Glasgow Commonwealth Games ebe South Australian duo nọ n'ọnọdụ nke anọ. == Nkwado == Johnson meriri National Achievement Award maka Best Newcomer na 2007, a na-akpọkwa ya Blind Sportsperson of the Year ugboro abụọ, na 2010 na 2011.<ref name="apc"/> N'afọ 2012, ọ bụ onye ikpeazụ maka onyinye Australian Paralympian of the Year E nyere ya Medal of the Order of Australia na 2014 Australia Day Honours "maka ọrụ maka egwuregwu dị ka Gold Medallist na London 2012 Paralympic Games."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wwos.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=8559352|title=Freney favourite to win top Paralympian|publisher=[[Australian Associated Press]]|date=5 November 2012|accessdate=5 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201192927/http://wwos.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=8559352|archivedate=1 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="oam"/> == Edensịbia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Johnson, Felicity}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1971]] 5yr0nsnkdgpc17l2w71dsclqt3n3qnm 0 46141 692944 637997 2026-07-31T02:36:40Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Frank Hayden|image=<!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] -->|alt=<!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->|caption=|birth_name=<!-- only use if different from name -->|birth_date=<!-- {{birth date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year with {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. For people who have died, use {{Birth date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}}. -->|birth_place=Windsor, Ontario|death_date=<!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) -->|death_place=|nationality=|other_names=|occupation=Professor and pioneer of the Special Olympics|years_active=|known_for=Legally incorporated "Special Olympics Inc"|notable_works=}} Frank Joseph Hayden, CC OOnt [1] bụ onye prọfesọ kpọrọ anụ ahụ / kinesiology lara ezumike nka na onye ọsụ ụzọ nke Olimpik Pụrụ Iche si Oakville, Ontario . == Ndụ onwe onye == Mkpakọrịta Hayden na Windsor, Ontario [1] ma biri na Burlington .  Ọ gụchara Bachelor of Arts (BA) na Mahadum Western Ontario na 1955, yana Master of Science (MS) na 1958 na Dọkịta nke Philosophy (PhD) na 1962 na Mahadum Illinois na Urbana – Champaign .  [2] Hayden sonyeere ngalaba nke Mahadum Western Ontario na 1964, wee onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ nke bụrụ anụ ahụ na egwuregwu na Mahadum McMaster na 1975. [2] [3] Ọ lara ezumike nká na McMaster na 1988. <ref name="UOIUC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kch.uiuc.edu/Alumni/Hayden.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050147/http://www.kch.uiuc.edu/Alumni/Hayden.aspx|title=Frank J. Hayden, MS '58, PhD '62 – Professor Emeritus and Special Olympics Visionary – McMaster University|publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|archivedate=4 March 2016|accessdate=8 March 2016}}</ref> == Olimpik pụrụiche == Mgbe ọ nọ na Western na mmepụta 1960s, Hayden nyọcha mmemme mmemme maka mmepụta ihe nhazi.  O nwere ihe ngosi ngosi na egwuregwu na ihe omume maka ngosi,, maka ndị nwere ikike uche.  Nchọpụta ya bịara mara Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation, na afọ Hayden nyere aka ma wuo mmemme ma guzobe iwu iji nabata ndị nwere ikike.  Na 1968, ọ egwuregwu mbụ Chicago Pụrụ Iche na Kennedy Foundation na Chicago Park District, wee webata "Special Olympics Inc".  Taa mmemme a na-enye ihe na-enye enyi maka ihe egwuregwu nde ndị egwuregwu nwere ikike na mba 170. [1] [2] Hayden ọrụ dị ka onye isi egwuregwu nke egwuregwu Olympic iche site na 1968 ruo 1972, [3]  hiwere ma duo Office of European Affairs for Special Olympics International na Paris site na 1988 ruo 1990, [4] ọ bụrụ na onye akwụkwọ nke iche na Canadian Special Olympics site na 1994 ruo 2000 <ref name="SMU">{{Cite web|url=https://www.smu.ca/academics/archives/frank-h.html|title=Frank J. Hayden|publisher=St. Mary's University|accessdate=8 March 2016}}</ref> == Nkwanye ugwu == E mere Hayden ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke Order of Canada na 2000 [1] na onye otu Order of Ontario na 2012 [2].  2012. [3] 2] [4] [5] Ọ natakwala nrite Jubilee ọla edo nke Queen Elizabeth II [6] na nrite Jubilee Diamond nke Queen Elizabeth II .  [7] Dr. Frank J. Hayden Secondary School na Burlington, Ontario ka a guzobe aha na nke ya na 2013. [8] Na 2016, e nyere ya Order of Sport, na-egosi nke ya na ndị ji ikike Canada <ref name="cbc">{{Cite news|author=Russell|first=Scott|title=Special Olympics' Dr. Frank Hayden transformed lives of millions|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/special-olympics-frank-hayden-1.3830347|accessdate=1 November 2016|publisher=CBC Sports|date=1 November 2016}}</ref> Hayden enwetala nzere saịtị na Mahadum McMaster (1997), [1] Mahadum Calgary (1988), [1] Mahadum Toronto (1999), [1] Mahadum Saint Mary, Halifax (2004), [1] [2] Mahadum Western.  Ontario (2011), [3] na Memorial University of Newfoundland (2017). == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240203131448/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/in-conversation-with-dr-frank-hayden Na mkparịta ụka ya na Dr. Frank Hayden, June 2016], na The Canadian Encyclopedia  {{DEFAULTSORT:Hayden, Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 53xo3i6cxnd9o1r6n7lp4k9hrjnxxes 0 46645 692858 540416 2026-07-30T20:43:45Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 692858 wikitext text/x-wiki Franklin Sirmans [1] ( banyere na New York City ( Queens )) [2] bụ onye nkatọ nka America, onye nchịkọta, onye ode akwụkwọ, onye àmà [1] ma bụrụ onye isi nke Pérez Art Museum Miami (PAMM) [  3] obi.  Ọktoba 2015. [4] Atụmatụ ya n'ebe ahụ ịhụ na mmemme nka PAMM na- nyere obodo na Miami na ichekwa onyinye.  N'ime nwa isii mbụ ya na PAMM, o jisiri ike ikike izi ike nke ọrụ n'ime obere ihe mere eme nke ụlọ ihe mgbe ochie, ihe otu ụmụaka mbụ nka nyere site n'aka onye mpaghara Design Craig.  Robins. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/franklin-sirmans-caps-first-six-months-as-pamm-director-with-craig-robins-donations-8482138|title=Franklin Sirmans Caps First Six Months as PAMM Director With Craig Robins Donations|author=Vazquez|first=Neil|date=May 27, 2016|work=Miami New Times|accessdate=2018-05-16}}</ref> == Afọ mbụ == Sirman na New York City, Queens ma akụkụ na Harlem, Albany na New Rochelle, New York.  [1] Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ mba Manhattan (Klas nke akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na 1983), [2] Albany Academy na New Rochelle High School wee nwere akara ugo akara BA (1991) na ihe mere eme nke nka na Bekee sitere na Mahadum Wesleyan. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.princeton.edu/~visarts/Sirmans.htm|title=Sirmans|work=www.princeton.edu|accessdate=2018-05-17}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'ọrụ ọrụ ya, Sirmans ike ọrụ na Dia Art Foundation na akara (1993–1996).  [1] Ọ curated kwa afọ ngozi maka Los Angeles (1999), Atlanta (2003) na Baltimore (2005) nakwa dị ka ihe ngosi Americas Remixed na Milan, Italy;  Mkpegharị Mass na Ottawa, Montreal, Halifax na Sackville, Canada [2] na ọkwa oge na Inman Gallery, Houston, Texas na 2002. [3] Site na 2001 ruo 2003 ọ nwetara One Planet Under A Groove: Contemporary Art and Hip Hop na  Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Bronx;  Ndị eze ihe ngosi nka nke Spelman, Atlanta;  Walker Art Center, Minneapolis [4] na Villa Stuck na Munich, Germany <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artpace.org/artists_and_curators/franklin-sirmans|title=Franklin Sirmans » Artpace|work=artpace.org|accessdate=2020-01-28}}</ref> Na 2004, ọ ọkpụkpọ ihe ngosi Ralph Bunche : Diplomat for Peace and Justice na Queens Museum of Art .  Site na 2005 ruo 2006 ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka Basquiat, nke si na Brooklyn Museum gaa na Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art wee gaa na Museum of Fine Arts na Houston .  [1] Sirmans onye na-ahụ maka nka ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke ugbu a na mkpokọta Menil na Houston na 2006 ruo 2009. N'afọ 2009, Rush Philanthropic Arts Foundation nyere ya ihe nrite Gold Rush.. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hauteliving.com/2015/09/pamm-announces-new-director-franklin-sirmans/585744/|title=PAMM Announces New Director: Franklin Sirmans|date=2015-09-15|work=Haute Living|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-30}}</ref> N'ebe ahụ ọ kwadoro ''NeoHooDoo: Art maka Okwukwe echefuru echefu'', ''Steve Wolfe: Na-arụ ọrụ na Akwụkwọ'' na ''Vija Celmins: Television na Disaster, 1964-1966'' . Na 2010, ọ kwagara na Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) dị ka onye isi ngalaba na onye na-ahụ maka nka nke oge a ebe ọ na- ruo ike nke 2015. [1] N'oge ya na LACMA, ọ bụ  Maurizio Catelan: Enwere ndụ tupu tupu?  (2010), [2] Fútbol: mmiri mara mma (2014), [3] Noah Purifoy: Junk Dada, Ọdịiche: Mkparịta ụka na gburugburu Abstract Painting, Ọgwụgwụ na Ọpụpụ: Art Contemporary from the Collections of LACMA and the Broad Art Foundation  , ma bụrụ onye na-hazi ihe ngosi nke Human Nature: Contemporary Art from the Collection .  [1] Na mgbakwunye na ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka Mee Ya Ugbu a: Ọkpụkpụ Ọhụrụ na New York na Ebe Ọkpụkpụ <ref name=":1"/> Kemgbe Ọktoba 2015, <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.artspace.com/magazine/interviews_features/qa/franklin-sirmans-interview-miami-2015-53318|title=PAMM Director Franklin Sirmans on Why Miami Is Primed for a Los Angeles-Style Art Boom|work=Artspace|language=en|accessdate=2018-05-17|archivedate=2018-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520054522/https://www.artspace.com/magazine/interviews_features/qa/franklin-sirmans-interview-miami-2015-53318}}</ref> abụrụla onye isi oche nke Pérez Art Museum Miami (PAMM). <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://curatorsintl.org/collaborators/franklin_sirmans|title=Franklin Sirmans – Collaborators – Independent Curators International|work=curatorsintl.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-05-17}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.artmatcher.com/franklin-sirmans-on-the-transforming-world-of-art/|title=Franklin Sirmans: On the Transforming World of Art|work=artmatcher.com|accessdate=2021-09-20|language=en}}</ref> Na 2019, ahọpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ curate na ngalaba pụrụ iche nke Frieze New York, nke na-egosi ndị na-ese ihe si ''Just N'elu Midtown'' (JAM), 1970s-80s ''Black Power Gallery'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.culturetype.com/2019/05/01/frieze-new-york-franklin-sirmans-is-channeling-just-above-midtown-gallery-and-the-pioneering-vision-of-linda-goode-bryant/|title=Frieze New York: Franklin Sirmans is Channeling Just Above Midtown Gallery and the Pioneering Vision of Linda Goode Bryant|date=May 2019|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-30}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị ọzọ == Sirmans bụ onye nkuzi na Maryland Institute College of Art na Mahadum Princeton . Ọ bụ 2005 Maryland Art Place Critic-in-Residence [1] wee jee ozi dị ka onye ntụzi nka nke Prospect.3 New Orleans (2012–2014).  Ọ bụ David C. Driskell Onye mmeri (2007).  [2] Ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Flash Art wee bụrụ onye nchịkọta isi nke akwụkwọ ArtAsiaPacific .  Sirmans dere maka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ozi nkà na omenala, The New York Times, Newsweek International, Art in America, ARTnews, Grand Street na Essence Magazine. <ref name=":1" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ nwere nwa nwanyị, onye amụrụ na LA Ọ lụrụ Jessica Plair Sirmans <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://brooklynrail.org/2017/06/art/Franklin-Sirmans-with-Laila-Pedro|title=A Space for Everything to Happen Franklin Sirmans with Laila Pedro|work=The Brooklyn Rail|date=June 2017|accessdate=2018-05-17}}</ref> == Mbipụta == * Otu mbara ala n'okpuru groove (2001) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shop.legrandj.eu/products/one-planet-under-a-groove-hip-hop-and-contemporary-art|title=One Planet Under a Groove|work=Le Grand Jeu|language=en|accessdate=2018-05-17|archivedate=2018-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520054651/https://shop.legrandj.eu/products/one-planet-under-a-groove-hip-hop-and-contemporary-art}}</ref> * Obodo akụkọ ifo mebere na Queens (Mee 20, 2001) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/20/arts/art-architecture-a-mythical-metropolis-materializes-in-queens.html|title=ART/ARCHITECTURE; A Mythical Metropolis Materializes in Queens|author=Sirmans|first=Franklin|date=May 20, 2001|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2018-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> * Ụzọ Enweghị Teknụzụ Maka Ime Nkà (Septemba 2, 2001) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/02/arts/art-architecture-the-no-tech-way-toward-art-making.html|title=ART/ARCHITECTURE; The No-Tech Way Toward Art-Making|author=Sirmans|first=Franklin|date=September 2, 2001|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2018-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> * Ịdepụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụwa ọhụrụ, na ngwa ngwa (December 9, 2001) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/09/arts/art-architecture-mapping-a-new-and-urgent-history-of-the-world.html|title=ART/ARCHITECTURE; Mapping a New, and Urgent, History of the World|author=Sirmans|first=Franklin|date=December 9, 2001|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2018-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> * Vija Celmins: Television na Ọdachi, 1964–1966 (January 31, 2011) <ref>{{Cite book|title=Vija Celmins: Television and Disaster, 1964–1966|author=White|first=Michelle|date=January 31, 2011|publisher=The Menil Collection|isbn=9780300166125|location=New Haven, Conn.|language=en}}</ref> * Edward Kienholz, All – American Yawp (March 2012) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.flashartonline.com/article/edward-kienholz/|title=Edward Kienholz|date=October 6, 2015|work=Flash Art|accessdate=2018-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> * Kasị Mma LA, 2013—Franklin Sirmans (December 18, 2013) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/news/las-best-2013franklin-sirmans/|title=L.A.'s Best, 2013—Franklin Sirmans – Art in America|work=Art in America|accessdate=2018-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> * Basquiat na Bayou (October 25, 2014) <ref>{{Cite book|title=Basquiat and the Bayou|author=OMeally|first=Robert|date=October 25, 2014|publisher=Prestel USA|isbn=9783791354040|location=New York|language=en}}</ref> * Prospect.3: ndetu maka Ugbu a (November 11, 2014) <ref>{{Cite book|title=Prospect.3: Notes for Now|author=Gonzalez|first=Rita|date=November 11, 2014|publisher=Prestel|isbn=9783791354033|language=en}}</ref> * Sterling Ruby (Phaidon Contemporary Artists Series) (October 10, 2016); onye nkwado <ref>{{Cite book|title=Sterling Ruby|author=Morgan|first=Jessica|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=Phaidon Press|isbn=9780714870434|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sirmans,Franklin}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hac9amdfxanwj7im06x0wsgbqu64qfj 0 46713 692934 195618 2026-07-31T02:24:57Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692934 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Sir Richard Sheridan Patrick Michael Aloysius Franklin Bowling''' OBE RA ''( né'' Richard Sheridan Franklin Bowling; amuru 26 Febrụwarị 1934), <ref name="Tate bio">{{Cite web|title=Sir Frank Bowling OBE RA|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sir-frank-bowling-obe-ra-792|accessdate=14 April 2023|work=[[Tate]]}}</ref> mara dị ka '''Frank Bowling''', bụ onye omenkà Britain nke amụrụ na British Guiana . A ma ama ya karịsịa maka nnukwu ihe osise ya bụ “Map” nke na-adịghị ahụkebe, bụ́ ndị metụtara okwu a na-adịghị ahụ anya, eserese agba agba na njiri egwu egwu . A kọwawo Bowling dị ka "otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe osise kachasị dị ndụ na Britain", <ref name="Arnolfini">{{Cite web|url=https://arnolfini.org.uk/whatson/frank-bowling/|work=[[Arnolfini, Bristol|Arnolfini]]|title=Frank Bowling: Land of Many Waters|date=2021|accessdate=27 January 2023}}</ref> dị ka "otu n'ime ndị omenkà ojii a ma ama pụta n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nka nke Britain mgbe agha gasịrị" <ref name="NPGprofile">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp18277|accessdate=27 January 2023|work=[[National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom)|National Portrait Gallery]]|title=Frank Bowling (1936–), Artist}}</ref> na dịka "onye nwe ọgbara ọhụrụ". <ref name="Arnolfini" /> Onye nkatọ omenala Britain na onye echiche Stuart Hall nọ na-arụ ọrụ Bowling n'ime ọgbọ mbụ, ma ọ bụ “efegharị” nke agha mgbe agha gasịrị, nka Black-British, nke e ji ndoro-ndoro ochichi mgbe agha gasịrị na mkpochapụ Britain . Ọ bụ onye omenkà ojii mbụ a họpụtara ịbụ onye otu Royal Academy of Arts . <ref name="Jaggi">{{Cite news|author=Jaggi|first=Maya|authorlink=Maya Jaggi|date=24 February 2007|accessdate=8 February 2023|title=The weight of colour|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/feb/24/art.art}}</ref> Na 2019, Bowling bụ isiokwu nke nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma na Tate Britain na, na 2022, mepere nnukwu ihe ngosi ọrụ mere site na 1966 ruo 1975 na Museum of Fine Arts Boston . <ref name="MFAB">{{Cite web|title=Frank Bowling's Americas|url=https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/frank-bowlings-americas|date=2022|accessdate=27 January 2023|work=[[Museum of Fine Arts Boston]]}}</ref> A na-anọchi anya ya na nchịkọta mba ụwa karịrị iri ise, gụnyere Museum of Modern Art (New York), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), Tate Britain (London) na Royal Academy of Arts (London). Bowling gụrụ akwụkwọ na Regent Street Polytechnic, Chelsea School of Art <ref name="McClean">{{Cite web|author=McClean|first=Sarah|date=29 May 2019|title=An interview with Frank Bowling|url=https://www.arts.ac.uk/colleges/chelsea-college-of-arts/stories/frank-bowling|accessdate=12 April 2023|work=[[Chelsea College of Arts]]}}</ref> na, emesia, Obodo na Guilds nke London Art School . Na 1959, e nyere ya akwụkwọ mmụta na Royal College of Art, ebe ọ sonyere ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe ya David Hockney, RB Kitaj, Derek Boshier na Patrick Caulfield . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Bowling na 26 February 1934 na Bartica, British Guiana, <ref name="Gooding">{{Cite book|author=Gooding|first=Mel|title=Frank Bowling|publisher=[[Royal Academy of Arts]]|year=2021|location=London|pages=20}}</ref> nye Richard Bowling na nwunye ya, Agatha. <ref name="Jaggi"/> N'afọ 1940, nna Bowling kpọgara ezinụlọ ya na New Amsterdam ka ọ were ọkwa ya dị ka onye na-akwụ ụgwọ ego na onye na-akwụ ụgwọ na ndị uwe ojii mpaghara. <ref name="Gooding"/> Nne Bowling bụ ezigbo onye na-akwa akwa, onye na-eji ejiji na igwe igwe; ọ mepụtara azụmahịa na-aga nke ọma site na ọkọ wee wuo nnukwu ụlọ nwere okpukpu atọ nke nwere akwụkwọ ozi nwere obi ike nke kpọsara: "Ụlọ ahịa dị iche iche nke Bowling". <ref name="Tate bio"/> Na May 1953, mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, Bowling kwagara [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|Britain]], <ref name="Cornish">{{Cite web|author=Cornish|first=Sam|title=Frank Bowling: A master abstractionist at last gets his due|url=https://www.artbasel.com/stories/frank-bowling-hauser-wirth-abstraction|accessdate=27 January 2022|work=Art Basel}}</ref> ebe ya na nwanne nna ya bi na London wee debanye aha na Westminster College of Commerce ka ọ mụọ Bekee. Mgbe ọrụ mba na Royal Air Force gasịrị, Bowling zutere onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Keith Critchlow n'ọdịnihu. N'ịbụ onye Critchlow nwere mmetụta, Bowling gara n'ihu na-amụ nkà, n'agbanyeghị ọchịchọ mbụ ịbụ onye na-ede uri na onye edemede. Ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ nne na nna ya na Redcliffe Gardens, Chelsea, bụ ebe Critchlow na-ese ya, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Chelsea School of Art . <ref name="McClean"/> Na 1959, Bowling meriri scholarships na [[London]] 's Royal College of Art, <ref name="Wilson">{{Cite web|author=Wilson|first=Simon|date=5 June 2019|title=Frank Bowling: the artist who put abstraction on the map|url=https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/article/magazine-frank-bowling|accessdate=13 April 2023|work=[[Royal Academy]]}}</ref> ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe ya gụnyere ndị nka dịka David Hockney, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Barnett, Laura|authorlink=Laura Barnett|date=2 July 2012|accessdate=11 April 2023|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/jul/02/frank-bowling-abstract-artist-interview|title=Frank Bowling and the politics of abstract painting|work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Derek Boshier, Allen Jones, RB Kitaj na Peter Phillips . Na mmalite nke ọmụmụ ya n'ebe ahụ, Bowling lekwasịrị anya na eserese - ka-ndụ nke karama, anụmanụ, anụ na ihe osise eserese. Eserese isi atụrụ ya, nke emere n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1960, bụ usoro apịtị, ọrụ siri ike na-echetara Giorgio Morandi na palette agba ya dara ogbi. Usoro eserese ọzọ emepụtara na 1960, akpọrọ Ndị na-eme egwuregwu, bụ agba chromatic doro anya na ihe mejupụtara asymmetrical. Bowling gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Royal College of Art na 1962. <ref name="RA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/academicians/painters/frank-bowling-ra,167,AR.html|title=Sir Frank Bowling RA (b.1934)|publisher=[[Royal Academy of Arts]]|accessdate=13 April 2023|archivedate=20 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220233814/http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/academicians/painters/frank-bowling-ra,167,AR.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Eserese ihe atụ na Art Pop (1950s na 1960s) === [[Usòrò:Frank_Bowling,_Cover_Girl,_1966,_acrylic,_oil,_and_silkscreened_ink_on_canvas,_149.8_x_101.6_cm._Courtesy_the_artist._Photographed_by_Charlie_Littlewood.jpg|thumb|257x257px| Frank Bowling, ''Cover Girl'', 1966]] Ọrụ nka nke Bowling malitere site na ihe ngosi azụmahịa mbụ ya, ''Image in Revolt'', na Grabowski Gallery na Chelsea, London, na October 1962. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1963, Bowling amalitela ịkụzi eserese na Camberwell School of Art na London. N'ebe ahụ, site n'enyemaka nke ngalaba na-ahụ maka textiles, ọ chịkọbara mkpọkọ iberibe akwa akwa ndị e ji ihe na-acha uhie uhie ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ bipụta ihe oyiyi nke enyo nke nne ya. Ihe osise mbụ nke etinyere ihe onyonyo a bụ ''Cover Girl'' (1966). Aha aha a na-ezo aka na nwa agbọghọ nwere uwe Mary Quant na ntutu isi Vidal Sassoon, ihe onyonyo ewepụtara na mkpuchi nke ''mgbakwunye'' agba agba nke March 1966. Ihe osise mara mma nke akụkụ mbụ nke ọrụ Frank Bowling bụ ''Mirror'' (1964–66), njedebe nke afọ mmepe na London. Na eserese a, Bowling pụtara ugboro abụọ: n'elu steepụ okirikiri sitere na ụlọ akwụkwọ eserese Royal College of Art, na n'ụkwụ nke steepụ, ihe atụ maka mgbanwe na mpụta. N'etiti ihe oyiyi Paddy Kitchen dị. === "Map eserese" (1967-1971) === [[Usòrò:Frank_Bowling,_Polish_Rebecca,_1971,_acrylic_and_spray_paint_on_canvas,_277_x_359_cm._Courtesy_the_artist._Photographed_by_Charlie_Littlewood.jpg|thumb|175x175px| Frank Bowling, ''Rebecca Polish'', 1971]] Site na gburugburu 1967 ruo 1971, obere oge ka ọ bịarutere New York, Bowling mere otu ọrụ nke a maara ugbu a dị ka eserese eserese. Maka Bowling, ihe eserese eserese a rụrụ ma dị ka isiokwu na-akpali akpali yana dị ka ngwaọrụ iji hazie ụgbọ elu foto ọgbara ọhụrụ. Bowling họpụtara ka ọ weta atọ n'ime akwa akwa ndị a nwere oke nha - ''Marcia H Travels'' (1970), ''Texas Louise'' (1971), na ''Australia ruo'' ''Africa'' (1971) - yana ọrụ abụọ pere mpe, ''Polish Rebecca'' (1971) na ''iso Robert Hughes njem'' ( 1969-70), na ihe ngosi ngosi ngosi ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya, emere na Whitney Museum of American Art site na 4 Nọvemba ruo 6 Disemba 1971. <ref name="Diaspora">{{Cite web|title=Frank Bowling – Whitney|url=http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=114&table=exhibitions|accessdate=13 April 2023|work=Diaspora Artists|archivedate=13 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413194829/http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=114&table=exhibitions}}</ref> === "Ihe osise ndị a wụsara" (1974-1978) === [[Usòrò:Frank_Bowling,_Grating_Rhymes,_1975,_acrylic_on_canvas,_233.5_x_119.5_cm._Courtesy_the_artist._Photographed_by_Charlie_Littlewood.jpg|thumb|341x341px| Frank Bowling, ''Grating Rhymes'', 1978]] N'afọ 1974, Bowling rụrụ ikpo okwu osisi a na-ebugharị ebugharị, nke a na-atụgharị dị ka seesaw, nke mere na enwere ike ịwụsa agba n'elu akwa akwa a na-agbatịghị agbatị n'elu ala gbadoro ụkwụ. Amara dị ka eserese ndị a wụsara, e ji mara ha bụ usoro ziri ezi, akụkụ akụkụ anọ, linearity of cascading wụsara agba na akụkụ mkpuchi. Nchikota nke ohere na usoro ziri ezi rụpụtara ọrụ ndị na-ebute usoro na-ekekọrịta mmekọrịta na ogologo ahịrị nke eserese nkịtị. Eserese ndị a wụsara bụ isiokwu nke ihe ngosi na Tate Britain na 2012. <ref name="Martin">{{Cite journal|author=Martin|first=Courtney J|date=3 May 2012|title=The Middle of the Day|url=https://www.frieze.com/article/middle-day|accessdate=10 April 2023|journal=Frieze|issue=147}}</ref> <ref name="Williams">{{Cite news|author=Williams|first=Holly|authorlink=Holly Williams (journalist)|title=Chroma chameleon: The bright essence of Frank Bowling's paintings floods his London home|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/property/interiors/chroma-chameleon-the-bright-essence-of-frank-bowling-s-paintings-floods-his-london-home-7999580.html|accessdate=10 April 2023}}</ref> === Afọ 1980 === [[Usòrò:Frank_Bowling,_Philoctetes'_Bow,_1987,_acrylic_paint_and_acrylic_gel_with_mixed_media_over_foam_on_collaged_canvas,_183_x_360_cm._Courtesy_the_artist._Photographed_by_Charlie_Littlewood.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Frank Bowling, ''Ụta Philoctetes'', 1987]] Ka ọ na-erule mmalite 1980s, eserese ndị gbara agba, gbachie na ndị na-asọpụta, na-ejikarị nnukwu gel, bụ akụkụ dị ịrịba ama nke ihe osise Bowling. Oge mgbanwe rutere n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1984, mgbe ọ bịarutere na Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture na [[Mën|Maine]] maka ebe obibi onye nkuzi-onye na-ese ihe. Ngwa ngwa, ọ malitere itinye ọtụtụ ihe n'ime ihe osise ya dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ, rọba na ụfụfụ. N'afọ 1986, Bowling gosipụtara otu nnukwu eserese ọhụrụ na Serpentine Gallery na London, nke Ronald Alley chepụtara, mgbe ahụ, onye na-elekọta Art Modern na Tate Gallery. <ref name="Serpentine">{{Cite book|title=Frank Bowling Painting|publisher=[[Serpentine Galleries]]|year=1986}}</ref> Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị a gosipụtara bụ ''Wintergreens'' (1986), ugbu a na mkpokọta Royal Academy. Otu afọ mgbe ihe ngosi ahụ gasịrị na Serpentine Gallery, isi ọrụ sitere n'otu afọ ahụ, ''Spreadout Ron Kitaj'' (1986), nwetara site na Tate. Nakwa na 1987, Bowling kere ''Philoctete's Bow'', ọrụ e ji mara mgbagwoju anya, ihe ndị a na-edepụta ihe, nke bụ ihe mgbakwunye na ihe nchịkọta dị ka (gụnyere stitching, patching na gluing iberibe n'elu). Ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke 1980s, Bowling mere ihe osise ''Great Thames'' ya (1989), na-asọpụrụ nnukwu ndị na-ese ihe nkiri odida obodo Bekee JMW Turner na Thomas Gainsborough . Nke a bụkwa oge Bowling malitere ịrụ ọkpụkpụ. Ihe ọkpụkpụ asaa rụpụtara. Maka ihe ngosi 1988 na Royal West of England Academy (RWA) na Bristol, o mere otu ihe ọkpụkpụ ọzọ na galvanized ígwè . === 2000s ruo ugbu a === [[Usòrò:Frank_Bowling,_Epps,_2009,_acrylic_on_canvas,_66.9_x_173_cm._Courtesy_the_artist._Photographed_by_Charlie_Littlewood.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Frank Bowling, ''Epps'', 2009]] N'afọ 2009, Bowling mepụtara usoro eserese "zippers" kwụ ọtọ na kwụ ọtọ, gụnyere ''Epps'', ''Litchfield'' na ''Chance Chinese'' (niile 2009), na-atụ aro elu igwe ogologo ma ọ bụ ogologo oge. Na 2011, Bowling gosipụtara ọrụ ọhụrụ a maara dị ka ''Crossings'' na ROLLO Contemporary Art na London. N'ime ihe osise ndị a, a na-ebufe eriri agba n'etiti akwa akwa ahụ na-emepụta njupụta nke agba dị iche. <ref>''Frank Bowling RA: Crossings'' (London: Rollo Contemporary Art, 2011), exhibition leaflet.</ref> ''Ịgafe: Snakeheadpassage'' (2011) na ''Crossing: Liberty'' (2011) bụ ihe atụ abụọ a. == Ihe ngosi ahọpụtara == * ''Frank Bowling's America'', New York, 1966–75. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Fine Arts Boston na San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, 2022–23. * ''Frank Bowling: Penumbral Light'' . Hauser &amp;amp; Wirth, Zurich, 2022. * ''Frank Bowling: Ọkpụkpụ'' . Stephen Lawrence Gallery, Mahadum nke Greenwich Gallery, London, 2022. * ''Frank Bowling: ihe nrite Wolfgang Hahn'' . Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Ludwig, Cologne, Germany, 2022. * ''Mpaghara Slip: Nlele ọhụụ na Abstraction Postwar na America na East Asia'', Dallas Museum of Art, 2021–22. * ''Frank Bowling: Ala nke Ọtụtụ Mmiri'' . Ụlọ ihe nkiri Arnolfini, Bristol, 2021. * ''Frank Bowling.'' ''Obodo Britain'' . London, 2019. * ''Mkpụrụ obi nke Mba: Art in the Age of Black Power'' . Tate Modern, London, 2018. * ''Frank Bowling: Mappa Mundi'' . Haus der Kunst, Munich, 2017–18. * ''Njem: Ọrụ na-adịbeghị anya na Akwụkwọ nke Frank Bowling RA'' . Royal Academy of Arts, London, 2011. * ''Frank Bowling RA: Ịgafe'' . Rollo Contemporary Art, London, 2011. * ''Frank Bowling: Jupụta ìhè - Ihe ngosi nyocha nke na-egosi eserese sitere na 1978 ruo 2004'' . GR N'Namdi Gallery, Detroit, Michigan, United States, 2005. * ''Na-ehulata grid: njirimara ojii na nguzogide na nka nke Frank Bowling'' . Aljira, Center for Contemporary Art, Newark, New Jersey, United States, 2003. * ''Ahịrị mmejọ: Art Africa dị ugbu a na ọdịdị ala na-agbanwe'' . Venice Biennale, 2003. * ''Frank Bowling: Bowling na Site na narị afọ'' . Ọtụtụ ebe, 1996–67. * ''Frank Bowling: Ihe osise'' . Ụlọ ihe nkiri Serpentine, London, 1986. * ''Frank Bowling'' . Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Whitney nke American Art, New York, 1971. == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == === Ihe ngosi katalọgụ === * Alloway, Lawrence, Hunter, Sam na Bowling, Frank. ''5+1'' . New York: Mahadum State nke New York na Stony Brook, 1969. * Alley, Ronald. ''Frank Bowling'' . London: Ụlọ ihe nkiri Serpentine, 1986. * Enwezor, Okwuri; with contributes by Frank Bowling, [[Okwui Enwezor]], Rose Jones, [[Kobena Mercer]], Anna Schneider, [[Zoé Whitley|Zoe Whitley]], [[Lynette Yiadom-Boakye]] . ''Frank Bowling: Mappa Mundi'' . Munich, London na New York: Prestel, 2014. * Crippa, Elena, ed. ''Frank Bowling'' . London: mbipụta nke Tate, 2009. * Ihe nkwado, Gemma. ''Frank Bowling.'' ''Ala nke ọtụtụ mmiri'' . Bristol: Arnolfini, 2021. === Akwụkwọ === * Cornish, Sam. ''Frank Bowling: Ọkpụkpụ'' . London: Ụlọ elu, 2022. * Daalụ, Mel. ''Frank Bowling'' . London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2011 (mbipụta nke abụọ, 2015). === Nchịkọta ọha === Enwere ike ịhụ ọrụ Bowling n'ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ ọha mba ụwa 50, gụnyere: * Tate Britain, London * Museum of Modern Art, New York * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Metropolitan, New York * Eli na Edythe Broad Art Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Fine Arts Boston, Boston * San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco * Nchịkọta Pinault, Bourse du Commerce, Paris * Moderna Museum, Stockholm * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Ludwig, Cologne * Royal Academy of Arts, London * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Art, Łódź, Poland * Ụlọ ọrụ Art nke Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minnesota * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Victoria na Albert, London * Nchịkọta Menil, Houston * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Whitney nke American Art, New York == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120902070433/http://www.iniva.org/library/archive/people/b/bowling_frank Frank Bowling] Archived </link> na Institute of International Visual Arts * Miles, AJ, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070625062055/http://www.ajmiles.net/artists/frank-bowling.asp "Frank Bowling Contemporary Abstract Artist"] Archived </link> * [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/sep/20/frank-bowling-guide-to-painting "Onye na-ese ihe bụ Frank Bowling ka ọ na-ese ihe"], ''Onye na-ekiri'', 20 Septemba 2009 * [https://skotogallery.com/?s=Frank+Bowling "Frank Bowling - na-arụ ọrụ site na studio. Curator: Spencer Richards "] . New York: Ụlọ ihe nkiri Skoto, 2003 * Excerpt from Frank Bowling's Life and Work, ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke Rose Jones duziri * Ibe omenkà [https://www.hauserwirth.com/artists/30000-frank-bowling Frank Bowling], Hauser &amp;amp; Wirth * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPrK1bBHrPw Otu esi ese ihe dị ka Frank Bowling], Tate, 2019. eweghachiri 26 Jenụwarị 2023 == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * 15 artworks by or after Frank Bowling at the Art UK site * Portraits of Frank Bowling at the National Portrait Gallery, London {{DEFAULTSORT:Bowling, Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6rrl7qxh2c17gq45xota45x42qhovh5 0 46722 692848 177071 2026-07-30T20:34:12Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 692848 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:Frank Stewart.jpg|thumb|Frank Stewart]] Frank Stewart ( About 1949) bụ onye na-ese foto dabere America na New York.  A mara ya nke ọma maka ịse ndị egwu Jazz a ma ama. == Akụkọ ndụ == . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Frank Stewart: Black Arts Initiative|url=https://www.miamioh.edu/cca/performing-arts-series/events/meet-frank-stewart/index.html|work=Miami University}}</ref>Frank Stewart na 1949, na Nashville, Tennessee, ma ndị na-eso ya na Memphis na Chicago.  [1] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 14, o weere foto mbụ ya na March na Washington maka Ọrụ na akwụkwọ onwe .  [2] Maka ọtụtụ ọrụ ya, ọ bụ onye na-ese foto.  Site na ego sitere na ndị na-enye mba abụọ maka ngosi nka, Stewart gara obodo ahụ na-ese foto obodo ndị America America.  [3] Na 1977, itinyere ya dị ka ụgwọ nke ndị otu mbụ nke ndị okpukpe kwere na Cuba Communist.  [4] Stewart na-arụkọ ọnụ na onye na-ese ihe Romare Bearden, na-ese ya foto na na studio ya, site na 1975 ruo mgbe onye na-ese ihe ọnwụ na 1988. [5] Ndị Kọmiti  Olympic mbụ Stewart ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ese foto ndị ọrụ maka Summer Summer 1984 na Los Angeles.  [6] Dị ka nke Kamoinge, ihe mkpokọta foto nke Africa-American nke na New York, ọ gara na ngalaba ndepụta nke New Orleans iji depụta foto ndị nke Hurrican Katrina mere na 2005. [7] Ọ bụ onye prọfesọ na-  ahụ maka foto na Mahadum State nke New York (SUNY) na Purchase, ọ bụrụ onye tinye maka National Urban League A kacha mara Frank Stewart maka foto jazz ya.  Ọ na-eji ọrụ n'okporo ụzọ, na-eme njem na ihe merenụ na jazz pianist na onye na-ede abụ Ahmad Jamal n'etiti 1970s.  [1] N'ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 50, ọ na-ese foto ụfọdụ n'ime ndị egwu jazz a ma ama egwu, Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, Max Roach, Sonny Rollins, Dexter Gordon, Lionel Hampton,  Roy Hargrove, Marcus Roberts, na Wynton Marsalis.  [2] Frank Stewart bụ onye isi ọrụ na-ese foto maka Jazz na Lincoln Center . == Agụmakwụkwọ == Stewart gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Art Institute of Chicago, wee nweta BFA na Foto site na Cooper Union na New York na 1975 <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-25|title=The Photography of Frank Stewart|url=http://newrochellearts.org/the-photography-of-frank-stewart/|accessdate=2021-05-13|work=New Rochelle Council on the Arts|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513070538/http://newrochellearts.org/the-photography-of-frank-stewart/}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == Egosiputala foto Frank Stewart na ihe ngosi iri atọ na ihe ngosi otu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Stewart - Jazz Photograph of Miles Davis by Frank Stewart, 'Miles in the Green Room'|url=https://www.1stdibs.com/art/photography/black-white-photography/frank-stewart-jazz-photograph-miles-davis-frank-stewart-miles-green-room/id-a_7798772/|accessdate=2021-05-13|work=1stDibs.com|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ihe ngosi solo ahọpụtara === * 2023 ''Frank Stewart's Nexus: Njem Onye na-ese foto America, 1960 ruo ugbu a'', mkpokọta Phillips, Washington, DC * 2019 ''ụda nke mkpụrụ obi m: Ndụ Frank Stewart na Jazz'', The Cooper Gallery, Mahadum Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts * ''Capsule Oge 2019: Foto nke Frank Stewart'', Osisi Neptune & Brown * 2017 ''Harlems nke ha'', Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Studio na Harlem * 2016 ''gburugburu 1970'', The Studio Museum na Harlem * 2011 ''Njegharị zuru okirikiri: Egwu Anya Frank Stewart'', Jazz na Lincoln Center, New York * 2009 ''The Contemporary Frank Stewart'', Essie Green Galleries, New York * 2005 ''Frank Stewart: Romare Bearden/Afọ Ikpeazụ'', High Museum, Atlanta, GA * 2004 ''Frank Stewart, Jazz na Lincoln Center'', Time Warner Building, NY, NY * 1997 ''Frank Stewart: Riffs, Rectangles, na Nzaghachi: Afọ 25 nke Foto'', Leica Gallery, New York City <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Stewart {{!}} Photography|url=http://frankstewartphoto.com/mobile/index.html|accessdate=2021-04-22|work=frankstewartphoto.com}}</ref> === Ihe ngosi otu ahọpụtara === * 2010 Panopticon Gallery of Photography, Boston, MA * 2009 Galerie Intemporel, Paris, France * 2009 Ụda: Bipute: Ndekọ, Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka University, Newark, Delaware * 2006 Engulfed site Katrina, Foto Tupu & Mgbe Oké Ifufe, Nathan Cummings Foundation & NYU Tisch School of Arts, NY * 2005 Delta ruo Delta, Museum of Art and Origins, Harlem, New York * 2005 Carnival, Cummings Foundation, New York * 2004 Romare Bearden, Schomburg Center, New York * 2003 Saturday Night Sunday Morning, Leica Gallery, New York City * 2000 Harlem: Ihe ngosi otu, Leica Gallery, New York City UFA Gallery Presents Jazz Plus, Kamoinge Workshop, New York City * 1999 Black New York Ndị na-ese foto nke narị afọ nke 20, Nhọrọ sitere na mkpokọta Schomburg Center, New York City == Nchịkọta == Foto Frank Stewart dị na mkpokọta na-adịgide nke nnukwu ụlọ ihe mgbe ochie mepere emepe, Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, [1] Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), [2] na High Museum <ref>{{Cite web|title=Romare Bearden, Long Island City Studio, 1980|url=https://high.org/collections/romare-bearden-long-island-city-studio-1980/|accessdate=2021-05-13|work=High Museum of Art|language=en-US}}</ref> == Sọpụrụ na ụgwọ ọrụ == * Onyinye mba maka mmekọ nka (ugboro abụọ) * Mmekọrịta NIFFA na 2002 * New York Creative Artist Ọha ihe nrite * Ndị nta akụkọ Jazz nke America Lona Foote-Bob Award Parent Award maka Ọkachamma Ọrụ == Mbipụta == * ''Romare Bearden: Foto nke Frank Stewart'' (Pomegranate Communications Inc., 2004) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Romare Bearden|url=https://beardenfoundation.org/product/romare-bearden/|accessdate=2021-05-12|work=Bearden Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''The Sweet Breath of Life'', uri nke Ntozake Shange, foto nke Frank Stewart deziri, foto nke Kamoinge (Simon & Schuster, 2004.) * ''Smokestack Lightning: Adventures in the Heart of Barbecue Country'', nke Lolis Eric Elie dere ya na foto Frank Stewart (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1996) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Smokestack Lightning|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1003535|accessdate=2021-05-13|work=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref> * ''Sweet Swing Blues on the Road'', nke Wynton Marsalis dere ya na foto Frank Stewart (WW Norton & Company, 1994). <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://static.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/wynton-marsalis/sweet-swing-blues-on-the-road/|title=Sweet Swing Blues on the Road|publisher=Kirkus Reviews|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231230201255/http://www.frankstewartphoto.com/ Saịtị gọọmentị] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230328182154/https://www.jazz.org/blog/behind-the-lens-an-interview-with-frank-stewart/ Ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Frank Stewart] {{DEFAULTSORT:Stewart,Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 42tdd68mwsghx75hjlbklrekd2zcfqh 0 46879 692633 692599 2026-07-30T12:07:30Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Added {{DEFAULTSORT}} and {{DATABOX}} 692633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Flóra Anna Buda (amuru March 4, 1991) bu onye isi ihe nkiri Hungarian na ihe nkiri dabere na Paris, [[France]] .  A mara ya nke ukwuu maka ide na iduzi obere ihe nkiri na-emeri ọtụtụ ihe nrite 27, nke ihe nkiri na Cannes Film Festival na 2023, ebe ọ meri Palme d'Or du court métrage .  [1] Buda edewokwa ma duzie obere ihe nkiri Entropia (2019) na-enweta ihe nrite, nke bụ ọrụ ngụsị akwụkwọ ya na MOME. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Robinson|first=Chris|date=2022-05-10|title=Moholy-Nagy University Of Art And Design Through The Eyes Of Its Alumni|url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/schools/moholy-nagy-university-art-design-214897.html|accessdate=2023-12-28|work=Cartoon Brew|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Amidi|first=Amid|date=2021-04-15|title=Short Pick Of The Day: 'Entropia' By Flóra Anna Buda|url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/cartoon-brew-pick/short-pick-of-the-day-entropia-by-flora-anna-buda-204339.html|accessdate=2023-12-28|work=Cartoon Brew|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Buda aha animation na MOME (Budapest, Hungary) wee gụchaa na 2014 na nzere bachelọ na animation yana na 2018 jiri nzere nna ukwu na animation <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ malitere ọzụzụ na MIYU Productions, ebe ọ mechara bụrụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri. N'agbata 2018 na 2019, Buda sonyeere na mmemme nke European-Union akwụkwọ 'Animation Sans Frontières', [1] ihe omumu ihe omumu nke mba uwa na École de l'image GOBELINS na Paris, France;  Filmakademie Baden Württemberg na Ludwigsburg, [[Jémanị|Germany]];  Ndị ọrụ ihe nkiri na Viborg, [[Denmark]];  MOME na Budapest, Hungary. Buda sokwa na ebe obibi ndị nka abụọ n'etiti 2020 na 2022: ọ gara Open Workshop, na ebe obibi mba maka ụwa ndị isi ihe nkiri na The Animation Workshop, na ebe obibi mba ụwa maka ndị isi ihe nkiri CICLIC, na Vendôme,  France <ref>{{Cite web|title=You are being redirected...|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2023/07/27-director-flora-anna-buda-reflects-on-her-annecy-cristal-winning-short/|accessdate=2023-12-29|work=www.animationmagazine.net}}</ref> Ihe nkiri mbụ mbụ ya, 27, ka emechara na 2023 wee malite na Cannes Film Festival n'otu awụ ahụ.. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=‘27’ by Hungarian director Flóra Anna Buda wins Short Film Palme d'Or in Cannes │ Szegedify|url=https://www.szegedify.com/world-news/2023/5/29/27-by-hungarian-director-flora-anna-buda-wins-short-film-palme-dor-in-cannes|accessdate=2023-12-28|work=Szegedify|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Ụbọchị mgbe ọdịdị nne kụrụ m aka'' (2015) - onye nduzi, onye nduzi ihe nkiri, onye na-eme ihe nkiri <ref>{{Cite web|title=Flóra Anna Buda|url=https://nfi.hu/cast/flora-anna-buda|accessdate=2024-01-15|work=NFI|language=EN}}</ref> * ''Superbia'' (2016) - agba, kpochaa * ''Entropia'' (2019) - onye nduzi, onye nduzi nka, onye edemede edemede <ref>{{Cite web|author=Shorts|first=Berlinale|date=2019-02-01|title=AN INTERVIEW WITH FLÓRA ANNA BUDA ABOUT ‚ENTROPIA‘|url=https://shortsblog.berlinale.de/2019/02/01/an-interview-with-flora-anna-buda-about-entropia/|accessdate=2024-01-15|work=Berlinale Shorts|language=de-DE}}</ref> * ''Symbiosis'' (2019) - onye mmebe ndabere * ''Amụrụ na Auschwitz'' (2021) - animator * ''27'' (2023) - onye isi, onye na-ese ihe nkiri, onye ntụzi nka, onye nrụpụta ndabere, onye na-ese okirikiri, onye na-eme ihe nkiri <ref name=":2" /> == Nkwenye == Ụbọchị Ikpeazụ Buda Master's Entropia, aro Teddy Bear na 69th Berlinale na 2019 loo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Berlinale: Entropia won the Teddy Award|url=https://nfi.hu/en/national-film-institute/news/berlinale-entropia-won-the-teddy-award.html|accessdate=2023-12-28|work=NFI|language=EN}}</ref> <ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Team|first=Z. F.|date=2021-02-11|title=Flóra Anna Buda: Curation of Short Animation Film Really Matters Online (Indie Online 2020 Project)|url=https://www.zippyframes.com/interviews/flora-anna-buda-interview|accessdate=2023-12-28|work=Zippy Frames|language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=96TH OSCARS® SHORTLISTS IN 10 AWARD CATEGORIES ANNOUNCED|url=http://press.oscars.org/news/96th-oscarsr-shortlists-10-award-categories-announced|accessdate=2023-12-28|work=press.oscars.org|language=en}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ya 27 meri Palme d'Or na 2023 Cannes Film Festival [1] [2] na onyunyo Cristal na 2023 Annecy International Animation Film Festival .  [3] Na 2023, ihe nkiri nkiri ahụ na European Film Awards maka Best European Short Film, [4] wee depụta aha ya na 2024 César Awards .  [5] Na Disemba 21, 2023, 27 ka edekwara aha na 96th Academy Awards . == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|nm8087945|Flóra Anna Buda}} * [https://www.unifrance.org/annuaires/personne/445218/flora-anna-buda Flóra Anna Buda] at Unifrance. * [https://vimeo.com/floraannabuda Flóra Anna Buda] on Vimeo. {{DEFAULTSORT:Buda, Flora Anna}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ezxmnrxxhvkd9dy5f4vg33ll29j35bd 0 47064 692749 595430 2026-07-30T14:25:35Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added default sort and databox 692749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gabriela Alemán ( mmalite c. 1995), [1] na-ebute na ike dị ka Smug Morenita, bụ onye na-ese ihe na ihe ngosi nke America.  Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe na-anya onwe ya nke na-ahụ nka pop na-atọ nke na-egosi omenala Latinx na akara ngosi. <ref name="Raza">{{Cite web|date=February 2020|title=In The Name Of...? Works by Gabriela Alemán|url=http://www.galeriadelaraza.org/eng/events/index.php?op=view&id=7477|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[Galería de la Raza]]|archivedate=2023-11-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126211853/http://www.galeriadelaraza.org/eng/events/index.php?op=view&id=7477}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Alemán mụrụ ma zụlite na San Francisco, California, US . [1] Ọ bụ nwanyị queer nke ejiri mara onwe ya na onye America nke mbụ. [2] Ọ bụ ada ndị si Nicaragua na El Salvador kwabata. [3] [4] [5] Alemán tolitere na Mission District nke San Francisco, ebe a chụpụrụ ezinụlọ ya n'ụlọ ha n'otu oge n'oge ọganihu mmalite nke dot-com <ref name="Yahoo">{{Cite web|author=Clark|first=Laura|date=2021-09-22|title=In The Know Honors: Gabriela Alemán|url=https://www.intheknow.com/post/in-the-know-honors-gabriela-aleman/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[Yahoo!]] In The Know|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216163320/https://www.intheknow.com/post/in-the-know-honors-gabriela-aleman/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Na 2019, Alemán nyere aka chepụta na ike ihe osise maka akara Loteria n'oge akwụkwọ #MissionLoteria na San Francisco.  [1] Na Disemba 14, 2019 Alemán bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na-agụ na ihe ngosi 6th multidisciplinary multidisciplinary kwa afọ na Acción Latina's Juan R. Fuentes Gallery.  [2] Na Febụwarị 5, 2020, kwurura Alemán na Galería de La Raza na mmeghe ihe ngosi a gosipụtara aha n'Aha nke…?.  [3] Na mgbakwunye na ịbụ onye na-ese ihe, Gabriela Alemman bụkwa onye nhazi obodo na onye na-akwado ya.  [4] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 26, Alemman mebere ọrụ Nri nke Mission iji nye ndị na mkpa nri na nri ọhụrụ.  [4].  [4] nri nke Mission ngwaọrụ enweta ego mgba ọ gbala ma onyinye na ndị ọrụ afụ na-eme ya.  [4] A na-egosi ihe ndị na-eme ihe ngosi nke ọma wee ike na ọ ga-adị mma iri nri.  [4] Alemán na-ahụkwa na ọtụtụ n'ime ngwa ahihia ndị a na-enye bụ ndị obodo Latinx nabatara nke ọma.  [4] Alemán bụkwa onye isi oche Latin @ Young Democrats nke San Francisco wee mee ihe dị ka onye njikwa nri nwa oge maka Gabriela López.  [5] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye otu kansụl Calle 24, yana onye otu Chavalos de Aqui y Allá. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=|date=2020-01-30|title=Bay Area Nicaraguans react to country’s political turmoil through art, solidarity|url=https://eltecolote.org/content/en/bay-area-nicaraguans-react-to-countrys-political-turmoil-through-art-solidarity/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[ El Tecolote (newspaper)|El Tecolote]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Na-arụ ọrụ == * N'oge 2019 #MissionLoteria initiative na San Francisco, Alemán na-arụkọ ọrụ na onye na-ese ihe [[Ivan C. Lopez]], na [[Valeria Olguín]] iji chepụta kaadị Loteria. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Mark|first=Julian|date=2019-11-29|title='Lotería'-themed 'shop local' campaign coming to Mission Street on Saturday|url=http://missionlocal.org/2019/11/loteria-themed-shop-local-campaign-coming-to-mission-street-on-saturday/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[Mission Local]]|language=en-US}}</ref> * N'afọ 2019, ihe osise Alemán gosipụtara na ihe ngosi 6th multidisciplinary multidisciplinary kwa afọ na Acción Latina's Juan R. Fuentes Gallery. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=|date=2019-12-02|title=Cómplices en la Resistencia|url=https://accionlatina.org/en/complices-en-la-resistencia/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[Acción Latina]]|language=en-US}}</ref> * E gosipụtara ihe osise Alemán na Galería de La Raza na mmeghe nke ihe ngosi ahụ akpọrọ ''In The Name Of…?.'' <ref name="Raza"/> * E gosipụtara ụfọdụ ihe osise Alemán na webụsaịtị maka Center for Cultural Power. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Artist Gallery - The Center for Cultural Power|url=https://www.culturalpower.org/gallery/?q=smug+morenita+&topic=#search|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=www.culturalpower.org|archivedate=2023-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119043349/https://www.culturalpower.org/gallery/?q=smug+morenita+&topic=#search}}</ref> * Na 2019, Alemán mere ihe atụ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ El Tecolote bipụtara. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2019-04-25|title=Family seeks justice for slain Indigenous mother|url=https://eltecolote.org/content/en/family-seeks-justice-for-slain-indigenous-mother/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[ El Tecolote (newspaper)|El Tecolote]]|language=en-US}}</ref> * Na Jenụwarị 14, 2019, a na-ahụ ihe osise Alemán na The Ramp Gallery. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gabriela Alemán at The Ramp Gallery|url=https://somarts.org/event/gabriela-aleman-at-the-ramp-gallery/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=SOMArts|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-12-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206012549/https://somarts.org/event/gabriela-aleman-at-the-ramp-gallery/}}</ref> * Alemán mere ihe atụ maka Disney+ na Wells Fargo . <ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Notable Hispanics in Underground Art – Anna D. Smith Fine Art and Real Estate Broker|url=https://adsmith.broker/5-notable-hispanics-in-underground-art/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=adsmith.broker|archivedate=2023-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119043852/https://adsmith.broker/5-notable-hispanics-in-underground-art/}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.smugmorenita.com/ Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alemán, Gabriela}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tujx6n57vw0z4r7oxshw8ogy4ttssta 0 47124 692856 171544 2026-07-30T20:42:34Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 692856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Franklin Rowe''' bụ onye mmebe ejiji America. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Rowe na Bronx . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Beatty|first=Robert|date=2013-07-03|title=Franklin Rowe's Fall 2013 fashions|url=http://www.sfltimes.com/uncategorized/franklin-rowes-fall-2013-fashions|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318055352/http://www.sfltimes.com/uncategorized/franklin-rowes-fall-2013-fashions|archivedate=2020-03-18|accessdate=2020-03-18|work=South Florida Times|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBeatty2013">Beatty, Robert (2013-07-03). . ''South Florida Times''. Archived from [http://www.sfltimes.com/uncategorized/franklin-rowes-fall-2013-fashions the original] on 2020-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Fiorello H. LaGuardia wee nweta akwụkwọ mmụta ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ Ejiji nke Traphagen . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brownalumnimagazine.com/index.php/articles/2015-05-08/another-worn-story|title=Another Worn Story|author=|first=|date=2015|work=Brown Alumni Magazine|language=en|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-03-18}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://costume.osu.edu/2014/08/29/traphagen-collection/|title=Traphagen Collection|author=|first=|date=2014-08-29|work=Historic Costume & Textiles Collection|publisher=Ohio State University|language=en-US|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-03-18}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ biri obere oge na Albuquerque, New Mexico tupu ọ laghachi New York City afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=1981-11-30|title=Designer Fashions Tell The Tale Of Two Cities|url=http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/157710616/|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-03-18|work=Albuquerque Journal|language=en}}</ref> Na 2013, ọ rebooted ya ika mgbe ihe mberede ụgbọ ala nke mere ka a 6 afọ hiatus. <ref name=":0"/> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye mmebe a ma ama, mgbakwasa Taye Diggs, Mary J. Blige, Grace Jones, Dionne Warwick, na [[Queen Latifah]], n'etiti ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/hauteis/docs/hauteis_spring2018_issue|title=Contributions|author=|first=|date=Spring 2018|work=Issuu|publisher=Haute is magazine|language=en|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-03-18}}</ref> ''South Florida Times'' kọwara ụdị ya dị ka "Afrika-American [nwere] ịma mma Euro". <ref name=":0"/> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ boutiques abụọ, na Atlanta na New York City. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Minus White|first=Renee|date=2013-08-08|title=New York Fashion Designer, Franklin Rowe's Fashion Reflects Classic 1940s Glamour|url=http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2013/aug/08/franklin-rowe-keeping-it-real-style/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-03-18|work=Amsterdam News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Fraser|first=Kristopher|date=2017-08-30|title=Call it a comeback: the return of Franklin Rowe|url=https://fashionunited.com/news/people/call-it-a-comeback-the-return-of-franklin-rowe/2017083017115|accessdate=2020-03-18|work=fashionunited.com|language=en-us}}</ref> == Ntụaka == mmụta ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ Ejiji nke Traphagen Mexico tupu ọ laghachi New York {{DEFAULTSORT:Rowe,Franklin}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ha9nki6os7kirac13mcpl7sl2u0j6w4 0 47152 693002 672291 2026-07-31T05:17:30Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 693002 wikitext text/x-wiki ''' Edith Baumann''' bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri ihe osise mkpụmkpụ. <ref>{{cite book|title=The Print Collector's Newsletter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAlMAAAAYAAJ|volume=20|year=1989|publisher=Print Collector's Newsletter, Incorporated|page=26}}</ref> nke dị na Santa Monica, California.<ref>{{cite book|title=In Plain Sight: Abstract Painting in Los Angeles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JChKAQAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Blue Star Art Space|pages=1969–1973}}</ref><ref name="Pincus1994" /> Ihe osise ya dị obere<ref name="Fallon2014">{{cite book|author=Michael Fallon|title=Creating the Future: Art and Los Angeles in the 1970s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtHpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT136|date=18 August 2014|publisher=Counterpoint LLC|isbn=978-1-61902-404-5|pages=136–}}</ref><ref name="Torri1988">{{cite book|author=Maria Grazia Torri|title=Grand Tour: Italian Geo-romantic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3dOAAAAYAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Fabbri|page=not visible}}</ref> ma gụnye mmegharị na ụkpụrụ geometric na usoro,<ref name="Torri1988" /><ref name="NittveCrenzien1998">{{cite book|author1=Lars Nittve|author2=Helle Crenzien|author3=Louisiana (Museum : Humlebæk, Denmark)|title=Sunshine & noir: art in L.A., 1960-1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ1PAAAAMAAJ|date=February 1998|publisher=Louisiana Museum of Modern Art|isbn=9788790029197}}</ref> a na-egosikarị ya n'agba siri ike.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-22-ca-25195-story.html "AT THE GALLERIES"]. ''Los Angeles Times'', January 22, 1988|Leah Ollman</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A zaman Baumann na Ames, Iowa na 1948. Ọ natara BFA ya na Mahadum California, Los Angeles na 1975 yana MFA sitere na Mahadum Southern California na 1985. [1] N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, Baumann nwetara ọtụtụ oge, ihe nkiri  "Ihe osise Ogwe", [2] "Spiral Paintings", na "Randomness and Structure Painting"] Ihe kacha ọhụrụ ya bụ ike acrylic pigmenti na kwaaji. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Edith Baumann-Hudson at Newspace|journal=Art in America|date=June 1987}}</ref> Egosiputala ọrụ Baumann n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi solo na otu, <ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1992-12-11/entertainment/ca-1529_1_otis-gallery "ART REVIEWS : 'Coming Unraveled' Is Anything But at Otis Gallery"]. ''Los Angeles Times'', December 11, 1992 DAVID PAGEL</ref> gụnyere na 2018 ihe ngosi na Charlotte Jackson Fine Art Gallery na Santa Fe. Na 2014 Joan Quinn gbara Baumann ajụjụ ọnụ na " Profaịlụ Joan Quinn" na DoubleGTV <ref>{{Cite web|author=Quinn|first=Joan|title=Interview|url=http://www.doublegtv.com/entertainment/JoanQuinn/joanquinn10636.html|accessdate=January 14, 2014}}</ref> Ọrụ Baumann bụ na mkpokọta Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA). == Ihe ngosi == '''Ihe ngosi Solo''' * 1985 Lindhurst Gallery, Mahadum Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. * 1987 Newspace, Los Angeles, CA. * 1988 Newspace, Los Angeles, CA. * 1989 Rena Bransten Gallery, San Francisco, CA. * 1990 Modernism, San Francisco, CA. * 1990 Newspace, Los Angeles, CA. * 1993 Beatrix Wilhem Gallery, Stuttgart, Germany (katalọgụ). * 2005 M&W Art Ltd, Hong Kong, China * 2010 Pete na Susan Barrett Art Gallery, Santa Monica, CA. * 2011 Modernism, San Francisco, CA. * 2012 Katherine Cone Gallery, Culver City, CA. * 2018 parrasch heijnen, Los Angeles, CA. * 2020 parrasch heijnen, Los Angeles, CA. * 2023 Franklin Parrasch Gallery, New York, NY. '''Họrọ ihe ngosi otu''' * 1980 Abstract Painting 1980, Los Angeles Institute of Contemporary Art, CA. (katalọgụ). <ref name="Pincus1994">{{Cite book|author=Robert L Pincus|title=Art reviews and commentaries by Robert L. Pincus, art critic, snipped from the San Diego Union: a scrapbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKozAQAAIAAJ|year=1994|publisher=W.C. Thomas}}</ref> * 1987 Ndị nka Los Angeles: Nna-ukwu nke oge a, Ruthven Gallery, Lancaster, Ohio. * 1988 Mgbe Abstract gasịrị, Art Center College, Pasadena, CA. (katalọgụ) * Nhọrọ 1989 Abstract, Mahadum Art Museum, Univ. nke CA, Santa Barbara, CA, (katalọgụ). * 1991 Abalị nke Ememe, Laguna Art Museum, Laguna Beach, CA, Nov. * 1992 Intimate Universe, Michael Walls Gallery, New York, NY, Septemba. * 1993 Ọdịdị nke ihe na-abịa, Laguna Art Museum, Laguna Beach, CA, Nov. * 2008 Banyere Abstraction, Chapman Univ. Ụlọ ihe ngosi Guggenheim, Orange, CA. Julaị. * 2010 Mgbidi ruo Wall, Daniel Weinberg Gallery, Los Angeles, CA, June 5-Ọgọst. 14. * 2010 Ọdịdị nke oghere, 222 Shelby St. Gallery, Santa Fe, NM, June 11-July 31. * 2011 Akara na mmegharị: 5 Ndị na-ese ihe, Barrett Art Gallery, Santa Monica, CA, Ọkt. 22-Dec. 3 (katalọgụ). * 2011 Skin Freaks, Inman Gallery Annex, Houston, TX, Mee 20-June 25. * 2011 Gịnị dị ọhụrụ, Pussycat? , The Torrance Art Museum, Torrance, CA, Jan. 22-Mar. 5 * 2012 Pink, Charlotte Jackson Fine Art, Santa Fe, NM, Eprel 3–24. * 2012 California Abstract Painting, 1952-2011, Woodbury University, Burbank, CA, Jan. 21-Mar. 4. * 2013 7 Magnifici Anni, Art 1307, Napoli, Italy, Nov. 28 - Eprel 6, 2014. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Los Angeles County (LACMA) == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.edithbaumannstudio.com/ Weebụsaịtị onye nka] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180827192904/http://edithbaumannstudio.com/InterviewWithEdithBaumann.html Ajụjụ ọnụ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170223120054/http://georgelawsongallery.com/artists/e_baumann.html Osisi] {{DEFAULTSORT:Baumann, Edith}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jstuf8p1t4nzy13wu997p6rmmfs4yrl 0 47190 693050 644572 2026-07-31T08:18:49Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 693050 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ellen Berkenblit (amuru 1958) bu onye ihe osise America.  [1][2][3][4][5] Amụrụ ya na Paterson, New Jersey wee gụchaa na Cooper Union na 1980. [1] Ọ natara onyinye nka na akwụkwọ ozi sitere na American Academy of Arts and Letters na 2013  , [1] na gba Guggenheim n'afọ na-esote.  [1] O meela ihe ngosi na Anton Kern Gallery.  [1][2][3] Ndị nwe ihe ngosi nka nke Brooklyn nwere ihe atụ nke ọrụ ya <ref name=bm>{{cite web|title=Brooklyn Museum: Ellen Berkenblit|url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/artists/16627/Ellen_Berkenblit|website=www.brooklynmuseum.org|accessdate=29 September 2014}}</ref> ==Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Berkenblit, Ellen}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dot8scxxe55dhh138voq9tw9be66oyi 0 47348 693091 630849 2026-07-31T09:51:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Alyne Harris''' (amuru 1942) bu onye ihe osise ndi America nke si Gainesville, Florida . Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe na-akụzi onwe ya nke na-enweta mmụọ nsọ site na gburugburu ya na okpukperechi ya. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Alyne Harris na Machị 25, 1942 na Gainesville, Florida . O tolitere n'ugbo, ya na ụmụnne ya asaa. Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, Harris na ụmụnne ya nwanyị na-egwuri egwu n'ebe a na-eli ozu Pleasant Grove, ma ọ na-echeta na mbụ ọ mụtara ise ihe na unyi ebe ahụ. Mgbe ọ na-enwe ohere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ na-ese ihe na-ese ihe kama igwu egwu. O sitere n'okike na site n'ọhụụ ọ hụrụ banyere ndị mmụọ ozi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Alyne Harris {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/alyne-harris|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Harris nwere ụmụ abụọ ma rụọ ọtụtụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ ya niile, gụnyere na Mahadum Florida Cafeteria, ndị na-asa ákwà, ọrụ ụlọ mposi, na nlekọta ndị agadi. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ abalị na kọleji Santa Fe n'ime afọ iri atọ ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Gainesville Roots Run Deep for Folk Artist|url=https://gainesvilledowntown.com/2015/11/gainesville-roots-run-deep-for-folk-artist-alyne-harris/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Gainesville Downtown|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-03-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321190234/https://gainesvilledowntown.com/2015/11/gainesville-roots-run-deep-for-folk-artist-alyne-harris/}}</ref> O so na Williams Temple Sanctified Church of God in Christ in Gainesville, Florida ma jiri okwukwe ya kpalie ọrụ ya. N'oge ezumike ya, Alyne na-akụziri ụmụaka otú e si agba agba. <ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ == Ọrụ Harris dị ka onye na-ese ihe malitere inwe mmasị na mpaghara nka ndịda na 1990s. Ọ na-enweta mmụọ nsọ sitere na ọdịnala ndị America America, okpukperechi, na ọdịdị ya. Ọtụtụ akụkụ ya na-egosi ndị mmụọ ozi, ụka, ma ọ bụ okooko osisi. {{Cite web|date=2022-06-17|title=City of Gainesville buys 400 paintings to honor one of its most beloved local painters|url=https://www.wuft.org/entertainment/2022-06-17/city-of-gainesville-buys-400-paintings-to-honor-one-of-its-most-beloved-local-painters|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=WUFT {{!}} News and public media for north central Florida|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.wuft.org/entertainment/2022-06-17/city-of-gainesville-buys-400-paintings-to-honor-one-of-its-most-beloved-local-painters "City of Gainesville buys 400 paintings to honor one of its most beloved local painters"]. ''WUFT | News and public media for north central Florida''. 2022-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> Harris na-esekarị ihe n'abalị mgbe ọ na-ege egwu. Ọ na-eji agba acrylic eme ihe maka agba agba. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mallard|first=Aida|title=A celebration of culture|url=https://www.gainesville.com/story/news/guardian/2017/04/19/longtime-festival-artist-still-brings-something-special/21342973007/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Gainesville Sun|language=en-US}}</ref> Harris na-ahụ eserese ọgwụgwọ na ọ na-ama mgbe niile ihe ọ ga-ese tupu ọ malite. {{Cite book|author=Congdon|first=Kristin G.|url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=nlebk&AN=442965&site=ehost-live.|title=American Folk Art: A Regional Reference|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|pages=197-198}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCongdonHallmark2011">Congdon, Kristin G.; Hallmark, Kara Kelley (2011). [https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=nlebk&AN=442965&site=ehost-live. ''American Folk Art: A Regional Reference'']. ABC-CLIO. pp.&nbsp;197–198.</cite></ref> Nkà Harris dị n'ọtụtụ mkpokọta nzuzo, a na-egosipụtakwa ya na ihe ngosi n'ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na mmemme nka mpaghara. Na 2020, Historic Thomas Center zụtara iberibe 400 ya n'aka onye na-anakọta onwe ya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-06-17|title=City of Gainesville buys 400 paintings to honor one of its most beloved local painters|url=https://www.wuft.org/entertainment/2022-06-17/city-of-gainesville-buys-400-paintings-to-honor-one-of-its-most-beloved-local-painters|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=WUFT {{!}} News and public media for north central Florida|language=en}}</ref> A na-edebe ihe osise ya n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta, gụnyere House of Blues, Folk Art Museum of Central Texas, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Alyne Harris {{!}} Folk Art Museum of Central Texas|url=https://www.folkartmuseumcentraltx.org/index.php/Detail/entities/44#:~:text=Biography,black%20people%20in%20her%20community.|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=www.folkartmuseumcentraltx.org}}</ref> Folk Art Museum of New York City, Rockford Art Museum, Asheville Art Museu m, Souls Grown Deep, na [[Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke New Orleans|New Orleans. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nka]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Congdon|first=Kristin G.|url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=nlebk&AN=442965&site=ehost-live.|title=American Folk Art: A Regional Reference|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|pages=197-198}}</ref> Enwere ike zụta ihe osise Alyne site na ọtụtụ veranda ịntanetị, gụnyere Jeanine Taylor Folk Art <ref>{{Cite web|title=Alyne Harris {{!}} Jeanine Taylor Folk Art {{!}} Folk Art & Outsider Art {{!}}|url=https://www.jtfolkart.com/alynneharris|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=JT Folk Art|language=en|archivedate=2024-04-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425113341/https://www.jtfolkart.com/alynneharris}}</ref> na Main Street Gallery. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-20|title=Alyne Harris|url=https://mainstreetgallery.net/artist/alyne-harris/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Main Street Gallery|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ntụaka == ya na ihe ngosi n'ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na mmemme nka mpaghara. Na 2020, Historic Thomas Center zụtara iberibe 400 ya n'aka onye na-anakọta onwe ya. {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lyrhz5hilbtswcobvkj873sjq2u046m 0 47373 692827 670936 2026-07-30T20:18:27Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 692827 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Frank Ocean''' <ref name="FaderNameChange">{{Cite web|author=Fitzmaurice|first=Larry|title=Frank Ocean Legally Changed His Name to Frank Ocean|url=http://www.thefader.com/2015/04/23/frank-ocean-legally-changed-his-name-to-frank-ocean|work=The Fader|accessdate=April 23, 2015}}</ref> (amuru '''Christopher Edwin Breaux''' ; Ọktoba 28, 1987) bụ onye America na-agụ abụ, onye na-agụ abụ na onye na-agụ egwú. Ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ egwu kwadoro ọrụ mbụ ya maka ịsụ ụzọ ụdị R&amp;amp;B ọzọ . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Frank Ocean is a musical icon|url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/frank-ocean-albums|work=British GQ|date=April 24, 2017|language=en-GB|accessdate=May 25, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=European Journal of Cultural Studies|volume=18|issue=3|date=May 2014|author=Dhaenens|first=Frederik|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273597609|title=Resistant masculinities in alternative R&B? Understanding Frank Ocean and The Weeknd's representations of gender|accessdate=August 12, 2020}}</ref> Ocean emeriela Grammy Awards abụọ na onyinye Brit maka International Male Solo Artist n'etiti ihe nturu ugo ndị ọzọ, na edepụtala album studio ya abụọ na ''Rolling Stone'' ' 500 Kasị Mma Albums of All Time ' (2020). Ocean malitere ọrụ egwu ya dị ka onye na-ede ghost, tupu ịbanye na mkpokọta [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] Odd Future na 2010. N'afọ sochirinụ, o wepụtara mixtape mbụ ya, ''Nostalgia, Ultra'', wee nweta nkwekọrịta ndekọ na Def Jam Recordings . Ndekọ [[Album|studio]] izizi ya, eclectic ''Channel Orange'' (2012), webatara R&amp;amp;B na ụdị mkpụrụ obi . Na 2013 Grammy Awards, ''Channel Orange'' a họpụtara maka Album nke Afọ wee merie Best Urban Contemporary Album ; otu n'ime egwu ya, " Thinkin Bout You ", bụ onye a họpụtara maka ndekọ nke afọ . ''Time'' kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị kacha nwee mmetụta n'ụwa na 2013. Mgbe afọ anọ kwụsịtụrụ, Ocean weputara ọba ọhụụ akpọrọ ''Endless'' na 2016 iji mezuo ọrụ nkwekọrịta na Def Jam. Ocean onwe wepụtara ya nke abụọ studio album, ''Blonde'', otu ụbọchị mgbe ''ọgwụgwụ'' ' s tọhapụrụ. ''Blonde'' gbasaa na usoro egwu egwu nke Ocean wee bụrụ nke mbụ na ndepụta ''Pitchfork'' ' ọba kachasị mma nke afọ 2010s. Ọ bụ ọba ọnụọgụ mbụ ya na US <nowiki><i id="mwQQ">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200 wee nweta platinum site n'aka Associationlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ndekọ nke America (RIAA). Site na 2017 gaa n'ihu, Ocean ewepụtala ndị na-alụbeghị di na nwunye, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto maka akwụkwọ akụkọ, malite ụdị ejiji Homer, ma malite ''Homer Radio'' . Ocean ewepụtala egwu 14 na <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 n'ime oge ọrụ ya. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Ocean Christopher Edwin Breaux na Ọktoba 28, 1987, <ref name="MakesMoves">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/frank-ocean-cover-story-interview|title=Frank Ocean Makes Moves Like Nobody Else|author=Solway|first=Diane|date=September 30, 2019|work=[[W (magazine)|W]]|accessdate=March 16, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=May 19, 2020|title=Frank Ocean|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/frank-ocean/15669|accessdate=November 9, 2020|work=GRAMMY.com|language=en}}</ref> na Long Beach, [[California]] . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gq.com/story/frank-ocean-interview-gq-december-2012|title=Frank Ocean: On Channel Orange, Meeting Odd Future, and His Tumblr Letter|author=Wallace|first=Amy|date=November 20, 2012|work=[[GQ]]|accessdate=November 11, 2019}}</ref> Nna ya bụ Calvin Edward Cooksey <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Uko|first=Precious|date=2022-09-12|title=All about Frank Ocean's marriage, wife, boyfriends, kids|url=https://dnbstories.com/2022/09/about-frank-ocean-marriage-wife-boyfriends-kids.html|accessdate=2023-03-09|work=DNB Stories Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> ma bụrụ onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, <ref name=":3" /> na nne ya bụ Katonya Breaux Riley <ref name=":1" /> onye mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nkwekọrịta obibi. <ref name=":3" /> Ọ bụ nne ya zụrụ ya mgbe nne na nna ya gbara alụkwaghịm mgbe ọ dị afọ isii. <ref name=":3" /> O nwekwara nwanne nwoke nke tọrọ aha ya bụ Ryan Breaux onye nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala na 2020. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=August 2, 2020|title=Frank Ocean's Younger Brother Ryan Breaux Reportedly Killed In Crash Alongside Classmate Ezekial Bishop|url=https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2020/08/02/frank-ocean-brother-ryan-breaux-zeek-bishop-crash/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240125185723/https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/frank-ocean-brother-ryan-breaux-zeek-bishop-crash/|archivedate=January 25, 2024|accessdate=August 3, 2020|work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ ise, ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara n'ógbè New Orleans . <ref name="bbc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOVrXdCWIuU|title=Frank Ocean: BBC News Interview – BBC Sound of 2012|publisher=BBC|date=January 11, 2012|accessdate=July 18, 2012}}</ref> A zụlitere ya [[Onye Kraịst]], gụnyere obere oge dịka onye Katọlik . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ocean|first=Frank|title=post|url=https://frankocean.tumblr.com/post/1172106468/i-was-raised-christian-only-had-a-few-friends|accessdate=2023-01-04|work=Frank Ocean}}</ref> Nna nna Ocean Lionel McGruder Jr. bụ nna maka Ocean mgbe nna ya hapụrụ ezinụlọ ya. Lionel bụ onye ọgwụ riri ahụ na-agbake ma mesịa jee ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na nzukọ Alcoholics Anonymous na Narcotics Anonymous . Ọ ga-ewere Ocean gaa nzukọ ndị a, nke bụ mkpali n'azụ egwu Ocean "Crack Rock" sitere na ''Channel Orange.'' <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=Nicholson|first=Rebecca|title=Frank Ocean: the most talked-about man in music|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jul/21/frank-ocean-guardian-exclusive-interview|accessdate=August 19, 2012|work=The Guardian|date=July 20, 2012}}</ref> <ref name=":3"/> Ọ nyekwara ya aha Lonny, nke Frank Ocean ka na-eji taa. <ref name="NYT2013">{{Cite web|date=February 7, 2013|title=Frank Ocean Can Fly|author=Himmelman|first=Jeff|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/magazine/frank-ocean-can-fly.html|accessdate=August 18, 2013}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 2010 na Frank Ocean raara ya egwu a kpọrọ "The Will Be Tears" na mixtape ''Nostalgia, Ultra'' . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-28|title=Frank Before the Ocean: The Story of Lonny Breaux|url=https://centralsauce.com/lonny-breaux-frank-ocean|accessdate=2023-03-09|work=CentralSauce Collective|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309071147/https://centralsauce.com/lonny-breaux-frank-ocean}}</ref> Ọ kpọkwara ya aha na 2017 otu "Lens" ya. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na John Ehret High School na Marrero, Louisiana na 2005, Ocean debanyere aha na Mahadum New Orleans ka ọ mụọ Bekee. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://1079ishot.com/frank-ocean-university-louisiana-lafayette/|title=Frank Ocean Attended UL Lafayette In The Fall of 2005, But Somehow No One Really Noticed|publisher=Townsquare Media|date=June 27, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="NYT2013"/> Otú ọ dị, Hurricane Katrina gburu New Orleans na August 2005, na-ebibi ụlọ ya na ebe ndekọ nke onwe ya ma na-amanye ya ịkwaga na Mahadum Louisiana na Lafayette . <ref name="Youngs">{{Cite news|author=Youngs|first=Ian|title=Sound of 2012: Frank Ocean|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16390456|publisher=BBC. [[BBC Online]]|accessdate=July 6, 2012|date=May 1, 2012}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ ebe ahụ obere oge tupu ọ hapụ ilekwasị anya n'ọrụ egwu ya. <ref name="NYT2013" /> == Ọrụ == === 2012–2013: ''Ọwa Orange'' === [[Usòrò:Tyler_the_Creator_and_Frank_Ocean_Coachella_2012.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ocean (n'aka nri) ya na Tyler, Onye Okike na Coachella n'April 2012]] Ocean wepụtara mkpuchi mkpuchi maka ihe nkiri album studio mbụ ya nke akpọrọ "Thinkin Bout You", na-ekpughere egwu a ga-ahapụ ndị na-ere ahịa dijitalụ na Eprel 10, 2012. Otú ọ dị, otu ọnwa tupu mgbe ahụ, ụdị abụ ahụ a na-emezigharị amalitelarị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cloudmusiq.com/?p=14148|title=Frank Ocean – Thinking About You|publisher=cloudmusiq.com|date=March 8, 2012|accessdate=March 8, 2012}}</ref> Banyere onye a na-achọ ịlụ, o kwuru, sị: "Ọ na-akọwa n'ụzọ dị nkenke dị ka onye na-ese ihe maka ebe m nọ ugbu a na nke ahụ bụ ebumnuche," ka o kwuru banyere nsonazụ ya nke ''Nostalgia, Ultra'' . "Ọ bụ banyere akụkọ ndị ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na m dee akụkọ 14 na-amasị m, mgbe ahụ, nzọụkwụ ọzọ bụ iji nweta gburugburu ebe egwu gburugburu ya iji kpuchie akụkọ ahụ na ụdị nile nke ịdị mma sonic." <ref name="singlecover">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2012/04/05/single-cover-frank-ocean-thinkin-bout-you/ |title=SINGLE COVER: FRANK OCEAN – 'THINKIN BOUT YOU' |magazine=[[Rap-Up]] |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=April 9, 2012 |archive-date=December 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215041419/http://www.rap-up.com/2012/04/05/single-cover-frank-ocean-thinkin-bout-you/ |url-status=live }}</ref>   Na 2012, Ocean wepụtara ya mpụta mbụ studio album ''Channel Orange'' ka eluigwe na ala otuto si n'aka ndị nkatọ, bụ ndị mesịrị kpọọ ya kasị mma album nke afọ na HMV's Poll of Polls . O nwetakwara nhọpụta onyinye onyinye Grammy isii nke Ocean isii ma ụfọdụ ndị ode akwụkwọ kwadoro ya maka ịkwaga ụdị R&B n'ụzọ dị iche, nke siri ike karị. A na-ewere ya dị ka ntọhapụ azụmahịa mbụ nke Ocean na akara ndekọ ọdịnala, ''Channel Orange'' gosipụtara egwu ndị na-adịghị mma bụ ndị e depụtara maka akụkọ ha na nkọwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ha, na ngwakọta egwu dị egwu nke dọtara na jazz, mkpụrụ obi, na R &amp;amp; B . Funk na egwu eletrọnịkị metụtakwara ọba ya. Egwu banyere ịhụnanya a na-akwụghị ụgwọ bụ nke kacha elebara anya, akụkụ n'ihi ọkwa nke Ocean tupu ewepụtara album ahụ, mgbe o kpughere na ịhụnanya mbụ ya bụ nwoke. Nkwuputa ahụ mere akụkọ akụkọ zuru ụwa ọnụ, ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ jiri mmetụta omenala ya tụnyere mgbe David Bowie kpughere na ọ bụ nwoke na nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ na 1972. <ref name="Johnson">{{Cite news|author=Johnson|first=Andrew|date=December 17, 2012|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/frank-ocean-records-another-first-as-channel-orange-is-named-album-of-the-year-8421123.html|title=Frank Ocean records another first as Channel Orange is named album of the year|work=The Independent|accessdate=December 17, 2012}}</ref> == Mmetụta == Ndị nkatọ egwu ekwupụtala Ocean maka ịsụ ụzọ R&amp;amp;B ọzọ, na-abịaru egwu R&B dị iche na ndị ọgbọ ya na ụdị idiosyncratic. <ref name="Petridis">{{Cite news|author=Petridis|first=Alexis|authorlink=Alexis Petridis|date=July 11, 2012|title=Frank Ocean: Channel Orange – review|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jul/11/frank-ocean-channel-orange-review1?newsfeed=true|accessdate=July 11, 2012}}</ref> Ma <nowiki><i id="mwAtg">Insider</i></nowiki> na ''akwụkwọ akụkọ Wall Street'' lere Ocean anya dị ka onye na-ese ihe kachasị n'ime afọ iri nke 2010. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Shah|first=Neil|date=August 5, 2019|title=How Frank Ocean Quietly Ruled the Decade|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-frank-ocean-quietly-ruled-the-decade-11565011819|accessdate=May 20, 2020}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Frank Ocean is the artist of the decade|url=https://www.insider.com/frank-ocean-artist-of-the-decade-2010s-2019-11|author=Ahlgrim|first=Callie|work=Insider|accessdate=May 20, 2020}}</ref> E tinyere ya na mbipụta 2013 ' ''Time'' nke 100 ndị mmadụ kacha nwee mmetụta n'ụwa na mbipụta 2017 nke <nowiki><i id="mwAuY">Forbes</i></nowiki> 30 Under 30 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Ocean|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/frank-ocean/|author=Barton|first=ByMerrilee|work=Forbes|language=en|accessdate=May 20, 2020}}</ref> Andy Kellman nke AllMusic dere,<blockquote>Frank Ocean abụrụla otu n'ime ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na egwu nke oge a kemgbe ọ bịarutere mmalite 2010. Onye na-abụ abụ na onye na-ede abụ nke mmepụta nka emegidela nhazi ọkwa siri ike dị ka R&B, ka o sina dị, o jiwo akụkọ ndị yiri ka ewepụrụ iwe ma nwee nkọwa zuru ezu nke ọ tụgharịrị n'etiti agụụ ịhụnanya na ịdị mfe ịnya isi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Ocean {{!}} Biography & History|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/frank-ocean-mn0002592086/biography|work=AllMusic|language=en-us|accessdate=2020-05-20}}</ref></blockquote>Onye nkatọ omenala Nelson George na-ekwusi ike na, yana Miguel, Ocean nwere "agbapụtala n'ala ebe [ọ na-adịghị] na-asọmpi na omume ndị [azụmahịa R & B] na-akpata" ma "na-azụlite ụda nke na-edozi nchegbu ndị okenye na echiche nke nwata. ndị mmadụ na-agbalị ịghọta ọchịchọ nke onwe ha (nkọwa nke ọma nke Ocean, karịsịa)." <ref>{{Cite news|title=For The Ladies: R. Kelly, Teddy Pendergrass And The State Of R And B|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/therecord/2012/10/17/163095398/for-the-ladies-r-kelly-teddy-pendergrass-and-the-state-of-r-b|date=October 18, 2012|work=NPR|accessdate=October 24, 2012|author=Powers|first=Ann}}</ref> N'ịde maka ''Insider'', Callie Ahlgrim kwuru na Ocean "gbanwere nghọta anyị banyere egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ", nakwa na ọ na-atụle isiokwu ndị dị ka ntorobịa, ịdị ọcha, ịhụnanya furu efu, owu ọmụma, ọchịchọ, na ịnwụ anwụ n'egwú ya n'ụzọ na-eche " Ọ dị ọhụrụ na nke pụrụ iche [na] na-eme ka ụda introspective ụda zuru ụwa ọnụ na gafere [nke mere] ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na-akọwa oge anyị." <ref name=":0"/> Jacob Shamsian nke ''Business Insider'' kwuru na Ocean "abụghị naanị otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe dị mkpa na pop, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na egwu niile." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Frank Ocean, the enigmatic musician whose new album is about to be everywhere|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/bio-of-musician-frank-ocean-rapper-of-boys-dont-cry-2016-8|author=Shamsian|first=Jacob|work=Business Insider|accessdate=May 20, 2020}}</ref> N'ime edemede ''GQ'' akpọrọ "Gịnị kpatara Frank Ocean ji bụrụ akara ngosi egwu", Jon Savage kọwara Ocean dị ka "onye na-ese ihe n'oge a n'echiche ọ bụla nke na-emikpu n'ime ohere ọhụrụ sonic, onye na-agbasi mbọ ike na nyocha nka kacha mma. nghọta miri emi." Savage toro Ocean maka iwere R&B na "ọkwa ọhụrụ [site na] ịrụ foto ụda na-atụ egwu dabara na egwu egwu ya." <ref name="Why Frank Ocean is a musical icon">{{Cite web|title=Why Frank Ocean is a musical icon|url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/frank-ocean-albums|work=British GQ|date=April 24, 2017|language=en-GB|accessdate=May 20, 2020}}</ref> <nowiki><i id="mwAwA">Pitchfork</i></nowiki> lere Oke Osimiri anya dị ka "onye nwe akwụkwọ nkwupụta nkwupụta, na-enweta akara ngosi nzuzo site na onye enigmatic ya na ụzọ aghụghọ nke pop." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Ocean – Albums, Songs, and News|url=https://pitchfork.com/artists/29508-frank-ocean/|work=Pitchfork|language=en|accessdate=May 20, 2020}}</ref> Na 2023, ''Rolling Stone'' họọrọ Ocean na ọnụọgụ 190 na ndepụta ya nke 200 Kasịnụ Ndị Na-abụ abụ nke oge niile. == Foto == Na August 20, 2016, Ocean wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ 360-page, ''Boys Don't Cry'', n'akụkụ ya nke abụọ album ''Blonde'' . The ejiji na ụgbọala-themed mbipụta nwere foto ọrụ si Wolfgang Tillmans, Viviane Sassen, Tyrone Lebon, Ren Hang, Harley Weir, Michael Mayren na Ocean n'onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefader.com/2016/08/23/frank-ocean-boys-dont-cry-magazine-complete-guide|title=The Complete Guide To What's Inside Frank Ocean's Magazine|work=The FADER|date=July 24, 2016}}</ref> Ọnwa anọ ka e mesịrị, magazin Britain bụ́ ''Print'' bipụtara ọrụ ọzọ foto sitere na Frank Ocean. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hypebeast.com/2017/1/print-issue-one|title=Frank Ocean's Photos of the Met Gala|date=January 3, 2017|work=Hypebeast}}</ref> Na Mee 1, 2017, Ocean gara Met Gala kwa afọ dị ka onye na-ese foto pụrụ iche maka <nowiki><i id="mwAxg">Vogue</i></nowiki> . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/frank-ocean-met-gala-2017-photos-kendall-jenner-asap-rocky|title=Frank Ocean's Photos of the Met Gala|date=May 2, 2017|work=Vogue}}</ref> Na October 23, 2017, o mere mkpuchi abụọ na edemede anya maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ejiji Britain, ''iD'' . <ref name="idm">{{Cite news|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/mb3jqv/exclusive-it-came-to-me-in-a-dream-frank-ocean-creates-a-visual-essay-and-pens-personal-letter|title=frank ocean creates a visual essay and pens personal letter|date=October 23, 2017|work=i-D}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == === Ezinụlọ === Nwanne nwoke Ocean, Ryan Breaux, nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala n'August 2, 2020, mgbe ọ dị afọ 18. <ref name=":2"/> === Usoro mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị === Ocean dere akwụkwọ ozi na-emeghe, nke mbụ zubere maka ndetu liner na ''Channel Orange'', nke na-ebu ụzọ kwuo okwu banyere mmasị ya n'oge gara aga na nwoke ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Frank Ocean Interview: Happy To Wake Up Without 'This Freakin' Boulder On My Chest'|url=http://instinctmagazine.com/blogs/blog/frank-ocean-interview-happy-to-wake-up-without-this-freakin-boulder-on-my-chest?directory=100011|accessdate=August 19, 2012|work=Instinct Magazine|date=July 21, 2012}}</ref> Kama, na Julaị 4, 2012, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe na blọọgụ Tumblr <ref name="tumblr" /> <ref name=":4"/> na-akọpụta mmetụta na-enweghị isi o nwere maka nwa okorobịa ọzọ mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, na-ezo aka na ya dị ka ezi ịhụnanya mbụ ya. <ref name="tumblr">{{Cite web|url=http://frankocean.tumblr.com/post/26473798723|title=thank you's|author=Frank Ocean|publisher=Tumblr|date=July 4, 2012}}</ref> O ji blọọgụ ahụ kelee nwoke ahụ maka mmetụta ya, ma keleekwa nne ya na ndị enyi ya, sị, "Amaghị m ihe na-eme ugbu a, nke ahụ dịkwa mma. Enweghị m ihe nzuzo ọ bụla m chọrọ ka edobe ya ọzọ.. Ọ dị m ka onye nweere onwe ya." <ref>[https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/482116/frank-ocean-opens-up-about-sexuality "Frank Ocean Opens Up About Sexuality"] ''Billboard Magazine''. </ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ememme kwupụtara n'ihu ọha nkwado ha maka Ocean na-esote ọkwa ya, gụnyere [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]] na Jay-Z . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sepinwall|first=Alan|url=http://www.hitfix.com/immaculate-noise/beyonce-jay-z-support-frank-ocean-in-open-letters-singer-drops-sweet-life|title=Beyonce, Jay-Z support Frank Ocean in open letters; singer drops Sweet Life|publisher=Hitfix.com|date=July 9, 2012|accessdate=July 14, 2014|archivedate=October 21, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021101258/http://www.hitfix.com/immaculate-noise/beyonce-jay-z-support-frank-ocean-in-open-letters-singer-drops-sweet-life}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Beyonce Applauds Frank Ocean for Coming Out|author=Carter Maness|url=http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/07/09/frank-ocean-sexaulity-speaking-out-beyonce-applauds/|publisher=MTV|date=July 9, 2012|accessdate=July 10, 2012|archivedate=July 12, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712003239/http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/07/09/frank-ocean-sexaulity-speaking-out-beyonce-applauds}}</ref> Ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ hip hop na-anabata nke ọma na ọkwa ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/07/07/frank-ocean-sexuality-effect-hip-hop-community/ |title=Frank Ocean's Sexual Declaration: Will It Spark Change In Hip-Hop Community? |accessdate=2024-06-08 |archivedate=2012-07-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712070426/http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/07/07/frank-ocean-sexuality-effect-hip-hop-community/ }}</ref> Tyler, Onye Okike na ndị otu OFWGKTA ndị ọzọ tweeted nkwado ha maka Ocean. <ref name="NYDaily">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/b-singer-frank-ocean-odd-future-summer-romance-man-changed-life-article-1.1107779|title=R&B Singer Frank Ocean Comes Out|author=Chen|first=Joyce|work=NY Daily News|accessdate=July 13, 2012}}</ref> Russell Simmons dere akụkọ ekele na ''Global Grind'' nke o kwuru, "Taa bụ nnukwu ụbọchị maka hip-hop. Ọ bụ ụbọchị ga-akọwapụta onye anyị bụ n'ezie. Olee otú anyị ga-esi nwee ọmịiko? Olee otú ịhụnanya nwere ike isi na-enwe? anyị gụnyere anyị? <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globalgrind.com/entertainment/russell-simmons-letter-to-frank-ocean-gay-bi-sexual-comes-out-photos|title=The Courage of Frank Ocean Just Changed The Game!|author=Russell Simmons|date=July 4, 2012|work=Global Grind|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701134935/http://globalgrind.com/entertainment/russell-simmons-letter-to-frank-ocean-gay-bi-sexual-comes-out-photos|archivedate=July 1, 2013}}</ref> Mgbe a jụrụ ya ma ọ na-ewere onwe ya dị ka nwoke na nwanyị na N'ajụjụ ọnụ 2012, Ocean kwuru, sị: "M ga-eji nkwanye ùgwù kwuo na ndụ dị ike ma na-abịa na ahụmahụ ndị siri ike, na otu mmetụta ahụ m nwere n'ebe ụdị egwu dị, enwere m n'ebe ọ nọ. ọtụtụ akara na igbe na shit." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Ocean Speaks on His Coming Out Letter|url=https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/2012/11/frank-ocean-speaks-on-his-coming-out-letter|accessdate=November 9, 2020|work=Complex|language=en|archivedate=April 13, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413212640/https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/2012/11/frank-ocean-speaks-on-his-coming-out-letter}}</ref> Na June 2016, na-esochi ogbunigwe ụlọ oriri na nkwari abalị Orlando nke gburu mmadụ 49, Ocean bipụtara edemede na-ekwupụta mwute na obi nkoropụ ya. O kwuru na ahụmahụ mbụ ya na mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na transphobia nọ na nna ya mgbe ọ dị afọ isii, ma kọwaa mmadụ ole na-ebufe ụkpụrụ ịkpọasị ha n'ọgbọ na-esote ma ziga ọtụtụ puku mmadụ n'ụzọ igbu onwe ya. <ref name="Orlando">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/frank-ocean-on-orlando-shooting-many-hate-us-and-wish-we-didn-t-exist-20160621|title=Frank Ocean on Orlando Shooting: Many Hate Us and Wish We Didn't Exist|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=June 21, 2016|access-date=February 15, 2017}}</ref> Na 2017, nna Ocean mechara gbaa ya akwụkwọ maka nkwutọ ma rịọ $14.5.&nbsp;nde. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/frank-oceans-sued-by-his-own-father_us_5894b082e4b0c1284f259c13|title=Frank Ocean Sued By Father Over Tumblr Response To Orlando Shooting|work=The Huffington Post|date=February 3, 2017|accessdate=February 15, 2017}}</ref> N'October 17, 2017, mgbe a nụchara nke hụrụ Ocean na nne na nna ya abụọ ka ha guzoro, ọkàikpe na-ahụ maka ikpe nyere iwu maka Ocean, na-ekwu na nna ya enyebeghị ihe akaebe zuru oke nke nkwutọ. === Aha na-agbanwe === N'ajụjụ ọnụ 2011, Ocean kwuru na ọ nwara ịgbanwe aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Christopher Francis Ocean site na webụsaịtị iwu na ụbọchị ọmụmụ 23rd ya. A kọrọ na mgbanwe a sitere na ihe nkiri 1960 ''nke Ocean's 11'' sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ. <ref name="Shepherd">{{Cite web|author=Shepherd|first=Julianne Escobedo|date=April 17, 2012|url=https://www.spin.com/2012/04/frank-ocean-has-cold/|title=Frank Ocean Has a Cold|work=Spin|accessdate=July 14, 2012}}</ref> Na Maachị 2014, a kọrọ na ọ na-agbanwe aha ya n'ụzọ iwu na Frank Ocean. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2014/03/07/frank-ocean-name-change|title=Frank Ocean: I'm changing my name... To Frank Ocean|date=March 7, 2014|work=[[TMZ]]|accessdate=July 3, 2018}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2014, e kpughere na akwadobeghị aha mgbanwe aha n'ihi ọtụtụ mmejọ ọsọ ọsọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2014/11/10/frank-ocean-name-change-denied-traffic-tickets|title=Frank Ocean screwed out of name change after extreme speeding|date=November 10, 2014|work=TMZ|accessdate=July 3, 2018}}</ref> Emechara nye ya iwu na Eprel 23, 2015. <ref name="FaderNameChange"/> === Echiche Ndị Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị === Na 2019, Ocean gbara ndị na-akwado Britain ume ka ha votu maka Labour Party na ntuli aka izugbe UK 2019, site na akụkọ Instagram. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dazed|date=2019-12-12|title=A list of the celebrities backing Labour in today’s general election|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/politics/article/47176/1/celebrities-backing-labour-jeremy-corbyn-uk-general-election-stormzy-frank-ocean|accessdate=2024-05-22|work=Dazed|language=en}}</ref> Oke osimiri ekwupụtala ịdị n'otu na ndị bi na Gaza n'oge agha [[Israel]] na Hamas na-aga n'ihu. Ọ bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe nke Ọktọba 2023 nke ndị na-ese ihe na-agba Onye isi ala Joe Biden ume ka ọ kpọọ oku kwụsịtụ ozugbo na Gaza. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Celebrities call for ceasefire, decry civilian deaths: Hollywood reacts to Israel-Hamas war|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2023/10/16/israeli-palestinian-conflict-celebrity-reactions/71206600007/|work=USA Today|date=October 16, 2023}}</ref> == Esemokwu gbasara iwu == Ocean sampled The Eagles ' 1977 " Hotel California " na egwu ya "American Wedding", nke e gosiri na mpụta mbụ mixtape ''Nostalgia, Ultra'' . Ocean emeghị ihe nzuzo nke eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ "hụrụ Don Henley n'anya ... ndị Eagles ... na Joe Walsh si egwu egwu egwu". <ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-02-28|title=Don Henley Finally Threatens to Sue Frank Ocean for 'American Wedding'|url=https://www.spin.com/2012/02/don-henley-finally-threatens-sue-frank-ocean-american-wedding/|accessdate=2022-03-25|work=SPIN|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na mkpughe nke egwu ahụ butere esemokwu, n'ikpeazụ ọ dịghị mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ahịa, ọ dịghịkwa ihe iwu kwadoro. Achọpụtara na Ocean enweghị ego na egwu ahụ, onye na-ese ihe n'onwe ya kwuru na ọ "na-asọpụrụ" The Eagles' Don Henley na ntọhapụ. "Enweghị m otu dime na egwu ahụ. M wepụtara ya n'efu. Ọ bụrụ na ihe ọ bụla, m na-asọpụrụ ". <ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-04|title=The Eagles' Don Henley makes fresh attack on Frank Ocean for 'song theft'|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/the-eagles-12-1233413|accessdate=2022-03-25|work=NME|language=en-GB}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 27, 2013, n'ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala nke ụlọ ihe nkiri Los Angeles, esemokwu mere n'etiti Frank Ocean na Chris Brown . Otu akụkọ merenụ kwuru na Brown tụbara ọkpọ na Ocean, mgbe Ocean boro Brown ebubo na o werela ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala a họpụtara. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-02-05|title=More Details of Frank Ocean/Chris Brown Fight Emerge|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/49437-more-details-of-frank-oceanchris-brown-fight-emerge/|accessdate=2022-03-25|work=Pitchfork|language=en-US}}</ref> Nwanne nwanne Ocean kwuru na otu onye so na Brown wakporo ya mgbe ihe a mere. E boro ebubo ebubo, na Ocean na-ekwu site na Tumblr na ọ na-ahọrọ "Sanity. Ọ dịghị mpụ ebubo. Ọ dịghị obodo ikpe ". <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kaufman|first=Gil|title=Chris Brown And Frank Ocean Fight: Case Closed|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1701395/chris-brown-frank-ocean-fight-no-charges/|accessdate=2022-03-25|work=MTV News|language=en|archivedate=2022-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325220702/http://www.mtv.com/news/1701395/chris-brown-frank-ocean-fight-no-charges/}}</ref> Na Maachị 2014, edobere Ocean ka ọ rụọ mkpuchi nke egwu egwu " Pure Imagination " na azụmahịa Chipotle [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] Grill nke bụ maka ịkwalite ọrụ ugbo. N'ịgbaso nyocha nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ikpeazụ, ndị ọrụ iwu nke Ocean zigara Chipotle akwụkwọ ozi, na-akọwa na ọ chere na ọ dị ya mkpa ịpụ na nhazi ahụ, na-ekwupụta na "Mgbe a gwara Frank ka o sonye na ọrụ a, ndị nnọchiteanya Chipotle gwara ya na mkpali nke mkpọsa ahụ. bụ ịkwalite ọrụ ugbo ọnweghị akara ma ọ bụ akara nke Chipotle na ngosipụta mbụ, Chipotle wee gwa Frank na ọ bụ ebumnobi nke mkpọsa ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Ocean is being sued by Chipotle|url=https://blonded.blog/news/frank-ocean-sued-by-chipotle|accessdate=2022-03-25|work=blonded.blog|date=March 7, 2014|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303162713/https://blonded.blog/news/frank-ocean-sued-by-chipotle}}</ref> Ocean sọpụrụ nhazi ahụ nke ọma site n'ịkwụghachi Chipotle site na nlele ego ego na nchikota $212,500.00. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Weber|first=Lindsey|date=2014-03-10|title=Frank Ocean Told Chipotle to 'Fuck Off'|url=https://www.vulture.com/2014/03/frank-ocean-told-chipotle-to-fuck-off.html|accessdate=2022-03-25|work=Vulture|language=en-us}}</ref> Azụmahịa ahụ, akpọrọ "The Scarecrow", ka ewepụtara ya na Fiona Apple na-eme egwu ahụ. == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==   == Ihe ngosi == '''Albums Studio''' * ''Orange Channel'' (2012) * ''Blonde'' (2016) '''Ngwakọta''' * ''Nostalgia, Ultra'' (2011) '''Ndekọ anya''' * ''Enweghị ngwụcha'' (2016) == Ihe ndetu == == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ocean,Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Articles with hCards]] [[Òtù:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Òtù:Articles with short description]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0iu4yz3k2vspoes2dhuednh83i1l28y 0 48019 692794 539791 2026-07-30T18:15:48Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692794 wikitext text/x-wiki   Francesco Castelluccio (amuru 12, 1955) bu onye oka nka America.  Ọ nkọwa ihe gbasara ahụ na Art Student League of New York na Schoollọ Akwụkwọ nke Arts Visual, ha abụọ na New York City.. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Guan|first=Nancy|title=Georgia's oldest city, Savannah, introduces its first Martin Luther King Jr. monument|url=https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/2022/01/15/martin-luther-king-jr-monument-savannah-ga-plant-riverside-district/6511831001/|accessdate=2022-06-14|work=Savannah Morning News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọrụ == A jaridar Castelluccio nye ndị nne na nna si Ịtali kwabatara na ụgbọ 12, 1955, na Newark, New Jersey .  [1] O nwere Franco Fine Art Studio na Winter Springs, Florida. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Franco Fine Art|url=https://floridadesign.com/design-resource/united-states/fl-1/winter-springs/art-1/franco-fine-art/|accessdate=2022-06-14|work=Florida Design|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, Castelluccio dechara bọs nke Martin Luther King Jr. iji mee akara mmeghe nke District Riverside Plant na Savannah, Georgia .  Ụbọchị ahụ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ oriri na nkwari akụ Richard C. Kessler nyere ya ọrụ, na ọnụ ahịa ihe ruru $110,000.  Ezin mmetụta Eze nke bọs ahụ, ma ụgụrụ ya Dr. Naomi King siri ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Curl|first=Eric|date=July 4, 2018|title=MLK monument planned as part of $270 million Plant Riverside project|url=https://www.savannahnow.com/news/20180704/mlk-monument-planned-as-part-of-270-million-plant-riverside-project|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916120122/http://www.savannahnow.com/news/20180704/mlk-monument-planned-as-part-of-270-million-plant-riverside-project|archivedate=September 16, 2018|accessdate=February 22, 2021|work=[[Savannah Morning News]]|publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ahọpụtara == * ''Mgbanwe Helix-Mgbanwe nke Ọmịiko Na-abawanye'' <ref>{{Cite book|author=Snyder|first=Lori|title=Bacterial Genetics and Genomics|publisher=CRC Press|year=2000|isbn=9781000039016|pages=8}}</ref> * ''9/11 Pieta'' <ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-09-10|title='9/11 Pieta' Pairs Rescue Workers & Michelangelo Masterpiece|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/911-pieta-sculpture-franco-castellucio_n_956072|accessdate=2022-06-14|work=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref> * Martin Luther King Jr. bust (Savannah, Georgia) <ref name=":0" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website {{DEFAULTSORT:Castelluccio, Franco}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] emyd6pvcqeer12dpi7am1hbnrpew2me 692834 692794 2026-07-30T20:22:25Z Geraldine Kene 23189 Added Databox 692834 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Francesco Castelluccio (amuru 12, 1955) bu onye oka nka America.  Ọ nkọwa ihe gbasara ahụ na Art Student League of New York na Schoollọ Akwụkwọ nke Arts Visual, ha abụọ na New York City.. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Guan|first=Nancy|title=Georgia's oldest city, Savannah, introduces its first Martin Luther King Jr. monument|url=https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/2022/01/15/martin-luther-king-jr-monument-savannah-ga-plant-riverside-district/6511831001/|accessdate=2022-06-14|work=Savannah Morning News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọrụ == A jaridar Castelluccio nye ndị nne na nna si Ịtali kwabatara na ụgbọ 12, 1955, na Newark, New Jersey .  [1] O nwere Franco Fine Art Studio na Winter Springs, Florida. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Franco Fine Art|url=https://floridadesign.com/design-resource/united-states/fl-1/winter-springs/art-1/franco-fine-art/|accessdate=2022-06-14|work=Florida Design|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, Castelluccio dechara bọs nke Martin Luther King Jr. iji mee akara mmeghe nke District Riverside Plant na Savannah, Georgia .  Ụbọchị ahụ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ oriri na nkwari akụ Richard C. Kessler nyere ya ọrụ, na ọnụ ahịa ihe ruru $110,000.  Ezin mmetụta Eze nke bọs ahụ, ma ụgụrụ ya Dr. Naomi King siri ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Curl|first=Eric|date=July 4, 2018|title=MLK monument planned as part of $270 million Plant Riverside project|url=https://www.savannahnow.com/news/20180704/mlk-monument-planned-as-part-of-270-million-plant-riverside-project|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916120122/http://www.savannahnow.com/news/20180704/mlk-monument-planned-as-part-of-270-million-plant-riverside-project|archivedate=September 16, 2018|accessdate=February 22, 2021|work=[[Savannah Morning News]]|publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ahọpụtara == * ''Mgbanwe Helix-Mgbanwe nke Ọmịiko Na-abawanye'' <ref>{{Cite book|author=Snyder|first=Lori|title=Bacterial Genetics and Genomics|publisher=CRC Press|year=2000|isbn=9781000039016|pages=8}}</ref> * ''9/11 Pieta'' <ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-09-10|title='9/11 Pieta' Pairs Rescue Workers & Michelangelo Masterpiece|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/911-pieta-sculpture-franco-castellucio_n_956072|accessdate=2022-06-14|work=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref> * Martin Luther King Jr. bust (Savannah, Georgia) <ref name=":0" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website {{DEFAULTSORT:Castelluccio, Franco}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] a7fc8ar7e8mh91lr0knuhsxb81gvjzu 0 48267 692754 443100 2026-07-30T14:41:49Z Mbah Victor Chukwuemerie 16687 fixed reference error 692754 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bob Andrzejczak.png|thumb|Bob Andrzejczak]] '''Robert John "Bob" Andrzejczak''' (amụrụ na Mee 1, 1986)bu onye America n'eme Ihe ndoro ndoro ochi nke Democratic party. O bu ya nochitere anya Legislative District nke mbu na New Jersey State Senate bido na January 15, 2019, mgbe akpo putara ya inochi oche Jeff Van Drew mgbe okwusiri oru ruo na December 5, 2019. Andrzejczak gbara odibo na New Jersey General Assembly bido na March 21, 2013 ruo na January 14, 2019 , mgbe akporo ya Ka onochie oche Matthew W. Milam.  == Oge ọ malitere == A zụlitere Andrzejczak na mpaghara North Cape May nke Lower Township, New Jersey, ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Lower Cape May Regional High School na 2004. Ọ gara Williamson College na Media, Pennsylvania, tupu ọ banye na United States Army na 2005. <ref name="OCSentinelBio">{{Cite news|url=http:/w.ocsentinel.com/oc_sureguide/community/a-soldier-s-story-bob-andrzejczak-lost-a-leg-not/article_8e0d5604-ffe2-11e4-bf56-a3487a862afa.html|work=Ocean City Sentinel|title=A soldier's story: Bob Andrzejczak lost a leg, not his resolve|date=May 20, 2015|author=Avedissian, Eric|accessdate=August 28, 2015}}</ref> Andrzejczak jere ozi n'Agha Iraq dị ka sergeant na 25th Infantry Division nke ndị agha ruo mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya mgbe mmerụ ahụ sitere na mgbawa grenade nke dugara na igbupụ ụkwụ aka ekpe ya na 2009. N'ihi ya, e nyere ya Purple Heart na Bronze Star; e gosipụtara mgbake ya na 2009 nke The Oprah Winfrey Show. <ref name="OCSentinelBio" /> <ref name="SJT2013">Woods, Don E. [http://www.nj.com/cumberland/index.ssf/2013/03/statehouse_to_swear_in_robert.html "Robert Andrzejczak will take oath to replace Matt Milam in First District"], ''[[South Jersey Times]]'', March 19, 2013. </ref><ref>Campbell, Al. [http://www.capemaycountyherald.com/article/government/90451-milam+resigns+andrzejczak+nominated "Milam Retires, Andrzejczak Gets Dem's Nod for Assembly"], ''[[Cape May County Herald]]'', February 28, 2013. </ref> Mgbe ọ lọtara n'ọrụ agha, Andrzejczak sonyeere ndị agha Cape May Veterans of Foreign Wars ebe ọ malitere ịrụsi ọrụ ike n'ihe gbasara ndị agha.<ref name="OCSentinelBio" /> == Mgbakọ New Jersey == Mgbe Matthew W. Milam gbara arụkwaghịm n'oche ya na Nzukọ ahụ na Febụwarị 28, 2013, <ref>Woods, Don E. [http://www.nj.com/cumberland/index.ssf/2013/02/milam_wont_seek_re-election_to.html "Milam resigns from Assembly seat in First Legislative District"], ''[[South Jersey Times]]'', February 28, 2013. </ref> A họpụtara Andrzejczak ka ọ bụrụ onye Nzukọ ahụ mgbe ndị otu kọmitii Democratic si na mpaghara Atlantic, Cape May na Cumberland họpụtara ya. A ṅụrụ ya iyi na Machị 21, 2013, ma mesịa merie ntuli aka maka oge zuru ezu na 2013. <ref name="SJT2013">Woods, Don E. [http://www.nj.com/cumberland/index.ssf/2013/03/statehouse_to_swear_in_robert.html "Robert Andrzejczak will take oath to replace Matt Milam in First District"], ''[[South Jersey Times]]'', March 19, 2013. </ref> Andrzejczak bụ onye bi na Middle Township. Ọ lụrụ nwunye ya Trisha, onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ abụọ.<ref name="OCSentinelBio" /> Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na Nzukọ ahụ na Jenụwarị 14, 2019. {{DEFAULTSORT:Andrzejczak, Bob}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Visibilizing disabilities in Nigeria (1.0)]] [[Òtù:WikiforMinorities]] tmf4xdf70jgibcopwg8prh7ik9hifnp 0 48713 692850 173561 2026-07-30T20:36:22Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 692850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Frank Wimberley''' (amuru Ọgọstị 31, 1926) bụ onye omenkà na-eme ihe ngosi [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|nke onye Africa America]] . <ref>{{Cite book|editor=York|title=Who's Who Among African Americans|date=2003|publisher=Gale / Cengage Learning|isbn=9780787659158|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f20v23TpqUQC&q=frank+wimberley+1926|accessdate=1 December 2022}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Frank Wimberley tolitere na ime obodo [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]] . Mgbe ọ na-eje ozi na Agha, ọ mụtara ihe osise na Mahadum Howard na [[James A. Porter|James Amos Porter]], [[James Lesesne Wells]], na [[Loïs Mailou Jones]] . N'ebe ahụ, ọ malitere inwe mmasị na jazz, nke na-eduga ná ọbụbụenyi na Miles Davis, Ron Carter, na Wayne Shorter . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Berry Campbell Presents Survey of Frank Wimberley Paintings|date=May 21, 2019|first=Michelle|author=Trauring|work=Sag Harbor Express|url=https://sagharborexpress.com/berry-campbell-presents-survey-of-frank-wimberley-paintings/|accessdate=March 17, 2021}}</ref> Wimberley bụ onye bi ogologo oge na Sag Harbor, NY . <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Eastville Story|date=February 25, 1979|first=Helen A.|author=Harrison|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/25/archives/long-island-weekly-art-the-eastville-story.html|accessdate=March 17, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Art Scene 05.30.19|date=May 30, 2019|first=Mark|author=Segal|work=The East Hampton Star|url=https://www.easthamptonstar.com/arts/2019-06-03/art-scene-053019|accessdate=2021-03-17}}</ref> Ya na nwunye ya Juanita kwagara ebe ahụ na 1960 n'ime ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ nke ha mere. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Artist Frank Wimberley, at 94, is still full of surprises|date=March 3, 2021|first=Troy|author=McMullen|work=ABC News|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/artist-frank-wimberley-94-full-surprises/story?id=76184787|accessdate=March 17, 2021}}</ref> N'October 2020, ''T: Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times Style Magazine'' gosipụtara Wimberleys n'ụlọ ha na njiri mara ezinaụlọ ndị isi ojii biri na Sag Harbor na 1930s na iri afọ gachara. <ref>{{Cite news|title=On Long Island, a Beachfront Haven for Black Families|date=October 1, 2020|first=Sandra E.|author=Garcia|work=T: The New York Times Style Magazine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/01/t-magazine/sag-harbor.html|accessdate=March 17, 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Wimberley na-ese ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe na acrylic paints, na-eji ngwá ọrụ dịgasị iche iche gụnyere scrapers, spatulas, na brushes. <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Pure Vision of Frank Wimberley|date=June 20, 2019|first=Franklin|author=Hill Perrell|work=Hamptons Art Hub|url=https://hamptonsarthub.com/2019/06/20/reviews-art-review-the-pure-vision-of-frank-wimberley/|accessdate=March 17, 2021}}</ref> Helen A. Harrison dere maka ''akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times'' na 1991, "akwa akwa Mr. Wimberley bụ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe, na-achọ ka e were ya maka ihe ha bụ, pigmenti etinyere na akwa." "N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, n'agbanyeghị mkpokọta enweghị nkọwa ndị dị n'èzí, ha na-ejikọta ọtụtụ mkpakọrịta na ihe ọ pụtara." <ref>{{Cite news|title=Expressing Ideas Through Color|date=November 10, 1991|first=Helen A.|author=Harrison|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/10/nyregion/art-review-expressing-ideas-through-color.html}} </ref> == Nnabata dị mkpa == Mgbe ọ na-ede banyere ihe ngosi solo nke 1989 nke onye na-ese ihe na Fine Arts Center na Mahadum Southampton nke Long Island, onye nkatọ ''New York Times'' Phyllis Braff dere na Wimberley's "ngwa ngwa nke agba bụ ihe kachasị mkpa, na-eje ozi dị ka ma isiokwu na dị ka onye isi na-emepụta ihe gbasara mmụọ. ike." O kwuru na onye na-ese ihe na-eji "ike, echiche na nkwuputa nke agba." <ref>{{Cite news|title=An Abstract Universe|date=March 5, 1989|first=Pyllis|author=Braff|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/05/nyregion/art-an-abstract-universe.html}} </ref> Grace Glueck, na-ede akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na 2001 banyere ihe ngosi Wimberley na June Kelly Gallery na New York City, kwuru na "ihe osise Wimberley dị mma ịhụ: mara mma nke ọma na-agbanye ya na ìhè nke na-eme ka ike ha dịkwuo elu." <ref>{{Cite news|title=Frank Wimberly, Compositions for Matter|date=November 23, 2001|first=Grace|author=Glueck|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/23/arts/art-in-review-frank-wimberly-compositions-for-matter.html|accessdate=March 17, 2021}}</ref> == Nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka ahọpụtara == Howard na James Amos Porter, James Lesesne Wells, na Loïs Mailou Jones . N'ebe ahụ, ọ malitere inwe mmasị na jazz, nke na-eduga ná ọbụbụenyi na Miles Davis * David C. Driskell Center maka Ọmụmụ Arts na Omenala nke ndị Africa America na ndị mba Africa na Mahadum Maryland, College Park <ref>{{Cite web|title=Driskell Center, search, Frank Wimberley|accessdate=March 17, 2021|url=https://driskellcenter.pastperfectonline.com/advancedsearch?utf8=%E2%9C%93&advanceSearchActivated=true&firstTimeSearch=true&search_include_objects=true&search_include_photos=true&search_include_archives=true&search_include_library=true&search_include_creators=true&search_include_people=true&search_include_containers=true&searchcat_2=&searchcat_9=&searchcat_1=&searchcat_12=wimberley&searchcat_3=&searchcat_5=&searchcat_6=&searchcat_7=&searchcat_8=&searchcat_10=&searchcat_11=&searchcat_4=&searchButton=Search}} </ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Islip <ref>{{Cite web|title=Islip Art Museum, Selections from the permanent collection|accessdate=March 17, 2021|url=http://islipartmuseum.org/permcol_u-z.html|archivedate=October 25, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025135442/http://islipartmuseum.org/permcol_u-z.html}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Saint Louis <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Wimberley at the Saint Louis Art Museum|accessdate=March 17, 2021|url=https://www.slam.org/search/wimberley/?type=artwork_object}} </ref> * [[Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Mahadum Yale|Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Mahadum Yale]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yale University Art Gallery, Collage Panel, Frank Wimberley|accessdate=March 17, 2021|url=https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/104785}} </ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wimberley,Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0g5clsqu7d3xj1r6lfzxxi7t7kldvrl 0 48883 692941 540414 2026-07-31T02:34:29Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692941 wikitext text/x-wiki Frank Fleming (c. 1941-2018) [1] bụ onye na-ese ihe  si Birmingham, Alabama.[2] <ref name="gregory">{{Cite news|url=http://gardenandgun.com/article/fantastical-world-frank-fleming|title=The Fantastical World of Frank Fleming|author=Gregory|first=Vanessa|date=February 2014|work=Garden & Gun|accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ntụaka enwere ike == * [http://blog.al.com/scenesource/2008/12/frank_fleming_sculptures_al_se.html Ihe osise Frank Fleming, eserese Al Sella n'etiti ọrụ akara ngosi achọpụtara na Artists Incorporated na Birmingham] James R. Nelson, Disemba 14, 2008 * [http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2008/08/sculptor_frank_fleming_arreste.html E jidere onye ọkpụ Alabama Frank Fleming na nzuzo nzuzo na Huntsville] Ọgọst 22, 2008 * [http://alabama.travel/media-room/news/gov_riley_announces_artists_featured_in_year_of_al.html Gọvanọ Riley kwupụtara ndị nka na-egosi na afọ nke Alabama Arts] * , nke Al Head, ''AlabamaArts'', Mpịakọta XXI, Nọmba 2 == Fleming na-arụ ọrụ == * {{Cite book|author=Fleming|first=Frank|title=Personal Mythologies|publisher=Birmingham Museum of Art|location=[[Birmingham, Alabama]]|date=1982|pages=16|oclc=19899392|language=English}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.bhamwiki.com/w/Frank_Fleming Frank Fleming - Bhamwiki] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240625002856/http://cpc-fis.vanderbilt.edu/view.php?label=18 Nlele ihe ọkpụkpụ] * [http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=142T9490EL537.832&profile=ariall&uri=link=3100006~!210944~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=1&source=~!siartinventories&term=Fleming%2C+Frank%2C+1940-+%2C+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR SIRIS - Sistemụ Ozi nyocha nke ụlọ ọrụ Smithsonian] {{DEFAULTSORT:Fleming, Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7675vfl4a9vs9opy67tfuw3a68sd292 692943 692941 2026-07-31T02:35:13Z Geraldine Kene 23189 Added Databox 692943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Frank Fleming (c. 1941-2018) [1] bụ onye na-ese ihe  si Birmingham, Alabama.[2] <ref name="gregory">{{Cite news|url=http://gardenandgun.com/article/fantastical-world-frank-fleming|title=The Fantastical World of Frank Fleming|author=Gregory|first=Vanessa|date=February 2014|work=Garden & Gun|accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ntụaka enwere ike == * [http://blog.al.com/scenesource/2008/12/frank_fleming_sculptures_al_se.html Ihe osise Frank Fleming, eserese Al Sella n'etiti ọrụ akara ngosi achọpụtara na Artists Incorporated na Birmingham] James R. Nelson, Disemba 14, 2008 * [http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2008/08/sculptor_frank_fleming_arreste.html E jidere onye ọkpụ Alabama Frank Fleming na nzuzo nzuzo na Huntsville] Ọgọst 22, 2008 * [http://alabama.travel/media-room/news/gov_riley_announces_artists_featured_in_year_of_al.html Gọvanọ Riley kwupụtara ndị nka na-egosi na afọ nke Alabama Arts] * , nke Al Head, ''AlabamaArts'', Mpịakọta XXI, Nọmba 2 == Fleming na-arụ ọrụ == * {{Cite book|author=Fleming|first=Frank|title=Personal Mythologies|publisher=Birmingham Museum of Art|location=[[Birmingham, Alabama]]|date=1982|pages=16|oclc=19899392|language=English}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.bhamwiki.com/w/Frank_Fleming Frank Fleming - Bhamwiki] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240625002856/http://cpc-fis.vanderbilt.edu/view.php?label=18 Nlele ihe ọkpụkpụ] * [http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=142T9490EL537.832&profile=ariall&uri=link=3100006~!210944~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=1&source=~!siartinventories&term=Fleming%2C+Frank%2C+1940-+%2C+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR SIRIS - Sistemụ Ozi nyocha nke ụlọ ọrụ Smithsonian] {{DEFAULTSORT:Fleming, Frank}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ajuss082sa142rxvy9zapbb6lsuhfbn 0 48886 692628 443098 2026-07-30T12:02:14Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Added {{DEFAULTSORT}} and {{DATABOX}} 692628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bob Flint ( mmalite 1941), ntụgharị dị ka Robert Flint, bụ onye omenkà seramiiki America.  Ọ bịarutere Hawaii na 1960 maka oge ọmụmụ nke ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri wee ngwa ngwa na ọ malite.  Na 1961 ọ sị na Mahadum Hawaii, na-enweta nzere bachelọ na nna ukwu ya na nka mara mma, yana nti na ceramik.. .Ruo afọ iri abụọ Bob Flint ọrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ studio n' ike ya na Manoa, Hawaii .  Na 1998 ọ kwagara ụlọ ọrụ ya na Haiku-Pauwela, Hawaii n'achọrọ Maui, ebe ọ bi ugbu a ma na-aga n'ihu na ọrụ seramiiki ya. N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, Bob Flint na-enwe dị iche n'ebe ụmụ amaala Hawaii feather capes ( ahu'ula ) ma na- elele amị ha.  [1] Uila (ọkụ ọkụ) site na 2012, na nchịkọta nke Hawaii State Art Museum, na- tusaale ya nke nkà a ụmụ amaala Hawaii.  Ọ rụkwara nnukwu nrụnye ụlọ ụlọ maka ndị ọrụ dị ka Amfac Hotels, Bank of Hawaii, Castle Memorial Hospital na Sheraton na Poipu Beach.  Ọ dechara ọtụtụ ọrụ nka maka Hawaii State Foundation on Culture and Arts * Mgbidi azụ seramiiki dị na Waikiki na nrutu nke oke osimiri na ụzọ Kalakaua. * Mgbidi seramiiki atọ dị na Ụlọ Mgbakọ Hawaii dị na Honolulu . Mgbidi a gbara gburugburu ebe isi iyi mmanya atọ ma bụrụ nke a kpụrụ akpụ na taịlị akpụrụ akpụ na-egosi Blue Ginger, Shell Ginger na Torch Ginger. * Ihe ọkpụkpụ tile nke "kahili" (ụkpụrụ emume na-egosi ọnụnọ nke onye isi obodo Hawaii) arụnyere na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị King Kekaulike . * ''Hawaiian Mountain Series I'', ihe ọkpụkpụ seramiiki 1974 na Kauikeaouli Hale, Honolulu * ''Sanwichi Isle'', ihe ọkpụkpụ seramiiki 1977 na Foster Botanical Garden, Honolulu * ''Pulelehua'' (Kamehameha Butterfly), ihe osise seramiiki 1986 na Mahadum Hawaii na Manoa. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} * Kayal, Michele, "Njem; Ezochiri na Maui, Ebe maka nka", ''New York Times'', Fraịde, Maachị 7, 2008. * Tswei, Suzanne, "Isi iyi ịṅụ mmanya na-eme ka nnukwu mgbawa na Convention Center", ''Honolulu Star-Bulletin'', Sunday, Mee 20, 2001. * Yoshihara, Lisa A., ''Mgbakọ Ọhụụ, 1967-1997, Ihe Ngosipụta Ememe 30th Anniversary nke State Foundation on Culture and Arts, Art in Public Places Program, Presented na Honolulu Academy of Arts, September 3-October 12, 1997'', Honolulu, State Foundation on Culture and Arts, 1997, p.&nbsp;144. {{DEFAULTSORT:Flint, Bob}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] aiyi62wyxz9c5idgyfhzujxtxci2lb6 0 48929 692844 174798 2026-07-30T20:31:13Z Geraldine Kene 23189 Geraldine Kene moved page [[Franco Onye Ukwu]] to [[Franco the Great]]: Misspelled title 174798 wikitext text/x-wiki Franco the Great ( mmalite Frankin Gaskin ; 1928) bụ onye na-ese ihe n'okporo ụzọ dabere na Manhattan, New York City .  A map ya ma obodo ya na Panama, ma ọ na-asụ Portuguese, Spanish na Bekee nke ọma.  A na-akpọkwa Franco the Great ka " Harlem Picasso ". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Barron|first=James|date=2009-12-03|title=Artists See Storefront Gates as Canvases for More Than Graffiti|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/03/nyregion/03oldgates.html|accessdate=2024-03-31|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref> O nwere aha ama site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụzọ nchekwa ụlọ dị na mpaghara West Harlem .  A na-ahụ mpempe mbụ nke Franco taa na 125th Street gbara gburugburu Apollo Theater (n'etiti Frederick Douglass Blvd. na Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Blvd).  A na-ahụ ihe bụ onye Franco n'ọnụ ụzọ nchekwa naanị mgbe a na-emechi ụzọ ụlọ Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Daily Times si kwuo, ihe gbasara Franco nyere aka mee ka Harlem njem nlegharị anya.  [1] Old ọrụ ya n'ime azụmahịa n'ofe United States, France, Germany, Switzerland, Japan, Canada, Spain, Brazil, Caribbean Islands, Senegal, na ọtụtụ mba Africa ndị ozo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Contribution to Harlem|url=http://www.francothegreat.com/contribution/index.html|work=francothegreat.com|accessdate=30 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103043039/https://www.francothegreat.com/contribution/index.html|archivedate=3 January 2015}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == Mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu, Franco dara ọtụtụ akụkọ. Nke a butere mmerụ ahụ dị ukwuu n'isi yana ọnọdụ [[Ọrịa coma|coma]] ruo otu ọnwa. O mechara nwee nkwarụ. N'ime oge a, Franco nwere mmasị na ịse nka na anwansi. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 9, site na agbamume nke onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik obodo, ọ gara n'ihu na-amụ ọrụ dịka onye na-eme anwansi. <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|title=Biography|url=http://www.francothegreat.com/biography/index.html|work=francothegreat.com|accessdate=30 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103015351/https://www.francothegreat.com/biography/index.html|archivedate=3 January 2015}}</ref> Onye na-ese ihe bụ Danzig ike Franco na nkuzi okwu afá anɔ, iji nyere aka na-egosi na n'ihu nnukwu igwe mmadụ.  Danzig gbakwara ya ume ka ọ ree ọrụ ya, ka ọ kwaga New York dị ka onye na-ese ihe na onye dibịa afa. . <ref name="bio"/> == Ọrụ nka == Na 1958, Franco si Panama kwaga New York eji ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe.  Na New York City, o nyere ọrụ ya n'ọrụ dị iche iche wee bụrụ onye a ma na obodo Spanish <ref name="bio"/> Na 1968, dị ka ike omume ọgbaghara ahụ mgbe e gbusịrị Martin Luther King, ndị nwe ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na Harlem gbakwụnye ọnụ ụzọ nchara nchara n'ihu ụlọ aha ha.  [1] Onye Ukwu ahụ lere ọnụ ụzọámá ahụ anya dị ka akwa akwa iji ihe nka na-eme oku maka ike dị mma.  [2] Na-ama, ụbọchị ebe a na-emechi ụlọ ụlọ na Harlem n'oge ahụ, Franco chepụtara nka ya iji jide ihe na-akpa positivity na ndị Africa-American n'ọnụ ụzọ ma.  ihe ngosi 1968, Franco eseela ihe ọnụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá 200, site na East ruo n'amụma ọmụmụ nke 125th St.. <ref name="bio"/> Ugbu a, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ọnụ ọgụgụ ụzọ nchekwa nchekwa ma ọ bụ mee ka agba ntụ, na-agba ọsọ iwu zoning na 2008 nke ọnụ ka ndị nwe ụlọ eji ọnụ ụzọ "see-through".  [1] E wezụga ọnụ ụzọ ámá ndị a na-arụsi ọrụ ike taa, e wepụrụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá iri abụọ na ise ma tinye ya n'ebe a na-edebe ihe cheta ọrụ Franco the Great.  [2] E hiwere nke "Chekwa ọnụ ụzọ ámá" na ndị na-akwado ya na-ekwu na a ga-ebuga ma ọnụ ụzọ ámá Franco na Triboro Plaza . <ref name="marod">{{Cite web|author=Marod|first=Megan|date=26 April 2014|title=Franco the Great|url=http://levysuniqueny.com/5209/franco-the-great/|work=levysuniqueny.com|accessdate=30 December 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, a kọrọ na Harlem Community Development Corporation na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ na-eji ike ọnụ ụzọ Franco ma mee ka ha guzosie ike na ngosi na-adịgide adịgide n'etiti ụzọ mbụ na nke abụọ, na-ahụ ebe ngosi nka.  akụkọ.  Ịmepụta ọnụ ụzọ ma ga-efu ruru $250,000.  [1] Na December 2014, Onye Mmepụta Forest City Ratner na-egosi iji isi ọnụ ụzọ ámá, na East River Plaza, dị ka ndị isi na Harlem nke gara aga.. <ref name="ransom">{{Cite web|author=Ransom|first=Jan|date=11 December 2014|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/uptown/harlem-famous-murals-find-new-home-article-1.2042337|work=Daily News|accessdate=30 December 2014|title=Uptown developer steps in to save endangered pieces by Harlem's Picasso Franco (The Great) Gaskin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105215332/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/uptown/harlem-famous-murals-find-new-home-article-1.2042337|archivedate=5 January 2015}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150103015351/https://www.francothegreat.com/biography/index.html Webụsaịtị gọọmentị] * [https://francothegreat.com/biography.html Franco Onye Ukwu] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] otmbgnx0gnh6gbzlijdmo4ka6fj9izh 692849 692844 2026-07-30T20:36:17Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692849 wikitext text/x-wiki Franco the Great ( mmalite Frankin Gaskin ; 1928) bụ onye na-ese ihe n'okporo ụzọ dabere na Manhattan, New York City .  A map ya ma obodo ya na Panama, ma ọ na-asụ Portuguese, Spanish na Bekee nke ọma.  A na-akpọkwa Franco the Great ka " Harlem Picasso ". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Barron|first=James|date=2009-12-03|title=Artists See Storefront Gates as Canvases for More Than Graffiti|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/03/nyregion/03oldgates.html|accessdate=2024-03-31|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref> O nwere aha ama site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụzọ nchekwa ụlọ dị na mpaghara West Harlem .  A na-ahụ mpempe mbụ nke Franco taa na 125th Street gbara gburugburu Apollo Theater (n'etiti Frederick Douglass Blvd. na Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Blvd).  A na-ahụ ihe bụ onye Franco n'ọnụ ụzọ nchekwa naanị mgbe a na-emechi ụzọ ụlọ Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Daily Times si kwuo, ihe gbasara Franco nyere aka mee ka Harlem njem nlegharị anya.  [1] Old ọrụ ya n'ime azụmahịa n'ofe United States, France, Germany, Switzerland, Japan, Canada, Spain, Brazil, Caribbean Islands, Senegal, na ọtụtụ mba Africa ndị ozo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Contribution to Harlem|url=http://www.francothegreat.com/contribution/index.html|work=francothegreat.com|accessdate=30 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103043039/https://www.francothegreat.com/contribution/index.html|archivedate=3 January 2015}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == Mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu, Franco dara ọtụtụ akụkọ. Nke a butere mmerụ ahụ dị ukwuu n'isi yana ọnọdụ [[Ọrịa coma|coma]] ruo otu ọnwa. O mechara nwee nkwarụ. N'ime oge a, Franco nwere mmasị na ịse nka na anwansi. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 9, site na agbamume nke onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik obodo, ọ gara n'ihu na-amụ ọrụ dịka onye na-eme anwansi. <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|title=Biography|url=http://www.francothegreat.com/biography/index.html|work=francothegreat.com|accessdate=30 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103015351/https://www.francothegreat.com/biography/index.html|archivedate=3 January 2015}}</ref> Onye na-ese ihe bụ Danzig ike Franco na nkuzi okwu afá anɔ, iji nyere aka na-egosi na n'ihu nnukwu igwe mmadụ.  Danzig gbakwara ya ume ka ọ ree ọrụ ya, ka ọ kwaga New York dị ka onye na-ese ihe na onye dibịa afa. . <ref name="bio"/> == Ọrụ nka == Na 1958, Franco si Panama kwaga New York eji ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe.  Na New York City, o nyere ọrụ ya n'ọrụ dị iche iche wee bụrụ onye a ma na obodo Spanish <ref name="bio"/> Na 1968, dị ka ike omume ọgbaghara ahụ mgbe e gbusịrị Martin Luther King, ndị nwe ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na Harlem gbakwụnye ọnụ ụzọ nchara nchara n'ihu ụlọ aha ha.  [1] Onye Ukwu ahụ lere ọnụ ụzọámá ahụ anya dị ka akwa akwa iji ihe nka na-eme oku maka ike dị mma.  [2] Na-ama, ụbọchị ebe a na-emechi ụlọ ụlọ na Harlem n'oge ahụ, Franco chepụtara nka ya iji jide ihe na-akpa positivity na ndị Africa-American n'ọnụ ụzọ ma.  ihe ngosi 1968, Franco eseela ihe ọnụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá 200, site na East ruo n'amụma ọmụmụ nke 125th St.. <ref name="bio"/> Ugbu a, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ọnụ ọgụgụ ụzọ nchekwa nchekwa ma ọ bụ mee ka agba ntụ, na-agba ọsọ iwu zoning na 2008 nke ọnụ ka ndị nwe ụlọ eji ọnụ ụzọ "see-through".  [1] E wezụga ọnụ ụzọ ámá ndị a na-arụsi ọrụ ike taa, e wepụrụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá iri abụọ na ise ma tinye ya n'ebe a na-edebe ihe cheta ọrụ Franco the Great.  [2] E hiwere nke "Chekwa ọnụ ụzọ ámá" na ndị na-akwado ya na-ekwu na a ga-ebuga ma ọnụ ụzọ ámá Franco na Triboro Plaza . <ref name="marod">{{Cite web|author=Marod|first=Megan|date=26 April 2014|title=Franco the Great|url=http://levysuniqueny.com/5209/franco-the-great/|work=levysuniqueny.com|accessdate=30 December 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, a kọrọ na Harlem Community Development Corporation na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ na-eji ike ọnụ ụzọ Franco ma mee ka ha guzosie ike na ngosi na-adịgide adịgide n'etiti ụzọ mbụ na nke abụọ, na-ahụ ebe ngosi nka.  akụkọ.  Ịmepụta ọnụ ụzọ ma ga-efu ruru $250,000.  [1] Na December 2014, Onye Mmepụta Forest City Ratner na-egosi iji isi ọnụ ụzọ ámá, na East River Plaza, dị ka ndị isi na Harlem nke gara aga.. <ref name="ransom">{{Cite web|author=Ransom|first=Jan|date=11 December 2014|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/uptown/harlem-famous-murals-find-new-home-article-1.2042337|work=Daily News|accessdate=30 December 2014|title=Uptown developer steps in to save endangered pieces by Harlem's Picasso Franco (The Great) Gaskin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105215332/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/uptown/harlem-famous-murals-find-new-home-article-1.2042337|archivedate=5 January 2015}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150103015351/https://www.francothegreat.com/biography/index.html Webụsaịtị gọọmentị] * [https://francothegreat.com/biography.html Franco Onye Ukwu] {{DEFAULTSORT:Franco the Great}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3eo7wd4tqp5dqyp651atjyqjjob7uv1 692851 692849 2026-07-30T20:37:05Z Geraldine Kene 23189 Added Databox 692851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Franco the Great ( mmalite Frankin Gaskin ; 1928) bụ onye na-ese ihe n'okporo ụzọ dabere na Manhattan, New York City .  A map ya ma obodo ya na Panama, ma ọ na-asụ Portuguese, Spanish na Bekee nke ọma.  A na-akpọkwa Franco the Great ka " Harlem Picasso ". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Barron|first=James|date=2009-12-03|title=Artists See Storefront Gates as Canvases for More Than Graffiti|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/03/nyregion/03oldgates.html|accessdate=2024-03-31|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref> O nwere aha ama site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụzọ nchekwa ụlọ dị na mpaghara West Harlem .  A na-ahụ mpempe mbụ nke Franco taa na 125th Street gbara gburugburu Apollo Theater (n'etiti Frederick Douglass Blvd. na Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Blvd).  A na-ahụ ihe bụ onye Franco n'ọnụ ụzọ nchekwa naanị mgbe a na-emechi ụzọ ụlọ Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Daily Times si kwuo, ihe gbasara Franco nyere aka mee ka Harlem njem nlegharị anya.  [1] Old ọrụ ya n'ime azụmahịa n'ofe United States, France, Germany, Switzerland, Japan, Canada, Spain, Brazil, Caribbean Islands, Senegal, na ọtụtụ mba Africa ndị ozo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Contribution to Harlem|url=http://www.francothegreat.com/contribution/index.html|work=francothegreat.com|accessdate=30 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103043039/https://www.francothegreat.com/contribution/index.html|archivedate=3 January 2015}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == Mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu, Franco dara ọtụtụ akụkọ. Nke a butere mmerụ ahụ dị ukwuu n'isi yana ọnọdụ [[Ọrịa coma|coma]] ruo otu ọnwa. O mechara nwee nkwarụ. N'ime oge a, Franco nwere mmasị na ịse nka na anwansi. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 9, site na agbamume nke onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik obodo, ọ gara n'ihu na-amụ ọrụ dịka onye na-eme anwansi. <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|title=Biography|url=http://www.francothegreat.com/biography/index.html|work=francothegreat.com|accessdate=30 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103015351/https://www.francothegreat.com/biography/index.html|archivedate=3 January 2015}}</ref> Onye na-ese ihe bụ Danzig ike Franco na nkuzi okwu afá anɔ, iji nyere aka na-egosi na n'ihu nnukwu igwe mmadụ.  Danzig gbakwara ya ume ka ọ ree ọrụ ya, ka ọ kwaga New York dị ka onye na-ese ihe na onye dibịa afa. . <ref name="bio"/> == Ọrụ nka == Na 1958, Franco si Panama kwaga New York eji ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe.  Na New York City, o nyere ọrụ ya n'ọrụ dị iche iche wee bụrụ onye a ma na obodo Spanish <ref name="bio"/> Na 1968, dị ka ike omume ọgbaghara ahụ mgbe e gbusịrị Martin Luther King, ndị nwe ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na Harlem gbakwụnye ọnụ ụzọ nchara nchara n'ihu ụlọ aha ha.  [1] Onye Ukwu ahụ lere ọnụ ụzọámá ahụ anya dị ka akwa akwa iji ihe nka na-eme oku maka ike dị mma.  [2] Na-ama, ụbọchị ebe a na-emechi ụlọ ụlọ na Harlem n'oge ahụ, Franco chepụtara nka ya iji jide ihe na-akpa positivity na ndị Africa-American n'ọnụ ụzọ ma.  ihe ngosi 1968, Franco eseela ihe ọnụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá 200, site na East ruo n'amụma ọmụmụ nke 125th St.. <ref name="bio"/> Ugbu a, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ọnụ ọgụgụ ụzọ nchekwa nchekwa ma ọ bụ mee ka agba ntụ, na-agba ọsọ iwu zoning na 2008 nke ọnụ ka ndị nwe ụlọ eji ọnụ ụzọ "see-through".  [1] E wezụga ọnụ ụzọ ámá ndị a na-arụsi ọrụ ike taa, e wepụrụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá iri abụọ na ise ma tinye ya n'ebe a na-edebe ihe cheta ọrụ Franco the Great.  [2] E hiwere nke "Chekwa ọnụ ụzọ ámá" na ndị na-akwado ya na-ekwu na a ga-ebuga ma ọnụ ụzọ ámá Franco na Triboro Plaza . <ref name="marod">{{Cite web|author=Marod|first=Megan|date=26 April 2014|title=Franco the Great|url=http://levysuniqueny.com/5209/franco-the-great/|work=levysuniqueny.com|accessdate=30 December 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, a kọrọ na Harlem Community Development Corporation na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ na-eji ike ọnụ ụzọ Franco ma mee ka ha guzosie ike na ngosi na-adịgide adịgide n'etiti ụzọ mbụ na nke abụọ, na-ahụ ebe ngosi nka.  akụkọ.  Ịmepụta ọnụ ụzọ ma ga-efu ruru $250,000.  [1] Na December 2014, Onye Mmepụta Forest City Ratner na-egosi iji isi ọnụ ụzọ ámá, na East River Plaza, dị ka ndị isi na Harlem nke gara aga.. <ref name="ransom">{{Cite web|author=Ransom|first=Jan|date=11 December 2014|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/uptown/harlem-famous-murals-find-new-home-article-1.2042337|work=Daily News|accessdate=30 December 2014|title=Uptown developer steps in to save endangered pieces by Harlem's Picasso Franco (The Great) Gaskin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105215332/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/uptown/harlem-famous-murals-find-new-home-article-1.2042337|archivedate=5 January 2015}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150103015351/https://www.francothegreat.com/biography/index.html Webụsaịtị gọọmentị] * [https://francothegreat.com/biography.html Franco Onye Ukwu] {{DEFAULTSORT:Franco the Great}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] h6mb4cjn1mtym3j0pg00l23lsb86h8t 0 48962 692664 539222 2026-07-30T12:32:57Z Adimora chidinma 15845 added databox 692664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Barnaby Furnas, (amụrụ Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1973), bụ onye na-ese ihe na Britain na onye bụbu onye na-ese ihe osise nke bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na New York City.  Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na School of Visual Arts na New York wee nweta BFA na 1995 tupu ọ gaa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Columbia dị na New York, na-enweta MFA na 2000. Ọ na-eme agba nke ya site na pigmenti jikọtara ya na urethane. == Ihe ngosi == Egosiputala ọrụ Furnas n'ụwa niile na veranda na ebe ngosi nka dị ka Baltic Center for Contemporary Art na Gateshead na UK, Kunsthalle Wien na Austria, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, Museo d'Arte Moderna di Bologna, Whitney Museum of American.  Art na New York, na Royal Academy na London.  Ọ bụ Marianne Boesky Gallery na New York na Victoria Miro Gallery na London nọchitere ya. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.saatchi-gallery.co.uk/artists/barnaby_furnas.htm Ihe ngosi Saatchi] na Barnaby Furnas gụnyere ọrụ nka, akụkụ ederede, akụkọ, na akụkọ ndụ zuru oke. * [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_3_42/ai_110913985 Nyochaa ''Artforum'', Nọvemba, 2003.] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Furnas, Barnaby}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9kvfkzaikvy3ih7qsppp65dhhu65jva 0 49426 692981 179840 2026-07-31T04:28:08Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 692981 wikitext text/x-wiki British Columbia's Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR) bụ mkpokọta ala ebe ahọpụtara ọrụ ugbo ka ihe kacha mkpa. A na-akwado ịrụ ọrụ ugbo na amachibidoro ihe ndị na-abụghị ọrụ ugbo<ref name="ALCmaps">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/alr-maps/|title=Agricultural Land Reserve Maps|date=8 February 2022|publisher=Provincial Agricultural Land Commission}}</ref>: 16  Ndị ọchịchị Dave Barrett nke British Columbia New Democratic Party hiwere ALR na 1973 iji chekwaa oke ala ubi nke mpaghara site na ime obodo. ma ọ bụ ihe dịka 4.9% nke ala ala British Columbia: 73 <ref name="ALC50">{{Cite web|title=50 Years of the Provincial Agricultural Land Commission|date=18 April 2023|url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/50-years-of-the-provincial-agricultural-land-commission|publisher=Provincial Agricultural Land Commission, BC}}</ref> E nwere mpaghara nchịkwa ALR isii: South Coast, Interior, Island, Kootenay, North, na Okanagan.<ref name="ALCmaps"/> Nkwụsị ụtụ isi na-emetụta ihe onwunwe na ALR, na ajụjụ nke ikpe ziri ezi n'etiti ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi apụtawo. == Ihe ndị e ji mara ya == ALR na-ekpuchi nde hekta 4.6 (11.4 nde acres). <ref name="ALC50"/>: 18 Ọ na-agụnye 4.9% nke ala dị nde hekta 94.6 nke BC.<ref name="ALC50" /> Ihe na-erughị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ala dị na ALR bụ ala ọrụ ugbo kachasị mma (1.1% nke ala BC), ebe ala ọrụ ugpo kachasị mma dabara na nyocha Canada Land Inventory (CLI) Klas 1-3 .: 17 <ref name="Smith">{{Cite web|first=Barry|author=Smith|url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/assets/alc/assets/library/archived-publications/alr-history/a_work_in_progress_-_farmland_preservation_b_smith_2012.pdf|publisher=Agricultural Land Commission, BC|date=2012|title=A Work in Progress – The British Columbia Farmland Preservation Program}}</ref>: 1 <ref name="AFRA">{{Cite web|title=Classifying Prime and Marginal Agricultural Soils and Landscapes: Guidelines for Application of the Canada Land Inventory in Ontario|url=https://omafra.gov.on.ca/english/landuse/classify.htm}}</ref>Ihe dị ka ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ala BC dị n'elu otu puku mita n'ịdị elu, na ugwu ugwu nke mpaghara ahụ pụtara na obere òkè nke ala ya nwere ikike ọrụ ugbo.<ref name="Smith"/>: 2  Ihe dị ka 46% nke ala ALR dị n'okpuru onye nwe ya, na 54% dị n'etiti ala ọha na eze (gọọmentị mpaghara, nke obodo, ma ọ bụ nke gọọmentị etiti). : 18  == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Ihe mere e ji guzobe ya === Tupu 1973, ihe dị ka hectare 4000 ruo 6000 nke ala ọrụ ugbo na-efu kwa afọ site na ime obodo na British Columbia. Iwu na 18 Eprel 1973 nke mebere Commissionlọ Ọrụ Ugbo Ala (ALC) wee guzobe nchekwa ala Agricultural (ALR).. <ref name="Smith" /><ref name="ALC50"/>: 1–3  === Nhọrọ nke ala a ga-etinye === Mpaghara nke ALR dabere na njirimara okike nke ala na ihu igwe ya. <ref name="ALRhistory">{{Cite web|title=ALR History|author=Provincial Agricultural Land Commission|date=9 March 2022|url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/role-of-the-alc/alr-history/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Engagement|first=Government Communications and Public|title=Agricultural Land - ALC|url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/alc/content/alr-maps/agricultural-land|accessdate=2022-03-09|work=www.alc.gov.bc.ca|archivedate=2022-03-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309050413/https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/alc/content/alr-maps/agricultural-land}}</ref>Ala niile dị na Klas 1 ruo 4 site na nyocha Canada Land Inventory (CLI) nke a na-emebeghị emepụtala gụnyere na ALR.<ref name="Smith"/>: 3, 10 (Ala ugbo mbụ na-adaba na CLI Klas 1-3, ebe ala Klas 4 bụ nke dịpụrụ adịpụ maka ihe ọkụkụ a na-akọ ugbo.) <ref name="Smith" /> <ref name="AFRA"/> : 5-9 A gụnyere ala Klas 5 na 6 ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ike iji ya mee ihe n'ụzọ dị irè na njikọ ya na ala Klas 1 ruo 4, a gụnyekwara ala Klas 7 ma ọ bụrụ ma ewepụ ya nwere ike ikwe ka o tinye aka na-adịghị mma nke ojiji na-ekwekọghị n'ebe ugbo.<ref name="ALRhistory" />: 11 (Ala dị na Klas 5 na 6 dabara adaba naanị maka ihe ọkụkụ na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ ịta ahịhịa, ebe ala Klas 7 enweghị ikike ọrụ ugbo.) : 1, 12 <ref name="Smith" /><ref name="AFRA"/> Malite na map CLI, na inweta ntinye site na gọọmentị ime obodo na ndị na-ege ntị ọha na eze, ALC chọpụtara nde hekta 4.7 ka etinye na ALR.<ref name="Smith"/>A matara n'oge na-adịghị anya na n'ime mpaghara ụfọdụ (akụkụ nke Vancouver Island, dịka ọmụmaatụ) enwere ike imeziwanye ozi CLI.<ref name="Smith" />: 12 N'agbata afọ 1980 na afọ 1984, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mere nyocha zuru oke nke ókèala mpaghara ALR, na-eji map ọhụrụ na ozi ala. E nyere Eastern Vancouver Island nlebara anya pụrụ iche. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Engagement|first=Government Communications and Public|title=ALR History - ALC|url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/alc/content/alr-maps/alr-history|accessdate=2022-03-09|work=www.alc.gov.bc.ca|archivedate=2022-03-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309050414/https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/alc/content/alr-maps/alr-history}}</ref> E wepụrụ ala zuru ezu na ALR iji nye ohere maka ihe dị ka afọ 5 nke uto obodo.<ref name="Smith"/>: 9 A gụnyere ala gọọmentị etiti na ALR ma ọ bụrụ na njirimara ya na-akwado itinye ya, mana iwu ALR anaghị emetụta ala gọọmentịa etiti.<ref name="Smith" />: 10–11  ALR na-achịkwa site na Agricultural Land Commission (ALC), nke nwere ndị nduzi nke mmadụ 11 ruo 19 nke Minista nke Ọrụ Ugbo na Nri họpụtara.: 12 A na-eji mpaghara ala na-egbochi iji chebe ala ugbo, na mkpebi mpaghara ALC na-ebute ụzọ karịa iwu iji ala eme ihe nke gọọmentị ime obodo.<ref name="Connell2021">{{Cite journal|pages=109–130|first=David|author=Connell|title=The Quality of Farmland Protection in Canada: An Evaluation of the Strength of Provincial Legislative Frameworks|journal=Canadian Planning and Policy|date=2021|volume=2021|doi=10.24908/cpp-apc.v2021i01.14229}}</ref>:: 120  ALC na-eme mkpebi karịsịa na mwepụ ala (iwepụ) ma ọ bụ mgbakwunye (ntinye); nkewa; na iji ala na-abụghị ugbo eme ihe.<ref name="Smith"/>: 17 <ref name="AR2023">{{cite report | publisher=Provincial Agricultural Land Commission | title=Annual Report 2022-2023 | url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/app/uploads/sites/763/2023/09/Annual-Report-2022-2023.pdf }}</ref> 10, 30-31 Mkpebi dabere na otu ngwa si akwado ikike ALC "ichebe ala ugbo" na "ịgba ume ọrụ ugbo na ala ugbo".<ref name="Criteria">{{Cite web|title=What the Commission Considers|url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/application-and-notice-process/applications/what-the-commission-considers/|publisher=Provincial Agricultural Land Commission|date=2022}}</ref> === Mgbanwe ndị a ma ama === Ọrụ bụ isi nke ALC bụ ichekwa ala ugbo, mana iwu mbụ nyekwara ALC ọrụ maka iguzobe belt akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ụlọ akụ ala, na ogige ntụrụndụ. E wepụrụ ọrụ a na 1977. (ALC ga-azụta (ma ọ bụ nweta) ala ndị a tupu a họpụta ya. N'ụzọ dị iche, enwere ike ikpebi ala na ALR na-enweghị ịzụta site na iji ngwá ọrụ mpaghara ọdịnala.)<ref name="Smith"/>: 7 : 7  N'afọ 1988, ogige golf ghọrọ ebe a kwadoro iji ala eme ihe, mana mgbe afọ 1992 gachara, ha chọrọ nkwado ọzọ.<ref name="Smith"/>: 15 <ref name="ConnellKral">{{Cite journal|journal=Canadian Planning and Policy|title=British Columbia Divided its Agricultural Land Reserve into Two Zones (2014-2019): Did it Make a Difference?|first=David|author=Connell|doi=10.24908/cpp-apc.v2022i01.15773|pages=191–213|volume=2022}}</ref>: 194  [[Usòrò:British_Columbia's_Agricultural_Land_Reserve_land_area_and_two_administrative_zones,_2014-2019.png|thumb|Ebe nchekwa ala ugbo nke British Columbia (ALR) na mpaghara nchịkwa abụọ, 2014-2019]] Na Mee 29, 2014, gọọmentị BC Liberal nke Christy Clark kewara ALR n'ime mpaghara abụọ: Mpaghara 1 (Island, Okanagan, South Coast) na Mpaghara 2 (North, Kootenay, Interior). <ref name="BCLASS-Legacy">{{Cite web|title=BCLASS-Legacy|url=https://www.leg.bc.ca/legacy|accessdate=2022-03-09|work=www.leg.bc.ca|language=en|archivedate=2019-09-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901220627/https://www.leg.bc.ca/legacy}}</ref> A na-ele iwu ALR anya dị ka ibu arọ nye ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ala ugbo na-adịghị ike.<ref name="ConnellKral"/>:: 192  Iji nye ndị nwe mpaghara 2 mgbanwe iji nweta ego na-abụghị nke ugbo site na ala ha, a gbasaa ihe mkpebi nke mpaghara 2 nke ALC iji tinye ụkpụrụ akụ na ụba, ọdịbendị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref name="ConnellKral" /><ref name="blogs.ubc.ca">{{Cite web|title=ALR Background {{!}} Agricultural Land Reserve Mapping (draft not released)|url=https://blogs.ubc.ca/alrmap/alr-background/|accessdate=2022-03-09|language=en-US}}</ref>: 191-193 <ref name="blogs.ubc.ca" /> Na Nọvemba 20, 2018, NDP Premier John Horgan gbanwere nkewa nke mpaghara 2, na-eweghachi ALR na otu mpaghara n'okpuru ụkpụrụ mbụ. <ref name="BCLASS-Legacy" /><ref name="ConnellKral" /> Ruo Septemba 2020, ndị nwe ala nkeonwe enweghị ike itinye akwụkwọ ozugbo na ALC maka iwepụ ala ha na ALR. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị nwe ala nkeonwe nwere ike ịrịọ gọọmentị ime obodo ha maka mwepụ dị otú ahụ, ha ga-adabere na gọọmentị ime obodo iji mee ngwa iwepụ ya..<ref name="LawsonLundell">{{Cite web|title=Private Landowners Lose Ability to Apply for ALR Exclusion|url=https://www.lawsonlundell.com/real-estate-law-blog/private-landowners-lose-ability-to-apply-for-ALR-Exclusion|publisher=Lawson Lundell LLP|date=13 October 2020|first=James|author=Fraser}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bill 15 takes away landowners' rights|date=13 March 2019|first=Donna|author=Barnett|url=https://cfjctoday.com/2019/03/13/bill-15-takes-away-landowners-rights/|publisher=CFJC Today: Everything Kamloops!}}</ref> == Ụtụ isi nke ala ALR == === Ịkwụsị ịtụ ụtụ isi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ === Ma a na-eji ala ha eme ihe maka ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, enwere 50% ụtụ isi maka ndị nwe ala ALR maka ụtụ isi ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ọgwụ, na ihe onwunwe ndị ọzọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụtụ isi TransLink na Metro Vancouver). : 5 <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Province of British Columbia|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/taxes/property-taxes/annual-property-tax/tax-notice/calculation-hints|date=15 February 2021|title=Calculation hints}}</ref> <ref name="Chamber2021">{{Cite web|title=Using Property Tax Reform to Support Agriculture Production (2021)|url=https://bcchamber.org/policy-search/using-property-tax-reform-support-agriculture-production-2021|author=British Columbia Chamber of Commerce|accessdate=2024-07-09|archivedate=2024-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311182344/https://bcchamber.org/policy-search/using-property-tax-reform-support-agriculture-production-2021}}</ref> Nnyocha nke Mahadum Polytechnic nke Kwantlen kwuru na nnwere onwe ụtụ isi a na-agba ume inwe ala ma ọ bụghị ''ọrụ ugbo'' nke ala ALR. : 6  Nnyocha nke mpaghara Greater Vancouver (Metro Vancouver) na-achọpụta na ndị bụ isi na-erite uru na nkwụsị ahụ bụ ihe onwunwe dị na ALR nkewa dị ka "Ebe obibi": 6  Ebe ọ bụ na ejighị ihe ndị a eme ihe maka ugbo, ọmụmụ ihe ahụ na-atụ aro iwepụ nhapụ ahụ ka e wee nwee ike. debe nha nha n'ofe ndị nwe ala obibi n'ime na n'èzí ALR.<ref name="Metro">{{cite report | title=Encouraging Agricultural Production through Farm Property Tax Reform in Metro Vancouver | url=https://metrovancouver.org/services/regional-planning/Documents/agriculture-production-tax-reform-metro-vancouver-2016.pdf | author=metrovancouver | date=2016 }}</ref> : 6 : 6  === Ụtụ isi maka ihe onwunwe === Ụtụ isi ụlọ na-adịkarị ala n'ala dị n'ime ALR, ọ bụrụgodị na ala anaghị akọ ugbo. Nke a bụ n'ihi na a na-enyocha ihe onwunwe dabere na uru ahịa nke ala ahụ na-eburu n'uche "ojiji kachasị elu na nke kachasị mma" yana ụkpụrụ ihe onwunwe ime obodo yiri ya. Ojiji nke ụlọ kacha elu na nke kacha mma bụ nke ALR na mmachi iji ala na nkewa mee ihe machiri ya. Ya mere, ala dị n'ime ALR na-enwekarị ọnụ ahịa dị ala, ọbụlagodi mgbe a na-enye ya Residential, Commercial, or Industrial.: 11  Nnyocha e mere maka Metro Vancouver chọpụtara na maka ihe onwunwe 5-acre enyochara dị ka Residential na Langley (nke na-enweghị "ọnọdụ ugbo). ") nke na-akwụ $13,656 na ụtụ ụlọ, ihe atụ atụnyere dị ka Residential na ALR ga-akwụ $3,880 na ụtụ ụlọ.: 11-12  Ọmụmụ ahụ kwuru na ajụjụ gbasara nha anya n'etiti ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi apụtala, ebe ọ bụ na ojiji obibi na azụmahịa n'ime ALR mepụtara. ọchịchọ maka ọrụ ndị gọọmentị ime obodo na-enweta site na ụtụ ụlọ (ụlọ ọrụ, njem ụgbọ njem, ndị uwe ojii, ọkụ na ọrụ mberede). <ref name="Metro" />: 3  == Ihe owuwu ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ALR == A na-egbochi ihe owuwu na ọrụ ugbo na ọrụ mmepụta ihe, mana enyere ya ikike na ALR iji nye ndị ọrụ ugbo ohere akụ na ụba metụtara ọrụ ugbo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Development of Farm Structures for Farm-Related Commercial and Farm-Related Industrial Uses in the ALR: Policy L-24|date=October 2019|url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/assets/alc/assets/legislation-and-regulation/policies/alc_-_policy_l-24_-_farm_related_commercial_and_farm_related_industrial_uses.pdf|publisher=Agricultural Land Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview of Agricultural Land Reserves in BC|date=20 June 2023|publisher=Smythe|url=https://www.smythecpa.com/blog/overview-of-agricultural-land-reserves-in-bc/|first=Subash|author=Chand}}</ref>Akụkọ 2020 kwadebere maka gọọmentị BC tụrụ aro ịhapụ ihe ruru otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke otu pasent nke ala ALR nke mpaghara ahụ iji mepụta ụdị ọhụrụ nke ala ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ.<ref name="CBC2020">{{Cite news|publisher=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-food-security-re...-sparks-debate-on-technology-and-agricultural-land-reserve-1.5608661|title=B.C. food security report sparks debate on technology and agricultural land reserve|date=13 June 2020|first=Maryse|author=Zeidler}}</ref>Iji gbochie nchegbu banyere ikwe ka ihe owuwu dị n'ala a na-akọ ugbo, ala a gbanwere ga-abụ ala dị ala, na-ekwesịghị ekwesị maka ọrụ ugbo (CLI Classes 4-7). <ref name="FSTF">{{cite report | title=The Future of B.C.'s Food System: Findings & Recommendations from the B.C. Food Security Task Force | first1=Peter | last1=Dhillon | first2=Lenore | last2=Newman | first3=Arvind | last3=Gupta | publisher=Government of British Columbia | url=https://engage.gov.bc.ca/app/uploads/sites/121/2020/01/FSTF-Report-2020-The-Future-of-Food.pdf }}</ref> 12, 73, 74 <ref name="CBC2020" /> N'afọ 2022, e dezigharịrị iwu ALR iji kwalite ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo site n'ikwe ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto n'elu shelf ndị kwụ ọtọ. Mgbanwe ahụ bu n'uche ibelata ọnụahịa ọkụ eletrik na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ, melite arụmọrụ ugbo, ma nyere aka na ụkọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8633313/b-c-amends-agricultural-land-reserve-regulations-to-promote-vertical-farming/|first=Simon|author=Little|title=B.C. amends Agricultural Land Reserve regulations to promote vertical farming|date=19 February 2022|publisher=Global News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/province-puts-vertical-farms-on-horizon-to-boost-b-c-food-security|title=Province puts vertical farms on horizon to boost B.C. food security: B.C. to include so-called vertical farm buildings on list of allowable farm uses permissible on ALR land without Agricultural Land Commission permission|first=Derrick|author=Penner|date=20 February 2022|publisher=Vancouver Sun}}</ref> == Arụmụka == === Ntọala nke ALR === Ọtụtụ puku ndị ọrụ ugbo mere mkpesa maka okike nke ALR, n'ihi na ha megidere ihe mgbochi ALR na-etinye na ihe ndị nwe ala nwere ike ime na ala nke ha.<ref name="Mickleburgh">{{Cite news|publisher=The Globe and Mail|first=Rod|author=Mickleburgh|date=14 September 2012|title=B.C. farmers' anger turns to support for Agricultural Land Reserve|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/bc-farmers-anger-turns-to-support-for-agricultural-land-reserve/article4547579/}}</ref> Ihe mgbochi ndị ahụ na-egbochi ikike ihe onwunwe nke onwe ha, ma si otú ahụ belata ọnụ ahịa ala. Afọ iri anọ ka e mesịrị, nkwado n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-azụ anụ ghọrọ ihe zuru ebe niile, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ihe na-enweghị ikike, dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke BC Agriculture Council si kwuo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/bc-farmers-anger-turns-to-support-for-agricultural-land-reserve/article4547579/|title=B.C. farmers' anger turns to support for Agricultural Land Reserve|accessdate=19 July 2013|quote=Richard Bullock, the Chairman of the Agricultural Land Commission said, "Farmers have accepted that the ALR is here to stay." On a tour of the province shortly after taking over the land commission in 2010, Bullock said he was astounded to find pro-ALR sentiment "almost universal. People want us to do the right thing."|work=The Globe and Mail|date=17 September 2012}}</ref> === Ụlọ "Monster" === N'afọ 2017, onye kansụl obodo Richmond kwuru na ya achọghị "ụlọ ukwu na obere ugbo". <ref name="Jang">{{Cite news|publisher=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/richmond-ponders-bylaw-to-restrict-house-size-on-farmland/article33630616/|title=Richmond ponders bylaw to restrict house size on farmland|date=15 January 2017}}</ref> na-ewu ihe a na-akpọ "ụlọ ndị mmụọ ọjọọ" na ala ALR nke Richmond, ebe nkezi ụlọ ahụ ruru square feet 12,087 na 2015, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 7,329 na 2010. Onye bụbu onye isi oche ALR bụ Frank Leonard kwuru na ụlọ "monster" bụ nnukwu nsogbu n'ebe ụfọdụ dị ka Richmond, ebe ọ bụ na ala ugbo "efuola" mgbe mmadụ zụrụ ala ALR ma wuo "ụlọ 10,000-square-foot tinyere ogige tennis, ọdọ mmiri na ụlọ ndị ọzọ".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.saanichnews.com/news/former-saanich-mayor-frank-leonard-assigned-chair-of-agricultural-land-commission-225397|first=Bill|author=Cleverley|publisher=Victoria Times-Colonist|title=Saanich wants to stop monster houses from being built on farm land|date=24 June 2018}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ ezie na iwu iji ala eme ihe anaghị ekwe ka ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ dị n'ala ugbo, e nwere akụkọ banyere nnukwu ụlọ a na-ewu na Richmond nke bụ ụlọ oriri na nkwari akụ onwe onye. <ref name="Jang" /><ref name="Tomlinson">{{Cite news|title=On B.C.'s farmland, mega-mansions and speculators reap the rewards of lucrative tax breaks|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/investigations/farmland-and-real-estate-in-british-columbia/article32923810/|date=18 November 2016|first=Kathy|author=Tomlinson|publisher=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> Na nzaghachi, na 2018 gọọmentị mpaghara weputara oke square mita 500 (ihe dịka square mita 5400) maka ebe obibi bụ isi e wuru na ALR.<ref name="govBC">{{Cite web|title=Legislation to protect farmland now in force|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2019AGRI0018-000261|publisher=BC Gov News, Province of BC|date=23 February 2019}}</ref> B.C. Farmland Owners Association megidere iwu ahụ na-ekwu na gọọmentị ejighị ha kwurịta okwu nke ọma, nakwa na njedebe nke square mita 500 agaghị ekwe ka ohere zuru ezu maka ihe na-abụkarị azụmaahịa ezinụlọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Metro Vancouver farmers gear up for fight over 'monster homes'|first=Paul|author=Johnson|publisher=Global News|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4699788/metro-vancouver-farmers-gear-up-for-fight-over-monster-homes/|date=26 November 2018}}</ref> E mechara belata ihe mgbochi ka o wee, malite na 31 Disemba <sup>2</sup>, yana ebe obibi bụ isi nwere ala nke 500 m<sup>2</sup> ma ọ bụ obere, a na-ekwe ka ndị nwe ala nwee otu ebe obibi nke nwere ala nke 90 m<sup>2</sup> maọbụ na-erughị (186 m2 na ala 40 hekta ma ọ bụ karịa), ma ọ bụrụ na iwu gọọmentị ime obodo kwere.<ref name="TC">{{Cite web|title=Central Saanich seeks feedback on allowing more homes on agricultural land|first=Roxanne|author=Egan-Elliott|date=19 October 2023|publisher=Times Colonist|url=https://www.timescolonist.com/local-news/central-saanich-seeks-feedback-on-allowing-more-homes-on-agricultural-land-7705018}}</ref>: 2-3 Ọzọkwa, enwere ike ịchọta ụlọ nke abụọ n'ụlọ obibi.<ref name="IB052023">{{cite report | last=Agricultural Land Commission | date=27 June 2023 | title=Information Bulletin 05: Residences in the ALR | url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/assets/alc/assets/legislation-and-regulation/information-bulletins/ib_05_residences_in_the_alr.pdf }}</ref> 7, 16 Ọzọkwa, e wepụrụ ihe achọrọ na onye nwe ala ma ọ bụ ndị ezinụlọ ga-eji ebe obibi ndị ọzọ mee ihe.<ref name="biv">{{Cite news|title=Restrictions (slightly) eased for ALR farmland in British Columbia|url=https://biv.com/article/2021/10/restrictions-slightly-eased-alr-farmland-british-columbia|first=Sandor|author=Gyarmati|date=7 October 2021|publisher=Business in Vancouver}}</ref> Dị ka ọ dị na mbụ, ALC nwere ike ịnakwere ebe obibi ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na ha bụ maka iji ugbo eme ihe. <ref name="govBC"/> <ref name="biv" /> === Ịkwụsịtụ Ụtụ Isi === Otu akụkọ nyocha nke afọ 2016 sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Globe and Mail chọpụtara na ka ọnụ ahịa ụlọ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-arị elu na ahịa ụlọ obibi nke Vancouver, uru ụtụ isi nke ihe onwunwe ALR mụbara. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ chọpụtara nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọnụ ahịa ahịa na nyocha mpaghara maka akụrụngwa 122 nyochara. N'otu ọmụmaatụ, ụlọ dị na ALR kwụrụ ihe dị ka $5,300 na ụtụ ụlọ ebe ụlọ obibi dị n'otu obodo nwere otu uru ahịa ga-akwụ ihe ruru $77,000. Akụkọ ahụ gosikwara nkwụsịtụ ụtụ isi metụtara ụtụ ọhụrụ 15% nke mpaghara na ala na ụlọ nke ndị na-azụ ahịa si mba ọzọ zụtara. Ụtụ a na-emetụta naanị ọnụahịa ere nke ụlọ ọrụ ugbo, ebe ịzụrụ ala ALR enweghị ụtụ isi.<ref name="Tomlinson" /> === Ọgwụgwọ dị mma maka ndị na-emepụta ihe ọṅụṅụ === Enweela nkatọ maka enweghị nkwekọrịta n'otu esi etinye usoro iwu ugbo, n'ihe gbasara ọgwụgwọ pụrụ iche maka ndị na-emepụta mmanya na ngwaahịa mmanya ndị ọzọ. N'otu oge, onye ọrụ ugbo chọrọ ije ozi n'ugbo ha n'ụlọ nri kwesịrị ịmị mmanya, ebe ọ bụ na a na-anabata ọrụ nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ na ALR ma ọ bụrụ na ugbo ahụ na-emepụta mmanya na-aba n'anya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agricultural Land Commission Act: Agricultural Land Reserve Use Regulation B.C. Reg. 30/2019|url=https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/30_2019|date=22 February 2019|publisher=British Columbia}}</ref>: 6–7 <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=BC Gov News|title=Revitalization of the Agricultural Land Reserve and the Agricultural Land Commission|date=18 June 2019|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/factsheets/agricultural-land-reserve-and-agricultural-land-commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|publisher=Victoria Times-Colonist|url=https://www.timescolonist.com/business/agricultural-land-reserve-rules-frustrate-nanoose-farmers-4673833|title=Agricultural Land Reserve rules frustrate Nanoose farmers: A Nanoose Bay farming couple say they should not have to set up a brewery in order to serve home-grown food in their on-site restaurant|first=Carla|author=Wilson|date=25 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|publisher=Global News|title=Vancouver Island farm forced to add on brewery to keep restaurant open on ALR land|date=15 May 2019|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5278895/vancouver-island-farm-brewery-forced/|first=Kylie|author=Stanton}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Greenbelt (Golden Horseshoe) , ebe nchekwa yiri ya na Ontario. * Williamson Act, usoro yiri nke ahụ maka [[California]]. == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tqrodoe2avm5b5a96ystf84f7ypem5l 0 49629 692996 687047 2026-07-31T05:06:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692996 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:AMCOW Office Headquarter.jpg|thumb|African Ministers' Council on Water]] Council of African Ministers' Council on Water (AMCOW) ( French </link>), nke African Union na-ewere dị ka usoro nkwado maka Kọmitii Nkà na ọzụ Pụrụ Iche (STC) iji kwalite mmezu na mpaghara mmiri na ọcha .  Ọ bụ mpaghara mpaghara nke mba 55 dị n'Africa na- mgbaàmà akụ na-ahụ ọha na eze na mkpochapụ nke ndị ogbenye site na imekọ ihe ọnụ nke ọma, njikwa ọrụ mmiri, na inye òtù ya ihe mmiri mmiri nke kọntinent.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=AFRICAN UNION|date=2019|title=Third Ordinary Session of the Specialized Technical Committee (STC) on Agriculture, Rural Development, Water and Environment 21-25 October 2019, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.|url=http://www.acmad.net/new/NEWSITEACMAD/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/infoReport-of-the-Ministers-of-the-2019-STC-on-ARDWE-Final-Nov-20-2010.pdf|journal=African Union|pages=40}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=AMCOW - African Ministers' Council on Water|url=https://www.infontd.org/organization/amcow-african-ministers-council-water|accessdate=October 9, 2021|work=infontd|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027054705/https://www.infontd.org/organization/amcow-african-ministers-council-water|archivedate=2020-10-27}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'April 2002, ndị Minista Afrịka na-ahụ maka ụgbọ mmiri na [[Abuja]], Nigeria, hibere ndị minista na-ahụ maka mmiri nke Africa (AMCOW) na-esote nke nke "Nkwuwapụta Minista nke Abuja na Mmiri - isi ihe na-  eme ka ike na-adịgide adịgide".  E hiwere ụgbọ a iji mee ka mmezu nke Mat mmiri na idebe ihe dị n'Africa dị ngwa.  Na 2008, na nhụsianya nke iri na otu nke African Union (AU) Assembly na [[Sharma el-Sheikh|Sharm el-Sheikh]] Egypt, ndị isi obodo na ọrịa Africa, nyere AMCOW iwu ka ha guzobe na nri maka mmewere nkwa ha n'ịkwalite akpụkpọ ọcha na  ọcha <ref>{{Cite journal|author=AFRICAN|first=UNION|date=2008|title=ASSEMBLY OF THE AFRICAN UNION Eleventh Ordinary Session 30 June to 1 July 2008 Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt: Decisions, Declaration, Tribute and Resolution.|url=https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/9558-assembly_en_30_june_1_july_2008_auc_eleventh_ordinary_session_decisions_declarations_tribute_resolution.pdf|journal=African Union|pages=40}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Coombes|first=Yolande|date=2015|title=Investment in Sanitation to Support Economic Growth in Africa: Recommendations to the African Ministers' Council on Water (AMCOW) and Ministers of Finance.|url=https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp/files/publications/WSP-Investment-in-Sanitation-to-Support-Growth-Africa.pdf|journal=Water and Sanitation Program:Report|pages=32}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yolande Coombes, Sophie Hickling and Mark Radin - PDF Free Download|url=https://docplayer.net/8667420-Yolande-coombes-sophie-hickling-and-mark-radin.html|accessdate=2021-12-28|work=docplayer.net|archivedate=2021-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228092927/https://docplayer.net/8667420-Yolande-coombes-sophie-hickling-and-mark-radin.html}}</ref> == Usoro nchịkwa == Usoro ụlọ ọrụ nke AMCOW nwere Council of Minister (Ndị Minista na-ahụ maka mmiri na mba ọ mgbasa), kọmitii ndị (EXCO) na Onye isi ala / oche, na Board of Directors (nke bụ [[Namibia]] ugbu a).  Nke ọ ALA n'ime mpaghara ise a nọchitere anya na kọmitii onye isi site n'aka ndị agadi anya atọ / ndị Minista mmiri (A na-ekewa mba ndị otu AMCOW n'ime mpaghara ise: West Africa, Eastern Africa, Central Africa).  , North Africa, na South Africa ) maka nhazi.  nke sub-regional ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=African Ministers' Council on Water {{!}} UIA Yearbook Profile {{!}} Union of International Associations|url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100041436|accessdate=2021-10-09|work=uia.org}}</ref> Osote onye isi ala na-elekọta mpaghara ọlala.  AMCOW Secretariat hiwere isi na Abuja, Nigeria, onye ode akwukwo Executive nwa oge na otu ndi okachamara na ndi oru nkwado na-edu ya.  Kọmiti Ndụmọdụ Nka na ẹzà (TAC) na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndu Kọmitii Executive.  Kọmiti ndị isi na-ahụ maka ịhụ na e mezuru isi kansụl, yana mmemme/mmefu ego maka nkwado nke kansụl, mankọta ego dị mkpa, na ilekọta ọrụ nke Secretariat. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Special Technical Committee of the African Union|date=2018|title=Decisions of the 11th ordinary session of the governing council of AMCOW 29 – 30 October 2018, Libreville, GABON and 13 February 2019, Kigali, RWANDA.|url=https://aquaknow.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/Final_11th_AMCOW_GC_Kigali_0.pdf|journal=AMCOW|pages=8}}</ref> Ọrụ ndị bụ isi nke AMCOW bụ mpaghara mpaghara na nke mba ụwa site n'chịkọta atumatu na omume n'etiti mba Africa ihe ndị na-agụ mmiri mmiri, iji na-eche na ikpokọta ego ọzọ maka mpaghara mmiri mmiri, na-enye usoro maka  nọmba nke isi mpaghara na mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ.  ntụ, inye mmiri, na akwụkwọ ọcha <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-22|title=AMCOW launches the African Sanitation Policy Guidelines|url=https://guardian.ng/ama-press-releases/amcow-launches-the-african-sanitation-policy-guidelines/|accessdate=2021-10-09|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009171145/https://guardian.ng/ama-press-releases/amcow-launches-the-african-sanitation-policy-guidelines/}}</ref> AMCOW na-ejekwa ozi dị ka achịcha maka ịgba ụka gbasara mmiri na ụlọ ọrụ UN na ndị mmekọ ndị ọzọ.  Ọ na-akwado ikere òkè na mkpagbu ihe mpaghara na mpaghara ihu igwe, tallaabo nke nleba anya, iwu nke ozi, na mgbaàmà nke atumatu na akara iji dozie nsogbu mmiri na Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=IISD Reporting Services - African Regional Coverage - AFRICAN MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE ON WATER|url=https://enb.iisd.org/africa/water/amcow/amcow.html|accessdate=2021-10-09|work=enb.iisd.org|archivedate=2021-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009171154/https://enb.iisd.org/africa/water/amcow/amcow.html}}</ref> == Ozi na Ọhụụ == '''Ozi:''' Iji nye onye ndu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ntụzịaka amụma na nkwado na ntinye, ojiji na njikwa nke akụrụngwa mmiri maka mmepe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba na-adịgide adịgide na mmezi nke gburugburu ebe obibi Africa. Ọhụụ: Iji nwa 2025 Africa Water Vision site na ijikwa mmiri mmiri nke Africa nke ọma na inye inye mmiri mmiri.  Iji kwalite imekọ ihe ọnụ, nchekwa, nchekwa ọha na eze na akụ na ngwaọrụ, na ikpochapụ ego ogbenye n'etiti mba ndị otu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=AMCOW - African Ministers' Council on Water {{!}} InfoNTD|url=https://www.infontd.org/organization/amcow-african-ministers-council-water|accessdate=2022-11-20|work=www.infontd.org|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe mmalite == * Mmemme mmiri dị n'ala Africa * AMCOW Pan African Groundwater Programme (APAGroP) <ref>{{Cite web|author=sandaruwan|date=2020-03-19|title=African Ministers' Council on Water reaches out to co-develop and consolidate its Pan-African groundwater program - GRIPP|url=https://gripp.iwmi.org/2020/03/19/african-ministers-council-on-water-reaches-out-to-co-develop-and-consolidate-its-pan-african-groundwater-program/|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=Groundwater Solutions Initiative for Policy and Practice (GRIPP)|language=en-US}}</ref> * Usoro nlekota mmiri na ịdị ọcha nke Africa (WASSMO) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Improving water and sanitation monitoring in Africa: AMCOW trains WASSMO focal points in Central Africa|url=https://www.gwp.org/en/GWP-Central-Africa/WE-ACT/news/improving-water-and-sanitation-monitoring-in-africa/|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=Global Water Partnership}}</ref> * Ihe ịma aka njikwa mmiri na ịdị ọcha nke Africa <ref>{{Cite web|author=afrique-news|title=African Ministers Council on Water launches Africa's Water and Sanitation Knowledge Management Challenge on the sidelines of the Stockholm World Water Week 2022 {{!}} Afrique News|url=https://afrique-news.info/african-ministers-council-on-water-launches-africas-water-and-sanitation-knowledge-management-challenge-on-the-sidelines-of-the-stockholm-world-water-week-2022/|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=afrique-news.info|language=fr-FR|archivedate=2022-11-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124134445/https://afrique-news.info/african-ministers-council-on-water-launches-africas-water-and-sanitation-knowledge-management-challenge-on-the-sidelines-of-the-stockholm-world-water-week-2022/}}</ref> * Ntuziaka amụma ịdị ọcha nke Africa (ASPG) <ref>{{Cite web|author=MBAYE|first=Bara|date=2022-03-21|title=Achieving Universal Coverage through Africa Sanitation Policy Guidelines ⋆ Speak Up Africa|url=https://www.speakupafrica.org/achieving-universal-coverage-through-africa-sanitation-policy-guidelines/|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=Speak Up Africa|language=fr}}</ref> * Mmemme nsonye ntorobịa na okike <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-21|title=Development of AMCOW Youth, Gender and Social Inclusion Strategy|url=https://www.joshswaterjobs.com/jobs/28231/|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=Josh's Water Jobs|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-11-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124140909/https://www.joshswaterjobs.com/jobs/28231/}}</ref> * Ebe Ọmụma Ọnlaịnụ * Mukhtari [[Shehu Shagari]] Resource Center <ref>{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Tribune|date=2020-11-23|title=Shagari tasks African countries on information sharing as AMCOW names resource centre after him|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/shagari-tasks-african-countries-on-information-sharing-as-amcow-names-resource-centre-after-him/|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ihe omume == * Ụbọchị elekwasị anya n'Africa <ref>{{Cite web|title=AFRICA Focus - High Level Ministerial Panel: Waste to benefits|url=https://www.worldwaterweek.org/event/7000-africa-focus---high-level-ministerial-panel-waste-to-benefits|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=World Water Week}}</ref> * Izu mmiri na ịdị ọcha nke Africa <ref>{{Cite web|title=Africa Water and Sanitation Week 2021|url=https://africa.harvard.edu/event/africa-water-and-sanitation-week-2021|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=africa.harvard.edu|language=en|archivedate=2022-11-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124143426/https://africa.harvard.edu/event/africa-water-and-sanitation-week-2021}}</ref> * Ebe nchekwa mmiri nke Africa (AWF) <ref>{{Cite web|title=The African Water Facility (AWF)|url=https://www.unccd.int/cbm/african-water-facility-awf|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=UNCCD|language=en}}</ref> * AfricaSan <ref>{{Cite web|title=AfricaSan 5 / FSM5|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/events/2019/01/25/africasan-5-fsm5|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> == Mmezu == Nnukwu mmezu AMCOW gụnyere: * Mepụtara atụmatụ atụmatụ mmiri afọ 10 maka mmejuputa iwu n'etiti 2018 na 2030. <ref>{{Cite book|author=African Ministers' Council on Water|title=African Ministers' Council on Water Strategy 2018–2030|year=2018|isbn=978-978-967-549-4|language=English}}</ref> * Ewubere usoro ozi nke otu netwọk nke ndị isi mmiri na-akwado maka nleba anya n'usoro maka ihe ịma aka amụma mmiri na Africa. * Enyere nkwado maka njikọta mpaghara . * Anakwere mmemme ọrụ afọ atọ nke na-enye ntụzịaka atụmatụ maka imekọ ihe ọnụ nke mba, mpaghara na mba ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Partnership: AMCOW engage in the preparatory phase and the organization of the Dakar Forum {{!}} 9th World Water Forum|url=https://www.worldwaterforum.org/en/latest-news/partnership-amcow-engage-in-the-preparatory-phase-and-the-organization-of-the-dakar|accessdate=2021-10-09|work=www.worldwaterforum.org|archivedate=2021-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009182819/https://www.worldwaterforum.org/en/latest-news/partnership-amcow-engage-in-the-preparatory-phase-and-the-organization-of-the-dakar}}</ref> * Enyere nkwado nhazi, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ụlọ ọrụ maka mmejuputa atumatu mmiri. * Achịkọbara isi mmiri pọtụfoliyo maka mpaghara mpaghara ise nke Africa, nguzobe nke African Water Facility (AWF) nke African Development Bank na-elekọta ma na-elekọta, na nguzobe nke Trust Fund n'okpuru [[Ihe Omume Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).]] <ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-09-25|title=AMCOW 15th anniversary holds in Abuja|url=https://guardian.ng/property/amcow-15th-anniversary-holds-in-abuja/|accessdate=2021-10-09|work=The Guardian|language=en-US}}</ref> * Akuko eweputara na nleba anya nleba anya nke ndi isi obodo na ndi ochichi nke AfricaSan Ngor iji kwalite mmepe idebe ocha na idebe ocha n'Afrika. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Laying the Foundation for Sanitation Revolution in Africa: WALIS Technical Brief|url=https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/walis/laying-foundation-sanitation-revolution-africa-walis-technical-brief|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Laying the Foundation for Sanitation Revolution in Africa: WALIS Technical Brief {{!}} Globalwaters.org|language=en|archivedate=2022-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130213249/https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/walis/laying-foundation-sanitation-revolution-africa-walis-technical-brief}}</ref> * Mepụtara mmemme mmiri dị n'ala Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-08|title=AMCOW launches its Pan-African Groundwater Program|url=https://gripp.iwmi.org/2019/10/08/amcow-launches-its-pan-african-groundwater-program/|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Groundwater Solutions Initiative for Policy and Practice (GRIPP)|language=en-US}}</ref> * N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2020 ewepụtara ụlọ ọrụ ihe ọmụma ohere mepere emepe maka ịnakọta na ịkekọrịta ozi na ihe ọmụma mmiri na ịdị ọcha nke Africa. * N'afọ 2021 ka ewepụtara ụkpụrụ ntụzịaka ịdị ọcha nke Africa site na nkwado nke Bill na Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF). * Emere ncheta afọ 15 ya na Nọvemba, 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Simire|first=Michael|date=2017-09-21|title=AMCOW set to celebrate 15th anniversary|url=https://www.environewsnigeria.com/amcow-set-celebrate-15th-anniversary/|accessdate=2021-10-09|work=EnviroNews Nigeria -|language=en-us}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-25|title=AMCOW 15th anniversary holds in Abuja|url=https://guardian.ng/property/amcow-15th-anniversary-holds-in-abuja/|accessdate=2021-12-28|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009182818/https://guardian.ng/property/amcow-15th-anniversary-holds-in-abuja/}}</ref> Ọ ga-abụ ncheta afọ 20th ya n'oge World Water Forum na Dakar, [[Senegal]], na Machị 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dakar 2022|work=World Water Council|url=https://www.worldwatercouncil.org/|accessdate=2021-12-28|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Partnership: AMCOW engage in the preparatory phase and the organization of the Dakar Forum {{!}} 9th World Water Forum|url=https://www.worldwaterforum.org/en/latest-news/partnership-amcow-engage-in-the-preparatory-phase-and-the-organization-of-the-dakar|accessdate=2021-12-28|work=www.worldwaterforum.org|archivedate=2021-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009182819/https://www.worldwaterforum.org/en/latest-news/partnership-amcow-engage-in-the-preparatory-phase-and-the-organization-of-the-dakar}}</ref> == Obodo ndị otu ==   == Hụkwa ==   == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} aweblurqb2d2ojt4tior2bbfg6jz12x 0 49996 693110 180109 2026-07-31T10:57:02Z Sylvaline39 15355 Fixed reference error 693110 wikitext text/x-wiki   Iwu Naijiria bụ iwu kacha elu edere nke Federal Republic of Nigeria .  [1] [2] Naijiria enweela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ iwu.  Edebere ụdị ya ugbu a na 29 Mee 1999 wee malite National Republic nke anọ <ref>{{Cite web|author=Elaigwu|first=J. Isawa|date=17 August 2006|title=The Federal Republic of Nigeria|url=http://www.forumfed.org/libdocs/Global_Dialogue/Book_2/BK2-C08-ng-Elaigwu-en.htm|accessdate=14 April 2022|work=www.forumfed.org}}</ref> == ndabere == Nhazi na nhazi Naijiria bụ ihe nketa nke Briten na-achị.  [4] O nwera ihe nke otu egwu atọ na iri asaa na anọ nwere omenala na omenala dị iche iche.  [5] Ụdị dị iche iche a na-enye aka na Naijiria bụ "otu n'ime mba ndị kewara ekewa n'ụwa" nwere nrụrụ aka ndị agha.  [6] [7] N’ihi nke a, Naijiria enweela ọtụtụ mbọ iji guzobe iwu dịịrị.  M ịgbakọ ndị a ndị na-eso ụzọ na ndị agha, centrifugal na etiti etiti etiti, onye isi ala na ndị omeiwu, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị eji ndị ọzọ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Yusuf|first=Olakunle|date=2022-07-03|title=Nigerian federalism: Fruitful or futile?|url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-federalism-fruitful-or-futile/|accessdate=2022-09-30|work=Punch|language=en-US}}</ref> Otu Order in Council nyere iwu mbụ nke Naijiria n'oge ahụ mgbe a na-achị obodo dị ka nri Crown .  Usoro iwu ndị a iwu Clifford nke 1922, Iwu Richards nke 1946, Iwu Macpherson nke 1951, na Iwu Lyttleton nke 1954. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014135/https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googleusercontent.com%2Fbooks%2Fcontent%3Freq%3DAKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM ''Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954'', Statutory Instrument 1954 No. 1146 (1954)]. Archived from [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5Qaf3VBqQKHHNaMncZtitWD97WUMLFfoCO8PZmNpbsXDSImr337FqslPLEDkHrEog6zsThHCmD1l1WqZUm8nFHsM1_pGkPAGkvVBfhnLJBXuv75XmtizjL6iwTzYREUzqd5TEmt9nm2_5LWgKukISodjZ_RTDcIeRWVmcpdAeZ2hKnT8P1Vx64g8znQPEsVKdEFZr1NqeNzi8ncrpjS1RRCFIisLruxs4tYfPnBxIk8bgsuvZlIXkkPOa12i93YsYPy9pziPHJQ6FlmnGG7pHbGuSR1EdBf_-rEMkHQNiHw04xt0_3tM the original] on 30 March 2022. Accessed 30 March 2022.</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Suberu|first=Rotimi|url=https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Nigeria_35.pdf|title=Nigeria's Permanent Constitutional Transition: Military Rule, Civilian Instability and "True Federalism" in a Deeply Divided Society|journal=Occasional Papers Series|year=2019|pages=3–4|language=English|issn=1922-558X}}</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211222062044/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32838%2Fdata.pdf ''Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council'', The London Gazette No. 32838, p. 4505 (29 June 1922)]. Archived from [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32838/data.pdf the original] on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</ref> === Richards constitution === Westminster akwụkwọ iwu ọhụrụ maka Naijiria na 1946. [10] Akpọrọ ya Iwu Richards mgbe Gọvanọ-General Sir Arthur Richards, bụ onye na-ahụ maka ike ya.  Ọ bụ ebe na ọ Louis ike dị irẹ n'aka Gọvanọ-General na ya nchọpụta Council, o mebekwara a akara omebe iwu Council ike Egypt n'ihe ndị isi obodo.  O mekwara ụlọ ụlọ omebe iwu mpaghara atọ ka ha leba anya njụ ndị obodo ma nye ndị isi dị iche. Iwu Richards azụ mba dị iche iche site na iwebata lụ etiti na ikike mpaghara ya.  N'akpaghi na o doro anya na ntule ya ike onodu Naijiria, iwu Richards webatara ime obodo kama igba ume n'otu ndoro-ndoro ochichi .  Akwụsị ya na 1950 wakporo oku maka akwụkwọ onwe ka ukwuu === Iwu MacPherson === Otu ezi omebe iwu dị n'Ibadan n'afọ 1950 depụtara iwu ọhụrụ.  Akpọrọ Iwu Macpherson ka Gọvanọ-General John Stuart Macpherson nọ n'isi.  Ọ akụkọ n'afọ na-eso ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - EMERGENCE OF NIGERIAN NATIONALISM|url=https://countrystudies.us/nigeria/20.htm|accessdate=2023-06-07|work=countrystudies.us}}</ref> Iwu MacPherson nyere maka nnwere onwe mpaghara na njikọ gọọmentị etiti, na-eke gọọmentị etiti ya na Council of Minister. Nke a gbara ume itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmemme pati na ọkwa mba. Agbanyeghị, gọọmentị mpaghara nwere ikike iwu iwu sara mbara nke ndị ụlọ omebe iwu gọọmentị etiti nwere oche 185 enweghị ike ịkagbu ya. N'ihi nke a, iwu Macpherson kwalitere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The MacPherson Constitution of 1951|url=https://portal.abuad.edu.ng/Assignments/1586780885touls_paper_2.docx|journal=Afe Babalola University ePortal}}</ref> === Akwụkwọ iwu Lyttleton === Ndozi ụzọ ọzọ nke usoro iwu ka ikpughe Lyttleton Constitution, aha ya bụ Oliver Lyttleton .  Emebere ya na 1954 wee guzobe ibu etiti.  Nke a meghere ụzọ maka akwụkwọ onwe nke Naijiria na Great Britain.  Iwu Lyttleton kwalitere echiche mpaghara n'etiti ndị Naijiria dịka iwu Richard === Iwu nnwere onwe 1960 === Otu British Order-in-Council mere iwu iwu nke mbụ Naijiria dị ka obodo nwere onwe.  Ọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ onwe obodo ahụ na 1 October 1960. N'okpuru iwu a, Naijiria jigidere Queen Elizabeth II dị ka onye isi ala, Queen of Nigeria .  Nnamdị Azikiwe nọchitere anya eze dịka Gọvanọ-General <ref>{{Cite web|author=Azikiwe|first=Nnamdi|date=12 May 2016|title=From Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/nnamdi-azikiwe|accessdate=4 July 2022|work=The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute|language=en}}</ref> === Iwu 1963 === Iwu nke nwere onwe nke Naijiria kagburu eze wee guzobe Republic Nigeria mbụ.  [14] Ọ pụta n'ụbọchị 1 October 1963, bụ ụbọchị atọ nke akwụkwọ onwe Naijiria.  Nnamdi Azikiwe isi onye isi ala Naịjiria mbụ .  Usoro iwu nke 1963 dabere na usoro Westminster .  Eji ya ruo mgbe ndị agha kwaturu onye kwuo uche ya n'afọ 1966. === Iwu 1979 === Iwu 1979 hiwere mba Naijiria nke abụọ .  Ọzọ usoro Westminster na-akwado usoro onye isi ala United States nwere ọhụrụ aka kpọmkwem.  [16] Iji gbanarị ọnyà nke First Nigerian Republic, iwu 1979 nyere ndị otu ndọrọndọrọ nhọrọ iwu ka ha debanye aha na opekata mpe ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke steeti.  [17] Na mgbakwunye, o hiwere otu Cabinet nke Naijiria, nke steeti ọ ALA nwere opekata mpe otu onye.  [18] Nke a nyere "agwa omume" mba ahụ. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=National Assembly Not Serious About Constitution Review – Lawyer |work=Channels Television |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2013/07/18/national-assembly-not-serious-about-constitution-review-lawyer/amp/ |date=18 July 2013<!-- assumed based on URL as the article doesn't show it-->|access-date=28 June 2022 }}</ref> === Iwu 1993 === Iwu 1993 hiwere mba Naijiria nke atɔ .  Iwu a ndị ọzọ iweghachi onye kwuo uche ya na Naijiria mana eme string ya nke ọma.  Ndị agha na-achị obodo ahụ ruo Mee 1999 mgbe ha nyefere iche n'aka onye isi ala a na-ama mgbaàmà.  [19] [20] Usoro iwu nke 1999 kere Naijiria Republic nke aanọ, ndị nwere nwe onye kwuo uche ya.  [21] [22] Ọ ka dị ike taa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Ogowewo|first=Tunde I.|date=2000|title=Why the Judicial Annulment of the Constitution of 1999 Is Imperative for the Survival of Nigeria's Democracy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1587454|journal=Journal of African Law|volume=44|issue=2|pages=135–166|doi=10.1017/S0021855300012195|issn=0021-8553}}</ref> Usoro iwu nke 1999 steeti isi obodo obodo, steeti iri atọ na isii na isi obodo ha na mpaghara ime obodo 774 n'ime Naijiria.  [23] [24] [25] [26] Ọ na-esobe ngalaba ndị omebe iwu, ndị isi na ndị ikpe ma ọrụ ọrụ na ikewapụ ikike n'etiti ngalaba na-ejedebe etiti na steeti.  [27] [2] Ike omebe iwu Naijiria dị n'iche omebe iwu obodo nwere ụlọ abụọ: Senate na ndị Nnọchiteanya.  [28] Usoro iwu nyere National Assembly ikike ime iwu maka " udo, usoro na ezi nke Federation six na ahụ, iwu ahụ na-pụta ikike ndị bụ isi nke onye ahụ, ndụ, akwụkwọ onwe, , akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ onwe ikwu okwu, akwụkwọ onwe, na-egosi na ịgba ohu, ime ihe ike.  , na ọrụ mmanye n'ime ndị agha.  [2] [29] Ọ na-pụtakwa ikike mmadụ nwere ikpe ikpe ziri ezi ma ọ bụrụ na ijide ya na echiche nke aka dị ọcha.  [29] Ndi Naijiria ikike ikike inwe ala, ikike nzuko, na akwụkwọ onwe imeghari . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2021|title=14 Things Every Nigerian should know about the Constitution|url=https://lawpadi.com/14-things-every-nigerian-know-constitution/|accessdate=14 April 2022|work=LawPàdí|language=en-GB}}</ref> Usoro iwu na-echekwa iwu anọ: Iwu Iji Ala, National Securities Agencies Act, Iwu Ndị Ọrụ Ntorobịa nke Mba, na Iwu Kọmịshọna Mkpesa Ọha .  [2] na Jenụwarị 2011, Onye isi ala Goodluck Jonathannyere aka na akwụkwọ na iwu iwu, nke mbụ ejiri ya na 1999.. == Hụkwa ==   == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Nigeria topics}} g51sjk0o9sd8ln4ml8blkm6nv1pf5hz 0 50130 692630 208063 2026-07-30T12:03:11Z Chinemeremprince 13026 692630 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:1719235039466 20240624 VAN BRUG Anouk NL 009.jpg|thumb|VAN BRUG ANOUK NL |302x302px]] '''Anouk van Brug''' ( <Dutch: [aːˈnuk nke brx ]/link> , , mmalite 14 September 1992) bụ onye ihe ngwaọrụ ndị Dutch nke Conservative-liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Ọ gbara ọsọ maka fim omebe iwu Europe na June 2024 dị ka onye mmalite nke ndụ nke VVD.  Ndị otu ahụ ahụ oche aanọ, a họpụtakwara Van Brug n'ihi ibu aka ụfọdụ 31,000 na-ezo na ya <ref name="eu24" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2525241-uitslag-europese-verkiezingen-in-nederland-gelijk-aan-prognose|date=19 June 2024|accessdate=22 June 2024|language=nl|work=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting|NOS]]|title=Uitslag Europese verkiezingen in Nederland gelijk aan prognose}}</ref> == Akụkọ ntuli aka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px #aaa solid; font-size: 90%; text-align:center;" |+  ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Year ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Body ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col" |Party ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Pos. ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Votes ! colspan="2" scope="colgroup" |Result ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Ref. |- ! scope="col" |Party seats ! scope="col" |Individual |- ! scope="row" |2024 |European Parliament | style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (2020)}};”" | |VVD | style="text-align:right" |9 | style="text-align:right" |31,569 | style="text-align:right" |4 | {{yes2|Won}}{{efn|Van Brug received enough [[open list|preference votes]] to be elected despite her party's result.}} |<ref name="eu24">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kiesraad.nl/adviezen-en-publicaties/proces-verbalen/2024/06/19/proces-verbaal-van-de-uitslag-van-de-europees-parlementsverkiezing-6-juni-2024|work=Dutch Electoral Council|language=nl|accessdate=19 June 2024|format=PDF|date=19 June 2024|title=Proces-verbaal centraal stembureau uitslag verkiezing Europees Parlement Model P22-1|pages=13–14, 37}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.kiesraad.nl/adviezen-en-publicaties/proces-verbalen/2024/06/19/proces-verbaal-van-de-uitslag-van-de-europees-parlementsverkiezing-6-juni-2024 "Proces-verbaal centraal stembureau uitslag verkiezing Europees Parlement Model P22-1"] &#x5B;Central electoral council report of the results of the election of the European Parliament Model P22-1&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Dutch Electoral Council'' (in Dutch). 19 June 2024. pp.&nbsp;13–14, 37<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)]]</ref> |} == Ihe ndetu == == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] amsdzqhhy85rtg5vsvo60s6j9n2que2 0 50150 692993 213504 2026-07-31T05:01:08Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 692993 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:朝鮮民族美術館（景福宮緝敬堂）.jpg|thumb|Chōsen Folk Art Museum]] Chōsen Folk Art Museum bụ ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke ndị Korea na ụlọ eze mbụ Gyeongbokgung, na Keijō ( Sol ), Keiki-do, Korea, Alaeze Ukwu Japan . Ọ rụrụ n'etiti 1924 na 1945. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke National Folk Museum nke Korea, nke ka na-arụ ọrụ taa, nọchiri anya ihe ngosi nka. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere ụlọ ihe ngosi nka n'oge 1910 ruo 1945 oge ọchịchị ndị Japan na Korea. Ọ bụ ọtụtụ ndị Japan nwere mmasị na omenala Korea hiwere ya: Ụmụnna Asakawa na Yanagi Sōetsu . <ref name=":1"/> Yanagi zutere Asakawa Takumi na njem mbụ ya na Korea. Ha abụọ kpebiri ịmepụta ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ọnụ. Na Jenụwarị 1921, ha kwupụtara n'ihu ọha ebumnuche ha iguzobe ihe ngosi nka. Yanagi, na nkwupụta ahụ, kọwara ụlọ ngosi nka dịka ụzọ nwere ike isi belata esemokwu n'etiti Korea na Japan. <ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=박 |first=경희 |script-title=ko:조선민족미술관 (朝鮮民族美術館) |work=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0071583 |access-date=2024-03-12 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref> Ojiji nke okwu ''minzoku'' (民族; lit. ' ) n'aha ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie bụ arụmụka n'etiti ndị Japan; e jikọtara okwu ahụ na [[Japanese ethnic nationalism|ịhụ mba n'anya agbụrụ Japan]] n'otu oge, mana enwere nkụda mmụọ iji mee ka njikọta nke ndị Japan na-achị achị. Yanagi zara ajụjụ a site n'ikwu na a na-eji ya dị ka okwu gbasara mmadụ maka ihe ndị gara aga. N'ikpeazụ, ha nwetara nkwado maka mmepụta ihe ngosi nka site n'aka Gọọmenti-General nke Chosen . <ref name=":0" /> Ọ mepere n'ụlọ eze mbụ Gyeongbokgung na Eprel 9, 1924. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nwetara nkwado site n'aka ndị Korea ama ama n'oge ahụ, gụnyere ndị na-akwado nnwere onwe Korea Cho Man-sik na Chang Deok-soo . Nnukwu mkpokọta nka nke Korea nke Yanagi mere ọtụtụ mkpokọta ahụ, ọ bụkwa nnukwu ọnụnọ na ụlọ ngosi nka maka ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme ya. Asakawa Takumi nwụrụ na 1931, nwanne ya nwoke Noritaka jikwaa ihe ngosi nka n'ọnọdụ ya. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ntọhapụ nke Korea 1945 gasịrị, e bufere ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na mkpokọta ya na National Museum of Korea . Kemgbe ahụ , National Folk Museum of Korea nọchiri ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Tamashige|first=Sachiko|date=2011-08-25|title=Japanese brothers who championed Korean ceramics|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2011/08/25/arts/japanese-brothers-who-championed-korean-ceramics/|accessdate=2024-02-21|work=[[The Japan Times]]|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} q86ntlay6n0wrszutrbdy5ubb0rbw63 0 50443 692814 578320 2026-07-30T20:08:46Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692814 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cindy Friedman.jpg|thumb|Cindy Friedman]]'''Cindy F. Friedman''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America ugbu a na-eje ozi dị ka onye omebe iwu steeti na-anọchite anya 4th Middlesex District na Massachusetts Senate . Mpaghara Friedman nwere Arlington, Billerica, Burlington, Lexington (mpaghara 1 na 2 na 4 ruo 7), na Woburn . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malegislature.gov/Legislators/Profile/CFF0/District|title=Senator Cindy F. Friedman|work=malegislature.gov|accessdate=2018-09-12}}</ref> Ọ na-eje ozi kemgbe afọ 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lexington.wickedlocal.com/news/20180227/strongsen-cindy-friedman-stands-up-for-gender-equalitystrong|title=Sen. Cindy Friedman stands up for gender equality|accessdate=9 March 2018|archivedate=10 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310011145/http://lexington.wickedlocal.com/news/20180227/strongsen-cindy-friedman-stands-up-for-gender-equalitystrong}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/07/25/cindy-friedman-wins-state-senate-seat/J0CsmTdz7hIGLi8Nc3GVfJ/story.html|title=Cindy Friedman wins state Senate seat - The Boston Globe|accessdate=9 March 2018|archivedate=10 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010549/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/07/25/cindy-friedman-wins-state-senate-seat/J0CsmTdz7hIGLi8Nc3GVfJ/story.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malegislature.gov/Legislators/Profile/CFF0/District|title=Senator Cindy F. Friedman|work=malegislature.gov|accessdate=2018-03-09}}</ref> Tupu ọ bụrụ onye omebe iwu steeti, Friedman rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na onye isi njikwa na ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ dị elu ma mesịa jee ozi ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri dị ka onye isi ndị ọrụ na steeti mbubreyo Senator Ken Donnelly . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cindyfriedman.org/meet-cindy/|title=About Cindy - State Senator Cindy Friedman|work=State Senator Cindy Friedman|accessdate=2018-09-11|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ime oge mbụ ya, Friedman jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche Senate nke Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ahụ Ike, Iji Ihe na Iweghachite. Maka Ụlọikpe General nke 191st, Friedman na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi oche Senate nke Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Nlekọta Ahụike na ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Senate na Ụzọ na Ụzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malegislature.gov/Committees/Detail/J18|title=Joint Committee on Mental Health, Substance Use and Recovery|work=malegislature.gov|accessdate=2018-09-12}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Na mbido ọrụ ya, Friedman jere ozi dị ka onye nhazi obodo maka otu dị ka Planned Parenthood, na-akwado ikike ịmụ nwa maka ụmụ nwanyị. Mgbe ụmụ ya banyere Arlington Public Schools, Friedman bụ onye guzobere Arlington Education Foundation na ụlọ akwụkwọ bụ ihe kacha mkpa na obodo anyị (SPOT) iji kwado ohere agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na nha anya na Arlington. Mgbe e mesịrị, a họpụtara Friedman dị ka onye òtù Arlington Town Meeting, ma nyere aka na-elekọta mkpọsa gubernatorial nke Don Berwick na Deval Patrick, yana mkpọsa nke steeti Senate nke Ken Donnelly . == Kọmiti na caucuses == Friedman na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi oche Senate nke Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Nlekọta Ahụike na ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Senate na Ụzọ na Ụzọ. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ onye so na Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Njikọ na Ụgbọ njem, Kọmitii nkwonkwo na-ahụ maka ahụike uche, ihe eji eme ihe na mgbake, Kọmitii Senate na ụkpụrụ omume na Kọmitii Senate na Iwu <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malegislature.gov/Legislators/Profile/CFF0/Committees|title=Senator Cindy F. Friedman|work=malegislature.gov|accessdate=2018-09-12}}</ref> == Akụkọ ntuli aka == {| class="wikitable" |+2018 State Senate General ntuli aka – 4th Middlesex District {| class="wikitable" |+ !Party ! Onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ! votu % ! votu |- | Democrat | Cindy F. Friedman | 98.9% | 59,993 |- | Dee-na | | 1.1% | 686 |} 2017 Special State Senate nhoputa ndi ochichi – 4th Middlesex <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://electionstats.state.ma.us/elections/search/year_from:2017/year_to:2018/office_id:9/district_id:23617|title=PD43+ » Search Elections|work=PD43+|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-09-12}}</ref> ! Party ! Onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ! votu % ! votu |- | Democrat | '''Cindy F. Friedman (emeri)''' | 88.7% | 7,876 |- | Green- Egwurugwu | Ian T. Jackson | 9.4% | 832 |} {| class="wikitable" |+2017 Special State Senate Primary ntuli aka – 4th Middlesex <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://electionstats.state.ma.us/elections/search/year_from:2017/year_to:2018/office_id:9/district_id:23617|title=PD43+ » Search Elections|work=PD43+|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-09-12}}</ref> ! Party ! Onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ! votu % ! votu |- | Democrat | '''Cindy F. Friedman (emeri)''' | 51.3% | 7,079 |- | Democrat | Sean Garballey | 45.6% | 6,300 |- | Democrat | Mary Anne Stewart | 3% | |} Friedman nwere nzere bachelọ na Mahadum Roger Williams yana nzere masta na agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche na Mahadum Lesley . Ya na di ya gbara afọ 35, John Page, bi na Arlington Center ugbu a ma nwee ụmụ atọ toro eto. * 2019-2020 Massachusetts omebe iwu * 2021–2022 Massachusetts omebe iwu == Ntụaka == a{{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Friedman, Cindy}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nrejj7e0uninrghe0iypb6c9j4ttwiu 0 50494 692977 538440 2026-07-31T04:20:50Z Philip Emeka 16124 692977 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bakhtiyor Fazilov new.jpg|thumb|Bakhtiyor Fazilov]]'''Bakhtiyor Fazilov''' (amuru Julaị 30, 1975) bu onye ọchụnta ego Uzbek nwere pọtụfoliyo nke gụnyere Eriell, onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ mmanụ ala mba ụwa, yana Tinye Engineering, otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu kacha ukwuu nke Uzbekistan . == Akụkọ ndụ == Bakhtiyor Fazilov mụrụ ma zụlite na Samarkand . Na 1992, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba nke International Economic Relations na Tashkent State University of Economics . <ref>[https://cfi.co/corporate-leaders/2020/10/qa-with-chairman-of-eriell-group-and-enter-engineering-bakhtiyor-fazilov Q&A with Chairman of Eriell Group and Enter Engineering]</ref> Fazilov lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ atọ. <ref>[https://www.intellinews.com/interview-bakhtiyor-fazilov-major-shareholder-in-uzbek-drilling-company-eriell-group-and-enter-engineering-182548/Bakhtiyor Fazilov, major shareholder in Uzbek drilling company Eriell Group and Enter Engineering]</ref> == Ọrụ azụmahịa == Azụmahịa mbụ Fazilov mere bụ ụlọ ọrụ mbubata-ebupụ maka akpụkpọ anụ na ngwaahịa nri. N'afọ 2002, ọ banyere n'ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas dị ka onye na-ebubata ngwá ọrụ ịkụ ala. Eriell bụ ugbu a otu mba ụwa na-ahụ maka ọrụ mmanụ na-arụ ọrụ na mmepụta mmanụ na gas, nyocha na igwu mmiri. Eriell na-arụ ọrụ na Uzbekistan, Bangladesh na Middle East, na-abụkarị n'ebe siri ike. <ref>[https://www.naturalgasworld.com/eriell-scores-uzbek-drilling-contract-88066 Eriell scores Uzbek Well workover contract]</ref> Fazilov bụkwa onye nwe oke na Tinye Engineering, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-ewu ụlọ na 2012 na ndị ọrụ 25,000. <ref>[https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/enter-engineering-build-huge-mosque-uzbekistan Enter Engineering to build huge mosque in Uzbekistan, Global Construction Review]</ref> Banye Injinịa bụ onye ọrụ ngo maka ụlọ ọgwụ na-efe efe nke akwa 10,000 dị nso na Tashkent nke ewuru n'oge ọrịa COVID mana ọ nọgidere dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na-adịgide adịgide. <ref>[https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-uzbekistan-hospital/uzbekistan-builds-10000-bed-infectious-disease-hospital Uzbekistan builds 10,000-bed infectious disease hospital]</ref> N'afọ 2022, Tinye Engineering wuru nnukwu ebe nlegharị anya nke Uzbekistan, Silk Road Samarkand, nke gụnyere ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ 8 okomoko, ebe ọgbakọ ọgbakọ na ogige omenala na ntụrụndụ, Eternal City. <ref>[https://www.fusedmagazine.co.uk/silk-road-samarkand-opens-for-business/Silk Road Samarkand opens for business]</ref> == Ọrụ ọha na enyemaka enyemaka == Fazilov bụ onye isi otu Uzbekistan Ice Hockey Federation, <ref>[https://www.euronews.com/business/2023/11/08/uzbekistans-ice-hockey-renaissance-how-the-sport-got-a-new-lease-of-life Uzbekistan’s ice hockey renaissance inspires a new generation of stars]</ref> nke mere asọmpi mba mbụ ya na 2018. N'Ọktoba 2019, a nabatara Uzbekistan dị ka onye otu International Ice Hockey Federation. <ref>[https://oca.asia/news/120-uzbekistan-becomes-member-of-international-ice-hockey-federation.html Uzbekistan becomes member of the International Ice Hockey Fed]</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ Fazilov bụ onye mmekọ na-ewu Humo Arena na Tashkent, ebe egwuregwu 12,500 na-emepe emepe na 2019. <ref>[https://cfi.co/corporate-leaders/2020/10/qa-with-chairman-of-eriell-group-and-enter-engineering-bakhtiyor-fazilov/ Q&A with Chairman of Eriell Group and Enter Engineering: Bakhtiyor Fazilov]</ref> Fazilov bụ onye nkwado nke Humo Tashkent ọkachamara egwuregwu hockey ice. Ọ bụkwa onye nwe ụlọ ịgba bọọlụ ọkachamara FC Surkhon Termez . Otu Eriell na-arụzigharị ámá egwuregwu Surkhon Arena iji mezuo ụkpụrụ ikike nke Association of Football clubs. <ref>[https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/80904 Works on the modernization of the stadium in Termez are in full swing, UZ Daily]</ref> == Hụkwa == * Omenala Uzbekistan * Economy nke Uzbekistan == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fazilov, Bakhtiyor}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5rz4jq3vz7fqgnveelff4lwxbyw1cev 692978 692977 2026-07-31T04:21:54Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692978 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bakhtiyor Fazilov new.jpg|thumb|Bakhtiyor Fazilov]]'''Bakhtiyor Fazilov''' (amuru Julaị 30, 1975) bu onye ọchụnta ego Uzbek nwere pọtụfoliyo nke gụnyere Eriell, onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ mmanụ ala mba ụwa, yana Tinye Engineering, otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu kacha ukwuu nke Uzbekistan . == Akụkọ ndụ == Bakhtiyor Fazilov mụrụ ma zụlite na Samarkand . Na 1992, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba nke International Economic Relations na Tashkent State University of Economics . <ref>[https://cfi.co/corporate-leaders/2020/10/qa-with-chairman-of-eriell-group-and-enter-engineering-bakhtiyor-fazilov Q&A with Chairman of Eriell Group and Enter Engineering]</ref> Fazilov lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ atọ. <ref>[https://www.intellinews.com/interview-bakhtiyor-fazilov-major-shareholder-in-uzbek-drilling-company-eriell-group-and-enter-engineering-182548/Bakhtiyor Fazilov, major shareholder in Uzbek drilling company Eriell Group and Enter Engineering]</ref> == Ọrụ azụmahịa == Azụmahịa mbụ Fazilov mere bụ ụlọ ọrụ mbubata-ebupụ maka akpụkpọ anụ na ngwaahịa nri. N'afọ 2002, ọ banyere n'ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas dị ka onye na-ebubata ngwá ọrụ ịkụ ala. Eriell bụ ugbu a otu mba ụwa na-ahụ maka ọrụ mmanụ na-arụ ọrụ na mmepụta mmanụ na gas, nyocha na igwu mmiri. Eriell na-arụ ọrụ na Uzbekistan, Bangladesh na Middle East, na-abụkarị n'ebe siri ike. <ref>[https://www.naturalgasworld.com/eriell-scores-uzbek-drilling-contract-88066 Eriell scores Uzbek Well workover contract]</ref> Fazilov bụkwa onye nwe oke na Tinye Engineering, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-ewu ụlọ na 2012 na ndị ọrụ 25,000. <ref>[https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/enter-engineering-build-huge-mosque-uzbekistan Enter Engineering to build huge mosque in Uzbekistan, Global Construction Review]</ref> Banye Injinịa bụ onye ọrụ ngo maka ụlọ ọgwụ na-efe efe nke akwa 10,000 dị nso na Tashkent nke ewuru n'oge ọrịa COVID mana ọ nọgidere dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na-adịgide adịgide. <ref>[https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-uzbekistan-hospital/uzbekistan-builds-10000-bed-infectious-disease-hospital Uzbekistan builds 10,000-bed infectious disease hospital]</ref> N'afọ 2022, Tinye Engineering wuru nnukwu ebe nlegharị anya nke Uzbekistan, Silk Road Samarkand, nke gụnyere ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ 8 okomoko, ebe ọgbakọ ọgbakọ na ogige omenala na ntụrụndụ, Eternal City. <ref>[https://www.fusedmagazine.co.uk/silk-road-samarkand-opens-for-business/Silk Road Samarkand opens for business]</ref> == Ọrụ ọha na enyemaka enyemaka == Fazilov bụ onye isi otu Uzbekistan Ice Hockey Federation, <ref>[https://www.euronews.com/business/2023/11/08/uzbekistans-ice-hockey-renaissance-how-the-sport-got-a-new-lease-of-life Uzbekistan’s ice hockey renaissance inspires a new generation of stars]</ref> nke mere asọmpi mba mbụ ya na 2018. N'Ọktoba 2019, a nabatara Uzbekistan dị ka onye otu International Ice Hockey Federation. <ref>[https://oca.asia/news/120-uzbekistan-becomes-member-of-international-ice-hockey-federation.html Uzbekistan becomes member of the International Ice Hockey Fed]</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ Fazilov bụ onye mmekọ na-ewu Humo Arena na Tashkent, ebe egwuregwu 12,500 na-emepe emepe na 2019. <ref>[https://cfi.co/corporate-leaders/2020/10/qa-with-chairman-of-eriell-group-and-enter-engineering-bakhtiyor-fazilov/ Q&A with Chairman of Eriell Group and Enter Engineering: Bakhtiyor Fazilov]</ref> Fazilov bụ onye nkwado nke Humo Tashkent ọkachamara egwuregwu hockey ice. Ọ bụkwa onye nwe ụlọ ịgba bọọlụ ọkachamara FC Surkhon Termez . Otu Eriell na-arụzigharị ámá egwuregwu Surkhon Arena iji mezuo ụkpụrụ ikike nke Association of Football clubs. <ref>[https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/80904 Works on the modernization of the stadium in Termez are in full swing, UZ Daily]</ref> == Hụkwa == * Omenala Uzbekistan * Economy nke Uzbekistan == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{{DEFAULTSORT:Fazilov, Bakhtiyor}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jcbi44w43notemsjf3scavjlqrvvbv7 692979 692978 2026-07-31T04:25:11Z Philip Emeka 16124 added databox 692979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bakhtiyor Fazilov''' (amuru Julaị 30, 1975) bu onye ọchụnta ego Uzbek nwere pọtụfoliyo nke gụnyere Eriell, onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ mmanụ ala mba ụwa, yana Tinye Engineering, otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu kacha ukwuu nke Uzbekistan . == Akụkọ ndụ == Bakhtiyor Fazilov mụrụ ma zụlite na Samarkand . Na 1992, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba nke International Economic Relations na Tashkent State University of Economics . <ref>[https://cfi.co/corporate-leaders/2020/10/qa-with-chairman-of-eriell-group-and-enter-engineering-bakhtiyor-fazilov Q&A with Chairman of Eriell Group and Enter Engineering]</ref> Fazilov lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ atọ. <ref>[https://www.intellinews.com/interview-bakhtiyor-fazilov-major-shareholder-in-uzbek-drilling-company-eriell-group-and-enter-engineering-182548/Bakhtiyor Fazilov, major shareholder in Uzbek drilling company Eriell Group and Enter Engineering]</ref> == Ọrụ azụmahịa == Azụmahịa mbụ Fazilov mere bụ ụlọ ọrụ mbubata-ebupụ maka akpụkpọ anụ na ngwaahịa nri. N'afọ 2002, ọ banyere n'ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas dị ka onye na-ebubata ngwá ọrụ ịkụ ala. Eriell bụ ugbu a otu mba ụwa na-ahụ maka ọrụ mmanụ na-arụ ọrụ na mmepụta mmanụ na gas, nyocha na igwu mmiri. Eriell na-arụ ọrụ na Uzbekistan, Bangladesh na Middle East, na-abụkarị n'ebe siri ike. <ref>[https://www.naturalgasworld.com/eriell-scores-uzbek-drilling-contract-88066 Eriell scores Uzbek Well workover contract]</ref> Fazilov bụkwa onye nwe oke na Tinye Engineering, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-ewu ụlọ na 2012 na ndị ọrụ 25,000. <ref>[https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/enter-engineering-build-huge-mosque-uzbekistan Enter Engineering to build huge mosque in Uzbekistan, Global Construction Review]</ref> Banye Injinịa bụ onye ọrụ ngo maka ụlọ ọgwụ na-efe efe nke akwa 10,000 dị nso na Tashkent nke ewuru n'oge ọrịa COVID mana ọ nọgidere dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na-adịgide adịgide. <ref>[https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-uzbekistan-hospital/uzbekistan-builds-10000-bed-infectious-disease-hospital Uzbekistan builds 10,000-bed infectious disease hospital]</ref> N'afọ 2022, Tinye Engineering wuru nnukwu ebe nlegharị anya nke Uzbekistan, Silk Road Samarkand, nke gụnyere ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ 8 okomoko, ebe ọgbakọ ọgbakọ na ogige omenala na ntụrụndụ, Eternal City. <ref>[https://www.fusedmagazine.co.uk/silk-road-samarkand-opens-for-business/Silk Road Samarkand opens for business]</ref> == Ọrụ ọha na enyemaka enyemaka == Fazilov bụ onye isi otu Uzbekistan Ice Hockey Federation, <ref>[https://www.euronews.com/business/2023/11/08/uzbekistans-ice-hockey-renaissance-how-the-sport-got-a-new-lease-of-life Uzbekistan’s ice hockey renaissance inspires a new generation of stars]</ref> nke mere asọmpi mba mbụ ya na 2018. N'Ọktoba 2019, a nabatara Uzbekistan dị ka onye otu International Ice Hockey Federation. <ref>[https://oca.asia/news/120-uzbekistan-becomes-member-of-international-ice-hockey-federation.html Uzbekistan becomes member of the International Ice Hockey Fed]</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ Fazilov bụ onye mmekọ na-ewu Humo Arena na Tashkent, ebe egwuregwu 12,500 na-emepe emepe na 2019. <ref>[https://cfi.co/corporate-leaders/2020/10/qa-with-chairman-of-eriell-group-and-enter-engineering-bakhtiyor-fazilov/ Q&A with Chairman of Eriell Group and Enter Engineering: Bakhtiyor Fazilov]</ref> Fazilov bụ onye nkwado nke Humo Tashkent ọkachamara egwuregwu hockey ice. Ọ bụkwa onye nwe ụlọ ịgba bọọlụ ọkachamara FC Surkhon Termez . Otu Eriell na-arụzigharị ámá egwuregwu Surkhon Arena iji mezuo ụkpụrụ ikike nke Association of Football clubs. <ref>[https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/80904 Works on the modernization of the stadium in Termez are in full swing, UZ Daily]</ref> == Hụkwa == * Omenala Uzbekistan * Economy nke Uzbekistan == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{{DEFAULTSORT:Fazilov, Bakhtiyor}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 36v3rcqw6yreeifldmaplq53nvey3ag 0 50504 692816 539903 2026-07-30T20:10:22Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692816 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bretislav Friedrich-image.jpg|thumb|Bretislav Friedrich]] '''Bretislav Friedrich''' (amụrụ 29 Mee 1953) bụ ''onye ndu otu nyocha'' na Ngalaba Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft na Honorarprofessor na Technische Universität na Berlin, [[Jémanị|Germany]] . A maara ya n'ụwa niile maka nyocha ọsụ ụzọ ya gbasara mmekọrịta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na eletriki, magnetik, na oghere anya yana na ụmụ irighiri ihe oyi. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lemeshko|first=Mikhail|title=Manipulation of molecules with electromagnetic fields|journal=[[Molecular Physics (journal)|Molecular Physics]]|date=14 June 2013|volume=111|issue=12–13|pages=1648–1682|doi=10.1080/00268976.2013.813595}}</ref> A nabatara ya na Learned Society of Czech Republic na 2011. == Akụkọ ndụ == Bretislav Friedrich mụrụ na Prague, Czech Republic na 29 Mee 1953. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Autobiography of Bretislav Friedrich|journal=Molecular Physics|date=1 July 2013|volume=111|issue=12–13|pages=1632–1642|doi=10.1080/00268976.2013.792466|issn=0026-8976}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, na 1976, na kemistri anụ ahụ na Mahadum Charles dị na Prague, site na nzere diplọma na mgbagha nke ngwọta macro-molecular dilute na ihe mgbaze gwakọtara site na omume dị mma. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Friedrich|first=B.|date=1979-01-01|title=Dilute solution properties of anionic polystyrene in ternary mixture toluene-2-butanone-2-methyl-1-propanol|journal=[[European Polymer Journal]]|volume=15|issue=9|pages=873–877|doi=10.1016/0014-3057(79)90189-7}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ọ gbanwere ubi iji mụọ mmeghachi omume ion-molecule na oge gas wee nweta Ph.D. ogo sitere na J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry na Electrochemistry nke Czech Academy of Sciences na 1981 maka ọrụ ya na ịgbasa ion n'ime osisi gafere . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Freidrich|first=B.|title=Dynamics of ion—molecule processes: A crossed-beam study of the reaction B<sup>+</sup>(3P) + H<sub>2</sub> → BH<sup>+</sup> + H|journal=[[Chemical Physics]]|date=August 1982|volume=69|issue=3|pages=433–442|doi=10.1016/0301-0104(82)88081-6}}</ref> === Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ === Na 1981-82, ọ bụ onye postdoc ya na Jean Futrell na Mahadum Utah, na Salt Lake City, ebe ọ gụrụ vibrational Feshbach resonances na obere ike ike-ebufe mgbasa <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Friedrich|first=B.|title=A crossed beam study of the charge‐transfer reaction of Ar with N at low and intermediate energies|journal=[[The Journal of Chemical Physics]]|date=15 March 1984|volume=80|issue=6|pages=2537–2542|doi=10.1063/1.447047}}</ref> na usoro nkukota elementrị ndị ọzọ. Ọ laghachiri na J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry na Electrochemistry dị ka ọkà mmụta sayensị nyocha. Na 1986-87, ọ bụ Alexander von Humboldt Fellow na ngalaba Peter Toennies na Max-Planck-Institut für Strömungsforschung na [[Göttingen]], ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na-agbasa proton inelastic site na atom na molecules. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Friedrich|first=Bretislav|title=Vibrationally resolved inelastic and charge transfer scattering of H<sup>+</sup> by H<sub>2</sub>O|journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics|date=November 1987|volume=87|issue=9|pages=5256–5265|doi=10.1063/1.453668}}</ref> N'afọ 1987, Bretislav Friedrich sonyeere otu Dudley Herschbach na Mahadum Harvard, na mbụ dịka onye nyocha. N'ime afọ iri na isii na-esote na Harvard, ọ mepụtara usoro iji chedo na ịhazi ụmụ irighiri ihe nke gas site na iji mmekọrịta dị n'etiti oge dipole na-adịgide adịgide na mkpata na mpaghara eletriki, magnetik, na ngwa anya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Friedrich|first=Bretislav|title=Alignment and Trapping of Molecules in Intense Laser Fields|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]|date=5 June 1995|volume=74|issue=23|pages=4623–4626|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.4623|pmid=10058557}}</ref> Ya na ndị otu John Doyle na Harvard Physics, ọ bụkwa ọsụ ụzọ ọmụmụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe oyi, site n'inyere aka n'ịmepụta usoro nju oyi-gas na nchikota ya na ọnyà magnetik. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Weinstein|first=Jonathan D.|title=Magnetic trapping of calcium monohydride molecules at millikelvin temperatures|journal=Nature|date=10 September 1998|volume=395|issue=6698|pages=148–150|doi=10.1038/25949|language=en|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> Na 1997, a họpụtara ya Senior Research Fellow and Lecturer na Chemistry na Mahadum Harvard. == Akwụkwọ na Bretislav Friedrich == * {{Cite book|author=Kostlán|first=k vydání připravili Soňa Štrbáňová a Antonín|title=One hundred Czech Scientists in Exile(Sto českých vědců v exilu)|pages=254–257|date=2011|publisher=Academia|location=Praha|isbn=978-80-200-1915-8|edition=Vyd. 1.}} * {{Cite journal|author=Josefovicova|first=Milena|title="From the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences into Exile: Bretislav Friedrich" Part I of interview with Milena Josefovicova|journal=History of Science and Technology|date=2011|volume=43|pages=263–286|issn=0300-4414}} * {{Cite journal|author=Josefovicova|first=Milena|title="There is only one science" Part II of interview with Milena Josefovicova|journal=History of Science and Technology|date=2011|volume=43|pages=33–49|issn=0300-4414}} * {{Cite journal|title=Autobiography of Bretislav Friedrich|journal=[[Molecular Physics (journal)|Molecular Physics]]|date=1 July 2013|volume=111|issue=12–13|pages=1632–1642|doi=10.1080/00268976.2013.792466|issn=0026-8976}} * {{Cite journal|title=Bretislav Friedrich - The Exacting Task of Bringing Molecules to Attention|journal=Scientia.global|date=6 December 2017|url=http://www.scientia.global/bretislav-friedrich-exacting-task-bringing-molecules-attention/|doi=10.26320/SCIENTIA64|author=Friedrich|first=Bretislav}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Friedrich, Bretislav}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nat0qen1q38p9grp1ce9e7c08hx79hn 0 51230 693004 644890 2026-07-31T05:20:29Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 693004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Edmundo Bal Francés''' (amụrụ 2 Julaị 1967) <ref name="onda" /> bụ onye ọka iwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Spain. Dị ka onye so na State Lawyers Corps, ọ gbara ndị na-agba ọsọ [[La Liga]] ikpe maka izere ụtụ isi, ndị òtù ndị ọchịchị na-achị maka nrụrụ aka ( Gürtel case ), na ndị na-akwado nnwere onwe nke Catalan maka ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru. Onye otu onye otu [[Ụmụ amaala (òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Spain)|ụmụ amaala]], Bal ka a họpụtara na Congress of Deputies na Eprel 2019 maka mpaghara Madrid . Ọ duru ndị otu ahụ na ntuli aka mpaghara 2021 Madrilenia, nke ha tụfuru oche iri abụọ na isii niile, wee bịarute Patricia Guasp na ntuli aka onye isi 2023 ha. A chụrụ ya na pati ahụ maka ịkatọ mkpebi ha ịghara ịzọ ntuli aka izugbe Spanish nke afọ 2023 . == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ iwu == Amụrụ na Huelva, Andalusia, Bal gụsịrị akwụkwọ na iwu na Mahadum Complutense nke Madrid . Mgbe ọ dị afọ 25 na 1993, ọ sonyeere State Lawyers Corps . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Marraco|first=Manuel|title=Edmundo Bal: el temido, el cesado, el fichado|url=https://www.elmundo.es/espana/2019/03/18/5c8eb02dfdddff34328b45f4.html|accessdate=25 March 2021|work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|date=18 March 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref> Dị ka onye isi nke State Criminal Law Department, Bal boro FC Barcelona player Lionel Messi na club president Josep Bartomeu ikpe maka ịtụ ụtụ isi . Ọ wakporo onye ọkpụkpọ Barcelona Gerard Piqué maka ijikọ ya na ndị na-emegide ọgbakọ Real Madrid ; <ref>{{Cite news|title=State lawyer responds to Pique: Stop presuming absurd conspiracies|url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/barcelona/2017/03/29/58dbe0be46163f977b8b458d.html|accessdate=25 March 2021|work=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]|date=29 March 2017}}</ref> Bal bụ onye na-akwado Atlético Madrid n'ezie. <ref>{{Cite news|author=La Casa|first=Rafa|title=Edmundo Bal: «Me parecería fenomenal que Guardiola fuera el seleccionador español»|url=https://alacontra.es/2019/11/edmundo-bal/|accessdate=25 March 2021|publisher=A La Contra|date=6 November 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref> O mekwara nke ọma ikpe Cristiano Ronaldo, Ángel Di María, Radamel Falcao, Luka Modrić na José Mourinho maka otu mpụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Rodero|first=Pablo|title=Bal: el azote de los independentistas y de los futbolistas defraudadores que aspira a evitar la debacle de Cs en Madrid|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/4625346/0/bal-azote-independentistas-futbolistas-defraudadores-aspira-evitar-debacle-cs-madrid/|accessdate=25 March 2021|work=[[20 minutos]]|date=19 March 2021|language=Spanish}}</ref> <ref name="confidencial">{{Cite news|author=Méndez|first=Rafael|title=Edmundo Bal, el progresista que acusó a los futbolistas y la Gürtel, cae por el 'procés'|url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2018-11-21/edmundo-bal-abogacia-estado-proces-consuelo-castro_1660846/|accessdate=25 March 2021|work=[[El Confidencial]]|date=21 November 2018|language=Spanish}}</ref> Ọ gbara akwụkwọ na Gürtel ikpe, bụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nọ na Pati People's Party na-achị ikpe maka nrụrụ aka. <ref name="confidencial" /> Bal boro ndị nhazi ntuli aka nnwere onwe nke Catalan 2017 ebubo nnupụisi. A chụrụ ya na Nọvemba 2018 mgbe mgbanwe ọchịchị gbanwere, na ndị ọchịchị Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) ọhụrụ ekweghị na ọ bụ ọgba aghara. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Marraco|first=Manuel|title=Delgado destituye al abogado del Estado que defendió acusar por rebelión en el juicio del 'procés'|url=https://www.elmundo.es/espana/2018/11/21/5bf59215268e3e21068b4592.html|accessdate=25 March 2021|work=El Mundo|date=21 November 2018|language=Spanish}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Na Maachị afọ 2019, Bal sonyeere pati [[Ụmụ amaala (òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Spain)|ụmụ amaala]] . Edebere ya nke anọ na ndepụta ha maka mpaghara Madrid na ntuli aka izugbe nke Eprel 2019 . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Cs ficha a Edmundo Bal, abogado del Estado destituido por defender que hubo rebelión en el 'procés'|url=https://www.eleconomista.es/politica/noticias/9765842/03/19/Css-ficha-a-Edmundo-Bal-abogado-del-Estado-destituido-por-defender-que-hubo-rebelion-en-el-proces.html|accessdate=25 March 2021|work=El Economista|date=17 March 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref> Ọ tụfuru oche ya na mbụ na-esochi ntuli aka nke November, mana ọ nwetaghachiri ya mgbe onye isi otu Albert Rivera lara ezumike nká na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Montalvo|first=Cristina|title=Los diez supervivientes de Ciudadanos|url=https://www.niusdiario.es/nacional/politica/los-diez-diputados-supervivientes-ciudadanos-congreso_18_2849445238.html|accessdate=25 March 2021|publisher=NIUS|date=11 November 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref> Na Machị 2021, Bal nwetara 89.4% nke votu na isi iji duru ụmụ amaala na ntuli aka mpaghara Madrid na Mee. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Edmundo Bal gana las primarias y será el candidato de Ciudadanos a la Comunidad de Madrid|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/4629053/0/edmundo-bal-gana-las-primarias-y-sera-el-candidato-de-ciudadanos-a-la-comunidad-de-madrid/|accessdate=25 March 2021|work=20 minutos|date=22 March 2021|language=Spanish}}</ref> Ndị otu ahụ gbara mgbasa ozi centrist, na-asọ mpi megide otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka nri Vox ka ọ bụrụ onye mmekọ pere mpe na ọchịchị onye isi ala Isabel Díaz Ayuso 's PP ọchịchị. <ref name="confidencial2" /> Na nhoputa ndi ochichi n'ime May, oke votu nke otu pati dara site na pasenti iri na isii rue 3.5%, butere nfu nke oche iri abuo na isii ha nile. <ref name="confidencial2">{{Cite news|author=Esteban|first=Paloma|title=Cs entra en 'shock' tras desaparecer de Madrid y prepara su manual de supervivencia|url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/madrid/2021-05-05/ciudadanos-shock-salir-madrid-estudia-si-puede-sobrevivir_3064208/|accessdate=5 May 2021|work=El Confidencial|date=5 May 2021|language=Spanish}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2023, Bal gbara ọsọ maka onye ndu ụmụ amaala, meriri Patricia Guasp onye were 53.25% nke votu ahụ na 39.34%. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Patricia Guasp, elegida nueva líder de Ciudadanos con un 53,25% de los votos|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20230112/8679513/patricia-guasp-elegida-nueva-lider-ciudadanos-53-25-votos.html|accessdate=28 February 2023|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|date=12 January 2023|language=Spanish}}</ref> Ọ bụghịzi onye nkwuchite ọnụ otu pati ahụ ma ọ bụ Inés Arrimadas bụ onye isi ala ya, ebe a na-ejikọta ọrụ abụọ ahụ ka Guasp jikọtara ya na ijide ya. Ọ gara n'ihu dịka onye nkwuchite ọnụ nke abụọ na Congress, n'azụ Arrimadas. <ref>{{Cite news|author=García|first=Amanda|title=La nueva dirección de Ciudadanos mantiene a Edmundo Bal como portavoz en el Congreso|url=https://www.publico.es/politica/nueva-direccion-ciudadanos-mantiene-edmundo-bal-portavoz-congreso.html|accessdate=28 February 2023|work=[[Público (Spain)|Público]]|date=23 January 2023|language=Spanish}}</ref> Na Septemba, a chụpụrụ ya na Francisco Igea na pati ahụ maka ịkatọ mkpebi ya ịghara ịzọ ntuli aka onye isi 2023 . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Ciudadanos expulsa a Edmundo Bal y a Francisco Igea|url=https://www.publico.es/politica/ciudadanos-expulsa-francisco-igea-edmundo-bal.html|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=Público|date=28 September 2023|language=Spanish}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Bal bụ onye na-egwu egwu na onye na-akwado AC / DC na Led Zeppelin, yana onye na-agba Harley-Davidson . Onye na-agba ọsọ marathon oge niile, ọ gara n'ihu n'ọsọ dị ala ka arụchara ọrụ meniscus abụọ. <ref name="onda">{{Cite news|title=Edmundo Bal, el candidato de Ciudadanos en Madrid rockero y motero|url=https://www.ondacero.es/emisoras/comunidad-madrid/edmundo-bal-candidato-ciudadanos-madrid-rockero-motero_2021032260590ca89705b10001ed0bf9.html|accessdate=28 February 2023|publisher=[[Onda Cero]]|date=22 March 2021|language=Spanish}}</ref> == Edensibịa == Mee. [1] Ndị otu ahụ gbara mgbasa ozi centrist, na-asọ mpi megide otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka nri Vox ka ọ bụrụ onye mmekọ pere mpe na ọchịchị onye isi ala. {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bal, Edmundo}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] bilnkziyyql9hjcl1h8yvpgx4x6ukqt 0 51236 692789 670931 2026-07-30T18:10:24Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692789 wikitext text/x-wiki Fix{{Databox}} [[Usòrò:(Francisco_Igea)_Intervención_de_Francisco_Igea_en_la_toma_de_posesión_de_la_directora_general_María_García.jpg|thumb]] '''Francisco Igea Arisqueta''' (amụrụ 17 Eprel 1964) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Spanish nke pati [[Ụmụ amaala (òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Spain)|ụmụ amaala]] n'etiti 2016 na 2023. Dọkịta site n'ọrụ ya, o duuru otu ahụ na ntuli aka mpaghara Castilian-Leonese nke 2019, wee bụrụ osote onye isi oche nke Junta of Castile na León mgbe ya na onye isi otu People's Party Alfonso Fernández Mañueco guzobe ọchịchị. Na ntuli aka 2022, otu ya tụfuru oche ha niile ma e wezụga nke ya. Ọ bụbu onye so na Congress of Deputies (2015–2019) wee bụrụ onye gbara ọsọ na ntuli aka onye isi otu ya na 2020 . A chụpụrụ ya na ụmụ amaala n'afọ 2023 maka ịkatọ mkpebi ha ịghara ịzọ ntuli aka izugbe nke 2023 na Spen, ma jigide oche ya dị ka onye nweere onwe ya . == Akụkọ ndụ == Amụrụ na Valladolid, Igea gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Medicine na Mahadum Valladolid . Ọkachamara na usoro nri nri, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Palencia dị ka onye isi ngalaba ruo n'afọ 2013, mgbe o wepụtara onwe ya maka mgbapụta n'ihi mbelata. <ref name="quien" /> Igea zọọrọ primaries ka ọ duru Union, Progress and Democracy na 2015 Castilian-Leonese ntuli aka, meriri na Rafael Delgado. Ọ hapụrụ pati ahụ, maka [[Ụmụ amaala (òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Spain)|ụmụ amaala]] . <ref name="quien"> / A họpụtara ya na Congress of Deputies na Valladolid constituency na December 2015 . <ref>{{Cite news|title=La 'vuelta al cole' de los 32 diputados|url=https://www.eldiadevalladolid.com/noticia/zc54a4905-a59a-ce53-66d09f75ff9ea45a/201601/la-vuelta-al-cole-de-los-32-diputados|accessdate=27 March 2021|work=[[El Norte de Castilla]]|date=11 January 2016|language=Spanish}}</ref> Na June na-esote, ọ bụ naanị onye otu ya na Castile na León iji merie nhoputa ndi ozo. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Igea, único diputado de C's en CyL, promete "sudar" tanto para un nuevo gobierno como para que cambien las cosas|url=https://www.lainformacion.com/espana/Igea-diputado-Cs-CyL-gobierno_0_929907139.html|accessdate=28 March 2021|work=La Información|date=27 June 2016|language=Spanish}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2017, ọ banyere na kọmitii etiti nke otu ya, na-ahụ maka ahụike. <ref name="quien" /> Na njedebe nke 2021, Mañueco kpọrọ ntuli aka mbụ na ebumnuche nke ịchị naanị ya, dịka onye otu ya Isabel Díaz Ayuso nwetara na Community of Madrid . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Pablo Casado muestra su apoyo a Mañueco para liderar una victoria "en solitario"|url=https://www.laopiniondezamora.es/castilla-leon/2021/12/30/pablo-casado-muestra-apoyo-manueco-61135332.html|accessdate=4 January 2022|work=La Opinión de Zamora|date=30 December 2021|language=Spanish}}</ref> Ndị isi otu pati mba ahụ họpụtara Igea onye ga-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala nke ụmụ amaala na-enweghị mkpa nke mbụ, na-ehota iwu ọhụrụ n'ime pati ahụ maka mgbe enwere obere mkpọsa ntuli aka na-atụghị anya ya. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Carvajal|first=Álvaro|title=Ciudadanos nombra a Francisco Igea candidato en Castilla y León sin primarias y apelando a la "unidad"|url=https://www.elmundo.es/espana/2021/12/27/61c9978421efa02e318b456e.html|accessdate=4 January 2022|work=El Mundo|date=27 December 2021|language=Spanish}}</ref> Ntuli aka ahụ kwụsịrị na ụmụ amaala tụfuru oche ha niile ma e wezụga nke Igea ebe Vox nwetara uru; o kwere nkwa ịkwado na PP na ọchịchị Vox kacha elu. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Igea lamenta la "catástrofe" de Cs y se ofrece al PP para evitar la entrada de Vox en el Gobierno de CyL|url=https://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-igea-lamenta-catastrofe-cs-ofrece-pp-evitar-entrada-vox-gobierno-cyl-20220214104158.html|accessdate=14 February 2022|date=14 February 2022|language=Spanish}}</ref> Na Septemba 2023, a chụpụrụ Igea na [[Edmundo Bal]] na ụmụ amaala maka ịkatọ mkpebi pati ahụ ịghara ịzọ ntuli aka izugbe nke 2023 Spanish . Igea anabataghị mkpebi ahụ ma ọ hapụghị oche ya. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Ciudadanos expulsa a Edmundo Bal y a Francisco Igea|url=https://www.publico.es/politica/ciudadanos-expulsa-francisco-igea-edmundo-bal.html|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=[[Público (Spain)|Público]]|date=28 September 2023|language=Spanish}}</ref> == Ntụaka == mba ahụ họpụtara Igea onye ga-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala nke ụmụ amaala na-enweghịduuru otu ahụ na ntuli aka mpaghara Castilian {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Igea, Francisco}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1bhqkhrtqgfnh6fppw7ymlk61zyu9q6 0 51489 692631 363795 2026-07-30T12:04:10Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692631 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Fyodor Ivanovich Gagloyev''' ( Russian </link> ; amuru 26 Septemba 1966) bu onye nkuzi [[Footbọl|egwuregwu bọọlụ]] Russia na onye bụbu onye egwuregwu. Ọ mere mpụta mbụ ọkachamara ya na Njikọ nke Abụọ Soviet na 1983 maka FC Spartak Ordzhonikidze . Ọ gbara 1 egwuregwu maka ndị isi FC Dynamo Moscow na USSR Federation Cup . == Nkwanye ugwu == * Onye mmeri nke Uzbek : 1992. == Ntụaka == ọkachamara ya na Njikọ nke Abụọ{{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gagloyev, Fyodor}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] b6uvpyxl0evwosl53b3zxr1y1p37nq8 692709 692631 2026-07-30T13:20:39Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Corrected reference 692709 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Fyodor Ivanovich Gagloyev''' ( Russian </link> ; amuru 26 Septemba 1966) bu onye nkuzi [[Footbọl|egwuregwu bọọlụ]] Russia na onye bụbu onye egwuregwu. Ọ mere mpụta mbụ ọkachamara ya na Njikọ nke Abụọ Soviet na 1983 maka FC Spartak Ordzhonikidze . Ọ gbara 1 egwuregwu maka ndị isi FC Dynamo Moscow na USSR Federation Cup . == Nkwanye ugwu == * Onye mmeri nke Uzbek : 1992. == Edensibịa == ọkachamara ya na Njikọ nke Abụọ{{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gagloyev, Fyodor}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] od24beadwhtfxc18pkwmq5bz1a7rn75 0 51494 692629 187246 2026-07-30T12:02:31Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692629 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Fabio-Baiano-2008.jpg|thumb|Fábio Baiano]] {| class="infobox infobox-table vcard" style="line-height: 1.2em; max-width: 420px !important;" |+ class="infobox-title fn" id="5" style="line-height: 1.2em;" |Fábio Baiano ! colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; line-height: 1.5em" |Personal information |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Full name | colspan="3" class="infobox-data nickname" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;;white-space: normal;" | Fábio da Silva Morais |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Date of birth | colspan="3" class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;;white-space: normal;" | <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1975-04-22</span>) </span>22 April 1975<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;49)</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Place of birth | colspan="3" class="infobox-data birthplace" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;;white-space: normal;" | [[Feira de Santana]], [[Brazil]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Height | colspan="3" class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;;white-space: normal;" | <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css"></templatestyles>1.79&nbsp;m (5&nbsp;ft <span class="frac">10<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>&#x2044;<span class="den">2</span></span>&nbsp;in) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Position(s) | colspan="3" class="infobox-data role" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;;white-space: normal;" | Attacking Midfielder |- ! colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; line-height: 1.5em" |Team information |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Current team</div> | colspan="3" class="infobox-data org" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;;white-space: normal;" | Brasiliense |- ! colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; line-height: 1.5em" |Senior career* |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Years | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | '''Team''' | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | '''<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;League appearances</nowiki&gt;">Apps</abbr>''' | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | '''(<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;League goals</nowiki&gt;">Gls</abbr>)''' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">1992–1996</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | Flamengo | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">1996</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | Juventude | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">1996–1998</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | Flamengo | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">1998</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | Bahia | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">1998–2000</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | Flamengo | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2000–2002</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | Grêmio | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2003–2004</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | Flamengo | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2004</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | São Caetano | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2004</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | Corinthians | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2005</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | Santos | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2005</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | Atlético Mineiro | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2006</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | Vasco da Gama | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2006</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | Ponte Preta | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2007</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | Paysandu | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2007</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | Juventude | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2008–</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | Brasiliense | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | |- | colspan="4" class="infobox-below" style="color:darkslategray; font-size:95%" | <nowiki>*</nowiki>Club domestic league appearances and goals |} '''Fábio da Silva Morais''' (amụrụ 22 Eprel 1975 na Feira de Santana <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://futpedia.globo.com/jogadores/fabio-baiano|title=futpedia.globo.com|accessdate=2009-07-23|archivedate=2009-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428024135/http://futpedia.globo.com/jogadores/fabio-baiano}}</ref> ), nke a na-akpọkarị '''Fábio Baiano''', bụ onye egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] Brazil nke na-agba Brasiliense . == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Baiano, Fábio}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] b08gi6qp5cvzx6hn0vg4fy7qsswj7ac 692635 692629 2026-07-30T12:10:32Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fábio da Silva Morais''' (amụrụ 22 Eprel 1975 na Feira de Santana <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://futpedia.globo.com/jogadores/fabio-baiano|title=futpedia.globo.com|accessdate=2009-07-23|archivedate=2009-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428024135/http://futpedia.globo.com/jogadores/fabio-baiano}}</ref> ), nke a na-akpọkarị '''Fábio Baiano''', bụ onye egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] Brazil nke na-agba Brasiliense . == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Baiano, Fábio}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] myynpbjzdyunzpk8yrkakqf1pyvvtt7 0 51951 692911 595078 2026-07-30T23:56:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|website=}} '''Abdur Rahim Quazi''', bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Candidate Abdur Rahim Quazi|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/quazi-abdur-rahim/candidates/candidateid-13960.cms|accessdate=20 June 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdur Rahim Quazi is a TMC candidate from Baduria constituency in the 2021 West Bengal Assembly elections|work=[[News18]]|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/west-bengal/abdur-rahim-quazi-baduria-candidate-s25a099c001/|accessdate=20 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=বাদুড়িয়া বিধানসভা কেন্দ্র ২০২১ ভোটের ফলাফল|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=30 April 2021|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021/baduria-assembly-seat-constituency-candidates-profile-of-bjp-sukalyan-baidya-tmc-quazi-abdur-rahim-congress-cpim-abdus-sattar-31619798087734.html|language=bn|accessdate=20 June 2021|archivedate=24 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203130/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021/baduria-assembly-seat-constituency-candidates-profile-of-bjp-sukalyan-baidya-tmc-quazi-abdur-rahim-congress-cpim-abdus-sattar-31619798087734.html}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu All India Trinamool Congress . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdur Rahim Quazi - बदुरिया विधानसभा चुनाव 2021 परिणाम|work=[[Amar Ujala]]|url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/west-bengal/candidates/abdur-rahim-quazi-aitc-2021-baduria-99-west-bengal|accessdate=20 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Baduria Assembly Constituency of WEST BENGAL state is currently held by Abdur Rahim Quazi of INC|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021/baduria-election-results-36_3289.html|accessdate=20 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Baduria Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Abdur Rahim Quazi of TMC wins|work=[[News18]]|date=2 May 2021|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/baduria-election-result-2021-live-updates-baduria-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695231.html|accessdate=20 June 2021}}</ref> Na Mee 2021, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omebe iwu nke West Bengal Legislative Assembly sitere na Baduria (Constituency Vidhan Sabha).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdur Rahim-Quazi west bengal assembly election candidate|work=[[NDTV]]|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election-candidates-list-2021/abdur-rahim-quazi-25099-1|accessdate=20 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Baduria Election Result 2021|work=[[Times Now News]]|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/baduria-west-bengal-election-result-2021|accessdate=20 June 2021|archivedate=24 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202740/https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/baduria-west-bengal-election-result-2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdur Rahim Qazi of TMC won Baduria seat|work=[[India Tv]]|date=2 May 2021|url=https://www.indiatv.in/elections/news-west-bengal-chunav-baduria-seat-result-sukalyan-baidya-abdur-rahim-quazi-787542|accessdate=20 June 2021}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Quazi, Abdur Rahim}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5lnetkvb03ym8od04lt0k19a83cldv3 0 52119 693084 188553 2026-07-31T09:21:11Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 693084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Fouad Abdelmoumni|death_date=|death_place=|death_cause=|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=|other_names=|known_for=|education=|employer=|occupation=Economist, Activist|title=|networth=|term=|predecessor=|successor=|party=|boards=Transparency Maroc (Secretary General)|spouse=|children=|parents=|relatives=|signature=|website={{URL|https://abdelmoumni.wordpress.com|Official Website}}|footnotes=}} '''Fouad Abdelmoumni''' bụ onye Moroccan na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na onye na-ahụ Maka akụ na ụba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/110024/archives-thematique/fouad-abdelmoumni/|title=Fouad Abdelmoumni|work=JeuneAfrique.com|date=13 September 2004|publisher=}}</ref> Ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Transparency Maroc kemgbe 13 Febụwarị 2016 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2016/02/13/fouad-abdelmoumn-transparency-maroc_n_9226670.html|title=Fouad Abdelmoumni, nouveau secrétaire général de Transparency Maroc|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leconomiste.com/flash-infos/fouad-abdelmoumni-prend-la-tete-de-transparency-maroc|title=Fouad Abdelmoumni prend la tête de Transparency Maroc|date=13 February 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke NGO Al Amana site na 1997 ruo 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lavieeco.com/news/portraits/passionne-du-microcredit-et-fondateur-de-la-plus-grande-association-al-amana-3248.html|title=Passionné du microcrédit et fondateur de la plus grande association, Al Amana|publisher=|accessdate=2024-09-14|archivedate=2017-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219184325/http://lavieeco.com/news/portraits/passionne-du-microcredit-et-fondateur-de-la-plus-grande-association-al-amana-3248.html}}</ref> == Ntụaka == # "Found Abdelmoumni". JeuneAfrique.com. 13 septemba 2004. # "Found Abdelmoumni, nouveau secretair e general de Transparency Maroc". # "Found Abdelmoumni prend la Tete de Transparency Maroc". 13 Febuwari 2016. # "Passionne du microcredit et fondateur de la plus grande association, Al Amana". {{DEFAULTSORT:Abdelmoumni,Fouad}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nys7673bm7uol23xjbcv6b5qlfwr1jw 0 52551 692902 439488 2026-07-30T22:32:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692902 wikitext text/x-wiki   37.5°C no Namida bụ usoro manga nke Japan nke ''[[Chiiz!]]'' Shiina dere ma gosipụta. E bipụtara ya na Cheese nke [[Shogakukan]]! magazin site na Ọktọba 2013 ruo Mee 2022, na mpịakọta ''[[tankōbon]]'' iri abụọ na anọ na-achịkọta isiakwụkwọ ndị e wepụtara site na Machị 2014 ruo 2022. A na-egosi usoro [[Ihe nkiri telivishọn nke Japan]] na [[Usoro Mgbasa Ozi nke Tokyo|TBS]] site na July ruo September 2015. N'afọ 2017, 37.5°C no Namida meriri 62nd Shogakukan Manga Award na ngalaba ''shōjo''. == Atụmatụ == Ka Momoko Sugisaki na-arụ ọrụ na nlekọta ụmụaka, ọ na-esiri ya ike ịmụta otú ọ ga-esi meghachi omume na ụmụaka ndị chọrọ enyemaka ya, ebe ọ bụ na nlekọta ụmụaka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nlekọta ụbọchị n'ime ụlọ maka ụmụaka na-arịa ọrịa. Ịgbalị ịchọpụta mgbe ekwesịrị ileghara iwu anya iji gboo mkpa ụmụaka na-arịa ọrịa. N'ịbụ ndị na-etolite na ha, Momoko nwere ike ịkọ otú otu onye nwere ike isi mee mgbanwe na ndụ ụmụaka. == Ndị mere ihe nkiri == ; Momoko Sugisaki : Portrayed by: Misako Renbutsu<ref name="Cast" /> ; Motoharu Asahina : Portrayed by: Hiroki Narimiya<ref name="Cast" /> ; Chikara Yanagi : Portrayed by: Naohito Fujiki<ref name="Cast" /> ; Megumi Seki : Portrayed by: Miki Mizuno<ref name="Cast" /> ; Kensuke Shinohara : Portrayed by: Mokomichi Hayami<ref name="Cast" /> ; Koyuki Asahina : Portrayed by: Hana Matsushima ; Koharu Asahina : Portrayed by: Rio Suzuki ; Fumiko Asagiri : Portrayed by: Atsuko Asano<ref name="Cast" /> ; Yumika Ono : Portrayed by: Reina Triendl<ref name="Cast" /> ; Yuki Sugisaki : Portrayed by: Kensei Mikami<ref name="Cast" /> ; Kumiko Shinohara : Portrayed by: Saori Takizawa ; Nishiki Sato : Portrayed by: Kazuhiko Nishimura ; Yoko Sato : Portrayed by: Maki Kubota ; Satomi Mori : Portrayed by: Noriko Nakagoshi ; Risa Machii : Portrayed by: Shuri ; Kanako Imai : Portrayed by: Natsuko Nagaike ; Teppei Kato : Portrayed by: Yuya Kido ; Sayaka Sato : Portrayed by: Risako Tanigawa ; Seiichiro Sugisaki : Portrayed by: Tosei Ishida ; Kaori Shimizu : Portrayed by: Yui Tanoue ; Kenta Shinohara : Portrayed by: Ayumu Yokoyama ; Masayo Tanaka : Portrayed by: Jun Miho ; Kaito Mori : Portrayed by: Yusaku Hayashida == Mgbasa ozi == === Akpụkpọ ụkwụ === Chika Shiina dere ma gosipụta ya, 37.5°C enweghị Namida ka edobere n'usoro n'ime cheese Shogakukan! magazin sitere na Ọktoba 24, 2013 ruo Mee 24, 2022.[1][2] Ewekọtara isiakwụkwọ ya na mpịakọta iri abụọ na anọ site na Machị 26, 2014 ruo June 24, 2022.{{Graphic novel list/header|OneLanguage=yes}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=1|RelDate=March 26, 2014<ref name="vol1">{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 １|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784091358226|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-135822-6}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=2|RelDate=July 25, 2014<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 ２|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784091363367|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-136336-7}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=3|RelDate=November 26, 2014<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 ３|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784091364890|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-136489-0}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=4|RelDate=June 26, 2015<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 ４|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784091374103|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-137410-3}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=5|RelDate=November 26, 2015<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 ５|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784091380104|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-138010-4}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=6|RelDate=March 25, 2016<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 ６|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784091383044|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-138304-4}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=7|RelDate=July 26, 2016<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 ７|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784091385697|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-138569-7}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=8|RelDate=November 25, 2016<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 ８|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784091387806|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-138780-6}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=9|RelDate=March 24, 2017<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 ９|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784091391407|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-139140-7}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=10|RelDate=July 26, 2017<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 １０|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784091394842|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-139484-2}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=11|RelDate=November 24, 2017<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 １１|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784091396907|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-139690-7}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=12|RelDate=March 26, 2018<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 １２|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784091398802|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-139880-2}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=13|RelDate=July 26, 2018<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 １３|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098701513|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-870151-3}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=14|RelDate=November 26, 2018<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 １４|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098702589|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-870258-9}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=15|RelDate=March 26, 2019<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 １５|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098704026|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-870402-6}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=16|RelDate=July 26, 2019<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 １６|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098706037|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-870603-7}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=17|RelDate=November 26, 2019<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 １７|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098706570|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-870657-0}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=18|RelDate=February 26, 2020<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 １８|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098708024|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-870802-4}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=19|RelDate=June 26, 2020<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 １９|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098710065|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-871006-5}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=20|RelDate=November 26, 2020<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 ２０|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098712021|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-871202-1}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=21|RelDate=April 26, 2021<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 ２１|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098712571|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-871257-1}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=22|RelDate=September 24, 2021<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 ２２|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098714148|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-871414-8}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=23|RelDate=January 26, 2022<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 ２３|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098715725|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-871572-5}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=24|RelDate=June 24, 2022<ref name="vol24">{{cite web|script-title=ja:３７．５℃の涙 ２４|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784098712571|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|access-date=May 7, 2024|lang=ja}}</ref>|ISBN=978-4-09-871646-3}} {{Graphic novel list/footer}} === Ihe nkiri === A na-egosi usoro Ihe nkiri telivishọn nke Japan na TBS site na July 9 ruo September 17, 2015.<ref name="ann">{{Cite web|author=Lee Hale|first=Daryl|date=May 24, 2015|title=Shiina's 37.5°C no Namida Manga Resumes, Gets Live-Action TV Series|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-05-24/shiina-37.5c-no-namida-manga-resumes-gets-live-action-tv-series/.88439|accessdate=May 25, 2015|work=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref><ref name="Cast">{{Cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/150024|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|work=[[Natalie (website)|Comic Natalie]]|date=June 10, 2015|accessdate=May 7, 2024|language=ja}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240704213212/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/150024 <bdi lang="ja">ドラマ「37.5℃の涙」に蓮佛美沙子ら出演、成宮・もこみちとの三角関係も</bdi>]. ''[[Natalie (ebe nrụọrụ weebụ)|Comic Natalie]]'' (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. June 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)]] [[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]</ref> == Nnakwere == 37.5°C no Namida meriri 62nd Shogakukan Manga Award na ngalaba ''shōjo'' na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ressler|first=Karen|date=January 23, 2017|title=Mob Psycho 100, More Win 62nd Shogakukan Manga Awards|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-01-23/mob-psycho-100-more-win-62nd-shogakukan-manga-awards/.111385|accessdate=January 23, 2017|work=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule Eprel 2022, mgbasa ozi nke usoro a gụnyere mbipụta dijitalụ agafeela nde atọ. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * 37.5°C enweghị Namida na Cheese! (n'asụsụ Japanese) * 37.5°C enweghị Namida na TBS (n'asụsụ Japanese) * 37.5°C no Namida (manga) naAnime News Networkencyclopedia iz2ljunt4rpvfqp9kvsudpm32s159dq 0 52626 692723 189470 2026-07-30T13:41:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Almuth Schult''' ({{IPA|de|ˈʔalmuːt ˈʃʊlt}} ; <ref>{{Cite book|author=Krech|first=Eva-Maria|title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch|language=de|year=2009|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-11-018202-6|pages=306, 912}}</ref> amụrụ 9 Febụwarị 1991) bụ onye [[Footbọl|egwuregwu bọọlụ]] German na-egwu egwu dị ka onye na-eche nche maka Kansas City ugbu a nke National Women's Soccer League na otu mba Germany . == Ọrụ klọb == N'April 2022, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọnwa 18 na ụlọ ọgbakọ NWSL Angel City FC . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportbuzzer.de/fussball/frauen/almuth-schult-wechselt-vom-vfl-wolfsburg-in-die-usa-ab-sommer-beim-angel-city-fc-DA7E54E5B62F63C3ECDD643C62.html|title=Almuth Schult wechselt vom VfL Wolfsburg in die USA – Ab Sommer beim Angel City FC|publisher=Sportbuzzer|language=de|date=6 April 2022}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ọ gbara naanị otu egwuregwu, wee hapụ klọb ahụ na Nọvemba afọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kicker.de/schult-keine-rueckkehr-nach-los-angeles-925982/artikel|title=Schult: Keine Rückkehr nach Los Angeles|publisher=Kicker|language=de|date=16 November 2022}}</ref> N'April 2024, ọ sonyeere Hamburger SV ruo na njedebe nke oge 2023–24. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hsv.de/news/hsv-frauen-verpflichten-almuth-schult|title=HSV-Frauen verpflichten Almuth Schult|publisher=Hamburger SV|language=de|date=12 April 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/almuth-schult-wechselt-zum-hamburger-sv-260528/|title=Almuth Schult wechselt zum Hamburger SV|publisher=German Football Association|language=de|date=12 April 2024}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == [[Usòrò:2021-10-26_Fussball,_Frauen,_Länderspiel,_Deutschland_-_Israel_1DX_1013_by_Stepro.jpg|thumb| Almuth Schult na 2021.]] Schult rutere ebe nke atọ na Germany na 2008 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup, pụtara na egwuregwu abụọ. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ọ bụ onye nlekọta mgbaru ọsọ mbụ nke Germany na 2010 U-20 Women's World Cup, nke otu ahụ meriri. Emere asọmpi a n'ala ụlọ na Germany. Akpọrọ Schult ka ọ bụrụ onye mgbaru ọsọ nke atọ maka otu egwuregwu iko mba ụwa nke ụmụ nwanyị 2011 nke Germany. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/frauen/startseite/553126/artikel_neid-verzichtet-auf-mittag-und-fuss.html|title=Bundestrainerin benennt 21-köpfigen WM-Kader|publisher=Kicker.de|date=27 May 2011|accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref> Mpụta mbụ ya otu egwuregwu bụ na 15 February 2012 megide Turkey . <ref>[http://www.sportschau.de/sp/fussball/news201202/15/dfb-damen-tuerkei.jsp DFB-Frauen glanzlos an die Spitze]. </ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dfb.de/statistik-center/?spieledb_path=%2Fcompetitions%2F571%2Fseasons%2F17629%2Fteams%2F479%2Fnational_player%2F259299%2Fmatches|title=EM-Qualifikation, 2011/2012, Gruppe 2 – Türkei 0 Deutschland 5|date=14 August 2014|work=DFB – Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V.|language=de|accessdate=26 April 2019}}</ref> Mgbe ezumike nká nke Nadine Angerer, Schult nke mbụ isi asọmpi dị ka onye na-eche nche mmalite maka Germany bịara na 2016 Summer Olympics, ebe ọ na-egwuri egwu kwa nkeji ma nweta Germany ihe nrite ọla edo mbụ na ụmụ nwanyị Olympic football. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/womensolympic/news/y=2016/m=8/news=gold-for-germany-as-neid-finishes-in-style-2822872.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820065521/http://www.fifa.com/womensolympic/news/y=2016/m=8/news=gold-for-germany-as-neid-finishes-in-style-2822872.html|archivedate=20 August 2016|title=Gold for Germany as Neid finishes in style|date=19 August 2016|work=fifa.com}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụọla nwaanyị. N'oge opupu ihe ubi 2020, ọ ghọrọ nne ejima <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.n-tv.de/sport/der_sport_tag/Doppeltes-Babyglueck-bei-deutscher-Nummer-eins-article21743479.html|title=Doppeltes Babyglück bei deutscher Nummer eins|date=27 April 2020|work=n-tv.de|language=de|accessdate=16 December 2023}}</ref> na n'August 2023 nke nwa nke atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/almuth-schult-bringt-drittes-kind-zur-welt-254162/|title=Almuth Schult bringt drittes Kind zur Welt|date=17 August 2023|work=n-tv.de|language=de|accessdate=16 December 2023}}</ref> == Nkwanye ugwu == '''VfL Wolfsburg''' * Bundesliga : 2013–14, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19 * DFB-Pokal : 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19 * UEFA Champions League ụmụ nwanyị : 2014 '''Germany''' * UEFA European Asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị : 2013, onye gbara ọsọ: 2022 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sanders|first=Emma|date=31 July 2022|title=England beat Germany to win first major women's trophy|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/62339532|accessdate=31 July 2022|publisher=BBC}}</ref> * Egwuregwu Olimpik Summer : Ihe nrite ọla edo, 2016 * Iko Algarve : 2012, 2014 * FIFA U-20 iko mba ụwa : 2010 '''Germany U17''' * FIFA U-17 iko mba ụwa : ebe nke atọ 2008 '''Onye''' * IFFHS kacha mma n'ụwa onye nche goolu : 2014 <ref>[http://iffhs.de/former-results/ Awards 2014]</ref> * IFFHS Kachasị Mma n'ụwa ihe mgbaru ọsọ nwanyị nwanyị nke afọ iri 2011–2020 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/902|title=IFFHS WORLD'S BEST WOMAN GOALKEEPER OF THE DECADE 2011-2020 : ALMUTH SCHULT|work=IFFHS|date=18 January 2021|accessdate=3 October 2024|archivedate=7 October 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091616/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/902}}</ref> == Ntụaka == na Germany. Akpọrọ Schult ka ọ bụrụ onye mgbaru ọsọ nke atọ maka otu egwuregwu iko mba ụwa nke ụmụ nwanyị 2011 nke Germany{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.dfb.de/index.php?id=1001523 Profaịlụ] na DFB (in German) * [https://www.dfb.de/allianz-frauen-bundesliga/spieltagtabelle/?spieledb_path=%2Fleague_player%2F113126 Ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ ụlọ German] na DFB (in German) * Almuth Schult Ndekọ asọmpi </img> * Almuth Schult </img> * Almuth Schult * Almuth Schult * Almuth Schult [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] edxhp6pguq0c8vn18mulpkhz7xoto97 0 52627 693087 189471 2026-07-31T09:33:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Almuth Schult''' ({{IPA|de|ˈʔalmuːt ˈʃʊlt}} ; <ref>{{Cite book|author=Krech|first=Eva-Maria|title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch|language=de|year=2009|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-11-018202-6|pages=306, 912}}</ref> amụrụ 9 Febụwarị 1991) bụ onye [[Footbọl|egwuregwu bọọlụ]] German na-egwu egwu dị ka onye na-eche nche maka Kansas City ugbu a nke National Women's Soccer League na otu mba Germany . == Ọrụ klọb == N'April 2022, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọnwa 18 na ụlọ ọgbakọ NWSL Angel City FC . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportbuzzer.de/fussball/frauen/almuth-schult-wechselt-vom-vfl-wolfsburg-in-die-usa-ab-sommer-beim-angel-city-fc-DA7E54E5B62F63C3ECDD643C62.html|title=Almuth Schult wechselt vom VfL Wolfsburg in die USA – Ab Sommer beim Angel City FC|publisher=Sportbuzzer|language=de|date=6 April 2022}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ọ gbara naanị otu egwuregwu, wee hapụ klọb ahụ na Nọvemba afọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kicker.de/schult-keine-rueckkehr-nach-los-angeles-925982/artikel|title=Schult: Keine Rückkehr nach Los Angeles|publisher=Kicker|language=de|date=16 November 2022}}</ref> N'April 2024, ọ sonyeere Hamburger SV ruo na njedebe nke oge 2023–24. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hsv.de/news/hsv-frauen-verpflichten-almuth-schult|title=HSV-Frauen verpflichten Almuth Schult|publisher=Hamburger SV|language=de|date=12 April 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/almuth-schult-wechselt-zum-hamburger-sv-260528/|title=Almuth Schult wechselt zum Hamburger SV|publisher=German Football Association|language=de|date=12 April 2024}}</ref> Na 2 Ọgọst 2024, Kansas City Ugbu a mara ọkwa na ha abanyela Schult site na njedebe nke oge 2024. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2024|title=Kansas City Current sign veteran international goalkeeper Almuth Schult|url=https://www.kansascitycurrent.com/news/kansas-city-current-sign-veteran-international-goalkeeper-al|accessdate=9 September 2024|work=Kansas City Current}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == [[Usòrò:2021-10-26_Fussball,_Frauen,_Länderspiel,_Deutschland_-_Israel_1DX_1013_by_Stepro.jpg|thumb| Almuth Schult na 2021.]] Schult rutere ebe nke atọ na Germany na 2008 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup, pụtara na egwuregwu abụọ. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ọ bụ onye nlekọta mgbaru ọsọ mbụ nke Germany na 2010 U-20 Women's World Cup, nke otu ahụ meriri. Emere asọmpi a n'ala ụlọ na Germany. Akpọrọ Schult ka ọ bụrụ onye mgbaru ọsọ nke atọ maka otu egwuregwu iko mba ụwa nke ụmụ nwanyị 2011 nke Germany. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/frauen/startseite/553126/artikel_neid-verzichtet-auf-mittag-und-fuss.html|title=Bundestrainerin benennt 21-köpfigen WM-Kader|publisher=Kicker.de|date=27 May 2011|accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref> Mpụta mbụ ya otu egwuregwu bụ na 15 February 2012 megide Turkey . <ref>[http://www.sportschau.de/sp/fussball/news201202/15/dfb-damen-tuerkei.jsp DFB-Frauen glanzlos an die Spitze]. </ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dfb.de/statistik-center/?spieledb_path=%2Fcompetitions%2F571%2Fseasons%2F17629%2Fteams%2F479%2Fnational_player%2F259299%2Fmatches|title=EM-Qualifikation, 2011/2012, Gruppe 2 – Türkei 0 Deutschland 5|date=14 August 2014|work=DFB – Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V.|language=de|accessdate=26 April 2019}}</ref> Mgbe ezumike nká nke Nadine Angerer, Schult nke mbụ isi asọmpi dị ka onye na-eche nche mmalite maka Germany bịara na 2016 Summer Olympics, ebe ọ na-egwuri egwu kwa nkeji ma nweta Germany ihe nrite ọla edo mbụ na ụmụ nwanyị Olympic football. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/womensolympic/news/y=2016/m=8/news=gold-for-germany-as-neid-finishes-in-style-2822872.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820065521/http://www.fifa.com/womensolympic/news/y=2016/m=8/news=gold-for-germany-as-neid-finishes-in-style-2822872.html|archivedate=20 August 2016|title=Gold for Germany as Neid finishes in style|date=19 August 2016|work=fifa.com}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụọla nwaanyị. N'oge opupu ihe ubi 2020, ọ ghọrọ nne ejima <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.n-tv.de/sport/der_sport_tag/Doppeltes-Babyglueck-bei-deutscher-Nummer-eins-article21743479.html|title=Doppeltes Babyglück bei deutscher Nummer eins|date=27 April 2020|work=n-tv.de|language=de|accessdate=16 December 2023}}</ref> na n'August 2023 nke nwa nke atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/almuth-schult-bringt-drittes-kind-zur-welt-254162/|title=Almuth Schult bringt drittes Kind zur Welt|date=17 August 2023|work=n-tv.de|language=de|accessdate=16 December 2023}}</ref> == Nkwanye ugwu == '''VfL Wolfsburg''' * Bundesliga : 2013–14, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19 * DFB-Pokal : 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19 * UEFA Champions League ụmụ nwanyị : 2014 '''Germany''' * UEFA European Asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị : 2013, onye gbara ọsọ: 2022 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sanders|first=Emma|date=31 July 2022|title=England beat Germany to win first major women's trophy|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/62339532|accessdate=31 July 2022|publisher=BBC}}</ref> * Egwuregwu Olimpik Summer : Ihe nrite ọla edo, 2016 * Iko Algarve : 2012, 2014 * FIFA U-20 iko mba ụwa : 2010 '''Germany U17''' * FIFA U-17 iko mba ụwa : ebe nke atọ 2008 '''Onye''' * IFFHS kacha mma n'ụwa onye nche goolu : 2014 <ref>[http://iffhs.de/former-results/ Awards 2014]</ref> * IFFHS Kachasị Mma n'ụwa ihe mgbaru ọsọ nwanyị nwanyị nke afọ iri 2011–2020 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/902|title=IFFHS WORLD'S BEST WOMAN GOALKEEPER OF THE DECADE 2011-2020 : ALMUTH SCHULT|work=IFFHS|date=18 January 2021|accessdate=3 October 2024|archivedate=7 October 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091616/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/902}}</ref> == Ntụaka == na Germany. Akpọrọ Schult ka ọ bụrụ onye mgbaru ọsọ nke atọ maka otu egwuregwu iko mba ụwa nke ụmụ nwanyị 2011 nke Germany{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.dfb.de/index.php?id=1001523 Profaịlụ] na DFB (in German) * [https://www.dfb.de/allianz-frauen-bundesliga/spieltagtabelle/?spieledb_path=%2Fleague_player%2F113126 Ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ ụlọ German] na DFB (in German) * Almuth Schult Ndekọ asọmpi </img> * Almuth Schult </img> * Almuth Schult * Almuth Schult * Almuth Schult [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rkz3j8p83a2yt70pbmm2biae19xz2ke 0 52753 692886 207913 2026-07-30T22:07:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692886 wikitext text/x-wiki   Machị ụmụ nwanyị 2018 bụ ngagharị iwe zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mere na Jenụwarị 20, 2018, na ncheta ụbọchị Machị ụmụ nwanyị 2017. == Banyere == N'afọ 2018, otu ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ofe United States haziri mgbakọ ukwu, na-adọta ọtụtụ narị puku ndị sonyere n'ọtụtụ narị obodo, obodo, na ala ịta ahịhịa, n'agbanyeghị mbọ ndị Rọshịa na-agba iji kụọ na ime ka nkewa dị omimi n'etiti ha.[1] Ihe omume na United States sonyeere ihe omume na Canada, UK, Japan, Italy, na ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ. Ụfọdụ n’ime nnọkọ ndị kasị ibu na United States e mere na New York, Washington, Los Angeles, Dallas, Philadelphia, Chicago, San Francisco, na Atlanta. Ebumnuche ebumnuche njem a bụ ịchịkọta ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche na obodo ha iji mepụta mgbanwe n'ime obodo. Ha na-agba mbọ ịkwatu usoro mmegbu ahụ site n'iji ụzọ omume na-adịghị eme ihe ike nke omume na nsọpụrụ na-edu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Mission|url=https://www.womensmarch.com/principles|work=Women's March|accessdate=11 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212064732/https://www.womensmarch.com/principles/|archivedate=December 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="NYT_2018_womensmarch" /> <ref name="reuters_France24_2018_01_20">{{Cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20180120-womens-march-draws-thousands-trump-term-enters-second-year-usa|title=Women's March draws thousands as Trump term enters second year|date=January 20, 2018|accessdate=January 20, 2018|publisher=France 24 via Reuters}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule Jenụwarị 2018, mmegharị #MeToo aghọwo "ike na-akpali akpali n'ọtụtụ rallies". <ref name="latimes_2018_01_20_King">{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-womens-march-20180120-story.html|title=At Women's Marches nationwide, setting sights on the ballot box and hailing #MeToo|author=King|first=Laura|date=January 20, 2018|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=January 20, 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2018/1/7/1729179/-Women-s-March-2018-is-all-about-voting-and-seeking-office|title=Women's March 2018 is all about voting and seeking office|work=dailykos.com|accessdate=January 7, 2018|language=en}}</ref> == Ntinye aka == Ihe dị ka ngagharị, ngagharị iwe na omume 250 mere na emume ncheta nke March Women's March 2017, ọtụtụ ndị ahaziri site na March On, njikọ nke ọtụtụ Marches ụmụ nwanyị n'ofe mba ahụ.[1] 5][6][7][8] Women's March Incorporated, otu nke ụfọdụ ndị inyom haziri March Women's 2017, haziri a rally na Las Vegas n'okpuru "Power To The Polls". <ref name="Vogue">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/power-to-polls-rally-las-vegas|title=In Nevada, Leading With Those Normally Left Out|work=Vogue|accessdate=2018-10-02|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Salon">[https://www.salon.com/2018/01/22/second-womens-march-draws-huge-anti-trump-crowds-as-the-government-shuts-down_partner Second Women’s March draws huge anti-Trump crowds as the government shuts down]. By April M. Short, on [[Alternet]] originally. Jan.22, 2018 on ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]].''</ref> === Washington, D.C. === Na Washington, D. Ndị na-ekwu okwu gụnyere onye ndu obere ụlọ Nancy Pelosi na Senator Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY). <ref name="NYT_2018_womensmarch" /> === Obodo New York === Ihe karịrị mmadụ 200,000 mere ngagharị iwe ahụ dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị si kwuo Bill de Blasio. Ndị na-ekwu okwu gụnyere Michael Moore, Whoopi Goldberg, Padma Lakshmi, Amy Schumer, Laura Benanti, Amber Tamblyn, Patricia Arquette, Rosie Perez, Piper Perabo, Drew Barrymore, na ndị ọbụ abụ Cyndi Lauper na Halsey. === Los Angeles === [[Usòrò:Chinga_tu_Pelo_sign,_Women's_March,_DTLA,_Los_Angeles,_California,_USA_(25951714598).jpg|thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama 'Chinga tu Pelo', 2018 - Los Angeles Women's March Downtown Los Angeles, California]] Onye isi obodo Los Angeles Eric Garcetti mere atụmatụ na 600,000<ref name="politico_2018_Griffiths_300000_DC">{{Cite news|title=Hundreds of thousands protest in D.C., across country on women's march anniversary|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/01/20/womens-march-anniversary-dc-352231|accessdate=January 21, 2018|date=January 20, 2018|first=Brent D.|author=Griffiths|quote="According to local media reports, organizers said some 300,000 people attended the rally in Chicago... New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio's office said 120,00 people attended a protest there. Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti...[estimated] 600,000 people turned out for its rally.}}</ref> gara Los Angeles, California. Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eti mkpu, "¡Sí, se puede!" ma ọ bụ "Ee, anyị nwere ike!"<ref name="NYT_2018_womensmarch"/> ==== Ndị ama ama sonyere ====   === Chicago === A na-eme atụmatụ na mmadụ 300,000 mere ngagharị na Chicago, Illinois nke toro kemgbe afọ gara aga. Ndị na-ekwu okwu gụnyere onye na-enye onyinye Democratic Tom Steyer . <ref name="NYT_2018_womensmarch"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Dube Dwilson|first=Stephanie|title=Women's March Numbers: Here's the Attendance by City in 2018 [CROWD PHOTOS]|url=https://heavy.com/news/2018/01/womens-march-numbers-2018-attendance-turnout-by-city/|work=heavy.|accessdate=11 December 2018|date=January 20, 2018|archivedate=10 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910134806/https://heavy.com/news/2018/01/womens-march-numbers-2018-attendance-turnout-by-city/}}</ref> === Philadelphia === Ọtụtụ puku mmadụ gara njem ahụ.<ref name="NYT_2018_womensmarch">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/20/us/womens-march.html|title=Women's March 2018: Thousands of Protesters Take to the Streets|author=Tiefenthäler|first=Ainara|date=January 20, 2018|work=The New York Times|accessdate=January 20, 2018|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTiefenthäler2018">Tiefenthäler, Ainara (January 20, 2018). [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/20/us/womens-march.html "Women's March 2018: Thousands of Protesters Take to the Streets"]. ''The New York Times''. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Obodo ahụ ewepụtaghị nọmba gọọmentị, mana ndị na-ahazi ya mere atụmatụ na ìgwè mmadụ ahụ karịrị puku iri ise, ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ gara n'ihu na 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/thousands-attend-second-womens-march-on-philadelphia-2018-20180120.html|title=Women's March on Philadelphia: Thousands protest for the second time|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|first=Anna|author=Orso|date=20 January 2018|accessdate=31 January 2018}}</ref> === Seattle === Ọtụtụ puku mmadụ gbakọrọ na Seattle's Capitol Hill iji sonye na Machị nke abụọ nke ụmụ nwanyị kwa afọ. Njem ahụ malitere n'elekere iri nke ụtụtụ na Cal Anderson Park ebe Teresa Mosqueda gwara ndị njem ahụ okwu. Onye nnochite anya U.S. Pramila Jayapal zubere isonye, ​​mana ọnọdụ ndị dị na Washington, D.C gbochiri ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Renewal and resistance in Seattle—thousands take to streets for Women's March|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/renewal-and-resistance-in-seattle-thousands-take-to-streets-for-womens-march/|work=The Seattle Times|accessdate=22 January 2018|date=20 January 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=KOMO Staff|title=Thousands take part in Seattle Women's March 2.0|url=http://komonews.com/news/local/seattle-womens-march-20-underway|work=KOMO|accessdate=22 January 2018|date=January 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Cornwell|first=Paige|title=Seattle's Women's March: How it unfolded|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/womens-march-today-2018-womxn-act-on-seattle/|accessdate=11 December 2018|publisher=The Seattle Times|date=Jan 20, 2018}}</ref> === North Carolina === Na Charlotte, North Carolina, ọtụtụ puku mmadụ sonyere na njem ahụ. Njem ahụ malitere na First Ward Park ma mechie na Romare Bearden Park.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Dube Dwilson|first=Stephanie|title=Women's March Numbers: Here's the Attendance by City in 2018 [CROWD PHOTOS]|url=https://heavy.com/news/2018/01/womens-march-numbers-2018-attendance-turnout-by-city/|accessdate=11 December 2018|publisher=heavy.|date=Jan 22, 2018}}</ref> === New Hampshire === Ihe karịrị otu puku mmadụ sonyere na Women's March na mpụga New Hampshire Statehouse. N'ihi ọnọdụ dị na Washington, D.C., ole na ole n'ime ndị ọkà okwu a haziri ahazi enweghị ike ịpụta, gụnyere Senator Maggie Hassan na Congresswoman Annie Kuster.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Press|first=The Association|title=More than 1,000 at Women's March to New Hampshire capitol|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/more-than-1000-at-womens-march-to-new-hampshire-capitol/|accessdate=11 December 2018|publisher=The Seattle Times|date=Jan 20, 2018}}</ref> === Virginia === Na [[Virginia]]" id="mwiA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond,_Virginia" id="mwhw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Carytown, Richmond, Virginia">Carytown na Richmond, isi obodo nke Commonwealth nke Virginia, Gọvanọ a họpụtara ọhụrụ Ralph Northam sonyere na Women's March. Ìgwè mmadụ karịrị otu puku mmadụ malitere ịṅụrị ọṅụ mgbe gọvanọ ahụ yi Okpu na-acha pinki pinki na mgbe otu nwanyị gbara ọsọ n'etiti okporo ámá na-ebu ọkọlọtọ na-acha odo odo nke nwere okwu "eguzogide".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women's March 2018: Global demonstrations continue into 2nd day|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/womens-march-2018-global-demonstrations-continue-into-second-day/|work=CBS News|date=January 21, 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> E mere nnukwu ngagharị iwe ndị ọzọ na Virginia niile iji guzogide ọkwa onye isi ala [[Donald Trump]] na nkwupụta gbasara iyi egwu mmekọahụ na mbata na ọpụpụ, yana mkpebi nchịkwa mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gbasara isiokwu ndị ahụ [[Donald Trump]] mere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women's March 2018: First Day Of Marches Sees Thousands Attend|url=https://patch.com/virginia/portsmouth-va/s/gc773/womens-march-2018-first-day-of-marches-sees-thousands-attend|work=Portsmouth, VA Patch|accessdate=23 January 2018|date=20 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Richmond women's march draws more than 1,000 in protest|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/jan/20/richmond-womens-march-draws-more-than-1000-in-prot/|work=The Washington Times|accessdate=11 December 2018}}</ref> === Oké Osimiri na Ọdọ Mmiri === Ọtụtụ narị ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe mere ngagharị iwe n'èzí Mar-a-Lago na Palm Beach, Florida, ọ bụ ezie na Onye isi ala anọghị ebe ahụ dị ka atụmatụ, n'ihi mmechi gọọmentị.<ref name="NYT_2018_womensmarch"/> === Alaska === E mere ngagharị iwe na nnọkọ n'ofe Alaska.<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Juneau to Nome, Alaskans gather for Women's March rallies|url=https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/2018/01/20/from-juneau-to-nome-alaskans-brave-the-cold-for-womens-march/|work=Anchorage Daily News|accessdate=23 January 2018|date=20 January 2018}}</ref> === Rom === A na-eme atụmatụ na ọtụtụ puku mmadụ mere ngagharị na Rom. Ndị na-ekwu okwu gụnyere Eshia Argento.<ref name="NYT_2018_womensmarch"/> === Las Vegas === Na Jenụwarị 21, otu Women's March Incorporated kwadoro nzukọ, Power to the Polls, na Las Vegas.<ref name="Vogue" /> Ihe omume ahụ gosipụtara mmalite ha nke njem ndebanye aha ndị na-eme ntụli aka nke mba iji nweta nde ndị na-atụ vootu ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://people.com/politics/womens-march-2018-everything-to-know/|title=Everything to Know About the 2018 Women's Marches Planned Nationwide This Weekend|work=PEOPLE.com|accessdate=2018-10-02|language=en}}</ref> Ịgba ọsọ na steeti ndị na-agba ọsọ (dị ka Nevada) na ntuli aka nke etiti afọ 2018 bụ otu n'ime ebumnuche ndị bụ isi.<ref name="azcentral_2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/nation/2018/01/21/2018-womens-march-las-vegas-nevada-draws-thousands/1052368001/|title=Las Vegas Women's March 2018 draws thousands to Sunday event|author=Altavena|first=Lily|date=January 21, 2018|work=The Republic via AZ Central|accessdate=January 22, 2018}}</ref><ref name="PBS_2018_global">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/womens-march-focuses-on-voter-registration-at-las-vegas-event|title=Women's March focuses on voter registration at Las Vegas event|author=Sreenivasan|first=Hari|date=January 21, 2018|work=[[PBS NewsHour]]|accessdate=January 22, 2018}}</ref> == Nzaghachi == N'ụbọchị njem ahụ, Onye isi ala [[Donald Trump]] dere na Twitter, sị: "Ọmarịcha ihu igwe n'obodo anyị niile, ụbọchị zuru oke maka ụmụ nwanyị niile na March. Gbala ebe ahụ ugbu a iji mee emume ihe ịrịba ama akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe ịga nke ọma akụ na ụba na-enweghị atụ na mmepụta akụ na ụba nke mere n'ime ọnwa 12 gara aga. Enweghị ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị kachasị ala n'ime afọ 18!" <ref>{{Cite news|author=Sanchez|first=Ray|title=Trump tweets support of Women's March that's also protesting...him|url=http://www.cnn.com/2018/01/20/us/womens-march-trump-tweet-trnd/index.html|accessdate=January 21, 2018|work=CNN|date=January 20, 2018}}</ref> == Ịchụpụ ndị mmadụ n'ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Impeachment_March_(28026983719).jpg|thumb|March nke ịchụpụ ya na Portland, Oregon]] Empeachment Marches (ma ọ bụ ngagharị iwe nke Impeach Trump), ngagharị iwe megide Onye isi ala Donald Trump, bụ nke mbụ e mere n'oge emume nke anọ nke July na 2017, na-arịọ ndị Congress ka ha malite usoro impeachment megide Trump.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mic.com/articles/181416/fourth-of-july-protests-are-an-american-tradition-historian-says#.4GO77TrOw|title=Fourth of July protests are an American tradition, historian says|author=Alcorn|first=Chauncey|date=July 4, 2017|work=Mic.com|publisher=[[Mic (media company)|Mic]]|accessdate=July 23, 2017}}</ref> A kọwawo ha dị ka nzukọ ụmụnne nwanyị na nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị nke March, ma mee ya n'obodo ndị a họọrọ na 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.impeachmentmarch.org/|title=Impeachment March|work=Impeachment March|accessdate=January 20, 2018|archivedate=May 17, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517102703/http://www.impeachmentmarch.org/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.impeachmentmarch.org/sister-marches.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519212127/http://www.impeachmentmarch.org/sister-marches.html|archivedate=2017-05-19|title=Sister Marches|work=Impeachment March|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-05}}</ref> == Ebe ndị a na-anọ ==   2018 Women's Marches mere n'ọtụtụ obodo gburugburu ụwa. == Akụkọ == === Nkwado maka mwakpo mmekọahụ === Na Jenụwarị 20, 2018, na New York City, Halsey kwuru okwu nye ọtụtụ puku ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na March nke ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ kwa afọ. Ndị otu Me Too na Time's Up emeela ka ndị na-eme ihe na-aga n'ihu, gụnyere ndị a ma ama, chọọ mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ozugbo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/20/us/womens-march.html|title=Women's March 2018: Protestors Take to the Streets for the Second Straight Year|date=January 20, 2018|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Kama ikwu okwu ọdịnala, Halsey dere uri nkeji ise nke akpọrọ A Story Like Mine, ebe ọ kwuru banyere mwakpo mmekọahụ na ime ihe ike ya na ndị ọzọ nwere. Akụkọ onwe ya gụnyere iso ezigbo enyi ya gaa Planned Parenthood mgbe e dinara ya n'ike, akụkọ onwe ya banyere mwakpo mmekọahụ site n'aka ndị agbata obi na ụmụ nwoke, na ụmụ nwanyị ndị dọkịta Olympic Larry Nassar wakporo.<ref name=":12" /> Halsey gara n'ihu kwupụta nkwenye ya na ndị a ma ama nwere ike ịnụ ma mara ha dị ka ndị dị mkpa na usoro mgbasa ozi nakwa na ha nwere ike ijikọ ọdịbendị a ma ama na ọdịbendị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-ekwu, "Nụrụ, wee tie mkpu n'elu akpa ume gị, bụrụ olu maka ndị niile nwere ire ndị mkpọrọ. "<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2018/01/22/579746278/halseys-recital-of-a-story-like-mine-traces-the-staggering-prevalence-of-assault|title=Halsey's Recital Of 'A Story Like Mine' Traces The Staggering Prevalence Of Assault|work=NPR.org|accessdate=2018-02-19|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMzCDi292OwC&q=celebrity+empowerment&pg=PR9|title=Celebrity and Power: Fame in Contemporary Culture|author=Marshall|first=P. David|date=1997|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=9780816627257|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMarshall1997">Marshall, P. David (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OMzCDi292OwC&q=celebrity+empowerment&pg=PR9 ''Celebrity and Power: Fame in Contemporary Culture'']. U of Minnesota Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780816627257|<bdi>9780816627257</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Okwu Halsey, tinyere ndị ọzọ, bu n'uche ịkpali ụmụ nwanyị iche echiche na arụmụka banyere ụkpụrụ ndị na-asọ ụmụ nwanyị na ndị nna ochie. Halsey gụrụ, "Gịnị ka ị na-ekwu na nke a mere m? Ị pụghị itinye aka n'elu m. Ị maghị ihe ahụ m gafere. Ekwesiri m ka m nwee nchebe ugbu a. " <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Music and Social Movements: Mobilizing Traditions in the Twentieth Century|author=Eyerman|first=Ron|publisher=University of Cambridge|year=1998|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom}}</ref> Halsey kwuru, "Ezigbo ọ bụla m maara nwere akụkọ dị ka nke m. " <ref name=":12"/> dechara okwu ya site n'ịjụ mmadụ niile - "Onye ojii, onye Eshia, ogbenye, ndị ọgaranya, trans, ndị ọzọ, onye Alakụba, Onye Kraịst" - ndị a wakporo ka ha gee ntị ma kwado onye ọ bụla.<ref name=":0" /> === Pussyhats === Maka 2018 Women's March, ụfọdụ ndị na-ahazi ya kụdara ndị mmadụ ume ka ha ghara iyi uwe elu n'ihi na ha kwenyere na "pussyhat na-acha pinki pinki na-ewepu ma na-akpasu ụmụ nwanyị transgender na ndị na-abụghị nwoke na nwanyị na-enweghị akụkụ ahụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'ihi nde akụkụ ahụ ha nwere ike ịbụ nchara karịa pink".<ref>[https://www.freep.com/story/news/2018/01/10/pink-pussyhats-feminists-hats-womens-march/1013630001/ Kristen Jordan Shamus, "Pink pussyhats: The reason feminists are ditching them", Detroit Free Press, 10 January 2018]</ref> Aha ahụ na-ezo aka n'ezie na ọdịdị nke nkuku elu nke okpu na ntị nwamba na mgbalị iji iweghachite okwu mkparị "pussy", egwuregwu na nkwupụta [[Donald Trump]] nke 2005 na ụmụ nwanyị ga-ahapụ ya "iji nwamba jide ha". <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/pink-pussyhats-will-be-making-statement-womens-march-washington-1601088|title=Pink 'pussyhats' will be making statement at the Women's March on Washington|author=Keating|first=Fiona|date=January 14, 2017|work=International Business Times UK|accessdate=January 16, 2017}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Njem ụmụ nwanyị, ngagharị iwe nke 1913 na Washington, D.C., nke Alice Paul duziri, iji gbakọta maka ikike nhọpụta * Nde nwanyị March, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October 25, 1997 * Njem ụmụ nwanyị (South Africa) , iji mee mkpesa maka iwebata iwu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na Pretoria, August 9, 1956 * Ndepụta ngagharị iwe na Washington, D.C. == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ru4b03cvn0o82w7q2frtdgc6bxq6wiz 0 52858 692990 538095 2026-07-31T04:40:54Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Federica Masolin''' (amụrụ 7 Mee 1985) bụ onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu Italiantali na onye na-eweta ihe onyonyo maka Sky Sport . Ọ bụ onye isi ihe ngosi nke mkpuchi Sky Sport nke ịgba ọsọ ụgbọ ala [[Usoro nke Mbụ|Formula One]], na-ekpuchiburu bọọlụ ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị yana asọmpi bọọlụ Serie A na Serie B, 2011 Copa América, 2012 Summer Olympics na London na 2014 Winter Olympics. na Sochi maka ọwa. == Akụkọ ndụ == == Omume na ụzọ == Ọ naghị amasị ka ya na mgbasa ozi na-ekwurịta ndụ onwe ya. <ref name="TVBlogItAug2016">{{Cite web|author=Traversa|first=Fabio|title=Federica Masolin a Blogo: "Sono secchiona e lo sport è la mia vita, a Sky soddisfatta della F1, pronta per l'intrattenimento"|url=https://www.tvblog.it/post/1327771/federica-masolin-sky-sport-f1-cv|publisher=TVBlog.it|language=Italian|date=19 August 2016|accessdate=12 September 2020|archivedate=5 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405185157/http://www.tvblog.it/post/1327771/federica-masolin-sky-sport-f1-cv}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTraversa2016">Traversa, Fabio (19 August 2016). [https://www.tvblog.it/post/1327771/federica-masolin-sky-sport-f1-cv "Federica Masolin a Blogo: "Sono secchiona e lo sport è la mia vita, a Sky soddisfatta della F1, pronta per l'intrattenimento""] &#x5B;Federica Masolin in Blogo: "I'm nerd and sport is my life, in Sky satisfied with F1, ready for entertainment"&#x5D; (in Italian). TVBlog.it. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190405185157/http://www.tvblog.it/post/1327771/federica-masolin-sky-sport-f1-cv Archived] from the original on 5 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]</ref> Masolin na-asụ asụsụ anọ nke ọma. <ref name="FedericaMay2015">{{Cite news|title=La Scheda|url=https://ilpiccolo.gelocal.it/sport/2015/05/27/news/la-scheda-1.11507359|work=Il Piccolo|language=Italian|date=28 May 2015|accessdate=12 September 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://ilpiccolo.gelocal.it/sport/2015/05/27/news/la-scheda-1.11507359 "La Scheda"] &#x5B;The Board&#x5D;. ''Il Piccolo'' (in Italian). 28 May 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191210185937/https://ilpiccolo.gelocal.it/sport/2015/05/27/news/la-scheda-1.11507359 Archived] from the original on 10 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]</ref> O kwuru na ọ na-ebili n'isi ụtụtụ, <ref name="VFairMar2019">{{Cite web|author=Bambini|first=Nicola|title=Federica Masolin, passione motori: "Cliché sessisti? L'antidoto è la competenza"|url=https://www.vanityfair.it/sport/altri-sport/2019/03/15/federica-masolin-passione-motori-sessismo-antidoto-competenza-foto|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|language=Italian|date=15 March 2019|accessdate=12 September 2020|archivedate=13 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913052923/https://www.vanityfair.it/sport/altri-sport/2019/03/15/federica-masolin-passione-motori-sessismo-antidoto-competenza-foto}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBambini2019">Bambini, Nicola (15 March 2019). [https://www.vanityfair.it/sport/altri-sport/2019/03/15/federica-masolin-passione-motori-sessismo-antidoto-competenza-foto "Federica Masolin, passione motori: "Cliché sessisti? L'antidoto è la competenza""] &#x5B;Federica Masolin, passion for engines: "Sexist clichés? The antidote is competence"&#x5D;. ''[[Ihe ngosi efu (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' (in Italian). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200913052923/https://www.vanityfair.it/sport/altri-sport/2019/03/15/federica-masolin-passione-motori-sessismo-antidoto-competenza-foto Archived] from the original on 13 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]</ref> wee bịarute n'egwuregwu ịgba ọsọ awa anọ tupu mgbasa ozi telivishọn amalite dị ka nkwadebe maka awa 30 mgbasa ozi n'oge nzukọ. <ref name="GQAug2017">{{Cite news|author=del Giudice|first=Alberto|title=Federica Masolin, la regina del Paddock e il GP di Monza|url=https://www.gqitalia.it/sport/motori/formula-1/2017/08/31/federica-masolin-la-regina-del-paddock-e-il-gp-di-monza|work=[[GQ (magazine)|GQ]]|date=31 August 2017|accessdate=12 September 2020}}</ref> Masolin na-ekwu na ọ na-enwe ahụ iru ala na Formula One karịa ime football wee chọpụta na ọ dị obere ajọ mbunobi na mbụ. <ref name="GazettaSep18">{{Cite news|author=Taidelli|first=Luca|title=Federica Masolin: "Io sexy? Ma se sono uno maschiaccio..."|url=https://www.gazzetta.it/fuorigioco/31-08-2018/federica-masolin-io-sexy-ma-se-sono-maschiaccio-290620006298.shtml|work=[[La Gazzetta dello Sport]]|language=Italian|date=2 September 2018|accessdate=12 September 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTaidelli2018">Taidelli, Luca (2 September 2018). [https://www.gazzetta.it/fuorigioco/31-08-2018/federica-masolin-io-sexy-ma-se-sono-maschiaccio-290620006298.shtml "Federica Masolin: "Io sexy? Ma se sono uno maschiaccio...""] &#x5B;Federica Masolin: "Me sexy? But if I'm a tomboy ..."&#x5D;. ''[[La Gazzetta dello Sport]]'' (in Italian). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180904193333/https://www.gazzetta.it/fuorigioco/31-08-2018/federica-masolin-io-sexy-ma-se-sono-maschiaccio-290620006298.shtml Archived] from the original on 4 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]</ref> <ref name="TVBlogItAug2016" /> == Ntụaka == na-ekiri ihe omume egwuregwu dị ka ịgba ọsọ moto na egwuregwu tennis n'ogeMasolin na-asụ asụsụ anọ nke ọma. [1] O kwuru na {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Masolin, Federica}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0c41ylolrb7kg17zgbc7hjrwoflzymo 0 52963 692904 206817 2026-07-30T23:01:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692904 wikitext text/x-wiki   Nwa agbọghọ na nkịta nche ya (Japanese: お嬢と番犬くん, Hepburn: Ojō to Banken-kun) bụ usoro manga Japanese nke Hatsuharu dere ma gosipụta ya. A na-edobe ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ Kodansha's shōjo manga Bessatsu Friend kemgbe Disemba 2018, yana isiakwụkwọ ya anakọtara n'ime mpịakọta tankōbon itoolu dị ka nke Septemba 2023. Mgbanwe usoro ihe onyonyo anime nke Project No.9 sitere na Septemba ruo Disemba 2023. Ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri. akwadoro mmegharị ka ewee malite na Maachị 2025. == Nkọwa == Isaku Senagaki bụ ndị nọ ya gburugburu na-atụ egwu n'ihi na nna nna ya Tasuke bụ onye isi Senagaki yakuza nke atọ. Ọ kwụsịrị n'ọchịchọ ọ na-enweghị isi na Keiya Uto wee debanye aha na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ka ọ nwee ndụ ịhụnanya nkịtị, mana Keiya na-adịgboroja afọ ya wee debanye aha n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ.. == Ihe odide == ; Isaku SenagakiSenagaki Isaku (n'oge a na-akpọ Senagaki) : Voiced by: Akari Kitō<ref name="Cast">{{Cite web|author=Pineda|first=Rafael Antonio|title=A Girl & Her Guard Dog Anime's Video Reveals Cast, Staff, October Premiere|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-03-25/a-girl-and-her-guard-dog-anime-video-reveals-cast-staff-october-premiere/.196406|work=[[Anime News Network]]|date=March 25, 2023|accessdate=March 25, 2023|archivedate=September 27, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927165713/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-03-25/a-girl-and-her-guard-dog-anime-video-reveals-cast-staff-october-premiere/.196406}}</ref> : Portrayed by: Riko Fukumoto<ref name="live-film-cast">{{Cite web|author=Mateo|first=Alex|title=A Girl and Her Guard Dog Manga Gets Live-Action Film|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-05-15/a-girl-and-her-guard-dog-manga-gets-live-action-film/.210852|work=[[Anime News Network]]|date=May 15, 2024|accessdate=May 15, 2024}}</ref> : N'ihi na ọ bụ nwa nwa nke onye isi yakuza, o nweghị ndị enyi ọ bụla ma ọ dị njọ na mkpakọrịta. O nwere àgwà siri ike ma na-eme ihere. Ọ nwere mmasị na Keiya. ; Keiya Utō (宇藤 启弥, Utō Keiya) : Voiced by: Yūichirō Umehara<ref name="Cast" /> : Portrayed by: Jesse<ref name="live-film-cast" /> : Onye na-eto eto na-eduzi n'okpuru Senagaki yakuza na onye na-elekọta Isaku. Ọ na-echebe ya nke ukwuu ma na-agabiga ókè mgbe ụfọdụ. ; Mikio Tanuki (田貫 幹男, Tanuki Mikio) : Voiced by: Junya Enoki<ref name="Cast2">{{Cite web|author=Cayanan|first=Joanna|title=A Girl & Her Guard Dog Anime Reveals 2nd Key Visual, More Cast, September 28 Debut|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-08-08/a-girl-and-her-guard-dog-anime-reveals-2nd-key-visual-more-cast-september-28-debut/.201101|work=[[Anime News Network]]|date=August 8, 2023|accessdate=August 8, 2023|archivedate=August 8, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808145511/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-08-08/a-girl-and-her-guard-dog-anime-reveals-2nd-key-visual-more-cast-september-28-debut/.201101}}</ref> : Nwa nwa nwanne Tasuke. Ọ bụ onye omekome nke nne na nna ya gbahapụrụ ma bụrụ onye nna nna ya kpọbatara. Ọ na-aga otu ụlọ akwụkwọ dị ka Isaku na Keiya. ; Kaori Sekiya (関谷 香織, Sekiya Kaori) ) : Voiced by: Mai Nakahara<ref name="Cast2" /> : Onye bụbu onye ọbịa na klọb nke Senagaki yakuza na-achị. Ya na Keiya nwere mmekọrịta anụ ahụ. == Mgbasa ozi == === Akpụkpọ ụkwụ === N'ịbụ nke Hatsuharu dere ma gosipụta, A Girl & Her Guard Dog malitere ịpụta na magazin Kodansha's Bessatsu Friend na Disemba 13, 2018. <ref name="genre">{{Cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/312087|work=[[Natalie (website)|Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|date=December 13, 2018|accessdate=August 31, 2022|language=ja|archivedate=October 4, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004120540/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/312087}}</ref> Ihe omuma ahụ kwụsịrị na Machị 2023 n'ihi ahụike Hatsuharu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pineda|first=Rafael Antonio|title=LDK Pink, 'A Girl & Her Guard Dog' Manga Both Go on Hiatus Due to Authors' Health|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-03-06/ldk-pink-a-girl-and-her-guard-dog-manga-both-go-on-hiatus-due-to-authors-health/.195643|work=[[Anime News Network]]|date=March 6, 2023|accessdate=May 24, 2023|archivedate=May 24, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524130157/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-03-06/ldk-pink-a-girl-and-her-guard-dog-manga-both-go-on-hiatus-due-to-authors-health/.195643}}</ref> E wepụtara mpịakọta tankōbon mbụ na Eprel 12, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/327716|work=[[Natalie (website)|Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|date=April 12, 2019|accessdate=August 31, 2022|language=ja|archivedate=August 10, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810162551/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/327716}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule Septemba 2023, ewepụtala mpịakọta itoolu. N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2020, Kodansha USA kwupụtara na ha nyere ikikere usoro ahụ maka ntọhapụ dijitalụ Bekee. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hazra|first=Adriana|title=Kodansha Comics Licenses 8 New Manga by Miki Yoshikawa, Kanae Hazuki, More|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-11-27/kodansha-comics-licenses-8-new-manga-by-miki-yoshikawa-kanae-hazuki-more/.166776|work=[[Anime News Network]]|date=November 27, 2020|accessdate=August 31, 2022|archivedate=November 27, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127180840/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-11-27/kodansha-comics-licenses-8-new-manga-by-miki-yoshikawa-kanae-hazuki-more/.166776}}</ref> ==== Mpịakọta ==== A mara ọkwa usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn anime na Ọktoba 10, 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hodgkins|first=Crystalyn|title=Hatsuharu's A Girl & Her Guard Dog Manga Gets TV Anime in 2023|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-10-10/hatsuharu-a-girl-and-her-guard-dog-manga-gets-tv-anime-in-2023/.190596|work=[[Anime News Network]]|date=October 10, 2022|accessdate=October 10, 2022|archivedate=October 4, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004120434/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-10-10/hatsuharu-a-girl-and-her-guard-dog-manga-gets-tv-anime-in-2023/.190596}}</ref> Ọ bụ Project No.9 mepụtara ya ma Yoshihiro Takamoto duzie ya, ya na edemede nke Aya Satsuki dere, ihe odide nke Yukiko Ban mepụtara, na egwu nke Tsubasa Ito <ref name="Cast" /><ref name="time">{{Cite web|url=https://www.animatetimes.com/news/details.php?id=1693735442|work=[[Animate Times]]|date=September 3, 2023|accessdate=September 3, 2023|language=ja|archivedate=September 3, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903120809/https://www.animatetimes.com/news/details.php?id=1693735442}}</ref> Usoro ahụ gosipụtara site na Septemba 29 ruo Disemba 22, 2023, na Tokyo MX na netwọk ndị ọzọ.[lower-alpha 1] Abụ mmeghe bụ "Suki ni Naccha Dame na Hito" nke Masayoshi Ōishi dere, ebe abụ mmechi bụ "Magie×Magie" nke Akari Kitō dere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mantan-web.jp/article/20230624dog00m200010000c.html|work=Mantan Web|date=June 24, 2023|accessdate=June 25, 2023|language=ja|archivedate=June 25, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625013134/https://mantan-web.jp/article/20230624dog00m200010000c.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Cayanan|first=Joanna|title=A Girl & Her Guard Dog Anime Reveals Opening Theme Song Artist|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-08-28/a-girl-and-her-guard-dog-anime-reveals-opening-theme-song-artist/.201713|work=[[Anime News Network]]|date=August 28, 2023|accessdate=August 28, 2023|archivedate=August 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828140312/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-08-28/a-girl-and-her-guard-dog-anime-reveals-opening-theme-song-artist/.201713}}</ref> Crunchyroll nyere ikikere usoro ahụ na mpụga Eshia. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Cardine|first=Kyle|title=A Girl & Her Guard Dog Anime Streams on Crunchyroll This October|url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/announcements/2023/7/15/a-girl-her-guard-dog-anime-streams-on-crunchyroll-this-october|work=[[Crunchyroll]]|date=July 15, 2023|accessdate=July 15, 2023}}</ref> Medialink nyere ikikere usoro ahụ na South Asia, Southeast Asia, na Oceania (ewepu Australia na New Zealand) ma na-agbasa ya na ọwa [[YouTube]] Ani-One Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=🍂羚邦2023十月新番代理公告🍂 🍂Medialink October 2023 New Anime Line-Up🍂 🌸《A Girl and Her Guard Dog》is arriving on Ani-One Asia!|url=https://www.youtube.com/post/UgkxZ-Lo7gfURxu5QpJzrHhcXz71FnsM83A9|publisher=Ani-One Asia|date=September 28, 2023|accessdate=October 6, 2023|archivedate=December 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211115006/https://www.youtube.com/post/UgkxZ-Lo7gfURxu5QpJzrHhcXz71FnsM83A9}}</ref> ==== Ihe omume ==== === Ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri === A mara ọkwa Ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri na Mee 16, 2024. Ọ ga-abụ nke Toho Studios mepụtara ma bụrụ nke Keiichi Kobayashi duziri, dabere na ihe nkiri nke Yо̄suke Masaike. Yurika Koike ga-eje ozi dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri ahụ, Toho ga-ekesa ihe nkiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/573537|work=[[Natalie (website)|Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|date=May 16, 2024|accessdate=May 15, 2024|language=ja|title=Archive copy|archivedate=May 15, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515204938/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/573537}}</ref><ref name="live-film-cast" />A ga-egosi ihe nkiri ahụ na Machị 14, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pineda|first=Rafael Antonio|title=A Girl and Her Guard Dog Live-Action Film Opens on March 14|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-09-24/a-girl-and-her-guard-dog-live-action-film-opens-on-march-14/.215972|work=[[Anime News Network]]|date=September 24, 2024|accessdate=September 25, 2024}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} 4wt3f5eke5vxt6fuw6s8tg2ildz2osw 0 53036 692952 655825 2026-07-31T03:05:55Z Philip Emeka 16124 fixed reference error 692952 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Irene Villa.JPG|thumb|Irene Villa]] '''Irene Villa''' (amụrụ 21 Nọvemba 1978) bụ onye ode akwụkwọ [[Spain]] na onye odeakụkọ ghọrọ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe ọ tụfuru ụkwụ abụọ na mwakpo ETA na Madrid mgbe ọ dị afọ 12. O kwusiri okwu ike na mmegide ya megide amụma [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] nke inye ndị otu ahụ okwu udo ma ọ bụrụ na ha agbapụ. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ ghọọla onye na-agba ọsọ para-alpine . == Nkeonwe == Villa tolitere na {{As of|2012}} </link></link> na-aga n'ihu na-ebi na Madrid. Na 12 October 1991, Villa tụfuru ụkwụ ya abụọ <ref name="bbc" /> na ọtụtụ mkpịsị aka n'ihi ogbunigwe nke otu ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Basque ETA . <ref name="making2010fail">{{Cite web|url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/206958/9/retirada/irene/villa/|title=Irene Villa cambia la lucha política por el esquí profesional|publisher=20minutos.es|date=28 February 2007|accessdate=6 February 2013|language=Spanish}}</ref> Nna ya gwara ndị dọkịta ka ha ghara ime ihe ọ bụla, na ọ ga-aka mma ka ọ nwụọ n’ihi na mmerụ ahụ ya dị ukwuu, ndụ ya ga-ejupụtakwa n’ahụhụ. Ndị dọkịta anabataghị arịrịọ ya. <ref name=shiesmiarried>{{cite web |author=Beatriz López-Roberts |url=http://www.larazon.es/detalle_hemeroteca/noticias/LA_RAZON_445074/historico/4670-deberia-estar-muerta-y-estoy-dando-vida |title=Irene Villa: "Debería estar muerta y estoy dando vida" |publisher=La Razón digital |date=25 March 2012 |accessdate=6 February 2013 |location=Spain |language=Spanish }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="someconfirmation">{{Cite web|author=Alberto Mateos|url=http://www.intereconomia.com/noticias-gaceta/sociedad/irene-villa-%E2%80%9Cni-siquiera-tu-madre-tiene-derecho-decidir-sobre-tu-vida%E2%80%9D-2012|title=Irene Villa: "Ni siquiera una madre tiene derecho a decidir sobre tu vida"|publisher=Intereconomia.com|accessdate=6 February 2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712123330/http://www.intereconomia.com/noticias-gaceta/sociedad/irene-villa-%E2%80%9Cni-siquiera-tu-madre-tiene-derecho-decidir-sobre-tu-vida%E2%80%9D-2012|archivedate=12 July 2012}}</ref> Nne ya tụfuru otu ụkwụ na ogwe aka na bọmbụ ahụ. <ref name="making2010fail" /> <ref name="confirmthis">{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2009/01/19/solidaridad/1232390496.html|title=Ocho mujeres forman el primer equipo femenino de esquí alpino adaptado|work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|date=20 January 2009|accessdate=5 February 2013|language=Spanish}}</ref> N'ịgbaso ahụmahụ ya na mwakpo ahụ, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-emegide mkparịta ụka ọ bụla gọọmentị na-eduzi na ETA na usoro udo maka ịmekọrịta ọha na eze n'ihu ọha, dị ka onye bụbu onye isi ala Spain bụ [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] tụrụ aro, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/2006/02/13/espana/1929286.html|title=No quiero ni un muerto más, pero quiero Justicia|date=13 February 2006|accessdate=5 February 2013|author=Angeles Escriva|work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|language=Spanish}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaceta.es/22-12-2008+irene_villa_amor_es_mas_comun_que_odio_pero_odio_hace_mas_ruido,noticia_1img,10,10,42238|title=Irene Villa: 'El amor es más común que el odio, pero el odio hace más ruido'|publisher=La Gaceta|date=22 December 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101223618/http://www.gaceta.es/22-12-2008%2Birene_villa_amor_es_mas_comun_que_odio_pero_odio_hace_mas_ruido%2Cnoticia_1img%2C10%2C10%2C42238|archivedate=1 January 2009|accessdate=5 February 2013|language=Spanish|author=Alfredo Urdaci}}</ref> na-akọwa ha. dị ka "ndị na-egbu mmadụ". <ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4751704.stm|title=Thousands march against Eta talks|date=25 February 2006|accessdate=12 February 2012|work=BBC News}}</ref> Ọ <ref name="studiedhere">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irenevilla.org/irene/|title=Irene|publisher=Irene Villa|date=|accessdate=6 February 2013|language=Spanish|archivedate=9 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509110448/http://www.irenevilla.org/irene/}}</ref> == Ịgba ski == Na 2007, Villa nọ na-azụ ọzụzụ iji mee asọmpi Paralympics Winter 2010 . <ref name="making2010fail"/> Ọ gbara asọmpi na mba Spain n'afọ ahụ, nke mbụ ha na-emeghe maka ndị na-ese ski ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="yepsource">{{Cite news|url=http://deportes.elpais.com/deportes/2007/02/28/actualidad/1172650922_850215.html|title=Irene Villa participará en el Campeonato de España de Esquí para Discapacitados &#124; Deportes &#124; EL PAÍS|work=El Pais|date=28 February 2007|accessdate=16 February 2013|language=es}}</ref> Campeonato de Cataluña Open de Esquí Alpino mere na ngwụcha Jenụwarị 2010 na ndị skiers na-anọchite anya mpaghara ise nke Spain gụnyere Aragon, Galicia, Catalonia, Madrid na Basque Country. Ọ nọchiri anya Madrid dị ka onye so na klọb ski maka Madrid niile, wee mechaa nke mbụ na ngalaba oche. <ref name="fiveregions">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nevasport.com/adaptado/art/7162/Campeonato-de-Cataluna-Open-de-Esqui-Alpino-Adaptado-en-La-Molina/|title=Campeonato de Cataluña Open de Esquí Alpino Adaptado en La Molina - Esquí Adaptado|publisher=Nevasport.com|date=27 January 2010|accessdate=27 January 2013|language=Spanish}}</ref> Ọ gụchara nke anọ na Women Giant slalom Ịnọdụ na 2011 Europa Cup ikpeazụ na March na La Molina, ma were ihe nrite ọla edo na klas ụmụ nwanyị maka asọmpi ski nke January 2011 nke [[Fundación También]] na [[Santiveri]], El Corte Inglés kwadoro. na [[Cetursa Sierra Nevada]] . <ref name="somecupthing">{{Cite web|url=http://www.estoesdxt.es/index.php?type=public&zone=items&action=view&categoryID=290&codeID=2006|title=Irene Villa, Ainhoa Cardet, Pedro Martínez y Carles Codina, vencedores del 6º Trofeo Santiveri y primera prueba de Copa de España de esquí alpino adaptado Región de Murcia|publisher=Estoesdxt.es|date=31 January 2011|accessdate=30 January 2013|language=Spanish}}</ref> Na November 2011 na mbụ IPC -sanctioned omume nke afọ nke e mere na [[Netherlands]], o nwere a DNF na asatọ-ebe imecha. <ref name="finishefirstst">{{Cite web|url=http://www.estoesdxt.es/index.php?type=public&zone=items&action=view&categoryID=290&codeID=1645|title=Santacana y Gorce se reparten los oros en el arranque de la temporada de esquí alpino|publisher=Estoesdxt.es|date=28 November 2010|accessdate=5 February 2013|language=Spanish}}</ref> Ọ tụfuru Campeonatos de España de Esquí 2012 na ihe omume ndị ọzọ na oge ski 2011/2012 n'ihi na ọ dị ime. <ref name="estrodxt">{{Cite web|url=http://www.estoesdxt.es/index.php?type=public&zone=items&action=view&categoryID=290&codeID=5058|title=El Equipo de Competición de Esquí alpino adaptado de la Fundación También finaliza su actuación en territorio nacional con el Campeonato de España|publisher=Estoesdxt.es|date=22 March 2012|accessdate=5 February 2013|language=Spanish}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2013, o sonyere na ogige ọzụzụ ụbọchị ise na Equipo de Competición Fundación También de Esquí na Sierra Nevada . <ref name="teammemberequipo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.estoesdxt.es/index.php?type=public&zone=items&action=view&categoryID=290&codeID=7103|title=Irene Villa vuelve a la competición con el Equipo de Esquí alpino adaptado de la Fundación También|publisher=Estoesdxt.es|date=17 January 2013|accessdate=5 February 2013|language=Spanish}}</ref> == Ntụaka ==  ahụmahụ ya na mwakpo ahụ, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-emegide mkparịta ụka ọ bụla gọọmentị na-eduzi na ETA na usoro udo maka ịmekọrịta{{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] i445srs9epwfhoekzzm468hkoi4jsju 0 53196 692662 621714 2026-07-30T12:31:47Z Adimora chidinma 15845 /* Ntụaka */ 692662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Diane von Fürstenberg''' (amụrụ '''Diane Simone Michele Halfin''' ; 31 Disemba 1946) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mylifetime.com/she-did-that/december-31-1946-diane-von-furstenberg-designer-of-the-wrap-dress-was-born|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228174632/https://www.mylifetime.com/she-did-that/december-31-1946-diane-von-furstenberg-designer-of-the-wrap-dress-was-born|archivedate=28 December 2018|title=December 31, 1946: Diane von Fürstenberg, Designer of the Wrap Dress, Was Born|work=[[Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime]]|language=en|accessdate=28 December 2018}}</ref> bụ onye na-emepụta ejiji nke Belgium kacha mara amara maka uwe mkpuchi ya. <ref name="Diane von Furstenberg RTW Fall 2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wwd.com/runway/fall-ready-to-wear-2014/review/diane-von-furstenberg?src=nl/mornReport/20140210|title=Diane von Furstenberg RTW Fall 2014|publisher=WWD|date=9 February 2014|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> <ref name="voguepedia">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Diane_von_Furstenberg|title=Diane von Furstenberg|work=Vogue|accessdate=17 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808022300/http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Diane_von_Furstenberg|archivedate=8 August 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Diane-von-Furstenberg|title=Diane von Furstenberg {{!}} Belgian-born American fashion designer and businesswoman|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=30 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=von Furstenberg|first=Diane|title=Diane: A Signature Life|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2013}}</ref> Ọ malitere na mbụ na 1969 mgbe ọ lụrụ n'ụlọ eze German nke Fürstenberg, dị ka nwunye nke Prince Egon von Fürstenberg . Mgbe ha kewapụrụ na 1972 na ịgba alụkwaghịm na 1983, ọ nọgidere na-akpọ aha ezinụlọ ya. Ụlọ ọrụ ejiji ya, Diane von Furstenberg (DvF), <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Rosenbloom|first=Stephanie|date=2009-07-18|title=Tightening Belts? She's the Expert|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/19/business/19diane.html|accessdate=2021-03-05}}</ref> dị na mba 70 na ụlọ ahịa 45 na-akwụghị ụgwọ n'ụwa nile, <ref name="Guardian">Jess Cartner-Morley, [https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/jul/01/diane-von-furstenburg-stuido-54-google-wrap-dress-oprah-warhol-anna-wintour Diane von Furstenberg: "I danced at Studio 54. Now I work with Google"], theguardian.com, 1 July 2014.</ref> na isi ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ahịa flagship dị na Manhattan's Meatpacking District . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.meatpacking-district.com/locations/diane-von-furstenberg|title=Diane von Furstenberg|publisher=Meatpacking district|accessdate=16 July 2012|archivedate=2 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130252/http://www.meatpacking-district.com/locations/diane-von-furstenberg}}</ref> == Afọ mbụ == Fürstenberg mụrụ Diane Simone Michele Halfin na Brussels, [[Belgium]], nye nne na nna [[Jew|ndị Juu]] . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Top 50 most influential Jews 2013: Places 31–40|url=http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/Top-50-most-influential-Jews-2013-Places-31-40-313147|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|accessdate=19 October 2013}}</ref> Nna ya, Bessarabian -amụrụ Leon (Lipa) Halfin, kwagara Belgium na 1929 site na Chişinău, Alaeze [[Romania]] (nke bụzi Moldova) ma mesịa gbaba n'aka ndị Nazi na [[Switzerland]] . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Honoring My cousin's Courage|first=Diane|author=von Fürstenberg|work=[[The Forward]]|date=15 August 2005|url=http://www.forward.com/articles/2610|accessdate=22 September 2010}}</ref> Nne ya bụ onye Gris mụrụ Liliane Nahmias, onye si Thessaloniki, onye lanarịrị Oké Mgbukpọ, bụ onye ndị Nazi weghaara na mbụ mgbe ọ bụ onye so na Nguzogide n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/diane-von-furstenberg-icon-1970s|author=Kuczynski|first=Alex|title=Diane von Furstenberg|accessdate=21 April 2013|date=1 November 2012|work=[[W (magazine)|W]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Diane Von Furstenberg – MAKERS PROFILE|url=http://www.makers.com/diane-von-furstenberg|work=[[Makers: Women Who Make America]]|accessdate=20 March 2014|archivedate=21 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321230925/http://www.makers.com/diane-von-furstenberg}}</ref> E bu ụzọ kpọga Nahmias na Auschwitz, wee bufee ya na Ravensbrück, bụ ebe a tọhapụrụ ya ọnwa 18 tupu a mụọ Fürstenburg. N'ịbụ onye dị nanị kilogram 44, ndị dọkịta gwara nne ya na ya ekwesịghị ịmụ ụmụ, na ọ pụrụ ịnwụ mgbe ọ na-amụ nwa, nakwa na nwa ya agaghị adị mma. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-23|title=I encourage every woman to be a badass, says Diane von Furstenberg|url=https://fashionunited.uk/news/people/i-encourage-every-woman-to-be-a-badass-says-diane-von-furstenberg/2023062270161|accessdate=2023-07-20|work=FashionUnited|language=en}}</ref> Fürstenberg ekwuola nke ọma banyere mmetụta nne ya na ndụ ya, na-ekwupụta na ọ kụziiri ya na "egwu abụghị nhọrọ." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ujafedny.org/stories/view/46-diane-von-furstenberg-on-her-work|title=Diane von Furstenberg on Her Work|work=Ujafedny|accessdate=16 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113224719/http://www.ujafedny.org/stories/view/46-diane-von-furstenberg-on-her-work/|archivedate=13 November 2012}}</ref> == Na omenala ewu ewu == Na 2014, Ovation TV gosipụtara ''Ego Ejiji'', akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara asọmpi CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund. Fürstenberg gbara aka na Anna Wintour na mmemme ahụ. == Ndụ onwe onye == [[Usòrò:Diane_von_Furstenberg_and_Barry_Diller_Shankbone_NYC_2009.jpg|alt=A woman with wavy and curly hair wearing a white dress lined with a teal fabric smiles as she looks to her right while standing next to a man wearing a tuxedo|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Von Fürstenberg na di ya nke abụọ Barry Diller na 2009 Metropolitan Opera premiere]] Na mahadum, mgbe ọ dị afọ 18, ọ zutere Prince Egon von Fürstenberg, onye okenye nke Prince Tassilo zu Fürstenberg (1903-1987), onye isi Roman Katọlik German, na nwunye mbụ ya, Clara Agnelli, onye nketa nke akụ ụgbọ ala Fiat . na onye otu ndị isi obodo Italy . Lụrụ na 1969, <ref name="huff">{{Cite news|title=Diane von Furstenberg On Wrap Dresses And The Joys Of Aging Gracefully|first=Amanda Christine|author=Miller|date=6 December 2017|work=[[HuffPost]]|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/amanda-christine-miller/diane-von-furstenberg-on-_b_81590.html|accessdate=21 December 2020}}</ref> di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ abụọ, Alexander <ref name="Maynard1977">{{Cite news|title=The Princess Who is Everywhere|author=Maynard|first=Joyce|date=16 February 1977|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/16/archives/the-princess-who-is-everywhere-von-furstenberg-the-princess-who-is.html}}</ref> na Tatiana, ndị a mụrụ na [[New York City]] . Ugbu a ọ bụ nne nne nke ise, gụnyere Talita von Fürstenberg . Alụmdi na nwunye von Fürstenbergs, ọ bụ ezie na ezinụlọ nke nwoke na-alụ nwanyị ọhụrụ enweghị mmasị na ya n'ihi agbụrụ ndị Juu nke nwanyị a na-alụ ọhụrụ, a na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-achị ọchị, na n'alụmdi na nwunye ya, ọ ghọrọ ''Serene Highness Princess Diane nke Fürstenberg'' . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels: 100 Fürstliche Häuser|language=de|first=Hans Friedrich|author=von Ehrenkrook|publisher=CA Starke|year=1991|isbn=978-379-8007-000|oclc=163521699}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ tụfuru ihe ọ bụla a na-azọrọ na aha ahụ na-esochi nkewa ha na 1972 na ịgba alụkwaghịm na 1983. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Morris|first=Bernardine|title=Basic Dresses in Sexy Prints – and Washable|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=18 April 1975|page=52|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/18/archives/fashion-talk-basic-dresses-in-sexy-prints-and-washable.html}}</ref> Na 2009, Fürstenberg bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ mkpesa na-akwado onye nduzi ihe nkiri Roman Polanski, na-akpọ ka a tọhapụ ya mgbe e jidere Polanski na Switzerland n'ihe gbasara ikpe mmetọ mmekọahụ ya na 1977 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laregledujeu.org/2009/11/10/479/signez-la-petition-pour-roman-polanski/|title=Signez la pétition pour Roman Polanski !|date=10 November 2009|work=La Règle du jeu|language=fr|accessdate=29 August 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210829153459/https://laregledujeu.org/2009/11/10/479/signez-la-petition-pour-roman-polanski/|archivedate=29 August 2021}}</ref> Na 28 Febrụwarị 2020, von Fürstenberg mere Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur maka ntinye aka ya na ejiji, ndị isi ụmụ nwanyị, na inye onyinye. Christine Lagarde bụ onye isi ụlọ akụ etiti Europe nyere ya onyinye a n'ememe n'isi ụlọ ọrụ Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs na Quai d'Orsay . Agụnyere nkọwa gbasara usoro ọmụmụ ya na mmemme " Ejiji's Roots " (oge 6, 13 Ọktoba 2020), nke usoro PBS ''Ịchọta mgbọrọgwụ gị'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Our Guests: Diane von Furstenberg (Season 6, Episode 11: Fashion's Roots)|first=Henry Louis Jr.|author=Gates|date=13 October 2020|publisher=[[WETA-TV]]|url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/finding-your-roots/about/meet-our-guests/diane-von-furstenberg|accessdate=10 October 2024|archivedate=20 May 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520170824/https://www.pbs.org/weta/finding-your-roots/about/meet-our-guests/diane-von-furstenberg}}</ref> Fürstenberg nwere nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri, Eos, ya na di ya nke gosipụtara isi von Fürstenberg nke onye na-ese ihe Anh Duong kpụrụ ya. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Cutter|first=Kimberly|title=Personal Style: Diane von Furstenberg|work=Harper's Bazaar|publisher=Hearst Communications|date=August 1, 2007|url=http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-articles/diane-von-furstenberg-0807|accessdate=March 5, 2011}} </ref> A kọrọ na ọ na-egwu mmiri n'oké osimiri kwa ụtụtụ maka awa abụọ, na-agakwa ụkwụ n'ehihie. Ọ gagharịala ụwa wee kwuo na ya bụ "onye na-ebu ibu kachasị n'ụwa ma dị njikere mgbe niile ịga". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Here Are Diane von Furstenberg's Travel Essentials|url=https://www.virtuoso.com/travel/articles/the-virtuoso-life-designer-diane-von-furstenberg|accessdate=2023-07-20|work=Virtuoso|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebipụtara == * {{Cite book|title=Diane Von Furstenberg's Book of Beauty: How to Become a More Attractive, Confident, and Sensual Woman|first=Diane von|author=Furstenberg|year=1976|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0671219048|url=https://archive.org/details/dianevonfurstenb00vonf}} * {{Cite book|title=Diane: A Signature Life|first=Diane von|author=Furstenberg|year=1998|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0684843834}} * {{Cite book|title=The Woman I Wanted to Be|first=Diane von|author=Furstenberg|year=2014|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-1451651546}} * {{Cite book|title=Own It: The Secret to Life|first=Diane von|author=Furstenberg|year=2021|publisher=Phaidon Press|isbn=978-1838662325}} == Edensibịa == Roman Katọlik German, na nwunye mbụ ya, Clara Agnelli, onye nketa nke akụ ụgbọ ala Fiat .N'ịbụ onye dị nanị kilogram 44, ndị dọkịta gwara nne ya na ya ekwesịghị ịmụ ụmụ, na ọ{{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Furstenberg, Diane Von}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] droab2rubgd5mypmuls3h0u3a0vjoxw 0 53400 692948 190565 2026-07-31T02:49:26Z Philip Emeka 16124 fixed reference errors 692948 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Irene Sandiford-Garner''' (amụrụ 4 Ọgọst 1961) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Barbados|Barbadian]], onye nta akụkọ, nwanyị ọchụnta ego na onye ndọrọndọrọ, onye bụ onye otu Democratic Labour Party na onye nnọchi anya mba na Inter-American Commission of Women . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Sandiford-Garner na United Kingdom wee kwaga Barbados mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ. <ref name="CE">{{Cite web|url=http://caribbeanelections.com/bb/bb_elections_2013/candidates_2013/Irene_Sandiford_Garner.asp|title=Profile:Irene Sandiford-Garner|publisher=Caribbeanelections.com|accessdate=10 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041206/http://caribbeanelections.com/bb/bb_elections_2013/candidates_2013/Irene_Sandiford_Garner.asp|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> O tolitere na Saint Andrew Parish, <ref name="CE2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.caribbeanelections.com/bb/bb_elections_2008/candidates_2008/dlp/IreneSandifordGarner.asp|title=Irene Sandiford-Garner|publisher=Caribbeanelections.com|accessdate=10 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025954/http://www.caribbeanelections.com/bb/bb_elections_2008/candidates_2008/dlp/IreneSandifordGarner.asp|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> wee nata akwụkwọ ya na St. Andrew's Girls' Primary School, Queen's College, Barbados Community College na Mahadum nke West Indies na Cave Hill Campus. <ref name="SCM">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scm.oas.org/pdfs/2010/CIM02836-1.pdf|title=SENATOR V.IRENE SANDIFORD-GARNER, MBA|publisher=Scm.oas.org|accessdate=10 September 2015}}</ref> Ọ nwetakwara akwụkwọ mmụta site n'aka onye ọrụ mbụ, bụ National Publishing Company, iji mụọ na US na Virginia Commonwealth University na Richmond . <ref name="CE" /> == Ọrụ == Akpọrọ Sandiford-Garner dị ka onye nta akụkọ nwanyị Barbadia mbụ rutere na Grenada ka US tinyechara aka na 1983. <ref name="SCM" /> N'agbata 1995 na 2006 Sandiford-Garner jere ozi dị ka onye njikwa ahịa maka nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ kredit nke Barbados, bụ nke ọ bụ ya kpatara ịmalite ha na US, otu afọ ka ya na ha rụsịrị ọrụ. <ref name="SCM" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Sandiford-Garner lụrụ Granville Garner ma nwee ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Fidel na Malcolm. <ref name="SCM" /> Di na nwunye a nwere ebe a na-asa ákwà na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ntụrụndụ. <ref name="CE2" /> == Ntụaka == 2006 Sandiford-Garner jere ozi dị ka onye njikwa ahịa maka nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ kredit nke Barbados{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] agorevra4nmls0z5uni7zuu1ia2j40i 0 53466 692643 400434 2026-07-30T12:18:09Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Added {{DEFAULTSORT}} and {{DATABOX}} 692643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Florence Namatta Mawejje''' (née '''Florence Namatta''' ), nke a na-akpọkarị '''Florence Mawejje''' bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego nke Uganda, ọkachamara akụrụngwa mmadụ na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ, onye na-eje ozi dịka onye isi njikwa maka akụrụngwa mmadụ na Centenary Rural Development Bank, nnukwu ụlọ akụ azụmaahịa na [[Uganda]] . <ref name="Prof" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1410999/centenary-bank-staff-sh4m|title=Centenary Bank staff give Sh4 million|first=Juliet|author=Lukwago|accessdate=17 November 2017|date=28 October 2015}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Mawejje nwere nzere Master of Science in Human Resources Development, nwetara na 1993 na Mahadum Manchester dị na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] . Mgbe e mesịrị na 2004, ọ nwetara [[Master nke Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa|Executive Master of Business Administration]], nke ndị Eastern and Southern Africa Management Institute na East Africa na Maastricht School of Management na [[Netherlands]] nyere aka. <ref name="Prof">{{Cite web|accessdate=17 November 2017|url=http://umeme.co.ug/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/UMEME-Annual-Report-2016_mini.pdf|title=Umeme Limited 2016 Annual Report: Board of Directors Profiles: Florence Namatta Mawejje|format=PDF|publisher=[[Umeme|Umeme Limited]]|date=31 March 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://umeme.co.ug/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/UMEME-Annual-Report-2016_mini.pdf "Umeme Limited 2016 Annual Report: Board of Directors Profiles: Florence Namatta Mawejje"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kampala: [[Umeme|Umeme Limited]]. 31 March 2017. p.&nbsp;138<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|accessdate=17 November 2017|author=Mawejje|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/florence-mawejje-2849b021/|title=Florence Mawejje, Non Executive Director at Umeme Limited|first=Florence|date=17 November 2017|publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Site na 1996 ruo 1998, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye njikwa ọrụ mmadụ maka Care International na Uganda, dabere na Kampala, isi obodo na obodo kacha ukwuu na mba ahụ. MTN Uganda were ya n'ọrụ n'August 1998 ka onye isi njikwa ọrụ mmadụ, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ iri na otu sochirinụ. Na Mee 2009, Unilever goro ya ọrụ dịka onye isi mpaghara mpaghara nke ndị ọrụ mmadụ maka Eastern na South Africa, na-ahụ maka ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na mba 7 dị n'Africa. <ref name="One" /> O jere ozi n'ọrụ ahụ ihe karịrị afọ abụọ, ruo na Julaị 2011. Na Jenụwarị 2012, Centenary Bank goro ya dị ka Director nke Human Resource Division ha, ọnọdụ ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ isii dị ka nke Nọvemba 2017. <ref name="Bio" /> == Atụmatụ ndị ọzọ == Mawejje na-anọdụ n'ọtụtụ bọọdụ maka ụlọ ọrụ ọha na nke onwe na Uganda. Ndị a gụnyere (a) Silver Spoon Limited, ndị na-arụ ọrụ nlekọta ụbọchị mba ụwa, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị dị na Kampala, ebe ọ nọ na bọọdụ kemgbe 1996 <ref name="Bio" /> (b) NSSF Uganda, ebe ọ bụ onye otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Board of Trustees kemgbe 2015 <ref name="One">{{Cite web|accessdate=17 November 2017|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-officers/UMME.NR|title=Umeme Limited: Board of Directors Biographies|publisher=[[Reuters| Reuters Finance]]|date=17 November 2017}}</ref> (c) Uganda Clays Limited, onye ahịa ahịa ya na Uganda Securities Exchange (USE). Ọ bụ onye so na bọọdụ ahụ kemgbe 2015 <ref name="One" /> na (d) Umeme Limited, onye na-ekesa ọkụ eletrik na Uganda, onye ahịa ya na-ere na USE na na Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE). Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-abụghị onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ a kemgbe April 2016. <ref name="Bio" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.umeme.co.ug/board-of-directors/|title=Umeme Limited: Board of Directors: Florence Namatta Mawejje|publisher=[[Umeme|Umeme Limited]]|date=17 November 2017|accessdate=17 November 2017}}</ref> == Ntụaka == Mgbe e mesịrị na 2004, ọ nwetara Executive Master of Business Administration, nke ndị mba ụwa, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na ụlọ {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mawejje, Florence}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6cu1s7ouhw7xq5b4oxxvzn141qu9aap 0 53521 693015 673346 2026-07-31T05:55:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox officeholder|children=1921}} Agnes Campbell Macphail (March 24, 1890 - Febụwarị 13, 1954) [1] bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Canada na nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara na Houselọ Commons nke Canada. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye otu nzuko omeiwu (MP) site na 1921 ruo 1940; site na 1943 ruo 1945 na ọzọ site na 1948 ruo 1951, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye otu ọgbakọ omebe iwu nke Ontario, na-anọchite anya ụgbọ mmiri Toronto nke York East. Na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'oge ndụ ya niile na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-aga n'ihu, Macphail rụrụ ọrụ maka ọtụtụ nnọkọ, nke kachasị nke Progressive Party na Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. Ọ kwalitere echiche ya site na ide kọlụm, nhazi onye na-eme ihe, na iwu. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == [[Usòrò:Macphail_sign.JPG|thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama "Agnes Macphail Country" n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ceylon, Ontario]] Agnes Macphail mụrụ Dougald McPhail na Henrietta Campbell na Proton Township, Grey County, Ontario. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-asụpe aha nna ya "McPhail" mgbe a mụrụ ya, ọ chọpụtara na njem ya na Scotland na-esote na a na-ede aha nna nna ya dị ka "Macphail" ma gbanwee aha ya iji gosipụta nke a. A zụlitere ya na Ụka ​​Metọdist, mana ọ tụgharịrị gaa na chọọchị Reorganized Latter Day Saint mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma. Nke a bụ chọọchị nwanne nna ya bụ́ onye ozi ala ọzọ.[1] N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọ sonyeere United Church of Canada, bụ́ nke mebiworo chọọchị Metọdist n'oge ntorobịa ya. Macphail gara Owen Sound Collegiate na Vocational Institute maka otu afọ. N'agbanyeghị na ọ mere nke ọma, ọ gara Stratford Normal School ka o nwee ike ịgụcha akwụkwọ ya mgbe ya na onye ikwu ya na-abanye. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1910 na asambodo onye nkuzi klas nke abụọ. O tinyere akwụkwọ maka ọkwa ise wee nabata ya na ise niile. O mechara kwuo na nke a abụghị n'ihi ikike ya kama ọ bụ n'ihi ụkọ ndị nkuzi n'oge ahụ.[1] Ọ kụziri n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ime obodo Ontario n'obodo ndị dị ka Port Elgin, Honeywood, na Newmarket "Mkpọrọgwụ na alaka nke Saugeen", akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme obodo, na-ekwu na Agnes MacPhail bụ onye nkuzi na ụlọ akwụkwọ Gowanlock, na "ga-ebuli onwe ya elu ruo n'ókè. counter top" na Burgoyne Store na-arụrịta ụka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na "ụmụ nwoke" ruo ọtụtụ awa Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Sharon, Macphail ghọrọ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, sonye na United Farmers of Ontario (UFO) na nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị ya, United Farm Women of Ontario. Ọ ghọkwara onye na-ede akwụkwọ maka Farmer's Sun n'oge a. Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ama ama n'oge ahụ, Macphail bụ onye na-akwado eugenics.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Macphail|first=Agnes|title=Agnes' Politics|url=https://vitacollections.ca/multiculturalontario/472/exhibit/12|work=Women's History In Ontario|accessdate=15 March 2022|archivedate=8 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308115102/https://vitacollections.ca/multiculturalontario/472/exhibit/12}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gọọmentị etiti == Mgbe gọọmentị etiti Conservative mezigharịrị Iwu Nhọrọ na 1919, a họpụtara Macphail ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Progressive Party nke Canada maka Mpaghara ntuli aka nke Grey Southeast na ntuli aka gọọmentị nke 1921. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ bụ onye omeiwu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Canada. A họpụtara ya ọzọ na ntuli aka gọọmentị etiti nke 1925, 1926, na 1930. Macphail jụrụ Royal Military College of Canada na 1924 n'ihi na ọ na-akụzi mpako ma na-enye ụmụ ndị ọgaranya agụmakwụkwọ dị ọnụ ala; na 1931 ọ jụrụ nkwado gọọmentị maka kọleji ahụ ka ọ na-emegide ya n'ihi ihe ndị na-eme udo.<ref>R. Preston 'Canada's RMC: A History of the Royal Military College' (Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1969)</ref> Dị ka onye otu Progressive Party, Macphail sonyeere Ginger Group, otu akụkụ nke Progressive party nke mechara guzobe Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche mbụ nke Ontario CCF na 1932. <ref name="Stewart&Shackeltonp171">Stewart & Shackelton (1959), pp. 171–172</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ hapụrụ CCF na 1934 mgbe United Farmers of Ontario wepụrụ egwu nke mmetụta Kọmunist na Ontario CCF.<ref name="Stewart&Shackeltonp178">Stewart & Shackelton (1959), p. 178</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na Macphail abụghịzi onye otu CCF, ọ nọgidere na-anọ nso na ndị CCF MP ma na-esokarị nzukọ caucus. CCF emeghị ndị na-azọ ọkwa megide Macphail na mkpọsa gọọmentị etiti atọ sochirinụ. Na ntuli aka gọọmentị etiti nke afọ 1935, a họpụtara Macphail ọzọ, n'oge a dị ka onye United Farmers of Ontario-Labour MP maka Grey - Bruce riding e guzobere ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Candidates|work=History of Federal Elections since 1867|publisher=[[Elections Canada]]|url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Cres&canName=&canParty=101&ridProvince=0&ridName=&submit1=Search|accessdate=2007-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609211221/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E|archivedate=2009-06-09}}</ref> A hapụrụ ya iji aha pati ahụ mee ihe, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọ kwụsịrị ịbụ nzukọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 1934. Ọ bụ olu siri ike maka nsogbu ime obodo mgbe niile. Macphail bụkwa onye nkwado siri ike maka mgbanwe ntaramahụhụ na mgbalị ya nyere aka ịmalite nyocha nke Archambault Commission na 1936. Akụkọ ikpeazụ ahụ ghọrọ ihe ndabere maka mgbanwe n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ndị Canada mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị.{{Cite news|title=First Woman MP, Miss Macphail Dies|work=Kitchener-Waterloo Record|date=February 15, 1954|page=5}}</ref> Nchegbu Macphail nwere maka ụmụ nwanyị nọ na usoro ikpe mpụ mere ka ọ, na 1939, guzobe Elizabeth Fry Society of Canada, nke akpọrọ aha onye Britain na-eme mgbanwe Elizabeth Fry. Ihe kpatara ya gụnyere ụgwọ ezumike nká maka ndị agadi na ikike ndị ọrụ. Macphail bụkwa nwanyị Canada mbụ nọ na Njikọ Mba na [[Switzerland]]" id="mwVQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Geneva, Switzerland">Geneva, Switzerland, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Kọmitii Nkwụsị Agha Ụwa. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye na-eme udo, ọ họọrọ Canada ịbanye n'[[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]]. Na ntuli aka nke afọ 1940, e meriri ya. Site na ọnwụ nke United Reform MP maka Saskatoon City, Walter George Brown, ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ntuli aka ahụ gasịrị, United Reform Movement kpọrọ Macphail ka ọ gbaa ọsọ na ntuli aka iji mejupụta oche ahụ. N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, onye na-azọ ọkwa onye Progressive Conservative bụ Alfred Henry Bence meriri ya. O nwetara vootu 4,798, ebe Macphail nọ n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ na vootu 4,057.<ref>{{Cite web|title=By-Elections: SASKATOON CITY (1940/08/19)|work=History of Federal Elections since 1867|publisher=[[Elections Canada]]|url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Bres&ridProvince=0&genElection=0&byElection=1940%2F08%2F19&submit1=Search|accessdate=2007-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609211221/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E|archivedate=2009-06-09}}</ref> Ọ bụ mkpọsa gọọmentị etiti ikpeazụ ya dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa. == Onye nta akụkọ == Macphail bụ onye na-enye onyinye ugboro ugboro na akwụkwọ akụkọ na Grey County dị ka Flesherton Advance na ''Markdale Standard'', na-arụkarị ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya ma ọ bụ onye nnọchianya na mba ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://images.ourontario.ca/ghpl/117676/page/5?n=|title=Flesherton Advance, 22 Jul 1931, p. 4|work=images.ourontario.ca|accessdate=2018-03-16}}</ref> O dere ozi sitere na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu banyere akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-amasị ndị obodo ime obodo n'ụlọ, ma nye aka na kọlụm mgbe ọ na-eme njem ma na-agwa ụmụ amaala nọ na mpaghara ndị ọzọ okwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://images.ourontario.ca/ghpl/117697/page/9?n=|title=Flesherton Advance, 23 Dec 1931, p. 8|work=images.ourontario.ca|accessdate=2018-03-16}}</ref> O dekwara ọtụtụ ihe maka The Farmer's Sun, akwụkwọ Ontario na-aga n'ihu kwa izu, gụnyere ọtụtụ ihe ncheta banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ime obodo Ontario.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://images.ourontario.ca/Macphail/details.asp?ID=24161&number=2|title=Women Pioneers of Proton Part 1|work=images.ourontario.ca|accessdate=2018-03-16}}</ref> N'èzí ọfịs, o dere kọlụm ọrụ ugbo maka akwụkwọ akụkọ The Globe and Mail na Toronto ma nye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Newmarket Era.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.ourontario.ca/newmarket/115165/page/9|title=Newmarket Era (Newmarket, ON1861 ), 29 May 1931, p. 8|work=news.ourontario.ca|accessdate=2018-03-16|archivedate=2018-03-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317102405/http://news.ourontario.ca/newmarket/115165/page/9}}</ref> Mgbe ọdachi ezinụlọ mere n'obodo ya gasịrị, Macphail kwagara n'ógbè Toronto nke East York, Ontario wee laghachi na Ontario CCF na 1942 wee bụrụ onye nhazi ugbo ya. == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mpaghara == Na ntuli aka mpaghara 1943, a họpụtara Macphail ka ọ bụrụ ọgbakọ omebe iwu nke Ontario dị ka onye otu Ontario CCF na-anọchite anya ịnya ụgbọ ala Toronto nke York East.[1] Ya na Rae Luckock bụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara na ndị omebe iwu Ontario. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ e ṅụrụ iyi dị ka onye otu nzuko omeiwu Provincial Ontario (MPP). Ọ bụ ezie na e meriri ya na ntuli aka mpaghara 1945, a họpụtara ya ọzọ na ntuli aka 1948. Macphail bụ onye na-ahụ maka iwu ịkwụ ụgwọ nha nhata mbụ nke Ontario, gafere na 1951, mana enweghị ike ịga n'ihu na mbọ ya mgbe e meriri ya na ntuli aka mechara n'afọ ahụ. N'oge ahụ, Macphail enweghị ike ịkwado onwe ya site na nta akụkọ, ikwu okwu ọha na nhazi maka Ontario CCF. Macphail chọsiri ike ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ kọwara, sị: "Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-eche na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị abụghị nwanyị. Ọ bụghị m nwanyị. Abụ m mmadụ".<ref name="KWRObit">{{Cite news|title=First Woman MP, Miss Macphail Dies|work=Kitchener-Waterloo Record|date=February 15, 1954|page=5}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">"First Woman MP, Miss Macphail Dies". ''Kitchener-Waterloo Record'' (Microfilm). Canadian Press. February 15, 1954. p.&nbsp;5.</cite></ref> Macphail alụghị di. Ọ nwụrụ na February 13, 1954, mgbe ọ dị afọ 63, na Toronto, obere oge tupu e nye ya oge ịhọpụta na Senate nke Canada.[1] E liri ya na Priceville, Ontario, ya na nne na nna ya na Gertha Macphail, otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ. == Ihe ndekọ ntuli aka == {{Canadian election result/top|ON|1943|percent=yes|change=yes}} {{CANelec|ON|CCF|Agnes Macphail|12,016|46.4|}} {{CANelec|ON|PC|John A. Leslie|10,440|40.3|}} {{CANelec|ON|Liberal|H.J. McConnell|3,459|13.3|}} {{Canadian election result/total|Total valid votes|25,915|100.0||}} {{Canadian election result/source|Montreal Gazette (Google News)<ref name="1943 Election Results"/>}} {{end}} === Federal: Saskatoon CityObodo Saskatoon === {{1940 Canadian federal by-elections/Saskatoon City}} == Ihe Nketa == [[Usòrò:Macphail_Memorial_Elementary_School_Flesherton_Ontario.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|A gụrụ Macphail Memorial Elementary School na Flesherton, Ontario aha Agnes Macphail]] [[Usòrò:Agnes_Macphail_plaque.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme na-asọpụrụ Macphail n'èzí Owen Sound Collegiate & Vocational Institute (OSCVI) ]] * N'afọ 1968, mgbe Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Grey Highlands nọchiri Flesherton High School, a gbanwere ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọrịtandrị ochie ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị ma kpọọ ya Macphail Memorial Elementary School. E ji ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ nke otu aha dochie ụlọ a n'afọ 2006. * N'afọ 1981, a gụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze dị na Scarborough, Ontario aha ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agnes Macphail PS|work=Schools|publisher=[[Toronto District School Board]]|year=2007|url=http://www.tdsb.on.ca/scripts/schoolasp.asp?schno=4669|accessdate=2007-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012054148/http://www.tdsb.on.ca/scripts/schoolasp.asp?schno=4669|archivedate=12 October 2007}}</ref> * N'afọ 1993, n'ịsọpụrụ ncheta afọ iri ise nke nhọpụta Macphail na ndị omeiwu Ontario, Michael Prue, onye isi obodo East York, kwupụtara na a ga-akpọ March 24 kwa afọ dị ka Agnes Macphail Day. * N'afọ 1994, kansụl East York guzobere ''Onyinye Agnes Macphail''. A na-enye onyinye ahụ kwa afọ nye "onye bi n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ York nke nyere onyinye dị ịrịba ama n'ógbè nke ikike ịha nhata na ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze na onye gosipụtara ma gaa n'ihu na omenala Macphail nke idu ndú".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/awards-tributes/awards/agnes-macphail-award/|title=Agnes Macphail Award|date=Aug 15, 2017|accessdate=May 3, 2019}}</ref> * N'afọ 1997, East York meghere asọmpi Agnes Macphail kwa afọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ọtụtụ saịtị na mgbalị aha ya na East York, gụnyere Agnes Macphail Parkette, nke dị na nkuku Mortimer Street na Pape Avenue; Agnes Macphaal Playground, Agnes MacPhail Youth Resource Centre na Agnes MacPhai Food Bank (nke niile dị na 444 Lumsden Avenue). * N'afọ 1999, Brownstone Homes wuru ụlọ ọhụrụ ma gụọ okporo ámá aha ya, Macphail Ave, kwa na Pape & Mortimer.<ref>EastYorkRealtor.com</ref> * N'afọ 2005, na asọmpi nke onye bụbu Ontario MPP Marilyn Churley, a họpụtara Agnes Macphail dị ka nwanyị kachasị ukwuu n'Ontario. * Na June 24, 2006, a kpughere ihe ncheta na ọla nchara na-echeta ndụ Agnes Macphail na Hopeville, Ontario. N'otu afọ ahụ, e debere akara okporo ụzọ awara awara nke a na-akpọ "Ị na-abanye ugbu a na Agnes Macphail Country" n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo nta Ceylon, na nkwonkwo nke Grey Roads 4 na 14 (nke a maara n'ógbè ahụ dị ka "Six Corners"), na Grey Road 9, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Hopeville. A kpọrọ Grey County Road 9 n'etiti Highway 6 na Highway 10 Agnes MacPhail Road . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Agnes Macphail Digital Collection: Agnes Macphail Country Sign|publisher=[[Grey Highlands Public Library]]|year=2007|url=http://images.ourontario.ca/Macphail/details.asp?ID=24423|accessdate=2010-02-09}}</ref> * A na-akpọ ụlọ obibi dị na 860 Mercer Street na Windsor, Ontario "Agnes Macphail Manor". * Ihe omume 2015 nke Murdoch Mysteries (oge 8, ihe omume 17, "Election Day") na-ahụ nwa agbọghọ Agnes Macphail (nke Zoe Fraser gosipụtara) na-egosi mmasị na mmegharị suffragette. * Ọ pụtara na mbipụta 2017 "Canada 150" nke akwụkwọ ego dollar iri nke Canada n'akụkụ John A. Macdonald, George-Étienne Cartier na James Gladstone ma bụrụkwa nwanyị mbụ na-abụghị eze nwere ebe na-adịgide adịgide na ego Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bankofcanada.ca/banknotes/bank-note-series/commemorative-notes/banknote150/|title=Explore the New $10 Note|work=www.bankofcanada.ca|accessdate=May 3, 2019}}</ref> == Ebe ndebe ihe ochie == E nwere ego Agnes Macphail na Library and Archives Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Finding aid to Agnes Macphail fonds, Library and Archives Canada|url=http://data2.archives.ca/pdf/pdf001/p000001331.pdf|accessdate=June 2, 2020}}</ref> Nọmba ncheta bụ R4413. == Ihe odide na ihe odide == === Ihe edeturu === {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] e2ixv79pb8httsq6to6w399ckjg5h34 0 53581 693092 190805 2026-07-31T09:55:06Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Fixed reference error 693092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Ahmose-Nebetta|title=King's Daughter<br>King's Sister|image=|image_size=|alt=|caption=|native_lang1=[[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] name<ref name="YT"/>|native_lang1_name1=<hiero><-iaH-ms-s-nb:t:tA-></hiero><br>Jꜥḥms-NbtꜢ|dynasty=[[Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt|Seventeenth Dynasty]]<br>[[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Eighteenth Dynasty]]|father=[[Seqenenre Tao]]?|mother=[[Ahhotep I]]}}Ahmose-Nebeta (ma ọ bụ Ahmose-Nebta) bụ ada eze Ijipt n'oge ngwụcha usoro eze nke iri na asaa nke Ijipt na ngwụcha Oge etiti nke Abụọ. O yikarịrị ka ọ bụ ada Seqenenre Tao na Queen Ahhotep I. Ọ bụ nwanne Fero Ahmose nke Mbụ nke bụ onye malitere usoro eze nke iri na asatọ. == Ndụ == Ahmose-Nebeta (Ijipt oge ochie: Jꜥḥms-NbtꜢ "Nwa Iah (ọnwa) - Nwanyị nke Ala") bụ ada Seqenenre Tao.[1] O nwere ike lụọ nwanne ya nwoke Ahmose nke Mbụ, mana nwanne ya nwanyị Ahmose-Nefertari bụ nnukwu nwunye eze.<ref name="YT">Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. pp 88-90, {{ISBN|0-500-05145-3}}</ref> == Ihe akaebe == === Louvre E 15682 (na-adịghị ike) === Ihe oyiyi nke nwa okorobịa nọ ọdụ nke a maara dị ka Nwa Eze Ukwu Ahmose, nke nwere aha eze Seqenenre (aha n'azụ na n'ihu n'akụkụ aka ekpe), kwukwara banyere Nwa Eze Ukwuu Ahmose. <ref>Paris, Louvre Museum E 15682</ref> <ref>https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010006725</ref><ref>https://pnm.uni-mainz.de/1/inscription/2895#22421</ref> Ọ nwere ike izo aka na Ahmose-Nebetta, mana aha-element Nebetta na-efu ma nwee aha dị iche. Aha ya anọghị na cartouche. === Ihe akaebe Ndị Na-abụghị nke Oge A === A na-egosi Ahmose-Nebetta n'ili nke Inherkau (TT359) nke sitere na Dynasty nke 20 dị ka otu n'ime "Ndị nwe West". A na-egosi ya n'ahịrị dị n'elu n'azụ Ahmose-Tumerisy na n'ihu Ahmose Sapair. [[Usòrò:Inherkau.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px| Scene from the tomb of Inherkau dating to the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt. Top row, right to left: Amenhotep I, Ahmose I, Ahhotep I, Ahmose-Meritamun, Sitamun, Siamun?, Ahmose-Henuttamehu, Ahmose-Tumerisy, '''Ahmose-Nebetta''', Ahmose Sapair. Bottom row, right to left: Ahmose-Nefertari, Ramesses I, Mentuhotep II, Amenhotep II, Seqenenre Tao, Ramose?, Ramesses IV, ?, Tuthmosis I.]] == Ihe odide == 43pyi78kyyku16nyqg2y1q3l3s0j9go 0 53724 693022 191007 2026-07-31T06:59:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693022 wikitext text/x-wiki Akiyama-kun (Japanese: 秋山くん) bụ usoro manga Japanese nke Aiko Nobara dere ma gosipụta ya, nke edobere n'ime Fusion Product's Baby kemgbe 2009.[1] Tokyo Mangasha ebipụtaghachila usoro a ma chịkọtala ya na mpịakọta tankọbon atọ dị ka nke Jenụwarị 2019. E wepụtakwara usoro CD Drama abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/321158|title=のばらあいこ「秋山くん」ドラマCD第2弾発売、興津和幸や松岡禎丞らが出演|work=Natalie|date=February 22, 2019|accessdate=September 1, 2019|archivedate=September 2, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902023538/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/321158}}</ref> == Atụmatụ == Mgbe nwa akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Daisuke Shiba kwupụtara onye omekome ya Yūji Akiyama n'ihu ndị enyi Akiyama niile, ịbụ onye a na-eti ihe na onye a na'akwa emo ga-abụ ihe a na-aghọta. Mana ihe omume ndị na-esote adịghị nso na ihe onye ọ bụla n'ime ha ga-atụ anya ya, ebe Shiba mechara malite mmekọrịta ya na Akiyama. == Ihe odide == ; Daisuke Shiba (柴 大輔, Shiba Daisuke) : Nwa akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Shiba hụrụ Akiyama n'anya na mbụ, mgbe ọ napụtara ya n'aka ụfọdụ ndị na-emegbu ya na mbido afọ agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ dị nro ma nwee obiọma, ọ dị njikere ime ihe ọ bụla maka Akiyama. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ nwa oge na ụlọ ahịa. ; Yūji Akiyama (秋山 祐二, Akiyama Yūji) ) : Onye nọ na klas Shiba, nwa akwụkwọ nke afọ nke abụọ. Akiyama nwere aha dị ka onye omekome na-eto eto, mana n'ezie ọ bụ nwa okorobịa dị jụụ, nwere omume enyi na nke nwere mwute. Ọ bi naanị ya n'otu nnukwu ụlọ ma a na-egosi na nna ya nwere nsogbu bụ naanị ezinụlọ o nwere. ; Tomomi Sano (佐野智美, Sano Tomomi) ) : Enyi Akiyama kemgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ọ kpọrọ asị ka a kpọọ ya aha mbụ ya ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-ewere ya dị ka aha nwanyị. Otú ọ dị, Akiyama bụ naanị onye nwere ike ịkpọ ya n'ụzọ ahụ. ; Kajiwara[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] : Enyi Akiyama. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ. ; Tata (Mụba) : Onye ọzọ n'ime ndị enyi Akiyama. ; Chie (ちえ) : Onye ọrụ ibe Shiba, nwa agbọghọ dị nro ma dị mma. == Mgbasa ozi == === Akpụkpọ ụkwụ === Usoro a malitere usoro ya na Septemba 24, 2009. Ọ bụ Tokyo Mangasha bipụtara ya. E wepụtara mpịakọta mbụ na 2011 ma ka ọ na-erule Jenụwarị, 2019 ewepụtala mpịakọ atọ na Japan. === Ihe nkiri CD === E wepụtara usoro ihe nkiri CD abụọ. Ewepụtara nke mbụ na Septemba 30, 2012, ebe nke abụọ na February 22, 2019.[1] Ihe nkedo olu Japanese gụnyere; Yoshitsugu Matsuoka, Kazuyuki Okitsu, Toshiki Masuda, na Yūsuke Shiri. == Ihe odide == m4fed9fbmszg07o2tut5u3ta8uo1pf7 0 54124 692731 364138 2026-07-30T13:45:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox school|name=Alliance Girls' High School|former_name=African Girls' High School|other_name=AGHS|image=schoolgate.jpg|image_size=250px|caption=Main gate of the school|established={{start date and age|1948}}|founder=Alliance of Protestant Missions|motto=Walk in the light|type=[[Public school (government funded)|Public]] [[Education in Kenya|national]] boarding school|gender=[[Single-sex education|Girls]]|principal=Jedidah Mwangi|location=[[Kikuyu, Kenya|Kikuyu]], Kiambu County|country=Kenya|coordinates={{Coord|-1.2663 |36.6627|type:edu|format=dms|display=inline,title}}|colours=Green and white {{colorbox|green}}{{colorbox|white}}|sister_school=[[Alliance High School (Kenya)|Alliance High School]]|website={{URL|http://www.alliancegirlshigh.sc.ke}}}}Alliance Girls' High School (AGHS) bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mbata ọha maka ụmụ agbọghọ dị nso na obere obodo Kikuyu na Kiambu County, 20 km site na Nairobi. Tọrọ ntọala na 1948 dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ụmụ nwanyị Africa, ọ nọ n'ebe dị anya site na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Alliance High School. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Tọrọ ntọala na 1948 site na Alliance of Protestant Missions, Alliance Girls High School bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị izizi maka ụmụ nwanyị Africa na Kenya, wee jee ozi n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Kenya nke na-anabata naanị ụmụ nwanyị Europe n'oge ahụ. Tupu nnwere onwe Kenya a na-akpọ ya ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ụmụ nwanyị Africa. Alliance Girls High School na-anọdụ ala acres 71 na Kiambu County, nke Presbyterian Church nke East Africa nyere na mbụ.. Onye isi akwụkwọ mbụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, Jean Wilkinson (née Ewan), bụ onye ozi ala ọzọ nke Scotland. Joan Waithaka, otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ghọrọ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Africa mbụ na 1969. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na kọmitii 1976 Gachathi Report nke tụrụ aro ka gọọmenti Kenya na-eme atụmatụ nke ga-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè ọ bụghị nanị na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu kama nakwa na sayensị na ngalaba ndị nwoke na-achị na mba ahụ. Ụmụ agbọghọ iri mbụ nabatara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ rutere na 28 February 1948 wee si na mpaghara dị iche iche dị na Kenya dị ka ọ dị taa. Na 1961, Alliance Girls High School bụ otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ise mbụ n'Africa na-enye Asambodo Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Higher (n'oge ahụ, ihe nhata nke ọkwa A na ihe achọrọ maka ịbanye mahadum).[1] Tupu e hiwe ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Alliance Girls, ụmụ agbọghọ ole na ole anabatara na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ndị nwoke na-enwekarị. Otu n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ ikpeazụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ebe ahụ bụ onye edemede Rebeka Njau bụ onye mechara kụziri na Alliance Girl High School.[2][3] Ụlọ akwụkwọ abụọ a ka na-enwe mmekọrịta chiri anya. === Ndị bụ isi === * Jean Wilkinson, 1948-54 * Mary Bruce, 1955-1968 * Joan Waithaka, 1969-1984 * Rebecca Karanja, 1985-2002 * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * J. N. Mbugua 2004-2008 * Dorothy Kamwilu 2008-2016 * Catherine K. Irungu (H.S.C) 2017 * Virginia Gitonga 2017-2022 * Oriakụ Jedidah Mwangi - 2023 (nke ugbu a) == Aha agụmakwụkwọ == [[Usòrò:Newhouse2.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ Ọhụrụ, otu n'ime ụlọ iri ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ]] Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nwere aha dị ka ebe agụmakwụkwọ dị mma na Kenya. Ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ mbụ n'etiti ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na Kenya na nsonaazụ KCSE nke 2011 ma nọrọ n'ọnọdụ nke atọ n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị niile nke Kenya. Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na AGHS na-aga na mahadum ndị Kenya na-eduga nakwa nke mba ụwa. A họpụtakwala ụfọdụ n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ka ha gaa African Leadership Academy. == Ntinye aka == Ntinye bụ asọmpi siri ike. Naanị ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere arụmọrụ dị elu na Kenya Certificate of Primary Education ka a na-ahọrọ ịga. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-esokwa na usoro mba nke na-ahụ nguzozi na nnabata nke ụmụ akwụkwọ si na mpaghara Kenya niile. N'afọ 2015, Alliance Girls High School dọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ndị na-achọ akwụkwọ n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ mba niile na akwụkwọ 156,347, Alliance High School sochiri ya na 154,417 na Mangu High School na 148,594. == Akara ụlọ akwụkwọ na ụcha == Akara ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ọkụ ọkụ na-acha odo odo na-acha ọcha nke a na-etinye n'elu St. Andrew's Cross na ndabere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Mbido AGHS dị n'elu akara ahụ, ebe ụkpụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ "Na-agagharị n'ìhè" dị n'okpuru ya, ha abụọ edere na odo. Dị ka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ si kwuo, ụcha odo na-anọchite anya ìhè nke oriọna, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-egosi ndụ nke ìhè nyere, na ọcha na-anọchi anya ngwaahịa nke ndụ a. Uwe ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-egosipụta uto ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-aga n'ihu. Ruo afọ ole na ole, ejiji ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ bụ maroon na agba. E wepụrụ nke a, malite n'afọ 2005 site na ụdị otu klas sonyeere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ n'afọ ahụ. == Ụlọ ekpere == Ụlọ ekpere ụlọ akwụkwọ, otu n'ime ihe ịrịba ama nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, dị n'ihu ụlọ nchịkwa. A na-eji ya eme ihe maka ozi na Sunday, Tuesday na Thursday nke ụmụ akwụkwọ niile gara. Ọ bụkwa ebe a na-eme ụlọ akwụkwọ Barazas (ụlọ omebe iwu ụmụ akwụkwọ na nzukọ). Onye ụkọchukwu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ bụ Reverend Dorcas Kamau onye nọchiri Reverend Marion Strain na 2011. == Ụmụ akwụkwọ ama ama == * Betty Gikonyo, onye ọchụnta ego ahụike, dọkịta na-ahụ maka ọrịa obi na onye ọrụ ahụike <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/artculture/Betty-Gikonyos-autobiograph/1954194-2058328-imautvz/index.html|title=Book review: The tale of a daring doctor|author=Kamencu|first=Kingwa|date=3 November 2013|work=Daily Nation|publisher=Nation Media Group|accessdate=21 July 2019}}</ref> * Lucy Kibaki, onye bụbu nwunye onye isi nke Kenya * Sally Kosgei, nwanyị mbụ bụ onyeisi ndị Ọrụ gọọmentị Kenya <ref name="Mungai" /> * [[Micere Githae Mugo|Micere Mugo]], onye na-ede uri, onye edemede na onye nkuzi * Juliet Obanda Makanga, onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ, onye na'ahụ maka akwara na onye na-eme nchọpụta ọgwụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/pharmacy/images/2018/Dr.%20Juliet%20Makanga-CV.pdf|title=Curriculum Vitae of Juliet Obanda Makanga, PhD|publisher=[[Kenyatta University| Kenyatta University School of Pharmacy]]|author=Kenyatta University|accessdate=20 July 2019|date=3 December 2018|archivedate=4 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204101849/http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/pharmacy/images/2018/Dr.%20Juliet%20Makanga-CV.pdf}}</ref> * [[Nyiva Mwendwa]], nwanyị mbụ bụ minista na Kenya <ref name="Mungai" /> * Charity Ngilu, nwanyị mbụ Kenya na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala <ref name="Mungai" /> * Asenath Bole Odaga, onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na onye edemede <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/weekend/Storyteller-Asenath-Odaga-takes-her-last-bow/-/1220/2546000/-/15editn/-/index.html|title=A tribute to Asenath Bole Odaga: The queen of folklore|author=Aduda|first=David|date=6 December 2014|work=[[Daily Nation]]|accessdate=21 July 2019}}</ref> * [[Margaret Ogola]], onye edemede na dọkịta ụmụaka * Effie Owuor, onye ọka ikpe nwanyị mbụ nke Kenya * Kagure Wamunyu, onye injinia obodo na onye na-eme atụmatụ obodo <ref name="top40">{{Cite web|date=September 2018|author=Nation Media Group|url=https://cdn.nation.co.ke/pdfs/Top40under40Women2018.pdf|publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]|accessdate=20 July 2019|title=Top 40 Under 40 Women In Kenya, 2018|archivedate=29 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929080021/https://cdn.nation.co.ke/pdfs/Top40under40Women2018.pdf}}</ref> * Charity Wayua, onye na-emepụta ọgwụ na onye nchọpụta <ref name="top40" /> == Ihe odide == 5wv5msamur9obyor97pbiqxevave6n6 0 54167 692632 450387 2026-07-30T12:04:36Z Chigozirim2005 19722 Fixed reference error 692632 wikitext text/x-wiki Alpha Omicron Pi (ΑΟΠ, AOII, Alpha O) bụ sorority mba ụwa tọrọ ntọala na Jenụwarị 2, 1897, na Barnard College na campus nke Mahadum Columbia na Manhattan, New York City. {{Cite book|editor=Anson|title=Baird's Manual of American Fraternities|edition=20th|year=1991|origyear=1879|publisher=Baird's Manual Foundation, Inc.|location=Indianapolis|pages=IV-13–15|isbn=978-0963715906}}</ref><ref name="Baird's Manual Online">{{Cite web|title=Almanac of Fraternities and Sororities (Baird's Manual Online Archive), showing Alpha Omicron Pi chapters|url=https://uofi.app.box.com/v/womens-pdf-folder/file/459803154069|work=Student Life and Culture Archives|publisher=University of Illinois Archives|accessdate=30 December 2021|language=English}} The main archive URL is [https://www.library.illinois.edu/slc/welcome/fraternity-sorority-almanac/ The Baird's Manual Online Archive homepage].</ref> "AOII," na "Alpha O," aha ndị ama ama nke fraternity, [1] ghere oghe nye ụmụ nwanyị n'agbanyeghị agbụrụ, okpukperechi ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ akụ na ụba, [2] nwere isi akwụkwọ kọleji 140 na-arụ ọrụ na 159 alumnae isi na [[Kánada|Canada]] na U.S.A.[3] [4] Ndị otu a bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ na Brentwood, [[Tennessee]], ma bụrụ onye otu ọgbakọ Panhellenic nke mba.[5] Isi akara gụnyere kadinal agba, rubi na 'Général Jacqueminot' rose. Òtù ụmụnna ahụ na-ebipụta magazin maka abamuru nke ndị otu, aha ya bụ To Dragma. Alpha Omicron Pi tọrọ ntọala na echiche ndị a hụrụ n'ihe gbasara fraternity - àgwà, ùgwù, agụmakwụkwọ, na iguzosi ike n'ihe na kọleji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alphaomicronpi.org/about/values/|title=Character {{!}} Dignity {{!}} Scholarship {{!}} Loyalty|work=Alpha Omicron Pi|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-15}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[File:Hughan-jessie-1898.jpg|thumb|[[Jessie Wallace Hughan]], otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị anọ tọrọ ntọala isi Alpha Omicron Pi mbụ na 1897]] [[Usòrò:Alpha_Omicron_Pi_University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ụmụ nwanyị Alpha Omicron Pi na Mahadum Illinois Urbana-Champaign na Champaign, Illinois]] E hiwere sorority na Jenụwarị 2, 1897 na Barnard College site na ụmụ nwanyị anọ: Jessie Wallace Hughan, Helen St. Clair Mullan, Elizabeth Heywood Wyman, na Stella George Stern Perry. Ha kwere ibe ha nkwa n’ọ́bá akwụkwọ Iwu Columbia ka ha malite mkpakọrịta ụmụnna ha. N'ime otu izu nke ntọala ya, ndị nrụpụta anọ ahụ ji ememe mmalite ha mee ihe maka oge mbụ iji malite Ụlọ Nzukọ Anne Richardson.{{Cite book|editor=Anson|title=Baird's Manual of American Fraternities|edition=20th|year=1991|origyear=1879|publisher=Baird's Manual Foundation, Inc.|location=Indianapolis|pages=IV-13–15|isbn=978-0963715906}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki>Manual Online">{{Cite web|title=Almanac of Fraternities and Sororities (Baird's Manual Online Archive), showing Alpha Omicron Pi chapters|url=https://uofi.app.box.com/v/womens-pdf-folder/file/459803154069|work=Student Life and Culture Archives|publisher=University of Illinois Archives|accessdate=30 December 2021|language=English}} The main archive URL is [https://www.library.illinois.edu/slc/welcome/fraternity-sorority-almanac/ The Baird's Manual Online Archive homepage].</ref> Mgbasawanye mba malitere na 1898 site na ntọala Pi isi na Sophie Newcomb College, ugbu a akụkụ nke Mahadum Tulane, na New Orleans. Stella George Stern Perry, onye bụbu onyeisi oche nke òtù ụmụnna ahụ, kpọtụụrụ nwa klas ya na New Orleans, Evelyn Reed, bụ́ onye kwupụtara echiche kwekọrọ ekwekọ banyere òtù ụmụnna. Nwanne Reed, Katherine Reed, ghọrọ nkwa mbụ nke isiakwụkwọ Pi. Mgbe Perry malitere ya, Katherine Reed chọtara ndị ọzọ ka ha malite.{{Cite book|editor=Anson|title=Baird's Manual of American Fraternities|edition=20th|year=1991|origyear=1879|publisher=Baird's Manual Foundation, Inc.|location=Indianapolis|pages=IV-13–15|isbn=978-0963715906}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> N'afọ 1905, Alpha Omicron Pi sonyeere National Panhellenic Conference . <ref name=":03">{{Cite news|url=https://npcwomen.dynamic.omegafi.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2037/2018/01/manual-of-information-2018.pdf|title=Manual of Information|date=Jan 2018|work=National Panhellenic Conference|accessdate=2018-06-17|page=10}}</ref> N'afọ 1967, òtù ahụ jikọtara aka na Arthritis Foundation .{{Cite news|url=https://www.alphaomicronpi.org/about/philanthropy/|title=Alpha Omicron Pi's Philanthropy is the Arthritis Foundation|work=Alpha Omicron Pi|accessdate=2018-08-27|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 1999, kansụl mba nke fraternity vootu iji guzobe AOII Properties, alaka nke na-elekọta ụlọ nke ọ bụla, gụnyere nchekwa, ego, na mmezi. E guzobere ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka ahụ n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na 2001 mana ọ maliteghị ịnyefe nkwekọrịta ụlọ obibi mpaghara na nchịkwa ụlọ ọrụ mba ruo 2009. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.alphaomicronpi.org/properties/history-aoii-properties/|title=The History Of AOII Properties {{!}} Alpha Omicron Pi|date=2018-08-06|work=Alpha Omicron Pi|accessdate=2018-08-27|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nnọchianya == Alpha Omicron Pi nwere otu agba gọọmentị, kadinal, ọ bụkwa naanị onye otu NPC nwere otu agba. Okooko osisi ya bụ <nowiki>''General Jacqueminot''</nowiki>, ma ọ bụ rose Jacqueminut.{{Cite news|date=Jan 2018|title=Manual of Information|page=18|work=National Panhellenic Conference|url=https://npcwomen.dynamic.omegafi.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2037/2018/01/manual-of-information-2018.pdf|accessdate=2018-06-17}}</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, enwere ike iji rose na-acha ọbara ọbara mee ihe.{{Cite news|url=https://www.alphaomicronpi.org/about/|title=AOII Believes in a Fraternal Culture {{!}} Alpha Omicron Pi|work=Alpha Omicron Pi|accessdate=2018-08-27|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe dị oké ọnụ ahịa nke òtù ahụ bụ ruby, ebe ihe nkwanye ugwu ya bụ nnukwu panda, nke òtù ahụ nabatara n'ụzọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na 1976 mana mee ka ọ bụrụ nke gọọmentụ na 2017.<ref name=":1" /> Ihe nkwanye ugwu bụ panda n'ihi omume enyi ha na enweghị ndị iro a mụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohio.edu/orgs/aoii/aboutus.html#:~:text=The%20panda%2C%20although%20it%20isn,has%20no%20natural%20born%20enemies.&text=Alpha%20Omicron%20Pi%20has%20only,A%22%20on%20the%20member%27s%20badge.|title=Alpha Omicron Pi - History}}</ref> Members of the fraternity wear three different pins depending on membership status. New members who have not been initiated wear a gold [[Ìgwè atụrụ (ọrụ ugbo)|sheaf of wheat]] pin (the sheaf itself being the official symbol of the fraternity) bound by a ribbon bearing the letters AOII, symbolizing individuals bound together by friendship. After initiation, members may wear the membership badge with the ruby at the apex. When the fraternity establishes a new charter, the founding members wear gold rose charter member pins which symbolize new growth.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.alphaomicronpi.org/about/|title=AOII Believes in a Fraternal Culture {{!}} Alpha Omicron Pi|work=Alpha Omicron Pi|accessdate=2018-08-27|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.alphaomicronpi.org/about/ "AOII Believes in a Fraternal Culture | Alpha Omicron Pi"]. ''Alpha Omicron Pi''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ ebere == Alpha Omicron Pi na-ekere òkè na ịnakọta ego na ọrụ afọ ofufo site na aka ọrụ ebere ya, Alpha Omicro Pi Foundation. Ntọala ahụ na-enye onyinye maka ọrụ ebere nke òtù ahụ, nyocha nke arthritis, yana agụmakwụkwọ, enyemaka agụmakwụkwọ na ego mberede maka ndị òtù òtù òtù ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.alphaomicronpi.org/foundation/programs/|title=Our Scholarship and Grant Programs {{!}} Alpha Omicron Pi|work=Alpha Omicron Pi|accessdate=2018-08-27|language=en-US}}</ref> Ego ahụ na-akwadokwa ndị ọkà okwu na nnọkọ, ihe omume ọzụzụ, na mmemme mmepe onwe onye maka ndị otu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|date=Jan 2018|title=Manual of Information|page=18|work=National Panhellenic Conference|url=https://npcwomen.dynamic.omegafi.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2037/2018/01/manual-of-information-2018.pdf|accessdate=2018-06-17}}</ref> Ụmụnne ahụ na Arthritis Foundation na-arụkọ ọrụ.{{Cite book|editor=Anson|title=Baird's Manual of American Fraternities|edition=20th|year=1991|origyear=1879|publisher=Baird's Manual Foundation, Inc.|location=Indianapolis|pages=IV-13–15|isbn=978-0963715906}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki><ref name=":0" /> Njikọ ahụ malitere na 1967, na ndị òtù fraternity na-enye aka n'oge ọrụ afọ ofufo na ihe omume nchịkọta ego iji nweta ego maka nyocha arthritis na ogige maka arthritis ụmụaka. A na-anakọta anụ panda kwa afọ iji nye ụmụaka na-aga ogige na nzukọ Arthritis Foundation. Mgbasa ozi mba nke òtù ahụ maka ịmara ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo bụ "AOII Goes Blue," na isi obodo na-emepụta ihe omume isi nke ọ bụla. "Strike Out Arthritis!" (SOA) bụ ihe omume nchịkọta ego nke òtù ahụ. A na-eme ihe omume SOA kwa afọ na egwuregwu Major League Baseball, ebe ọ bụ na òtù ahụ kwuru na "mmekọrịta siri ike ndị otu Major League Basegall. " Isi nke ọ bụla na-eme mmemme SOA nke ha nke dịgasị iche site na asọmpi bowling na asọmpi na barbecues na ego na-aga AOII Foundation kpọmkwem maka nyocha nke ogbu na nkwonkwo.<ref name=":0" />   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ihe omume ndị ọzọ òtù ahụ na-akwado bụ Sisters for Soldiers, ebe ndị otu na-anakọta ihe ma na-edetara ndị agha akwụkwọ ozi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.alphaomicronpi.org/about/philanthropy/|title=Alpha Omicron Pi's Philanthropy is the Arthritis Foundation|work=Alpha Omicron Pi|accessdate=2018-08-27|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.alphaomicronpi.org/about/philanthropy/ "Alpha Omicron Pi's Philanthropy is the Arthritis Foundation"]. ''Alpha Omicron Pi''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe omume == Ruby Fund bụ onyinye nke ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ndị otu kọleji na-enye ụmụnne nwanyị malitere n'oge gara aga na-achọ enyemaka ego site n'aka ụmụnne nwanyị. A na-enyocha arịrịọ maka enyemaka ma mesịa họrọ ya site na Kọmitii Ruby Fund nke Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alphaomicronpi.org/foundation/programs/|title=Our Scholarship and Grant Programs|work=Alpha Omicron Pi|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-15}}</ref> == Isiokwu == == Ndị otu == Kemgbe afọ 1897, òtù ahụ amalitela ihe karịrị ndị otu 209,000 na ngalaba kọleji 205 gafee United States na Canada, yana isi 136 na-arụ ọrụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.alphaomicronpi.org/about/|title=AOII Believes in a Fraternal Culture {{!}} Alpha Omicron Pi|work=Alpha Omicron Pi|accessdate=2018-08-27|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.alphaomicronpi.org/about/ "AOII Believes in a Fraternal Culture | Alpha Omicron Pi"]. ''Alpha Omicron Pi''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> Manual Online">{{Cite web|title=Almanac of Fraternities and Sororities (Baird's Manual Online Archive), showing Alpha Omicron Pi chapters|url=https://uofi.app.box.com/v/womens-pdf-folder/file/459803154069|work=Student Life and Culture Archives|publisher=University of Illinois Archives|accessdate=30 December 2021|language=English}} The main archive URL is [https://www.library.illinois.edu/slc/welcome/fraternity-sorority-almanac/ The Baird's Manual Online Archive homepage].</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị == Ihe odide == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gud4sc3qzn6xk8lqx1aokrqk0i4393o 0 54364 692963 631504 2026-07-31T03:23:35Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692963 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Fawziyya Abu Khalid''' ( [[Arabic]] :فوزية أبو خالد) (amụrụ na 1955) bụ onye [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabian]] uri, edemede edemede, ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na prọfesọ. <ref name="beyond the dunes">{{Cite book|editor=al-Hazimi|title=Beyond the dunes : an anthology of modern Saudi literature|date=2006|publisher=Tauris|location=London [u.a.]|isbn=978-1850439721}}</ref> Edere uri ya maka ebumnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama ma lekwasị anya n'ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere inweta agụmakwụkwọ na nnwere onwe. <ref name="politics 1">{{Cite book|author=Miller|first=Jane Eldridge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-TMhtk5AUYC&pg=PA1|title=Who's who in contemporary women's writing|date=2001|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0415159814|edition=2.}}</ref> Ewubere aha edemede ya site n'ibipụta akwụkwọ uri mbụ ya, ''ruo mgbe ole ka ha ga-anọrọ gị n'abalị agbamakwụkwọ gị?'' (1974). Ọ gara n'ihu bipụta mkpokọta uri abụọ ọzọ, akpọrọ ''Nzuzo Ọgụgụ na History of Arab Silence'' (1985) na ''Mirage Water'' (1995). == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ na Riyadh na 1955, Fawziyya Abu Khalid zụlitere n'ezinụlọ Bedouin dị elu nke nwere ụmụaka iri na otu. Nne ya, Sharifa Nur al-Hashemi, sitere na Mecca, ma bụrụ onye na-akwado ọha maka mmemme ụmụ nwanyị amachibidoro na ohere mmụta na Hijaz . <ref name="Mother">{{Cite book|author=Al-Rasheed|first=Madawi|title=A most masculine state : gender, politics and religion in Saudi Arabia|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge [u.a.]|isbn=978-0521122528}}</ref> Ọchịchọ Sharifa Nur al-Hashemi maka agụmakwụkwọ na nha anya nke nwoke na nwanyị kpaliri Abu Khalid ide na kwupụta onwe ya site na nwata. N'ime oge mgbe ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Saudi Arabia enweghị ohere agụmakwụkwọ, Fawziyya Abu Khalid nwere ihu ọma inweta agụmakwụkwọ. <ref name="Mother" />{{Cite book|author=Al-Rasheed|first=Madawi|title=A most masculine state : gender, politics and religion in Saudi Arabia|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge [u.a.]|isbn=978-0521122528}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> O nwetara BA na sociology na Mahadum America nke Beirut na Beirut, [[Lebanon]] na MA site na Lewis na Clark College na Portland, Oregon . O nwekwara PhD. na sociology, ma na-aga n'ihu na-ekerịta ịhụnanya ya maka agụmakwụkwọ dị ka onye prọfesọ ugbu a na Mahadum King Saud . <ref name="politics 1" />{{Cite book|author=Miller|first=Jane Eldridge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-TMhtk5AUYC&pg=PA1|title=Who's who in contemporary women's writing|date=2001|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0415159814|edition=2.}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> == Ọrụ edemede == Fawziyya Abu Khalid bụ onye ama ama maka ịbụ olu uri ọgbara ọhụrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Saudi Arabia. <ref name="Speaker">{{Cite journal|author=Kutrieh|first=Marcia|title=The Speaker/Self in Fawziyya Abu Khalid's Poetry|journal=Damascus University Journal|volume=٢٠}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ mbụ ya na-ekwukarị banyere ihe ndị metụtara ọha na eze, o mesịrị malite ide banyere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'afọ 1974, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, o bipụtara nchịkọta uri mbụ ya n'ụdị akwụkwọ akụkọ nke isiokwu ya bụ, ''Ruo Olee Mgbe Ha Ga-anọrọ Gị n'abalị Agbamakwụkwọ Gị?'' O mechara bipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ mkpokọta uri abụọ ọzọ, ''Ngụgụ Nzuzo na History of Arab Silence'' na 1985 na ''Mirage Water'' na 1995. Na mgbakwunye na akwụkwọ uri atọ a, o bipụtakwara ọtụtụ edemede gbasara ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Fawziyya Abu Khalid bụ otu n'ime ndị ode akwụkwọ Saudi nke oge a bụ ndị chere ihu nyocha n'ihi nkọwa siri ike nke iwu Alakụba, nke a maara dị ka Wahhabism . N'agbanyeghị iwu ndị siri ike nke Saudi Arabia, Abu Khalid ekwebeghị ka nyocha a kpachie okwu nka ya. <ref name="beyond the dunes" />{{Cite book|editor=al-Hazimi|title=Beyond the dunes : an anthology of modern Saudi literature|date=2006|publisher=Tauris|location=London [u.a.]|isbn=978-1850439721}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Abụ Fawziyya Abu Khalid juputara n'amaokwu efu yana atụmatụ mkparịta ụka na-anọchi anya mgbọrọgwụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ya na Arab. <ref name="Speaker" />{{Cite journal|author=Kutrieh|first=Marcia|title=The Speaker/Self in Fawziyya Abu Khalid's Poetry|journal=Damascus University Journal|volume=٢٠}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Achọpụtara ya dị ka onye Saudi Arabia site n'iji ntule na oases na Peninsula. N'otu aka ahụ, a na-amata ya dị ka onye Alakụba site na nrụtụ aka ya na akara ọdịnala ọdịnala dịka mmiri Zamzam na awa awa. N'agbanyeghị njikọ ya na mgbọrọgwụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ya na Arab, Abu Khalid ka na-eji usoro akụkọ akụkọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na-akọwa ya dị ka onye na-ede uri nwanyị Arab nke oge a. A na-ewere ya dị ka ọ dị ugbu a n'ihi iji "asụsụ nwere ọgụgụ isi [nke] na-abanye n'eziokwu onwe onye." A na-egosi na ọ bụ nwanyị site na nkọwa zuru ezu banyere ahụ nwanyị na mkparịta ụka banyere ọrụ ụmụaka na uri ya kachasị ama, ''Ihe nketa Nne'' . <ref name="Speaker" /> Dị ka onye na-ede uri, Abu Khalid nwere ike ijikọta ngwakọta pụrụ iche nke echiche n'ime akụkụ ọrụ ọnụ. == Mmetụta na Saudi Arabia ==   == Nnabata dị mkpa == A katọrọ Fawziyya Abu Khalid n'ihi na ọ na-ede eziokwu banyere ahụ ụmụ nwanyị na inye ndị ode akwụkwọ ụtụ n'ihu ọha. Ọ bụ ezie na a tụrụ anya ya dị ka onye na-ede uri nwanyị iji guzobe onye n'ọrụ ya nke ga-anọgide na-amaghị aha, kama o kpebiri iji olu nke ya mee ihe dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu na uri ya. <ref name="Speaker" />{{Cite journal|author=Kutrieh|first=Marcia|title=The Speaker/Self in Fawziyya Abu Khalid's Poetry|journal=Damascus University Journal|volume=٢٠}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Ndị nkatọ chọpụtara na ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma maka nwanyị ide n'olu nke ya, ya mere kwara Abu Khalid emo. Ọtụtụ ndị otu na-ahụ maka nchekwa wakporo isiokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na echiche ya gbasara agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na nnwere onwe, ma kpalie ka amachibido ọrụ ya na Saudi Arabia. == Mkpuchi mgbasa ozi == Na mgbakwunye na abụ ya, Fawziyya Abu Khalid bụ onye ama ama maka iguzo n'ihu ọha n'ihe gbasara ikike mmadụ taa. Na Septemba 2007, e gosipụtara foto Fawziyya Abu Khalid n'ime akụkọ sitere ''na International Herald Tribune'' . Edemede a lekwasịrị anya na ikike nwanyị ịnya ụgbọ ala, isiokwu na-eto eto na arụmụka na-ekpo ọkụ na Saudi Arabia. Na foto a, a pụrụ ịhụ ya ka ọ nọ ọdụ n'azụ ụgbọ ala ka a na-amanye ya ịdabere n'ebe ụmụ nwoke nọ ka ha na-anyagharị ya. Na Septemba 2011, Fawziyya Abu Khalid kwuru na N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi [[Ostraliya|Australia]] dị ka onye na-akwado mkpebi Saudi Arabia na a ga-emesị nye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịtụ vootu na ịzọ ntuli aka na 2015. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ, o kwuru, sị: "Dịka anyị na-ekwu, ndị mmadụ, ọ bụghị naanị na achịcha, ma nnwere onwe bụ ihe dị ezigbo mkpa maka mmadụ ibi ndụ n'ụzọ nkwanye ùgwù na nha anya." N'okwu a, o kwukwara n'ihu ọha: "Echere m na enwere nghọta site na otu dị iche iche, gụnyere ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa na Saudi Arabia, na ihe mere n'oge gara aga, na ha bụ naanị olu na ọha mmadụ, [mmechi nke ụmụ nwanyị. ] agaghị aga n'ihu, nakwa na ha ga-ekweta na ibi ndụ na e nwere olu ndị ọzọ na e nwere echiche ndị ọzọ." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2011/s3326299.htm|title=Lateline - 26/09/2011: Saudi king gives women voting rights|publisher=abc.net.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2011/9/26/headlines|title=Headlines|work=Democracy Now!}}</ref> == Ọrụ ya ==   == Ndekọ akwụkwọ akụkọ uri atọ == # ''Ruo ole mgbe ka ha ga-anọrọ gị n'abalị agbamakwụkwọ gị?'' (ila mata yakhtuifunaki lailat al-'urs) (1974) # ''Ọgụgụ nzuzo na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Arab Silence'' (1985) # ''Mmiri Mirage'' (ma'al-sarab) (1995) === Abụ ama ama n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ atọ ahụ === * "Ihe nketa Nne" * "Butterflies" * "Nye nwoke" * "Ide igbu egbugbu" * "Ụmụ nwanyị abụọ" * "Pearl" * "Nnwale a na-akpọghị ọkwa nke omume ịhụnanya pụtara ìhè" * "M ga-arara gị nye" * "Iji kporie ndụ egwu" * "Egwu" == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abu Khalid, Fawziyya}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] aw1y0klt0ique6klvwbry4b37qsbjxs 0 54398 693103 674652 2026-07-31T10:29:57Z Chikerenma Ndubuka 8900 Fixed ref error 693103 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Amy-Archer-Gilligan.png|thumb|Amy-Archer-Gilligan]] Amy Duggan “Sister” Archer-Gilligan (October 31, 1873[1] - Eprel 23, 1962) [2] bụ onye nwe ụlọ ndị nọọsụ na onye na-egbu ọchụ sitere na Windsor, Connecticut. O gburu opekata mpe mmadụ ise site n'itinye ha nsị. Otu n’ime ndị o metụtara bụ di ya nke abụọ, Michael Gilligan; ndị ọzọ bụ ndị bi n’ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi ya. O kwere omume na Archer-Gilligan tinyere aka na ọnwụ ndị ọzọ. Ndị ọchịchị gụrụ mmadụ iri anọ na asatọ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ndị agadi ya, "Ụlọ Archer maka ndị agadi na ndị nwere nkwarụ". Ikpe ahụ dọtara mgbasa ozi zuru oke n'oge ahụ ma kwuo ya dị ka ihe mkpali maka egwuregwu Arsenic na Old Lace. == Oge ọ bụ nwata na alụmdi na nwunye == A mụrụ Amy E. Duggan na October 31, 1873, nwa James Duggan na Mary Kennedy na Milton, Connecticut, nwa nke asatọ n'ime ụmụ iri. Ọ gara Milton School na New Britain Normal School na 1890. <ref name="milton">{{Cite book|title=Chronicles of Milton: Village Left Behind by Time|publisher=Milton Women's Club|location=Milton, Connecticut}}</ref> Amy Duggan lụrụ James Archer na 1897. A mụrụ nwa nwanyị, Mary J. Archer na Disemba 1897.[1] Ndị na-agba ụta ghọrọ ndị nlekọta nke mbụ na 1901, e goro ọrụ ilekọta John Seymour, bụ́ agadi nwanyị di ya nwụrụ. Ha kwagara n'ụlọ ya na Newington, Connecticut. Seymour nwụrụ na 1904. Ndị nketa ya gbanwere ebe obibi ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ obibi maka ndị agadi, ndị na-agba ụta nọgidere na-elekọta ndị agadi maka ego. Ha kwụrụ ezinụlọ Seymour ụgwọ ụlọ.[2] Ha na-elekọta ụlọ obibi ahụ dị ka ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi Nwanna Nwanyị Amy. Na 1907, ndị nketa Seymour kpebiri ire ụlọ ahụ. Ndị na-agba ụta kwagara Windsor, Connecticut ma jiri ego ha nwetara zụta ebe obibi nke ha na Prospect Street na Windsor Center. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ha gbanwere ya ka ọ bụrụ azụmahịa, Archer Home maka ndị agadi na ndị na-adịghị ike. James Archer nwụrụ na 1910, <ref name="aaol" />{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_comedy_and_killing_truth_to_arsenic__old_lace.html|first=Mara|author=Bovsun|title=True crime story behind classic comedy, 'Arsenic & Old Lace'|work=NYDailyNews.com}}</ref> o doro anya na ọ bụ ihe sitere n'okike. Ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya bụ Ọrịa Bright, okwu a na-akpọ ọrịa akụrụ.<ref name="aaol" /> Amy Archer wepụtara akwụkwọ mkpuchi n'ahụ ya izu ole na ole tupu ọnwụ ya. Uru iwu ahụ mere ka ọ gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ Archer Home. Na 1913, Amy lụrụ Michael W. Gilligan, onye di ya nwụrụ nwere ụmụ nwoke anọ toro eto. A kọrọ na ọ bara ọgaranya ma nwee mmasị na Amy na itinye ego na Archer Home. Otú ọ dị, na Febụwarị 20, 1914, mgbe ọ lụsịrị Amy naanị ọnwa atọ, Michael nwụrụ. <ref name="mwgsdeath">{{Cite web|url=https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.2/MDV2-1MM/p1|title=Connecticut Deaths and Burials record|work=familysearch.org|accessdate=October 28, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415031422/https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.2/MDV2-1MM/p1|archivedate=April 15, 2012}}</ref><ref name="aaol" /> Ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya bụ "oké mwakpo bile" (n'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, nsogbu siri ike). <ref name="aaol" /> Amy nwere ego ọzọ n'ihi na n'oge alụmdi na nwunye ha dị mkpirikpi, di ọhụrụ ya edepụtara akwụkwọ testament nke hapụrụ ya ihe onwunwe ya niile. A ga-emecha chọpụta na ọ bụ ihe adịgboroja n'ihi na o doro anya na edere ya n'aka nke kwekọrọ na nke Amy Archer-Gilligan.<ref name="aaol" /> == Ogbugbu == N'agbata 1907 na 1917, mmadụ iri isii nwụrụ n'ụlọ Archer. Ndị ikwu nke ndị ahịa ya malitere inyo ha enyo ka ha na-agbakọ ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ. Naanị mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ n'agbata afọ 1907 na 1910, mana mmadụ iri anọ na asatọ nwụrụ n'etiti afọ 1911 na 1916. Otu n'ime ha bụ Franklin R. Andrews, nwoke yiri ka ọ nwere ahụike. N'ụtụtụ May 29, 1914, Andrews na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ Archer. Ọnọdụ ahụike ya siri ike kara njọ n'otu ụbọchị ma nwụọ n'uhuruchi. Ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya bụ Ọnyá afọ. Mgbe ụmụnne Andrews (gụnyere Nellie Pierce) nwetara ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ozi ya, ha kwuru oge Amy Archer-Gilligan na-achọ nwanne ha nwoke maka ego.<ref name="aaol">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_comedy_and_killing_truth_to_arsenic__old_lace.html|first=Mara|author=Bovsun|title=True crime story behind classic comedy, 'Arsenic & Old Lace'|work=NYDailyNews.com}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBovsun">Bovsun, Mara. [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_comedy_and_killing_truth_to_arsenic__old_lace.html "True crime story behind classic comedy, 'Arsenic & Old Lace'"]. ''NYDailyNews.com''.</cite></ref> Ndị ahịa Amy gosipụtara usoro ọnwụ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ha nyesịrị ya nnukwu ego. Ka ọnwụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu, Nellie Pierce kọọrọ onye ọka iwu mpaghara ahụ na-enyo ya enyo, mana ọ na-elegharakarị ya anya.[1] Ya mere o wegara akụkọ ya na Hartford Courant. Na May 9, 1916, e bipụtara nke mbụ n'ime ọtụtụ akụkọ banyere "Ụlọ ọrụ igbu mmadụ."[2] Ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị, ndị uwe ojii malitere inyocha okwu ahụ nke ọma. Nnyocha ahụ were ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu afọ imecha ya.. E gwupụtara ozu Gilligan, Andrews, na mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ bi na ya. Mmadụ ise ahụ nwụrụ site na nsị, ma ọ bụ arsenic ma ọ bụ strychnine. Ndị ahịa obodo ahụ nwere ike ịgba akaebe na Amy anọwo na-azụta nnukwu arsenic, nke a na-eche na ọ ga-egbu òké. Nnyocha nke uche Gilligan gosipụtara na ọ bụ n'ezie ihe adịgboroja nke Amy dere.<ref name="aaol">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_comedy_and_killing_truth_to_arsenic__old_lace.html|first=Mara|author=Bovsun|title=True crime story behind classic comedy, 'Arsenic & Old Lace'|work=NYDailyNews.com}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBovsun">Bovsun, Mara. [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_comedy_and_killing_truth_to_arsenic__old_lace.html "True crime story behind classic comedy, 'Arsenic & Old Lace'"]. ''NYDailyNews.com''.</cite></ref> Dị ka M. William Phelps, onye dere The Devil's Rooming House, si kwuo, nyocha yiri ka ọ na-egosi na Amy na-azụta arsenic iji gbuo ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke òké. Agbanyeghị, o yiri ka ọ zụghị arsenic niile nke gburu ndị ọrịa ya. Dọkịta na ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ọrịa bịanyere aka ịzụta ya. Nnyocha ahụ gara n'ihu Dr. King n'ihi na ihe akaebe ndị ọzọ na-agbakọta megide ya, mana ebubo ndị a na-enyo enyo laghachiri na Amy mgbe mmadụ tụrụ aro ka ọ nyochaa ihe ndekọ niile nke arsenic zụrụ. Mgbe a chọtara ihe akaebe na Amy na-eziga ndị ọrịa ya n'ụlọ ahịa ọgwụ iji zụta arsenic buru ibu, ndị uwe ojii nwere ike ijide ma maa ya ikpe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Phelps|first=M. William|year=2010|title=The Devil's Rooming House|url=https://archive.org/details/devilsroominghou0000phel|location=Guilford, Connecticut|publisher=Lyons Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/devilsroominghou0000phel/page/166 166]–169|isbn=9781599216010}}</ref> == Ikpe == E jidere Archer-Gilligan ma kpee ya ikpe maka igbu ọchụ, na mbụ na ebubo ise. N'ikpeazụ, onye ọka iwu ya jisiri ike belata ebubo ahụ ruo otu ọnụ ọgụgụ, ogbugbu Franklin R. Andrews. Na June 18, 1917, ndị ọka ikpe mara ya ikpe, a mara ya ikpe ọnwụ. Archer-Gilligan                   kp M           d kw ` ım  m  mkp o a  ma  chè ch[ch[ ikpe ]b n’afọ 1919. N’oge ikpe a, o kwuru na ya onwe ya ga-agba ara. Mary Archer gbara akaebe na nne ya riri ahụ morphine. A mara Archer-Gilligan ikpe ọzọ maka igbu ọchụ, ma na nke ugbu a, a mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ndụ..<ref name="aaol">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_comedy_and_killing_truth_to_arsenic__old_lace.html|first=Mara|author=Bovsun|title=True crime story behind classic comedy, 'Arsenic & Old Lace'|work=NYDailyNews.com}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBovsun">Bovsun, Mara. [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_comedy_and_killing_truth_to_arsenic__old_lace.html "True crime story behind classic comedy, 'Arsenic & Old Lace'"]. ''NYDailyNews.com''.</cite></ref> == Ọnwụ == N'afọ 1924, e kwupụtara na Archer-Gilligan bụ onye isi mgbaka nwa oge ma kpọga ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ Connecticut maka ndị isi mgbaka na Middletown, ebe ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'April 23, 1962. <ref name="courant">{{Cite news|work=[[The Hartford Courant]]|title=Archer-Gilligan obituary}}</ref><ref name="aaol">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_comedy_and_killing_truth_to_arsenic__old_lace.html|first=Mara|author=Bovsun|title=True crime story behind classic comedy, 'Arsenic & Old Lace'|work=NYDailyNews.com}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBovsun">Bovsun, Mara. [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_comedy_and_killing_truth_to_arsenic__old_lace.html "True crime story behind classic comedy, 'Arsenic & Old Lace'"]. ''NYDailyNews.com''.</cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-egbu ọtụtụ mmadụ na United States * Ndepụta nke ndị na-egbu egbu na ndị na-eme ihe ike * Ndepụta nke ndị na-egbu ọtụtụ mmadụ na aha njirimara "Borgia" == Ihe odide == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 697i9lk7ftb9vlp1s5t25z236mmig4m 0 54631 692833 200603 2026-07-30T20:22:16Z Sylvaline39 15355 Fixed reference error 692833 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Irina Mikitenko''', <nowiki><i id="mwCQ">née</i></nowiki> '''Volynskaya''' ( Russian; Amụrụ na 23 Ọgọst 1972 na Bakanas, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union ), bụ onye lara ezumike nka <ref name="Irina Mikitenko beendet Karriere">{{Cite web|title=Irina Mikitenko beendet Laufkarriere|url=https://www.laufzeit.de/irina-mikitenko-beendet-laufkarriere|work=laufzeit.de|accessdate=11 November 2020|language=de}}</ref> onye ọgba ọsọ ogologo oge [[Jémanị|German]] nke gbara asọmpi marathon . Ọ meriri Marathon Berlin na 2008 ma bụrụ onye meriri ugboro abụọ na Marathon London . Ọ gbara asọmpi na Summer Olympic ugboro anọ. Mikitenko bụ ọkachamara n'ịgba egwu na mmalite nke ọrụ ya, na-agba ọsọ n'ebe dị anya site na [[3000 mita]] ruo 10,000 mita . Ọ nọchitere anya [[Kazakhstan]] na 1996 [[Atlanta]] Olympics na 5000 mita mana ọ kwagara [[Jémanị|Germany]] n'oge na-adịghị anya. N'ịbụ onye na-ewere nwa amaala German, ọ gbara akwụkwọ ndekọ German na 3000&nbsp;m (nkeji 8:30.39) na 5000&nbsp;m (14:42.03 nkeji). Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ isi 5000&nbsp;m nrite n'ọtụtụ oge: na World Championships na Athletics ọ bụ nke anọ na 1999 na ise na 2001, mgbe na 2000 Summer Olympics weere ọnọdụ ise. Mgbe ọ gụchara ebe nke asaa na mmemme na asọmpi Summer Summer 2004, o were ezumike ọrụ iji mụọ nwa. Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'asọmpi ọ malitere ilekwasị anya na mmemme ịgba ọsọ okporo ụzọ . Mgbanwe ahụ ruo na marathon wetara nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma n'ọrụ ya. Ọsọ nke awa 2:19:19 iji merie Marathon Berlin mere ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị nke anọ kachasị ọsọ n'oge ahụ. Mmeri ya na Lọndọn n'afọ gachara na elekere 2:22:11 bụ nke kachasị ọsọ n'afọ ahụ. Site na mmemme marathon na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọ nwetara aha World Marathon Majors atọ na-esote na oge 2007 – 08, 2008 – 09, na 2009 – 10. Ọ banyere marathon Olympic mbụ ya na 2012 wee bịa na nke iri na anọ. == Ọrụ mmalite == Mikitenko malitere isonye na ịgba ọsọ dị anya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ. N'okpuru aha nwa agbọghọ ya bụ Volynskaya, ọ nọchitere anya Kazakhstan na mita 5,000 na 1996 Olympic Games, ma ọ gaghị eme ikpeazụ. Ebe ọ bụ na o nwere ndị nna nna German, ya na di ya kwagara na 1996 na steeti German nke Hesse . Na 1998, ọ ghọrọ onye njide ndekọ German na mita 10,000, n'afọ na-esote, na mita 5,000. N'ime mita 5,000, o mere ka oge Kathrin Weßel dịkwuo 14:54.32 na oge nke anọ ya nke 14:50.17 na asọmpi egwuregwu ụwa nke 1999 . Na 7 Septemba nke otu afọ ahụ, ọ kwalitere ndekọ German nke ya ruo 14:42.03 nkeji na Berlin . Otu afọ ka e mesịrị, Mikitenko ghọrọ onye mmeri German na mba na-agba ọsọ, na-agbachitere aha obodo ya n'elu 5,000 mita. Ọ meriri ugboro abụọ n'usoro na nzukọ Eurocross ama ama [[Luxembourg]] na 1999 na 2000. N'August 2000, o mebiri ndekọ nke Brigitte Kraus dị afọ 17 na [[3000 mita|mita 3,000]] . O tinyere n'ọkwa ise na 5,000 mita na 2000 Olympic Games na Sydney, ma mechaa n'otu ọnọdụ ahụ na asọmpi egwuregwu ụwa nke 2001 na Edmonton . N'afọ 2003, ọ meriri Paderborner Osterlauf, ọsọ ọsọ ụzọ 10km na [[Jémanị|Germany]], na-agwụcha na oge ndekọ nke 31:28 nkeji. Ọ meriri n'ọsọ Bietigheimer Silvesterlauf n'afọ ahụ, ma sonye na 5,000 mita na 2004 Olympic Games . == Marathon na-agba ọsọ == [[Usòrò:Irina_Mikitenko_at_the_Berlin_Marathon_2011.jpg|thumb| Mikitenko n'oge Marathon Berlin 2011]] Mgbe ọ mụsịrị nwa, Mikitenko laghachiri n'asọmpi na 2006, ọzọ ghọrọ onye mmeri German na 5,000 na 10,000 mita. N'asọmpi European 2006, o debere nke itoolu, otu ebe n'azụ onye ndoro anya ogologo oge [[Sabrina Mockenhaupt]] . Na 2007, o debere nke abụọ n'azụ Benita Johnson na Berlin Half Marathon, na-enweta oge kachasị mma nke 1:09:46. Na Septemba 2007, o mere marathon mbụ ya na Marathon Berlin, gụchara nke abụọ wee ruo eru maka asọmpi Olimpik Summer 2008 . N'April 2008, na naanị marathon mba ụwa nke abụọ, ọ meriri Marathon nke ụmụ nwanyị [[London]] na oge 2:24:12. Ọ kwụsịrị na Olympic Summer 2008 na Beijing n'ihi nsogbu hip na-akpata mgbu mgbe ọ na-agba ọsọ na 1 August 2008. Na ahụike ọzọ, na 28 Septemba, ọ kwalitere ndekọ German nke ya site na mmeri na Marathon Berlin, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nkeji ise ruo 2:19:19, na-eme nọmba anọ ya na ndepụta marathon ụmụ nwanyị oge niile. Oge a bụ ndekọ ụwa na ngalaba Masters W 35-39. Ọ kwalitere ndekọ ụwa nke Lyudmila Petrova debere na mbụ na Marathon London na 23 Eprel 2006. Ndekọ ụwa gara aga bụ 2:21:29. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mastersathletics.net/fileadmin/html/Rankings/All_Time/marathonwomen.htm|title=Marathon ALL-TIME Rankings|work=www.mastersathletics.net|accessdate=2019-06-07|archivedate=2019-07-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718171658/http://www.mastersathletics.net/fileadmin/html/Rankings/All_Time/marathonwomen.htm}}</ref> Na 2 November 2008, Mikitenko meriri jackpot nke 500,000 $ US nke World Marathon Majors (WMM) maka onye na-eme ihe kacha mma na New York, London, Chicago, Berlin na Boston n'ime afọ abụọ gara aga. Ka emechara asọmpi iri na abụọ, ya na [[Gete Wami]] onye [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]] ji ọkpụ iri isii na ise n'otu n'otu, mana otu a họpụtara ya dịka onye meriri, nye ya ihe nrite n'ihi na ọ gbara asọmpi naanị atọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere Wami anọ. Ọ kwughachiri arụmọrụ ya na Marathon London na 2009, mechaa na oge 2:22:11, otu nkeji n'ihu Mara Yamauchi nke Britain. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Wilson|first=Steve|date=26 April 2009|accessdate=9 August 2009|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/athletics/london-marathon/5224352/2009-London-Marathon-Irina-Mikitenko-wins-womens-race-with-Mara-Yamauchi-second.html|title=2009 London Marathon: Irina Mikitenko wins women's race with Mara Yamauchi second|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> Mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị na Julaị, Mikitenko gbalịsiri ike ịchọta ụdị na mmepe nke asọmpi ụwa nke 2009 . Jurgen Mallow, onye isi otu egwuregwu egwuregwu German, kwuru na mwepu ya bụ ihe mgbakasị ahụ nye ndị otu na-akwado asọmpi ahụ, na-ekwu na ọ "nweghị ike ịkụ ụdị asọmpi World Championship na ogige ọzụzụ St. Moritz altitude. Anyị na-ewute nke ukwuu. maka nke a". <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/athletics/8191596.stm|title=Hurdler Pechonkina to miss Berlin|date=8 August 2009|accessdate=9 August 2009}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ọ sonyere na Marathon Chicago nke Ọktoba 2009, na-emeri na oge gọọmentị nke 2:26:31 wee nweta jackpot WMM ọkara nde dollar maka afọ nke abụọ. [[Usòrò:Irina_Mikitenko_-_2012_Olympic_Womens_Marathon.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Mikitenko na-asọ mpi na Olympic nke anọ ya na London na 2012]] O nwere nkwụsị ọnwa asaa mgbe Chicago gbasịrị ọsọ wee kpebie na ọ gaghị agba ọsọ na Paderborn 10K, nke bụ nkwadebe ya maka 2010 London Marathon, n'ihi ọnyá na-egbuke egbuke. <ref>{{Cite news|date=23 April 2010|author=Brown|first=Matthew|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/preview/despite-challenges-wanjiru-and-mikitenko-read|title=Despite challenges, Wanjiru and Mikitenko ready to defend - London Marathon preview|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ nwara ịgbachitere aha ya na Lọndọn mana nsogbu ncha ya ka dịgidere wee kwụsị n'ọsọ etiti - akara aka nke dakwasịrị onye na-agbachitere ndị nwoke bụ Samuel Wanjiru . <ref>{{Cite news|date=25 April 2010|author=Brown|first=Matthew|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/commanding-victories-for-kebede-and-shobukhov|title=Commanding victories for Kebede and Shobukhova - London Marathon report|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ debanyere aha maka Marathon Chicago nke 2010 mana, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere oge kachasị ọsọ na iru eru, ọ dara na ọkara nke abụọ nke agbụrụ ahụ wee nọrọ n'ọnọdụ anọ. O nwetara jackpot WMM ya ugboro atọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-10-11/wanjiru-shobukhova-repeat-at-chicago-marathon/2292332|title=Wanjiru, Shobukhova repeat at Chicago Marathon|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=10 October 2010|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> O nwetara mmeri na 2011 Parelloop 10K n'April. <ref>{{Cite news|author=van Hemert|first=Wim|date=3 April 2011|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/kogo-runs-2715-on-the-roads-in-brunssum|title=Kogo runs 27:15 on the roads in Brunssum|publisher=[[International Association of Athletics Federations|IAAF]]|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> Na-agba ọsọ na 2011 London Marathon, ọ pụghị ịga n'ihu na ndị isi agbụrụ wee mechie agbụrụ ahụ na nke asaa mgbe Mary Keitany meriri n'ọsọ ahụ na oge ruru Mikitenko kacha mma. Oge ya gara nke ọma site n'ebe ahụ, Otú ọ dị: ọ meriri Avon Frauenlauf na Berlin 10K agbụrụ ma bụrụ onye na-agba ọsọ na Florence Kiplagat na 2011 Berlin Marathon na oge nke 2:22:18 awa. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Butcher|first=Pat|date=25 September 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/makau-stuns-with-20338-marathon-world-record|title=Makau stuns with 2:03:38 Marathon World record in Berlin! - UPDATED|publisher=IAAF}}</ref> Ọ nwere ọpụpụ marathon abụọ na 2012. Ọsọ ya kacha ọsọ bụ 2:24:53 maka nke asaa na Marathon London nke afọ 2012, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye Europe kacha ọsọ n'ọsọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.european-athletics.org/news/latest-news/496-general/10972-germany-s-mikitenko-the-top-european-in-the-london-marathon.html|title=Germany's Mikitenko the top European in the London Marathon|publisher=European Athletics|date=22 April 2012|accessdate=9 March 2013|archivedate=28 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628033634/http://www.european-athletics.org/news/latest-news/496-general/10972-germany-s-mikitenko-the-top-european-in-the-london-marathon.html}}</ref> Ọ laghachiri n'obodo ahụ ka emechara n'August ka ọ bụrụ asọmpi na marathon Olympic nke 2012, ebe o debere 14th n'ozuzu ya. O weere ọnọdụ nke atọ na Marathon Tokyo 2013 (ihe mgbakwunye ọhụrụ na sekit Marathon Majors World). <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nakamura|first=Ken|date=24 February 2013|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/kimetto-clocks-course-record-20650-at-tokyo-m|title=Kimetto clocks course record 2:06:50 at Tokyo Marathon|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=9 March 2013}}</ref> Na Marathon Berlin 2013, ọ gụchara nke atọ n'azụ onye meriri Florence Kiplagat na Sharon Cherop. Oge nke gafere ahịrị ngwụcha na 2:24:54 bụ ndekọ ụwa na ngalaba Masters 40. Na 2014, o kwupụtara ezumike nká ya site na ọkachamara na-agba ọsọ na ogbako ndị nta akụkọ na ọnọdụ nke 2014 Berlin Marathon . <ref name="Irina Mikitenko beendet Karriere"/> == Nnukwu nsọpụrụ == World Marathon Majors aha: 2007-08, 2009-09, 2009-10 oge. == Ihe kacha mma nkeonwe ==   * 800 mita – 2:09.97 nkeji (1998) * 1500 mita – 4:06.08 nkeji (2001) * [[3000 mita]] – 8:30.39 nkeji (2000) * 5000 mita – 14:42.03 nkeji (1999) * 10,000 mita – 31:29.55 nkeji (2001) * 10K ọsọ (ụzọ) - 30:57 nkeji (2008) * Ọkara marathon – 68:51 nkeji (2008) * Marathon – 2:19:19 elekere (2008) == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 29260d8o08zjc40a7rbfxo1sbf9f7bz 0 55520 692832 578020 2026-07-30T20:21:44Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692832 wikitext text/x-wiki Fulata Lusungu Mbano Moyo bụ onye Malawi na-ahazi usoro na ọkà mmụta okpukpe nwanyị bụ onye na-akwado ikpe ziri ezi nke nwoke na nwanyị. Moyo edeela ihe karịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ iri abụọ na asatọ. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Fulata Mbano na mgbago ugwu Malawi, onye otu ndị Ngoni sitere na mpaghara Mzimba.[1] Nna nna ya, Songea, bụ onye isi agha.[2] Aha ya, Fulata, pụtara na a mụrụ ya n'ụkwụ[3]. Nna ya malitere ụka nke ya mgbe a nabataghị ya na ụlọ ụka mainline n'ihi ịlụ otu nwanyị.<ref name="discussion" />{{Cite web|url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/interviews/a-discussion-with-fulata-l-moyo-world-council-of-churches|title=A Discussion with Fulata L. Moyo, World Council of Churches|publisher=Georgetown University|date=20 May 2016|accessdate=1 February 2022}}</ref> Moyo bụ onye lanarịrị mmetọ ụmụaka.[1][2] O tolitere na obere obodo a na-akpọ Engcongolweni Lazaro Jere wee gaa akwụkwọ n'obodo kacha nso, Ekwendeni.[2] Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Roman Katọlik, Marymount Girls Secondary School, tupu ọ gaa mụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Malawi, Chancellor College. <ref name="discussion" /> Moyo gụchara akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na echiche Ndị Kraịst, usoro mmụta usoro na mmụta gbasara nwanyị na Mahadum Zimbabwe na 1993.[1][2] O nwetara PhD site na Schoollọ Akwụkwọ nke Religion na Theology na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal dị na South Africa na 2009, na-elekwasị anya na ụkpụrụ omume, okike na okpukperechi.[3][4] Ọ bụ onye ọrụ nyocha na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mahadum Yale maka Nchọpụta Interdisciplinary na AIDS.[2] Ọ zụkwara ọzụzụ dịka onye ogbugbo wee mụọ Viktor Frankl's Logotherapy. <ref name="harv" />{{Cite web|url=https://hfh.fas.harvard.edu/people/fulata-moyo|title=Dr. Fulata Moyo|publisher=Harvard University|accessdate=2022-02-01|archivedate=2022-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202023429/https://hfh.fas.harvard.edu/people/fulata-moyo}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Moyo jere ozi dị ka onye otu ngalaba na Mahadum Malawi na Ngalaba nke Nkà Mmụta Okpukpe na Ọmụmụ Okpukpe, wee ghọọ onye enyemaka nkuzi na School of Religion and Theology na Mahadim KwaZulu-Natal ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na PhD ya.<ref name="ecc" />{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecclesio.com/conversation-schedule/conversation-partners-2011-3/responder-bios/fulata-moyo/|title=Fulata Moyo|publisher=Ecclesio.com}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> A zụrụ ya na Contextual [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]] Studies mgbe ọ banyere na Tamar Campaign, nke chọrọ iji dozie ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka site na iji ọmụmụ Bible.<ref name="ecc" /> O mere nchọpụta afọ isii nke ethnographic na ndịda Malawi, na-enwe olileanya na usoro matrilineal dị ugbu a ga- "sụgharị n'ime ihe nke matriarchy - ebe ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọtụtụ okwu ikpeazụ dị ka ụmụ nwoke na ọha mmadụ patrilineal", mana ọ nwere nkụda mmụọ ịhụ mgbasa nke patriarchy ọbụna na usoro matrilocal nke nabatara ụkpụrụ ikpe ziri ezi nke Ndị Kraịst.<ref name="discussion">{{Cite web|url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/interviews/a-discussion-with-fulata-l-moyo-world-council-of-churches|title=A Discussion with Fulata L. Moyo, World Council of Churches|publisher=Georgetown University|date=20 May 2016|accessdate=1 February 2022}}</ref> N'oge nyocha ya na 1999 ruo 2005, obodo Malawi nwere oke ọrịa HIV / AIDS, nke metụtara ụmụ nwanyị ọgbọ karịa ụmụ nwoke. Eziokwu a mekwara ka ọ bụrụ ihe gbasara okike na ikpe ziri ezi.<ref name="discussion" /> Ọ tinyere akwụkwọ maka nhọpụta na Chọọchị Presbyterian mana "na-ajụ ya n'olu" <ref name="discussion" /> Moyo rụrụ ọrụ maka World Council of Churches dị ka onye isi mmemme maka ụmụ nwanyị na Chọọchị na Ọha (nke mesịrị ghọọ Just Community of Women and Men) <ref name="berk" />{{Cite web|url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/fulata-l-moyo|title=Fulata L. Moyo|publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs, Georgetown University}}</ref> site na 2007 ruo 2019.<ref name="harv">{{Cite web|url=https://hfh.fas.harvard.edu/people/fulata-moyo|title=Dr. Fulata Moyo|publisher=Harvard University|accessdate=2022-02-01|archivedate=2022-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202023429/https://hfh.fas.harvard.edu/people/fulata-moyo}}</ref> Ọ nọ na Geneva mana ya na ndị otu 350 na-arụ ọrụ na ọ dịkarịa ala mba 110. <ref name="pp" />{{Cite web|url=https://peaceandpluralism.org/portfolio-item/fulata-l-moyo-malawi-mediator/|title=Fulata L. Moyo, Malawi – Mediator|publisher=Peace and Pluralism}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Ọ gbara ụka ume ka ha nabata mkpọsa "Thursdays in Black" megide ndina n'ike na ime ihe ike, nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ndị nne nke ndị furu efu na [[Argentina]] bụ ndị mere ngagharị iwe na Plaza de Mayo na Thursday, Women in Black na Israel na ụmụ nwanyị na Rwanda, DRC na Bosnia bụ ndị na-akọwa ahụmahụ ha nke ndina n'ime dị ka ngwá agha.<ref name="pp" /> Maka afọ agụmakwụkwọ 2016-2017, Moyo bụ onye nkuzi nleta na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na okpukpe ndị Afrịka na Harvard Divinity School, <ref name="berk">{{Cite web|url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/fulata-l-moyo|title=Fulata L. Moyo|publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs, Georgetown University}}</ref> ebe ọ mepụtara ụkpụrụ omume nke nlekọta iji nyere ndị okpukpe aka imeghachi omume na ụmụ nwanyị ndị lanarịrị ahịa mmekọahụ. <ref name="pp">{{Cite web|url=https://peaceandpluralism.org/portfolio-item/fulata-l-moyo-malawi-mediator/|title=Fulata L. Moyo, Malawi – Mediator|publisher=Peace and Pluralism}}</ref> Ya na Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza rụkwara ọrụ na hermeneutics ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="discussion"/> N'afọ 2018, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọkachamara nwere onwe ya iji nyochaa iwu na usoro UNAIDS maka ịza ajụjụ na igbochi iyi egwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oikoumene.org/news/wcc-former-staff-appointed-to-expert-panel|publisher=World Council of Churches|title=WCC former staff appointed to expert panel|date=31 July 2018|accessdate=1 February 2022}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, Moyo guzobere "Stream", otu NGO edebanyere aha na US nke na-akwado ma na-eduzi ndị lanarịrị Ahịa mmekọahụ, nke edebanyụrụ aha na Malawi na 2021 dị ka Thimlela-STREAM iji lekwasị anya na mgbochi, nchebe na ibelata ahịa mmadụ nke na-elekwasị anya na ndị lanarụrụnụ malite na obodo Chindindi na Ndonda na Mzimba District, n'ebe ugwu Malawi. Na Malawi, Mzimba bụ otu n'ime ebe ndị na-ere ahịa mmadụ nke ghọkwara ụzọ ịzụ ahịa mmadụ n'etiti East Africa na South Africa.<ref name="harv"/> Moyo bụ onye otu Circle of Concerned African Women Theology, buru ụzọ so na Nairobi wee malitegharịa isi Malawi. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye nhazi Pan-African izugbe nke Circle site na 2007 ruo 2013. Dị ka onye so na ngalaba na Mahadum Malawi, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka odeakwụkwọ nke Board of Diploma in Theological Studies na 1996, na osote onye isi oche nke Center. nke [1] Ọ bụ onye nhazi izugbe site na 2007 ruo 2013.[2] Ọ bụkwa onye otu Community Voices in Peace and Pluralism in Africa, na Board of Life and Peace Institute na Sweden.[3][4] Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke AfriAus iLEAC Board, onye otu Board of Women International Peace Center (WIPC). <ref name="harv" /> === Ide ihe === Moyo edeela ma bipụta ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ ise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2004029763/|title=Moyo, Fulata L.|publisher=WorldCat Identities|accessdate=1 February 2022}}</ref> Ihe odide ya na-ekwu maka mmetụta okpukpe na ọdịbendị na iwu okike na mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="ecc">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecclesio.com/conversation-schedule/conversation-partners-2011-3/responder-bios/fulata-moyo/|title=Fulata Moyo|publisher=Ecclesio.com}}</ref> Ọ na-ekwu na a ghaghị ịkọwa akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ okpukpe n'ihe gbasara ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị, nke ga-enyere aka ịkwalite mmata banyere nsogbu ndị na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị ghara ịbụ mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cartercenter.org/peace/human_rights/defenders/defenders/fulata-moyo.html|publisher=The Carter Center|title=Human Rights Defender: Fulata Moyo|accessdate=2024-11-28|archivedate=2024-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202180648/https://www.cartercenter.org/peace/human_rights/defenders/defenders/fulata-moyo.html}}</ref> Moyo bụ onye nyere aka na AfricaPraying: akwụkwọ ntuziaka na ntuziaka ozizi HIV-AIDS, nke e bipụtara na 2003.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61740466|publisher=WorldCat Identities|title=AfricaPraying : a handbook on HIV-AIDS sensitive sermon guidelines and liturgy|oclc=61740466}}</ref> O so dezie Women Writing Africa: Eastern African Region, nke Feminist Press bipụtara na 2007. <ref name="berk"/> Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ ọbịa maka Ecumenical Review na 2012 na International Review of Mission na 2015. <ref name="berk" /> == Ihe nrite == A kpọrọ ya onye na-agbachitere ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na 2013 na Human Rights Defender Initiative, Carter Center USA . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Rights Defender: Fulata Moyo|url=https://www.cartercenter.org/peace/human_rights/defenders/defenders/fulata-moyo.html|accessdate=2024-04-24|work=The Carter Center|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202180648/https://www.cartercenter.org/peace/human_rights/defenders/defenders/fulata-moyo.html}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == === Akụkọ ndị a na-ede na akwụkwọ akụkọ === * {{Cite journal|year=2001|title=The role of the Church in combating HIV/AIDS in Malawi: challenges and prospects|first=Dixie M.|author=Banda|journal=Journal of Constructive Theology|volume=7|pages=45–61}} * {{Cite journal|year=2004|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4066604|title=Religion, spirituality and being a woman in Africa: gender construction within the African religio-cultural experiences|first=Fulata Lusungu|author=Moyo|journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity|volume=61|issue=61|pages=72–78}} * {{Cite journal|title=Sex, gender, power and HIV/AIDS in Malawi: threats and challenges to women being Church|first=Fulata Lusungu|author=Moyo|journal=Journal of Constructive Theology|volume=10|pages=85–102|year=2004}} * {{Cite journal|year=2004|title=Can Divorce be a Solution to Marital Problems in a Christian Marriage?|first=Fulata|author=Moyo|journal=The Ecumenical Review|volume=56|pages=437–447|doi=10.1111/j.1758-6623.2004.tb00530.x|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/40e0156b6919ec17c04ece4654e605bc/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41812}} * {{Cite journal|year=2005|title=The red beads and white beads: Malawian women's sexual empowerment in the HIV and AIDS era|first=Fulata Lusungu|author=Moyo|journal=Journal of Constructive Theology|volume=11|pages=53–66}} * Moyo, Fulata Lusungu (2006), ""Mgbe Ịkọwa Onwe ya bụ Taboo": The Phoebe Practice," Religion ''na Malawi'' No. 13, 16-22, nke e bipụtara na Jonathan S. Nkhoma, Rhodian Munyenyembe and Hany Longwe (eds), Mission in Malawi. ''Ọrụ na Malawi. ''Essays in Honour of Klaus Fiedler, Mzuzu: Mwaru Press, 2021, 449-463. * {{Cite journal|title=We Demand Bread and Roses When We are Hired: Gender Justice in Workplaces: A Feminist Ethical Perspective|year=2012|first=Fulata Lusungu|author=Moyo|journal=The Ecumenical Review|volume=64|pages=254–266|doi=10.1111/j.1758-6623.2012.00172.x}} * {{Cite journal|year=2016|title="Traffic Violations": Hospitality, Foreignness, and Exploitation: A Contextual Biblical Study of Ruth|journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion|volume=32|first=Fulata Lusungu|author=Moyo|pages=83–94|doi=10.2979/jfemistudreli.32.2.07|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jfemistudreli.32.2.07}} * {{Cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/irom.12305|title=Healing Together: Mission as a Journey of Healing Traumatic Memories|first=Fulata Lusungu|author=Moyo|journal=International Review of Mission|year=2020|volume=109|issue=1|pages=5–14|doi=10.1111/irom.12305}} === Isiakwụkwọ akwụkwọ === {{DEFAULTSORT:Moyo, Fulata}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3o3lhistamvovw3py6juy3nk2d2ykun 0 55628 692681 674434 2026-07-30T12:56:27Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ịgide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ */ fixed reference errors 692681 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Devikarani Priscilla Sewpal Jana''' (5 Disemba 1943 – 10 Ọktoba 2020) bụ onye ọka iwu ruuru mmadụ, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nnọchi anya mba South Africa. Dị ka onye otu African National Congress (ANC) n'oge ngagharị iwe apartheid, o sonye na mmemme n'iwu yana n'okpuru ala iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọ nọchitere anya ọtụtụ ndị ama ama na mmegharị ahụ, gụnyere onye isi ala South Africa [[Nelson Mandela]], Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, Steve Biko, Govan Mbeki, Walter Sisulu na Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]]. Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị South Africa ole na ole nwere ohere ịnweta ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere Mandela, n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island kacha nchekwa, ma jee ozi dị ka onye ozi maka ozi koodu n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị isi ANC.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Priscilla Jana obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|work=The Guardian|date=2020-11-05|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=en-GB|author=Pat Devereaux}}</ref> Mgbalị Jana mere mere ka ọ nọrọ ná mmanye ime ihe ike na n'ikpeazụ nye iwu mmachibido iwu. Mgbe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru ezu na South Africa bịarutere, ọ ghọrọ onye omebe iwu wee bụrụ onye otu nzuko omeiwu na ANC n'etiti 1994 na 1999. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya gọọmentị South Africa na Netherlands na Ireland, bụrụkwa onye kọmishọna na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị South Africa. South Africa Human Rights Commission. Ọ bụ onye so na kọmitii ikpe ziri ezi bụ onye na-ahụ maka mwepụta nke South Africa Truth and Reconciliation Commission. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Devikarani Priscilla Sewpal na 5 Disemba 1943, na Westville, Natal (nke a na-akpọ kwaZulu-Natal ugbu a) n'akụkụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Durban.[1][2] Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ atọ nke Hansrani Sewpal na Hansraj Sewpal. Nne na nna Jana bụ ndị India kwabatara n'etiti klaasị ebe nna ya bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.[3] Aka nna ya na-ama ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ọha mmadụ sitere na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ruo na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ndị India, bụ mmetụta mbụ na ya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Devikarani Priscilla Jana {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=www.sahistory.org.za|archivedate=7 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207041905/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana}}</ref> O buru ụzọ sonye na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Pietermaritzburg, ebe ọ haziri njem njem dị ka akụkụ nke mpụ nduku mba na 1958 na-emegide mmeso nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ojii.[1] [2] Ọ malitere ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Durban na 1960 wee gaa India na agụmakwụkwọ gọọmentị India ka ọ mụọ ọgwụ na Sophia College for Women in Bombay (ugbu a Mumbai). Mgbe ọ laghachiri na South Africa, ọ malitere nzere bachelọ nke iwu na Mahadum South Africa (UNISA) na 1974, mana gafere na Mahadum Mahadum maka ndị India na Salisbury Island, Durban, ebe ọ bụ naanị nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị na klas ahụ. [3] Ọchụso ọ nweta akara ugo mmụta iwu megidere ọchịchọ mbụ nke nne na nna ya bụ́ ndị chọrọ ka ọ bụrụ dibịa kama. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}</ref> O tolitere n'oge mgbe agbataobi, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze niile, bụ nke agbụrụ agbụrụ kewara. N'ịbụ onye na-ede na ncheta ya, Ịlụ ọgụ maka Mandela, ọ na-echeta nzukọ ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide apartheid Steve Biko mgbe ọ dị afọ 26 nke nyere aka mee ka echiche nke njirimara dị n'uche ya sie ike. Nzukọ ahụ, ọ na-ekwu, nyere aka mee ka o doo anya n'uche ya na onye "ekwesịghị ịbụ onye Africa iji kpọọ onwe gị onye ojii." Echiche ahụ nyeere ya aka ịchọta ịdị n'otu n'ìgwè. Ọ na-ede, sị, "Achọtala m ịdị n'otu. N'ikpeazụ, amaara m ebe m nọ.<ref name=":2" /> == Ọrụ == === Afọ ndị mbụ === Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1974, ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ iwu nke Ismail Ayob, onye ọka iwu sitere na India. Ndị ahịa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, gụnyere [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 1977, ọ gara njem mbụ ya n'ime ọtụtụ njem gaa Robben Island izute Mandela. Ọ ga-emecha dee, "N'otu oge m nọchitere anya onye mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla nọ na Robben Island".<ref name=":2" /> N'ileta Mandela na Robben Island na 1977 dị ka onye ọka iwu chọrọ mbinye aka ya, Jana ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ makụrụ Mandela n'ime afọ 13 nke mkpọrọ.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}</ref> N'oge ahụ, ọbụna nwunye Mandela Winnie Madikizela-Mandela nwere ike ịhụ ya naanị site na panel iko.<ref name=":5" /> Jana ghọrọ onye ọka iwu nke Mandela na ohere ya nyere ya ohere iziga ozi nzuzo site na nzukọ ANC na Mandela, mgbe ọ na-eme ihe ọchị ma na-akwa emo.<ref name=":5" /> Dị ka otu n'ime ndị South Africa ole na ole nwere ike ịnweta Mandela n'oge a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n'àgwàetiti ahụ, ọ weghachikwara ozi nzuzo site na Mandela na ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ na ndị ndu ANC, gụnyere Onye isi ala Oliver Tambo.<ref name=":6" /> Dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ, ọ nọchitere anya ndị otu nnọchiteanya nke Soweto Students, megide obi ọjọọ nke steeti, na-esote 1976 Soweto Uprising.<ref name=":5" /> N'otu n'ime ikpe ya dị elu site n'oge a, ọ gbachitere onye na-eme ihe ike dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ na onye otu UMkhonto we Sizwe (MK) , Solomon Mahlangu, onye mechara maa ikpe n'okpuru Iwu iyi ọha egwu, 1967 maka igbu ndị ọcha abụọ. A mara Mahlangu ikpe ọnwụ ma mesịa kwụgbuo ya, n'ihi iwu ndị a na-ahụkarị na-ekpe ikpe na-emetụta ya dị ka mpụ ahụ n'onwe ya. Ikpe ahụ kpatara iwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị ikpeazụ na-akwado Mahlangu ịhụ ya n'abalị tupu e gbuo ya, wee lọta na-ebu ozi iji gaa n'ihu na ọgụ maka nnwere onwe. Ozi ikpeazụ ọ na-eziga site na ya gara n'ihu bụrụ mkpu maka ndị na-akwado ya, "Gwa ndị m na m hụrụ ha n'anya. Ha ga-aga n'ihu na ọgụ ahụ. Ọbara m ga-azụ osisi na-amị mkpụrụ nke nnwere onwe. "<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> N'afọ 1979, Jana meghere ọrụ iwu nke ya, na-elekwasị anya na nnwere onwe obodo na ikpe ndị ruuru mmadụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Shoba|first=Sandisiwe|date=11 October 2020|title=Obituary 1943–2020: In memory of human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-11-in-memory-of-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-1943-2020/|accessdate=11 October 2020|work=Daily Maverick|language=en|archivedate=13 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013200940/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-11-in-memory-of-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-1943-2020/}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịghị anya na 1980, e nyere ya iwu machibidoro iwu n'okpuru Iwu Mmachibido Iwu Kọmunist, 1950 ruo afọ ise, na-etinye ya iwu n'otu ntabi anya ma na-egbochi ya izute naanị otu onye, yana igbochi okwu ihu ọha ya.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" /> N'oge a, Jana sonyekwara n'òtù nzuzo nke African National Congress, UMkhonto we Sizwe, nke onye ga-abụ onye isi ala South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, si [[London]], duziri, onye Jana na-agakwuru.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Mandela must be turning in his grave' – Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2016-04-24-mandela-must-be-turning-in-his-grave-priscilla-jana/|accessdate=28 November 2020|work=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA|archivedate=10 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210125355/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2016-04-24-mandela-must-be-turning-in-his-grave-priscilla-jana/}}</ref><ref name=":6" />Ndị otu ahụ nwere Jackie Selebi, Beyers Naudé, na Cedric Mayson.<ref name=":6" /> === Ịgide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ === Site n'ọrụ ya, Jana nọchitere anya ọtụtụ ndị isi na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, gụnyere onye isi South Africa Nelson Mandela, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, Steve Biko, Ebrahim Ebrahim, Ahmed Kathrada, Solomon Mahlangu, Govan Mbeki, Walter Sisulu, na Archbishop Desmond Tutu..<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Hassen|first=Fakir|date=11 October 2020|title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-124541003.html|accessdate=11 October 2020|work=Yahoo! News|language=en-IN|archivedate=14 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014045810/https://in.news.yahoo.com/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-124541003.html}}</ref> Ọ malitere site n'ịnọchite anya Nelson Mandela na Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dị ka onye ọka iwu ha n'etiti 1970s. Ọ matara di na nwunye ahụ mgbe Mandela nọ na-eje ozi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island.[1] Nke a bụ n'otu oge ahụ nwụchiri Madikizela-Mandela ma kpọchie ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ya tupu ebuga ya na obodo ndị isi ojii kewapụrụ na Orange Free State. Iwu metụtara agbụrụ n'oge ahụ pụtara na dị ka onye India, a ekweghị ka Jana nọrọ n'abalị ka ọ na-eleta onye ahịa ya.[1] Ọ gara n'ihu na-ejikọta ya na Madikizela-Mandela ka a tọhapụrụ ya na Brandfort wee malite ịrịọ ndị na-eme mkpesa na ndị na-eto eto bụ ndị weere ụdị mkpesa ọzọ na-emegide ndị ọchịchị.<ref name=":2" /> N'otu oge ahụ, Jana wepụrụ onwe ya mgbe a mara Madikizela-Mandela ikpe ịga mkpọrọ maka ịtọrọ nwata nwoke, Stompie Moeketsi, na-ekwu na omume a emeela ka ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ banye n'okwu a ma bụrụ ndị e merụrụ n'ime usoro ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwusi okwu a na Mandela mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. O gosikwara akụkụ nke ya mgbe ọ katọrọ Mandela maka ịgbaghara ndị bụbu ndị na-emegide ya mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref name=":2" /> Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị lekwasịrị Jana anya n'etiti afọ 1980, ebe a tụrụ ụlọ ya bọmbụ na mwakpo Molotov cocktail. A na-awakpo ọfịs ya site n'oge ruo n'oge, na faịlụ na akwụkwọ na-agbakarị na mgbalị iji menye ya egwu. Ma, omume ndị a egbochighị ya. Ọ kpọọrọ onye ahịa Popo Molefe na nwa nwanyị nwunye ya Phinda Molefe, Albertina, mgbe nne ya hapụrụ ya n'ọfịs Jana na obi nkoropụ. <ref name="Jana">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Barbara |title=Fighting For Mandela - The Explosive Autobiography of The Woman Who Helped to Destroy Apartheid |last2=Jana |first2=Priscilla |date=2016 |publisher=Metro Publishing |isbn=978-1-78606-064-8}}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}</ref><ref name=":5" />Ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị, na 2001, Jana kuchiri Albertina.<ref name=":5" /> Jana nọchitekwara anya onye na-ede uri Benjamin Moloise, onye a mara ikpe ọnwụ site n'ịkwụgbu ya maka igbu onye uwe ojii na 1982. Mgbalị ya enyerela aka ịhazi uche zuru ụwa ọnụ na oku ndị ọzọ sitere n'aka òtù na gọọmentị zuru ụwa ọnụ rịọrọ gọọmentị South Africa n'oge ahụ ka ha nye ebere. Jana nọ na nne Moloise meworo agadi n'oge nche na 1985 mgbe ndị agha gbara ụlọ Moloise mepere emepe gburugburu ma na-agba mmiri.<ref name="Poet's Mother Is Target">{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=Poet's Mother Is Target|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/18/world/poet-s-mother-is-target.html|work=The New York Times|date=18 October 1985}}</ref> Gọọmentị South Africa jụrụ arịrịọ mbụ ya maka ikpe ikpe ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=PRETORIA REFUSES POET A NEW TRIAL|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/16/world/pretoria-refuses-poet-a-new-trial.html|work=The New York Times|date=16 October 1985}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=SCATTERED UNREST IN SOUTH AFRICA|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/19/world/scattered-unrest-in-south-africa.html|work=The New York Times|date=19 August 1985}}</ref> E gburu Moloise n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1985, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ. <ref name="Poet's Mother Is Target" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Says|first=Mehadihasan|title=ExecutedToday.com » 1985: Benjamin Moloise, revolutionary poet|url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2011/10/18/1985-benjamin-moloise-revolutionary-poet/|accessdate=28 November 2020|language=en|archivedate=29 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129104324/https://www.executedtoday.com/2011/10/18/1985-benjamin-moloise-revolutionary-poet/}}</ref> Na-anọchite anya Govan Mbeki, onye bụbu onye isi oche mba nke African National Congress, Jana nyere aka mee ka a tọhapụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island na 1987, mgbe ọ nọsịrị afọ 23 nke ikpe ndụ. Ntọhapụ nke onye dị afọ 77 bịara na mgbochi siri ike gụnyere ókèala ala maka ya ka ọ nọrọ n'ime mpaghara Port Elizabeth. A na-ewere ntọhapụ a dị ka "ikpe ikpe" maka ntọhapụ nke Nelson Mandela n'otu ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=South Africa Restricts a Freed Dissident|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/12/world/south-africa-restricts-a-freed-dissident.html|work=The New York Times|date=12 December 1987}}</ref> Jana bụkwa akụkụ nke Black Consciousness Movement nke na-emegide òtù iji hụ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dị iche iche na African National Congress. N'okwu ikpe a ma ama, ọ gara South African Medical and Dental Council na 1984 iji gosipụta na ndị dọkịta abụọ na-elekọta onye na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na onye isi Black Consciousness Movement Steve Biko, mere ihe n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị mgbe Biko nwụrụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na 1977.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":8">{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=PRETORIA DOCTOR LOSES HIS LICENSE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/17/world/pretoria-doctor-loses-his-license.html|work=The New York Times|date=17 October 1985}}</ref> Ikpe ahụ mechara chọpụta na ndị dọkịta ọcha abụọ ahụ nwere ikpe n'afọ 1985.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":8" />Ọ bụkwa onye na-eme ihe ike nke Democratic Women's Movement, ma kpọọ oku ka a kwụsị ntuli aka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịmepụta iwu ịkpa ókè ọhụrụ, n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1985. N'ị sonye na mkpọsa iji gbochie ntuli aka ahụ, o kwuru, "Onye ọ bụla, onye na-acha ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ onye India, nke na-ekere òkè na iwu ọhụrụ ahụ ga-abụ onye ikpe mara dịka ndị na-eme mpụ a megide ndị mmadụ. Onye na-ekerechi bụ onye sabo. "<ref>{{Cite journal|id={{ProQuest|1304058711}}|author=Mbeki|first=Thabo|title=The Struggle Inside South Africa|journal=Africa Report|volume=30|issue=1|date=1985}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> N'oge a, Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe ike n'iwu na-alụ ọgụ megide ikpe obodo na nke ikike mmadụ gafee mba ahụ iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma webata ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mba ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> N'oge ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka iwu hụrụ ọrụ ha n'ime usoro iwu, Jana na-agakarị n'ịbụ onye na-ahụkarị maka iwu. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu na ikpe ndị ruuru mmadụ, a ga-ahụ ya ka ọ na-arụrụ ndị na-eme ihe ike n'okpuru ala n'abalị n'ụzọ ime ihe ike iji lụso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọgụ, gụnyere ibu [[AK-47|AK-47s]] na buutu nke ụgbọ ala ya site na Soweto n'aha onye ahịa n'okpuru, iji gbochie nnweta ha. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":5" />N'oge a, ọ bụkwa onye otu Black People's Convention na Anti-Constitutional Committee na Federation of Transvaal Women . <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Tributes pour in for the 'people's lawyer' Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana|accessdate=28 November 2020|work=www.sahrc.org.za|language=en-gb|archivedate=9 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209094536/https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana}}</ref> === Afọ ndị sochirinụ === Site na ọbịbịa nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na African National Congress (ANC) nọ n'ọchịchị na 1994, Jana sonyeere dị ka Onye omeiwu ANC, ma jee ozi dị ka onye otu ndị omeiwu n'etiti afọ 1994 na 1999.<ref name=":3" /> Ọ nọchitere anya Krugersdorp . <ref>{{Cite web|date=8 July 1997|title=ANC Constituency Offices|url=http://www.anc.org.za/lists/conoff.html|accessdate=1 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970708143021/http://www.anc.org.za/lists/conoff.html|archivedate=8 July 1997}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye otu South African Law Commission, na onye otu Kọmitii ndụmọdụ onye isi ala.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=The New Indian Express|archivedate=16 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016223839/https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii ikpe ziri ezi nke na-ahụ maka mwepụta nke Truth and Reconciliation Commission .<ref name=":5" /> Jana bụkwa onye nyere aka na Millennium Africa Recovery Programme (MAP) nke Onye isi ala Thabo Mbeki, nke na-anọchite anya atụmatụ pan-African iji mee ka Africa nwee ọganihu na uto na-adịgide adịgide, yana omume iji kpochapụ ịda ogbenye. N'ide akwụkwọ akpọrọ African Renaissance and the Millennium Action Plan, Jana kọwara usoro ahụ dị ka ijikọ ihe onwunwe Africa, gafee ngwakọta nke mineral na ihe onwunwa, ọdịiche dị iche iche, ọdịbendị, na ihe onyinyo mmadụ, iji nye ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe nke kọntinent dum.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bongmba|first=Elias K.|title=Reflections on Thabo Mbekis African Renaissance|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|date=2004|volume=30|issue=2|pages=291–316|doi=10.1080/0305707042000215374}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hensbroek|first=Pieter Boele van|title=African Renaissance and Ubuntu|date=2002|url=https://hdl.handle.net/11370/73b9756a-8f77-4f5d-a8d7-88a83042062b}}</ref> Ọ gakwara n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya South Africa na Netherlands site na 2001 ruo 2005 nakwa dị ka onye isi ala na Ireland site na 2006 ruo 2011, na-eje ije ozi dị ka ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mba na mba ruo afọ itoolu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=10 October 2020|title=Human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana has died|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-dies-20201010|accessdate=12 October 2020|work=News24|language=en|archivedate=11 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011184540/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-dies-20201010}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye kọmishọna na osote onyeisi oche nke South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) na 2017. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":7" /> Ọ bụ onye natara ihe nrite ndụ ya niile na Woza Awards na 2017, ihe nrite e guzobere iji mata ma mata ụmụ nwanyị na òtù iwu.<ref name=":4" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Jana (nke bụ Sewpal n'oge ahụ) zutere di ya Reg Jana, onye bụ nwa akwụkwọ South Africa na-agụ akwụkwọ na India, mgbe ọ na-amụ ọgwụ na Sophia College for Women na Bombay. N'ide n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya banyere ndụ ya mgbe agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị, ọ na-ekwu maka nnukwu ezinụlọ di ya na atụmanya ọdịnala site n'aka nwunye nwa nke ezinụlọ ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha. Ọ bụ ezie na Reg ga-anọgide na ya n'oge ọgụ ya, ọtụtụ ihe omume ya n'ime oge a mere ka Jana chọọ ịgba alụkwaghịm. Ọ na-ede na iwu mmachibido iwu ahụ bụ ihe kpatara nnukwu nrụgide na imebi ndụ ya na alụmdi na nwunye ya.<ref name="Jana" /> Alụmdi na nwunye ha biri na ịgba alụkwaghịm na 1989. Otú ọ dị, ọ nọgidere na-enwe aha ikpeazụ.<ref name=":5" />Ọ lụrụ Reagan Jacobus, onye ọka iwu mere onwe ya, alụmdi na nwunye ahụ dugara na ịgba alụkwaghịm n'etiti afọ ndị 1990.<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 2001, ọ kuchiri nwa ya nwanyị Albertina Jana Molefe, onye bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye ahịa na-eme ihe ike, Popo Molefe. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ kuchiri nwa nwanne ya nwoke, Shivesh Sewpal.<ref name=":5" /> Jana nwụrụ na 10 Ọktoba 2020 n'ụlọ nlekọta dị na Pretoria mgbe ọ dị afọ 76. A kọwaghị ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ hapụrụ nwa nwanyị, Alberta Jana Molefe, na nwa nwoke, Shivesh Sewpal.<ref name=":2" /> Na nkwupụta, African National Congress, na-adọrọ uche gaa na àjà ya maka mmegide nnwere onwe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, kwuru, "n'oge ọ gaara ahọrọ iji aka ya chụsoo akụ na ụba onwe ya na ọganihu ihe onwunwe. Kama nke ahụ, ọ ghọtara ọrụ ya dị ka oku, ijere ndị South Africa ozi, ọkachasị ndị ogbenye na ndị na-enweghị ike. "<ref name=":4" /> == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Barbara|title=Fighting For Mandela - The Explosive Autobiography of The Woman Who Helped to Destroy Apartheid|date=2016|publisher=Metro Publishing|isbn=978-1-78606-064-8}}  == Ihe odide == {{DEFAULTSORT:Jana, Priscilla}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ruy0g1vy2jje9ay7djnenighjczp4cl 0 55653 693098 673900 2026-07-31T10:19:11Z Chikerenma Ndubuka 8900 Fixed ref error 693098 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Amir Ahmad Nasr at Oslo Freedom Forum 2025.jpg|thumb|Amir Ahmad Nasr ]] Amir Ahmad Nasr (Khartoum, 1986) bụ onye blọgụ Sudan na onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi dijitalụ na ahịa ahịa. Ọ bụ onye dere blọgụ asụsụ Bekee, The Sudanese ThinkerAmir Ahmad Nasr (Khartoum, 1986) bụ onye blọgụ Sudan na onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi dijitalụ na ahịa ahịa. Ọ bụ onye dere blọgụ asụsụ Bekee, The Sudanese Thinker <ref name="auto1" /> <ref name="auto"/> <ref name="auto2" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ na Khartoum, Nasr tolitere na Qatar na Malaysia. N'ịbụ ndị nne na nna na-abụghị ndị Alakụba na-asọpụrụ, ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Islam na Qatar na Kuala Lumpur. Nasr ghọrọ onye na-asọpụrụ Chineke n'ihi mmetụta nke ndị nkuzi ya, ma mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma na Kuala Lumpur, ọ zutere ndị Alakụba na-emesapụ aka na ntanetị na n'onwe ya wee malite ịjụ okwukwe ya. Ọ malitere blọọgụ nke ya, bụ́ ebe o dekọrọ echiche okpukpe ya na-agbanwe agbanwe.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324183204578567732234293030|title=From Islamist to Freethinker|first=Paul|author=Berman|date=1 July 2013|publisher=}}</ref> Ọ na-agbaso nzere masta na nkà ihe ọmụma ma na-eme nchọpụta banyere mmetụta nke mgbasa ozi ọhụrụ na echiche Alakụba taa.<ref name="auto" /> == Ọrụ == Nasr malitere ide blọọgụ ya n'afọ 2006 n'ihi na o chere na ụmụ amaala Sudan ezughi ezu na-ekwu maka Darfur. Blog ya nyere aka gbaa ndị ọzọ nọ na Sudan ume ịmalite blọọgụ asụsụ Bekee. Ọ ghọkwara isi iyi dị mkpa nke ozi maka ndị nta akụkọ mba ọzọ na ndị na-ege ntị. Na mbụ, blọọgụ Nasr bụ nke a na-amaghị aha ya, mana n'afọ 2011, n'oge Arab Spring, ọ kpughere onye ọ bụ. Kemgbe ahụ ọ ghọrọ onye edemede, onye na-eme ihe ike, onye ọchụnta ego ọha na eze, na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/amir-ahmad-nasr|title=Amir Ahmad Nasr - Speakers - Oslo Freedom Forum|first=Oslo Freedom|author=Forum|publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFForum">Forum, Oslo Freedom. [https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/amir-ahmad-nasr "Amir Ahmad Nasr - Speakers - Oslo Freedom Forum"].</cite></ref> === ''My Isl@m: Otu Fundamentalism si zuo uche m - na obi abụọ tọhapụ mkpụrụ obi m'' === Na 2013, o bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya, My Isl@m: How Fundamentalism Stole My Mind—Na Doubt Freed My Soul.[1] Na nlebanya nwere kpakpando, Ndị mbipụta akwụkwọ n'izu toro akwụkwọ ahụ maka "ịgwakọta ihe ncheta na echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ime ihe n'enweghị nsogbu." Onye edemede Clay Shirky akọwawo akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka “akwụkwọ ozi ịhụnanya maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwu.” Onye ode akwụkwọ ọzọ, Ken Wilber, kpọrọ ya “akwụkwọ dị mkpa na nke pụtara ìhè<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1250016797?ie=UTF8&isInIframe=1&n=283155&redirect=true&ref_=dp_proddesc_0&s=books&showDetailProductDesc=1#iframe-wrapper|title=My Isl@m: How Fundamentalism Stole My Mind---and Doubt Freed My Soul|first=Amir Ahmad|author=Nasr|date=11 June 2013|publisher=St. Martin's Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Al-Shawaf|first=Ryyan|title=Your Fatwa Does Not Apply Here’ and ‘My Isl@m’|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/books/2013/08/24/book-review-your-fatwa-does-not-apply-here-karima-bennoune-and-isl-amir-ahmad-nasr/yoGO7NkxcOoLlz51uVWvqL/story.html|publisher=The Boston Globe|accessdate=20 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|author=Berman|first=Paul|title=From Islamist to Freethinker|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324183204578567732234293030|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=20 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amir Ahmad Nasr|url=http://www.macmillanspeakers.com/amirahmadnasr|publisher=Macmillan Speakers Bureau|accessdate=21 January 2017|archivedate=31 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031154336/https://www.macmillanspeakers.com/amirahmadnasr}}</ref> === Ihe odide ndị ọzọ === N'otu edemede June 2011 maka Guardian, o dere na nkewa nke ihe bụ [[South Sudan]] ugbu a agaghị akwụsị "Nsogbu njirimara Afro-Arab" nke Sudan ma ọ bụ "iji anwansi mee ka mba ahụ bụrụ ezigbo mba Arab Islam n'agbanyeghị ihe Omar al-Bashir nwere ike ịchọ". N'ụzọ dị iche, o dere, "Sudan abụwo ma ga-abụ mgbe niile ite agbụrụ, ọtụtụ okpukpe". Na Jenụwarị 2012, o dere edemede maka Al Jazeera, nke akpọrọ "Nweghachi ọhụụ ọhụrụ Sudan. Isiokwu a bụ maka John Garang, onye nnupụisi Ndị Kraịst nke Southern Sudan ghọrọ ndị ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/01/201211873055142443.html|title=Reviving the 'New Sudan' vision|first=Amir Ahmad|author=Nasr|publisher=}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2012, o dere edemede maka ''Iwu Mba Ọzọ'' nke akpọrọ "Sudan chọrọ mgbanwe". Ọ tụrụ aro na ebili mmiri ahụ "na-agbanwe megide Bashir," nakwa na "ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala Sudan anaghị achọ Islamism, kama ha na-elekwasị anya ma na-achọ ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ka mma, nghọta, na ịza ajụjụ". Ọ bụ ezie na "agha a ga-emesị bụrụ ndị Sudan, ndị mba ụwa nwekwara ọrụ dị mkpa ha ga-arụ".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/06/26/sudan-needs-a-revolution/|title=Sudan Needs a Revolution|publisher=}}</ref> === Ọrụ ndị ọzọ === Nasr bụ onye na-enye aka na Global Voices Online. Ọ haziri The Future of Islam In the Age of New Media, nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe n'ịntanetị nke nwere ndị ọkà okwu 60. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/amir-ahmad-nasr|title=Amir Ahmad Nasr - Speakers - Oslo Freedom Forum|first=Oslo Freedom|author=Forum|publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFForum">Forum, Oslo Freedom. [https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/amir-ahmad-nasr "Amir Ahmad Nasr - Speakers - Oslo Freedom Forum"].</cite></ref> Ọ bụkwa onye otu Havel Prize Committee, na-enyere aka ikpebi ndị mmeri nke Václav Havel International Prize for Creative Dissent maka The Human Rights Foundation . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Havel Prize for Creative Dissent Recognizes Efforts in Bahrain, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe|url=http://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-international-byo-109801.html|publisher=Bulawayo|accessdate=8 May 2017}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na onyinye == E depụtara Islam m na "What to Read in 2013," <ref>{{Cite web|title=What to Read in 2013|author=Slattery|first=Margaret|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/12/31/what-to-read-in-2013/|publisher=Foreign Policy|accessdate=8 May 2017}}</ref> blog Nasr bụ onye ikpeazụ ugboro atọ maka Weblog Awards. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/amir-ahmad-nasr|title=Amir Ahmad Nasr - Speakers - Oslo Freedom Forum|first=Oslo Freedom|author=Forum|publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFForum">Forum, Oslo Freedom. [https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/amir-ahmad-nasr "Amir Ahmad Nasr - Speakers - Oslo Freedom Forum"].</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jnggcgtk2l155wfe128qhx33a4gha38 0 56092 693108 671467 2026-07-31T10:54:16Z Sylvaline39 15355 Fixed reference error 693108 wikitext text/x-wiki N'ihe dịka 1846 ọ tọhapụrụ onwe ya na ibu ọrụ aka niile, ma nwee ike were echiche ya n'olumba nke mpaghara obodo ya, Sunnmøre;  mbipụta mbụ ya bụ obere nchịkọta egwu ndị mmadụ na olumba Sunnmøre (1843).  Ikike ya ndị dị ịrịba ama dọọrọ mmasị ndị mmadụ ugbu a, e nyekwara ya aka ịnọgide na-amụ ihe n'enweghị nsogbu.  Grammar ya nke olumba Norwegian ( , 1848) bụ nsonaazụ nke nnukwu ọrụ, na njem ndị e mere n'akụkụ niile nke obodo ahụ.  Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Aasen a ma ama nke asụsụ Norwegian ( ) pụtara n'ụdị mbụ ya na 1850, sitekwa na akwụkwọ a na-akọpụta ụdị asụsụ niile a ma ama na Norwegian, ebe ọ bụ na Aasen emeghị ihe na-erughị ya ka ọ rụọ, site na ihe dị iche iche dị na ya, asụsụ a ma ama ma ọ bụ ezigbo folke-maal (asụsụ ndị mmadụ) maka Norway.  Ka ọ na-erule 1853, o mepụtala ụkpụrụ maka iji asụsụ ọhụrụ ya, nke ọ kpọrọ Landsmaal, nke pụtara asụsụ obodo.[1]  Site na mgbanwe ụfọdụ, nke kachasị mkpa bụ nke Aasen n'onwe ya webatara, [2] kamakwa site na amụma ikpeazụ nke na-achọ ijikọ asụsụ Norwegian a na Dano-Norwegian, asụsụ a aghọwo Nynorsk ("New Norwegian"), nke abụọ nke asụsụ gọọmentị abụọ nke Norway (nke ọzọ bụ Bokmål, nwa Dano-Norwegian nke Norway na oge Danish).  A ka na-ahụ ụdị Norwegian na-akwadoghị na asụsụ Aasen na Høgnorsk ("High Norwegian").  Taa, ụfọdụ na-atụle Nynorsk n'otu ụkwụ na Bokmål, n'ihi na Bokmål na-achọ ka a na-eji ya eme ihe na redio na telivishọn na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, ebe a na-eji New Norse (Nynorsk) mee ihe n'otu aka ahụ na ọrụ gọọmenti [3] yana ihe dịka 17% nke ụlọ akwụkwọ.[4].  Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị dị ka asụsụ nwanne ya, ọ dị mkpa ka a na-ele ya anya dị ka asụsụ nwere ike ime, n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị Norwegian na-eji ya dị ka asụsụ mbụ ha gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị edemede.[4].  New Norse bụ asụsụ edere na nke a na-asụ. A egwuregwu ya dị ka Iver Andreas Aasen na Åsen na Ørsta (nke bụ Ørsten n'oge ahụ), na mpagharanmøre, n'oge oké osimiri àmà nke Norway.  Nna ya, onye ọrụ nwe obere ugbo, Ivar Jonsson, gburu na 1826. A ịrịba Ivar nke obere n'afọ ugbo, mana ọ na-a ọrịa oge ochie ya niile n'ịgụ akwụkwọ.[1]  Mmasị mbụ ya bụ botany.[2]  Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ọrụ, ọ meghere ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị na parish obodo ya.  N'afọ 1833 ọ pụtara n'iche Hans Conrad Thoresen, di nke edemede a ma ama Magdalene Thoresen.  Nke nta nke nta, na site na ndidi na ike uche na-ahụ njedebe, onye ọrụ ugbo na-eto eto na-echeta ọtụtụ ọnwụ, wee ikuru ntakuru ha.[1]  Ivar ji aka ya akwụkwọ ọhụrụ maka Norway ka ọ bụrụ "akwụkwọ". N'ihe dịka 1846 ọ tọhapụrụ onwe ya na ibu ọrụ aka niile, ma nwee ike were echiche ya n'olumba nke mpaghara obodo ya, Sunnmøre;  mbipụta mbụ ya bụ obere nchịkọta egwu ndị mmadụ na olumba Sunnmøre (1843).  Ikike ya ndị dị ịrịba ama dọọrọ mmasị ndị mmadụ ugbu a, e nyekwara ya aka ịnọgide na-amụ ihe n'enweghị nsogbu.  Grammar ya nke olumba Norwegian ( , 1848) bụ nsonaazụ nke nnukwu ọrụ, na njem ndị e mere n'akụkụ niile nke obodo ahụ.  Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Aasen a ma ama nke asụsụ Norwegian ( ) pụtara n'ụdị mbụ ya na 1850, sitekwa na akwụkwọ a na-akọpụta ụdị asụsụ niile a ma ama na Norwegian, ebe ọ bụ na Aasen emeghị ihe na-erughị ya ka ọ rụọ, site na ihe dị iche iche dị na ya, asụsụ a ma ama ma ọ bụ ezigbo folke-maal (asụsụ ndị mmadụ) maka Norway.  Ka ọ na-erule 1853, o mepụtala ụkpụrụ maka iji asụsụ ọhụrụ ya, nke ọ kpọrọ Landsmaal, nke pụtara asụsụ obodo.[1]  Site na mgbanwe ụfọdụ, nke kachasị mkpa bụ nke Aasen n'onwe ya webatara, [2] kamakwa site na amụma ikpeazụ nke na-achọ ijikọ asụsụ Norwegian a na Dano-Norwegian, asụsụ a aghọwo Nynorsk ("New Norwegian"), nke abụọ nke asụsụ gọọmentị abụọ nke Norway (nke ọzọ bụ Bokmål, nwa Dano-Norwegian nke Norway na oge Danish).  A ka na-ahụ ụdị Norwegian na-akwadoghị na asụsụ Aasen na Høgnorsk ("High Norwegian").  Taa, ụfọdụ na-atụle Nynorsk n'otu ụkwụ na Bokmål, n'ihi na Bokmål na-achọ ka a na-eji ya eme ihe na redio na telivishọn na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, ebe a na-eji New Norse (Nynorsk) mee ihe n'otu aka ahụ na ọrụ gọọmenti [3] yana ihe dịka 17% nke ụlọ akwụkwọ.[4].  Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị dị ka asụsụ nwanne ya, ọ dị mkpa ka a na-ele ya anya dị ka asụsụ nwere ike ime, n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị Norwegian na-eji ya dị ka asụsụ mbụ ha gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị edemede.[4].  New Norse bụ asụsụ edere na nke a na-asụ. [[Faịlụ:VFG_IvarAasen01.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb| Ili nke Ivar Aasen na Vår Frelsers gravlund, Oslo]] Aasen dere uri na egwuregwu n'asụsụ dị iche iche iji gosipụta otu esi eji ya eme ihe; otu n'ime ihe nkiri ndị a, The Heir (1855), na-eme ya ugboro ugboro, a pụkwara iwere ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ asụsụ nke ọkara narị afọ ikpeazụ nke afọ nke 1800, site na Vinje ruo Garborg. N'afọ 1856, o bipụtara ''Norske Ordsprog'', akwụkwọ gbasara ilu Norwegian. Aasen nọgidere na-agbasawanye ma na-emeziwanye ụtọ asụsụ ya na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ya. Ọ biri n'ụzọ dị jụụ n'ebe obibi dị na Oslo (Christiania n'oge ahụ), akwụkwọ ya gbara ya gburugburu ma na-ebelata mgbasa ozi, mana aha ya ghọrọ ihu ọma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ukwuu ka echiche ya banyere asụsụ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-aghọwanye okwu nche nke pati a ma ama. N'afọ 1864, o bipụtara ụtọ asụsụ ya nke Nynorsk ma n'afọ 1873 o bipụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ya. Quite early in his career, in 1842, he had begun to receive a grant to enable him to give his entire attention to his philological investigations; and the Storting (Norwegian parliament), conscious of the national importance of his work, treated him in this respect with more and more generosity as he advanced in years. He continued his investigations to the last, but it may be said that, after the 1873 edition of his ''Dictionary'' (with a new title: {{langx|da|Norsk Ordbog}}), he added but little to his stores. Ivar Aasen holds perhaps an isolated place in literary history as the one man who has invented, or at least selected and constructed, a language which has pleased so many thousands of his countrymen that they have accepted it for their schools, their sermons and their songs. He died in Christiania on 23 September 1896, and was buried with public honours. == Ebe Ivar Aasen dị == [[Ivar Aasen-tunet]], ụlọ ọrụ raara onwe ya nye asụsụ Nynorsk, meghere na June 2000. Onye Norwegian architect Sverre Fehn chepụtara ụlọ ahụ dị na Ørsta. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ha gụnyere ọtụtụ ederede Aasens, ọtụtụ ihe atụ ndị ọzọ nke akwụkwọ Nynorsk (na Nettbiblioteket, Ọbá Akwụkwọ Ịntanetị), na ụfọdụ isiokwu, gụnyere ụfọdụ na Bekee, banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke asụsụ na Norway. == Afọ 2013 Asụsụ ==   Språkåret 2013 (The Language Year 2013) mere emume ncheta afọ 200 nke Ivar Aasen, yana ncheta afọ 100 nke Det Norske Teateret. Isi ihe e lekwasịrị anya n'afọ ahụ bụ ime emume asụsụ dị iche iche na Norway. Na ntuli aka e wepụtara n'ihe metụtara ememe ahụ, 56% nke ndị Norway kwuru na ha nwere echiche dị mma banyere Aasen, ebe 7% nwere echiche ọjọọ. Na ncheta afọ 200 nke Aasen, 5 Ọgọst 2013, ''Bergens Tidende'', nke a na-ebipụtakarị na Bokmål, bipụtara mbipụta zuru ezu na Nynorsk iji cheta Aasen. == Akwụkwọ == Aasen bipụtara ọtụtụ ihe, ụfọdụ n'ime ha wepụtara mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:left" !Aha ya !Isiokwu a sụgharịrị !Ụbọchị e bipụtara ya !Ụdị ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |Det norske Folkesprogs Grammatik |Asụsụ nke Asụsụ Norwegian |1848 |Akwụkwọ | |- |Ordbog n'elu det norske Folkesprog |Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Asụsụ Norwegian |1850 |Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu |<ref name=eb1>{{harvnb|Bredsdorff|1954|p=575}}</ref> <ref name=eb1/>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sdNUAAAAcAAJ Na Google Books] |- |Symra |Symra |1863 |Abụ uri |<ref name=eb1/>Gụnyere uri Nordmannen. |- |I Marknaden |N'ahịa |1854 |Egwuregwu |<ref name=eb1/> |- |Ervingen |Onye Nchịkọta |1855 |Egwuregwu |<ref name=eb1/> |- |Reise-Erindringer na Reise-Indberetninger |Ihe ncheta njem na akụkọ njem |1842–1847 |Nkwupụta |Nke H. Koht dezigharịrị (1917) <ref name= eb1/> |- |Onye na-agba ọsọ na Samling |Ihe odide dị na Nchịkọta ahụ |1912 |Nkwupụta |Mpịakọta 3<ref name=eb1/> |- |Ịkụpụ |Abụ uri |1946 |Nkwupụta |<ref name=eb1/> |- |} == Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala == {{Reflist}} == Ihe odide == * {{Cite web|author=Anon|work=www.språkåret.no|url=http://www.xn--sprkret-gxab.no/om-sprakaret-2013/|publisher=Språkåret|year=2013|accessdate=9 May 2014|title=Om Språkåret 2013|language=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220142/http://www.xn--sprkret-gxab.no/om-sprakaret-2013/|archivedate=12 May 2014}} * {{Cite web|author=Anon|work=www.nrk.no|url=http://www.nrk.no/mr/folket-verdset-nynorsken-sin-far-1.10857954|title=Folket verdset nynorsken sin far|year=2013a|accessdate=22 November 2013|publisher=[[Aftenposten]]|language=no}} * {{Cite web|author=Berglund|first=Nina|date=5 September 2013|url=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2013/08/05/language-creator-hailed-and-decried/|title=Language creator hailed and decried|work=News in English|accessdate=22 November 2013}} *   *   * {{Cite book|author=Grepstad|first=Ottar|title=Dette forunderligste lille Væsen|url=http://www.aasentunet.no/?module=Articles&action=Article.publicOpen&id=15695|language=no|year=2013|accessdate=9 May 2014}} * {{Cite book|author=Haugen|first=Einar|editor=Comrie|year=2009|origyear=1987|title=The World's Major Languages|isbn=978-0-415-35339-7|publisher=Routledge|location=London, UK|edition=2nd}} *   *   * {{Cite book|author=Katzner|first=Kenneth|authorlink=Kenneth Katzner|title=The Languages of the World|year=2002|origyear=1977|publisher=Routledge|location=London, UK|isbn=0-415-25004-8|edition=3rd}} *   * {{Cite web|author=Steiro|first=Gard|authorlink=Gard Steiro|date=5 September 2013|url=http://www.bt.no/meninger/kommentar/Lenge-leve-spynorsken-2941734.html#.Uf9irG3N6ro|title=Lenge leve spynorsken. Gratulerer med dagen, Ivar Aasen. Her får du heile avisa vår i gåve.|work=[[Bergens Tidende]]|accessdate=22 November 2013|language=no|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051049/http://www.bt.no/meninger/kommentar/Lenge-leve-spynorsken-2941734.html#.Uf9irG3N6ro}} *  Isiokwu a na-etinye ederede sitere na mbipụta ugbu a nangalaba ọha na eze: <nowiki><span class="mw-reference-text reference-text" id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-nynorsk.no_bio-1">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</span></nowiki>Gosse, Edmund (1911). "Encyclopædia Britannica/Aasen, Ivar">Aasen, Ivar". Na Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Izu ohi 1 (mbipụta nke iri na otu). Cambridge University Press. peeji nke 4-5.    * Akwụkwọ akụkọ Norwegian na-ekwu maka iwepụ Nynorsk https://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/sid/i/8mo5GW/du-kan-ikke-velge-bort-nynorsk-bare-fordi-det-er-vanskelig-ingrid-b 4oiw7iuc3gwne2m3geiaceevfzg3xv6 0 56162 692696 540144 2026-07-30T13:07:11Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 692696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|date=2004}} '''Caijia''' ( Chinese ) bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet nọ n'ihe egwu a na-asụ na mpaghara gbadoro ụkwụ na Bijie, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ógbè Guizhou nke China. Ndị nchọpụta China depụtara ya na 1980 nke mbụ. <ref name="Holzl2021">{{Cite journal|author=Hölzl|first=Andreas|date=2021|title=Longjia (China) – Language Contexts|url=http://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/20/ldd20_02.pdf|journal=Language Documentation and Description|language=en|volume=20|pages=13–34}}</ref> Ndị ode akwụkwọ dị iche iche kọwapụtara ya dị ka onye ikwu [[Bai language|Bai]] ma ọ bụ nkewa mbụ sitere na Chinese ochie . Aha njirimara bụ ''{{IPA|men³¹ni³³}}'' . Dị ka Lu (2022), ndị na-asụ Caijia na Xingfa 兴发乡, Hezhang County na-ezo aka na asụsụ ha dị ka ''{{IPA|meŋ²¹ni³³ŋoŋ³³}}'' . <ref name="Lü2022">{{Cite book|author=Lü|first=Shanshan 吕珊珊|title=A Reference Grammar of Caijia: An Unclassified Language of Guizhou|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|date=2022|isbn=978-3-11-072480-6|doi=10.1515/9783110724806}}</ref> == Nhazi == Myirịta dị n'etiti Old Chinese, Waxiang, Caijia, na [[Bai language|Bai]] bụ Wu & Shen (2010) <ref>{{Cite book|author=Wu|first=Yunji 伍云姬|title=Xiāngxī Gǔzhàng Wǎxiānghuà diàochá bàogào|date=2010|publisher=Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe|location=Shanghai|language=zh}}</ref> na ndị ọzọ akọwapụtala ya. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-04|title=Xiāngxī Wǎxiānghuà "chīfàn" [róumō] dúyīn láilì kǎo|url=http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_8967627a0101rnbv.html|accessdate=16 April 2018|work=Hóuxiǎohuī de bókè|publisher=Xinlang boke|language=zh}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-04|title=Yuánlíng Xiānghuà (chuánxī) yǔ Báiyǔ Càijiāhuà gèbié dúyīn duìbǐ|url=http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_8967627a0101du6j.html|accessdate=16 April 2018|work=Hóuxiǎohuī de bókè|publisher=Xinlang boke|language=zh}}</ref> Zhengzhang Shangfang (2010) rụrụ ụka na Bai na Caijia hibere otu obere Macro-Bai nke Sino-Tibet. <ref name="Zhengzhang2010">{{Cite book|author=Zhengzhang|first=Shangfang 郑张尚芳|title=Yánjiū zhī lè: Qìngzhù Wáng Shìyuán xiānshēng qīshíwǔ shòuchén xuéshù lùnwén jí|date=2010|publisher=Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe|editor=Pan|location=Shanghai|pages=389–400|language=zh|chapter=Càijiāhuà Báiyǔ guānxì jí cígēn bǐjiào}}</ref> Caijia na-egosikwa na ọ nwere ihe jikọrọ ya na asụsụ Longjia na Luren, mana edebeghị ha nke ọma maka nhazi ọkwa. N'ụzọ dị iche, Sagart (2011) otu Caijia na Waxiang, ụdị dị iche iche nke China na-asụ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Hunan, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Baxter|first=William|title=Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-994537-5|location=Oxford|authorlink=William H. Baxter}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Kurpaska|first=Maria|title=Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects"|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|year=2010|isbn=978-3-11-021914-2|location=Berlin|language=en}}</ref> dị ka ndị mbụ kewapụrụ na Chinese ochie . Sagart (2011) depụtara atụmatụ ndị a nke Chinese ochie nke Caijia na Waxiang debere: * OC *lˤ- na *lr-> Caijia na Waxiang l- (ebe Middle Chinese nwere d-), dị ka ọ dị na OC *lˤiŋ (田) > Caijia ''{{IPA|len31}}'', Waxiang ''{{IPA|lɛ13}}'' 'ubi' * OC *r- > Caijia ɣ- na Waxiang z- (ebe Middle Chinese nwere l-), dị ka ọ dị na OC *mə.rˤək (來) > *rˤə > Caijia ''{{IPA|ɣɯ31}}'', Waxiang ''{{IPA|zɛ13}}'' 'ịbịa' * 'abụọ': Caijia ''{{IPA|ta55}}'', Waxiang ''{{IPA|tso53}}'', sitere na OC *tsˤə(ʔ) -s 'ugboro abụọ' (再) * 'mmiri ara ehi': Caijia ''{{IPA|mi55}}'', Waxiang ''{{IPA|mi55}}'', nke Sagart (2011) na-atụ aro bụ okwu na-abụghị nke Sinitic == Nkesa == [[Faịlụ:Location_of_Bijie_Prefecture_within_Guizhou_(China).png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Mpaghara Bijie n'ime mpaghara Guizhou, China]] Bijie (1983) na-akọ na a na-ahụ ndị Caijia na mpaghara asaa nke Bijie prefecture - Qixingguan, Dafang, Qianxi, Zhijin, Nayong, Weining, na Hezhang - gụnyere ngụkọta nke ezinụlọ 3,100 na ihe karịrị mmadụ 18,000. Bijie (1983) na-akọ na a na-ahụ obere ndị Caijia na Anshun (nwere ihe karịrị mmadụ 400) na Liupanshui (nwere ihe karịrị mmadụ 3,500) mpaghara (nke dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ n'otu n'otu), yana Zhaoyang, Yiliang, na mpaghara Zhenxiong dị na Zhaotong nke dị n'ebe ugwu). Bijie (1983) nwekwara data asụsụ maka asụsụ Caijia nke Ógbè Hezhang. A na-ekesa ndị na-ekwu okwu Caijia n'ebe ndị a na mpaghara Bijie (Bo Wenze 2004). <ref name="Bo2004"/> * Lijiazhai 李家寨, Xinying Village 新营村, Xingfa Township 兴发乡, Hezhang County * Caijiayuan 蔡家园, Yakou Village 垭口村, Songlinpo Township 松林坡乡, Hezhang County * Lijiagou 李家沟, Kele Township 可乐乡, Hezhang County * Obodo Xinfa 新发布依族乡, Weining County (ka a ghara inwe mgbagwoju anya na Xingfa Township 兴发乡 na Hezhang County) Mpaghara Yinajia 以那架区 nwere agbụrụ Caijia kacha na mpaghara Zhijin. Bijie (1983) na-akọkwa ebe Baiyanjiao 白岩脚, Puweng Township 普翁公社, Guiguo District 桂果区, Zhijin County. ''Liupanshui City Ethnic Gazetteer''六盘水市志：民族志 (2003:182–183) depụtara agbụrụ Caijia maka mpaghara ndị a na prefecture, yana ngụkọta nke 4,061 (1982): * Liuzhi : 1,720 (1981), na Niuchang 牛场, Xinchang 新场, Heitang 黑塘 * Shuicheng : 2,296 (1982), na Bide 比德, Huale 化乐, Qinglin 青林, Jinpen 金盆 * Mpaghara Zhongshan : na Dewu 德坞乡 Na mpaghara Shuicheng, a ka na-asụ asụsụ Caijia na: * Chahe 叉河, Jinpen Township 金盆乡 * Caijiapo 蔡家坡, Tujiao Township 土角乡<ref name="Liupanshui" /> * Caijiayuan 蔡家园, Shuchang Township 鼠场乡<ref name="Bo2004">{{Cite journal|author=Bo|first=Wenze 薄文泽|date=2004|title=Càijiāhuà gàikuàng|journal=Mínzú yǔwén|volume=2004|issue=2|pages=68–81|doi=10.3969/j.issn.0257-5779.2004.02.012}}</ref> Na mpaghara Zhenxiong, Yunnan, ndị Caijia gbasasịa na ụyọkọ obodo Sumu 苏木村, <ref>{{Cite web|title=镇雄县黑树镇苏木村委会|url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=43705|accessdate=16 April 2018|work=www.ynszxc.gov.cn|archivedate=1 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194702/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=43705}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=镇雄县黑树镇苏木村委会苏木自然村|url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=43708|accessdate=16 April 2018|work=www.ynszxc.gov.cn|archivedate=1 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194426/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=43708}}</ref> na na Chuanjiu 串九, <ref>{{Cite web|title=镇雄县母享镇串九村委会|url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=97027|accessdate=16 April 2018|work=www.ynszxc.gov.cn|archivedate=1 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194606/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=97027}}</ref> Qinggang 青杠, <ref>{{Cite web|title=镇雄县鱼洞乡青杠村委会|url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=72766|accessdate=16 April 2018|work=www.ynszxc.gov.cn|archivedate=1 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101200053/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=72766}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=镇雄县鱼洞乡青杠村委会青杠自然村|url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=72787|accessdate=16 April 2018|work=www.ynszxc.gov.cn|archivedate=1 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194706/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=72787}}</ref> Liangshui 凳 凳 <ref>{{Cite web|title=镇雄县塘房镇凉水村委会|url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=96545|accessdate=16 April 2018|work=www.ynszxc.gov.cn|archivedate=1 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194446/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=96545}}</ref> Nantai 南台, Wugu 五谷<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=28408|title=镇雄县乌峰镇五谷村委会|accessdate=2014-02-26|archivedate=2014-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302064232/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=28408}}</ref> ( ''Zhenxiong County Gazetteer'' 1986). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-08-14|title=Yúnnán hé Guìzhōu duìyú Chuānqīngrén, Nánjīngrén, Lóngjiā de shìbié dàxiāngjìngtíng|url=http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_48fa33d90100kjks.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302103856/http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_48fa33d90100kjks.html|archivedate=2014-03-02|accessdate=16 April 2018|work=Liyuzhi de bókè|publisher=Xinlang boke|language=zh}}</ref> == fonology == Lee (2021) <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1075/jhl.21025.lee|doi=10.1075/jhl.21025.lee|title=Phonological features of Caijia that are notable from a diachronic perspective|year=2023|author=Lee|first=Man Hei|journal=Journal of Historical Linguistics|volume=13|pages=82–114}}</ref> na-enye consonants na ụdaume ndị a maka phonology nke Caijia: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" |+Udaume ! ! N'ihu ! Ebe etiti ! Azu |- ! Mechie | /ɪ / ⟨ i ⟩ | /y / ⟨ yu-/-ü ⟩ | /ị / ⟨ ⟩ |- ! N'etiti | /e / ⟨ e ⟩ | /ə / ⟨ e ⟩ | /o / ⟨ o ⟩ |- ! Mepee | /æ / ⟨ ae ⟩ | colspan="2" | /ɑ / ⟨ a ⟩ |} Lee (2021) kwukwara na ụdaume nwere ike inwe ụdị atọ ọzọ: ogologo ⟨ (akwụkwọ ozi abụọ) ⟩, imi ⟨ -nn ⟩, na agba r ⟨ ⟩ . N'agbanyeghị na isi mmalite na-ese okwu, consonants nwekwara ike ịbụ glottalized ma ọ bụ pharyngealized, nke n'ime ha abụọ amabeghị n'ezie. A na-eche na ejiri akara IPA ha nwere akara nke a. == Olumba == Guizhou (1982) depụtara olumba abụọ ndị a nke asụsụ Caijia. Olumba Caijia edere na Guizhou (1982) bụ nke Yangjiazhai 杨家寨, Liangyan Village 亮岩公社, Xingfa District 兴发区, Hezhang County . # Xingfa District 兴发区, Hezhang County: Liangyan Village 亮岩公社 (gụnyere isi datapoint nke Yangjiazhai 杨家寨), Yeli Village 野里公社, na Wocun Village 窝皮寸 # Kaiping Village 开坪公社, Longchang District 龙场区, Weining County (nke dị nso na obodo Xinfa 新发布依族乡) Guizhou (1982) kwuru na - ''an'' rime na Caijia nke Xingfa 兴发 kwekọrọ na ''-aŋ'' rime na Caijia nke Longchang 龙场. Hsiu (2018) na-akọ nchoputa nke olumba Caijia edebeghị akwụkwọ na mbụ nke a na-asụ na Niujiaojing 牛角井村, Yangjie Town 羊街镇, Weining County. A na-asụkwa olumba Caijia n'ime ime obodo Xinglongchang 兴隆场村, Niuchishui 牛吃水, na Fadi 发地. == Aha na ngalaba agbụrụ == Ndị Caijia na ndị Lu (卢) ''metụtara'' agbụrụ dị iche iche, ndị gọọmentị China kewara dị ka Manchu. Luren (Lu) na Caijia nwekwara njikọ chiri anya na Longjia (龙家). Caijia, Longjia, na Lu na-asụcha n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Guizhou . Na Weining County, ndị ọchịchị China na-ekewa ndị na-asụ Caijia dị ka agbụrụ Gelao (Hsiu 2017), ebe na Hezhang County, a na-ekewa ha dị ka Bai (Bo 2004). A kọwokwa ndị Caijia nwere aha "Menni" (门尼 ma ọ bụ 门你) na Puding County, Guizhou, ebe ekesara ha dị ka agbụrụ Gelao n'oge 1980s (Zhou Guoyan 2004). Na mpaghara Zhijin, Guizhou, ndị Caijia ka a na-akpọ Silie 斯列 site n'aka ndị Miao na Awuna 阿乌纳 site na mpaghara Yi ( ''Zhijin County Gazetteer'' 1997:166). Mpaghara agbụrụ nke ndị Caijia gụnyere Black 黑, White 白, Qingshangshui 青上水, Xiashui 下水, Hanzhan 捍毡, Zhuazhua 抓抓, Datou 大头, Qianqiaoba 乾Luoluo 倮倮, Xuejiao 削角 (Xieguo 写果), na Jiandao 剪刀. <ref>{{Cite web|title=白族家园——讲义寨_liyuzhi_新浪博客|url=http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_48fa33d90100a6jf.html|accessdate=16 April 2018|work=blog.sina.com.cn}}</ref> Aha ndị edekọtara na Caijia n'akụkọ ihe mere eme gụnyere Caijiazi 蔡家子 na Gantan Caijia 擀毡蔡家. Ndị Yi na-akpọ Caijia "Sha'awu 沙阿乌", ndị Miao na-akpọ ha "Sini 斯你", na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ na-akpọkwa ha "Xieguo 写果". <ref name="Liupanshui">''Liupanshui City Ethnic Gazetteer'' 六盘水市志：民族志 (2003:182–183). {{ISBN|7-221-05533-5}}</ref> Bijie (1983:2–3) depụtara aha onwe na nkọwapụta ndị a maka ndị Caijia. * Autonym: Menni 门你 ( IPA : ''{{IPA|men31 ȵen33}}'' ) * Yi (na Dafang County na Zhijin County ) exonym: Xieguo, Awuna 阿武哪 * Yi (na Shuicheng County ) exonym: Awuna 阿乌纳 * Yi (na Weining County na Weining County ) exonym: Awu 阿武 * Miao (na Weining County na Weining County ) exonym: Awu 阿乌 * Miao (na Nayong County ) exonym: Sinie 斯聂 * Shui (na Puding County na Zhijin County ) exonym: Louman 楼慢 * Buyi exonym: Buman 布慢 * Buyi (na Weining County ) exonym: Bu'awu 布阿武 Lü (2022) bụ ụtọ asụsụ Caijia zuru oke. <ref name="Lü2022">{{Cite book|author=Lü|first=Shanshan 吕珊珊|title=A Reference Grammar of Caijia: An Unclassified Language of Guizhou|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|date=2022|isbn=978-3-11-072480-6|doi=10.1515/9783110724806}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta agbụrụ nke Guizhou na-amaghị ama * Ndi Longjia * Ndị mmadụ Qixingmin * Ndi mmadu (China) * [[wiktionary:Appendix:Macro-Bai comparative vocabulary list|Ndepụta mkpụrụokwu Macro-Bai]] (Wiktionary) == Ihe ndetu na nrụtụ aka == {{Reflist}} * https://web.archive.org/web/20110512204947/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Caijia.htm * Bo Wenze [薄文泽]. 2004. "Mmebata dị mkpirikpi nke okwu Caijia [蔡家话概况]". ''Minzu Yuwen'' . http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical_mzyw200402012.aspx == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Ụlọ ọrụ nhazi ọkwa agbụrụ Bijie Prefecture [贵州省毕节地区民族识别办公室]. 1983. ''"Caijia" minzu chengfen diaocha baogao'' ["蔡家"民族成分调查报告]. ms * Kọmishọna nhazi ọkwa agbụrụ Guizhou, ngalaba asụsụ [贵州省民族识别工作队语言组]. 1982. ''Asụsụ nke Caijia'' [ ''Caijia de yuyan''蔡家的语言]. ms * Kọmishọna nhazi ọkwa agbụrụ Guizhou Provincial [贵州省民族识别工作队]. 1984. ''Akuko banyere okwu gbasara nhazi nke agbụrụ nke ndị Nanlong (Nanjing-Longjia)'' [南龙人（南京-龙家）族别问题调查报告]. ms * Hụ, Andrew. 2013. ''[https://zenodo.org/record/1127796 Asụsụ Tibeto-Burman ọhụrụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, na ndị ọzọ]'' . Enyere ya na ICSTLL 46, Dartmouth College. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]] <span>:</span> [[doi:10.5281/zenodo.1127796|10.5281/zenodo.1127796]] * Hụ, Andrew. 2018. [https://zenodo.org/record/1249165/files/Caijia_dialects_2.pdf Olumba Niujiaojing nke Caijia na Weining County, Guizhou, China] . Ihe odide ederede. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]] <span>:</span> [[doi:10.5281/zenodo.1249165|10.5281/zenodo.1249165]] * * Lee, nwoke Hei. 2021. ''[https://zenodo.org/record/5544121#.ZC5Gt1bMKUk Ihe mgbakwunye: Ndepụta echiche Sagart 250 maka Caijia (Ntọala data)]'' . N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ nke asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme (1.0). [[Doi (identifier)|doi]] <span>:</span> [[doi:10.5281/zenodo.5544121|10.5281/zenodo.5544121]] * Zhao Weifeng [赵卫峰]. 2011. ''Akụkọ banyere ndị Bai nke Guizhou'' [贵州白族史略]. Yinchuan, China: Ningxia People's Press [宁夏人民出版社]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-7-227-04678-3|978-7-227-04678-3]] == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/C/Cai.pdf Ndị Caijia]  * [http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_8967627a0101du6j.html 沅陵乡话（船溪）与白语蔡家话个别读音对比] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jow4p1a5ge2wkh8q7xivfzb8kaawvxj 0 56226 692703 595227 2026-07-30T13:14:44Z Chinemeremprince 13026 692703 wikitext text/x-wiki Asụsụ bụ jargon ma ọ bụ asụsụ nke otu, a na-arụkarị ọrụ iji wepụ ma ọ bụ duhie ndị na-abụghị ndị otu.[1] Enwere ike ịkpọ ya cryptolect, argot, asụsụ pseudo, asụsụ mgbochi ma ọ bụ asụsụ nzuzo. Okwu ọ bụla dị iche na nkenke n'ihe ọ pụtara; ojiji ha na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ. == Okwu mmalite == E nwere isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ''Abụ'' nke echiche banyere mmalite nke okwu cant: * In linguistics, the derivation is normally seen to be from the Irish word {{Lang|ga|caint}} (older spelling {{Lang|ga|cainnt}}), "speech, talk", or Scottish Gaelic {{Lang|gd|cainnt}}. It is seen to have derived amongst the itinerant groups of people in Ireland and Scotland, who hailed from both Irish/Scottish Gaelic and English-speaking backgrounds, ultimately developing as various creole languages.<ref name="Queen's2" /> However, the various types of cant (Scottish/Irish) are mutually unintelligible. The Irish creole variant is termed "the cant". Its speakers from the Irish Traveller community know it as ''Gammon'', while the linguistic community identifies it as ''shelta''.<ref name="Queen's2">Kirk, J. & Ó Baoill, D. ''Travellers and their Language'' (2002) [[Queen's University Belfast]] {{ISBN|0-85389-832-4}}</ref> * Outside Gaelic circles, the derivation is typically seen to be from Latin {{Lang|la|cantāre}}, 'to sing', via Norman French {{Lang|nrf-Latn|canter}}. Within this derivation, the history of the word is seen to have referred to the chanting of friars initially, used disparagingly some time between the 12th<ref name="Collins2" /> and 15th centuries.<ref name="McArthur2" /> Gradually, the term was applied to the singsong of beggars and eventually a criminal jargon. == Argot == Argot (English: /ˈɑːrɡoʊ/; site na [[Asụsụ French|French]] argot {{IPA|fr|aʁɡo|}} '[[slang]]') bụ asụsụ nke ìgwè dị iche iche na-eji iji gbochie ndị si n'èzí ịghọta mkparịta ụka ha. A na-ejikwa ''[[Jargon|okwu]]'' ahụ bụ argot na-ezo aka n'okwu pụrụ iche sitere na otu mpaghara ọmụmụ, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ihe ntụrụndụ, n'echiche ọ na-ejikọta ya na okwu. N'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke 1862 Les Misérables, Victor Hugo na-ezo aka na okwu ahụ dị ka "asụsụ nke ọchịchịrị" na "asụsụ nke nhụsianya".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Schwartz, Robert M.|title=Interesting Facts about Convicts of France in the 19th Century|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/popcorn/convicts2.html|publisher=Mt. Holyoke University|accessdate=2019-04-26|archivedate=2021-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703205052/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/popcorn/convicts2.html}}</ref> Ihe ndekọ mbụ a maara banyere okwu argot n'ọnọdụ a dị na akwụkwọ 1628. O yikarịrị ka okwu a sitere na aha oge a {{Lang|fr|les argotiers}}, nke e nyere otu ndị ohi n'oge ahụ. N'okpuru nkọwa siri ike, argot bụ asụsụ kwesịrị ekwesị nwere usoro ụtọasụsụ nke ya.[1] Asụsụ nzuzo zuru oke dị otú ahụ dị ụkọ n'ihi na ndị na-asụ ya na-enwekarị asụsụ ọhaneze jikọrọ ọnụ, nke argot dabere na ya. Argo ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ụdị okwu dị iche iche nke otu asụsụ, nke nwere akụkụ nke okwu ya jiri okwu ndị ọha na eze na-amaghị dochie ya; argot ejiri mee ihe n'echiche a, ya na cant. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji argot n'echiche a maka sistemu dị ka verlan na louchébem, nke na-ejigide syntax French ma tinye mgbanwe naanị n'okwu ndị dị n'otu n'otu (ma na-emekarị naanị na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke okwu, dị ka aha, ma ọ bụ okwu ọdịnaya semantic).[2] Usoro ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ihe atụ nke argots à clef, ma ọ bụ "coded argots".<ref name="valdman2">{{Cite journal|author=Valdman|first=Albert|date=May 2000|title=La Langue des faubourgs et des banlieues: de l'argot au français populaire|journal=The French Review|language=fr|volume=73|issue=6|pages=1179–1192}}</ref> Okwu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ nwere ike isi n'okwu mkparị gaa n'okwu kwa ụbọchị ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, {{Lang|fr|loufoque}} 'nzuzu', 'goofy', nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe ugbu a, malitere na mgbanwe {{Lang|fr|louchébem}} nke Fr. ara 'nwere isi mgbaka'. N'ihe gbasara nkà mmụta ọgwụ, ekwuru na ndị dọkịta nwere argot, cant, ma ọ bụ slang nke ha na-ekwu okwu, nke na-agụnye abbreviation na mkpọ okwu ndị a na-aghọtakarị, okwu mkparịta ụka nkà na ụzụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe, na ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara kwa ụbọchị (nke nwere ike ma ọ bụ na-abụghị nke ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ mpaghara mpaghara).[1] Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime mkparịta ụka ndị a nwere ike bụrụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume nye ọtụtụ ndị nkịtị, ole na ole yiri ka a haziri ya kpọmkwem iji zoo ihe ọ pụtara n'aka ndị ọrịa (ikekwe n'ihi na usoro ọgwụgwọ ahụike na-ezurukarị). <ref name="Hukill-19612">{{Cite journal|author=Hukill|first=Peter B.|date=1961|title=The Spoken Language of Medicine: Argot, Slang, Cant|journal=American Speech|volume=36|issue=2|pages=145–151|doi=10.2307/453853}}</ref> == Ndị na-emegide asụsụ == Ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ bụ Michael Halliday kọwara ma mụọ echiche nke ''mgbochi asụsụ'', onye jiri okwu ahụ kọwaa asụsụ nke mgbochi ọha mmadụ.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Halliday|first=M. a. K.|date=1976-09-01|title=Anti-Languages|journal=American Anthropologist|language=en|volume=78|issue=3|pages=570–584|doi=10.1525/aa.1976.78.3.02a00050|issn=1548-1433}}</ref> Ndị na-emegide ọha mmadụ bụ obere obodo dị iche iche nke e ji kpachara anya mepụta n'ime ọha mmadụ buru ibu dị ka ihe ọzọ ma ọ bụ iguzogide ya.<ref name=":02" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Adam Podgórecki mụrụ otu ndị na-emegide ọha mmadụ nke ndị mkpọrọ Poland mejupụtara; Bhaktiprasad Mallik nke Sanskrit College mụrụ ọzọ nke ndị omempụ mejupụtara na Calcutta.<ref name=":02" /> Ndị a na-azụlite ndị na-emegide asụsụ dị ka ụzọ iji gbochie ndị si n'èzí ịghọta nkwurịta okwu ha na dị ka ụzọ isi guzobe ọdịbendị nke na-egbo mkpa nke usoro mmekọrịta ha ọzọ.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|author=Baker|first=Paul|title=Polari The Lost Language of Gay Men|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=978-0415261807|pages=13–14}}</ref> Asụsụ ndị na-emegide asụsụ dị iche na slang na jargon n'ihi na a na-eji ha eme ihe naanị n'etiti ndị a chụpụrụ, gụnyere ndị mkpọrọ, ndị omempụ, ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha, <ref name=":12" /> na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zarzycki|first=Łukasz|title=Socio-lingual Phenomenon of the Anti-language of Polish and American Prison Inmates|url=http://repozytorium.uwb.edu.pl/jspui/bitstream/11320/4122/1/Zarzycki_Crossroads_8.pdf|journal=Crossroads}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated12">{{Cite journal|author=Kohn|first=Liberty|title=Antilanguage and a Gentleman's Goloss: Style, Register, and Entitlement To Irony in A Clockwork Orange|url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_81291_en.pdf|journal=ESharp|pages=1–27}}</ref> Asụsụ ndị na-emegide asụsụ na-eji otu okwu na ụtọ asụsụ dị ka asụsụ ha n'ụzọ na-abụghị nke omenala. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-emegide asụsụ na-agbaziri okwu site na asụsụ ndị ọzọ, mepụta ihe ndị na-abụghị nke omenala, ma ọ bụ jiri nsonaazụ ọhụrụ maka okwu ndị dị ugbu a. Anti-asụsụ nwekwara ike ịgbanwe okwu site na iji metathesis, gbanwee ụda ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede (dịka, apụl ka ọ bụrụ ''Elppa''), ma ọ bụ dochie ụdaume ha.<ref name=":02"/>Ya mere, asụsụ ndị na-emegide asụsụ dị iche iche ma bụrụ ndị pụrụ iche ma ọ bụghị naanị ire okwu nke asụsụ ndị dị ugbu a. N'edemede ya bụ "Anti-Language", Halliday chịkọtara nyocha nke Thomas Harman, Adam Podgórecki, na Bhaktiprasad Mallik iji nyochaa mgbochi asụsụ na njikọ dị n'etiti nkwurịta okwu ọnụ na nhazi nke usoro ọha mmadụ. N'ihi nke a, ọmụmụ nke mgbochi asụsụ bụ ma ọmụmụ nke sociology na linguistics. Enwere ike ịchịkọta nchoputa Halliday dị ka ndepụta nke njirisi itoolu nke asụsụ ga-emerịrị ka ewe were ya dị ka ihe na-emegide asụsụ: * Onye na-emegide ọha mmadụ bụ ọha mmadụ e guzobere n'ime ọha mmadụ ọzọ dị ka ihe ọzọ maara nke ọma na ya. * Dị ka ihe ndekọ mbụ nke asụsụ nke ọdịbendị dị iche iche, ozi na-abịakarị anyị dị ka ndepụta okwu. * Ụdị kachasị mfe nke onye na-emegide asụsụ bụ nke okwu ọhụrụ sitere na oge ochie: ọ bụ asụsụ relexicalised. * Ụkpụrụ bụ nke otu ụtọ asụsụ, okwu dị iche iche. * Nkwurịta okwu dị irè na-adabere n'ịgbanwerịta ihe ndị na-enweghị ike iru. * Anti-asụsụ abụghị naanị nhọrọ ọzọ; ọ bụ ihe bụ isi na ịdị adị nke "ndụ nke abụọ". * Ụgbọ kachasị mkpa nke mmezi ihe bụ mkparịta ụka. Ndị niile na-eji otu ụdị nkwurịta okwu a bụ ndị na-eme ka ndị ọzọ bụrụ eziokwu. * Anti-asụsụ bụ ụgbọ ala nke resocialisation. * Enwere ịga n'ihu n'etiti asụsụ na mgbochi asụsụ. Ihe atụ nke okwu ndị na-emegide asụsụ gụnyere Cockney rhyming slang, CB slang, Verlan, ''Grypsera'' nke ụlọ mkpọrọ Polish, cant nke ndị ohi, Polari, na Bangime. === N'omenala a ma ama === Ndị ode akwụkwọ na-emepụta asụsụ mgbochi mgbe ụfọdụ wee jiri ya mee ihe na akwụkwọ akụkọ. Asụsụ ndị a na-emegide asụsụ enweghị akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu zuru oke, enweghị ike ịhụ ya maka nkọwa asụsụ, yabụ enweghị ike mụọ ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ asụsụ nke ndị na-emegide ọha na-asụ. Otú ọ dị, a ka na-eji ha eme ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe mgbochi asụsụ. Roger Fowler's "Anti-Languages ​​in Fiction" na-enyocha Anthony Burgess's A Clockwork Orange na William S. Burroughs' Naked Lunch iji kọwapụta ọdịdị nke asụsụ mgbochi na iji kọwaa ebumnuche echiche ya..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fowler|first=Roger|date=Summer 1979|title=Anti-Language in Fiction|journal=Style|volume=13|issue=3|pages=259–278}}</ref> A Clockwork Orange bụ ihe atụ a ma ama nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ebe onye isi bụ nwata nwoke nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nke na-ekwu okwu na-emegide asụsụ a na-akpọ Nadsat. A na-akpọkarị asụsụ a argot, mana a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ihe na-emegide asụsụ n'ihi usoro mmekọrịta ọ na-ejigide site na klas mmekọrịta nke droogs.<ref name="autogenerated12"/> == Ojiji mpaghara nke okwu == N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Connacht, na Ireland, cant na-ezo aka na ire ere, nke a na-ahụkarị n'ụbọchị ngosi ("Cantmen na Cantwomen, ụfọdụ sitere n'ebe dị anya dị ka Dublin, ga-agbakọta na Mohill n'ụbọchị Fair, ... guzobe ụlọ ahịa ha ... wee malite ire ahịa ha ozugbo") na nke ''Abụ'' pụtara na mkparịta ụka ọ bụla na-atọ ụtọ na-akọwakarị dị ka 'great cant'" ma ọ bụ "crosstalk").[17][18] Na Scotland, a na-akpọ asụsụ creole ''Abụ'' na-enweghị njikọ cant. Scottish Cant (asụsụ ngwakọta, ọkachasị Scots na [[Romani language|Romani]] na mmetụta Scottish Gaelic) bụ nke ndị Rom dị ala na-asụ. Highland Traveller's Cant (ma ọ bụ ''Beurla Reagaird'') bụ cant dabeere na Gaelic nke ndị Indigenous Highland Traveler. Abụ ndị ahụ anaghị aghọta ibe ha. A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ mee ihe dị ka nsonaazụ maka aha mkpụrụ ego maka okwu ndị dị n'oge a dị ka "ọgwụ", okwu a na-eji akọwa ụdị asụsụ nke ndị ọrụ ahụike na-eji eme ihe nke na-enweghị ike ịghọta ndị nkịtị. == Ihe Nlereanya == * Adurgari, from [[Afghanistan]] * [[Agbirigba]], from [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] * Äynu, from [[China]] * Back slang, from [[London]], [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] * Bahasa G, from Indonesia<ref>{{Cite web|title=bahasa gaul - KBBI VI Online|language=id|work=[[Agency for Language Development and Cultivation]]|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/bahasa%20gaul|accessdate=16 August 2024|quote=informal Indonesian dialect used by certain communities or in certain areas for socializing|archivedate=16 August 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816204035/https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/bahasa%20gaul}}</ref> * Banjački, from [[Serbia]] * Barallete, from [[Galisa|Galicia]], [[Spain]] * Bargoens, from the [[Netherlands]] * Bron from León and Asturias, Spain * Beurla Reagaird, a Gaelic-based cant used by Highland Traveller community in Scotland * Boontling from California * Caló (Chicano), from the US/Mexican border * Cockney Rhyming Slang, from [[London]], [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] * [[Engsh]], from [[Kenya]] * Fala dos arxinas, from Galicia, Spain * Fenya from [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] * Gacería, from Spain * Gayle language, from South African gay culture * Gender transposition * Germanía, from Spain * Grypsera, from [[Poland]] * Gumuțeasca, from [[Romania]] * Gyaru-moji, from [[Japan]] * Hijra Farsi, from South Asia, used by the ''hijra'' and ''kothi'' subcultures (traditional indigenous approximate analogues to LGBT subcultures) * [[IsiNgqumo]], from [[South Africa]] and [[Zimbabwe]] * Iyaric, from [[Jamaikạ|Jamaica]], used by adherents of Rastafari * Javanais, from [[France]] * Jejemon, from the Philippines * Jeringonza, from [[Spain]] * Joual, from Quebec French * Kaliarda, from Greek, used by LGBT community. * Klezmer-loshn, from [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|Eastern Europe]] * Korean ginseng-harvesters' cant, from [[Korea]] * Leet (or ''1337 speak''), from internet culture * Louchébem, from France * Lóxoro, from Peru * Lubunca, from [[Turkéy|Turkey]], used by LGBT community. * Lunfardo, from [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]] * Martian language, to replace Chinese characters * Meshterski, from [[Bulgaria]] * Miguxês, from the emo, hipster subcultures of young netizens in Brazil * Minderico, a sociolect or a secret language traditionally spoken by tailors and traders in Minde, [[Portugal]]. * Nadsat, a fictional argot * Nihali, from [[Ndia|India]] * Nyōbō kotoba, from [[Japan]] * Padonkaffsky jargon (or Olbanian) from Runet, Russia * Pig Latin * Pitkernese * Podaná, from [[Greece]] * Pajubá, from [[Brazil]] a dialect of the gay subculture that uses African or African-sounding words as slang, heavily borrowed from the Afro-Brazilian religions * Polari, a general term for a diverse but unrelated group of dialects used by [[Actor|actors]], [[Fair|circus and fairground showmen]], gay subculture, criminal underworld (criminals, prostitutes). * Rotvælsk, from [[Denmark]] * Rotwelsch, from [[Jémanị|Germany]] * Šatrovački, from the former Yugoslavia * Scottish Cant, a variant of Scots and [[Romani language|Romani]] used by the Lowland Romani people in Scotland, United Kingdom * Shelta, from the Irish Travellers community in Ireland * Sheng from [[Kenya]] * Spasell, from Italy * Swardspeak (or Bekimon, or Bekinese), from the Philippines * Thieves' cant (or peddler's French, or St Giles' Greek), from the United Kingdom * Tōgo, from Japan (a back slang) * Totoiana, from Romania * [[Tsotsitaal and Camtho|Tsotsitaal]], from South Africa * Tutnese, from the United States * Verlan, from France * Xíriga, from Asturias, Spain{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} * Zargari, from Iran <ref>{{Cite web|author=Baghbidi|first=Hassan Rezai|title=The Zargari Language: An Endangered European Romani in Iran|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361415781_The_Zargari_Language_An_Endangered_European_Romani_in_Iran|work=researchgate.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Jadwiga|author=Pstrusińska|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/864565715|title=Secret languages of Afghanistan and their speakers.|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publ|isbn=978-1-4438-4970-8|pages=34|language=en|oclc=864565715}}</ref> === Ndị ohi na-eti === Ndị ohi bụ akụkụ nke akwụkwọ mpịakọta na egwuregwu a ma ama, ọkachasị n'etiti 1590 na 1615, mana ọ nọgidere na-apụta n'akwụkwọ site na narị afọ nke 18. Enwere ajụjụ banyere otu akwụkwọ ahụ si gosipụta ojiji a na-eji asụsụ eme ihe n'ime ndị omempụ. Otu onye ohi na 1839 kwuru na cant ọ hụrụ na mbipụta abụghị ihe dị ka cant nke "ndị Gypsy, ndị ohi, na ndị arịrịọ ji mee ihe n'oge ahụ. " O kwukwara na nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị a jiri okwu dị iche iche, nke jikọtara ọnụ, ndị Gypsy nwere okwu cant maka ihe niile, na ndị na-arịọ arịrịọ na-eji ụdị dị ala karịa ndị ohi. == Hụkwa == * Okwu koodu (ihe osise nke okwu) * Onye na-ekwu koodu * Onye na-ere ahịa * Okwu abụọ * Gibberish (egwuregwu asụsụ) * Okwu mkparị * Lazăr Șăineanu, onye Romanian nke mụrụ asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụ * Obere ugbo * Igbu anya * Akpụkpọ ahụ * Asụsụ Rhyming * Shibboleth == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fgoyeubkbfem61b870uinvew5gopie6 692705 692703 2026-07-30T13:16:06Z Chinemeremprince 13026 692705 wikitext text/x-wiki Asụsụ bụ jargon ma ọ bụ asụsụ nke otu, a na-arụkarị ọrụ iji wepụ ma ọ bụ duhie ndị na-abụghị ndị otu.[1] Enwere ike ịkpọ ya cryptolect, argot, asụsụ pseudo, asụsụ mgbochi ma ọ bụ asụsụ nzuzo. Okwu ọ bụla dị iche na nkenke n'ihe ọ pụtara; ojiji ha na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ. == Okwu mmalite == E nwere isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ''Abụ'' nke echiche banyere mmalite nke okwu cant: * In linguistics, the derivation is normally seen to be from the Irish word {{Lang|ga|caint}} (older spelling {{Lang|ga|cainnt}}), "speech, talk", or Scottish Gaelic {{Lang|gd|cainnt}}. It is seen to have derived amongst the itinerant groups of people in Ireland and Scotland, who hailed from both Irish/Scottish Gaelic and English-speaking backgrounds, ultimately developing as various creole languages.<ref name="Queen's2" /> However, the various types of cant (Scottish/Irish) are mutually unintelligible. The Irish creole variant is termed "the cant". Its speakers from the Irish Traveller community know it as ''Gammon'', while the linguistic community identifies it as ''shelta''.<ref name="Queen's2">Kirk, J. & Ó Baoill, D. ''Travellers and their Language'' (2002) [[Queen's University Belfast]] {{ISBN|0-85389-832-4}}</ref> * Outside Gaelic circles, the derivation is typically seen to be from Latin {{Lang|la|cantāre}}, 'to sing', via Norman French {{Lang|nrf-Latn|canter}}. Within this derivation, the history of the word is seen to have referred to the chanting of friars initially, used disparagingly some time between the 12th and 15th centuries.<ref name="Collins2">''Collins English Dictionary 21st Century Edition'' (2001) [[HarperCollins]] {{ISBN|0-00-472529-8}}</ref><ref name="McArthur2" /> Gradually, the term was applied to the singsong of beggars and eventually a criminal jargon. == Argot == Argot (English: /ˈɑːrɡoʊ/; site na [[Asụsụ French|French]] argot {{IPA|fr|aʁɡo|}} '[[slang]]') bụ asụsụ nke ìgwè dị iche iche na-eji iji gbochie ndị si n'èzí ịghọta mkparịta ụka ha. A na-ejikwa ''[[Jargon|okwu]]'' ahụ bụ argot na-ezo aka n'okwu pụrụ iche sitere na otu mpaghara ọmụmụ, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ihe ntụrụndụ, n'echiche ọ na-ejikọta ya na okwu. N'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke 1862 Les Misérables, Victor Hugo na-ezo aka na okwu ahụ dị ka "asụsụ nke ọchịchịrị" na "asụsụ nke nhụsianya".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Schwartz, Robert M.|title=Interesting Facts about Convicts of France in the 19th Century|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/popcorn/convicts2.html|publisher=Mt. Holyoke University|accessdate=2019-04-26|archivedate=2021-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703205052/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/popcorn/convicts2.html}}</ref> Ihe ndekọ mbụ a maara banyere okwu argot n'ọnọdụ a dị na akwụkwọ 1628. O yikarịrị ka okwu a sitere na aha oge a {{Lang|fr|les argotiers}}, nke e nyere otu ndị ohi n'oge ahụ. N'okpuru nkọwa siri ike, argot bụ asụsụ kwesịrị ekwesị nwere usoro ụtọasụsụ nke ya.[1] Asụsụ nzuzo zuru oke dị otú ahụ dị ụkọ n'ihi na ndị na-asụ ya na-enwekarị asụsụ ọhaneze jikọrọ ọnụ, nke argot dabere na ya. Argo ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ụdị okwu dị iche iche nke otu asụsụ, nke nwere akụkụ nke okwu ya jiri okwu ndị ọha na eze na-amaghị dochie ya; argot ejiri mee ihe n'echiche a, ya na cant. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji argot n'echiche a maka sistemu dị ka verlan na louchébem, nke na-ejigide syntax French ma tinye mgbanwe naanị n'okwu ndị dị n'otu n'otu (ma na-emekarị naanị na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke okwu, dị ka aha, ma ọ bụ okwu ọdịnaya semantic).[2] Usoro ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ihe atụ nke argots à clef, ma ọ bụ "coded argots".<ref name="valdman2">{{Cite journal|author=Valdman|first=Albert|date=May 2000|title=La Langue des faubourgs et des banlieues: de l'argot au français populaire|journal=The French Review|language=fr|volume=73|issue=6|pages=1179–1192}}</ref> Okwu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ nwere ike isi n'okwu mkparị gaa n'okwu kwa ụbọchị ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, {{Lang|fr|loufoque}} 'nzuzu', 'goofy', nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe ugbu a, malitere na mgbanwe {{Lang|fr|louchébem}} nke Fr. ara 'nwere isi mgbaka'. N'ihe gbasara nkà mmụta ọgwụ, ekwuru na ndị dọkịta nwere argot, cant, ma ọ bụ slang nke ha na-ekwu okwu, nke na-agụnye abbreviation na mkpọ okwu ndị a na-aghọtakarị, okwu mkparịta ụka nkà na ụzụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe, na ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara kwa ụbọchị (nke nwere ike ma ọ bụ na-abụghị nke ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ mpaghara mpaghara).[1] Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime mkparịta ụka ndị a nwere ike bụrụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume nye ọtụtụ ndị nkịtị, ole na ole yiri ka a haziri ya kpọmkwem iji zoo ihe ọ pụtara n'aka ndị ọrịa (ikekwe n'ihi na usoro ọgwụgwọ ahụike na-ezurukarị). <ref name="Hukill-19612">{{Cite journal|author=Hukill|first=Peter B.|date=1961|title=The Spoken Language of Medicine: Argot, Slang, Cant|journal=American Speech|volume=36|issue=2|pages=145–151|doi=10.2307/453853}}</ref> == Ndị na-emegide asụsụ == Ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ bụ Michael Halliday kọwara ma mụọ echiche nke ''mgbochi asụsụ'', onye jiri okwu ahụ kọwaa asụsụ nke mgbochi ọha mmadụ.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Halliday|first=M. a. K.|date=1976-09-01|title=Anti-Languages|journal=American Anthropologist|language=en|volume=78|issue=3|pages=570–584|doi=10.1525/aa.1976.78.3.02a00050|issn=1548-1433}}</ref> Ndị na-emegide ọha mmadụ bụ obere obodo dị iche iche nke e ji kpachara anya mepụta n'ime ọha mmadụ buru ibu dị ka ihe ọzọ ma ọ bụ iguzogide ya.<ref name=":02" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Adam Podgórecki mụrụ otu ndị na-emegide ọha mmadụ nke ndị mkpọrọ Poland mejupụtara; Bhaktiprasad Mallik nke Sanskrit College mụrụ ọzọ nke ndị omempụ mejupụtara na Calcutta.<ref name=":02" /> Ndị a na-azụlite ndị na-emegide asụsụ dị ka ụzọ iji gbochie ndị si n'èzí ịghọta nkwurịta okwu ha na dị ka ụzọ isi guzobe ọdịbendị nke na-egbo mkpa nke usoro mmekọrịta ha ọzọ.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|author=Baker|first=Paul|title=Polari The Lost Language of Gay Men|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=978-0415261807|pages=13–14}}</ref> Asụsụ ndị na-emegide asụsụ dị iche na slang na jargon n'ihi na a na-eji ha eme ihe naanị n'etiti ndị a chụpụrụ, gụnyere ndị mkpọrọ, ndị omempụ, ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha, <ref name=":12" /> na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zarzycki|first=Łukasz|title=Socio-lingual Phenomenon of the Anti-language of Polish and American Prison Inmates|url=http://repozytorium.uwb.edu.pl/jspui/bitstream/11320/4122/1/Zarzycki_Crossroads_8.pdf|journal=Crossroads}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated12">{{Cite journal|author=Kohn|first=Liberty|title=Antilanguage and a Gentleman's Goloss: Style, Register, and Entitlement To Irony in A Clockwork Orange|url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_81291_en.pdf|journal=ESharp|pages=1–27}}</ref> Asụsụ ndị na-emegide asụsụ na-eji otu okwu na ụtọ asụsụ dị ka asụsụ ha n'ụzọ na-abụghị nke omenala. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-emegide asụsụ na-agbaziri okwu site na asụsụ ndị ọzọ, mepụta ihe ndị na-abụghị nke omenala, ma ọ bụ jiri nsonaazụ ọhụrụ maka okwu ndị dị ugbu a. Anti-asụsụ nwekwara ike ịgbanwe okwu site na iji metathesis, gbanwee ụda ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede (dịka, apụl ka ọ bụrụ ''Elppa''), ma ọ bụ dochie ụdaume ha.<ref name=":02"/>Ya mere, asụsụ ndị na-emegide asụsụ dị iche iche ma bụrụ ndị pụrụ iche ma ọ bụghị naanị ire okwu nke asụsụ ndị dị ugbu a. N'edemede ya bụ "Anti-Language", Halliday chịkọtara nyocha nke Thomas Harman, Adam Podgórecki, na Bhaktiprasad Mallik iji nyochaa mgbochi asụsụ na njikọ dị n'etiti nkwurịta okwu ọnụ na nhazi nke usoro ọha mmadụ. N'ihi nke a, ọmụmụ nke mgbochi asụsụ bụ ma ọmụmụ nke sociology na linguistics. Enwere ike ịchịkọta nchoputa Halliday dị ka ndepụta nke njirisi itoolu nke asụsụ ga-emerịrị ka ewe were ya dị ka ihe na-emegide asụsụ: * Onye na-emegide ọha mmadụ bụ ọha mmadụ e guzobere n'ime ọha mmadụ ọzọ dị ka ihe ọzọ maara nke ọma na ya. * Dị ka ihe ndekọ mbụ nke asụsụ nke ọdịbendị dị iche iche, ozi na-abịakarị anyị dị ka ndepụta okwu. * Ụdị kachasị mfe nke onye na-emegide asụsụ bụ nke okwu ọhụrụ sitere na oge ochie: ọ bụ asụsụ relexicalised. * Ụkpụrụ bụ nke otu ụtọ asụsụ, okwu dị iche iche. * Nkwurịta okwu dị irè na-adabere n'ịgbanwerịta ihe ndị na-enweghị ike iru. * Anti-asụsụ abụghị naanị nhọrọ ọzọ; ọ bụ ihe bụ isi na ịdị adị nke "ndụ nke abụọ". * Ụgbọ kachasị mkpa nke mmezi ihe bụ mkparịta ụka. Ndị niile na-eji otu ụdị nkwurịta okwu a bụ ndị na-eme ka ndị ọzọ bụrụ eziokwu. * Anti-asụsụ bụ ụgbọ ala nke resocialisation. * Enwere ịga n'ihu n'etiti asụsụ na mgbochi asụsụ. Ihe atụ nke okwu ndị na-emegide asụsụ gụnyere Cockney rhyming slang, CB slang, Verlan, ''Grypsera'' nke ụlọ mkpọrọ Polish, cant nke ndị ohi, Polari, na Bangime. === N'omenala a ma ama === Ndị ode akwụkwọ na-emepụta asụsụ mgbochi mgbe ụfọdụ wee jiri ya mee ihe na akwụkwọ akụkọ. Asụsụ ndị a na-emegide asụsụ enweghị akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu zuru oke, enweghị ike ịhụ ya maka nkọwa asụsụ, yabụ enweghị ike mụọ ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ asụsụ nke ndị na-emegide ọha na-asụ. Otú ọ dị, a ka na-eji ha eme ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe mgbochi asụsụ. Roger Fowler's "Anti-Languages ​​in Fiction" na-enyocha Anthony Burgess's A Clockwork Orange na William S. Burroughs' Naked Lunch iji kọwapụta ọdịdị nke asụsụ mgbochi na iji kọwaa ebumnuche echiche ya..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fowler|first=Roger|date=Summer 1979|title=Anti-Language in Fiction|journal=Style|volume=13|issue=3|pages=259–278}}</ref> A Clockwork Orange bụ ihe atụ a ma ama nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ebe onye isi bụ nwata nwoke nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nke na-ekwu okwu na-emegide asụsụ a na-akpọ Nadsat. A na-akpọkarị asụsụ a argot, mana a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ihe na-emegide asụsụ n'ihi usoro mmekọrịta ọ na-ejigide site na klas mmekọrịta nke droogs.<ref name="autogenerated12"/> == Ojiji mpaghara nke okwu == N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Connacht, na Ireland, cant na-ezo aka na ire ere, nke a na-ahụkarị n'ụbọchị ngosi ("Cantmen na Cantwomen, ụfọdụ sitere n'ebe dị anya dị ka Dublin, ga-agbakọta na Mohill n'ụbọchị Fair, ... guzobe ụlọ ahịa ha ... wee malite ire ahịa ha ozugbo") na nke ''Abụ'' pụtara na mkparịta ụka ọ bụla na-atọ ụtọ na-akọwakarị dị ka 'great cant'" ma ọ bụ "crosstalk").[17][18] Na Scotland, a na-akpọ asụsụ creole ''Abụ'' na-enweghị njikọ cant. Scottish Cant (asụsụ ngwakọta, ọkachasị Scots na [[Romani language|Romani]] na mmetụta Scottish Gaelic) bụ nke ndị Rom dị ala na-asụ. Highland Traveller's Cant (ma ọ bụ ''Beurla Reagaird'') bụ cant dabeere na Gaelic nke ndị Indigenous Highland Traveler. Abụ ndị ahụ anaghị aghọta ibe ha. A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ mee ihe dị ka nsonaazụ maka aha mkpụrụ ego maka okwu ndị dị n'oge a dị ka "ọgwụ", okwu a na-eji akọwa ụdị asụsụ nke ndị ọrụ ahụike na-eji eme ihe nke na-enweghị ike ịghọta ndị nkịtị. == Ihe Nlereanya == * Adurgari, from [[Afghanistan]] * [[Agbirigba]], from [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] * Äynu, from [[China]] * Back slang, from [[London]], [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] * Bahasa G, from Indonesia<ref>{{Cite web|title=bahasa gaul - KBBI VI Online|language=id|work=[[Agency for Language Development and Cultivation]]|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/bahasa%20gaul|accessdate=16 August 2024|quote=informal Indonesian dialect used by certain communities or in certain areas for socializing|archivedate=16 August 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816204035/https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/bahasa%20gaul}}</ref> * Banjački, from [[Serbia]] * Barallete, from [[Galisa|Galicia]], [[Spain]] * Bargoens, from the [[Netherlands]] * Bron from León and Asturias, Spain * Beurla Reagaird, a Gaelic-based cant used by Highland Traveller community in Scotland * Boontling from California * Caló (Chicano), from the US/Mexican border * Cockney Rhyming Slang, from [[London]], [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] * [[Engsh]], from [[Kenya]] * Fala dos arxinas, from Galicia, Spain * Fenya from [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] * Gacería, from Spain * Gayle language, from South African gay culture * Gender transposition * Germanía, from Spain * Grypsera, from [[Poland]] * Gumuțeasca, from [[Romania]] * Gyaru-moji, from [[Japan]] * Hijra Farsi, from South Asia, used by the ''hijra'' and ''kothi'' subcultures (traditional indigenous approximate analogues to LGBT subcultures) * [[IsiNgqumo]], from [[South Africa]] and [[Zimbabwe]] * Iyaric, from [[Jamaikạ|Jamaica]], used by adherents of Rastafari * Javanais, from [[France]] * Jejemon, from the Philippines * Jeringonza, from [[Spain]] * Joual, from Quebec French * Kaliarda, from Greek, used by LGBT community. * Klezmer-loshn, from [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|Eastern Europe]] * Korean ginseng-harvesters' cant, from [[Korea]] * Leet (or ''1337 speak''), from internet culture * Louchébem, from France * Lóxoro, from Peru * Lubunca, from [[Turkéy|Turkey]], used by LGBT community. * Lunfardo, from [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]] * Martian language, to replace Chinese characters * Meshterski, from [[Bulgaria]] * Miguxês, from the emo, hipster subcultures of young netizens in Brazil * Minderico, a sociolect or a secret language traditionally spoken by tailors and traders in Minde, [[Portugal]]. * Nadsat, a fictional argot * Nihali, from [[Ndia|India]] * Nyōbō kotoba, from [[Japan]] * Padonkaffsky jargon (or Olbanian) from Runet, Russia * Pig Latin * Pitkernese * Podaná, from [[Greece]] * Pajubá, from [[Brazil]] a dialect of the gay subculture that uses African or African-sounding words as slang, heavily borrowed from the Afro-Brazilian religions * Polari, a general term for a diverse but unrelated group of dialects used by [[Actor|actors]], [[Fair|circus and fairground showmen]], gay subculture, criminal underworld (criminals, prostitutes). * Rotvælsk, from [[Denmark]] * Rotwelsch, from [[Jémanị|Germany]] * Šatrovački, from the former Yugoslavia * Scottish Cant, a variant of Scots and [[Romani language|Romani]] used by the Lowland Romani people in Scotland, United Kingdom * Shelta, from the Irish Travellers community in Ireland * Sheng from [[Kenya]] * Spasell, from Italy * Swardspeak (or Bekimon, or Bekinese), from the Philippines * Thieves' cant (or peddler's French, or St Giles' Greek), from the United Kingdom * Tōgo, from Japan (a back slang) * Totoiana, from Romania * [[Tsotsitaal and Camtho|Tsotsitaal]], from South Africa * Tutnese, from the United States * Verlan, from France * Xíriga, from Asturias, Spain{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} * Zargari, from Iran <ref>{{Cite web|author=Baghbidi|first=Hassan Rezai|title=The Zargari Language: An Endangered European Romani in Iran|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361415781_The_Zargari_Language_An_Endangered_European_Romani_in_Iran|work=researchgate.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Jadwiga|author=Pstrusińska|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/864565715|title=Secret languages of Afghanistan and their speakers.|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publ|isbn=978-1-4438-4970-8|pages=34|language=en|oclc=864565715}}</ref> === Ndị ohi na-eti === Ndị ohi bụ akụkụ nke akwụkwọ mpịakọta na egwuregwu a ma ama, ọkachasị n'etiti 1590 na 1615, mana ọ nọgidere na-apụta n'akwụkwọ site na narị afọ nke 18. Enwere ajụjụ banyere otu akwụkwọ ahụ si gosipụta ojiji a na-eji asụsụ eme ihe n'ime ndị omempụ. Otu onye ohi na 1839 kwuru na cant ọ hụrụ na mbipụta abụghị ihe dị ka cant nke "ndị Gypsy, ndị ohi, na ndị arịrịọ ji mee ihe n'oge ahụ. " O kwukwara na nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị a jiri okwu dị iche iche, nke jikọtara ọnụ, ndị Gypsy nwere okwu cant maka ihe niile, na ndị na-arịọ arịrịọ na-eji ụdị dị ala karịa ndị ohi. == Hụkwa == * Okwu koodu (ihe osise nke okwu) * Onye na-ekwu koodu * Onye na-ere ahịa * Okwu abụọ * Gibberish (egwuregwu asụsụ) * Okwu mkparị * Lazăr Șăineanu, onye Romanian nke mụrụ asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụ * Obere ugbo * Igbu anya * Akpụkpọ ahụ * Asụsụ Rhyming * Shibboleth == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gcdncaqcdtu8ssi710f5qgu2h502qm5 692706 692705 2026-07-30T13:17:24Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 692706 wikitext text/x-wiki Asụsụ bụ jargon ma ọ bụ asụsụ nke otu, a na-arụkarị ọrụ iji wepụ ma ọ bụ duhie ndị na-abụghị ndị otu.[1] Enwere ike ịkpọ ya cryptolect, argot, asụsụ pseudo, asụsụ mgbochi ma ọ bụ asụsụ nzuzo. Okwu ọ bụla dị iche na nkenke n'ihe ọ pụtara; ojiji ha na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ. == Okwu mmalite == E nwere isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ''Abụ'' nke echiche banyere mmalite nke okwu cant: * In linguistics, the derivation is normally seen to be from the Irish word {{Lang|ga|caint}} (older spelling {{Lang|ga|cainnt}}), "speech, talk", or Scottish Gaelic {{Lang|gd|cainnt}}. It is seen to have derived amongst the itinerant groups of people in Ireland and Scotland, who hailed from both Irish/Scottish Gaelic and English-speaking backgrounds, ultimately developing as various creole languages.<ref name="Queen's2" /> However, the various types of cant (Scottish/Irish) are mutually unintelligible. The Irish creole variant is termed "the cant". Its speakers from the Irish Traveller community know it as ''Gammon'', while the linguistic community identifies it as ''shelta''.<ref name="Queen's2">Kirk, J. & Ó Baoill, D. ''Travellers and their Language'' (2002) [[Queen's University Belfast]] {{ISBN|0-85389-832-4}}</ref> * Outside Gaelic circles, the derivation is typically seen to be from Latin {{Lang|la|cantāre}}, 'to sing', via Norman French {{Lang|nrf-Latn|canter}}. Within this derivation, the history of the word is seen to have referred to the chanting of friars initially, used disparagingly some time between the 12th and 15th centuries.<ref name="Collins2">''Collins English Dictionary 21st Century Edition'' (2001) [[HarperCollins]] {{ISBN|0-00-472529-8}}</ref> <ref name="McArthur2">McArthur, T. (ed.) ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (1992) [[Oxford University Press]] {{ISBN|0-19-214183-X}}</ref> Gradually, the term was applied to the singsong of beggars and eventually a criminal jargon. == Argot == Argot (English: /ˈɑːrɡoʊ/; site na [[Asụsụ French|French]] argot {{IPA|fr|aʁɡo|}} '[[slang]]') bụ asụsụ nke ìgwè dị iche iche na-eji iji gbochie ndị si n'èzí ịghọta mkparịta ụka ha. A na-ejikwa ''[[Jargon|okwu]]'' ahụ bụ argot na-ezo aka n'okwu pụrụ iche sitere na otu mpaghara ọmụmụ, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ihe ntụrụndụ, n'echiche ọ na-ejikọta ya na okwu. N'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke 1862 Les Misérables, Victor Hugo na-ezo aka na okwu ahụ dị ka "asụsụ nke ọchịchịrị" na "asụsụ nke nhụsianya".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Schwartz, Robert M.|title=Interesting Facts about Convicts of France in the 19th Century|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/popcorn/convicts2.html|publisher=Mt. Holyoke University|accessdate=2019-04-26|archivedate=2021-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703205052/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/popcorn/convicts2.html}}</ref> Ihe ndekọ mbụ a maara banyere okwu argot n'ọnọdụ a dị na akwụkwọ 1628. O yikarịrị ka okwu a sitere na aha oge a {{Lang|fr|les argotiers}}, nke e nyere otu ndị ohi n'oge ahụ. N'okpuru nkọwa siri ike, argot bụ asụsụ kwesịrị ekwesị nwere usoro ụtọasụsụ nke ya.[1] Asụsụ nzuzo zuru oke dị otú ahụ dị ụkọ n'ihi na ndị na-asụ ya na-enwekarị asụsụ ọhaneze jikọrọ ọnụ, nke argot dabere na ya. Argo ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ụdị okwu dị iche iche nke otu asụsụ, nke nwere akụkụ nke okwu ya jiri okwu ndị ọha na eze na-amaghị dochie ya; argot ejiri mee ihe n'echiche a, ya na cant. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji argot n'echiche a maka sistemu dị ka verlan na louchébem, nke na-ejigide syntax French ma tinye mgbanwe naanị n'okwu ndị dị n'otu n'otu (ma na-emekarị naanị na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke okwu, dị ka aha, ma ọ bụ okwu ọdịnaya semantic).[2] Usoro ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ihe atụ nke argots à clef, ma ọ bụ "coded argots".<ref name="valdman2">{{Cite journal|author=Valdman|first=Albert|date=May 2000|title=La Langue des faubourgs et des banlieues: de l'argot au français populaire|journal=The French Review|language=fr|volume=73|issue=6|pages=1179–1192}}</ref> Okwu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ nwere ike isi n'okwu mkparị gaa n'okwu kwa ụbọchị ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, {{Lang|fr|loufoque}} 'nzuzu', 'goofy', nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe ugbu a, malitere na mgbanwe {{Lang|fr|louchébem}} nke Fr. ara 'nwere isi mgbaka'. N'ihe gbasara nkà mmụta ọgwụ, ekwuru na ndị dọkịta nwere argot, cant, ma ọ bụ slang nke ha na-ekwu okwu, nke na-agụnye abbreviation na mkpọ okwu ndị a na-aghọtakarị, okwu mkparịta ụka nkà na ụzụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe, na ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara kwa ụbọchị (nke nwere ike ma ọ bụ na-abụghị nke ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ mpaghara mpaghara).[1] Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime mkparịta ụka ndị a nwere ike bụrụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume nye ọtụtụ ndị nkịtị, ole na ole yiri ka a haziri ya kpọmkwem iji zoo ihe ọ pụtara n'aka ndị ọrịa (ikekwe n'ihi na usoro ọgwụgwọ ahụike na-ezurukarị). <ref name="Hukill-19612">{{Cite journal|author=Hukill|first=Peter B.|date=1961|title=The Spoken Language of Medicine: Argot, Slang, Cant|journal=American Speech|volume=36|issue=2|pages=145–151|doi=10.2307/453853}}</ref> == Ndị na-emegide asụsụ == Ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ bụ Michael Halliday kọwara ma mụọ echiche nke ''mgbochi asụsụ'', onye jiri okwu ahụ kọwaa asụsụ nke mgbochi ọha mmadụ.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Halliday|first=M. a. K.|date=1976-09-01|title=Anti-Languages|journal=American Anthropologist|language=en|volume=78|issue=3|pages=570–584|doi=10.1525/aa.1976.78.3.02a00050|issn=1548-1433}}</ref> Ndị na-emegide ọha mmadụ bụ obere obodo dị iche iche nke e ji kpachara anya mepụta n'ime ọha mmadụ buru ibu dị ka ihe ọzọ ma ọ bụ iguzogide ya.<ref name=":02" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Adam Podgórecki mụrụ otu ndị na-emegide ọha mmadụ nke ndị mkpọrọ Poland mejupụtara; Bhaktiprasad Mallik nke Sanskrit College mụrụ ọzọ nke ndị omempụ mejupụtara na Calcutta.<ref name=":02" /> Ndị a na-azụlite ndị na-emegide asụsụ dị ka ụzọ iji gbochie ndị si n'èzí ịghọta nkwurịta okwu ha na dị ka ụzọ isi guzobe ọdịbendị nke na-egbo mkpa nke usoro mmekọrịta ha ọzọ.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|author=Baker|first=Paul|title=Polari The Lost Language of Gay Men|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=978-0415261807|pages=13–14}}</ref> Asụsụ ndị na-emegide asụsụ dị iche na slang na jargon n'ihi na a na-eji ha eme ihe naanị n'etiti ndị a chụpụrụ, gụnyere ndị mkpọrọ, ndị omempụ, ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha, <ref name=":12" /> na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zarzycki|first=Łukasz|title=Socio-lingual Phenomenon of the Anti-language of Polish and American Prison Inmates|url=http://repozytorium.uwb.edu.pl/jspui/bitstream/11320/4122/1/Zarzycki_Crossroads_8.pdf|journal=Crossroads}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated12">{{Cite journal|author=Kohn|first=Liberty|title=Antilanguage and a Gentleman's Goloss: Style, Register, and Entitlement To Irony in A Clockwork Orange|url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_81291_en.pdf|journal=ESharp|pages=1–27}}</ref> Asụsụ ndị na-emegide asụsụ na-eji otu okwu na ụtọ asụsụ dị ka asụsụ ha n'ụzọ na-abụghị nke omenala. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-emegide asụsụ na-agbaziri okwu site na asụsụ ndị ọzọ, mepụta ihe ndị na-abụghị nke omenala, ma ọ bụ jiri nsonaazụ ọhụrụ maka okwu ndị dị ugbu a. Anti-asụsụ nwekwara ike ịgbanwe okwu site na iji metathesis, gbanwee ụda ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede (dịka, apụl ka ọ bụrụ ''Elppa''), ma ọ bụ dochie ụdaume ha.<ref name=":02"/>Ya mere, asụsụ ndị na-emegide asụsụ dị iche iche ma bụrụ ndị pụrụ iche ma ọ bụghị naanị ire okwu nke asụsụ ndị dị ugbu a. N'edemede ya bụ "Anti-Language", Halliday chịkọtara nyocha nke Thomas Harman, Adam Podgórecki, na Bhaktiprasad Mallik iji nyochaa mgbochi asụsụ na njikọ dị n'etiti nkwurịta okwu ọnụ na nhazi nke usoro ọha mmadụ. N'ihi nke a, ọmụmụ nke mgbochi asụsụ bụ ma ọmụmụ nke sociology na linguistics. Enwere ike ịchịkọta nchoputa Halliday dị ka ndepụta nke njirisi itoolu nke asụsụ ga-emerịrị ka ewe were ya dị ka ihe na-emegide asụsụ: * Onye na-emegide ọha mmadụ bụ ọha mmadụ e guzobere n'ime ọha mmadụ ọzọ dị ka ihe ọzọ maara nke ọma na ya. * Dị ka ihe ndekọ mbụ nke asụsụ nke ọdịbendị dị iche iche, ozi na-abịakarị anyị dị ka ndepụta okwu. * Ụdị kachasị mfe nke onye na-emegide asụsụ bụ nke okwu ọhụrụ sitere na oge ochie: ọ bụ asụsụ relexicalised. * Ụkpụrụ bụ nke otu ụtọ asụsụ, okwu dị iche iche. * Nkwurịta okwu dị irè na-adabere n'ịgbanwerịta ihe ndị na-enweghị ike iru. * Anti-asụsụ abụghị naanị nhọrọ ọzọ; ọ bụ ihe bụ isi na ịdị adị nke "ndụ nke abụọ". * Ụgbọ kachasị mkpa nke mmezi ihe bụ mkparịta ụka. Ndị niile na-eji otu ụdị nkwurịta okwu a bụ ndị na-eme ka ndị ọzọ bụrụ eziokwu. * Anti-asụsụ bụ ụgbọ ala nke resocialisation. * Enwere ịga n'ihu n'etiti asụsụ na mgbochi asụsụ. Ihe atụ nke okwu ndị na-emegide asụsụ gụnyere Cockney rhyming slang, CB slang, Verlan, ''Grypsera'' nke ụlọ mkpọrọ Polish, cant nke ndị ohi, Polari, na Bangime. === N'omenala a ma ama === Ndị ode akwụkwọ na-emepụta asụsụ mgbochi mgbe ụfọdụ wee jiri ya mee ihe na akwụkwọ akụkọ. Asụsụ ndị a na-emegide asụsụ enweghị akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu zuru oke, enweghị ike ịhụ ya maka nkọwa asụsụ, yabụ enweghị ike mụọ ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ asụsụ nke ndị na-emegide ọha na-asụ. Otú ọ dị, a ka na-eji ha eme ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe mgbochi asụsụ. Roger Fowler's "Anti-Languages ​​in Fiction" na-enyocha Anthony Burgess's A Clockwork Orange na William S. Burroughs' Naked Lunch iji kọwapụta ọdịdị nke asụsụ mgbochi na iji kọwaa ebumnuche echiche ya..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fowler|first=Roger|date=Summer 1979|title=Anti-Language in Fiction|journal=Style|volume=13|issue=3|pages=259–278}}</ref> A Clockwork Orange bụ ihe atụ a ma ama nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ebe onye isi bụ nwata nwoke nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nke na-ekwu okwu na-emegide asụsụ a na-akpọ Nadsat. A na-akpọkarị asụsụ a argot, mana a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ihe na-emegide asụsụ n'ihi usoro mmekọrịta ọ na-ejigide site na klas mmekọrịta nke droogs.<ref name="autogenerated12"/> == Ojiji mpaghara nke okwu == N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Connacht, na Ireland, cant na-ezo aka na ire ere, nke a na-ahụkarị n'ụbọchị ngosi ("Cantmen na Cantwomen, ụfọdụ sitere n'ebe dị anya dị ka Dublin, ga-agbakọta na Mohill n'ụbọchị Fair, ... guzobe ụlọ ahịa ha ... wee malite ire ahịa ha ozugbo") na nke ''Abụ'' pụtara na mkparịta ụka ọ bụla na-atọ ụtọ na-akọwakarị dị ka 'great cant'" ma ọ bụ "crosstalk").[17][18] Na Scotland, a na-akpọ asụsụ creole ''Abụ'' na-enweghị njikọ cant. Scottish Cant (asụsụ ngwakọta, ọkachasị Scots na [[Romani language|Romani]] na mmetụta Scottish Gaelic) bụ nke ndị Rom dị ala na-asụ. Highland Traveller's Cant (ma ọ bụ ''Beurla Reagaird'') bụ cant dabeere na Gaelic nke ndị Indigenous Highland Traveler. Abụ ndị ahụ anaghị aghọta ibe ha. A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ mee ihe dị ka nsonaazụ maka aha mkpụrụ ego maka okwu ndị dị n'oge a dị ka "ọgwụ", okwu a na-eji akọwa ụdị asụsụ nke ndị ọrụ ahụike na-eji eme ihe nke na-enweghị ike ịghọta ndị nkịtị. == Ihe Nlereanya == * Adurgari, from [[Afghanistan]] * [[Agbirigba]], from [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] * Äynu, from [[China]] * Back slang, from [[London]], [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] * Bahasa G, from Indonesia<ref>{{Cite web|title=bahasa gaul - KBBI VI Online|language=id|work=[[Agency for Language Development and Cultivation]]|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/bahasa%20gaul|accessdate=16 August 2024|quote=informal Indonesian dialect used by certain communities or in certain areas for socializing|archivedate=16 August 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816204035/https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/bahasa%20gaul}}</ref> * Banjački, from [[Serbia]] * Barallete, from [[Galisa|Galicia]], [[Spain]] * Bargoens, from the [[Netherlands]] * Bron from León and Asturias, Spain * Beurla Reagaird, a Gaelic-based cant used by Highland Traveller community in Scotland * Boontling from California * Caló (Chicano), from the US/Mexican border * Cockney Rhyming Slang, from [[London]], [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] * [[Engsh]], from [[Kenya]] * Fala dos arxinas, from Galicia, Spain * Fenya from [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] * Gacería, from Spain * Gayle language, from South African gay culture * Gender transposition * Germanía, from Spain * Grypsera, from [[Poland]] * Gumuțeasca, from [[Romania]] * Gyaru-moji, from [[Japan]] * Hijra Farsi, from South Asia, used by the ''hijra'' and ''kothi'' subcultures (traditional indigenous approximate analogues to LGBT subcultures) * [[IsiNgqumo]], from [[South Africa]] and [[Zimbabwe]] * Iyaric, from [[Jamaikạ|Jamaica]], used by adherents of Rastafari * Javanais, from [[France]] * Jejemon, from the Philippines * Jeringonza, from [[Spain]] * Joual, from Quebec French * Kaliarda, from Greek, used by LGBT community. * Klezmer-loshn, from [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|Eastern Europe]] * Korean ginseng-harvesters' cant, from [[Korea]] * Leet (or ''1337 speak''), from internet culture * Louchébem, from France * Lóxoro, from Peru * Lubunca, from [[Turkéy|Turkey]], used by LGBT community. * Lunfardo, from [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]] * Martian language, to replace Chinese characters * Meshterski, from [[Bulgaria]] * Miguxês, from the emo, hipster subcultures of young netizens in Brazil * Minderico, a sociolect or a secret language traditionally spoken by tailors and traders in Minde, [[Portugal]]. * Nadsat, a fictional argot * Nihali, from [[Ndia|India]] * Nyōbō kotoba, from [[Japan]] * Padonkaffsky jargon (or Olbanian) from Runet, Russia * Pig Latin * Pitkernese * Podaná, from [[Greece]] * Pajubá, from [[Brazil]] a dialect of the gay subculture that uses African or African-sounding words as slang, heavily borrowed from the Afro-Brazilian religions * Polari, a general term for a diverse but unrelated group of dialects used by [[Actor|actors]], [[Fair|circus and fairground showmen]], gay subculture, criminal underworld (criminals, prostitutes). * Rotvælsk, from [[Denmark]] * Rotwelsch, from [[Jémanị|Germany]] * Šatrovački, from the former Yugoslavia * Scottish Cant, a variant of Scots and [[Romani language|Romani]] used by the Lowland Romani people in Scotland, United Kingdom * Shelta, from the Irish Travellers community in Ireland * Sheng from [[Kenya]] * Spasell, from Italy * Swardspeak (or Bekimon, or Bekinese), from the Philippines * Thieves' cant (or peddler's French, or St Giles' Greek), from the United Kingdom * Tōgo, from Japan (a back slang) * Totoiana, from Romania * [[Tsotsitaal and Camtho|Tsotsitaal]], from South Africa * Tutnese, from the United States * Verlan, from France * Xíriga, from Asturias, Spain{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} * Zargari, from Iran <ref>{{Cite web|author=Baghbidi|first=Hassan Rezai|title=The Zargari Language: An Endangered European Romani in Iran|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361415781_The_Zargari_Language_An_Endangered_European_Romani_in_Iran|work=researchgate.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Jadwiga|author=Pstrusińska|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/864565715|title=Secret languages of Afghanistan and their speakers.|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publ|isbn=978-1-4438-4970-8|pages=34|language=en|oclc=864565715}}</ref> === Ndị ohi na-eti === Ndị ohi bụ akụkụ nke akwụkwọ mpịakọta na egwuregwu a ma ama, ọkachasị n'etiti 1590 na 1615, mana ọ nọgidere na-apụta n'akwụkwọ site na narị afọ nke 18. Enwere ajụjụ banyere otu akwụkwọ ahụ si gosipụta ojiji a na-eji asụsụ eme ihe n'ime ndị omempụ. Otu onye ohi na 1839 kwuru na cant ọ hụrụ na mbipụta abụghị ihe dị ka cant nke "ndị Gypsy, ndị ohi, na ndị arịrịọ ji mee ihe n'oge ahụ. " O kwukwara na nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị a jiri okwu dị iche iche, nke jikọtara ọnụ, ndị Gypsy nwere okwu cant maka ihe niile, na ndị na-arịọ arịrịọ na-eji ụdị dị ala karịa ndị ohi. == Hụkwa == * Okwu koodu (ihe osise nke okwu) * Onye na-ekwu koodu * Onye na-ere ahịa * Okwu abụọ * Gibberish (egwuregwu asụsụ) * Okwu mkparị * Lazăr Șăineanu, onye Romanian nke mụrụ asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụ * Obere ugbo * Igbu anya * Akpụkpọ ahụ * Asụsụ Rhyming * Shibboleth == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 25g9tqd7zf47j00rw7ctlessc5q1nn4 0 56261 693017 656579 2026-07-31T06:10:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Ahmed Ali|image=|birth_date={{birth date|1932|03|01|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Nabinagar Upazila|Nabinagar]], [[Brahmanbaria District|Brahmanbaria]], [[Bangladesh]]|death_date={{death date and age|2020|01|11|1932|03|01|df=y}}|death_place=[[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]|occupation=Lawyer, politician|alma_mater=[[University of Dhaka]]|party=[[Bangladesh Awami League]]}} Ahmed Ali (1 Machị 1932 - 11 Januarị 2020) bụ onye agha ndị na onye ọka iwu Bangladesh Ndị Bangladesh Awami League.  A ahụmahụ ya dị ka onye otu East Pakistan Provincial Assembly site na Comilla-5.  Ka e ịhụ, a mgbaàmà ya dị ka onye otu onye Iwu nke Bangladesh.  O ada na Language Movement.  Ọ bụkwa onye nhazi nke Agha Nnwere Onwe nke Bangladesh. == Akụkọ ndụ == A egwuregwu Ali na 1 Machị 1932 n' Brazil Bengali nobodo nta Kajalia na Nabinagar, Tipperah District (nke bụzi Brahmanbaria District, Bangladesh).  Ezinpụtara ahụ ahụ mechara n'ahụ Bagichagaon na obodo Comilla.[1]  O ada na Language Movement .  [2] Ọ ozizi nzere Bachelor nke Iwu na Mahadum nke Dhaka . {{Cite web|url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/first-page/2019/06/23/433655|title=অনেক মার খেয়ে প্রতিষ্ঠিত এ দল|date=23 June 2019|accessdate=11 January 2020|language=bn|archivedate=24 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624174152/https://www.bd-pratidin.com/first-page/2019/06/23/433655}}</ref> Ali bụ osote onye isi oche nke Central Chhatra League.onye otu Central Committee of Bangladesh Awami league, onye isi oche na mgbaàmà nke cumilla zilla Awami legue [1] O ngwaọrụ na mmegide ọ megide ọrịa Pakistan site na 1952 ruo 1971. [2] A ihe ya dị ka onye otu East Pakistan Provincial Assembly site na Comilla-5 na 1970 Bangladesh nke ike.  [1] Ọ bụ onye mbụ nke Comilla mgbe Nnwere Onwe nke Bangladesh nchebe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jamuna.tv/news/119220|title=ভাষা সৈনিক এ্যাড. আহমেদ আলী আর নেই|date=11 January 2020|accessdate=11 January 2020|language=bn|work=Jamuna Television}}</ref> Ali bụ onye nhazi nke Agha Nnwere Onwe nke Bangladesh .  [1] O welitere ọkọlọtọ Bangladesh na Comilla Town Hall na 8 Disemba 1971 mgbe e wepụrụ Comilla n'aka Ndị agha Pakistan. <ref name="a">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/country/2019/12/08/481863|title=নিজের উঠানে কুমিল্লা মুক্ত দিবসের পতাকা উত্তোলন করলেন অ্যাড. আহমেদ আলী|date=8 December 2019|accessdate=11 January 2020|language=bn|work=Bangladesh Pratidin|archivedate=28 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228190029/https://www.bd-pratidin.com/country/2019/12/08/481863}}</ref> Ali bụ onye mbụ a họpụtara dịka osote onyeisi oche nke Kansụl Ndị Ọkaiwu Bangladesh . <ref name="c">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2020/01/11/861205|title=ভাষা সৈনিক ও মুক্তিযুদ্ধের সংগঠক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই|date=11 January 2020|accessdate=11 January 2020|language=bn|work=Kaler Kantho}}</ref> O dekwara akwụkwọ ụfọdụ.<ref name="d">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/first-page/2019/06/23/433655|title=অনেক মার খেয়ে প্রতিষ্ঠিত এ দল|date=23 June 2019|accessdate=11 January 2020|language=bn|archivedate=24 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624174152/https://www.bd-pratidin.com/first-page/2019/06/23/433655}} [[Category:CS1 Bengali-language sources (bn)]]</ref> Ali nwụrụ n'ọrịa cancer prostate na Apollo Hospital, Dhaka na 11 Jenụwarị 2020 mgbe ọ dị afọ 87. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.somoynews.tv/pages/details/192354|title=ভাষাসৈনিক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই|date=11 January 2020|accessdate=11 January 2020|language=bn|work=Somoy TV}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/m/national/news/551767|title=ভাষাসৈনিক আহমেদ আলী আর নেই|date=11 January 2020|accessdate=11 January 2020|language=bn|work=Jagonews24.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/453238/Language-hero-Ahmed-Ali-passes-away|title=Language hero Ahmed Ali passes away|date=11 January 2020|accessdate=11 January 2020|work=Daily Sun|archivedate=27 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627025944/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/453238/Language-hero-Ahmed-Ali-passes-away}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 0q7i6p5s1iefvf206nm79r1mdotb43p 0 56639 693028 637611 2026-07-31T07:33:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693028 wikitext text/x-wiki Akụkọ ifo Maldivian ma ọ bụ akụkọ ọdịnala Maldivian bụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ifo, akụkọ na akụkọ ifo nke sitere na ọdịnala ọnụ nke ndị Maldivian. Ọ bụ ezie na onye ọrụ Britain na Ceylon HCP Bell akpọtụla ụfọdụ n'ime akụkọ ifo ndị Maldivian obere oge na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19, [1] bụ onye ode akwụkwọ na onye na-ese ihe [[Spain]] bụ Xavier Romero-Frias mere nyocha na mbipụta ha n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, n'oge mgbe echiche ụwa nke nna ochie na-apụ n'anya ngwa ngwa.. Ndị Maldives na-edina n'akụkụ ebe ọkụ ọkụ nke oke osimiri India nke mmiri miri emi gbara ya gburugburu. Mba a bụ naanị coral atolls. E nwere ihe dị ka 1,200 obere àgwàetiti dị larịị na ájá, ma ọ bụ nanị ihe dị ka 200 n’ime ha bi. Ndị mmadụ anọgidewo na-ebi na Maldives ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ; ya mere akụkọ ọdịnala nke agwaetiti ndị a bụ oge ochie. == Akụkọ ifo banyere mmalite == Akụkọ ifo ndị bụ isi na-egosipụta ịdabere na ndị Maldivian na osisi akị bekee na azụ tuna. Akụkọ mgbe ochie na-ekwu na ndị mbụ bi na Maldives nwụrụ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu, mana nnukwu onye dibịa afa ma ọ bụ nwoke ''fanḍita'' mere ka Osisi akị bekee si na okpokoro isi nke ozu ndị mbụ e liri. Ya mere, a na-ekwu na osisi akị bekee nwere mmalite anthropomorphic dị ka akụkọ Maldive si kwuo. Osisi akị bekee ahụ dị n'etiti Ihe nnọchianya mba Maldive nke oge a. A na-ekwu na ọ bụ onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri (''Maliki'') a na-akpọ Bodu Niyami Kalēfanu butere Azụ tuna na mmiri Maldivian iji weta azụ a bara uru. == Akụkọ ifo banyere mkpochapụ == Akụkọ ifo ndị a na-ekwu na njedebe nke Maldives ga-abụ nnukwu ọdachi ebe oké osimiri gbara ya gburugburu ga-ekpuchi agwaetiti ndị ahụ. A na-ahụ akụkọ ifo yiri nke ahụ na Andaman Islands nakwa na Nicobar Islands. == Mmalite nke Malé == Ndị mbụ biri na Maldives nwere ike ịbụ Gujaratis, bụ́ ndị ruru ma biri na Sri Lanka ihe dị ka 500 T.O.A. Enwere ike ịchọta ihe akaebe nke mmetụta ọdịbendị sitere na North India site na ụzọ e si arụ ụgbọ mmiri na mkpụrụ ego akara akara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where Did the Maldives People Come From?|url=http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/iiasn5/insouasi/maloney.html|accessdate=2025-03-06|archivedate=2013-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605195953/http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/iiasn5/insouasi/maloney.html}}</ref> A na-ekwu na ndị ọkụ azụ Giraavaru na-aga mgbe niile na nnukwu ájá (''finolhu'') na njedebe ndịda nke agwaetiti ha iji sachaa azụ tuna mgbe ha nwetasịrị ezigbo. N'ihi oke ụgbụgbọ mmiri tuna na ọbara, mmiri ndị gbara ájá ahụ gburugburu dị ka nnukwu ọdọ ọbara (maa ley gande'h). ''maa iwu gande'h). ''"Maa" (site na Tamil "Maa" lit. "nnukwu" ma ọ bụ "nnukwu"), nke pụtara nnukwu, na "Lē" nke pụtara ọbara. Dị ka omenala si dị, ndị mbụ bi na Maldives, nke gụnyere ndị Giraavaru, enweghị ndị eze. Ha biri n'obodo dị mfe ma bụrụ ndị ndị isi obodo na-achị. Otu ụbọchị, otu onye isi nke Sub kọntinent a na-akpọ Koimala ji nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri si n'ebe ugwu bịarute Malé Atoll. Ndị Giraavaru si n’ebe dị anya hụ ụgbọ ya wee nabata ya. Ha kwere ka Prince Koimala biri n'elu nnukwu ájá ahụ dị n'etiti mmiri nke nwere ọbara azụ̀ meruru. A na-akụ osisi n'akụkụ ájá, a na-ekwukwa na osisi mbụ tolitere na ya bụ osisi pọọpọ. Ka oge na-aga, ndị bi n'agwaetiti ahụ nakweere ọchịchị Onye Ọchịchị Ebe Ugwu a. E wuru otu obí, a na-akpọkwa agwaetiti ahụ Maa-le Malé, ebe àgwàetiti kacha nso bụ Hulhule (Hulhulé).. == Mmụọ ọjọọ == [[Faịlụ:Be-holhudu1.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Be. Ememe a ma ama na [[Holhudu]] Island. Maali ]] [[Faịlụ:Be-holhudu2.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Be. Ememe a ma ama na [[Holhudu]] Island. Bandiyaa jehun]] Ọtụtụ n'ime akụkọ ndị a ma ama na Maldives bụ maka mmụọ ọjọọ na mmekọrịta ha na ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ. Akụkọ ndị a na-enwe ihe mmụta mgbe niile n'ụdị ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ. Omume ụfọdụ ghọrọ ihe dị mkpa iji zere nsogbu na ụwa mmụọ. Omume omume ndị a, dị ka mkpa ọ dị idebe ihe nzuzo, yana izere mpaghara ụfọdụ nke agwaetiti ahụ na oge ọjọọ, bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ime mmụọ a ma ama n'oge ochie. Ndị mmụọ Maldivian nwere ike ịdị n'ụdị mmadụ, ọbụlagodi na amabeghị ma ha sitere na mmadụ ma ọ bụ na ha enweghị. Mgbe ha nọ n'ụdị mmadụ, ịma mma na ntorobịa na-ekpuchikarị ajọ omume mmụọ ndị ahụ. Ụfọdụ ndị mmụọ ọjọọ Maldivian (handi) nwere ọdịdị mara mma, ndị inyom mara mma. Akụkọ ndị a gbasara mmụọ nwanyị sitere na ofufe Chi nwanyị ochie Dravidian Village na ha na-arụtụ aka na agbụrụ nke ndị Maldive.. Mmụọ ọjọọ ndị ọzọ bụ isiokwu nke ọtụtụ akụkọ ọdịnala na Maldives (faru furēta nke pụtara "nnukwu reef") bụ anụ ọjọọ na-esi na mmiri oké osimiri na-esikarị na reefs. Akụkọ banyere anụ ọhịa ndị dị n'oké osimiri bụ akụkụ nke ọdịbendị obodo, nke a na-akọwa site na gburugburu ebe obibi nke oké osimiri nke, n'ime puku afọ, ọdịbendị Maldivian mepụtara. == Onye nzuzu == Hassan Thakuru, onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri maara nke a na-akọ, hapụrụ nwunye ya ọ hụrụ n'anya, Aiminabi, ka ọ gaa n'àgwàetiti dị anya maka ọrụ. Mgbe ọ na-anọghị, Aiminabi na-elekọta ọrụ ya, otu n'ime ha gụnyere iwere mmiri site na olulu mmiri dị nso n'ebe ili ozu n'oge mgbede. Mgbe ọ chịkọtara ihe niile ọ chọrọ, ọ tụgharịrị iji laghachi n'ụlọ na bọket mmiri zuru ezu, naanị ka ọ hụ ya anya na-adịghị mma, nke na-atụ egwu. Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe anya ya dị ka ihe na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ; anụ ọhịa a na-ekpuchi n'ime eriri umbilical ya, na-eji okpokoro isi mmadụ na-akwagharị ájá na apịtị n'ahụ ya. N'ihi ihe ijuanya, ọ wụda ite mmiri ya, na mberede mee ka anụ ọhịa ahụ mara ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Hingun|first=Nikagas|date=2020|title=Exploring Some of the Decades Old Folktales of an Island Nation|url=https://coralglass.market/news/431|accessdate=2024-12-10|work=Coralglass Market|language=en|archivedate=2024-12-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210040258/https://coralglass.market/news/431}}</ref> Anụ ọhịa ahụ, nke a maara dị ka Foolhudhigu Handi, sooro ya n'ụlọ ma gbaa ụlọ ahụ gburugburu, na-ama jijiji, na-achọ ịmata ma ọ bụrụ na Aiminabi ahụla ya. Ọ na-agha ụgha, na-azọrọ na ọ hụghị ihe ọ bụla, n'ihi ya ọ na-apụ naanị iji laghachi n'abalị na-esote iji menye ya egwu ọzọ. Ọ na-eguzo n'ọnọdụ ya na ọ hụghị ihe ọ bụla, yabụ ọ na-apụ ọzọ. Foolhudhigu laghachiri nke ugboro atọ, Otú ọ dị, Hassan Thakuru esila n'ọrụ ya lọta ugbu a. N'otu, di na nwunye ahụ chepụtara atụmatụ igbu anụ ọhịa ahụ. Ọzọkwa, Foolhudhigu jụrụ Aiminabi ma ọ hụrụ ya, ọ bụ naanị n'oge a ka ọ kwupụtara na ya hụrụ ya. Nke a mere ka Foolhudhigu nwee iwe, nke ọ zaghachiri site na ịpị eriri umbilical ya n'ime oghere n'ime ụlọ ahụ. Hassan Thakura egbughị oge n'ijide ya, dọkpụ ya ruo mgbe ọ dịghị onye fọdụrụ ka a dọrọ ya, ma jiri mma bepụ ya n'ala ya. Aiminabi mechiri ọrụ ahụ site n'itinye chili paste n'elu ọnyá ahụ, Foolhudhigu wee banye n'abalị, na-eti mkpu n'ahụhụ, ka a ghara ịhụ ya ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> == Anụmanụ ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ == Akụkọ ifo ebe azụ, crabs na nnụnụ mmiri bụ ndị dike, dị ka akụkọ gbasara Mākana, Findana, Kalhubondage Diye, Fandiyaaru Kakuni, ma ọ bụ Don Mohonaai Miyaru, na-ewebata anyị na ụwa nke anụ ọhịa nke Maldive Atolls, ebe anụ ala dị ole na ole. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a bụ akụkọ maka ụmụaka ma ụfọdụ ka na-ewu ewu nke ukwuu. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime akụkọ ndị dị otú a bụ ndị mbụ, ole na ole bụ akụkọ ma ọ bụ akụkọ ifo ndị mba ọzọ bụ ndị a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ndị na-akọ akụkọ obodo ma ọ bụ ndị Maldivian gụrụ akwụkwọ, dị ka onye nwụrụ anwụ [[Muhammad]] Jamil.. == Ndị dibịa afa dị ike == N'akwụkwọ ndị nna nna nke ndị Maldivian, onye dibịa afa, ma ọ bụ nwoke gụrụ akwụkwọ nke agwaetiti ahụ maara nkà anwansi. A maara majik ma ọ bụ amoosu na Maldives dị ka ''fanḍita''. A na-egosipụta onye dibịa afa Maldivian ma ọ bụ ''fanḍita veriyaa'' mgbe niile n'akụkọ ọdịnala nke ndị Maldivian dị ka dike. Naanị ya maara otu esi eme ka mmụọ ndị na-emenye ndị agwaetiti egwu kwa ụbọchị (ma ọ bụ karịa kwa abalị). Akụkọ ụfọdụ na-adịbeghị anya na-etinye onye dibịa afa n'ọrụ onye ọjọọ, mana ndị a enweghị njikọ zuru oke na akụkọ ifo Maldive. == Mgbanwe gaa na Alakụba == Dị ka onye njem Moroccan ama ama Ibn Batuta siri kwuo, onye na-ahụ maka ịtụgharị ndị Maldivian na Islam dịka onye ọbịa Muslim Sunni aha ya bụ Abu al Barakat ul Barbari. O meriri rannamaari, bụ́ mmụọ ọjọọ nke si n’oké osimiri na-abịa ma mee ka Eze ahụ kweta ịghọ onye Alakụba. Otú ọ dị, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo ahụ, ''Raadavalhi'' na ''Taarikh'', kwuru na onye nsọ a bụ onye Peshia si n'obodo Tabriz, nke a na-akpọ Yusuf Shamsud-din. A makwaara ya n'ógbè ahụ dị ka Tabrīzugefānu . Ili a na-asọpụrụ nke ukwuu nke onye nsọ a ugbu a guzo n'ihu ala Hukuru Miski, n'etiti Malé, isi obodo. == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == Akụkọ banyere ndị obodo, dị ka '''Rōnu Eduru''', '''Kuda Tuttu Didi''', '''Kalhukuru''' ma ọ bụ '''Naalaafushi Fagīru''' (nwoke dara ogbenye nke Naalaafush) na-enye anyị ọhụụ banyere ụzọ ndụ na Maldives mgbe agwaetiti ahụ bụ alaeze, na Malé, isi obodo, bụ ebe dị egwu, nke dị jụụ. N'akụkọ ndị ahụ, anyị na-amụta ọtụtụ ihe banyere ndụ n'ụlọ ikpe na Malé na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Radun (eze Maldives) na ndị ọ na-achị. == Ụdị dị iche iche nke oge a == Ebe ọ bụ na e nwere ọtụtụ agwaetiti na Maldives, ọtụtụ akụkọ ọdịnala nwere nsụgharị dị iche iche dabere na agwaetiti na onye na-akọ akụkọ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị edemede Maldivian nke oge a, dị ka [[Abdulla Sadiq]] ma ọ bụ Ahumadu Sharīfu (Maradū) emeela ka akụkọ ụfọdụ dị mkpirikpi n'ihi ogologo ha. Akụkọ ndị ọzọ ('''Karukuru''', '''Telabagudi''' na akụkọ '''Mameli''') emeela ka ọ dị ọcha, n'ihi na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-adịghị mma maka nsị na mmiri ahụ, ọkachasị n'akụkọ ọdịnala oge ochie sitere na agwaetiti ndị dị n'èzí, ebe ụkpụrụ obodo ahụ hụrụ nke a dị mma. == Akụkọ ifo Koimala == ''''''Koimala''' Siri Mahaabarana Mahaa Radun''' (Dhivehi) ma ọ bụ Koimala (Dhivehi) maọbụ '''Koimala Kalo''' (Dhiwehi, n'ụzọ nkịtị "Onyenwe anyị Koimala") bụ akụkọ ifo banyere eze mbụ nke Agwaetiti Maldive niile.Ụfọdụ nsụgharị nke akụkọ ifo Koimala na-ekwu na ọ na-ezo aka na onye ọchịchị mbụ nke Maldives mgbe a tọghatara ya na Islam, nke a makwaara dị ka ''Dharumavantha rasgefaanu'', onye chịrị site na 1117 ruo 1141. E kwenyere na ọ bụkwa eze mbụ sitere n'Ụlọ Theemuge na Ọchịchị Lunar. Site na akụkọ ndị ọzọ ọ bụ eze nke anọ nke Lunar Dynastry nke Eze Balaadeettiya guzobere dị ka Alaeze Soma Vansa; ọ bụ ezie na ruo mgbe Koimala ụlọ ahụ chịrị naanị akụkụ nke Maldives. Otú ọ dị, ịkọwa akụkọ banyere onye ọchịchị Islam mbụ adịghị akọwa onye wuru nnukwu ihe ncheta Buddha ndị dị n'ọtụtụ àgwàetiti ndị mmadụ bi na nke e wuru na narị afọ mbụ AD.[1]. Ọ na-apụkwa na-akọwaghị ịdị adị nke usoro eze oge ochie na Maldives ugbua tupu mgbanwe ahụ, dị ka akwụkwọ ozi narị afọ nke 12 sitere na eze gaa na Sangumanun, ma ọ bụ obodo ndị mọnk Buddha, na Sathudhuvumati (Haddummati Atoll) site na efere ọla kọpa na-egosi.. Dị ka Maldivian Folklore si kwuo, Koimala bụ nwa eze si n'ógbè India nke rutere na Malé Atoll. Ndị Giraavaru hụrụ ụgbọ mmiri ya n'ebe dị anya wee nabata ya. Ha hapụrụ Prince Koimala ka ọ biri na nnukwu ájá ahụ n'etiti mmiri ndị nwere ọbara azụ. A kụrụ osisi n'elu ájá ahụ ma a na-ekwu na osisi mbụ toro na ya bụ osisi papaị. Ka oge na-aga, ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ nabatara ọchịchị nke nwa eze ugwu a. E wuru obí eze ma kpọọ agwaetiti ahụ Maa-le (Malé), ebe a kpọrọ agwaetiti kacha nso Hulhu-le (Hulhulé). Kemgbe ahụ, Malé abụwo oche nke okpueze Maldivian ma bụrụzi onye isi ala. Akụkọ dị iche na-ekwu na Koimala bụ nwa eze Sinhalese nke a mụrụ n'obí eze na Sri Lanka. A na-ekwu na nwa eze ahụ lụrụ nwa nwanyị eze Ceylon ma soro ya mee njem n'ụgbọ mmiri abụọ site na Ceylon. Mgbe ha rutere Maldives, a kwụsịtụrụ ha, ma zuo ike nwa oge na agwaetiti <nowiki><i id="mw0A">Rasgetheemu</i></nowiki> (nke pụtara King's Island) na Northern Maalhosmadulhu Atoll. Ndị Maldive Islanders bụ [[Buddhism|Ndị Buddha]] n'oge ahụ, na-amụta na ndị isi ọbịa abụọ ahụ sitere n'agbụrụ eze si n'alaeze Buddha nke Ceylon, kpọrọ ha ka ha nọrọ ma mesịa kpọsaa Koimala eze ha na Rasgetheemu. Eze ọhụrụ ahụ na di ya kwagara Malé ma biri ebe ahụ site na nkwenye nke Ndị Aborigine nke Giraavaru (Lee Ndị Giraavaru) - mgbe ahụ obodo kachasị mkpa nke Malé Atoll. Ruo mgbe ahụ, a na-eche na Maldives bụ nke ndị matriarchy dị iche iche na-achị na agwaetiti dị iche iche. Mgbe o biri na Male', e zigara ụgbọ mmiri abụọ iji weta ndị ọzọ nke agbụrụ ya iji mejupụta Male. Ọ bụghị omenala maka ndị Giraavaru na ikekwe ndị ọzọ Aborigine nke Maldives ịlụ di na nwunye na mpụga obodo ha. Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya, ole n'ime akụkọ ifo a bụ eziokwu. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike ịbụ eze mbụ nke Maldives dum, akụkọ banyere nwa eze nwere ike ịbụ nrụrụ aka nke akụkọ Eze [[Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya]] na Eze [[Balaadeettiya]]- ha abụọ bụ ndị isi a chụgara n'alaeze Kalinga nke India bụ ndị guzobere usoro ndị eze anyanwụ na nke ọnwa nke Maldive. Dị ka isi iyi a si kwuo (''Kitab fi Athaari Meedoo el-Qadimiyyeh'' nke Allama Ahmed Shihabuddine kọrọ site na efere ọla kọpa ''Maapansa''), Koimala ma ọ bụ Siri Mahaabarana, nwa Eze Siri Bovana Aananda bụ eze nke anọ nke Lunar Dynastry na nwanne nna Eze Dhovemi (Siri Bavana-adiththa) Sultan mbụ (eze ndị Alakụba) nke Maldives. Ekwuru na Koimala ghọrọ Eze nke atolls iri na anọ na puku agwaetiti abụọ nke Dheeva Mahal. Akpọrọ ala eze ya dị ka Malikaddu dhemedhu- ma ọ bụ 'ihe niile dị n'etiti Maliku na Addu. Ọ lụrụ ọgụ megide ndị Raja Dada (ma ọ bụ ndị agha Tamil eze ukwu Raja Raja Chola I nke alaeze ukwu Chola) ndị India na-ekwu na atolls abụọ dị n'ebe ugwu maka alaeze Maldivian e hiwere ọhụrụ. Nwa nwanne ya bụ Dhovemi Kalaminja nọchiri Koimala na 1141.. == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Xavier Romero-Frias, ''The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom''. Barcelona 1999, {{ISBN|84-7254-801-5}} * Xavier Romero-Frias, ''Folk tales of the Maldives'', Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press, Copenhagen 2012, {{ISBN|978-87-7694-104-8}}, {{ISBN|978-87-7694-105-5}} * Doń Hiyala āi Alifulu. ''Abdullah Sādigu, Mulī''. Novelty Press. Malé 1996. * ''Asian Variations in Ramayana''. Edited by K.R. Srinivasa Iyengar. Sahitya Akademi. Delhi 1983 * Furatama Satēka Raivaru. ''Divehi Bahāi Tārikhah Khidmaiykurā Qaumī Markazu''. Malé 1996. * Vladimir Propp, ''Morphology of the Folktale'', Austin, Texas 1 984, {{ISBN|0-292-78376-0}} * Divehi Ādakāda. ''Bābāgē Donmaniku. Divehi Bahāi Tārikhah Khidmaiykurā Qaumī Markazu''. Malé 1993 * Dońkamanā. ''Ābāru''. Malé 1974. == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 77gdg3yn62yuf27brjo1dnlx0cljih9 0 56988 692976 368764 2026-07-31T04:18:15Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692976 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Fazia Dahlab.png|thumb|Fazia Dahleb]] Fazia Dahleb (amuru 25 Jenuarị 1967) bu onye Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ume ọhụrụ nke Algeria. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ozi na 16 Maachị 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mostafa|first=Amr|date=2023-03-16|title=Algerian President reshuffles cabinet, replacing foreign minister|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/03/16/algerias-president-reshuffles-cabinet-replacing-foreign-minister/|accessdate=2023-04-14|work=The National|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Algerian Embassy in the United States of America|url=https://www.algerianembassy.org/press/President%20of%20the%20Republic%20conducts%20cabinet%20reshuffle.html|accessdate=2023-04-14|work=www.algerianembassy.org|archivedate=2023-04-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404172752/https://www.algerianembassy.org/press/President%20of%20the%20Republic%20conducts%20cabinet%20reshuffle.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Biographie Du Ministre de l’Environnement et des Énergies Renouvelables|url=https://premier-ministre.gov.dz/fr/cv/65|accessdate=14 April 2023|work=Services du Premier Ministre|language=fr|archivedate=14 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414151724/https://premier-ministre.gov.dz/fr/cv/65}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Dahleb, Fazia}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mblqzo4qziqdbotrgeik7a6ztkl3w1r 0 57043 693068 202037 2026-07-31T08:56:07Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed reference with multiple tag 693068 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maia''' bụ asụsụ Papuan a na-asụ na Madang Province nke Papua New Guinea, ma bụrụ onye otu ezinụlọ asụsụ Trans-New Guinea . <ref name=":04">{{Cite book|author=Hardin|first=Barbara|title=Maia Grammar Essentials|date=June 2002}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHardin2002">Hardin, Barbara (June 2002). ''Maia Grammar Essentials''.</cite></ref> O nwere ọnọdụ ihe ize ndụ nke 6a, nke pụtara na ọ bụ asụsụ siri ike na nke na-adịgide adịgide nke ọgbọ niile na-asụ. Dịka ngụkọ 2000 siri dị, e nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ 4,500 dị ndụ, ndị kewara n'etiti obodo iri abụọ na abụọ na mpaghara Almani nke okpuru ọchịchị Bogia . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Maia|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sks|accessdate=2019-04-19|work=Ethnologue|language=en}}</ref> Enwere ọdịiche dị na Maia a na-asụ n'etiti obodo, mana enwere ike kewaa ya n'asụsụ abụọ bụ isi. N'ime olumba abụọ a, Main Dialect na-agụta ihe dị ka ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị ọkà okwu yana asụsụ ndịda na-edekọ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke fọdụrụ. Ọdịiche dị iche iche nke olu olu na-abụkarị nke a ga-ebu amụma ya na naanị obere mgbanwe dị na ịkpọ okwu. Ozi e gosiri n’isiokwu a gbadoro ụkwụ na olumba Wagedav, otu obere olumba nke a na-asụ n’obodo Wagedav. <ref name=":04">{{Cite book|author=Hardin|first=Barbara|title=Maia Grammar Essentials|date=June 2002}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHardin2002">Hardin, Barbara (June 2002). ''Maia Grammar Essentials''.</cite></ref> Aha ndị ọzọ maka asụsụ ahụ bụ Banar, Pila, Saki, Suaro, Turutap, na Yakiba. == fonology == Ndekọ ụda ụda nke Maia pere mpe, dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ ndị si Papua New Guinea. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a na-agbanwe ụdaume na consonants n'ofe morphemes n'otu okwu. A kọwapụtara iwu morphophonemic ndị a na ngalaba a. === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! ! Bilabial ! eze ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar |- ! Plosives: enweghị olu Ekwupụtara ya | p [p, pʰ, p̚] b [b, p] | t̪ [t̪, t̪ʰ, t̪̚] d̪ [d̪, t̪] | | | k [k, kʰ, k̚] g [g, ɣ, k] |- ! imi | m | | n̪ | | (ŋ) |- ! Mpịakọta | | | ɾ [r, ɾ, ɾ̻] | | |- ! Nke na-ese okwu | β [β, ɸ] | s̪ [s̪, ɕʷ] | | | |- ! Odika | | | | j | |- ! Ihe dị n'akụkụ | | | l | | |} Igwe okwu labiovelar ihe ruru /w/ bụ naanị consonant nwere ọtụtụ ebe na Maia. === Udaume === Maia nwere fọnịm ụdaume ise bụ isi na eserese dị n'okpuru: <ref name=":04">{{Cite book|author=Hardin|first=Barbara|title=Maia Grammar Essentials|date=June 2002}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHardin2002">Hardin, Barbara (June 2002). ''Maia Grammar Essentials''.</cite></ref> === Mgbakwunye mpụta === Mgbakwunye na Maia bụ nke kachasị n'ụdị suffixes. Enwere ike iji suffix nominalizing - ''arav'' mepụta aha sitere na mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, 'wadib' pụtara 'ịrụ ụka', mana 'wadib-arav' pụtara 'esemokwu' (p.&nbsp;40). <ref name=":04">{{Cite book|author=Hardin|first=Barbara|title=Maia Grammar Essentials|date=June 2002}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHardin2002">Hardin, Barbara (June 2002). ''Maia Grammar Essentials''.</cite></ref> Enwere ike iji suffix na-ekwu okwu ''-(n)a'' iji mepụta ngwaa sitere na aha na nkọwapụta, dịka ọ dị n'okwu maka ọcha, 'waia' (p.&nbsp;45): <ref name=":04">{{Cite book|author=Hardin|first=Barbara|title=Maia Grammar Essentials|date=June 2002}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHardin2002">Hardin, Barbara (June 2002). ''Maia Grammar Essentials''.</cite></ref>   Enwere klaasị anọ nke suffixes ngwaa na-akpata, nke enwere ike ịtinye na njedebe nke mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa dị adịbu iji mesie mmekọrịta kpatara ike. Mgbakwunye ndị a bụ ''-tate, -te, -ọnụego,'' na ''-de'' . Dịka ọmụmaatụ, 'ebe' ('eteta') bụ nna nna 'ebetate' ('ịkpọte (onye)') (p.&nbsp;46). <ref name=":04">{{Cite book|author=Hardin|first=Barbara|title=Maia Grammar Essentials|date=June 2002}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHardin2002">Hardin, Barbara (June 2002). ''Maia Grammar Essentials''.</cite></ref> === Mgbakwunye na-abụghị nke ewepụtara === Naanị klaasị nke mgbakwunye na-abụghị nke ewepụtara na Maia bụ prefixes onye nwe. A na-agbakwunye prefixes ndị a n'ihu adjective iji gosi onye nwere aha ahụ, dị ka achịkọtara na tebụl dị n'okpuru. Ewubere ọdịiche dị n'etiti singularity na plurality na ọdịiche dị na usoro nrụgide. <ref name=":04">{{Cite book|author=Hardin|first=Barbara|title=Maia Grammar Essentials|date=June 2002}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHardin2002">Hardin, Barbara (June 2002). ''Maia Grammar Essentials''.</cite></ref> === Mgbanwegharị === Ntugharị aha n'uju ma ọ bụ akụkụ dị iche iche na Maia nwere ike igosi ọtụtụ, ụdị mbelata nke okwu mbụ ma ọ bụ ọzọ, ụdị adverb ewepụtara nke okwu ahụ. Enwere ike ikwugharị okwu Maia ' ''kuvik'' ' ('akụkụ') dị ka ' ''kuvik kuvik'' ' ka ọ pụtara 'akụkụ ọ bụla' (p.&nbsp;41). Okwu maka 'ụlọ' bụ ' ''dawa'' ' na okwu maka obere ụlọ bụ ' ''dawadawa'' ' (p.&nbsp;41). N'ikpeazụ, ihe atụ nke ikpe nke atọ bụ ' ''riwaro'' ' ('ọ dịghị ihe') emegharịgharịrị n'akụkụ n'ime ' ''ririwaro'' ' ka ọ pụta ìhè 'enweghị isi' (p.&nbsp;41). <ref name=":04">{{Cite book|author=Hardin|first=Barbara|title=Maia Grammar Essentials|date=June 2002}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHardin2002">Hardin, Barbara (June 2002). ''Maia Grammar Essentials''.</cite></ref> Mmụgharị ngwaa n'uju ma ọ bụ akụkụ akụkụ na-egosi mmụba nke omume ahụ ma ọ bụ gosi omume ugboro ugboro. A na-enwekarị mmeghari n'ụdị abụọ dị iche iche: ma ọ bụ ikwughachi naanị mkpụrụokwu mbụ ma ọ bụ ikwughachi mgbọrọgwụ dum. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ' ''gubue'' ' pụtara 'ịpịaji' ebe ' ''gugubue'' ' pụtara 'ịpịaji ugboro ugboro', na ' ''ipua'' ' pụtara 'ịkpụcha' ebe ' ''ipuaipua'' ' pụtara 'ịkpụgharị ugboro ugboro' (p.&nbsp;49). <ref name=":04">{{Cite book|author=Hardin|first=Barbara|title=Maia Grammar Essentials|date=June 2002}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHardin2002">Hardin, Barbara (June 2002). ''Maia Grammar Essentials''.</cite></ref> Mgbanwegharị ma ọ bụ ngbanwe akụkụ nke adjectives nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ atọ dị iche iche: iji gosi mmụba, ọtụtụ, ma ọ bụ mbelata. Ihe atụ nke mmụgharị eji egosipụta nkwalite, ikwugharị okwu Maia maka 'mma' (' ''lov'' ') na-agbanwe ihe ọ pụtara na 'dị ezigbo mma' ( ''<nowiki/>'lovlov'' '). Mgbanwegharị nwekwara ike igosi ọtụtụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ 'nanam kani' ('osisi ukwu') na 'nanam ''kanikani'' ' ('osisi ukwu'), ma ọ bụ ' ''maia'' ' ('thing') na ' ''maiamaia'' ' ('ihe'). N'ikpeazụ, mmụgharịgharị nwere ike igosi ụdị mbelata nke okwu, dịka ọ dị na ' ''isav'' ' ('ọkụ') na ' ''isisav'' ' ('ọkụ'). <ref name=":04">{{Cite book|author=Hardin|first=Barbara|title=Maia Grammar Essentials|date=June 2002}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHardin2002">Hardin, Barbara (June 2002). ''Maia Grammar Essentials''.</cite></ref> === Ndị na-eme mgbanwe === ==== Okwu okwu ==== A na-edobe adverbs n'ihu ngwaa ahụ na nkebiokwu adverbial: <ref name=":04">{{Cite book|author=Hardin|first=Barbara|title=Maia Grammar Essentials|date=June 2002}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHardin2002">Hardin, Barbara (June 2002). ''Maia Grammar Essentials''.</cite></ref>   ==== Adjectives ==== A na-edobe adjectives ozugbo aha ha na-akọwa: <ref name=":04" />   == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}<div style="display:none;"> AD1: ihe mgbakwunye adverb 'bu' AD2: ihe mgbakwunye adverb 'da' ATN: nlebara anya activator marker CFT: contrafactual marker CT: contrast marker D1: distal-1 ihe ngosi DIR: directional preposition DIST: distributive derivational suffix E: mesiri onwe onye nnọchiaha aha: INTP preposition: pronountic preposition. INTS: intensifier IR: irrealis ọnọdụ LIM: akara njedebe LOC1: akara ebe a kapịrị ọnụ LOC2: akara ebe anaghị akọwapụta MN: akara akara PF: akụkụ zuru oke (+ gara aga) PROX: ihe ngosi RL dị nso: ezigbo ọnọdụ SEQ: sequential media staTPl :depical media. onye na-ekwu okwu </div><section end="list-of-glossing-abbreviations" /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/pubs/928474533766/Maia_dict_a4.pdf Maia - Bekee - Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Tok Pisin] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8frq6grj8k8iiwqbpo5559b5qmib9mw 0 57185 693049 202203 2026-07-31T08:17:09Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693049 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lhowa''' (ल्होवा), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Loke Tibet''', '''Mustang Tibetan''' na '''Lhopa''' bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet na-asụ ihe ruru puku ndị Tibet 3,000 bi na mpaghara Mustang dị n'etiti Nepal (ISO 639-3: [[ethnologue:loy|loy]], Loy, [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lowa1242 Glotto2] ). <ref name=":0">Central Bureau of Statistics. (2014). National population and housing census 2011. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.</ref> == Aha asụsụ == Ndị na-ekwu okwu Lhowa na mpaghara Lomanthang (Upper Mustang) na-akọwa onwe ha dị ka ''Lopa, Loba,'' ma ọ bụ ''Lowa'', 'ndị Lo' na asụsụ ha dị ka ''Lo-ke'' ma ọ bụ ''Glo-skad'', 'asụsụ Lo'. Ndị na-ekwu okwu na obodo Bahragaun Muktichhetra (Lower Mustang) na-ezokarị aka n'okwu ha dị ka ''Jhardzong'' 'asụsụ anyị,' ma ọ bụ aha obodo nwere okwu ''-ke'' 'asụsụ'. O nweghị otu okwu e ji mee ihe maka ụdị asụsụ niile nke ndị na-asụ ya niile nabatara. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-akpọkwa asụsụ ahụ ''Bhote Bhasa'', n'agbanyeghị na nke a bụ aha Nepali. == Nhazi asụsụ == Lhowa bụ otu n'ime asụsụ iri na ise dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Tibetic otu Nepal. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Tournadre|first=Nicolas|title=Trans-Himalayan Linguistics|chapter=The Tibetic languages and their classification|publisher=De Gruyter|date=2013-12-12|pages=105–130|doi=10.1515/9783110310832.105|isbn=978-3-11-031074-0}}</ref> A na-ekewa ya dị ka Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central (Tibetan), gTsang. Asụsụ ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya n'ime otu a gụnyere Humla [ụlọ], Mugom-Karmarong [ [[ethnologue:muk|muk]] ] na Dolpo [ [[ethnologue:dre|dre]] ] n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, yana Gyalsumdo [ [[ethnologue:gyo|gyo]] ], Hyolmo [scp], Jirel [ [[ethnologue:jul|jul]] ], Kyerong [ [[ethnologue:kgy|kgy]] ], Lhomi [ [[ethnologue:lhm|lhm]] ], Nubri [ [[ethnologue:kte|kte]] [[ethnologue:xsr|<nowiki>]</nowiki>]] xs, [ [[ethnologue:syw|sy]] ] xs Tichurong [ [[ethnologue:tcn|tcn]] ], Tsum [ [[ethnologue:ttz|ttz]] ], na Walungge [ [[ethnologue:ola|ola]] ] n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. == Ndị na-ekwu okwu == Dika ngụkọ mba dị na 2011, e nwere ndị na-asụ asụsụ obodo 3,029 ji aka ha mara nke Lhopa na Nepal, 2,921 n'ime ha bi na mpaghara Mustang n'oge ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ. Mmadụ 2,624 akọwapụtara onwe ha dị ka akụkụ nke agbụrụ Lhopa n'otu ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ. Ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ Loke Tibet n'ụwa niile bụ mmadụ 8,800, gụnyere ndị bi na mba ọzọ na India na United States. == Olumba == Enwere isi ihe abụọ dị iche iche nke Mustang Tibet, nke a na-asụ na Upper Mustang (Lo-ke) na nke ọzọ na-asụ na Bahragaun (Bahragaunle). Ọ bụ ezie na nghọta dị elu dị n'etiti ha, ndị na-asụ ụdị abụọ a na-ezo aka na onwe ha na asụsụ ha nwere okwu dị iche iche. Ụdị dị iche iche na-egosipụta myirịta nke 79-88%, na dịka olumba si kwuo, ndị na-ekwu okwu na-egosi nghọta 92-96% nke ederede ọdịyo sitere na ụdị dị iche iche. == Ike asụsụ == A na-amata Lhowa n'obodo niile dị ka asụsụ nke njirimara amaala na Nepal, edepụtara dị ka Lhopa. Nnyocha gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Mustang nke e bipụtara na 2003 chọpụtara na a na-eji Loke Tibetan mee ihe n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ, enwere mgbasa ozi n'etiti ọgbọ, ndị na-ekwu okwu na-ejikwa asụsụ ha na ojiji ya kpọrọ ihe. N'oge ahụ, ndị ọkà okwu kwupụtara ọchịchọ ịzụlite asụsụ ha maka ịgụ na ide. Kemgbe ahụ, a na-emepụta akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu n'ịntanetị, akwụkwọ mkpụrụedemede (na-eji edemede Devanagari), na ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche edere (lee Resources). Isi mmalite ịntanetị na-emegide ọnọdụ ịdị ike nke Lhowa. Ethnologue na-ekewa Loke Tibet dị ka 6a "siri ike" na EGIDS, na-egosi ọnọdụ ebe asụsụ na-adịghị efunahụ ndị na-ekwu okwu. Otú ọ dị, mbipụta nke atọ nke ''Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger'' depụtara asụsụ ahụ dị ka "dị ize ndụ n'ezie," na-egosi na a naghị amụ asụsụ ahụ dị ka asụsụ mbụ n'ime ụlọ. == Akụrụngwa == * mkpụrụedemede: Lhomi, Chhing Chippa. & Lhomi, Shangbu. (2010). [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/42089 mkpụrụedemede Lhowa] . Kathmandu: Himalayan Indigenous Society. https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/42089 * mkpụrụedemede: Lhomi, Chhing Chippa. & Lhomi, Shangbu. (2010). mkpụrụedemede Lhowa. Kathmandu: Himalayan Indigenous Society. https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/42089 * Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu: https://www.webonary.org/lhowa/ * Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu: https://www.webonary.org/lhowa/ * Ilu Lowa: Lowa, N., Lowa, B., & Lowa, P. (2011). [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/52871 धाङबी पेले धेन्दा] . ms. https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/52871 * Ilu Lowa: Lowa, N., Lowa, B., & Lowa, P. (2011). [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/52871 धाङबी पेले धेन्दा] . ms. https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/52871 * Abụ Lowa: Lowa, N., Lowa, B., & Lowa, P. (2010). [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/52872 Egwu Omenala Lowa] . ms. https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/52872 * Abụ Lowa: Lowa, N., Lowa, B., & Lowa, P. (2010). Egwu Omenala Lowa. ms. https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/52872 * Usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ: Lhomi, Chhing Chippa. & Lhomi, Shangbu. (2012). [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/52636 Lowa Primer Math] . ms. https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/52636 * Usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ: Lhomi, Chhing Chippa. & Lhomi, Shangbu. (2012). Lowa Primer Math. ms. https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/52636 * Ọmụmụ asụsụ sociolinguistic: Japola, M., Marcuson, L., & Marcuson, M. (2003). [https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/90781 Nnyocha Mustang: Ọmụmụ asụsụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke asụsụ dị iche iche metụtara Tibet nke a na-ekwu na Upper Mustang na mpaghara Bahragaun] . Akwụkwọ akụkọ nyocha asụsụ 2021. * Ọmụmụ ihe ụtọ asụsụ: Dhakal, Dubi Nanda. (2017 a). Ihe nrịbama Lowa na Ntụle. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke University Grant Commission 6. 16–28. * Ọmụmụ ihe ụtọ asụsụ: Dhakal, Dubi Nanda. (2017b). Ihe owuwu na-akpata na Lhomi, Gyalsumdo, Nubri, na Lowa. Gipan 3. 65–82. == fonology == Lhowa bụ asụsụ ngwaa-ikpe-azụ nwere sistemu ikpe kewara ekewa na akara ihe dị iche (animate vs. adịghị ndụ). A na-ejikwa akara nrịbama maka ma ngwa ngwa na nke genitive, na ihe nrịbama ebubo na-eji ma nke dative na ebe. Lhowa na-egosipụta ụzọ ise dị iche iche isi wuo ihe na-akpata ihe: ngwaa labile, mgbakwunye, mgbanwe ọdịdị ọdịdị, mgbanwe ụda olu, na ihe na-akpata mpụta. === (Ekwere omume) fọnịm consonant === Isi mmalite: {| class="wikitable" | | colspan="2" | Bilabial | colspan="2" | Alveolar | colspan="2" | Postalveolar | colspan="2" | Retroflex | Palatal | colspan="2" | Velar | colspan="2" | Glottal |- | rowspan="2" | Plosive | p | b | t | d | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | ʈ | ɖ | rowspan="2" | | k | g | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ʔ |- | pʰ | | tʰ | | ʈʰ | | kʰ | |- | Nke na-ese okwu | colspan="2" | | s | (z) | (ʃ) | | colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | h | ɦ |- | rowspan="2" | Mmekọrịta | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | t | d ͡z | tʃ | d͡ʒ | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | |- | atọʰ | | tʃʰ | |- | imi | colspan="2" | m | colspan="2" | n | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | ɳ | colspan="2" | ŋ | colspan="2" | |- | Mpịakọta | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | ɾ | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |- | rowspan="2" | Odika | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | l | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" | j | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | w | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | |- | l̥ | r̥ |} === (Ekwe omume) Ụdaume === Isi mmalite: {| class="wikitable" | | N'ihu | Central | Azu |- | Mechie | i – y/ü | - (ʉ) | - ị |- | N'etiti etiti | e – ø/ö | - (ɵ) | - o |- | Oghere dị nso | (æ) | | |- | Mepee | | a | |} Nagano depụtara /ä, ü, ö/ dị ka "palatalized" /a, u, o/ n'otu n'otu. Amabeghị nke usoro eji edepụta ekwentị ụdaume ndị a. Ekwentị o yikarịrị ka a na-ezo aka bụ /æ, y, ø/. Nhọrọ dị na mbikọ. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} bct771pn32lsd2hcrf2ker1g1hgu10w 0 57378 692661 638694 2026-07-30T12:31:38Z Chinemeremprince 13026 692661 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> '''Bangru''' ( ''Tadə Baŋru'' ma ọ bụ ''Tadʑu Baŋru'' ), makwaara dị ka '''Ləvai''' ( ''Ləwjɛ'' ) na mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka '''Northern Miji''' bụ asụsụ a na-asụ na Sarli Circle, north Kurung Kumey District site na mmadụ 1,500. <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> Ogologo oge enweghị nkewa n'ihi akwụkwọ na-adịghị mma, ọ na-apụta na ọ metụtara asụsụ Miji . == Nkesa == Blench (2015), na-ehota Ramya (2012), depụtara obodo Bangru (Northern Miji) Bala, Lee, Lower Lichila, Upper Lichila, Machane, Milli, Molo, Nade, Namju, Palo, Rerung, Sape, Sate ( ''saːtəː]'' ), na Sarr dị ka Town <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> ), na Sarr dị ka Town. N'ọdịnala, ndị Bangru bi na 'obodo Bangru iri na atọ' (asụsụ Bangru: ''{{IPA|ləwjɛː neːpeː rəŋleː kətə̃ĩŋ}}'' ). <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr" /> Mpaghara asụsụ ebe a na-eji asụsụ Bangru bụ akụkụ ugwu nke ugwu ugwu nke mpaghara Kurung Kumey, nke gụnyere obodo nta ndị dị n'akụkụ Sarli okirikiri. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ramya|first=Tame|title=An Ethnolinguistic Profile of Bangru: The Lesser-Known Language Community of Arunachal Pradesh, India|url=http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/150219/015-Antrocom.pdf|work=www.antrocom.net/|publisher=Online Journal of Anthropology|accessdate=2025-03-13|archivedate=2022-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102752/http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/150219/015-Antrocom.pdf}}</ref> Na China, a na-asụ Bangru (nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Chinese dị ka ''Bengru''崩如) na mpaghara Bixia 比夏, Southern Longzi County隆子县, Shannan Prefecture山南地区, Tibet &#x2014; n'ime obodo Jieli 绛受, Baluo, 巴 巴 巴Lilaqi 利拉齐, na Gelangge 嘎朗洛 (Li 2003). Ọtụtụ ndị Sulung dị nso na-asụ Bangru, ndị bi na San'an Qulin Township 三安曲林乡 nke Longzi County. Aha Bangru gụnyere ''{{IPA|ləʔ˧˩ wai˥}}'' (autonym), ''{{IPA|pɤn˧˩ ru˥}}'' ( Bangni exonym), na ''{{IPA|bu˧ zuai˥ bi˧}}'' ( Sulung exonym). <ref name="li2003bangru" /> E nwekwara mmadụ 6 bi na Douyu Village No. 1 (斗玉一村) n'akụkụ ndị China. Li (2003) na-akọ na e nwere ihe dị ka ndị Bangru 1,600 dị ka nke 1980, na ihe dị ka 2,000 dị ka nke 2003. Dị ka ihe karịrị 90% nke ndị bi na Kurung Kumey District, ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Bangru nwekwara ike ịsụ Nyasang, asụsụ Nyishi dị iche iche. <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr">{{Cite journal|year=2015|title=First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area|volume=38|issue=1|pages=66–123|doi=10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34631/1/LTBA%20BANGRU%2016022015.pdf}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBodtLieberherr2015">Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus; Lieberherr, Ismael (2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250424140615/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34631/1/LTBA%20BANGRU%2016022015.pdf "First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area''. '''38''' (1): <span class="nowrap">66–</span>123. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod|10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod]]</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị na-asụ Bangru bụ ihe dị ka 40% nke ndị bi na Sarli okirikiri, nke nwekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị ọkà okwu Puroik . Ndị Bangru na-ezo aka na onwe ha dị ka ''taːdə'' ma ọ bụ ''taːdʑuː baŋruː'', na Eastern Miji na Western Miji dị ka ''{{IPA|waːduː baŋruː}}'' . <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> Ndị Bangru na-ekwu na ha bụ ụmụ nke otu n'ime ụmụ ndị nwoke nke nne nne Sun ( ''{{IPA|ʔaseː lədʑuwjɛː}}'' ), ebe ndị Miji bụ ụmụ nwa nwoke nke ọzọ kwagara na mpaghara Lada Circle na mpaghara East Kameng . Enwere agbụrụ Bangru ise: <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr" /> * Pisa ( ''{{IPA|pədʑoː dʑuː}}'' ) * Melo ( ''{{IPA|məloː dʑuː}}'' ) * Tagang ( ''{{IPA|təgaŋ dʑuː}}'' ) * Mili ( ''{{IPA|məli dʑuː}}'' ) * Sape ( ''{{IPA|saːpə}}'' ) Bangru traditional religion revolved around reverence of the sun and moon ("our Grandfather Moon" ''{{IPA|ʔaloː ləbãĩ}}'' and "our Grandmother Sun" ''{{IPA|ʔaseː lədʑuwjɛː}}''; ''see also'' Donyi-Polo), but it is now being replaced by Christianity.<ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} 06jzl4ggvdgwi6z3ggmshjrjyfdk74p 692668 692661 2026-07-30T12:36:15Z Chinemeremprince 13026 692668 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> '''Bangru''' ( ''Tadə Baŋru'' ma ọ bụ ''Tadʑu Baŋru'' ), makwaara dị ka '''Ləvai''' ( ''Ləwjɛ'' ) na mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka '''Northern Miji''' bụ asụsụ a na-asụ na Sarli Circle, north Kurung Kumey District site na mmadụ 1,500. <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> Ogologo oge enweghị nkewa n'ihi akwụkwọ na-adịghị mma, ọ na-apụta na ọ metụtara asụsụ Miji . == Nkesa == Blench (2015), na-ehota Ramya (2012), <ref name="Blench2015">Blench, Roger. 2015. [https://www.academia.edu/12657496/The_Mijiic_languages_distribution_dialects_wordlist_and_classification ''The Mijiic languages: distribution, dialects, wordlist and classification'']. m.s.</ref> depụtara obodo Bangru (Northern Miji) Bala, Lee, Lower Lichila, Upper Lichila, Machane, Milli, Molo, Nade, Namju, Palo, Rerung, Sape, Sate ( ''saːtəː]'' ), na Sarr dị ka Town <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> ), na Sarr dị ka Town. N'ọdịnala, ndị Bangru bi na 'obodo Bangru iri na atọ' (asụsụ Bangru: ''{{IPA|ləwjɛː neːpeː rəŋleː kətə̃ĩŋ}}'' ). <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr" /> Mpaghara asụsụ ebe a na-eji asụsụ Bangru bụ akụkụ ugwu nke ugwu ugwu nke mpaghara Kurung Kumey, nke gụnyere obodo nta ndị dị n'akụkụ Sarli okirikiri. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ramya|first=Tame|title=An Ethnolinguistic Profile of Bangru: The Lesser-Known Language Community of Arunachal Pradesh, India|url=http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/150219/015-Antrocom.pdf|work=www.antrocom.net/|publisher=Online Journal of Anthropology|accessdate=2025-03-13|archivedate=2022-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102752/http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/150219/015-Antrocom.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramya |first1=Tame |title=An Ethnolinguistic Profile of Bangru: The Lesser-Known Language Community of Arunachal Pradesh, India |url=http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/150219/015-Antrocom.pdf |website=www.antrocom.net/ |publisher=Online Journal of Anthropology |access-date=2022-03-03 |archive-date=2022-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102752/http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/150219/015-Antrocom.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Na China, a na-asụ Bangru (nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Chinese dị ka ''Bengru''崩如) na mpaghara Bixia 比夏, Southern Longzi County隆子县, Shannan Prefecture山南地区, Tibet &#x2014; n'ime obodo Jieli 绛受, Baluo, 巴 巴 巴Lilaqi 利拉齐, na Gelangge 嘎朗洛 (Li 2003). Ọtụtụ ndị Sulung dị nso na-asụ Bangru, ndị bi na San'an Qulin Township 三安曲林乡 nke Longzi County. Aha Bangru gụnyere ''{{IPA|ləʔ˧˩ wai˥}}'' (autonym), ''{{IPA|pɤn˧˩ ru˥}}'' ( Bangni exonym), na ''{{IPA|bu˧ zuai˥ bi˧}}'' ( Sulung exonym). <ref name="li2003bangru">Li Daqin [李大勤]. 2003. "A sketch of Bengru" [崩如语概况]. ''Minzu Yuwen'' 2003(5), 64-80.</ref> E nwekwara mmadụ 6 bi na Douyu Village No. 1 (斗玉一村) n'akụkụ ndị China. Li (2003) na-akọ na e nwere ihe dị ka ndị Bangru 1,600 dị ka nke 1980, na ihe dị ka 2,000 dị ka nke 2003. Dị ka ihe karịrị 90% nke ndị bi na Kurung Kumey District, ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Bangru nwekwara ike ịsụ Nyasang, asụsụ Nyishi dị iche iche. <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr">{{Cite journal|year=2015|title=First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area|volume=38|issue=1|pages=66–123|doi=10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34631/1/LTBA%20BANGRU%2016022015.pdf}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBodtLieberherr2015">Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus; Lieberherr, Ismael (2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250424140615/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34631/1/LTBA%20BANGRU%2016022015.pdf "First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area''. '''38''' (1): <span class="nowrap">66–</span>123. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod|10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod]]</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị na-asụ Bangru bụ ihe dị ka 40% nke ndị bi na Sarli okirikiri, nke nwekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị ọkà okwu Puroik . Ndị Bangru na-ezo aka na onwe ha dị ka ''taːdə'' ma ọ bụ ''taːdʑuː baŋruː'', na Eastern Miji na Western Miji dị ka ''{{IPA|waːduː baŋruː}}'' . <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> Ndị Bangru na-ekwu na ha bụ ụmụ nke otu n'ime ụmụ ndị nwoke nke nne nne Sun ( ''{{IPA|ʔaseː lədʑuwjɛː}}'' ), ebe ndị Miji bụ ụmụ nwa nwoke nke ọzọ kwagara na mpaghara Lada Circle na mpaghara East Kameng . Enwere agbụrụ Bangru ise: <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr" /> * Pisa ( ''{{IPA|pədʑoː dʑuː}}'' ) * Melo ( ''{{IPA|məloː dʑuː}}'' ) * Tagang ( ''{{IPA|təgaŋ dʑuː}}'' ) * Mili ( ''{{IPA|məli dʑuː}}'' ) * Sape ( ''{{IPA|saːpə}}'' ) Bangru traditional religion revolved around reverence of the sun and moon ("our Grandfather Moon" ''{{IPA|ʔaloː ləbãĩ}}'' and "our Grandmother Sun" ''{{IPA|ʔaseː lədʑuwjɛː}}''; ''see also'' Donyi-Polo), but it is now being replaced by Christianity.<ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} hd2yqzvqr6p7grlhko8ycgk6f6thpji 692673 692668 2026-07-30T12:38:52Z Chinemeremprince 13026 692673 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> '''Bangru''' ( ''Tadə Baŋru'' ma ọ bụ ''Tadʑu Baŋru'' ), makwaara dị ka '''Ləvai''' ( ''Ləwjɛ'' ) na mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka '''Northern Miji''' bụ asụsụ a na-asụ na Sarli Circle, north Kurung Kumey District site na mmadụ 1,500. <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> Ogologo oge enweghị nkewa n'ihi akwụkwọ na-adịghị mma, ọ na-apụta na ọ metụtara asụsụ Miji . == Nkesa == Blench (2015), na-ehota Ramya (2012), <ref name="Blench2015">Blench, Roger. 2015. [https://www.academia.edu/12657496/The_Mijiic_languages_distribution_dialects_wordlist_and_classification ''The Mijiic languages: distribution, dialects, wordlist and classification'']. m.s.</ref> depụtara obodo Bangru (Northern Miji) Bala, Lee, Lower Lichila, Upper Lichila, Machane, Milli, Molo, Nade, Namju, Palo, Rerung, Sape, Sate ( ''saːtəː]'' ), na Sarr dị ka Town <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> ), na Sarr dị ka Town. N'ọdịnala, ndị Bangru bi na 'obodo Bangru iri na atọ' (asụsụ Bangru: ''{{IPA|ləwjɛː neːpeː rəŋleː kətə̃ĩŋ}}'' ). <ref name="Ramya2012">Ramya, T. 2012. Bangrus of Arunachal Pradesh: An Ethnographic Profile. ''International Journal of Social Science Tomorrow'', 1(3):1-12.</ref> Mpaghara asụsụ ebe a na-eji asụsụ Bangru bụ akụkụ ugwu nke ugwu ugwu nke mpaghara Kurung Kumey, nke gụnyere obodo nta ndị dị n'akụkụ Sarli okirikiri. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ramya|first=Tame|title=An Ethnolinguistic Profile of Bangru: The Lesser-Known Language Community of Arunachal Pradesh, India|url=http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/150219/015-Antrocom.pdf|work=www.antrocom.net/|publisher=Online Journal of Anthropology|accessdate=2025-03-13|archivedate=2022-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102752/http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/150219/015-Antrocom.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramya |first1=Tame |title=An Ethnolinguistic Profile of Bangru: The Lesser-Known Language Community of Arunachal Pradesh, India |url=http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/150219/015-Antrocom.pdf |website=www.antrocom.net/ |publisher=Online Journal of Anthropology |access-date=2022-03-03 |archive-date=2022-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102752/http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/150219/015-Antrocom.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Na China, a na-asụ Bangru (nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Chinese dị ka ''Bengru''崩如) na mpaghara Bixia 比夏, Southern Longzi County隆子县, Shannan Prefecture山南地区, Tibet &#x2014; n'ime obodo Jieli 绛受, Baluo, 巴 巴 巴Lilaqi 利拉齐, na Gelangge 嘎朗洛 (Li 2003). Ọtụtụ ndị Sulung dị nso na-asụ Bangru, ndị bi na San'an Qulin Township 三安曲林乡 nke Longzi County. Aha Bangru gụnyere ''{{IPA|ləʔ˧˩ wai˥}}'' (autonym), ''{{IPA|pɤn˧˩ ru˥}}'' ( Bangni exonym), na ''{{IPA|bu˧ zuai˥ bi˧}}'' ( Sulung exonym). <ref name="li2003bangru">Li Daqin [李大勤]. 2003. "A sketch of Bengru" [崩如语概况]. ''Minzu Yuwen'' 2003(5), 64-80.</ref> E nwekwara mmadụ 6 bi na Douyu Village No. 1 (斗玉一村) n'akụkụ ndị China. Li (2003) na-akọ na e nwere ihe dị ka ndị Bangru 1,600 dị ka nke 1980, na ihe dị ka 2,000 dị ka nke 2003. Dị ka ihe karịrị 90% nke ndị bi na Kurung Kumey District, ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Bangru nwekwara ike ịsụ Nyasang, asụsụ Nyishi dị iche iche. <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr">{{Cite journal|year=2015|title=First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area|volume=38|issue=1|pages=66–123|doi=10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34631/1/LTBA%20BANGRU%2016022015.pdf}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBodtLieberherr2015">Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus; Lieberherr, Ismael (2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250424140615/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34631/1/LTBA%20BANGRU%2016022015.pdf "First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area''. '''38''' (1): <span class="nowrap">66–</span>123. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod|10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod]]</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị na-asụ Bangru bụ ihe dị ka 40% nke ndị bi na Sarli okirikiri, nke nwekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị ọkà okwu Puroik . Ndị Bangru na-ezo aka na onwe ha dị ka ''taːdə'' ma ọ bụ ''taːdʑuː baŋruː'', na Eastern Miji na Western Miji dị ka ''{{IPA|waːduː baŋruː}}'' . <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> Ndị Bangru na-ekwu na ha bụ ụmụ nke otu n'ime ụmụ ndị nwoke nke nne nne Sun ( ''{{IPA|ʔaseː lədʑuwjɛː}}'' ), ebe ndị Miji bụ ụmụ nwa nwoke nke ọzọ kwagara na mpaghara Lada Circle na mpaghara East Kameng . Enwere agbụrụ Bangru ise: <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr" /> * Pisa ( ''{{IPA|pədʑoː dʑuː}}'' ) * Melo ( ''{{IPA|məloː dʑuː}}'' ) * Tagang ( ''{{IPA|təgaŋ dʑuː}}'' ) * Mili ( ''{{IPA|məli dʑuː}}'' ) * Sape ( ''{{IPA|saːpə}}'' ) Bangru traditional religion revolved around reverence of the sun and moon ("our Grandfather Moon" ''{{IPA|ʔaloː ləbãĩ}}'' and "our Grandmother Sun" ''{{IPA|ʔaseː lədʑuwjɛː}}''; ''see also'' Donyi-Polo), but it is now being replaced by Christianity.<ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} nawqiqxwxu16gd7cv0ixizb8ih5gsu7 692674 692673 2026-07-30T12:39:28Z Chinemeremprince 13026 692674 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> '''Bangru''' ( ''Tadə Baŋru'' ma ọ bụ ''Tadʑu Baŋru'' ), makwaara dị ka '''Ləvai''' ( ''Ləwjɛ'' ) na mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka '''Northern Miji''' bụ asụsụ a na-asụ na Sarli Circle, north Kurung Kumey District site na mmadụ 1,500. <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> Ogologo oge enweghị nkewa n'ihi akwụkwọ na-adịghị mma, ọ na-apụta na ọ metụtara asụsụ Miji . == Nkesa == Blench (2015), na-ehota Ramya (2012), <ref name="Blench2015">Blench, Roger. 2015. [https://www.academia.edu/12657496/The_Mijiic_languages_distribution_dialects_wordlist_and_classification ''The Mijiic languages: distribution, dialects, wordlist and classification'']. m.s.</ref> depụtara obodo Bangru (Northern Miji) Bala, Lee, Lower Lichila, Upper Lichila, Machane, Milli, Molo, Nade, Namju, Palo, Rerung, Sape, Sate ( ''saːtəː]'' ), na Sarr dị ka Town <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> ), na Sarr dị ka Town. N'ọdịnala, ndị Bangru bi na 'obodo Bangru iri na atọ' (asụsụ Bangru: ''{{IPA|ləwjɛː neːpeː rəŋleː kətə̃ĩŋ}}'' ). <ref name="Ramya2012">Ramya, T. 2012. Bangrus of Arunachal Pradesh: An Ethnographic Profile. ''International Journal of Social Science Tomorrow'', 1(3):1-12.</ref> Mpaghara asụsụ ebe a na-eji asụsụ Bangru bụ akụkụ ugwu nke ugwu ugwu nke mpaghara Kurung Kumey, nke gụnyere obodo nta ndị dị n'akụkụ Sarli okirikiri. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ramya|first=Tame|title=An Ethnolinguistic Profile of Bangru: The Lesser-Known Language Community of Arunachal Pradesh, India|url=http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/150219/015-Antrocom.pdf|work=www.antrocom.net/|publisher=Online Journal of Anthropology|accessdate=2025-03-13|archivedate=2022-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102752/http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/150219/015-Antrocom.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramya |first1=Tame |title=An Ethnolinguistic Profile of Bangru: The Lesser-Known Language Community of Arunachal Pradesh, India |url=http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/150219/015-Antrocom.pdf |website=www.antrocom.net/ |publisher=Online Journal of Anthropology |access-date=2022-03-03 |archive-date=2022-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303102752/http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/150219/015-Antrocom.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Na China, a na-asụ Bangru (nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Chinese dị ka ''Bengru''崩如) na mpaghara Bixia 比夏, Southern Longzi County隆子县, Shannan Prefecture山南地区, Tibet &#x2014; n'ime obodo Jieli 绛受, Baluo, 巴 巴 巴Lilaqi 利拉齐, na Gelangge 嘎朗洛 (Li 2003). Ọtụtụ ndị Sulung dị nso na-asụ Bangru, ndị bi na San'an Qulin Township 三安曲林乡 nke Longzi County. Aha Bangru gụnyere ''{{IPA|ləʔ˧˩ wai˥}}'' (autonym), ''{{IPA|pɤn˧˩ ru˥}}'' ( Bangni exonym), na ''{{IPA|bu˧ zuai˥ bi˧}}'' ( Sulung exonym). <ref name="li2003bangru">Li Daqin [李大勤]. 2003. "A sketch of Bengru" [崩如语概况]. ''Minzu Yuwen'' 2003(5), 64-80.</ref> E nwekwara mmadụ 6 bi na Douyu Village No. 1 (斗玉一村) n'akụkụ ndị China. Li (2003) na-akọ na e nwere ihe dị ka ndị Bangru 1,600 dị ka nke 1980, na ihe dị ka 2,000 dị ka nke 2003. Dị ka ihe karịrị 90% nke ndị bi na Kurung Kumey District, ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Bangru nwekwara ike ịsụ Nyasang, asụsụ Nyishi dị iche iche. <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr">{{Cite journal|year=2015|title=First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area|volume=38|issue=1|pages=66–123|doi=10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34631/1/LTBA%20BANGRU%2016022015.pdf}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBodtLieberherr2015">Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus; Lieberherr, Ismael (2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250424140615/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34631/1/LTBA%20BANGRU%2016022015.pdf "First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area''. '''38''' (1): <span class="nowrap">66–</span>123. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod|10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod]]</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị na-asụ Bangru bụ ihe dị ka 40% nke ndị bi na Sarli okirikiri, nke nwekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị ọkà okwu Puroik . Ndị Bangru na-ezo aka na onwe ha dị ka ''taːdə'' ma ọ bụ ''taːdʑuː baŋruː'', na Eastern Miji na Western Miji dị ka ''{{IPA|waːduː baŋruː}}'' . <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> Ndị Bangru na-ekwu na ha bụ ụmụ nke otu n'ime ụmụ ndị nwoke nke nne nne Sun ( ''{{IPA|ʔaseː lədʑuwjɛː}}'' ), ebe ndị Miji bụ ụmụ nwa nwoke nke ọzọ kwagara na mpaghara Lada Circle na mpaghara East Kameng . Enwere agbụrụ Bangru ise: <ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr" /> * Pisa ( ''{{IPA|pədʑoː dʑuː}}'' ) * Melo ( ''{{IPA|məloː dʑuː}}'' ) * Tagang ( ''{{IPA|təgaŋ dʑuː}}'' ) * Mili ( ''{{IPA|məli dʑuː}}'' ) * Sape ( ''{{IPA|saːpə}}'' ) Bangru traditional religion revolved around reverence of the sun and moon ("our Grandfather Moon" ''{{IPA|ʔaloː ləbãĩ}}'' and "our Grandmother Sun" ''{{IPA|ʔaseː lədʑuwjɛː}}''; ''see also'' Donyi-Polo), but it is now being replaced by Christianity.<ref name="Bodt-Lieberherr"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} qpsauxxm1plkjhidxdo7164gw1newbu 0 57514 692972 538079 2026-07-31T04:00:05Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692972 wikitext text/x-wiki   Fayza Mohamed Hussein Haikal (amụrụ 1938) bụ prọfesọ emerita nke Egyptology na Mahadum America dị na Cairo na nwanyị Egypt mbụ nwetara PhD na Egyptology. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Haikal na Eprel 11, 1938; [[Mohammed Hussein Heikal|nna]] ya bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Egypt a ma ama. Ọ gara Lycée Français du Caire mgbe ọ bụ nwatakịrị, ma mụọ Egyptology na Faculty of Arts na Mahadum Cairo site na 1956 ruo 1960, ebe ọ natara BA ya. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, o tinyere akwụkwọ maka agụmakwụkwọ iji mụọ Egyptology na mba ofesi; n'afọ sochirinụ, tupu ọ banye na agụmakwụkwọ ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Mgbasa UNESCO na Nubia iji chekwaa ihe ncheta ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na iwu Aswan Dam, nke mbụ bụ ọrụ maka ịtụle ihe epigraphic nke mkpọsa ahụ maka mbipụta, wee rụọ ọrụ n'ọhịa na Nubia. A naghị ekwe ka ụmụ nwanyị Ijipt gaa rụọ ọrụ nchọpụta ihe ochie, Haikal kọwakwara onwe ya dị ka onye 'kwadebe ụzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị Egyptologists ịrụ ọrụ na Nubia".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Fayza Haikal Honored as a Leading Female Egyptologist {{!}} The American University in Cairo|url=https://www.aucegypt.edu/news/stories/fayza-haikal-honored-leading-female-egyptologist|accessdate=2021-03-23|work=www.aucegypt.edu}}</ref> Site na 1961 ruo 1965, Haikal gụrụ akwụkwọ na UK, na mbụ na Mahadum College London, ebe onye nlekọta ya, W.B. Emery, mgbe a gwara ya ka ọ tinye ya na otu ya na-arụ ọrụ na Nubie, zaghachiri "Amaghị m ụmụ agbọghọ na otu m". Ọ gara St Anne's College, Mahadum Oxford, na 1962, ebe ọ gụrụ maka D.Phil. na papaịrọs Ijipt na British Museum ./><ref name="BM blog">{{Cite web|title=Pioneering women - British Museum Blog|url=https://blog.britishmuseum.org/pioneering-women/|accessdate=2021-03-08|work=British Museum Blog - Explore stories from the Museum|language=en-GB}}</ref> O nwetara nzere doctorate ya n'afọ 1965, wee bụrụ nwanyị Ijipt mbụ nwetara Ph.D. na Egyptology. Mgbe ha gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Haikal laghachiri na Cairo ka ọ kuziere Egiptology, mana emesia kwagara mba dị iche iche n'ihi ọrụ di ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya mba (ọ lụrụ Mohamed Abdel Halim Mahmoud obere oge tupu ya na D.Phil gụchaa; ọ nwụrụ na 1979); N'oge ọ biputere Italy ọ kụziiri na La Sapienza University of Rome.[1] N'afọ 1980 ọ ghọrọ Prọfesọ nke Egyptology na Mahadum America na Cairo. Ọrụ nkà mmụta ihe ochie ya n'ọnọdụ a gụnyere iduzi ọrụ iji chebe ebe ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie n'oge a na-ewu Ọwa Mmiri Udo na ugwu Saịnaị.[1][2] Na 1988, a họpụtara ya dị ka nwanyị mbụ onye isi oche nke International Association of Egyptologists.[2] Haikal abụrụla onye prọfesọ nleta na La Sapienza na Rome na Sorbonne (ma 1994) na Mahadum Charles na Prague (2000), na 2006-2007 bụ Blaise Pascal oche nyocha na Sorbonne..<ref name="AUC profile page">{{Cite web|title=Fayza {{!}} The American University in Cairo|url=https://www.aucegypt.edu/fac/fayza|accessdate=2021-03-08|work=www.aucegypt.edu}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == A Festschrift akpọrọ "Hommages à Fayza Haikal" nke Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale bipụtara na 2003, [1] na Haikal họpụtara maka 'Woman of the Year' na 2015 site na Egypt Exploration Society na Egypt Ministry of Antiquities.[2][3] Enyere ya onye otu nsọpụrụ nke International Association of Egyptologists na 2019 <ref name="IAE news">{{Cite web|title=Closing session of the XIIth ICE Cairo, 8 November 2019|url=https://www.iae-egyptology.org/archives/250|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=International Association of Egyptologists|date=11 November 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edemede == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Haikal, Fayza}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c8g1ika5adxel5hy5xo4r9619ba67ug 0 57538 692887 692556 2026-07-30T22:11:14Z Sylvaline39 15355 Added Databox 692887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox officeholder|office=[[Vice-President of the Gambia|8th Vice-President of the Gambia]]|termstart=9 November 2017|termend=29 June 2018<br />{{small|Acting: 23 January 2017 – 9 November 2017}}|president=[[Adama Barrow]]|predecessor=[[Isatou Njie-Saidy]]|successor=[[Ousainou Darboe]]|image=Aid for Trade Global Review 2017 – Day 3 (35059631424).jpg|party=[[United Democratic Party (Gambia)|UDP]]|data1=[[Fula people|Fula]]}} Aja Fatoumata C.M. Jallow-Tambajang[1] (amụrụ 22 Ọktoba 1949 [2] [3]) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Gambian na onye ndọrọndọrọ onye jere ozi dị ka onye osote onye isi oche Gambia na onye minista na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị site na February 2017 ruo June 2018, n'okpuru Onye isi ala Adama Barrow. Na mmalite ọrụ ya ọ bụbu onye isi oche nke Gambia National Women's Council na onye ndụmọdụ Dawda Jawara, onye isi oche mbụ nke Gambia dị ka mba nwere onwe ya pụọ ​​​​na ọchịchị colonial nke Alaeze Ukwu Britain. Mgbe ndị agha kwaturu ọchịchị na Julaị 1994 nke wepụrụ ọchịchị Jawara, o jidere ọkwa odeakwụkwọ nke steeti maka ahụike na ọdịmma ọha site na 1994 ruo 1995 n'ime kabinet nke Council of the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council. Barrow họpụtara ya dị ka osote onye isi ala na Jenụwarị 2017, mana achọpụtara na ya erughị eru n'ihi mmachi afọ. Kama nke ahụ, e mere ya Minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na-elekọta ọfịs onye isi ala, ruo mgbe a gbanwere iwu ahụ ma ṅụọ iyi dị ka onye isi ala na Nọvemba 2017. Tupu nhọpụta ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Coalition 2016, njikọ nke òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị na-emegide ya nke kwadoro Barrow na Ntuli aka onye isi ala nke afọ 2016. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Tambajang na Brikama, [[The Gambia|Gambia]]. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Gambia, Dakar na [[France]].<ref name="FatuNewVP">{{Cite news|url=http://fatunetwork.net/fatoumata-tambajang-gambias-new-vice-president/|title=Fatoumata Tambajang is Gambia's new Vice President|author=Jobe|first=Alhagie|date=23 January 2017|work=Fatu Network|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị BA na French na Mahadum nke Nice Sophia Antipolis . <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.freedomnewspaper.com/gambia-controversy-surrounds-fatoumatta-jallow-tambajangs-vp-appointment-constitutionally-she-overage/|title=Controversy Surrounds Fatoumatta Jallow Tambajang's VP Appointment; Constitutionally She Is Overaged|date=24 January 2017|work=Freedom Newspaper|accessdate=24 January 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Tambajang bụ onye ndụmọdụ Dawda Jawara, onye isi ala mbụ nke Gambia, na nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị na ihe gbasara ụmụaka. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Gambia National Women's Council ma nọchite anya ya na Gambia National Economic and Social Council ruo afọ isii.<ref name="FatuNewVP"/> Tambajang jere ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke steeti maka ahụike na ọdịmma ọha na eze site na 1994 ruo 1995 na kọmitii ndị agha na-achịkwa oge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Gambia.htm|title=The Republic of The Gambia|work=Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị minista nwanyị abụọ nọ na kansụl, n'akụkụ Susan Waffa-Ogoo . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Gambia|author=Perfect|first=David|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2016|location=Lanham, Maryland|pages=446}}</ref> Ọ gwara International Conference on Population and Development na Septemba 1994 maka Gambia. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/popin/icpd/conference/gov/940913142831.html|title=Statement of Gambia, H.E. Mrs. Fatoumata C.M. Tambajang|date=12 September 1994|work=United Nations|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ maka United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) na n'ọhịa mmepe, gụnyere afọ 5 na Mano River. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africancentreforcommunity.com/An%20Arrey%20Ivo%20interview%20of%20Fatoumata%20Tambajang%202007%20All%20rights%20reserved..pdf|title=An Interview of Fatoumata Tambajang|author=Ivo|first=Arrey|date=2007|work=African Centre for Community and Development|accessdate=23 January 2017|archivedate=30 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530080253/http://africancentreforcommunity.com/An%20Arrey%20Ivo%20interview%20of%20Fatoumata%20Tambajang%202007%20All%20rights%20reserved..pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gambiano.net/fatoumatta-jallow-tambajang-vice-president-gambia-halifa-sallah/|title=Fatoumatta Jallow Tambajang is Vice President of The Gambia|publisher=Gambiano|date=23 January 2017|accessdate=15 March 2025|archivedate=6 October 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006010616/http://gambiano.net/fatoumatta-jallow-tambajang-vice-president-gambia-halifa-sallah/}}</ref> N'afọ 2001, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Great Lakes nke Africa, ọ bụ onye nnupụisi jidere. <ref name="FatuNewVP"/> Tambajang sonyeere United Democratic Party (UDP) n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015, n'oge Fass na ndị uwe ojii na-alụ ọgụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://gainako.com/gambias-vibrant-female-political-aspirant-speaks/|title=Gambia's Vibrant Female political Aspirant speaks|date=23 April 2015|work=Gainako|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref> Tambajang bụ onye isi otu Coalition 2016, njikọ nke òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide Barrow na Ntuli aka onye isi ala nke afọ 2016, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche ya. Mgbe e meriri onye isi ala Yahya Jammeh na ntuli aka ahụ, Tambajang kwupụtara na a ga-ekpe Jammeh ikpe n'ime otu afọ. O kwupụtakwara na e mepụtara kọmitii mba maka iweghachite ihe onwunwe iji weghachite ihe a na-ekwu na ọ furu efu site na nrụrụ aka n'oge Jammeh nọ n'ọchịchị. Na Jammeh, ọ gwara ''The Guardian'' na "Ọ pụghị ịpụ. Ọ bụrụ na ọ pụọ, ọ ga-agbapụ anyị".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/07/the-gambias-new-rulers-vow-to-prosecute-outgoing-president|title=The Gambia's new rulers vow to prosecute outgoing president|author=Maclean|first=Ruth|date=7 December 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref> === Usoro nhọpụta na osote onye isi ala === Na-esochi nraranye Barrow na 19 Jenuarị 2017, na 23 Jenuarị a mara ọkwa na Tambajang ga-abụ osote onye isi ala ya.[1] Otú ọ dị, mgbe ahọpụtara ya, a tụrụ aro na o rughị eru ịrụ ọrụ ahụ n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ngalaba 62 (1) (b) nke Iwu nke Gambia na-ekwu na onye isi oche ga-emezurịrị otu afọ chọrọ dịka Onye isi ala, na-eme ka afọ 65 dị elu n'oge ịbanye n'ọfịs - ebe Tambajang kwuru na ọ bụ 67 n'oge ahọpụtara ya.[2] N'ịgbaso akụkọ ndị ahụ, a ṅụrụghị ya iyi ozugbo na ọkwa ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ rụrụ ụka afọ a kọrọ - na-ekwu na ọ bụ nanị 64 afọ.[3] Barrow gbara ndị mmadụ aka ka ha gosi ihe gosiri na ọ karịrị afọ 65.[3] N’ọnwa Febụwarị, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị, na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ osote onye isi ala..<ref name="Appoints5">{{Cite news|url=http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/barrow-appoints-five-new-ministers|title=Barrow appoints five new ministers|work=[[The Point (the Gambia)|The Point]]|date=23 February 2017|accessdate=2 March 2017}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2017, ndị omeiwu mba ahụ gbalịrị ịkwado mgbanwe nke iwu iji wepụ oke afọ.<ref name="AFPscraps">{{Cite news|work=[[Daily Nation]]|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Gambia-scraps-age-limit-/1066-3831954-ct65ja/|title=Gambia scraps age limit for presidential candidates|date=1 March 2017|accessdate=3 March 2017}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Halifa Sallah, onye na-ekwuchitere gọọmentị mgbanwe na onye ndụmọdụ nke Onye isi ala Barrow, kwuru na agbasoghị usoro kwesịrị ekwesị maka imezigharị iwu ahụ, nakwa na ọ dị mkpa ka a gbanwee ya na mgbanwe dị otú ahụ ga-ewe ọtụtụ ọnwa ọzọ iji mezuo nke ọma (dị ka ngalaba 226 nke iwu ahụ si dị). <ref name="WillCorrect">{{Cite news|first=Pa|author=Nderry M'Bai|url=http://www.freedomnewspaper.com/gambia-breaking-news-govt-will-correct-the-unconstitutional-repealing-of-the-presidential-age-limit-without-following-the-dictates-of-the-law-halifa-sallah/|title=Gov't will Correct the Unconstitutional Repealing of the Presidential Age Limit; Without Following the Dictates of the Law – Halifa Sallah|work=Freedom Newspaper|date=4 March 2017|accessdate=4 March 2017}}</ref> Nzukọ nke Gambia dezigharịrị ngalaba nke 62 na 25 Julaị na ewepụ afọ ole onye isi ala ga-anọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/presidential-age-limit-removed|title=Presidential age-limit removed|publisher=[[The Point (the Gambia)|The Point]]}}</ref> Onye isi ala kwadoro nhọpụta ya dị ka osote onye isi ala na 8 Septemba ma mgbe nhọpụta ya gwụchara, a na-atụ anya na a ga-aṅụ iyi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.freedomnewspaper.com/gambia-vp-overseer-fatoumatta-jallow-tambajang-finally-confirmed-as-gambias-vice-president/|title=Gambia: VP Overseer Fatoumatta Jallow Tambajang Finally Confirmed As Gambia's Vice President!|work=Freedom Newspaper|date=8 September 2017|accessdate=8 September 2017}}</ref> Onye isi ala Barrow kwupụtara na ọ họpụtara ya dị ka osote onye isi ala na 9 Nọvemba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/11/10/barrow-appoints-fatoumata-jallow-tambajang/|title=Gambian president swears in female vice Jallow-Tambajang|work=Africanews|date=10 November 2017|accessdate=9 January 2018}}</ref> === Onye osote onye isi ala === Tambajang nwetara onyinye 'New African Woman of the Year Award' site na New African Woman Magazine n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2017. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nawmagazine.com/new-african-woman-year-fatoumata-jallow-tambajang-gambias-agent-political-change/|title=New African Woman of the Year - Fatoumata Jallow Tambajang! The Gambia's Agent of Political Change|date=17 April 2017|work=New African Woman Magazine|accessdate=29 June 2018}}</ref> Na Machị 2017, Tambajang sonyeere Crans Montana African Women's Forum Honorary Committee. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.africanwomenforum.org/2017/03/her-excellency-mrs-fatoumata-tambajang-vice-president-of-the-gambia-joins-the-african-womens-forum-h.html|title=Her Excellency Mrs. Fatoumata Tambajang, Vice-President of the Gambia, joins the African Women's Forum Honorary Committee|date=3 March 2017|work=African Women's Forum|accessdate=29 June 2018}}</ref> N'oge mgbanwe nke ndị ọrụ na 29 June 2018, e zigara Tambajang na ọrụ mba ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://foroyaa.gm/president-adama-barrow-reshuffles-his-cabinet/|title=President Adama Barrow reshuffles his Cabinet|date=29 June 2018|work=Foroyaa|accessdate=29 June 2018}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Tambajang si n'Agbụrụ Fula ma biri na mpaghara Kanifing . <ref name=":0"/> Ọ bụ nne ụmụ asatọ.<ref name="FatuNewVP"/> == Edemsibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Tambajang, Fatoumata}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 249hn413wsrmlvu6uolsdns8sskhu0g 692888 692887 2026-07-30T22:12:15Z Sylvaline39 15355 692888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Aja Fatoumata C.M. Jallow-Tambajang[1] (amụrụ 22 Ọktoba 1949 [2] [3]) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Gambian na onye ndọrọndọrọ onye jere ozi dị ka onye osote onye isi oche Gambia na onye minista na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị site na February 2017 ruo June 2018, n'okpuru Onye isi ala Adama Barrow. Na mmalite ọrụ ya ọ bụbu onye isi oche nke Gambia National Women's Council na onye ndụmọdụ Dawda Jawara, onye isi oche mbụ nke Gambia dị ka mba nwere onwe ya pụọ ​​​​na ọchịchị colonial nke Alaeze Ukwu Britain. Mgbe ndị agha kwaturu ọchịchị na Julaị 1994 nke wepụrụ ọchịchị Jawara, o jidere ọkwa odeakwụkwọ nke steeti maka ahụike na ọdịmma ọha site na 1994 ruo 1995 n'ime kabinet nke Council of the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council. Barrow họpụtara ya dị ka osote onye isi ala na Jenụwarị 2017, mana achọpụtara na ya erughị eru n'ihi mmachi afọ. Kama nke ahụ, e mere ya Minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na-elekọta ọfịs onye isi ala, ruo mgbe a gbanwere iwu ahụ ma ṅụọ iyi dị ka onye isi ala na Nọvemba 2017. Tupu nhọpụta ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Coalition 2016, njikọ nke òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị na-emegide ya nke kwadoro Barrow na Ntuli aka onye isi ala nke afọ 2016. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Tambajang na Brikama, [[The Gambia|Gambia]]. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Gambia, Dakar na [[France]].<ref name="FatuNewVP">{{Cite news|url=http://fatunetwork.net/fatoumata-tambajang-gambias-new-vice-president/|title=Fatoumata Tambajang is Gambia's new Vice President|author=Jobe|first=Alhagie|date=23 January 2017|work=Fatu Network|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị BA na French na Mahadum nke Nice Sophia Antipolis . <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.freedomnewspaper.com/gambia-controversy-surrounds-fatoumatta-jallow-tambajangs-vp-appointment-constitutionally-she-overage/|title=Controversy Surrounds Fatoumatta Jallow Tambajang's VP Appointment; Constitutionally She Is Overaged|date=24 January 2017|work=Freedom Newspaper|accessdate=24 January 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Tambajang bụ onye ndụmọdụ Dawda Jawara, onye isi ala mbụ nke Gambia, na nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị na ihe gbasara ụmụaka. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Gambia National Women's Council ma nọchite anya ya na Gambia National Economic and Social Council ruo afọ isii.<ref name="FatuNewVP"/> Tambajang jere ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke steeti maka ahụike na ọdịmma ọha na eze site na 1994 ruo 1995 na kọmitii ndị agha na-achịkwa oge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Gambia.htm|title=The Republic of The Gambia|work=Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị minista nwanyị abụọ nọ na kansụl, n'akụkụ Susan Waffa-Ogoo . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Gambia|author=Perfect|first=David|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2016|location=Lanham, Maryland|pages=446}}</ref> Ọ gwara International Conference on Population and Development na Septemba 1994 maka Gambia. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/popin/icpd/conference/gov/940913142831.html|title=Statement of Gambia, H.E. Mrs. Fatoumata C.M. Tambajang|date=12 September 1994|work=United Nations|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ maka United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) na n'ọhịa mmepe, gụnyere afọ 5 na Mano River. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africancentreforcommunity.com/An%20Arrey%20Ivo%20interview%20of%20Fatoumata%20Tambajang%202007%20All%20rights%20reserved..pdf|title=An Interview of Fatoumata Tambajang|author=Ivo|first=Arrey|date=2007|work=African Centre for Community and Development|accessdate=23 January 2017|archivedate=30 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530080253/http://africancentreforcommunity.com/An%20Arrey%20Ivo%20interview%20of%20Fatoumata%20Tambajang%202007%20All%20rights%20reserved..pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gambiano.net/fatoumatta-jallow-tambajang-vice-president-gambia-halifa-sallah/|title=Fatoumatta Jallow Tambajang is Vice President of The Gambia|publisher=Gambiano|date=23 January 2017|accessdate=15 March 2025|archivedate=6 October 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006010616/http://gambiano.net/fatoumatta-jallow-tambajang-vice-president-gambia-halifa-sallah/}}</ref> N'afọ 2001, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Great Lakes nke Africa, ọ bụ onye nnupụisi jidere. <ref name="FatuNewVP"/> Tambajang sonyeere United Democratic Party (UDP) n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015, n'oge Fass na ndị uwe ojii na-alụ ọgụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://gainako.com/gambias-vibrant-female-political-aspirant-speaks/|title=Gambia's Vibrant Female political Aspirant speaks|date=23 April 2015|work=Gainako|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref> Tambajang bụ onye isi otu Coalition 2016, njikọ nke òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide Barrow na Ntuli aka onye isi ala nke afọ 2016, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche ya. Mgbe e meriri onye isi ala Yahya Jammeh na ntuli aka ahụ, Tambajang kwupụtara na a ga-ekpe Jammeh ikpe n'ime otu afọ. O kwupụtakwara na e mepụtara kọmitii mba maka iweghachite ihe onwunwe iji weghachite ihe a na-ekwu na ọ furu efu site na nrụrụ aka n'oge Jammeh nọ n'ọchịchị. Na Jammeh, ọ gwara ''The Guardian'' na "Ọ pụghị ịpụ. Ọ bụrụ na ọ pụọ, ọ ga-agbapụ anyị".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/07/the-gambias-new-rulers-vow-to-prosecute-outgoing-president|title=The Gambia's new rulers vow to prosecute outgoing president|author=Maclean|first=Ruth|date=7 December 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref> === Usoro nhọpụta na osote onye isi ala === Na-esochi nraranye Barrow na 19 Jenuarị 2017, na 23 Jenuarị a mara ọkwa na Tambajang ga-abụ osote onye isi ala ya.[1] Otú ọ dị, mgbe ahọpụtara ya, a tụrụ aro na o rughị eru ịrụ ọrụ ahụ n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ngalaba 62 (1) (b) nke Iwu nke Gambia na-ekwu na onye isi oche ga-emezurịrị otu afọ chọrọ dịka Onye isi ala, na-eme ka afọ 65 dị elu n'oge ịbanye n'ọfịs - ebe Tambajang kwuru na ọ bụ 67 n'oge ahọpụtara ya.[2] N'ịgbaso akụkọ ndị ahụ, a ṅụrụghị ya iyi ozugbo na ọkwa ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ rụrụ ụka afọ a kọrọ - na-ekwu na ọ bụ nanị 64 afọ.[3] Barrow gbara ndị mmadụ aka ka ha gosi ihe gosiri na ọ karịrị afọ 65.[3] N’ọnwa Febụwarị, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị, na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ osote onye isi ala..<ref name="Appoints5">{{Cite news|url=http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/barrow-appoints-five-new-ministers|title=Barrow appoints five new ministers|work=[[The Point (the Gambia)|The Point]]|date=23 February 2017|accessdate=2 March 2017}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2017, ndị omeiwu mba ahụ gbalịrị ịkwado mgbanwe nke iwu iji wepụ oke afọ.<ref name="AFPscraps">{{Cite news|work=[[Daily Nation]]|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Gambia-scraps-age-limit-/1066-3831954-ct65ja/|title=Gambia scraps age limit for presidential candidates|date=1 March 2017|accessdate=3 March 2017}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Halifa Sallah, onye na-ekwuchitere gọọmentị mgbanwe na onye ndụmọdụ nke Onye isi ala Barrow, kwuru na agbasoghị usoro kwesịrị ekwesị maka imezigharị iwu ahụ, nakwa na ọ dị mkpa ka a gbanwee ya na mgbanwe dị otú ahụ ga-ewe ọtụtụ ọnwa ọzọ iji mezuo nke ọma (dị ka ngalaba 226 nke iwu ahụ si dị). <ref name="WillCorrect">{{Cite news|first=Pa|author=Nderry M'Bai|url=http://www.freedomnewspaper.com/gambia-breaking-news-govt-will-correct-the-unconstitutional-repealing-of-the-presidential-age-limit-without-following-the-dictates-of-the-law-halifa-sallah/|title=Gov't will Correct the Unconstitutional Repealing of the Presidential Age Limit; Without Following the Dictates of the Law – Halifa Sallah|work=Freedom Newspaper|date=4 March 2017|accessdate=4 March 2017}}</ref> Nzukọ nke Gambia dezigharịrị ngalaba nke 62 na 25 Julaị na ewepụ afọ ole onye isi ala ga-anọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/presidential-age-limit-removed|title=Presidential age-limit removed|publisher=[[The Point (the Gambia)|The Point]]}}</ref> Onye isi ala kwadoro nhọpụta ya dị ka osote onye isi ala na 8 Septemba ma mgbe nhọpụta ya gwụchara, a na-atụ anya na a ga-aṅụ iyi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.freedomnewspaper.com/gambia-vp-overseer-fatoumatta-jallow-tambajang-finally-confirmed-as-gambias-vice-president/|title=Gambia: VP Overseer Fatoumatta Jallow Tambajang Finally Confirmed As Gambia's Vice President!|work=Freedom Newspaper|date=8 September 2017|accessdate=8 September 2017}}</ref> Onye isi ala Barrow kwupụtara na ọ họpụtara ya dị ka osote onye isi ala na 9 Nọvemba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/11/10/barrow-appoints-fatoumata-jallow-tambajang/|title=Gambian president swears in female vice Jallow-Tambajang|work=Africanews|date=10 November 2017|accessdate=9 January 2018}}</ref> === Onye osote onye isi ala === Tambajang nwetara onyinye 'New African Woman of the Year Award' site na New African Woman Magazine n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2017. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nawmagazine.com/new-african-woman-year-fatoumata-jallow-tambajang-gambias-agent-political-change/|title=New African Woman of the Year - Fatoumata Jallow Tambajang! The Gambia's Agent of Political Change|date=17 April 2017|work=New African Woman Magazine|accessdate=29 June 2018}}</ref> Na Machị 2017, Tambajang sonyeere Crans Montana African Women's Forum Honorary Committee. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.africanwomenforum.org/2017/03/her-excellency-mrs-fatoumata-tambajang-vice-president-of-the-gambia-joins-the-african-womens-forum-h.html|title=Her Excellency Mrs. Fatoumata Tambajang, Vice-President of the Gambia, joins the African Women's Forum Honorary Committee|date=3 March 2017|work=African Women's Forum|accessdate=29 June 2018}}</ref> N'oge mgbanwe nke ndị ọrụ na 29 June 2018, e zigara Tambajang na ọrụ mba ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://foroyaa.gm/president-adama-barrow-reshuffles-his-cabinet/|title=President Adama Barrow reshuffles his Cabinet|date=29 June 2018|work=Foroyaa|accessdate=29 June 2018}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Tambajang si n'Agbụrụ Fula ma biri na mpaghara Kanifing . <ref name=":0"/> Ọ bụ nne ụmụ asatọ.<ref name="FatuNewVP"/> == Edemsibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Tambajang, Fatoumata}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ox0ts7sxii8adqnad9lqxrgzwoafqix 0 57539 692884 692558 2026-07-30T22:05:54Z Sylvaline39 15355 Added Databox 692884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow, nke kpọkwara Fatoumata, (amụrụ Ọgọst 5, 1974) bụ nwunye mbụ nke onye isi ala Gambia Adama Barrow na nwunye mbụ nke Gambia kemgbe 2017. Ọ bụ onye otu agbụrụ Fula. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-10|title=Fatou Bah-Barrow – The Standard Newspaper {{!}} Gambia|url=https://standard.gm/fatou-bah-barrow/|accessdate=2024-06-04|language=en-US}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow bụ ada onye ọchụnta ego Abdoulie Bah na Isatou Jallow. Ọ bụ onye otu agbụrụ Fula.[1] Ọ nọrọ na nwata ya na Basse na ụmụnne ya abụọ, na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ St. George. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ kwagara Banjul isi obodo, ebe ọ zutere Adama Barrow. Di na nwunye a lụrụ na March 20, 1997, mgbe Fatoumatta dị afọ 22. Ha nwere otu nwa nwoke, Mamadou Barrow, na otu nwa nwanyị, Taibou Barrow.[2] Adama Barrow abụrụla onye isi ala Gambia kemgbe Jenụwarị 2017. Barrow lụkwara nwunye nke abụọ, (Sarjo Mballow-Barrow.) <ref name="pfm">{{Cite news|first=|author=|title=Meet The Wives Of New Gambian President Adama Barrow|url=https://peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/201701/303594.php|work=Peace FM Online|publisher=|date=2017-01-20|accessdate=2022-05-19}}</ref> Site na 2000 ruo 2001, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba ahịa na ahịa nke Elton Oil Company [de] wee gaa na Africell Gambia LTD ruo 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=H.E Mrs. Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow – AFLPM|url=https://aflpm.org/team/her-excellency-mrs-fatoumatta-bah-barrow/|accessdate=2024-11-21|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-11-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102123739/https://aflpm.org/team/her-excellency-mrs-fatoumatta-bah-barrow/}}</ref> Tupu onye isi ala Adama Barrow, Fatoumatta na-etinye aka n'ịchịkwa azụmahịa ezinụlọ ma na-enyere di ya aka n'ihe gbasara ụlọ ya. N'oge ntuli aka onye isi ala nke afọ 2016, ọ kwadoro mkpọsa ya nke ọma, na-eduzi mgbasa ozi site n'ọnụ ụzọ ruo n'ọnụ iji kwalite mgbalị ya maka ọfịs.<ref name=":0"/> == Nwanyị Mbụ == Bah-Barrow kwadoro mkpọsa ntuli aka di ya na mbido ntuli aka onye isi ala Gambia na 2016. Dị ka onye bu ya ụzọ, Yahya Jammeh, Onye isi ala ọhụrụ bụ Adama Barrow kwuru na ọ bụ naanị nwunye mbụ ya, Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow, kwesịrị iwere ọrụ nke Nwanyị Mbụ nke Gambia.<ref name="wog">{{Cite news|first=F.|author=Mbaye|title=Barrow confirms first wife will be country's First Lady|url=http://www.whatson-gambia.com/news/headline-news/1714-barrow-confirms-first-wife-will-be-country-s-first-lady#|work=WhatsOn-Gambia.com|publisher=|date=2017-11-30|accessdate=2022-05-15}}</ref> == Ntọala FaBB == N'ọrụ ya dị ka First Lady, ọ na-akwado ọrụ ebere na [[Ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka|Òtù enyemaka]]. O guzobere Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow Foundation (FaBB) na Mee 1, 2017, na ebumnuche nke ịlụso ịda ogbenye ọgụ na ịkwado ndị ọrịa, ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2018, ntọala ahụ sonyeere otu ahụike Merck KGaA iji lụso enweghị ike ịmụ nwa ọgụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="tp">{{Cite news|first=|author=|title=1st Lady's Foundation joins forces with MERCK on infertility awareness|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/1st-ladys-foundation-joins-forces-with-merck-on-infertility-awareness|work=The Point|publisher=|date=2018-02-18|accessdate=2022-05-19}}</ref> == 33-Million Dalasi esemokwu == Arụmụka nde 33 nke dalas na-agba gburugburu ebubo megide, Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow Foundation (FABB). N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2018, a kọrọ na na Disemba 18, 2017, e si na akaụntụ [[Hong Kong]] nyefee ego US dollar 752,000 (nde Gambian dalasi 33) gaa na akaụntụ ụlọ akụ nke Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow Foundation. Dị ka akụkọ mgbasa ozi si kwuo, e nyefere $ 746,000 nke ego ahụ na White Airways, ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu Portuguese, iji kwụọ ụgwọ ụgbọ elu na [[China]]. Ajụjụ ndị ahụ bilitere banyere njikọ ịkwụ ụgwọ ahụ na njem Onye isi ala Barrow na [[China]] na Disemba 19, 2017. Ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik nke China bụ TBEA, nke wegara ego ahụ, na-achọ imechi nkwekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ Gambia nke National Water and Electricity Company (NAWEC) maka iwu netwọk nnyefe ọkụ eletrik n'oge ahụ. Kọmitii nke ntọala ahụ kwupụtara nyocha nke ịkwụ ụgwọ ahụ.<ref name="fn">{{Cite news|first=|author=|title=Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow Foundation Opens Up An Investigations Into The Secret Transfer Of D33 M From A Hong Kong Bank Into The First Lady's UK Guaranty Trust Bank Account|url=https://www.freedomnewspaper.com/2018/08/24/gambia-breaking-news-fatoumatta-bah-barrow-foundation-opens-up-an-investigations-into-the-secret-transfer-of-d33-m-from-a-hong-kong-bank-into-the-first-ladys-uk-guaranty-trust-bank-account/|work=WhatsOn-Gambia.com|publisher=|date=2018-08-24|accessdate=2022-05-19}}</ref><ref name="fatunet">{{Cite news|first=|author=|title=Source Of The Money Deposited Into The Fatou Bah Barrow Foundation|url=http://www.fatunetwork.net/source-of-the-money-deposited-into-the-fatou-bah-barrow-foundation/|work=The Fatu Network|publisher=|date=2018-08-28|accessdate=2022-05-19}}</ref> Na Septemba 2019, ntọala ahụ kpọrọ gọọmentị ka ha kpughee mbufe n'ihu ọha wee kpochapụ aha Bah-Barrow. Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ The Standard si kwuo, e bu n'obi kee ego ahụ ka ọ bụrụ nkwado ego maka njem ọchịchị onye isi ala na China. E zigara ya na akaụntụ ntọala, ebe ọ bụ na ịnweta ego ozugbo enwere ike n'oge ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ebufela ego ahụ na akaụntụ gọọmentị na Central Bank of Gambia kama ntọala, gọọmentị agaghị enwe ike ịnweta ya ruo ụbọchị ọrụ atọ ka e mesịrị, ebe onyeisi oche na-eme njem n'oge ahụ..<ref name="standard">{{Cite news|first=Omar|author=Bah|title='Gov't should clear First Lady's name over D35m saga'|url=https://standard.gm/govt-should-clear-first-ladys-name-over-d35m-saga/|work=[[The Standard (the Gambia)]]|publisher=|date=2018-09-30|accessdate=2022-05-19}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Bah-Barrow, Fatoumatta}} {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ob6g9d9z5wr1xmwymr1zpdlcx6mvcc9 692885 692884 2026-07-30T22:06:53Z Sylvaline39 15355 Added Databox 692885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow, nke kpọkwara Fatoumata, (amụrụ Ọgọst 5, 1974) bụ nwunye mbụ nke onye isi ala Gambia Adama Barrow na nwunye mbụ nke Gambia kemgbe 2017. Ọ bụ onye otu agbụrụ Fula. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-10|title=Fatou Bah-Barrow – The Standard Newspaper {{!}} Gambia|url=https://standard.gm/fatou-bah-barrow/|accessdate=2024-06-04|language=en-US}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow bụ ada onye ọchụnta ego Abdoulie Bah na Isatou Jallow. Ọ bụ onye otu agbụrụ Fula.[1] Ọ nọrọ na nwata ya na Basse na ụmụnne ya abụọ, na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ St. George. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ kwagara Banjul isi obodo, ebe ọ zutere Adama Barrow. Di na nwunye a lụrụ na March 20, 1997, mgbe Fatoumatta dị afọ 22. Ha nwere otu nwa nwoke, Mamadou Barrow, na otu nwa nwanyị, Taibou Barrow.[2] Adama Barrow abụrụla onye isi ala Gambia kemgbe Jenụwarị 2017. Barrow lụkwara nwunye nke abụọ, (Sarjo Mballow-Barrow.) <ref name="pfm">{{Cite news|first=|author=|title=Meet The Wives Of New Gambian President Adama Barrow|url=https://peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/201701/303594.php|work=Peace FM Online|publisher=|date=2017-01-20|accessdate=2022-05-19}}</ref> Site na 2000 ruo 2001, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba ahịa na ahịa nke Elton Oil Company [de] wee gaa na Africell Gambia LTD ruo 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=H.E Mrs. Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow – AFLPM|url=https://aflpm.org/team/her-excellency-mrs-fatoumatta-bah-barrow/|accessdate=2024-11-21|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-11-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102123739/https://aflpm.org/team/her-excellency-mrs-fatoumatta-bah-barrow/}}</ref> Tupu onye isi ala Adama Barrow, Fatoumatta na-etinye aka n'ịchịkwa azụmahịa ezinụlọ ma na-enyere di ya aka n'ihe gbasara ụlọ ya. N'oge ntuli aka onye isi ala nke afọ 2016, ọ kwadoro mkpọsa ya nke ọma, na-eduzi mgbasa ozi site n'ọnụ ụzọ ruo n'ọnụ iji kwalite mgbalị ya maka ọfịs.<ref name=":0"/> == Nwanyị Mbụ == Bah-Barrow kwadoro mkpọsa ntuli aka di ya na mbido ntuli aka onye isi ala Gambia na 2016. Dị ka onye bu ya ụzọ, Yahya Jammeh, Onye isi ala ọhụrụ bụ Adama Barrow kwuru na ọ bụ naanị nwunye mbụ ya, Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow, kwesịrị iwere ọrụ nke Nwanyị Mbụ nke Gambia.<ref name="wog">{{Cite news|first=F.|author=Mbaye|title=Barrow confirms first wife will be country's First Lady|url=http://www.whatson-gambia.com/news/headline-news/1714-barrow-confirms-first-wife-will-be-country-s-first-lady#|work=WhatsOn-Gambia.com|publisher=|date=2017-11-30|accessdate=2022-05-15}}</ref> == Ntọala FaBB == N'ọrụ ya dị ka First Lady, ọ na-akwado ọrụ ebere na [[Ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka|Òtù enyemaka]]. O guzobere Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow Foundation (FaBB) na Mee 1, 2017, na ebumnuche nke ịlụso ịda ogbenye ọgụ na ịkwado ndị ọrịa, ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2018, ntọala ahụ sonyeere otu ahụike Merck KGaA iji lụso enweghị ike ịmụ nwa ọgụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="tp">{{Cite news|first=|author=|title=1st Lady's Foundation joins forces with MERCK on infertility awareness|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/1st-ladys-foundation-joins-forces-with-merck-on-infertility-awareness|work=The Point|publisher=|date=2018-02-18|accessdate=2022-05-19}}</ref> == 33-Million Dalasi esemokwu == Arụmụka nde 33 nke dalas na-agba gburugburu ebubo megide, Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow Foundation (FABB). N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2018, a kọrọ na na Disemba 18, 2017, e si na akaụntụ [[Hong Kong]] nyefee ego US dollar 752,000 (nde Gambian dalasi 33) gaa na akaụntụ ụlọ akụ nke Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow Foundation. Dị ka akụkọ mgbasa ozi si kwuo, e nyefere $ 746,000 nke ego ahụ na White Airways, ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu Portuguese, iji kwụọ ụgwọ ụgbọ elu na [[China]]. Ajụjụ ndị ahụ bilitere banyere njikọ ịkwụ ụgwọ ahụ na njem Onye isi ala Barrow na [[China]] na Disemba 19, 2017. Ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik nke China bụ TBEA, nke wegara ego ahụ, na-achọ imechi nkwekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ Gambia nke National Water and Electricity Company (NAWEC) maka iwu netwọk nnyefe ọkụ eletrik n'oge ahụ. Kọmitii nke ntọala ahụ kwupụtara nyocha nke ịkwụ ụgwọ ahụ.<ref name="fn">{{Cite news|first=|author=|title=Fatoumatta Bah-Barrow Foundation Opens Up An Investigations Into The Secret Transfer Of D33 M From A Hong Kong Bank Into The First Lady's UK Guaranty Trust Bank Account|url=https://www.freedomnewspaper.com/2018/08/24/gambia-breaking-news-fatoumatta-bah-barrow-foundation-opens-up-an-investigations-into-the-secret-transfer-of-d33-m-from-a-hong-kong-bank-into-the-first-ladys-uk-guaranty-trust-bank-account/|work=WhatsOn-Gambia.com|publisher=|date=2018-08-24|accessdate=2022-05-19}}</ref><ref name="fatunet">{{Cite news|first=|author=|title=Source Of The Money Deposited Into The Fatou Bah Barrow Foundation|url=http://www.fatunetwork.net/source-of-the-money-deposited-into-the-fatou-bah-barrow-foundation/|work=The Fatu Network|publisher=|date=2018-08-28|accessdate=2022-05-19}}</ref> Na Septemba 2019, ntọala ahụ kpọrọ gọọmentị ka ha kpughee mbufe n'ihu ọha wee kpochapụ aha Bah-Barrow. Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ The Standard si kwuo, e bu n'obi kee ego ahụ ka ọ bụrụ nkwado ego maka njem ọchịchị onye isi ala na China. E zigara ya na akaụntụ ntọala, ebe ọ bụ na ịnweta ego ozugbo enwere ike n'oge ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ebufela ego ahụ na akaụntụ gọọmentị na Central Bank of Gambia kama ntọala, gọọmentị agaghị enwe ike ịnweta ya ruo ụbọchị ọrụ atọ ka e mesịrị, ebe onyeisi oche na-eme njem n'oge ahụ..<ref name="standard">{{Cite news|first=Omar|author=Bah|title='Gov't should clear First Lady's name over D35m saga'|url=https://standard.gm/govt-should-clear-first-ladys-name-over-d35m-saga/|work=[[The Standard (the Gambia)]]|publisher=|date=2018-09-30|accessdate=2022-05-19}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bah-Barrow, Fatoumatta}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fxndg0p6z4onuhzuis4091s411h0v78 0 57721 693075 202977 2026-07-31T09:06:35Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed reference with multiple tag 693075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Malay Chetty creole|familycolor=Creole|states=[[Malaysia]]|iso3=ccm|region=[[Malacca]]|speakers=300<ref name=e25>{{e25|ccm}}</ref>}} '''Asụsụ Malay Chetty Creole''' (nke a makwaara dị ka '''Malaccan Creole Malay''', '''Malacca Malay Creole''' <ref name=":1" /> na '''Chitties/Chetties Malay''' ) bụ Creole dabeere na Malay nke Chetties (nke a makwaara dị ka Indian Peranakans) na-asụ, otu pụrụ iche nke Tamil ndị a chọtara na Malacca na [[Malaysia]] na Singapore, bụ ndị nakweere omenala Chinese na Mails ha. [ 3 ] Ndị na-ekwu kemgbe narị afọ nke 16 site n'aka ụmụ ndị ahịa Tamil nke Malacca Straits, Malay Chetty creole nwere ike ịbụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Sri Lanka Creole Malay . Ọnọdụ asụsụ dị ugbu a na-akawanye njọ, n'ihi n'etiti di na nwunye na ọpụpụ. Enweela mgbanwe asụsụ gaa Malay kama. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Malaccan Malay Creole|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ccm|accessdate=2021-04-29|work=Ethnologue|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[[ethnologue:ccm|"Malaccan Malay Creole"]]. ''Ethnologue''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Malay Chetty creole bụ ngwakọta nke Malay, Tamil na Bekee, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụnọ nke ikpeazụ na creole abụghị nke a ma ama ma e jiri ya tụnyere asụsụ abụọ mbụ. N'ihi mmetụta siri ike nke Malay, Malay Chetty creole adịghị iche na olumba Malay ndị ọzọ, karịsịa asụsụ Malacca Malay nke etiti. Ka o sina dị, ọ nwere atụmatụ pụrụ iche nke ya. [ 4 ] Malay Chetty creole na-ekerịta ọtụtụ atụmatụ na Baba Malay, na-atụ aro na ha nwere ike si n'otu asụsụ ahụ bụ Bazaar Malay . [ 5 ] == fonology == === Ntụnyere na Standard Malay [ 6 ] === ==== Nhichapụ nke ekwentị r na h ==== * Ikpeazụ {{IPA|/r/}} ewepụrụ ** {{Lang|ms|benar}} {{IPA|/bənar/}} ≙ {{IPA|[bəna]}} 'eziokwu' * /h/ ewepụrụ na mbido, ikpeazụ na etiti ma ewezuga okwu ole na ole ** {{Lang|ms|hijau}} {{IPA|/hid͡ʒau/}} ≙ {{IPA|[id͡ʒo]}} 'green' ** {{Lang|ms|tahu}} {{IPA|/tahu/}} ≙ {{IPA|[tau]}} 'ịmara' ** ''{{Lang|ms|darah}}'' {{IPA|/darah/}} ≙ {{IPA|[dara]}} 'ọbara' ==== Monophthongization ==== * Ikpeazụ {{IPA|/ai/}} na-ebelata ruo ọkara-emechi n'ihu {{IPA|[e]}} ** ''{{Lang|ms|pakai}}'' {{IPA|/pakai/}} ≙ {{IPA|[pake]}} 'yiri' * Ikpeazụ {{IPA|/au/}} na-ebelata ka ọkara-emechi azụ {{IPA|[o]}} ** ''{{Lang|ms|pulau}}'' {{IPA|/pulau/}} ≙ {{IPA|[pulo]}} 'Agwaetiti' ==== Nhichapụ ekwentị n'ụyọkọ consonant n'ime okwu Trisyllabic ==== * Ụyọkọ consonant etiti / mb/ belatara ka ọ bụrụ {{IPA|[m]}} ** ''{{Lang|ms|sembilan}}'' {{IPA|/səmbilan/}} ≙ {{IPA|[səmilan]}} ' itoolu' ==== Ntinye ekwentị ==== * Glottal {{IPA|[ʔ]}} etinyere n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ n'okwu ndị na-ejedebe na {{IPA|/a, i, u/}} ** ''{{Lang|ms|bawa}}'' {{IPA|/bawa/}} ≙ {{IPA|[bawaʔ]}} 'iweta' ** ''{{Lang|ms|cari}}'' {{IPA|/t͡ʃari/}} ≙ {{IPA|[t͡ʃariʔ]}} 'ịchọ' ** ''{{Lang|ms|garu}}'' {{IPA|/garu/}} ≙ {{IPA|[garoʔ]}} 'ịkọwa' == Okwu okwu == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+Vocabulary Comparison{{Sfn|Mohamed|2009|pp=67–68}} !Standard Malay !Malay Chetty creole !English Translation |- |''{{Lang|ms|halwa}}'' |''{{Lang|ccm|alua}}'' |'sweets' |- |''{{Lang|ms|anak angkat}}'' |''{{Lang|ccm|anak piara}}'' |'adopted child' |- |''{{Lang|ms|mak cik/adik emak}}'' |''{{Lang|ccm|bibik}}'' |'auntie'/'female sibling of mother' |- |''{{Lang|ms|berkata}}'' |''{{Lang|ccm|bilang}}'' |'say' |- |''{{Lang|ms|cahaya}}'' |''{{Lang|ccm|caya}}'' |'light' |- |''{{Lang|ms|tanah/tanah pamah}}'' |''{{Lang|ccm|darat}}'' |'land'/'lowland' |- |''{{Lang|ms|dakwat}}'' |''{{Lang|ccm|dawat}}'' |'ink' |- |''{{Lang|ms|dosa}}'' |''{{Lang|ccm|deraka}}'' |'sin' |- |''{{Lang|ms|gagap}}'' |''{{Lang|ccm|gagok}}'' |'stutter' |- |''{{Lang|ms|kau/kamu/anda}}'' |''{{Lang|ccm|lu}}'' |'you' |- |''{{Lang|ms|kamu semua}}'' |''{{Lang|ccm|lu orang}}'' |'you' (plural) |- |''{{Lang|ms|pak cik}}'' |''{{Lang|ccm|mama}}'' |'uncle' |- |''{{Lang|ms|mak cik}}'' |''{{Lang|ccm|mami}}'' |'auntie' |- |''{{Lang|ms|cawan}}'' |''{{Lang|ccm|mangkok}}'' |'cup' |- |''{{Lang|ms|bidan}}'' |''{{Lang|ccm|dukon}}'' |'midwife' |- |''{{Lang|ms|nafas}}'' |''{{Lang|ccm|napas}}'' |'breathe' |- |''{{Lang|ms|hari ini}}'' |''{{Lang|ccm|nyari}}'' |'today' |- |''{{Lang|ms|pergi}}'' |''{{Lang|ccm|pi}}'' |'go' |} == Ntụaka == === Nkọwapụta === bụ ezie na ọnụnọ nke ikpeazụ na creole abụghị nke a ma ama ma e jiri ya tụnyere asụsụ <references /> === Akwụkwọ akụkọ ===   cczr3pqbto938u066tszfwbauf4wnl8 0 57762 692967 203024 2026-07-31T03:46:17Z Geraldine Kene 23189 Fixed reference error 692967 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Kendayan''', ma ọ bụ '''Salako''' (Selako), bụ asụsụ Dayak Malaịk nke Borneo. A ka amabeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, mana a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ dị ihe dịka 350,000. A na-ahọrọ aha ''Kendayan'' na Kalimantan, Indonesia, na ''Salako'' na Sarawak, Malaysia. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-akpọ ya {{Lang|knx|bahasa Badameà}}, karịsịa na Bengkayang Regency na mpaghara dị nso na Singkawang City. Olumba ndị ọzọ nke Kendayan gụnyere Ahe, Banana na ''Belangin.'' Ndị na-asụ olumba ọ bụla nwere ike ịghọta ndị na-ekwu okwu nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị ọzọ. == Ọnọdụ asụsụ == [[Faịlụ:WIKITONGUES-_Romanus_speaking_Bedamea.webm|thumb| Onye na-ekwu okwu Bedamea.]] A na-asụ Salako na steeti Sarawak na Malaysia na mpaghara West Kalimantan na Indonesia. Enwere ndị na-ekwu okwu na Sambas na Bengkayang Regencies yana na Singkawang. A na-asụ olumba ndị ọzọ na Pontianak, Bengkawang na Landak Regencies nke West Kalimantan. A na-ekwu na Singkawang dị na ndịda Sambas bụ ebe ndị na-asụ Salako si malite. Ndị Indonesian nke bụ asụsụ mba Indonesia emetụtala olumba ndị a na-asụ na West Kalimantan . Nke a bụ asụsụ a na-eji eme ihe n'ọnọdụ gọọmentị, ụlọ akwụkwọ, mgbasa ozi na n'ime ụka. Na Sarawak, mmetụta nke Malay adịchaghị mkpa, ebe ọ ghọrọ asụsụ obodo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. <ref name="Adelaar 2005">{{harvp|Adelaar|2005}}</ref> Kendayan bụ asụsụ dị mkpa nke a na-eji n'ime obodo na n'ụlọ. A na-asụkwa ụdị Ahe dị ka asụsụ asụsụ site n'aka ndị na-asụ obodo nwere otu Land Dayak . Agbanyeghị, ndị na-eto eto na-agụkarị akwụkwọ site na Indonesian site na ime obodo, nke nwere ike imetụta ike asụsụ n'ọdịnihu. <ref name="Adelaar 2005" /> == Tụnyere asụsụ ndị agbata obi ndị ọzọ == {| class="wikitable" !English !Malay-Indonesian !Kanayatn !Belangin/Balangin !Banjarese !Ngaju !Bakumpai |- |that |{{Lang|ms|yang}} |{{Lang|knx|nang}} |{{Lang|knx|nang}} |{{Transl|bjn|nang}} |{{Lang|nij|ijē}} |{{Lang|bkr|ji}} |- |old |{{Lang|ms|tua}} |{{Lang|knx|tuha}} |{{Lang|knx|tua}} |{{Transl|bjn|tuha}} |{{Lang|nij|bakas}} |{{Lang|bkr|bakas}} |- |people |{{Lang|ms|orang}} |{{Lang|knx|urakng}} |{{Lang|knx|urak}}; {{Lang|knx|uhak}} |{{Transl|bjn|urang}} |{{Lang|nij|oloh}} |{{Lang|bkr|uluh}} |- |quiet (''adjective'') |{{Lang|ms|diam/sunyi/senyap}} |{{Lang|knx|diapm}} |{{Lang|knx|diap}} |{{Transl|bjn|diam}} |{{Lang|nij|Benyem/Tunis}} | |- |woman/female |{{Lang|ms|perempuan}} |{{Lang|knx|bini}} |{{Lang|knx|mbini}} |{{Transl|bjn|bibini}} |{{Lang|nij|bawi}} |{{Lang|bkr|bawi}} |- |hometown |{{Lang|ms|kampung halaman}} |{{Lang|knx|binua}} |{{Lang|knx|binua}} |{{Transl|bjn|banua}} |{{Lang|nij|lewun}} |{{Lang|bkr|lebu}} |- |face |{{Lang|ms|muka}} |{{Lang|knx|muha}} |{{Lang|knx|muá}} |{{Transl|bjn|muha}} |{{Lang|nij|baụ}} | |- |one |{{Lang|ms|satu}} |{{Lang|knx|asa}} |{{Lang|knx|satu}} |{{Transl|bjn|asa}} |{{Lang|nij|ijẹ}} |{{Lang|bkr|ije}} |- |two |{{Lang|ms|dua}} |{{Lang|knx|dua}} |{{Lang|knx|dua}} |{{Transl|bjn|dua}} |{{Lang|nij|due}} |{{Lang|bkr|due}} |- |three |{{Lang|ms|tiga}} |{{Lang|knx|talu}} |{{Lang|knx|tege}} |{{Transl|bjn|talu}} |{{Lang|nij|telo}} |{{Lang|bkr|telo}} |- |single (''relationship status'') |{{Lang|ms|bujang}} |{{Lang|knx|bujakng}} |{{Lang|knx|bujak}} |{{Transl|bjn|bujangan}} |{{Lang|nij|bujang/salia}} | |- |shy |{{Lang|ms|malu}} |{{Lang|knx|supantn'/supe}} |{{Lang|knx|malu}} |{{Transl|bjn|supan}} |{{Lang|nij|hamen/mahamen}} | |- |village |{{Lang|ms|kampung}} |{{Lang|knx|kampokng}} |{{Lang|knx|kampong}} |{{Transl|bjn|kampung}} |{{Lang|nij|lewu}} | |- |bride |{{Lang|ms|pengantin}} |{{Lang|knx|panganten}} |{{Lang|knx|penganten}} |{{Transl|bjn|panganten}} |{{Lang|nij|panganten}} | |- |bald |{{Lang|ms|botak/gundul}} |{{Lang|knx|pala'}} |{{Lang|knx|botak}} |{{Transl|bjn|longor}} |{{Lang|nij|borang}} | |- |stupid |{{Lang|ms|bodoh}} |{{Lang|knx|baga}} |{{Lang|knx|mangkak}}; {{Lang|knx|baga}} |{{Transl|bjn|bungul}} |{{Lang|nij|mameh}} | |- |drunk |{{Lang|ms|mabuk}} |{{Lang|knx|kamabuk}} |{{Lang|knx|mabu'k}} |{{Transl|bjn|mabuk}} |{{Lang|nij|busau}} | |- |swimming |{{Lang|ms|berenang}} |{{Lang|knx|ngunanang}} |{{Lang|knx|benanang}}; {{Lang|knx|nyon'yong}} |{{Transl|bjn|bakunyung/bananang}} |{{Lang|nij|hanangui}} | |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}olumba ndị a na-asụ na West Kalimantan . Nke a bụ asụsụ a na == Isi mmalite == * {{Cite book|author=Adelaar|first=K. Alexander|date=2005|url={{GBurl|ON8mpBRdQlAC}}|title=Salako or Badamea: Sketch Grammar, Text and Lexicon of a Kanayatn Dialect in West Borneo|series=Frankfurter Forschungen zu Südostasien, volume 2|location=Wiesbaden|publisher=Harrassowitz}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Alexander Adelaar. 2006. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wsWX4TTfFAEC&pg=PA65 Ebee ka Belangin bụ?] . Na Fritz Schulze na Holger Warnk (eds.), ''Insular Southeast Asia: Ọmụmụ asụsụ na omenala na Honor nke Bernd Nothofer'', 65-84. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. * Burkhardt, Jey Lingam. 2007. [https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/7857 Usoro mmekọrịta otu dị ka a hụrụ na mmemme mmụta nkịtị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị Salako tupu agụ akwụkwọ/ọkara agụmagụ] . * Dunselman, Donatus. 1949, 1949, 1950. ''Bijdrage tot de kennis van de taal en adat der Kendajan Dajaks van West-Borneo'' . Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-India 105, 105, 106. [[doi:10.1163/22134379-90002488|59–105]], [[doi:10.1163/22134379-90002493|147–218]], [[doi:10.1163/22134379-90002473|321–371]] . * Herman, Paulus. 1988. Ọmụmụ ihe dị iche na consonants Kendayan na Bekee maka amụma nke isi ike ịkpọ okwu. Usoro mmụta MA, Ngalaba Bekee, ngalaba nka na akwụkwọ ozi, kọleji nkuzi nkuzi (IKIP), Yogyakarta. * Hudson, Alfred B. 1970. Ihe ndetu na Selako: Asụsụ Malaịk Dayak na Ala Dayak na Western Borneo. ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sarawak'' 18. 301–318. * Lansau, Donatos. 1981. ''Struktur bahasa Kendayan'' . Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengemban gan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. * Josef, Thomas. 1984. ''Morfologi dan sintaksis bahasa Kendayan'' . Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengemban gan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. * Sukamto. 1993. ''Tata bahasa Kendayan'' . Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengemban gan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. oqd4fjulmdy1t9w6gb8lag7upn4gjox 0 57784 692776 203047 2026-07-30T17:51:15Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 692776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|date=2000}} '''Musom''' bụ asụsụ Austronesia a na-asụ n'otu obodo nta nke Musom Aha ọzọ a na-akpọ Musom bụ Misatik, nke ndị ọgbọ ochie kpọrọ ya n'ihi na nke a bụ aha obodo nta ndị nna ochie biri na ya.[1] Musom bụ asụsụ dị n'ihe egwu ugbu a n'ihi na obodo == fonology == {| class="wikitable" |+Consonants Musom <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Materials on Languages in Danger of Disappearing in the Asia-Pacific Region No. 1|author=Wurm|first=Stephen A.|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|year=1997|isbn=0 85883 467 7|location=Australia|pages=67–102}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWurm1997">Wurm, Stephen A. (1997). ''Materials on Languages in Danger of Disappearing in the Asia-Pacific Region No. 1''. Australia: Pacific Linguistics. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">67–</span>102. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0 85883 467 7|<bdi>0 85883 467 7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> | |'''Bilabial''' | '''Alveolar''' | '''Na-akpakọrịta''' '''Alveolar''' | '''Velar''' | '''Glottal''' | '''Labio-velar''' |- | '''Nkwụsị: Enweghị olu''' | ''p'' | ''t'' | ''t'' | ''k'' | ' | ''kw'' |- | '''Ekwuru''' | ''b'' | ''d'' | ''dz'' | ''g'' | | ''gw'' |- | '''Prenasalised''' | | | ''(nts)'' | | | |- | '''Enweghị olu''' | | | | | | |- | '''Ekwuru''' | ''mb'' | ''nd'' | ''ndz'' | ''ngg'' | | |- | '''Ihu imi''' | ''m'' | ''n'' | | ''ng'' | | |- | '''Fricatives''' | | ''s'' | | | ''h'' | |- | '''Mmiri mmiri''' | | ''r'' | | | | |- | '''Ọkara ụdaume''' | ''w'' | | | | | |} Na Musom, olu na-enweghị olu, olu na prenasalised bụ naanị usoro nkwụsị mgbe ọ Maka consonants Musom, ọ bụrụ na enwere nkwụsị ụda prenasalised, a na-ahụ ụdaume mgbe ọ gachara, ọ pụkwara ịdị ka imi naanị. <ref name=":0" /> Allophones dị na prenasalised affricated alveolar stop /ndz/ nke na-eme na mbụ, medially, na mgbe ahụ [nts] ga-eme n'ikpeazụ. <ref name=":0" /> Maka consonants, /w, kw, gw/ ha anaghị eme na mbụ, n'etiti etiti na n'ikpeazụ, mana consonants ndị ọzọ na-eme. <ref name=":0" /> Consonants ndị ọzọ na-adịghị eme n'ikpeazụ bụ /d, g, ndz/. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe okwu ahụ kwụsịrị na consonant ma okwu na-esote malitekwara na consonant, a na-etinye prothetic ''a'' n'etiti okwu. <ref name=":0" /> Maka consonant /r/, o nwere allophone abụọ [r] na [l], mana ọ bụ naanị na mgbanwe n'efu. <ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Udaume Musom <ref name=":0" /> | |N'ihu | Central | Azu |- | Elu | ''i'' | | ''ị'' |- | N'etiti | ''e'' | | ''o'' |- | Dị ala | | ''a'' | |- | Diphthongs: ''ai, ou, au, oi, oai'' | | | |} Mgbe a na-atụnyere Musom na Yabim, a na-ekwu na ọ bụ na Musom nwere ike inwe usoro ụdaume 7. <ref name=":0" /> == Nnweta == Ụdị ihe onwunwe nke mbụ na Musom nwere aha ndị na-apụghị ịpụ apụ. <ref name=":0" /> name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Nnweta nke Usoro 1 na akụkụ ahụ a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha <ref name=":0" /> | | SG | DU | PL |- | 1EXC | ''wir/ur a + N-ng(g)'' | ''sikin a + N-ng (g)'' | ''tse + N-ng(g)'' |- | 1 INC | | ''suk a + N-ng(g)'' | ''tsir a + N-ng(g)'' |- | 2 | ''ihe a + Nm'' | ''som sikin a + Nm'' | ''tsom a + Nm'' |- | 3 | ''na a + Nn'' | ''isikin a + Nn'' | ''bụ a + Nm'' |} Ụdị ihe onwunwe nke abụọ dị na Musom bụ ihe onwunwe Alienable. <ref name=":0" /> Ụdị ihe onwunwe nke abụọ na-ejide aha niile na-adịghị na ụdị nke mbụ. <ref name=":0" /> Akpaokwu nwere ike ịnwe aha ma ọ bụ nnọchiaha aha, yana prothetic ''a'' . <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ahụ, e nwere aha na-abụghị nke a na-akpọ akara akara nke bụ aha nwere. <ref name=":0" /> Nke a bụ ọmụmaatụ ụfọdụ: <ref name=":0" /> * ''wir a om ulo'' m ''na a tahung'' ya anwụrụ ''bụ kom/kom a bụ en'' nkịta ha == Nhazi ahịrịokwu == === Nchikota === N'asụsụ Musom, enwere ike ịmepụta ahịrịokwu site na iji njikọ dị ka ''da'' 'na, ma' na ''ma'' 'ma ọ bụ'. <ref name=":0" /> Otu ihe atụ iji ''da'' bụ: <ref name=":0" /> * ''Tse gak ga-bitsi ung da ga-hur'' weEXC P-SPP1-gaa P-SPP1-esi nri achịcha na P-SPP1-azụ Anyị na-esi nri bred na azụ (maka azụ̀ crayfish) n'osimiri ahụ. Otu ihe atụ iji ''ma'' bụ: <ref name=":0" /> * ''Ingg ng-u-ak Madang ma ingg ng-u-ak'' youSG IRR-SPP2-go Madang ma ọ bụ gịSG IRR-SPP2-aga Ị nwere ike ịga Madang ma ọ bụ ị nwere ike ịga Ramu. === Ọnọdụ === Enwere ike ịhụ asụsụ Musom mgbe ị na-eji ahịrịokwu nwere ọnọdụ n'ụdị: <ref name=":0" /> ''da'' + Isiokwu 1 + ''ng'' -SPP-V ''da'' + Isiokwu 2 ''bo-ng-'' SPP-V Ọmụmaatụ iji ahịrịokwu nwere ọnọdụ bụ: <ref name=":0" /> * ''Da amik ng-i-ruk wir bo-ng-a-bum omb.'' na mmiri ozuzo IRR-SPP3-ọdịda m FUT-IRR-SPP1-anọ obodo Ọ bụrụ na mmiri ezo, m ga-anọ n'ime obodo == Ntụaka == n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ n'ime ha anaghị asụ ya dị kanwere, ma nwee ike igosi isiokwu ma ọ bụ ihe dị na nkebiokwu ngwaa. Usoro{{Reflist}} * Wurm, SA nchịkọta akụkọ. ''Asụsụ ụfọdụ nke Papua New Guinea: Kaki Ae, Musom, na Aribwatsa'' . D-89, vi + 183 ibe. Pacific Linguistics, Mahadum Mba Ọstrelia, 1997. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] o4exmsuzt27q2qdfa224rqsjhgnjcqf 0 57928 693114 203200 2026-07-31T11:01:04Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 693114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Nyulnyul|region=[[Western Australia]]|extinct=1999, with the death of [[Carmel Charles]]|familycolor=Australian|fam1=[[Nyulnyulan languages|Nyulnyulan]]|fam2=[[Western Nyulnyulan languages|Western]]|script=[[Latin script|Latin]]|iso3=nyv}} '''Nyulnyul''' bụ asụsụ ndị Aboriginal Australia ekpochapụla, nke ndị Nyulnyul nke Western Australia na-asụbu . == fonology == === Consonants === Nyulnyul nwere consonant fọnịm iri na asaa, nwere ebe ise dị iche iche nke nka. yulnyul bụ asụsụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke nwere ma prefixing na suffixing. <ref>{{Cite book|author=McGregor|first=William B.|title=The Nyulnyul language of Dampier land, Western Australia. Volume 1: Grammar|date=2011|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|location=Canberra|isbn=9780858836471|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/205021|accessdate=10 October 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Igwe okwu consonant ! ! Bilabial ! Apico-alveolar ! Apico-post-alveolar ! Lamino-palatal ! Dorso-velar |- ! Nkwụsị | b ⟨ b ⟩ | d ⟨ d ⟩ | ɖ ⟨ ⟩ | c ⟨ ⟩ | g ⟨ g ⟩ |- ! Ọnụ imi | m ⟨ m ⟩ | n ⟨ n ⟩ | ɳ ⟨ rn ⟩ | ɲ ⟨ ⟩ | ŋ ⟨ ⟩ |- ! N'akụkụ | | l ⟨ ⟩ | ɭ ⟨ rl ⟩ | ʎ ⟨ ly ⟩ | |- ! Mgbata | | r ⟨ rr ⟩ | | | |- ! Glides | w ⟨ ⟩ | | ɻ ⟨ ⟩ | j ⟨ y ⟩ | |} === Udaume === Nyulnyul na-eji usoro ụdaume atọ, nwere ogologo ọdịiche maka ụdaume niile. <ref>{{Cite book|author=McGregor|first=William B.|title=The Nyulnyul language of Dampier land, Western Australia. Volume 1: Grammar|date=2011|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|location=Canberra|isbn=9780858836471|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/205021|accessdate=10 October 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Ụdaume ! ! N'ihu ! Azu |- ! Mechie | i [ i ], ii [ iː ] | ị [ u ], ọ [ uː ] |- ! Mepee | a [ a ], a [ aː ] | |} == Nhazi == Nyulnyul nwere njikọ chiri anya na [[Asụsụ Bardi|Bardi]], Jawi, Jabirrjabirr na Nimanburru nwere nghọta . Ndị a niile bụ ndị otu mpaghara Western Nyulnyulan nke Nyulnyulan, ezinụlọ na-abụghị Pama-Nyungan nke ugwu Australia. O kwere omume na Ngumbarl sokwa na otu a, n'agbanyeghị na Bowern na-eme arụmụka sitere na ndekọ Daisy Bates/ Billingee na Ngumbarl bụ asụsụ Nyulnyulan Eastern. Ndị na-ekwu okwu na-ewere ihe ndị a niile dị iche iche. == Ụtọ asụsụ == Nyulnyul bụ asụsụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke nwere ma prefixing na suffixing. <ref name="nyulnyul">{{Cite book|author=McGregor|first=William B.|title=The Nyulnyul language of Dampier Land, Western Australia|date=2011|publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Australian National University|location=Canberra|isbn=9780858836471|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/205021/1/632%20McGregor%20Vols%201%20%26%202.pdf|accessdate=10 April 2022|authorlink=William B. McGregor}}</ref> : 43 Asụsụ ahụ nwere usoro nhazi nke na-adịghị mma . Nouns enweghị klaasị, mana ikpe na nkebiokwu ka edobere site na nbido agbatị. A na-agbanye mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa maka mmadụ na ọnụọgụ nke isiokwu ya, ike, ọnọdụ na olu site na prefixes. Enwere ike iji ọtụtụ suffixes nwere nkọwa dị iche iche na nhọrọ. <ref name="nyulnyul" /> : 44 A na-ejikwa ngwaa na-arụ ọrụ ngwaa ebe a na-eji preverb na-adịghị emetụta ya na ngwaa emegharịrị. Asụsụ ahụ nwekwara ọtụtụ okwu nkwuwa okwu na akụkụ. Enwere ike ịrụkwa nkebiokwu na-ejighi ngwaa mgbe ọ na-egosi, njirimara ma ọ bụ na-akọwapụta ya. Usoro usoro bụ n'efu. <ref name="nyulnyul" />: 45  == Ntụaka == na-echeta ugbu a naanị otu onye na-ekwu okwu na-agafe agafe, onye bi n'ime obodo Aplow - aha ọhụrụ nke ihe a na-akpọbu Volow.{{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Dixon|first=R. M. W.|authorlink=R. M. W. Dixon|year=2002|title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development|url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0-521-47378-0|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=666–667|isbn=0-521-47378-0}} * {{Cite journal|author=McGregor|first=William B.|year=1994|title=Complex Sentence Constructions in Nyulnyul, Western Australia|journal=Functions of Language|volume=1|pages=25–66|doi=10.1075/fol.1.1.04mcg|authorlink=William B. McGregor}} * {{Cite book|author=McGregor|first=W. B.|year=1996|title=Nyulnyul|url=https://archive.org/details/nyulnyul0000mcgr|location=Munich and Newcastle|publisher=Lincom Europa}} * {{Cite journal|author=McGregor|first=W. B.|year=1999|title=The Medio-active Construction in Nyulnyulan languages|journal=Studies in Language|volume=23|pages=531–567|doi=10.1075/sl.23.3.04mcg|issue=3}} * {{Cite book|author=McGregor|first=W. B.|year=1999|chapter=External Possession Constructions in Nyulnyulan languages|editor=D.L. Payne|title=External Possession|location=Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA|publisher=John Benjamins|pages=429–448}} * {{Cite book|author=McGregor|first=W. B.|year=2000|chapter=Reflexive and Reciprocal Constructions in Nyulnyulan languages|editor=Z. Frajzyngier|title=Reciprocals: Form and Function|location=Amsterdam|publisher=John Benjamins|pages=85–122}} * {{Cite journal|author=McGregor|first=W. B.|year=2003|title=Language Shift among the Nyulnyul of Dampier Land|journal=Acta Linguistica Hafniensia|volume=35|pages=115–159|doi=10.1080/03740463.2003.10416076}} * {{Cite book|author=Nekes|first=H.|year=1938|chapter=The Pronoun in Nyol-Nyol (Nyul-Nyul) and Related Dialects|editor=A.P. Elkin|title=Studies in Australian Linguistics|location=Sydney|publisher=University of Sydney|pages=139–163}} 9boza12591958nz50csnf3juyzm8qtz 0 57967 692771 203243 2026-07-30T17:32:52Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 692771 wikitext text/x-wiki   Asụsụ Muna-Buton bụ otu akwụkwọ a na-asụ n ụmụetiti Muna na Buton n'oké osimiri nke mpaghara South East Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ha so n'òtù Celebic nke mpaghara Austronesian. == Nchịkọta n'ime == Ethnologue kewara ahia Muna-Buton dị ka ndị a, dabere na van den Berg (2003) na Donohue (2004)):<ref name="vdB2003">{{Cite book|author=van den Berg|first=René|year=2003|chapter=The place of Tukang Besi and the Muna-Buton languages|editor=Lynch, John|title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology|pages=87–114|series=Pacific Linguistics 550|location=Canberra|publisher=Australian National University|doi=10.15144/PL-550.87}}</ref> * '''Muna-Buton nuklia''' ** '''Buton''' *** East Buton: Lasalimu, Kumbewaha *** '''West Buton''': Cia-Cia ** '''Munan''' *** Busoa *** '''Munic''' **** Kaimbulawa **** Western Munic: Liabuku, Muna (Wuna), Pancana, Kioko * '''Tukangbesi-Bonerate''': Tukang Besi, Bonerate Na nhazi ndị gara aga, Wolio, nke a na-asụ n'obodo Baubau (oche ụlọ ikpe nke Sultanate nke Buton) na gburugburu ya, na Laiyolo, nke a-asụ na mpaghara ndịda nke Selayar Island, sokwa n'òtù Muna-Buton, [1] [2] mana Donohue (2004) egosiwo na ha otu id nkegua hages, "Wotu"_  rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Wotu–Wolio languages">Wotu-Wolio, nke ịkpọ Wotu, nke a Na-asụkwa n'ụdị ugwu nke Ọwara Ọwara Ọwara Ọkpụkpụ. == Ihe owuwu ==   Van den Berg wu nchekwa Proto-Muna-Buton (2003). <ref name="vdB2003" /> === Ọmụmụ ụdaolu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Mkpụrụedemede ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ |*i | |*u |- !N'etiti |*e | |*o |- !Emeghe | |*a | |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Mkpụrụ okwu ! colspan="3" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Uvular !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="4" |Plosive ! rowspan="2" |enweghị olu !ala dị larịị |*p |*t | |*k |*q | |- !tupu ịlụ di ma ọlị |*mp |*nt | |*ŋk | | |- ! rowspan="2" |kwuru okwu !ihe dị mfeimplosive |*bi |*ɗ | |*g | | |- !tupu ịlụ di ma ọlị |*mb |*nd | |* Mmetụta | | |- ! rowspan="3" |Ihe na-esiri ike ! rowspan="2" |enweghị olu !ala dị larịị | |*s | | | |*h |- !tupu ịlụ di ma ọlị | |*ns | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |kwuru okwu | | | | |*R | |- ! colspan="3" |Ụgbọ imi |*m |*n | |*ŋ | | |- ! colspan="3" |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | |*r | | | | |- ! colspan="3" |N'akụkụ | |*l | | | | |- ! colspan="3" |Ihe atụ |*w | |*y | | | |} === Okwu === Van den Berg na-atụ aro ihe dị ka ihe ọhụrụ 30 maka Proto-Muna-Buton, dịka, *ɓeka 'nkịta', *kaɓi 'ịtụfu', *kenta 'azụ̀', *kompa 'eel', *potu 'isi', *weŋke 'gburuwa (mkpụrụ) ', *woru 'n'okpuru'. <ref name="vdB2003" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/muna-buton "Muna-Buton"] na Ethnologue (23rd ed, 2020). ndgz1vjzr5ks1cxhpd1c7rx5sg1wkik 0 57999 692804 203278 2026-07-30T19:44:59Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 692804 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:Sulawesi_languages.jpg|alt=Map of the Sulawesi languages with Celebic depicted in red in the cencentrere. Celebic language is spoken a larger area than the other Sulawesi languages|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Map nke asụsụ Sulawesi na Celebic gosipụtara na ọbara ọbara (map ahụ dị na German) ]] Asụsụ Celebic bụ obere m nke Asụsụ Austronesian a na-asụ n'ụdịetiti Indonesia nke Sulawesi, nke a na-akpọbu Celebes.  Ihe ahụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile a na-asụrụ na mpaghara Central Sulawesi na Ndịda Ọwụwa ihe Sulawesi bụ nke otu Celebic.  Asụsụ Celebic ole na ole (aka Wotu, Bonerate) dị na mpaghara South Sulawesi.  Saịtị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ (ma ọ bụghị saịtị na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ ya), Celebic bụ obere ihie nnukwu nke Asụsụ Austronesian na Sulawesi. == Ịdị n'ìgwè == === Nchịkọta n'ime === David Mead (2003a:125) kewara asụsụ Celebic dị ka ndị a: <ref name="Mead2003a">{{Cite book|author=Mead|first=David|year=2003a|chapter=Evidence for a Celebic supergroup|title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology|editor=Lynch|pages=115-141|series=Pacific Linguistics 550|location=Canberra|publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University|chapterurl=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146173/1/PL-550.pdf#page=123}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Mead|first=David|year=2003b|chapter=The Saluan-Banggai microgroup of eastern Sulawesi|title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology|editor=Lynch|pages=65–86|series=Pacific Linguistics 550|location=Canberra|publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University|chapterurl=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146173/1/PL-550.pdf#page=73}}</ref>   N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Zobel (2020) tụrụ aro na [[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili]]_languages" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kaili–Pamona languages">Kaili-Pamona na [[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wolio]]_languages" id="mwJg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Wotu–Wolio languages">Wotu-Wolio mepụtara otu Kaili-Wolio, nke Zobel debere dị ka otu isi nke Celebic. Ọzọkwa, na nhazi Zobel (2020), a na-etinye Kaili-Wolio dị ka nwanne nwanyị na Tominic-Eastern Celebic, nke nwere Mead (2003) [[Asụsụ Tomini-Tolitoli|Tomini-Tolitoli]] na Eastern Celebic.<ref name="Zobel-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Zobel|first=Erik|date=2020|title=The Kaili–Wolio Branch of the Celebic Languages|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/782054|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=59|issue=1/2|pages=297-346|doi=10.1353/ol.2020.0014}}</ref> === Ọnọdụ n'ime Austronesian === N'ọnọdụ nyocha ugbu a, a na-ewere asụsụ Celebic dị ka alaka bụ isi nke Malayo-Polynesian subgroup n'ime ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesian.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Alexander D.|title=The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem|year=2017|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=56|issue=2|doi=10.1353/ol.2017.0021}}</ref> == Proto-Celebic ==   David Mead (2003a:125) depụtara ụzọ ndị a maka Proto-Celebic na obere m ya.. <ref name="Mead2003a" /> # Proto-Malayo-Polynesian na Proto-Celebic #* *C₁ > *C₂ (C₁ ọ bụghị imi) #* *h > Ø #* *d > *r #* *ay, *-ey > *e #* *-aw, *-ew > *o #* *j > *y, Ø # Proto-Celebic na Proto-Eastern Celebic #* *e (schwa) > *o #* *-iq > *eq #* antepenultimate *a > *o # Proto-Eastern Celebic ruo Proto-[[Asụsụ Saluan-Banggai|Saluan-Banggai]] #* *-awa- > *oa #* *-b, *-g > *p, *k #* *q > *ʔ # Proto-Eastern Celebic na Proto-Southeastern Celebian #* *-w- > Ø #* *s > *s, *h #* *Z > *s #* *ñ > n #* *b > *b, *w # Proto-Southeast Celebic ruo Proto-[[Asụsụ B artum-Tolaki|B artum-Tolaki]] #* *q > *ʔ #* *w- > *h #* *ʀ > Ø na mbido na-esote *i # Proto-Southeast Celebic ruo Proto-[[Asụsụ Muna-Buton|Muna-Buton]] #* *w > Ø #* mfu ụdaume ikpeazụ (?) == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ nke Sulawesi * Asụsụ ndịda Sulawesi == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/celebic Asụsụ ndị a ma ama] na Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019). * [http://sulang.org/about/classification-sulawesi-languages Nchịkọta nke asụsụ Sulawesi] dmbq48s5nitka0a95gn4018c6s2cwzg 0 58032 693042 203311 2026-07-31T08:07:28Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|date=2001}} '''Lewo''' (nke a makwaara dị ka ''Varsu'' ma ọ bụ ''Laewo'' ) bụ asụsụ Oceanic a na-asụ na Epi Island, na [[Vanuatu]] . == Nchịkọta == A na-asụ Lewo n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Agwaetiti Epi na Shefa Province . Dị ka nke 2001, e nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ Lewo 2,200. <ref name="Ethnologue" /> N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ asụsụ a kasị asụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Epi, a pụrụ ịhụ ndị na-asụ Lewo n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke àgwàetiti ahụ; Obodo nta dị obere mana gbasasịrị ebe niile. Lewo nweburu olumba dị iche iche karịa ka ọ dị taa, na ọtụtụ ihe nkwuwa okwu sitere n'asụsụ Epi dị iche iche ka ekwuru na ha sitere na Lewo. Tasiko (mgbe ụfọdụ Tasiwo), Lemaroro na Maluba (Malupa) bụ olumba niile nke Lewo. Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Lewo na-asụ asụsụ abụọ, nwere nkà na Bierebo ; naanị ndị agadi na ndị na-eto eto bụ ndị na-asụ otu asụsụ. <ref name="Ethnologue">{{Cite web|author=Eberhard|first=David M|title=Lewo|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lww|work=Ethnologue}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig">Eberhard, David M; Simons, Gary F; Fennig, Charles D. [[ethnologue:lww|"Lewo"]]. </cite></ref> Lewo nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Epi nke Lamen, na-ekerịta 78% myirịta lexical. == fonology == === Consonants === == Morphology na klas okwu == === Ihe ngosi na oghere deixis === Lewo na-achọpụta akara ule anọ nke deixis mgbe ọ na-ekwu maka ọnọdụ oghere. Maka ikwupụta nrụtụ aka n'ihe dị n'akụkụ onye na-ekwu okwu, dị ka n'ịkpọtụrụ ọkà okwu ma ọ bụ n'otu ebe gbara ya gburugburu, a na-eji urughachị deictic ''nini'' . Ọ bụrụ na ihe ahụ dị nso na onye na-anụ ihe, a na-eji ihe ''nam̃aa'' ahụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ bụrụ na ihe a na-ekwu okwu ya bụ nso ma ọkà okwu na onye na-anụ ihe, ma ọ bụ n'ime mkparịta ụka na-anụ ihe, a na-eji urughuru ''nene'' mee ihe. A na-eji urughuru deictic nke anọ, ''nena'', gosipụta ebe dị anya ma ọ bụ amaghi ama. <ref name=":0" /> Ọmụmaatụ (21) na-egosi ''nape'' n'ọnọdụ nke ndị mebere na-emezi akpaokwu a na-ejikarị. Ọmụmaatụ (22) na-egosi ''nape'' dị ka isi nke akpaokwu ahụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ''nape'' na-apụta n'ụdị na-abụghị ajụjụ.   == Ntụaka == n'agbanyeghị na ha bụ omenala Ndị Kraịst ugbu a, ꞌA ka [ ] etinye nnukwu mkpa na njikọ dị n'etiti ndị nna nna na ala gbara ha gburugburu.{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ihe ndị dị na Lewo gụnyere n'ime oghere oghere Arthur Capell ( [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/AC1 AC1] na [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/AC2 AC2] ) nke Paradisec nwere. == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == *   tw9bxvsvg4vsjwfc1hidyemvq3s2pdr 693044 693042 2026-07-31T08:09:57Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|date=2001}} '''Lewo''' (nke a makwaara dị ka ''Varsu'' ma ọ bụ ''Laewo'' ) bụ asụsụ Oceanic a na-asụ na Epi Island, na [[Vanuatu]] . == Nchịkọta == A na-asụ Lewo n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Agwaetiti Epi na Shefa Province . Dị ka nke 2001, e nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ Lewo 2,200. <ref name="Ethnologue" /> N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ asụsụ a kasị asụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Epi, a pụrụ ịhụ ndị na-asụ Lewo n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke àgwàetiti ahụ; Obodo nta dị obere mana gbasasịrị ebe niile. Lewo nweburu olumba dị iche iche karịa ka ọ dị taa, na ọtụtụ ihe nkwuwa okwu sitere n'asụsụ Epi dị iche iche ka ekwuru na ha sitere na Lewo. Tasiko (mgbe ụfọdụ Tasiwo), Lemaroro na Maluba (Malupa) bụ olumba niile nke Lewo. Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Lewo na-asụ asụsụ abụọ, nwere nkà na Bierebo ; naanị ndị agadi na ndị na-eto eto bụ ndị na-asụ otu asụsụ. <ref name="Ethnologue">{{Cite web|author=Eberhard|first=David M|title=Lewo|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lww|work=Ethnologue}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig">Eberhard, David M; Simons, Gary F; Fennig, Charles D. [[ethnologue:lww|"Lewo"]]. </cite></ref> Lewo nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Epi nke Lamen, na-ekerịta 78% myirịta lexical. == fonology == === Consonants === == Morphology na klas okwu == === Ihe ngosi na oghere deixis === Lewo na-achọpụta akara ule anọ nke deixis mgbe ọ na-ekwu maka ọnọdụ oghere. Maka ikwupụta nrụtụ aka n'ihe dị n'akụkụ onye na-ekwu okwu, dị ka n'ịkpọtụrụ ọkà okwu ma ọ bụ n'otu ebe gbara ya gburugburu, a na-eji urughachị deictic ''nini'' . Ọ bụrụ na ihe ahụ dị nso na onye na-anụ ihe, a na-eji ihe ''nam̃aa'' ahụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ bụrụ na ihe a na-ekwu okwu ya bụ nso ma ọkà okwu na onye na-anụ ihe, ma ọ bụ n'ime mkparịta ụka na-anụ ihe, a na-eji urughuru ''nene'' mee ihe. A na-eji urughuru deictic nke anọ, ''nena'', gosipụta ebe dị anya ma ọ bụ amaghi ama.<ref name=":0">[[#RE94|Early 1994]], p.225.</ref> Ọmụmaatụ (21) na-egosi ''nape'' n'ọnọdụ nke ndị mebere na-emezi akpaokwu a na-ejikarị. Ọmụmaatụ (22) na-egosi ''nape'' dị ka isi nke akpaokwu ahụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ''nape'' na-apụta n'ụdị na-abụghị ajụjụ.   == Ntụaka == n'agbanyeghị na ha bụ omenala Ndị Kraịst ugbu a, ꞌA ka [ ] etinye nnukwu mkpa na njikọ dị n'etiti ndị nna nna na ala gbara ha gburugburu.{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ihe ndị dị na Lewo gụnyere n'ime oghere oghere Arthur Capell ( [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/AC1 AC1] na [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/AC2 AC2] ) nke Paradisec nwere. == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == *   4o82mdwau970r2snjwba9dw4076smer 0 58146 692792 203433 2026-07-30T18:13:35Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 692792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|date=2007}}  '''Namia''' (Namie, Nemia) bụ asụsụ Sepik a na-asụ na Namea Rural LLG, Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea . Ọ na-aga na aha dị iche iche, dị ka ''Edawapi, Lujere, odo odo'' . Iji asụsụ eme ihe bụ "siri ike" ( ''Ethnologue'' ). Na Sandaun Province, a na-asụ ya na Ameni == Olumba == Otu olumba namie bụ: <ref name="Steer-NG">{{Cite book|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/576ed271bebafbef665249c0/t/576ef4d7725e2552c3689535/1466889435280/Languages_of_the_Upper_Sepik_and_Central_New_Guinea.pdf|title=Languages of the Upper Sepik and Central New Guinea|author=Steer|first=Martin|year=2005|location=Canberra|publisher=Australian National University}}</ref> * '''Ailuaki''': spoken in Yegarapi (<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|-3.870583|141.800527|type:city_region:PG}}), Yaru (<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|-3.85512|141.802378|type:city_region:PG}}), and Norambalip (<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|-3.814045|141.828438|type:city_region:PG}}) villages * '''Amani''': spoken in Augwom (<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|-3.99286|141.716817|type:city_region:PG}}), Iwani (<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|-3.906643|141.755439|type:city_region:PG}}), Pabei (<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|-3.927006|141.776325|type:city_region:PG}}), Panewai, and Tipas (<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|-3.981559|141.766186|type:city_region:PG}}) villages * '''Wiari''': spoken in Alai (<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|-3.910948|141.797074|type:city_region:PG}}), Nami (<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|-3.896557|141.879322|type:city_region:PG}}), Worikori (<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|-3.923558|141.879066|type:city_region:PG}}), Akwom (<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|-3.938724|141.833174|type:city_region:PG}}), and Naum (<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|-3.923731|141.833466|type:city_region:PG}}) villages * '''Lawo''': spoken in Mokwidami (<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|-3.858705|141.744059|type:city_region:PG}}), Mantopai (<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|-3.708668|141.698706|type:city_region:PG}}), Yawari (<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|-3.676068|141.729295|type:city_region:PG}}), and Aiendami (<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|-3.944326|141.806744|type:city_region:PG}}) villages == fonology == Namia nwere naanị consonants phonemic 7: <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Feldpausch|first=Becky|url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/31179|title=Phonology essentials of the Namia language|date=2009|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics}}</ref> Ntụle ụfọdụ na-egosi /tʃ/ dị ka fọnịm nke asatọ, <ref name="Foley-Sepik">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|authorlink=William A. Foley|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=197–432|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref> n'agbanyeghị na enwere ike ibu amụma nkesa ya. [tʃ] na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ /r/ bụ variants nke /t/, dị ka akọwara na tebụl n'okpuru. <ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Nkesa ekwentị coronal ọnụ na Namia ! rowspan="2" | gburugburu ! colspan="3" | Ekwentị ! rowspan="2" | Ihe atụ |- ! Agbapụtara ! Na mgbanwe ! Agbaghị akwụkwọ |- ! # _ | [t], [l] | [t~r] | *[tʃ] | [ndụmọdụ] 'basket', [egbugbere ọnụ] 'olulu' |- ! _ # | colspan="2" | [r], [l] | *[t], *[tʃ] | [er] 'anyị abụọ', [el] 'nwanyị' |- ! [iu] _ | colspan="2" | [tʃ], [r], [l] | *[t] | [titʃei] 'nkume', [irei] 'osisi egwu egwu', [ilei] 'aha' |- ! [Ee oa] _ | colspan="2" | [r], [l] | *[tʃ], *[t] | [ari] 'ama', [alu] 'alaka' |- ! V _CV | colspan="2" | [r], [l] | *[tʃ], *[t] | [irno] 'ihu', [ilpok] 'oké ifufe n'ihu' |- ! VC _V | colspan="2" | [r], [l], [t] | *[tʃ] | [amral] 'obosara', [amtou] 'pandanus uhie', [emomle] 'teta' |} Enwere ike ịnụ okwu-mmalite [r] n'ọnọdụ a na-atụ anya [t] n'okwu ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na okwu gara aga gwụ na ụdaume. N'ebe ọ bụla ọ nweghị ihe karịrị fọnịm atọ dị iche, nke pụtara na a dịghị achọ coronal /tʃ/ nke anọ. [tʃ] na-eme naanị site na ụdaume dị elu /i/ ma ọ bụ /u/ (dịka ọmụmaatụ [putʃwapu] 'ume-ngwu') ebe enwere ike ịhụ ya dị ka allophone nke /t/. N'ọtụtụ gburugburu naanị fọnịm abụọ dị iche, na-atụ aro na /r/ na nso nso a si na /t/. == Okwu okwu == Okwu okwu ndị a bụ isi sitere na Foley (2005) na Laycock (1968), dị ka ekwuru na nchekwa data Trans-New Guinea: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transnewguinea.org/language/namia|title=TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea|author=Greenhill|first=Simon|date=2016|accessdate=2020-11-05}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{Sepik languages}} cuvutbqafdmup7ukwk98r76oc2rknew 0 58213 693059 203503 2026-07-31T08:26:17Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed reference with multiple tag 693059 wikitext text/x-wiki   .Lower Tanana (nke a na-akpọkwa Tanana na / ma ọ bụ Middle Tanana) bụ akara nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke a na-asụ na Interior Alaska n'ime obodo nta Tanana River nke Minto na Nenana.  N'ime ihe dị ka ndị Tanana380 nọ n'obodo ahụ, ihe dị ka 30 ka na-asụ ahụ ahụ.  Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2010, "Ndị na-asụ iwu ndị toro na Lower Tanana dị ka nna mbụ ha nwere ikike ikike n'obodo nta Minto nke mmadụ 250. " [1] Ọ bụ otu n'ime nnukwu ihe nke Asụsụ Athabaskan, nke a mụrụ dị ka Dené Ndị Athabaskan (ma ọ bụ Dené) bụ ndị bibu n'osisi dị n'etiti osimiri Salcha na Goodpaster na-asụrụ dị iche nke ndị ọkachamara na-akpọ Asụsụ Middle Tanana. == Asụsụ == * Asụsụ dị n'ógbè Toklat (''{{Lang|taa|Tutlʼot}}'') * Mkpụrụ okwu Minto Flats-Nenana River: Minto (''{{Lang|taa|Menhti}}'') na Nenana (''{{Lang|taa|Nina Noʼ}}'') * Asụsụ Osimiri Chena: Obodo Chena ({{Lang|taa|Chʼenoʼ}}) * Asụsụ Osimiri Salcha: Salcha ({{Lang|taa|Sol Chaget}}) == Nkọwa okwu == * {{Lang|taa|dena}} "nwoke" * {{Lang|taa|trʼaxa}} "nwaanyị" * {{Lang|taa|setseya}} "Nna m ochie" * {{Lang|taa|setsu}} "nne m nwanyị" * {{Lang|taa|xwtʼana}} "ezinụlọ" * {{Lang|taa|ddheł}} "ugwu" * {{Lang|taa|tu}} "anụ ọhịa bea ojii" * diose "anụ ọhịa bea na-acha nchara nchara" * {{Lang|taa|bedzeyh}} "caribou" * {{Lang|taa|łiga}} "nkịta" * {{Lang|taa|beligaʼ}} "nkịta ya" * {{Lang|taa|kʼwyʼ}} "willow" * {{Lang|taa|katreth}} "moccasin" * {{Lang|taa|trʼiyh}} "ụgbọ mmiri" * {{Lang|taa|yoyekoyh}} "Northern Lights" * "Ụzọ" * {{Lang|taa|khwnʼa}} "osimiri" * t'{{Lang|taa|t’eede gaay}} "nwa agbọghọ" (Middle Tanana) == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Akpụkpọ ahụ ! rowspan="2" |Ezé ezé ! colspan="3" |Alveolar ! rowspan="2" |Post-alveolar<nowiki><br id="mwgg"></nowiki> ! rowspan="2" |Retroflex ! rowspan="2" |Palatal ! rowspan="2" |Velar ! rowspan="2" |Mkpịsị aka |- !<small>ala dị larịị</small> !<small>sibilant</small> !<small>n'akụkụ</small> |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive !<small>ala dị larịị</small> |p |tθ |t |ts |tɬ |tʃ |tʂ | |k |ʔ |- !<small>aspirated</small> | |tθʰ |tʰ |tsʰ |tɬʰ |tʃʰ |tʂʰ | |kʰ | |- !<small>ejective</small> | |tθʼ |tʼ |tsʼ |tɬʼ |tʃʼ |tʂʼ | |kʼ | |- ! rowspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike !<small>enweghị olu</small> | |θ | |s |ɬ |ʃ | | |x |h |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> | |ð | |z | | | | |ɣ | |- ! colspan="2" |Ọkụ na-ada ụda |w | |n | |l | | |j | | |} === Mkpụrụedemede === Ụda ụdaume na Tanana bụ {{IPA|/a æ ɪ~i ʊ~u ə/}}. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ |<nowiki>i" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ɪ"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwARo" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">ɪ ~ m</nowiki> | |<nowiki>u="#mwt91" class="IPA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ʊ"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAR4" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">ʊ ~ u</nowiki> |- !N'etiti | |ə | |- !Emeghe |æ |a | |} N'ime ọrụ 2008-2009, onye ọkà karba Siri Tuttle nke Mahadum Alaska's Native Language Center "na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị okenye iji aka ma dee okwu abụ, ụfọdụ na faịlụ na ụlọ ọrụ na ụfọdụ edere n'oge ọrụ ahụ.. "<ref name="linguist" /> "Asụsụ Minto nke Tanana ... na-enye ndị na-ekwu okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbe ụfọdụ n'okwu ndị dị ogologo ogologo.. "<ref name="linguist"> {{Cite news|author=Christopher Eshleman|title=Fairbanks Daily News-Miner - Alaska Native Language Center linguist helps document dialects|work=Fairbanks Daily News-Miner|accessdate=2012-09-15|date=2010-09-13|url=http://newsminer.com/view/full_story/9503554/article-Alaska-Native-Language-Center-linguist-helps-document-dialects?}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Christopher Eshleman (September 13, 2010). </cite></ref> == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * Charlie, Teddy 1992. Ode Setl'oghwnh Da': Long After I Am Gone, Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-55500-045-2|1-55500-045-2]] * Kari, James, Isabel Charlie, Peter John & Evelyn Alexander. 1991. ''Lower Tanana Athabaskan Ịge ntị na ide ihe'', Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1998. ''Metrical na Tonal Structures na Tanana Athabaskan'', Ph.D. Dissertation, Mahadum Washington. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2003. Archival Phonetics: Tone and Stress na Tanana Athabaskan. Mahadum nke Alaska Fairbanks. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\nde\pca&limit=-1 Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu bụ isi nke Lower Tanana na Global Lexicostatistical Database] n7wfz5y6mpl59lrathd1dhjq2ppn4bc 0 58271 693038 206023 2026-07-31T07:59:21Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693038 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lawu''' (autonym: ''{{IPA|la21 wu21}}'' ) <ref name="Yang2011">[http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2012-067_lwu.pdf Yang (2011)] (ISO 639-3 documentation)</ref> bụ asụsụ Loloish nke Yunnan, China nke nọ n'ihe egwu. O nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu agadi 50 na obodo Jiuha 旧哈村, <ref name="ynszxc">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=250326|work=ynszxc.gov.cn|title=新平县水塘镇旧哈村民委员会|accessdate=2017-12-30|archivedate=2017-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052442/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=250326}}</ref> Shuitang district 水塘镇, Xinping County, Yuxi Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Enwere ike nwekwara ụfọdụ ndị na-ekwu okwu na mpaghara Jiujia 九甲乡, Zhenyuan County, Pu'er Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Ndị ọchịchị China na-ekewa ndị na-asụ Lawu ugbu a dị ka Lahu, mana a na-ekebu ya dị ka Yi . == Nhazi == Cathryn Yang (2012) na-atụ aro na ọ ga-abụ na Lawu bụ asụsụ Central Ngwi, mana ọ na-ekwu na ọ naghị ekewa ya na asụsụ Lalo, Lahu, ma ọ bụ Lisoid (Lisu, Lipo, Lolopo). Andrew Hsiu (2017) na-atụ aro na Lawu metụtara Awu nke Xiaopingzi 小坪子, Daping Township 大坪乡, Yuanyang County, Yunnan, China, <ref name="ynszxc2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=197147|work=ynszxc.gov.cn|title=元阳县大坪乡大坪村委会小坪子村|accessdate=2017-12-30|archivedate=2017-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920172248/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=197147}}</ref> nke edere na Lu & Lu (2011). Ọnụ, Lawu na Awu na-etolite alaka asụsụ ''Lawu'' ma ọ bụ ''Lawoish'' . Ihe akaebe gbasara asụsụ na-egosi na ndị nna nna Awu si na mgbago mgbago ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ gbadata na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Uhie, wee rute ebe ha nọ ugbu a ka ha gachara na mgbada. Lewu, nke na-apụ n'anya ugbu a, nwere ike ịbụ na ọ metụtara Lawu, mana nhazi ejighị n'aka n'ihi ụkọ data. == fonology == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Consonants ! !Labial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar |- ! Plosive | pʰ p | tʰ t | | kʰ k |- ! Mmekọrịta | | tsʰ ts | tɕʰ tɕ | |- ! Nke na-ese okwu | f v | s z | ɕ | x |- ! Ihu imi | m | n | | ŋ |- ! Odika | w | l | j | |} * /n/ ka a na-akpọ [ɲ] n'ihu ụdaume /ie/. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Udaume ! !N'ihu ! Central ! Azu |- ! Elu | i | | u |- ! N'etiti | e | ə | o |- ! Dị ala | | a | |} * Achọpụtara /i/ dị ka ụdaume apical [z̩] na-esote alveolar affricates na fricatives /tsʰ ts sz/. Na mgbakwunye, a hụla diphthong ndị a: /ue/, /ie/, /au/, /ai/, /ua/. Lawu nwekwara ụda anọ; elu, etiti, ala na ọdịda. == Ntụaka == Woni nke obodo Leda (勒达村), Xinping CountyPuyang 普阳村, Muyang Townshipna-asụ Micha na ugwu{{Reflist}} angn33l55gvllqi4oaciz4mds2da42g 0 58276 692879 692564 2026-07-30T21:56:48Z Sylvaline39 15355 Added Databox 692879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Fatuma Gaiti Ahmed bụ onye isi izugbe na ọchịagha ndị agha ikuku Kenya. Ọ bụbu onye so na ndị inyom Kenya na-eje ozi naanị ụmụ nwanyị, na-ebufe na ndị agha ikuku mgbe ngalaba ahụ na-etinye aka na ọrụ agha atọ na 1999. Ahmed nwere akara ugo mmụta site na Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies ma rụọ ọrụ karịsịa na ọrụ ọrụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ onye brigadier nwanyị mbụ nke Kenya. == Ọrụ == Fatuma Gaiti Ahmed amụrụ na 1965 sonye na ndị agha Kenya "site na mberede".[1] Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na 1983 ọ ga-alaghachi n'obodo ya iji nweta kaadị njirimara.[2][3] Ndị agha na-eme mkpọsa mbanye n'ọgbọ egwuregwu dị nso na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọrụ ID wee jụọ ajụjụ banyere ịbanye.[3] Ọ banyere ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị agha Kenya dị ka onye uwe ojii na 1984 ma mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, e nyefere ya onye isi nke abụọ na Kenyan Women Service Corps.[3][2] Site na 1985 o jere ozi n'akụkụ ndị agha ikuku Kenya, ọkachasị na akụrụngwa mmadụ <ref name="nation2">{{Cite news|title=Uhuru shuffles military chiefs|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/Kenya-first-female-brigadier/1056-2828882-qe90ia/index.html|accessdate=30 November 2017|work=Daily Nation Kenya|date=11 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="nation">{{Cite news|title=I joined military by accident: brigadier|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/I-joined-military-by-accident/1056-2845038-l6kfiwz/index.html|accessdate=30 November 2017|work=Daily Nation Kenya|date=24 August 2015|language=en-UK}}</ref> Ahmed nwere nzere na National Defence College na Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies na diplọma na njikwa na Mahadum Strathmore . <ref name="nation2" />{{Cite news|title=Uhuru shuffles military chiefs|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/Kenya-first-female-brigadier/1056-2828882-qe90ia/index.html|accessdate=30 November 2017|work=Daily Nation Kenya|date=11 August 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.nation.co.ke/news/Kenya-first-female-brigadier/1056-2828882-qe90ia/index.html "Uhuru shuffles military chiefs"]. ''Daily Nation Kenya''. 11 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gafere na ndị agha ụgbọelu Kenya mgbe a gbasara Women Service Corps na 1999 ma tinye ndị ọrụ ya n'ime ndị agha Kenya fọdụrụnụ.<ref name="nation" />{{Cite news|title=I joined military by accident: brigadier|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/I-joined-military-by-accident/1056-2845038-l6kfiwz/index.html|accessdate=30 November 2017|work=Daily Nation Kenya|date=24 August 2015|language=en-UK}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.nation.co.ke/news/I-joined-military-by-accident/1056-2845038-l6kfiwz/index.html "I joined military by accident: brigadier"]. ''Daily Nation Kenya''. 24 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Nke a wepụkwara ihe mgbochi maka ndị otu Women Service Corps na ịghara ịlụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye; Ahmed gara n'ihu nwee ụmụ atọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ahmed: My journey to the top in military – VIDEO|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/I-joined-military-by-accident/1056-2845038-l6kfiwz/index.html|accessdate=6 December 2017|work=Daily Nation|date=24 August 2015|language=en-UK}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi nke otu ndị agha ma mesịa bụrụ onyeisi ndị ọrụ na isi ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha ụgbọelu Kenya. <ref name="nation2" /> A kwalitere Ahmed ka ọ bụrụ Brigadier n'ụbọchị iri n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2015 ma họpụta ya dịka onye isi nchịkwa nke Defence Forces Medical Insurance Scheme . <ref name="nation2" /> <ref name="IBT">{{Cite news|title=Who Is Fatumah Ahmed? Kenya Military Appoints First Woman Brigadier|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/who-fatumah-ahmed-kenya-military-appoints-first-woman-brigadier-2050053|accessdate=30 November 2017|work=International Business Times|date=12 August 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị brigadier mbụ na Kenya.<ref name="IBT" /> A kwalitere Ahmed ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ọchịagha n'afọ 2018, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị mbụ na-achị Kenya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Njeru|first=Bettty|title=Who is Major General Fatuma Ahmed?|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001287935/who-is-major-general-fatuma-ahmed|accessdate=18 May 2020|work=The Standard|date=14 July 2018|language=en}}</ref> Ka e mesịrị, n'afọ 2024, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na-achịkwa ndị agha ụgbọelu Kenya, nke mekwara ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị mbụ na'ịduzi otu n'ime ọrụ agha Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c72pl7445kpo|title=Maj Gen Fatuma Ahmed: Kenya's first woman air force commander|work=www.bbc.com}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Fatumah Gaiti}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kh9qqixvp3rjzy7x8v6gc5p4264woc3 0 58279 693063 203572 2026-07-31T08:38:20Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|date=}} '''Luoji''' ( [[wiktionary:Autonym|akpaghị aka]] : ''{{IPA|luo31 dʑi33}}'' bụ asụsụ Loloish moribund nke Weining County, Guizhou, China nke ndị Qixingmin na-asụ. Enwere ndị ọkà okwu agadi ole na ole na-asụ asụsụ na Shejie Village 蛇街村, Yangjie Town 羊街镇, Weining County, na-enweghị ndị na-ekwu okwu nke ọma. == Nhazi == Qixingmin na-asụ asụsụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Yi mpaghara, nke dị etiti n'etiti olumba Western na Eastern Yi nke Weining County (Weining 1997:328). Ụfọdụ okwu dị iche iche, dị ka okwu maka 'ose chili' ( Chinese ), nke bụ "zi 自" n'olumba Western Yi, "shapo 傻迫" n'olumba Eastern Yi, na "boji 薄几" na Qixingmin. <ref name="Weining1997">威宁彜族回族苗族自治县民族事务委员会编. 1997. ''Weining County Ethnic Gazeteer'' [威宁彝族回族苗族自治县民族志]. Guiyang: Guizhou People's Press [贵州民族出版社].</ref> Otú ọ dị, ndị Qixingmin na-ekwu na ha dị iche na Yi, nakwa na ndị nna nna ha na-asụ asụsụ na-abụghị Yi nke kpochapụrụ ọtụtụ narị afọ gara aga. Qixingmin dị n'etiti mpaghara Western Yi na Eastern Yi. A na-asụ asụsụ ndị a na: * ''Qixingmin'' ("Qixingmin Liangzi" 七姓民梁子): Xiangshui 响水, Jinhai 金海, Sandaohe 三道河, Shejie 蛇街, Yangjie 羊街, na Yanjia * ''Western Yi'' : Guanfenghai 观风海, Niupeng 牛棚, Dajie 大街, na Longjie 龙街 * ''Eastern Yi'' : Yancang 盐仓, Jinzhong 金钟, na Ertang 二塘 == Ntụaka == anyanwụ Loloish na Northern Loloish nwere ike ịbụ alaka ụmụnna n'otu n'otu{{Reflist}} k3e8nyr7amq6pkw66ur6s6dogm7sk1n 0 58288 692882 692561 2026-07-30T22:01:52Z Sylvaline39 15355 Added Databox 692882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Fatuma Ali Saman</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |1968 (afọ 56-57) &nbsp;<br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Mandera|Obodo Mandera]], [[Kenya]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A maara ya maka&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Mgbalị maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị |} Fatuma Ali Saman (amuru 1968) bu onye okacha amara na onye na-akwado ikike umunwanyi na onye otu ndi isi ulo oru ndi uwe ojii na-enwere onwe nke Kenya (KIPOA).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Team+to+keep+police+in+check+takes+oath/-/1056/1420776/-/14ru9gu/-/index.html|title=Team to keep police in check takes oath|work=Daily Nation|language=en-UK|accessdate=2016-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipoa.go.ke/about-us/ipoa-board-members.html|title=IPOA Board Members|work=IPOA|accessdate=8 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126173848/http://ipoa.go.ke/about-us/ipoa-board-members.html|archivedate=26 November 2016}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Fatuma Ali Saman na Mandera, Northern Kenya na 1968. Nna ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị obere.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Mmụta == Saman gara ụlọ akwụkwọ St Brigid dị na Nairobi n'oge oge nnwere onwe mgbe "usoro 7-4-2-3" dị. Ọ gakwara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ụmụ nwanyị Wajir na 1983, wee hapụ n'afọ 1986 wee nweta akararịị mere ka ọ bụrụ nnabata na mahadum. Agbanyeghị, na 1987, ọ gara ọzụzụ dị ka onye nkuzi na kọleji Asumbi dị na South Nyanza, na nso mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya. O mechara gaa mahadum, wee gụchaa nzere bachelọ na agụmakwụkwọ, okpukperechi na akụkọ ihe mere eme.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ọrụ nkuzi == Saman anọwo na-akụzi ihe kemgbe afọ iri abụọ na ise na ụlọ ọrụ onwe na nke ọha na eze. Ọrụ nkuzi mbụ ya bụ na 1989 na Mandera boys town (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Mandera Islamic Centre) nke bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị. N'afọ 1993, ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi nkuzi nke Khadija Ummul-Muminun, ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị ụmụ nwanyị nke gọọmentị. N'afọ 1995, Saman guzobere Nairobi Muslim Academy, ụlọ akwụkwọ na-akwụ ụgwọ onwe onye nke na-enye ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, praịmarị na sekọndrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tuko.co.ke/323021-nairobi-muslim-academy-fees-structure-location-contacts.html|title=Nairobi Muslim Academy fees structure, location, contacts|date=7 November 2019}}</ref> Ebumnuche nke iguzobe Nairobi Muslim Academy, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ụmụ nwanyị na Nairobi Kenya, bụ inye gburugburu ebe obibi maka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ agbọghọ dịka ọtụtụ ụmụ agbọghọ emetụtala site na alụmdi na nwunye n'oge.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọ ka bụ onye ndụmọdụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/immersive-story/2017/08/22/educating-girls-ending-child-marriage|title=World Bank Report - Educating Girls, Ending Child Marriage|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2019-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nairobimuslimacademy.sc.ke/about-us/management-and-staff|title=School website|accessdate=2016-12-08|archivedate=2019-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724084209/http://www.nairobimuslimacademy.sc.ke/about-us/management-and-staff}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, a họpụtara Saman ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2024|title=Fatuma Ali Saman – CSCR Center|url=https://cscrcenter.org/team_mf/fatuma-ali-saman/|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=cscrcenter.org|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.undp.org/content/dam/kenya/docs/Government%20Reports/Interim_Report_of_the_Task_Force_on_Devolved_Government.pdf|title=Draft Interim Report on Devolved Government in Kenya|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308105325/https://www1.undp.org/content/dam/kenya/docs/Government%20Reports/Interim_Report_of_the_Task_Force_on_Devolved_Government.pdf|archivedate=2022-03-08|accessdate=2019-10-21}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ nkuzi n'afọ 2012, mgbe a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu IPOA n'oge ọchịchị Kenya Coalition. == Ịlụ ọgụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị == Saman abụwo onye na-agba mbọ maka ikike na nnọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị na Kenya. Ọ rịọrọ ka ụmụ nwanyị nọrọ n'ọkwá ndị isi ọha na eze na nke onwe ha na itinye ha n'òtù na bọọdụ dị iche iche na-eme mkpebi. Enyemaka ya na-aga n'ihu ruo n'ókè nke iwu nke ikike na isi nke nnyefe na-emetụta na iwu. Mmalite nke iwu Kenya ọhụrụ (nke a makwaara dị ka Bomas draft), nke emere na 2010, gụnyere akụkụ abụọ dị mkpa ebe Saman rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu kọmitii teknụzụ na akwụkwọ ikike. Saman kwadoro ka e mepụta ọkwa nke ndị nnọchi anya ụmụ nwanyị 47 na ndị omeiwu Kenya. Ọ bụ onye ndú nke ndebanye aha ụmụ agbọghọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Northern Kenya ma lụso igbu ọkpụkpụ ụmụ nwanyị ọgụ. Saman nọchitere anya Kenya na mmemme nduzi mba ụwa nke ndị nleta na US n'afọ 2005. == Ọrụ obodo == Saman ejirila afọ ofufo jeere ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche dabere na obodo na okwukwe ozi site na ọrụ ndụmọdụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na kọmitii nduzi nke kansụl okpukpe nke Kenya (IRCK) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://interreligiouscouncil.or.ke/board%20members.html|title=IRCK {{!}} Board Members of IRCK|work=interreligiouscouncil.or.ke|accessdate=2016-12-08|archivedate=2016-03-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310162418/http://interreligiouscouncil.or.ke/board%20members.html}}</ref> ruo afọ iri. Ọrụ nkuzi ya sitere na ụkọ ndị nkuzi nke na-emetụta ogo na ụkpụrụ agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ kụziri ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche ma nyere aka mee ka ụmụ agbọghọ na-enweghị nne na nna banye na agụmakwụkwọ. Kemgbe afọ 1995, ụlọ ọrụ ebere nke ndị Alakụba nke Nairobi Waqf, otu ọrụ ebere nke ya na ya guzobere, anọwo na-enye ndị ogbenye, ndị di ha nwụrụ na ndị gbara alụkwaghịm ike site na ogige Nairobi site na ọzụzụ na inye ohere ọrụ. == Ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na mgbanwe == Fatuma Ali Saman has played a significant role in fighting for freedom and equality in Kenya{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}}. One of her biggest achievements includes bringing change to the Kenya police which has been accused of human rights violations in the past.<ref>{{Cite web|title=As it happened: Record-breaking number of women added to Wikipedia|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-38243211|work=BBC News|language=en-gb|accessdate=2020-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/06/04/kenya-police-threaten-activists-reporting-abuse|title=Human Rights Watch Report|author=|first=|date=4 June 2018|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}</ref> As a board member of the Independent Policing and Oversight Authority, where she chairs the Inspections, Research and Monitoring committee, she has developed recommendations to improve the service{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}}. == Edemsibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Saman, Fatuma Ali}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] bg1g6cgyorxook5zwjp13y98geqsc4b 0 58290 692881 692562 2026-07-30T22:00:13Z Sylvaline39 15355 Added Databox 692881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Fatuma Ibrahim Ali (Somali: Fadumo Cibraahiim Cali) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kenya.[1] Ọ bụbu Kọmishọna nke National Commission on Human Rights.[2] Ali bụ onye otu ọgbakọ nke iri na otu nke Kenya na-anọchite anya mpaghara Wajir. A họpụtara ya n'ọkwa ahụ na March 2013 na tiketi Orange Democratic Movement.[3] Ugbu a ọ bụ onye otu ọgbakọ nke anọ (2017–2022), nke ọgbakọ omebe iwu East Africa[4] na-anọchite anya Kenya. O sitere n'agbụrụ Somalia. == Edemsibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Fatuma Ibrahim}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4tbg34ysi9f3u42ryjh8ihn0heg4zux 0 58293 693112 203586 2026-07-31T10:58:44Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 693112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|date=2014-2019}} '''Asụsụ Nubi''' (a na-akpọkwa '''Ki-Nubi''', Arabic ) bụ asụsụ Creole nke Sudan nke a na-asụ na [[Uganda]] na gburugburu Bombo, na na [[Kenya]] na gburugburu Kibera, nke ndị Nubian na Uganda, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị sitere na ndị agha [[Sudan]] nke Emin Pasha bụ ndị ọchịchị colonial nke Britain biri ebe ahụ . Ihe dị ka mmadụ 15,000 na [[Uganda]] na 1991 (dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ si dị), na ihe dị ka 10,000 kwuru na Kenya; Ebe ọzọ na-eme atụmatụ banyere ndị ọkà okwu 50,000 dị ka nke 2001. 90% nke lexicon na-enweta site na [[Arabic]], ma a na-eme ka ụtọ asụsụ dị mfe, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties|author=Clive Holes|year=2004|publisher=Georgetown U P|isbn=9781589010222|pages=421|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8E0Rr1xY4TQC&pg=PA26|accessdate=2017-03-23}}</ref> dị ka ụda ụda. Nairobi nwere mkpokọta ndị na-ekwu okwu Nubi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Owens|first=Jonathan|date=2006|title=Creole Arabic|url=https://www.academia.edu/7551407|journal=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics|language=en|pages=518–27}}</ref> Nubi nwekwara usoro nhazi prefixing, suffixing na ngwakọta dịkwa na Arabic. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Deconstructing Creole|author=Umberto Ansaldo|year=2007|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=9789027229854|pages=290|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mpnPLUuwAC&q=kouwenberg+creole+2003+inflection|accessdate=2010-01-20}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Nubi bụ Kakwa bụ ndị si na mpaghara Nubian, nke mbụ banye na Equatoria, sikwa n'ebe ahụ gaa na ndịda Uganda na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] . Ha bilitere ịbụ onye a ma ama n'okpuru Onye isi ala Uganda [[Idi Amin]], onye bụ Kakwa. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkSP9XUIAKsC&q=kakwa+nubians&pg=PA81|title=Uganda Since Independence: A Story of Unfulfilled Hopes|author=Mutibwa|first=Phares Mukasa|date=1992-01-01|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=9780865433571|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/04/06/amin-buys-loyalty-of-soldiers/92db022c-dc34-4a6a-af97-56eae2ccf728/|title=Amin Buys Loyalty of Soldiers - the Washington Post|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=10 February 2017}}</ref> Jonathan Owens na-arụ ụka na Nubi mejupụtara ihe atụ bụ isi ihe atụ nke Derek Bickerton 's theories of creole language formation, na-egosi "ọ bụghị ihe karịrị ohere yiri Bickerton si eluigwe na ala creole atụmatụ" n'agbanyeghị na-emezu zuru okè ọnọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-atụ anya na-eduga na ndị dị otú ahụ atụmatụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta (Sebit, 2023) ekwuola na asụsụ Nubi bụ isi ihe jikọrọ ọnụ n'etiti obodo Nubi dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Africa, iji lanarị <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D; &#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">ike</span>]]''</sup> ha nwetara site na mpaghara dị iche iche nke obodo. == fonology == === Udaume <ref name=":0" /> === Enwere ụdaume ise na Nubi. A naghị ekewa ụdaume n'ogologo ma e wezụga ma ọ dịkarịa ala abụọ ewepu na Kenya Nubi (nke na-adịghị na olumba Uganda) ebe {{Lang|kcn-KE|bara}} putara ''"n'èzí"'' na bu adverb mgbe {{Lang|kcn-KE|baara}} putara ''"èzí"'' na bu aha, na kwa ebe {{Lang|kcn-KE|saara}} nke pụtara ''"amoosu"'' ka atụnyere {{Lang|kcn-KE|sara}} nke pụtara ''"ìgwè ehi, ehi".'' N'agbanyeghị nke a, enwere ike ịdebanye aha ụdaume dị na syllable nrụgide dị ka ụdaume ogologo. == Ụtọ asụsụ == === Nhọpụta === A na-eji ọnụọgụ naanị emegharị aha (na-ewere otu ụdị ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ) n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ aha nke a anaghị anọchi anya mgbanwe ọdịdị ọdịdị . Jonathan Owens na-enye ụdị aha 5 sara mbara: <ref name=":0" /> # Aha ndị na-enwe mgbanwe nrụgide mgbe emepụtara ọtụtụ. # Aha ndị na-eme apophony . # Aha aha ndị na-ewere suffix ma na-enwe mgbanwe nrụgide n'ụdị ọtụtụ. # Aha ndị na-etolite ọtụtụ site na mgbakwunye # Okwu mgbazinye Bantu nke na-ewere prefixes dị iche iche n'ụdị otu na ọtụtụ Tebụlụ dị n'okpuru na-egosi ihe atụ nke ụdị ọtụtụ nke ọ bụla. Edobewo apostrophe n'ihu mkpuruokwu mesiri ike: <ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" !Ụdị nke Ịba ụba ! Ụdị Otu ! Ụdị ọtụtụ ! Ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee |- | 1 | yowele | yowele | Nwa nwoke |- | 2 | nke biri | kubar | nnukwu (ihe) |- | 3 | ' tajiri | taji'rin | onye bara ọgaranya |- | 3 | ' seder | sedera | osisi (osisi) |- | 4 | 'maria | nus'wan | nwanyi / nwanyi ¹ |- | 5 | kpochie | waze | Agadi/ochie |} ¹ {{Lang|kcn|Nuswan}} enwere ike ịgbakwunye ya na suffix dị ka a ga-asị na ọ bụ ụdị 3, yabụ, {{Lang|kcn|nuswana}} nwekwara ike ịpụta ''"ụmụ nwanyị".'' <ref name=":0" /> Adjectives na-eso aha na ụfọdụ adjectives nwere ụdị otu na ọtụtụ nke ga-ekwenyerịrị na aha ahụ. Adjectives nwekwara ike were prefixes {{Lang|kcn|al}}, {{Lang|kcn|ali}}, {{Lang|kcn|ab}} ma {{Lang|kcn|abu}} bụ́ ndị na-egosi na ha na-emekarị . Aha onye nwe ya na-eso ndị nwere, jiri otu particle {{Lang|kcn|ta}} etinyere n'etiti. N'ihe gbasara ihe onwunwe na-enweghị atụ, a na-ahapụ ihe ahụ. <ref name=":0" /> == Hụkwa == * Bimbashi Arabic == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * {{Cite book|author=Boretzky|first=Norbert|year=1988|chapter=Zur grammatischen Struktur des Nubi|title=Beiträge zum 4. Essener Kolloquium über 'Sprachkontakt, Sprachwandel, Sprachwechsel, Sprachtod' vom 9. und 10. Oktober 1987 an der Universität Essen|editor=Boretzky|series=Bochum-Essener Beiträge zur Sprachwandelforschung|pages=45–88|location=Bochum|publisher=Brockmeyer}} * {{Cite book|author=Heine|first=Bernd|authorlink=Bernd Heine|year=1982|title=The Nubi Language of Kibera – an Arabic Creole|location=Berlin|publisher=Dietrich Reimer}} * {{Cite book|author=Luffin|first=Xavier|title=Kinubi Texts|location=Munich|publisher=Lincom Europa|year=2004|isbn=9783895868351}} * {{Cite journal|author=Luffin|first=Xavier|title=Les verbes d'état, d'existence et de possession en kinubi (créole de base arabe)|journal=Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik|volume=43|year=2004|pages=43–66}} * {{Cite book|author=Luffin|first=Xavier|title=Un créole arabe : le kinubi de Mombasa, Kenya|series=Lincom Studies in Pidgin and Creole Linguistics|location=Munich|publisher=Lincom Europa|year=2005}} *   * {{Cite book|author=Nhial|first=J.|chapter=Kinubi and Juba Arabic. A comparative study|title=Directions in Sudanese Linguistics and Folklore|editor=Hurriez|location=Khartoum|publisher=Institute of African and Asian Studies|pages=81–94}} *   * {{Cite journal|author=Owens|first=Jonathan|year=1985|title=The origins of East African Nubi|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|volume=27|pages=229–271}} * {{Cite journal|author=Owens|first=Jonathan|year=1991|title=Nubi, genetic linguistics, and language classification|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|volume=33|pages=1–30}} *   *   == Ntụaka == , na-egosi "ọ bụghị ihe karịrị ohere yiri Bickerton si eluigwe na ala creole atụmatụ" n'agbanyeghị na-emezu zuru okè ọnọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-atụ anya na-eduga na ekwuola na asụsụ Nubi bụ isi ihe jikọrọ ọnụ n'etiti obodo Nubi dị n'ebe{{Reflist}} hq1if8kfnnb2c2fqz7ngj9onj7o7nos 0 58304 692663 203597 2026-07-30T12:31:49Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Florence Chepngetich Koskey Bore bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kenya sitere na United Democratic Alliance (Kenya) onye bụbu onye minista na-ahụ maka ọrụ na nchekwa ọha kemgbe 2022.[1] A chụrụ ya n'ọrụ n'ọkwa minista ya na Julaị 11, 2024, mgbe Onye isi ala Ruto chụrụ onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị minista na mba ahụ. [2] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ mbụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ Cabinet.[3] A họpụtara ya onye nnọchi anya nwanyị County na mpaghara Kericho na ntuli aka izugbe Kenya 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hon. Koskey, Florence Chepngetich {{!}} The Kenyan Parliament Website|url=http://www.parliament.go.ke/index.php/node/3311|accessdate=2023-08-03|work=www.parliament.go.ke}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Bore, Florence}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hc2t3zgfkymys2uff4ehb6y3jy6nb32 0 58327 693034 203621 2026-07-31T07:55:06Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693034 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lamu''' (Lamo; onye nwe ya: ''{{IPA|la21 mu33}}'' ) bụ asụsụ Loloish nke nọ n'ihe egwu dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ mpaghara Binchuan, Yunnan . Dị ka Bradley (2007) si kwuo, asụsụ Lamo yiri Lisu na Lipo, ọ bụ ezie na gọọmenti China na-ekewa ndị ọkà okwu dị ka agbụrụ Lahu . Ọ bụ naanị ihe dị ka otu narị ndị ọkà okwu fọdụrụ, ha niile bụkwa ndị na-asụ asụsụ mbụ nke Lipo . Bradley chọtara ndị ọkà okwu Lamo na 1999. == Ọnụọgụ igwe mmadụ == A na-asụ Lamu n'ime obodo ise nke Zhongying Township 钟英傈僳族乡 na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mpaghara Binchuan, Dali Prefecture, Yunnan, China. N'ime obodo ise niile, ndị Lipo (nke a na-ahaziri dị ka Lisu) bụ ọtụtụ ebe ndị Lamu bụ ndị pere mpe. Enwekwara ụfọdụ ndị na-ekwu okwu Lolo (nkewapụtara dịka Yi) na mpaghara ahụ. <ref name="Bradley2004">Bradley, David. 2004. ''[https://www.academia.edu/5737342/Endangered_Central_Ngwi_Languages_of_Central_Yunnan Endangered Central Ngwi Languages of Central Yunnan]''. Keynote Presentation, 37th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Lund University, Sweden.</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Lamu nwere ndị na-abụghị ndị Lamu. Dịka Bradley (2004) siri kwuo, ala nna Central Ngwi nwere ike ịdị na mpaghara Lamu. <ref name="Bradley2004" /> == Ntụaka == Hezhang Buyi atụfuola consonants nkwụsị ikpeazụ niile. Ọ na-ekerịta myirịta nke mgbookwu{{Reflist}} * Bradley, David. 2004. ''[https://www.academia.edu/5737342/Endangered_Central_Ngwi_Languages_of_Central_Yunnan Asụsụ Central Ngwi Central Yunnan dị n'ihe egwu]'' . Ngosipụta isi okwu, ogbako mba ụwa nke iri atọ na asaa na asụsụ Sino-Tibet na asụsụ asụsụ, Mahadum Lund, Sweden. ( ''Ndepụta okwu Lamu na mgbakwunye'' ) * Bradley, David (2007). "Asụsụ n'ihe ize ndụ na China na Mainland Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia". Na Matthias Brenzinger, ed. ''Asụsụ dị iche iche nọ n'ihe egwu'' . New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 70amujh8f1d5bdd2wenp34jxsmoqy3b 0 58376 693061 203672 2026-07-31T08:35:56Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed reference with multiple tag 693061 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Luma''' bụ asụsụ [[Asụsụ Southern Loloish|ndịda Loloish]] nke ugwu Laos. Yana [[Asụsụ Akeu|Akeu]], ọ bụ nke otu asụsụ [[Asụsụ Siloid|Akoid]] (ma ọ bụ Siloid). Ndị na-asụ Luma na-ewere onwe ha dị iche na Akha . Enwere olumba abụọ, Luma kwesịrị ekwesị (nke a na-akpọ Luma Pala) na Luma Eushi. <ref name="Lew 2023" /> == Olumba == Enwere olumba abụọ nke Luma, yana ngụkọta nke ihe dị ka puku mmadụ iri na abụọ na-asụ. * '''Luma kwesịrị ekwesị''' (autonym: '''Luma Palà''' ): a na-asụkarị na Khua District, Phongsaly Province, yana na Mai District na Samphan District . Enwere ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu 7,000 na Luma kwesịrị ekwesị na mpaghara Khua na Samphan. * '''Luma Eushi''' (/ ə̀sʲi/ [ə̀ɕi]): Ndị mmadụ 4,752 na-asụ na Mai District, Phongsaly Province, n'ime obodo 18 nke Phia Lao Kao, Phia Lao Mai, Phiang Louang, Mong Lun, Huay Thong, Sao Yae, Lao Materuay, Hong Kaang, Hong, Hong Chom Chaew, Phu Yang, Bom Yaaw, Phuen Tii, Houay Phouk, Kha Sa, Phia Lao Mai Kao. N'ime ime obodo ndị dị ugwu, ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ otu asụsụ. <ref name="Lew 2023">{{Cite journal|author=Lew|first=Sigrid|date=2023|title=Notes on Luma, a Southern Ngwi language in Laos|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52518|journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society|volume=16|issue=2|pages=xx-xxx|issn=1836-6821|accessdate=2024-06-15}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLew2023">Lew, Sigrid (2023). [http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52518 "Notes on Luma, a Southern Ngwi language in Laos"]. ''Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society''. '''16''' (2). Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press: <span class="nowrap">xx–</span>xxx. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1836-6821 1836-6821]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> Nsụgharị na aha ndị ọzọ gụnyere ''Louma Oeshi'', ''Rshi'', ''Uishui'', ''Loma'', ''Lou Ma'', ''Lu Ma'', na ''Ko-Luma'' . <ref name="Lew 2023">{{Cite journal|author=Lew|first=Sigrid|date=2023|title=Notes on Luma, a Southern Ngwi language in Laos|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52518|journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society|volume=16|issue=2|pages=xx-xxx|issn=1836-6821|accessdate=2024-06-15}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLew2023">Lew, Sigrid (2023). [http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52518 "Notes on Luma, a Southern Ngwi language in Laos"]. ''Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society''. '''16''' (2). Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press: <span class="nowrap">xx–</span>xxx. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1836-6821 1836-6821]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> Edere Luma Eushi site na Lew (2014), Gruber & Lew (2016), na Lew (2023). <ref name="Lew 2023">{{Cite journal|author=Lew|first=Sigrid|date=2023|title=Notes on Luma, a Southern Ngwi language in Laos|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52518|journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society|volume=16|issue=2|pages=xx-xxx|issn=1836-6821|accessdate=2024-06-15}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLew2023">Lew, Sigrid (2023). [http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52518 "Notes on Luma, a Southern Ngwi language in Laos"]. ''Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society''. '''16''' (2). Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press: <span class="nowrap">xx–</span>xxx. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1836-6821 1836-6821]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> Luma Pala (Luma kwesịrị ekwesị) ka Kingsada dekọtara (1999) Shintani (2001). A na-arịọ koodu ISO 639-3 maka Luma ugbu a. <ref name="Lew 2023">{{Cite journal|author=Lew|first=Sigrid|date=2023|title=Notes on Luma, a Southern Ngwi language in Laos|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52518|journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society|volume=16|issue=2|pages=xx-xxx|issn=1836-6821|accessdate=2024-06-15}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLew2023">Lew, Sigrid (2023). [http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52518 "Notes on Luma, a Southern Ngwi language in Laos"]. ''Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society''. '''16''' (2). Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press: <span class="nowrap">xx–</span>xxx. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1836-6821 1836-6821]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ntụaka == anyanwụ India, Bangladesh na Myanmar, ma mejupụtara asụsụ{{Reflist}} 479bvlokgk73m6raaxri0gdow6j9try 0 58441 692960 203757 2026-07-31T03:21:11Z Geraldine Kene 23189 Fixed reference error 692960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|date=2007}} '''Chesu 车苏'''bụ asụsụ Loloish a na-asụ na mpaghara ndịda Shuangbai, mpaghara ugwu Xinping na mpaghara Eshan dị na Yunnan, [[China]] . Ndị Chesu na-akpọ onwe ha ''{{IPA|tsu su³³pa²¹}}'' <ref name="Yunnan1955">[http://www.doc88.com/p-97281176367.html 云南民族识别参考资料] (1955), p.40</ref> ma ọ bụ ''{{IPA|tɕi²¹su⁵⁵pho²¹}}'' (Jishupo 吉输颇). Yunnan (1955) kọrọ na a na-asụkarị Chesu na Taihe Township 太和乡, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ karịrị 360 dịka nke 1955. ''Ethnologue'' na-akọ ndị na-asụ Chesu 3,300 sitere na agbụrụ nke mmadụ 6,600, dịka nke 2007. Bradley (2007) kọrọ na Chesu nwere njikọ chiri anya na Nasu wee wepụta ya dịka asụsụ ''Nasoid'' . Ndị na-asụ Chesu na-ewere onwe ha dị ka agbụrụ dị iche na ndị na-asụ Nisu gbara ya gburugburu. Nisu na Chinese na-anọchizi asụsụ Chesu ugbu a. Na mpaghara Eshan, ndị na-asụ [[Asụsụ Hlersu|Hlersu]] na-ejikwa Chesu dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ. == Ntụaka == dịka asụsụ Nasoid . Ndị na-asụ Chesu na-{{Reflist}} tvcv84tqbvrizj2p7uzlyjacb2hov1p 0 58478 693051 203808 2026-07-31T08:19:53Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693051 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Limi''' ( aha njirimara : ''{{IPA|li33 mi33}}'' ) <ref name="Yang2017" /> bụ asụsụ Loloish a na-asụ na mpaghara Yongde, Fengqing, na Yun nke mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Yunnan, China. == Nkesa == A na-asụ Limi n'ebe ndị a. <ref name="AsiaHarvest">{{Cite web|title=China|url=http://asiaharvest.org/index.php/people-group-profiles/china/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801062653/http://asiaharvest.org/index.php/people-group-profiles/china/|archivedate=2013-08-01|accessdate=2013-07-19|work=Asian Harvest|language=en}}</ref> * Ógbè Yongde (Wumulong 乌木龙彝族乡 na Yalian 亚练乡 Obodo ukwu) * Obodo Guodazhai Southern 郭大寨彝族白族乡, Fengqing County (pop. 4,000) * Ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Yingpan Township 营盘镇, Fengqing County * Obodo Yun (pop. 1,000) Yang (2017) <ref name="Yang2017">{{Cite book|author=Yang|first=Cathryn|title=Sociohistorical Linguistics in Southeast Asia: New Horizons for Tibeto-Burman Studies in Honor of David Bradley|date=2017|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-35051-9|editor=Ding|location=Leiden|pages=75–95|language=en|chapter=Introducing Limi: A Rising Tone Is Born|chapterurl=https://www.academia.edu/34535383}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFYang2017">Yang, Cathryn (2017). [https://www.academia.edu/34535383 "Introducing Limi: A Rising Tone Is Born"]. In Ding, Picus Sizhi; Pelkey, Jamin (eds.). ''Sociohistorical Linguistics in Southeast Asia: New Horizons for Tibeto-Burman Studies in Honor of David Bradley''. Leiden: Brill. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">75–</span>95. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35051-9|<bdi>978-90-04-35051-9</bdi>]] &#x2013; via Academia.edu.</cite></ref> na-akọ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 20,000 na-asụ Limi na mpaghara Yongde, Fengqing, na Yun. Ndị na-ekwu okwu Limi bụ 70% nke mmadụ 26,000 bi na Wumulong Township (乌木龙乡), Yongde County, Yunnan. Ihe dị ka mmadụ 2,600 sitere n'otu agbụrụ dị nso a na-akpọ "Luo" (倮族) (ikekwe Lolopo ) bikwa na Wumulong na gburugburu. <ref name="Yang2017" /> == Nhazi == O yikarịrị ka Limi nwere njikọ chiri anya na Lolopo, mana nwekwara ọtụtụ okwu mbinye Lalo . <ref name="Yang2017">{{Cite book|author=Yang|first=Cathryn|title=Sociohistorical Linguistics in Southeast Asia: New Horizons for Tibeto-Burman Studies in Honor of David Bradley|date=2017|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-35051-9|editor=Ding|location=Leiden|pages=75–95|language=en|chapter=Introducing Limi: A Rising Tone Is Born|chapterurl=https://www.academia.edu/34535383}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFYang2017">Yang, Cathryn (2017). [https://www.academia.edu/34535383 "Introducing Limi: A Rising Tone Is Born"]. In Ding, Picus Sizhi; Pelkey, Jamin (eds.). ''Sociohistorical Linguistics in Southeast Asia: New Horizons for Tibeto-Burman Studies in Honor of David Bradley''. Leiden: Brill. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">75–</span>95. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35051-9|<bdi>978-90-04-35051-9</bdi>]] &#x2013; via Academia.edu.</cite></ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == O yikarịrị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu Limi si na Jingdong County kwaga na mmalite 1300s, buru ụzọ rute na Bangmai Village (邦卖/班卖), Fengqing County, wee mesịa kwaga Wumulong Township, Yongde County. <ref name="Yang2017">{{Cite book|author=Yang|first=Cathryn|title=Sociohistorical Linguistics in Southeast Asia: New Horizons for Tibeto-Burman Studies in Honor of David Bradley|date=2017|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-35051-9|editor=Ding|location=Leiden|pages=75–95|language=en|chapter=Introducing Limi: A Rising Tone Is Born|chapterurl=https://www.academia.edu/34535383}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFYang2017">Yang, Cathryn (2017). [https://www.academia.edu/34535383 "Introducing Limi: A Rising Tone Is Born"]. In Ding, Picus Sizhi; Pelkey, Jamin (eds.). ''Sociohistorical Linguistics in Southeast Asia: New Horizons for Tibeto-Burman Studies in Honor of David Bradley''. Leiden: Brill. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">75–</span>95. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35051-9|<bdi>978-90-04-35051-9</bdi>]] &#x2013; via Academia.edu.</cite></ref> == Ntụaka == asụsụ nke ndị Lisu nke China, yiri ma ọ bụghị{{Reflist}} rwzg7kh43kygfy8kxeyru8k5phs438e 0 58483 693054 206028 2026-07-31T08:22:46Z Chinemeremprince 13026 693054 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Longjia''' (autonym: ''{{IPA|suŋ55 ni55 mpau21}}'' ) bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet nke Guizhou, China metụtara [[Asụsụ Caijia|Caijia]] na Luren . Longjia nwere ike ịpụọlarị (Zhao 2011). Ndị Longjia na-asụ ugbu a Southwwest Mandarin, ọ bụ ezie na ha na-asụbu asụsụ nke ha, ma nwee ogologo oge na ọdịda anyanwụ Guizhou . Dị ka ''akwụkwọ akụkọ Guizhou Ethnic Gazetteer'' (2002) si kwuo, a na-asụ asụsụ Longjia na Dafang County, Mpaghara Qianxi (Distrikti Zhongping 中坪区; Xinfacun 新发村 nke Pojiao District 坡脚区), na Puding County (Jiangyizhayan County)白岩乡). A kọrọ na ọ dị ka [[Asụsụ Caijia|Caijia]], <ref name="Gazetteer">Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer [贵州省志. 民族志] (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House [貴州民族出版社].</ref> ma nwee ọtụtụ okwu mbinye ego Chinese ochie . == Nhazi == Guizhou (1984) gosiri na Longjia nwere njikọ chiri anya na [[Asụsụ Caijia|Caijia]] na Luren . Agbanyeghị, nhazi nke Caijia n'ime Sino-Tibet ejighị n'aka. Zhengzhang (2010) na-atụ aro na [[Asụsụ Caijia|Caijia]] na [[Bai language|Bai]] bụ asụsụ nwanne nwanyị, ebe Sagart na-arụ ụka na Caijia bụ Sinitic na ezigbo onye ikwu nke Waxiang . == Olumba == A kọwawo olumba ndị a nke Longjia. == Nanjinghua == Ndị Nanjing (南京人) na ndị Longjia na-ekewakarị ndị Nanjing, ma na-ekwu na ha bụ ụmụ ndị agha si mpaghara Nanjing bụ ndị ha na Longjia dị na Guizhou lụrụ. A maara asụsụ ha dị ka ''Nanjinghua'' (南京话; "Nanjing okwu"), nke eleghị anya na-apụ n'anya ugbu a. N'ime obodo Jianxinhe 建新河村, Kunzhai Township 昆寨乡, Nayong County, Guizhou Province, okwu ''suo55 mu33'' 'rie osikapa' sitere n'aka onye agadi na-echeta Nanjinghua. Dị ka ''suo55'' si na Proto-Tibeto-Burman *dzya 'iri', nke a na-arụtụ aka na Nanjinghua nwere usoro okwu SVO dị ka [[Asụsụ Caijia|Caijia]], Longjia, [[Bai language|Bai]], na asụsụ Sinitic . <ref name="Hsiu2013" /> == Hụkwa == * [[wiktionary:Appendix:Macro-Bai comparative vocabulary list|Ndepụta mkpụrụokwu Macro-Bai]] (Wiktionary) == Ntụaka == asụsụ nke ndị Lisu nke China, yiri ma ọ bụghị na Luren . Agbanyeghị, nhazi nke Caijia n'ime{{Reflist}} * Kọmishọna nhazi ọkwa agbụrụ Guizhou, ngalaba asụsụ [贵州省民族识别工作队语言组]. 1982. ''Asụsụ nke Caijia'' [ ''Caijia de yuyan''蔡家的语言]. ms * Kọmishọna nhazi ọkwa agbụrụ Guizhou Provincial [贵州省民族识别工作队]. 1984. ''Akuko banyere okwu gbasara nhazi nke agbụrụ nke ndị Nanlong (Nanjing-Longjia)'' [南龙人（南京-龙家）族别问题调查报告]. ms * Hụ, Andrew. 2013. " [https://zenodo.org/record/1127796/files/New_endangered_Tibeto-Burman_languages.pdf Asụsụ Tibeto-Burman ọhụrụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, na ndị ọzọ] ". Ihe ngosi enyere na ICSTLL 46, Dartmouth College. * Zhao Weifeng [赵卫峰]. 2011. ''Akụkọ banyere ndị Bai nke Guizhou'' [贵州白族史略]. Yinchuan, China: Ningxia People's Press [宁夏人民出版社]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-7-227-04678-3|978-7-227-04678-3]] * Hölzl, Andreas. 2021. [http://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/20/ldd20_02.pdf Longjia (China) - Okwu Okwu] . ''Akwụkwọ edemede na nkọwa asụsụ'', vol 20: 13-34. * Hölzl, Andreas. 2021b. ''[https://www.academia.edu/49584800/Prenasalization_in_Longjia Prenasalization na Longjia]'' . Nzukọ Paris nke iri atọ na anọ na asụsụ East Asian (JLAO 34), 7-9 Julaị 2021, Paris. * Hölzl, Andreas. 2022 a. ''[https://www.academia.edu/93113627/A_typological_profile_of_Longjia_an_archaic_Sinitic_language Profaịlụ ụdị nke Longjia, asụsụ Sinitic ochie]'' . Nzukọ 14th nke Association maka ụdị asụsụ (ALT), Austin, 15-17 Disemba 2022 (online). * Hölzl, Andreas. 2022b. ''[https://afec.hypotheses.org/7459 Longjia: Asụsụ Sinitic ochie]'' . Center de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie orientale, CRLAO Paris, 25 Ọktoba 2022. == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201009124621/https://sites.google.com/site/msealangs/sino-tibetan/longjia Ndetu mpaghara Longjia] (2013) 1xl7boeu642mrs7outdtam7nrilo0qh 693055 693054 2026-07-31T08:24:00Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed reference with multiple tag 693055 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Longjia''' (autonym: ''{{IPA|suŋ55 ni55 mpau21}}'' ) bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet nke Guizhou, China metụtara [[Asụsụ Caijia|Caijia]] na Luren . Longjia nwere ike ịpụọlarị (Zhao 2011). Ndị Longjia na-asụ ugbu a Southwwest Mandarin, ọ bụ ezie na ha na-asụbu asụsụ nke ha, ma nwee ogologo oge na ọdịda anyanwụ Guizhou . Dị ka ''akwụkwọ akụkọ Guizhou Ethnic Gazetteer'' (2002) si kwuo, a na-asụ asụsụ Longjia na Dafang County, Mpaghara Qianxi (Distrikti Zhongping 中坪区; Xinfacun 新发村 nke Pojiao District 坡脚区), na Puding County (Jiangyizhayan County)白岩乡). A kọrọ na ọ dị ka [[Asụsụ Caijia|Caijia]], <ref name="Gazetteer">Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer [贵州省志. 民族志] (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House [貴州民族出版社].</ref> ma nwee ọtụtụ okwu mbinye ego Chinese ochie . == Nhazi == Guizhou (1984) gosiri na Longjia nwere njikọ chiri anya na [[Asụsụ Caijia|Caijia]] na Luren . Agbanyeghị, nhazi nke Caijia n'ime Sino-Tibet ejighị n'aka. Zhengzhang (2010) na-atụ aro na [[Asụsụ Caijia|Caijia]] na [[Bai language|Bai]] bụ asụsụ nwanne nwanyị, ebe Sagart na-arụ ụka na Caijia bụ Sinitic na ezigbo onye ikwu nke Waxiang . == Olumba == A kọwawo olumba ndị a nke Longjia. == Nanjinghua == Ndị Nanjing (南京人) na ndị Longjia na-ekewakarị ndị Nanjing, ma na-ekwu na ha bụ ụmụ ndị agha si mpaghara Nanjing bụ ndị ha na Longjia dị na Guizhou lụrụ. A maara asụsụ ha dị ka ''Nanjinghua'' (南京话; "Nanjing okwu"), nke eleghị anya na-apụ n'anya ugbu a. N'ime obodo Jianxinhe 建新河村, Kunzhai Township 昆寨乡, Nayong County, Guizhou Province, okwu ''suo55 mu33'' 'rie osikapa' sitere n'aka onye agadi na-echeta Nanjinghua. Dị ka ''suo55'' si na Proto-Tibeto-Burman *dzya 'iri', nke a na-arụtụ aka na Nanjinghua nwere usoro okwu SVO dị ka [[Asụsụ Caijia|Caijia]], Longjia, [[Bai language|Bai]], na asụsụ Sinitic . <ref name="Hsiu2013">Hsiu, Andrew. 2013. ''[https://zenodo.org/record/1127796/files/New_endangered_Tibeto-Burman_languages.pdf New endangered Tibeto-Burman languages of southwestern China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, and others]''. Presented at ICSTLL 46, Dartmouth College.</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[wiktionary:Appendix:Macro-Bai comparative vocabulary list|Ndepụta mkpụrụokwu Macro-Bai]] (Wiktionary) == Ntụaka == asụsụ nke ndị Lisu nke China, yiri ma ọ bụghị na Luren . Agbanyeghị, nhazi nke Caijia n'ime{{Reflist}} * Kọmishọna nhazi ọkwa agbụrụ Guizhou, ngalaba asụsụ [贵州省民族识别工作队语言组]. 1982. ''Asụsụ nke Caijia'' [ ''Caijia de yuyan''蔡家的语言]. ms * Kọmishọna nhazi ọkwa agbụrụ Guizhou Provincial [贵州省民族识别工作队]. 1984. ''Akuko banyere okwu gbasara nhazi nke agbụrụ nke ndị Nanlong (Nanjing-Longjia)'' [南龙人（南京-龙家）族别问题调查报告]. ms * Hụ, Andrew. 2013. " [https://zenodo.org/record/1127796/files/New_endangered_Tibeto-Burman_languages.pdf Asụsụ Tibeto-Burman ọhụrụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, na ndị ọzọ] ". Ihe ngosi enyere na ICSTLL 46, Dartmouth College. * Zhao Weifeng [赵卫峰]. 2011. ''Akụkọ banyere ndị Bai nke Guizhou'' [贵州白族史略]. Yinchuan, China: Ningxia People's Press [宁夏人民出版社]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-7-227-04678-3|978-7-227-04678-3]] * Hölzl, Andreas. 2021. [http://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/20/ldd20_02.pdf Longjia (China) - Okwu Okwu] . ''Akwụkwọ edemede na nkọwa asụsụ'', vol 20: 13-34. * Hölzl, Andreas. 2021b. ''[https://www.academia.edu/49584800/Prenasalization_in_Longjia Prenasalization na Longjia]'' . Nzukọ Paris nke iri atọ na anọ na asụsụ East Asian (JLAO 34), 7-9 Julaị 2021, Paris. * Hölzl, Andreas. 2022 a. ''[https://www.academia.edu/93113627/A_typological_profile_of_Longjia_an_archaic_Sinitic_language Profaịlụ ụdị nke Longjia, asụsụ Sinitic ochie]'' . Nzukọ 14th nke Association maka ụdị asụsụ (ALT), Austin, 15-17 Disemba 2022 (online). * Hölzl, Andreas. 2022b. ''[https://afec.hypotheses.org/7459 Longjia: Asụsụ Sinitic ochie]'' . Center de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie orientale, CRLAO Paris, 25 Ọktoba 2022. == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201009124621/https://sites.google.com/site/msealangs/sino-tibetan/longjia Ndetu mpaghara Longjia] (2013) aoiwwn7gcdhywd76ouoyh5onxlh7s7z 0 58489 692708 203821 2026-07-30T13:20:03Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 692708 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cararí''' (Kararí) bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak|asụsụ Arawakan]] ekpochapụla na [[Brazil]] nke a na-asụ n'osimiri Mucuim, nke dị na Osimiri Purus . Ramirez (2019) na-ekewa Cararí ka otu n'ime [[Asụsụ Piro|asụsụ Purus]] . <ref name="Ramirez-2020-3">{{cite book |last=Ramirez |first=Henri |author-link=Henri Ramirez |date=2020 |title=Enciclopédia das línguas Arawak: acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados |volume=3 |edition=1 |url=https://publishercrv.com.br/produtos/detalhes/35676-enciclopedia-das-linguas-arawak-br-acrescida-de-seis-novas-linguas-e-dois-bancos-de-dados-br-volume-iii |location=Curitiba |publisher=Editora CRV |isbn=978-65-251-0234-4 |doi=10.24824/978652510234.4 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Jolkesky-2016">Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery. 2016. ''[http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418142223/http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |date=2021-04-18 }}''. Ph.D. dissertation, [[University of Brasília]].</ref> Johann Natterer chịkọtara [[:pt:Língua cararí|ndepụta okwu 72]] na 1833. == Ntụaka == okwu Lolo site na exonyms {{Reflist}} bwj1sl6a0i1axa1joj0kas7zlqwv3a1 0 58650 692908 203997 2026-07-30T23:34:05Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 692908 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eastern Bolivian Guaraní''', nke a maara na mpaghara dị ka '''Chawuncu''' ma ọ bụ '''Chiriguano''' (pejorative), bụ asụsụ Guaraní nke a na-asụ na [[South Amerika|South America]] . Na [[Bolivia]] 33,670 ndị ọkà okwu, ndị a na-akpọ Ava Guaraní n'afọ 2000, n'ebe ndịda etiti Parapeti River na n'obodo Tarija . Na [[Argentina]], e nwere ihe dị ka 15,000 ọkà okwu, ukwuu n'ime na Jujuy, kamakwa na Salta Province, na 304 gụrụ na [[Paraguay]] Chaco . <ref name="ethnologue">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gui Eastern Bolivian Guaraní at Ethnologue]</ref> Na Argentina, a maara ya dị ka '''Western Argentine Guaraní''', ebe a na-akpọ ya na Paraguay '''Ñandev''' . Agbanyeghị, na mpụga Paraguay na kpọmkwem na Brazil, '''Nhandeva''' na-ezo aka na Chiripá Guaraní . Eastern Bolivian Guaraní bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ " olumba Guaraní " mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ewere asụsụ dị iche iche. N'ime ndị a, Paraguay Guaraní bụ ụdị kachasị mkpa ma a na-akpọkarị ya Guaraní. == Edensibịa == ikpeazụ nke asụsụ ahụ bụ Cherry O'Keefe (ma ọ bụ <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150427223101/http://www.ailla.utexas.org/search/collection.html?c_id=26 Nchịkọta Asụsụ Argentinian nke Salvador Bucca] na Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America, gụnyere ndekọ ọdịyo nke akụkọ 3 kwuru na otu ndepụta okwu na Eastern Bolivian Guaraní. 4p7cafxlm4ve2k8qrxm29ew7oy98m0c 0 58736 692925 363929 2026-07-31T01:58:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Adelle Onyango (amuru 5 Febrụwarị 1989) bụ onye mgbasa ozi redio Kenya, onye na-elekọta mmadụ na ụdị mgbasa ozi. Ahọpụtara ya dịka otu n'ime ụmụnwaanyị 100 BBC nke 2017 na otu n'ime ụmụnwaanyị Okay Africa kacha elu nke 2018. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Onyango si Kenya, mana ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na [[Botswana]]. N'afọ 2008, onye ọ na-amaghị dinara ya n'ike na Westlands, Nairobi . <ref>{{Cite web|title=My rape ordeal - Adelle|work=[[Facebook]]|url=https://www.facebook.com/NTVKenya/videos/my-rape-ordeal-adelle/440331243182153/|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-21}}</ref> Onyango akwadowo ihe kpatara ya iji kwado ndị e dinara n'ike, dị ka ịmepụta mkpọsa No Means No.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nairobiwire.com/2017/10/silence-injustice-adelle-onyangos-word-advice-kenyan-women.html|title='Silence is an Injustice to Ourselves...' Adelle Onyango's Word of Advice to Kenyan Women|date=2017-10-27|work=Nairobi Wire|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-21|archivedate=21 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021203859/http://nairobiwire.com/2017/10/silence-injustice-adelle-onyangos-word-advice-kenyan-women.html}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ na United States International University Africa, ebe ọ bụ ọkachamara na mmekọrịta ọha na eze. Ọ na-enwe mmasị mgbe niile na uri, mana o chere na enweghị ohere zuru ezu maka ya na ndị omenkà ibe ya. N'afọ ikpeazụ ya na mahadum, ọ malitere abalị oghere, ebe ndị na-ede uri na ndị na-agụ egwú kesara ọrụ ha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://adelleonyango.com/about-adelle/|title=About Adelle|work=Adelle Onyango|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-21|archivedate=2019-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020203707/http://adelleonyango.com/about-adelle/}}</ref> Mgbe ọ ka nọ na mahadum, Then One FM, ụlọ ọrụ redio Kenya, chọtara Onyango isi ya ma were ya n'ọrụ iji kwado mmemme redio ha.<ref name=":0" /> Nne ya nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa ara n'afọ 2012, nke kpaliri Onyango itinye aka na mkpọsa iji kwalite mmata na ọgwụgwọ. == Ọrụ == Onyango rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme ihe ngosi maka ụlọ ọrụ redio Kenya Kiss FM Nairobi, ebe ọ na-eme emume nri ụtụtụ Saturday ruo afọ asaa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/chillax/adelle-onyango-quit-kiss-100|title=Why radio presenter Adelle Onyango has quit Kiss 100|work=Nairobi News|language=en-US|first=Nahashon|author=Musungu|date=9 June 2019|accessdate=2019-10-21}}</ref> Na Kiss FM, ọ malitere mmemme mgbede Satọdee nke ọ na-akpọ egwu Afrịka. N'oge ọ nọ na KISS ọ ghọrọ onye na-emetụta mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, na ndị na-eso ụzọ ya na-akpọ onwe ha ''#TeamAdelle''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sheleadsafrica.org/adelle-onyango/|title=Adelle Onyango: Live your best life|author=Odero|first=Diana|date=2016-12-07|work=She Leads Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Unapologetic Adelle Onyango {{!}}{{!}} Unscripted With Grace|date=June 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvcrASyeFBM|publisher=NTV Kenya|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-21}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ Kiss FM na 2019. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001328996/adelle-onyango-quits-kiss-fm-after-seven-years|title=Adelle Onyango quits Kiss FM after seven years|author=Anyango|first=Diana|work=Standard Digital News|accessdate=2019-10-21|archivedate=21 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021203856/https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001328996/adelle-onyango-quits-kiss-fm-after-seven-years}}</ref> Intel kwupụtara na Onyango bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya She Will Connect na 2015. N'ọnọdụ a, ọ zụrụ ụmụ nwanyị n'Africa ka ha nwee obi ike n'ịntanetị ma jiri ịntanetị dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka inye ikike. Ọ na-ekwu okwu megide ndị na-eme ihe nkiri n'ịntanetị, na-ekwu, sị: "...ka mma ma ọ bụ too. Na-eme ihe gbasara nsogbu ndị dị n'ime gị kama ịkọwa ha n'ahụ anyị. " <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/kenya/daily-nation/20171217/282767766957416|title=Adelle Onyango's message to online trolls|author=|first=|date=17 December 2017|work=[[Daily Nation]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021203854/https://www.pressreader.com/kenya/daily-nation/20171217/282767766957416|archivedate=2019-10-21|accessdate=2019-10-21}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, Onyango guzobere mmemme ntụziaka, Sisterhood, nke na-enye nkwado maka ụmụ nwanyị n'Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.potentash.com/2016/11/18/adelle-onyango-set-launch-mentorship-campaign-sisterhood-series/|title=Adelle Onyango Set To Launch A Mentorship Campaign - The Sisterhood Series|author=Milimo|first=Dennis|date=2016-11-18|work=Potentash|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-21}}</ref> Site na No Means No na Sisterhood Onyango na-enyere ụmụ nwanyị aka ịnweta ọgwụgwọ na ụlọ nchekwa, yana inye klas obi ike maka ndị e dinara n'ike.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://100women.okayafrica.com/media-1/2018/2/28/adelle-onyango|title=Adelle Onyango|work=OKAYAFRICA's 100 WOMEN|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-21|archivedate=21 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021203900/https://100women.okayafrica.com/media-1/2018/2/28/adelle-onyango}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khusoko.com/2019/06/as-for-the-future-i-say-cheers-adelle-onyango-embraces-her-new-lifestyle-after-kiss-100/|title='As for the future, I say Cheers' Adelle Onyango Embraces Her New Lifestyle after Kiss 100|work=Khusoko|first=David|author=Indeje|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-10-21|archivedate=2019-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021203857/https://khusoko.com/2019/06/as-for-the-future-i-say-cheers-adelle-onyango-embraces-her-new-lifestyle-after-kiss-100/}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ndị inyom Kenya na ndị na-eto eto, ma malite atụmatụ ọhụrụ, Unapologetically African, na 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Adelle Onyango - I'm passionate about women and girls|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q1WxD5IOtWc|publisher=Switch TV|language=en|date=9 Apr 2019|accessdate=2019-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kbc.co.ke/unapologetically-adelle-onyango/|title=Unapologetically African by Adelle Onyango|author=Nzyoka|first=Mumbua Nzula|date=2018-12-14|work=KBC {{!}} Kenya's Watching|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-21}}</ref> Dị ka akụkụ nke mgbalị a, ọ mepụtara mmemme ahụmịhe ọrụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nrg.radio/adelle-onyango-launches-job-shadowing-initiative-youth/|title=Adelle Onyango launches job shadowing initiative for youth|work=NRG.RADIO|author=Sam Mr|date=18 September 2018|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-21|archivedate=2019-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021203857/https://nrg.radio/adelle-onyango-launches-job-shadowing-initiative-youth/}}</ref> Ọ malitere pọdkastị ahụ n'ụzọ na-enweghị iwu na Machị 2019.[1][2] Trace 95.3 FM na-akwado pọdkastị ahụ.[3][4][5] Ihe ngosi a nwere ma usoro ọdịyo na vidiyo.[6] Mahadum Sayensị na Nkà na ụzụ Meru kwadoro ihe omume dị ndụ nke enweghị iwu na Nọvemba 2019.[7] Adelle wepụtara ihe omume 100 nke Legally Clueless na February 2021.[8] Pọdkastị ahụ bụ otu n'ime pọdkastị kachasị na Spotify n'August 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Matheka|first=Grace|date=2021-08-14|title='The Mics are Open' & Legally Clueless' among top Spotify podcasts in the Kenyan market|url=https://hapakenya.com/2021/08/14/the-mics-are-open-legally-clueless-among-top-spotify-podcasts-in-the-kenyan-market/|accessdate=2022-02-20|work=HapaKenya|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya na Lanji Ouku so dee akwụkwọ Our Broken Silence, na-edekọ olu ndị lanarịrị ndina n'ike, ndị ezinụlọ, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, na ndị ọzọ, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nairobiwire.com/2020/11/adelle-on-new-book-its-been-hard-but-very-therapeutic-writing.html|title=Adelle On New Book: It's Been Hard But Very Therapeutic Writing|first=Nick|author=Mwangi|work=Nairobi Wire|date=25 November 2020|accessdate=2 July 2022}}</ref> nke e bipụtara na Machị 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kbc.co.ke/adelle-onyango-set-to-launch-book-in-march/|title=Adelle Onyango set to launch book in March|work=KBC|first=Mumbua Nzula|author=Nzyoka|date=23 February 2022|accessdate=2 July 2022}}</ref> === Onyinye na nsọpụrụ === A họpụtara Onyango ka otu n'ime ụmụnwaanyị 100 kacha elu nke BBC na 2017.[1] Na 2018 a họpụtara ya ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 100 kacha elu nke OkayAfrica.[2] Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị Kenya abụọ gụnyere na 100 Ndị ntorobịa Africa kacha nwee mmetụta na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/thesauce/adelle-onyango-teacher-tabichi-governor-sang-named-among-the-2019-100-most-influential-young-africans/|title=Adelle Onyango, Teacher Tabichi, Governor Sang named among the 2019 100 most influential young Africans|first=Murugi|author=Gichovi|date=2019-10-03|work=The Sauce|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-21|archivedate=2019-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021203856/https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/thesauce/adelle-onyango-teacher-tabichi-governor-sang-named-among-the-2019-100-most-influential-young-africans/}}</ref> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3fgtkj4tn1ekyf212lbls6teieluvvq 0 58843 693064 212379 2026-07-31T08:46:13Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Lu|states=[[People's Republic of China|China]]|region=[[Guizhou]]|extinct=1960s?|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan|fam2=[[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]?|fam3=[[Macro-Bai languages|Macro-Bai]]?|fam4=[[Cai–Long languages|Cai–Long]]<ref name="Holzl2021">Hölzl, Andreas. 2021. [http://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/20/ldd20_02.pdf Longjia (China) - Language Contexts]. ''Language Documentation and Description'' 20, 13-34.</ref><ref name="Guizhou1984">Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission [贵州省民族识别工作队]. 1984. ''Report on ethnic classification issues of the Nanlong people (Nanjing-Longjia)'' [南龙人（南京-龙家）族别问题调查报告]. m.s.</ref>|fam5=[[Longjia language|Longjia]]–Luren?<ref name="Holzl2021"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/long1422 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Longjia-Luren |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last=Hammarström |first=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913161050/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/long1422 |archive-date=2023-09-13 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=[[Leipzig]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}</ref>|iso3=none}} '''Lu''', ma ọ bụ '''Luren''' (卢人), bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet na-ekpochapụ nke Guizhou, China. Asụsụ Luren nwere ike ghara ịnwụ kemgbe afọ 1960. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://222.210.17.136/mzwz/news/21/z_21_46506.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017095638/http://222.210.17.136/mzwz/news/21/z_21_46506.html|archivedate=2014-10-17|title=白族家园-讲义寨|publisher=222.210.17.136|date=2011-01-28|accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref> Luren nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya na [[Asụsụ Caijia|Caijia]] na [[Asụsụ Longjia|Longjia]] . Agbanyeghị, nhazi nke asụsụ ndị a n'ime Sino-Tibetan ejighị n'aka. Zhengzhang (2010) na-atụ aro na [[Asụsụ Caijia|Caijia]] na [[Bai language|Bai]] na-etolite alaka Macro-Bai, ebe Sagart na-arụ ụka na Caijia na Waxiang na-anọchite anya nkewa mbụ sitere na Chinese ochie . Na Dafang County, Guizhou, ndị Lu dị na Huangni 黄泥乡, Dashui 大水乡, Gamu 嘎木乡, na Shachang 纱厂镇 obodo ( ''Dafang County Gazetteer'' 1996:157). == Hụkwa == * [[wiktionary:Appendix:Macro-Bai comparative vocabulary list|Ndepụta mkpụrụokwu Macro-Bai]] (Wiktionary) == Ntụaka == etolite alaka Macro-Bai, [1] ebe Sagart na-arụ ụka na Caijia na{{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Kọmishọna nhazi ọkwa agbụrụ Guizhou, ngalaba asụsụ [贵州省民族识别工作队语言组]. 1982. ''Asụsụ nke Caijia'' [ ''Caijia de yuyan''蔡家的语言]. ms * Kọmishọna nhazi ọkwa agbụrụ Guizhou Provincial [贵州省民族识别工作队]. 1984. ''Akuko banyere okwu gbasara nhazi nke agbụrụ nke ndị Nanlong (Nanjing-Longjia)'' [南龙人（南京-龙家）族别问题调查报告]. ms * Hụ, Andrew. 2013. " [https://web.archive.org/web/20210925083337/https://www.academia.edu/5211686/New_endangered_Tibeto-Burman_languages_of_southwestern_China_Mondzish_Longjia_Pherbu_and_others Asụsụ Tibeto-Burman ọhụrụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, na ndị ọzọ] ". Ihe ngosi enyere na ICSTLL 46, Dartmouth College. * Zhao Weifeng [赵卫峰]. 2011. ''Akụkọ banyere ndị Bai nke Guizhou'' [贵州白族史略]. Yinchuan, China: Ningxia People's Press [宁夏人民出版社]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-7-227-04678-3|978-7-227-04678-3]] * Hölzl, Andreas. 2021. ''[https://www.academia.edu/49003833/The_Lu_ren_language_of_Guizhou_China Asụsụ Lu(ren) nke Guizhou, China]'' . Akwụkwọ ewepụtara na 9th International Contrastive Linguistics Conference (ICLC 9), Santa Margherita-Portofino. (Mgbakọ n'ịntanetị.) 971doymar9lwx6pdncwz3utwe3l53hg 0 58922 693047 204329 2026-07-31T08:13:24Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed reference with multiple tag 693047 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Asụsụ Lezgic''' bụ otu n'ime alaka asaa nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Northeast Caucasian . Lezgin na Tasaran bụ asụsụ edemede . == Nhazi == * Akụkụ: Archi - 1,700 ọkà okwu * Samur (Nuclear Lezgic) ** Eastern Samur <ref name=":0" /> *** Udi – 6,600 ọkà okwu *** Lezgin–Aghul–Tabasaran <ref name="Schulze09">[http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~wschulze/lgxcauc.pdf Languages in the Caucasus, by Wolfgang Schulze (2009)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610082958/http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~wschulze/lgxcauc.pdf |date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> **** Lezgin - 410,000 ọkà okwu **** Aghul - 33,200 ọkà okwu **** Tasaran - 143,600 ọkà okwu ** Ndịda Samur *** Kryts - 5,000 ọkà okwu *** Buduk - 200 ọkà okwu *** Jek - 1,500 ọkà okwu ** Western Samur *** Rutul - 36,400 ọkà okwu *** Tsakhur - 22,300 ọkà okwu == Mkpọsa consonants na-apụ apụ == Asụsụ Lezgic dabara n'echiche glottalic nke Indo-European, n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị enwetala olu nke ejectives nke ebisara mana ndị a na-akwa emo dị ka ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume na ezinụlọ ahụ. Edepụtabeghị akwụkwọ ozi ndị ahụ nke ọma (Rutul adabaghị n'ihe atụ ndị a), mana ọmụmaatụ ole na ole bụ: * Ndị na-abụghị Lezgic: Avar {{IPA|tstsʼar}} ; Lezgic: Rutul {{IPA|dur}}, Tsakhur {{IPA|do}} 'aha' * Ndị na-abụghị Lezgic: Archi {{IPA|motʃʼor}}, Lak {{IPA|tʃʼiri}} ; Lezgic: Rutul {{IPA|mitʃʼri}}, Tabassaran {{IPA|midʒir}}, Aɡul {{IPA|mudʒur}} 'afụ ọnụ' * Ndị na-abụghị Lezgic: Avar {{IPA|motsʼ}} ; Lezgic: Tabassaran {{IPA|vaz}} 'ọnwa' Mgbanwe yiri nke ahụ ewerewo ọnọdụ na-abụghị nke mbụ n'asụsụ Nakh . == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ ndị Caucasus * Asụsụ Northeast Caucasian == Ntụaka == emo dị ka ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume na{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\lez&limit=-1 Lezgic Basic lexica na Global Lexicostatistical Database] 1zg16x1n5lrh5f9w06vtwxlv9qmsn7a 693048 693047 2026-07-31T08:14:42Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693048 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Asụsụ Lezgic''' bụ otu n'ime alaka asaa nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Northeast Caucasian . Lezgin na Tasaran bụ asụsụ edemede . == Nhazi == * Akụkụ: Archi - 1,700 ọkà okwu * Samur (Nuclear Lezgic) ** Eastern Samur <ref name=":0">[https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab7_VPN-2020.xlsx 7. НАСЕЛЕНИЕ НАИБОЛЕЕ МНОГОЧИСЛЕННЫХ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЕЙ ПО РОДНОМУ ЯЗЫКУ]</ref> *** Udi – 6,600 ọkà okwu *** Lezgin–Aghul–Tabasaran <ref name="Schulze09">[http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~wschulze/lgxcauc.pdf Languages in the Caucasus, by Wolfgang Schulze (2009)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610082958/http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~wschulze/lgxcauc.pdf |date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> **** Lezgin - 410,000 ọkà okwu **** Aghul - 33,200 ọkà okwu **** Tasaran - 143,600 ọkà okwu ** Ndịda Samur *** Kryts - 5,000 ọkà okwu *** Buduk - 200 ọkà okwu *** Jek - 1,500 ọkà okwu ** Western Samur *** Rutul - 36,400 ọkà okwu *** Tsakhur - 22,300 ọkà okwu == Mkpọsa consonants na-apụ apụ == Asụsụ Lezgic dabara n'echiche glottalic nke Indo-European, n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị enwetala olu nke ejectives nke ebisara mana ndị a na-akwa emo dị ka ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume na ezinụlọ ahụ. Edepụtabeghị akwụkwọ ozi ndị ahụ nke ọma (Rutul adabaghị n'ihe atụ ndị a), mana ọmụmaatụ ole na ole bụ: * Ndị na-abụghị Lezgic: Avar {{IPA|tstsʼar}} ; Lezgic: Rutul {{IPA|dur}}, Tsakhur {{IPA|do}} 'aha' * Ndị na-abụghị Lezgic: Archi {{IPA|motʃʼor}}, Lak {{IPA|tʃʼiri}} ; Lezgic: Rutul {{IPA|mitʃʼri}}, Tabassaran {{IPA|midʒir}}, Aɡul {{IPA|mudʒur}} 'afụ ọnụ' * Ndị na-abụghị Lezgic: Avar {{IPA|motsʼ}} ; Lezgic: Tabassaran {{IPA|vaz}} 'ọnwa' Mgbanwe yiri nke ahụ ewerewo ọnọdụ na-abụghị nke mbụ n'asụsụ Nakh . == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ ndị Caucasus * Asụsụ Northeast Caucasian == Ntụaka == emo dị ka ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume na{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\lez&limit=-1 Lezgic Basic lexica na Global Lexicostatistical Database] pwwwzwipachzi5fa2mwzwvpniycr1kv 0 58978 692680 204429 2026-07-30T12:53:14Z Chinemeremprince 13026 692680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|date=no date}} Belait, ma ọ bụ Lemeting, bụ akara Malayo-Polynesian nke Brunei na Malaysia dị nso.  Ọ bụ Ndị Belait na-asụ ya bụ ndị bi na Bruneian Belait District.  E mere mmemme na e nwere ndị ọkà okwu 700 na 1995. <ref name=martin>Martin, Peter W. 1995. 'Whither the indigenous languages of Brunei Darussalam?' ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 34:44–60</ref> == Nchịkọta == Belait nwere njikọ na nkwado Miri, Kiput na Narum nke Sarawak.  A na-ewere ya dị ka nke Lower Baram subgroup nke egwu North Sarawak.<ref>Blust, Robert. 1997. 'Ablaut in Western Borneo'. ''Diachronica'' XIV:1–30.</ref> == Asụsụ == E nwere asụsụ anọ a na-aghọta ibe ha nke Belait. A na-asụ ndị a na mpaghara abụọ: * N'ime obodo Kuala Balai na Labi * Na mpaghara Kiudang nke Tutong A na-asụ asụsụ abụọ dị iche iche nke Belait - Metting na Bong - n'ime obodo Mungkom, Kiudang . E nwere ndị na-asụ asụsụ ọ bụla ole na ole. == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == iko n'ozuzu na Belait phonology Martin (1990) na Metteng Belait[1][2] na Noor Alifah Abdullah (1992) na Labi Belait .  <ref name=":0">Clynes, Adrian. 2005. 'Belait'. In Nikolaus P. Himmelmann & Alexander Adelaar (eds.) The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Abingdon: Routledge.</ref> [2] [3] Ihe osise a faka na olumba Metteng (Clynes 2005).  Asụsụ ndị ọzọ nwere ikike ikike iche na ọgụume na okwu ha. ref name=":0" /><ref>Martin, Peter W. 1990. ''Notes on the Phonology of Belait''. Unpublished MS.</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>Noor Alifah Abdullah. 1992. Struktur bahasa Belait. Unpublished BA Thesis, Department of Malay Language and Linguistics, Universiti Brunei Darussalam.</ref> === Mkpụrụ okwu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Apical !Akụkụ dị iche iche !N'azụ !Mkpịsị aka |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n |ɲ |ŋ | |- ! rowspan="2" |Ihe omuma !voiceless |p |t |c |k | rowspan="2" |ʔ |- !voiced |b |d |ɟ |g |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-egbu egbu | | |s |ʁ |h |- ! colspan="2" |Akụkụ | |l | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Glides |w | |j | | |} === Mkpụrụedemede === Meteng Belait nwere ikeume ise /i, u, e, o, a/.  E nwere otu diphthong /iə/. A na-ahụ ụdaume {{IPA|/e/}} dị ka {{IPA|[ə]}} na nkeji okwu ndị na-abụghị nke ikpeazụ, yana dị ka {{IPA|[ɛ]}} na {{IPA|[e]}} na nkejiokwu ikpeazụ. === Ọdịdị nke ụdaume === Mgbọrọgwụ okwu bụ disyllabic.  ederede okwu ikpeazụ bụ (C) V ((C) C).  Ndị na-azụ nke ikpeazụ bụ ((C) C) V (C). == Asụsụ == === Klas okwu === Ụdị okwu ndị bụ isi na Belait bụ ngwaa na aha.  Enwere ike nrọ dị na klas abụọ ahụ site na nkesa ha, ụdị ha na ọrụ ha.  nkọwa, a na-eji ụdị (e) (e)ndeh na aha na ụdị ka na-agbagha ngwaa:    E nwekwara ọtụtụ klas na-arụ ọrụ mechiri emechi: * Aha nnọchiaha * Okwu mbido * Ndị na-ekewa ihe * Ọnụ ọgụgụ * Ụdị na ọdịdị * Deictics (gụnyere ngosipụta) === Ọdịdị nke ahịrịokwu === Belait bụ onye isi anụ.  Nke a dị na aha isi na-ebute ndị nwe na ndị ọzọ na-agbanwe.  Ha na-ebute okwu ndị isi.[1]  Purọ iko nwere okwu na isiokwu.  ndepụta ahụ nwere ikike ma ọ bụ buru ụzọ kwuo okwu ahụ.  N'ihi ya, usoro okwu na- agbanwe agbanwe.<ref name=":0" />    Ihe ndị a na-akọwapụta nwere ike ịbụ Verb Phrases (VP), Noun Phrases, ma ọ bụ Prepositional Phrase (PP). Arụmụka ndị na-abụghị isiokwu nke okwu okwu na-apụta ozugbo ngwaa gasịrị. ==== Okwu ndị e ji ekwu okwu ==== Isi Okwu bụ ngwaa.  E nwere ụdị ngwaa abụọ dị na Belait: intransitive na transitive.  Ngwaa ndị na-adịghị agafe agafe nwere ikike otu isiokwu.  Ha aṅụ olu olu ọlụ na ngwaa.  N'ụzọ dị iche, ngwaa na-agafe agafe na-ndị na olu dị iche iche: Actor Voice (AV) na Undergoer Voice (UV).  A na-egosi ihe owuwu abụọ ahụ n'okpuru ebe a: <section begin="list-of-glossing-abbreviations" /><div style="display:none;"> AV: olu onye na-eme ihe nkiri UV: olu onye ga-agafe </div><section end="list-of-glossing-abbreviations" /> <div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(5)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> idih ndị mmadụ </div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> unnah tupu </div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> Kọnọntaktị <abbr class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase; " title="actor voice">AV</abbr>.eat </div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> Ihe omuma ihe omuma icheku ọkụ </div>idih unnahuman salang ndị mmadụ tupu AV.eat charcoal 'Ndị mmadụ tupu [ndị nna nna mbụ nke Belait] rie icheku ọkụ'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div></div>  N'ime ihe owuwu AV na (5) isiokwu bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri, ya bụ {{Lang|beg|idih unnah}} 'ndị mmadụ tupu'. N'ime ihe owuwu UV na (6) isiokwu dị na Undergoer, ya bụ {{Lang|beg|brejin}} 'durian'. N'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ, isiokwu ahụ na-abịa n'ihu predicate. Olu onye na-agafe na-enwekarị okwu zuru oke. A na-ejikarị olu onye na-eme ihe nkiri eme ihe n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Bornean languages}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] noxiq5aseolhngx1ze3ll3fuyy0wag2 0 59004 692903 210917 2026-07-30T22:52:57Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 692903 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Asụsụ Tibet''' na-etolite otu asụsụ akọwapụtara nke ọma sitere na Tibetan ochie . Dị ka Nicolas Tournadre si kwuo, e nwere asụsụ Tibeti iri ise, bụ́ ndị alaka n'ihe karịrị olumba 200, bụ́ ndị a pụrụ ịchịkọta n'ime olumba asatọ continua . <ref name= "Tournadre2014">Tournadre, Nicolas. 2014. "The Tibetic languages and their classification." In ''Trans-Himalayan linguistics, historical and descriptive linguistics of the Himalayan area''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</ref> A na-asụ asụsụ Tibetic ndị a na Tibet, Gilgit-Baltistan, Ladakh, Aksai Chin, Nepal, na [[Ndia|n'India]] na Himachal Pradesh, na Uttarakhand . [ 3 ] Tibet oge gboo bụ asụsụ agụmagụ bụ isi, ọkachasị maka ojiji ya na akwụkwọ nsọ na akwụkwọ Buddhist Tibet . Ihe dị ka nde mmadụ isii na-asụ asụsụ Tibet, ọ bụghị ha niile bụ ndị Tibet . <ref name="speakers">{{Cite book|first=Nicolas|author=Tournadre|chapter=The Tibetic languages and their classification|pages=103–129|title=Trans-Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area|editor=Owen-Smith|publisher=De Gruyter|year=2014|isbn=978-3-11-031074-0}} ([http://www.nicolas-tournadre.net/wp-content/uploads/multimedia/2014-The_Tibetic_languages.pdf preprint])</ref> Site na mgbasa ozi Buddha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke Tibet, asụsụ Tibet agbasawokwa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ụwa, a pụkwara ịchọta ya n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ Buddhist na ihe ekpere, ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ ọdịda anyanwụ na-amụtakwa asụsụ maka nsụgharị nke ederede Tibet. N'èzí Lhasa n'onwe ya, ihe dị ka ndị Tibet 200,000 na-asụ Lhasa Tibet bụ ndị si Tibet kwaga [[Ndia|India]], Nepal na mba ndị ọzọ. A na-asụkwa Tibet site n'otu agbụrụ dị iche iche na Tibet bụ ndị bi na Tibet dị nso kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ, mana ka ha na-ejigide asụsụ na omenala ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị [[China]] na-ekewa ndị Qiang nke Kham dị ka agbụrụ Tibet, asụsụ Qiangic abụghị Tibet, kama na-etolite alaka nke ha nke ezinụlọ Tibeto-Burman . Tibet oge gboo abụghị asụsụ tonal, mana ọtụtụ ụdị dị ka [[Ebe etiti Tibet|Central]] na Khams Tibet ewepụtala ndekọ ụda. Amdo na Ladakhi-Balti enweghị ụda olu. Enwere ike ịkọwa ọdịdị nke Tibet dị ka agglutinative . == Okwu okwu == Ọ bụ ezie na etinyere okwu ahụ bụ "Tibeti" n'ụzọ dị iche iche n'ime omenala nyocha nke Sino-Tibet, Nicolas Tournadre kọwara ya dị ka phylum sitere na Tibetan ochie . N'ịgbaso Nishi (1987) [ 4 ] na Beyer (1992), [ 5 ] ọ chọpụtara ọtụtụ ihe ọhụrụ lexical nke enwere ike iji mee nchọpụta iji mara ọdịiche dị na Tibetic na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke ezinụlọ, dịka.  <span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">Bdun</span> "asaa" bdun [ 6 ] "Asụsụ Tibeti" n'echiche a bụ ngbanwe maka okwu "asụsụ/olumba Tibet" ejiri mee ihe n'akwụkwọ ndị gara aga; ọdịiche dị n'etiti "asụsụ" na "olumba" abụghị nke ọma, na ịkpọ ụdị Tibetic dị ka "olumba Tibet" nwere ike iduhie ọ bụghị nanị n'ihi na "olumba" ndị ahụ na-abụkarị ndị a na-aghọtaghị, kamakwa ndị na-asụ Tibetic adịghị ewere onwe ha dị ka agbụrụ Tibetan, dị ka ọ dị na Laratisha, Laratisha, Larsha, Larsha., Sikkimese na Bhutanese . [ 7 ] == Mmalite == Marius Zemp (2018) na-eche na Tibetan malitere dị ka pidgin na asụsụ West Himalayish [[Asụsụ Zhang-Zhung|Zhangzhung]] dị ka superstratum ya, na [[Asụsụ Gyalrongic|Rgyalrongic]] dị ka substratum (asụsụ abụọ ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ Sino-Tibet ). Agbanyeghị, enwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị n'asụsụ Rgyalrongic na Tibetic; Rgyalrongic na-ejikarị prefixes dị ka *kə-, *tə-, wdg, ebe asụsụ Tibeti na-eji suffixes dị ka -pa/-ba, -ma, -po/-bo, -mo, wdg. [ 9 ]. N'otu aka ahụ, [[Asụsụ Tamangic|Tamangic]] nwekwara nnukwu ọdịda anyanwụ Himalayish, mana akụkụ ya sitere na ngalaba Sino-Tibet dị iche. Naanị ụyọkọ asụsụ ole na ole n'ụwa ka esitere n'asụsụ nkịtị nke yitere ma ọ bụ nwee njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ ochie. Otu obere ìgwè a na-agụnye asụsụ Tibetic, dị ka ụmụ sitere na Old Tibetan (narị afọ 7-9), kamakwa asụsụ Romance na Latin, asụsụ Arabic (ma ọ bụ "olumba") na Arabic Classical, [[asụsụ Sinitic]] na Middle Chinese, asụsụ Indic nke oge a na Vedic Sanskrit . == Nhazi == [[Faịlụ:"TIBETO-BURMAN"_GROUPS_1967_map_with_group_key,_"COMMUNIST_CHINA_ETHNOLINGUISTIC_GROUPS"_by_the_U.S._Central_Intelligence_Agency,_Directorate_of_Intelligence,_Office_of_Basic_Geographic_Intelligence,_1967_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Maapụ Tibet nke asụsụ agbụrụ]] A na-asụ asụsụ ndị dị iche iche na ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ, ikekwe n'ihi mmekọrịta asụsụ na asụsụ Qiangic, [[Asụsụ Gyalrongic|Rgyalrongic]] . Ọdịiche egosiri na Khalong nwekwara ike ịbụ n'ihi mgbanwe asụsụ . Na mgbakwunye, enwere Baima, nke na-ejigide substratum Qiangic pụtara, ma nwee ọtụtụ ọkwa nke ịgbazinye ego n'aka Amdo, Khams, na Zhongu, mana ọ naghị adabara alaka ụlọ ọrụ Tibetic guzosiri ike. Asụsụ Tibetic abụọ a na-eji maka mgbasa ozi n'ime China bụ Standard Tibet na Amdo Tibet . === Tournadre na Suzuki (2023) === Tournadre & Suzuki (2023) ghọtara ''mpaghara'' mpaghara 8, nke ọ bụla nwere ihe dị ka ''otu'' 7-14 nke olumba Tibetic. [ 3 ] Nkewa a bụ ntughari nke Tournadre (2014). === Myanmar === Na Myanmar, a na-asụ ụdị dị iche iche nke Khams Tibet na nso Hkakabo Razi, [[Steeti Kachin|Kachin State]] nke dị n'akụkụ Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan na Tibet Autonomous Region . [ 27 ] Suzuki (2012) na-akọwa ụda ụda olu nke Sangdam, yana inye nkọwa nkenke nke ụdị Tibetic dị na mba ahụ. Ọ na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu 300 Khams Tibet bi ma ọ dịkarịa ala obodo anọ na Dazundam Village Tract, Pannandin Sub-township, Nogmong Township, Putao District, Kachin State. [ 28 ] Obodo anọ ọ na-akpọ Tahaundam, "Shidudan" (Japanese :シドゥダン), Sandam, Madin, nke abụọ nke ọ na-enyeghị romanization n'ihi na ebe a na-edeghị aha na map dị ya. [ 28 ] Dị ka onye ndụmọdụ Suzuki si kwuo, ha si na Zayu County, Tibet kwaga ihe karịrị otu narị afọ gara aga n'agbanyeghị na ha ka na-enwe mmekọrịta na ndị ikwu bi ebe ahụ, na e nwere obere ọdịiche dị n'etiti olumba nke obodo anọ ahụ. [ 29 ] Ebe ọ bụ na ndị Rawang bụ agbụrụ ka ukwuu nke mpaghara ahụ, ndị Tibet nwekwara iwu nke [[Asụsụ Rawang|Rawang]], nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka nkwurịta okwu interethnic; ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị nwekwara ike ịsụ na ide Burmese ebe ha na-agụghị akwụkwọ n'asụsụ nke ha. [ 29 ] == Usoro edemede == Ọtụtụ asụsụ Tibeti ka edere n'otu n'ime edemede Indic abụọ. Ọkọlọtọ Tibet na ọtụtụ asụsụ Tibeti ndị ọzọ ka edere n'edemede Tibet nwere usoro ngbanwe nke akụkọ ihe mere eme (lee n'okpuru) nke na-enyere aka ijikọ mpaghara asụsụ Tibet. Edere ụfọdụ asụsụ Tibet ndị ọzọ (na India na Nepal) n'asụsụ Devanagari yiri ya, nke a na-ejikwa dee Hindi, Nepali na ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị na-asụ Ladakhi na Balti na-eji edemede Urdu dee; Nke a na-eme ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị na Pakistan . Edemede Tibet dara ada na Pakistani Baltistan ọtụtụ narị afọ gara aga ka mpaghara ahụ nabatara [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]] . Agbanyeghị, nchegbu na-abawanye n'etiti ndị Balti maka ichekwa asụsụ na ọdịnala ha, ọkachasị n'agbanyeghị mmetụta ọdịnala Punjabi siri ike na Pakistan niile, emelitela mmasị ọhụrụ n'ịtụte edemede Tibet na iji ya n'akụkụ edemede Perso-Arabic . Ọtụtụ ụlọ ahịa dị na isi obodo Baltistan Skardu na mpaghara “Northern Areas” Pakistan amalitela ịgbakwunye akara ndị e dere na script Perso-Arabic nwere akara ndị e dere na script Tibet. Baltis na-ahụ atụmatụ a ọ bụghị dị ka ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha kama ọ bụ akụkụ nke mbọ iji chekwaa akụkụ omenala nke mpaghara ha bụ ndị ha na ndị agbata obi dị ka Kashmiris na Punjabis kerịta akụkọ ihe mere eme chiri anya kemgbe Islam bịarutere na mpaghara ahụ ọtụtụ narị afọ gara aga. == phonology nke akụkọ ihe mere eme == Edemede a sụgharịrị fonology ochie Tibet nke ọma. Akpọpụtara agba ikpeazụ ndị ahụ n'agbanyeghị na edere ha ka e si kwuo ya, mkpụrụedemede prefix ahụ jikọtara ụda ha na mkpụrụedemede mgbọrọgwụ. Ngwakọta eserese ''hr'' na ''lh'' na-anọchi anya enweghị olu na ọ bụchaghị na-achọsi ike n'akwụkwọ ozi ''r'' na ''l'' n'otu n'otu. A na-akpọ akwụkwọ ozi ahụ dị ka a na-akpọ guttural fricative tupu ụdaume ma dị ka homorganic prenasalization tupu consonants. Ma gigu ''verso'' ọ nwere ihe ụda ụda pụtara ma ọ bụ na o nweghị ka na-ese okwu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a gaara akpọ ''Srongbtsan Sgampo'' {{IPA|[sroŋpʦan zɡampo]}} (a na-akpọzi {{IPA|[sɔ́ŋʦɛ̃ ɡʌ̀mpo]}} na Lhasa Tibet) na ' ''babs'' gaara akpọ {{IPA|[mbaps]}} (akpọ {{IPA|[bapˤ]}}  na Lhasa Tibet). Ugbua na narị afọ nke 9 usoro nke ụyọkọ mfe mfe, devoicing na tonogenesis amalitela n'asụsụ etiti, dị ka a pụrụ igosi site na Tibet okwu sụgharịrị n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ, karịsịa Middle Chinese kamakwa Uyghur . Nchikota nke ihe akaebe nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu na-enyere anyị aka ịmepụta usoro mgbanwe nke Tibet. Na narị afọ nke itoolu, dị ka e gosipụtara na nkwekọrịta Tibet na-asụ asụsụ abụọ- Chinese nke 821-822 nke a chọtara n'ihu Jokhang nke Lhasa, ebelatalarị ụyọkọ mmalite mgbagwoju anya, na usoro nke tonogenesis na-aga nke ọma. Mgbanwe na-esote weere ọnọdụ na olumba Tsang (Gtsang): Agbanwere mkpado ''ra'' -tag ka ọ bụrụ consonants retroflex, ''ya'' -tags wee ghọọ palatals. Mgbe e mesịrị, akwụkwọ ozi ndị e dekwasịrị na nke ikpeazụ ''d'' na ''s'' kwụsịrị, ma e wezụga na ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọ bụ n'oge a ka asụsụ ahụ gbasaa na Lahul na Spiti, ebe akwụkwọ ozi ndị e dekwasịrị n'elu na-agbachi nkịtị, a na-anụkarị ''d'' na ''g'' ikpeazụ, na ''dịka'', ''os'', a na-akpọ ''anyị'' ''ai'', ''oi'', ''ui'' . Okwu ndị e si na Tibet webatara n'asụsụ oke ala n'oge ahụ dị nnọọ iche na nke agbaziri n'oge mbụ. Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na-adịbeghị anya ma kpachie na Ü na Tsang. Na Ü, ụdaume na-ada ''a'', ''o'', ''ị'' na-emekarị ka ''ä'', ''ö'', ''ü'' mgbe ụda coronal na-esote ''i'', ''d'', ''s'', ''l'' na ''n'' . Otu ihe ahụ na-ejide Tsang ma ewezuga ''l'', nke na-agbatị naanị ụdaume. Ndị mgbasa ozi aghọọla ihe na- achọsi ike nke nwere obere okwu, nke na-akakwa akara okwu nwere nkwenye mbụ dị mfe; ebe ndị mbụ na-achọsi ike na mkpịrịsị mgbagwoju anya dị mfe n'okwu ka a na-eji ụda dị elu, mkpu na ngwa ngwa. == Nrụgharị == === Proto-Tibetic === Tournadre (2014) wuzigharịrị Proto-Tibetic, nna nna nke asụsụ Tibetic nwere echiche. Proto-Tibetic yiri, ma ọ bụghị otu, nke Tibet Tibet e dere na oge gboo . Atụmatụ ụda olu ndị a bụ njirimara nke Proto-Tibetic (Tournadre 2014: 113). * Na prefixes <nowiki>*s(ǝ)-, *d(ǝ)-/g(ǝ)-, *m(ǝ)-, na *b(ǝ)-, e                                                           ghị  (ǝ)    (ǝ)</nowiki> . * s(ǝ)- a na-eji anu anumanu na aru aru, na *d(ǝ)-/*g(ǝ)- and *m(ǝ)-/*r(ǝ)-. * Palatalization nke consonants eze na alveolar tupu ''y'' (/j/). * Mgbanwe consonant site na mpụta gaa na ọnọdụ eze mgbe /m/ (dịka, *ml > *md). * Nkwụsị izizi pụrụ iche. A na-egosipụta ihe omume a site n'ịgbanwe mgbanaka ndị na-achọsi ike na ndị na-enweghị mmasị na akwụkwọ edemede Tibet ochie . Ọmụmatụ gụnyere gcig ~ gchig (གཅིག་ ~ གཆིག་) 'otu'; phyin-chad ~ phyin-cad (ཕྱིན་ཆད་ ~ ཕྱིན་ཅད་) 'site ugbu a gawa'; ci ~ chi (ཅི་ ~ ཆི་) 'gịnị'; na cu ~ chu (ཅུ་ ~ ཆུ་) 'mmiri'. Ụdị Proto-Tibetic arụgharịrị site na Tournadre (2014) gụnyere:   === Tupu Tibeti === Pre-Tibetic bụ usoro echiche tupu e mepụta Proto-Tibetic. <nowiki>* ty-, * ly-, * sy- e</nowiki> mebeghị palatalized na Pre-Tibetic, mana ha mere palatalization na Proto-Tibetic (Tournadre 2014: 113-114). Mgbanwe ụda etinyere site na Pre-Tibetic gaa na Proto-Tibetic gụnyere *ty-> *tɕ-, *sy-> *ɕ-, *tsy-> *tɕ-, na *ly-> *ʑ-. Otú ọ dị, Tournadre (2014: 114) notes that many Bodish languages such as [[Asụsụ Basum|Basum]], [[Asụsụ Tamang|Tamang]], and Kurtöp ( East Bodish ) have not undergone these changes (eg, Bake ( [[Asụsụ Basum|Basum]] ) ''ti'' 'what' vs. Proto-Tibetic *tɕ(h)i and Bake ''tɨ'' 'one' vs. Prog-öp (Tikbetic Kurt) * (Tikbetic) vs. Prog-öp (Tikbe) ''^H la:'' 'ígwè' na Bumthap ''lak'' 'ígwè' vs. Proto-Tibetic *ltɕaks). Ụfọdụ nrụgharị tupu Tibetic, yana ụdị Proto-Tibetic arụgharịrị arụgharịrị na orthographic Classical Literary Tibet, sitere na Tournadre (2014: 114-116) ka edepụtara n'okpuru. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Gloss !Pre-Tibetic !Proto-Tibetic !Classical Literary Tibetan |- |one |*g(ǝ)-tyik |*g(ǝ)-tɕ(h)ik |gcig / gchig གཅིག་ / གཆིག (Old Tibetan) |- |big |*tye |*tɕ(h)e |che ཆེ་ (Old Tibetan) |- |ten |*b(ǝ)-tyu |*b(ǝ)-tɕu |bcu / bchu བཅུ་ / བཆུ་ (Old Tibetan) |- |what |*tyi |*tɕ(h)i |ci / chi ཅི་ / ཆི་ (Old Tibetan) |- |flesh |*sya |*ɕa |sha ཤ་ |- |know |*syes |*ɕes |shes ཤེས་ |- |wood |*sying |*ɕiŋ |shing ཤིང་ |- |to cut (past stem) |*b(ǝ)-tsyat |*b(ǝ)-tɕat |bcad བཅད་ |- |spittle |*m(ǝ)-tsyil-ma |*m(ǝ)-tɕ(h)il-ma |mchil-ma མཆིལ་མ་ |- |liver |*m(ǝ)-tsin-pa |*m(ǝ)-tɕ(h)in-pa |mchin-pa མཆིན་པ |- |four |*b(ǝ)-lyi |*b(ǝ)ʑi |bzhi བཞི་ |- |field |*lying |*ʑiŋ |zhing ཞིང་ |- |flea |*ldi |*ldʑi |lji ལྗི་, 'ji ་འཇི་ |- |iron |*s(ǝ)-lak(s) > *l-sak(s) > *l-tsyak(s) |*ltɕaks |lcags ལྕགས་ |- |arrow | |*mda |mda' མདའ་ |- |to suppress |*bnans |*mnans |mnand (Old Tibetan) |- |to listen |*bnyan |*nyan |mnyand |- |eye | |*d(ǝ)myik |dmyig དམྱིག་ (Old Tibetan); mig |- |flower | |*mentok |men-tog མེན་ཏོག (Old Tibetan); ་me-tog |} == Ntụnyere ọnụọgụgụ == Ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ Tibet/Tibeti dị iche iche bụ: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Sino-Tibetan.htm|title=Bodish Numerals (Eugene Chan).|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305030131/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Sino-Tibetan.htm|archivedate=2012-03-05}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |<small>GLOSS</small> ! colspan="7" |Ü-Tsang (Middle) ! rowspan="2" |Amdo ! rowspan="2" |Khams ! rowspan="2" |<small>CLASSICAL TIBETAN</small> |- !Lhasa !Cheng<br /><br />Zhang !Dolpo !Jirel !Mugom !Sherpa !Yohlmo |- |'1' |ʨiʔ⁵³ |ʨi⁵³ |ʂik |dokpoi |ʧɪk |ʦɪk⁵⁵ |ʨīː |xʨɨx |ʨi⁵⁵ |*xʨik<br /><br />''gtšig'' |- |'2' |ȵi⁵⁵ |ȵi⁵⁵ |ɲiː |ŋi |ŋi |ŋi⁵⁵ |ɲìː |ɦȵi |ɲɯ⁵³ |*gnis<br /><br />''gnis'' |- |'3' |sum⁵⁵ |sɔ̃⁵³ |sum |sum |sum |sum⁵⁵ |sūm |sɘm |sũ⁵³ |*xsum<br /><br />''gsum'' |- |'4' |ɕi¹³ |ɣɯ³¹ |ɕi̤ː |si |ɕi |ʣi⁵⁵ |ʑì̤ |ɦʑɘ |ʐə³³ |*βʑi<br /><br />''bži'' |- |'5' |ŋa⁵³ |ɴɐ⁵³ |ŋa |ŋa |ŋá |ŋɑ⁵⁵ |ŋɑ̀ |ɦŋa |ŋɑ⁵³ |*ɬŋɑ<br /><br />''lŋa'' |- |'6' |tʂʰuʔ¹³ |tʂu³¹ |ʈṳk |tʰuk |duk |ɖʊk¹¹ |ʈṳ̀ː |tʂəx |tʂo³³ |*dɽuk<br /><br />''drug'' |- |'7' |tỹ¹⁵ |dɛ̃²⁴ |ty̤n |duin |dun |dɪn⁵⁵ |t̪ì̤n |ɦdɘn |dĩ³³ |*βdun<br /><br />''bdun'' |- |'8' |ɕɛʔ¹³ |dʑe³¹ |ce̤ʔ |get |ket |gæ⁵⁵ |cē̤ː |ɦdʑʲɛ |ʑe³³ |*βɽgjat<br /><br />''brgyad'' |- |'9' |ku¹³ |ɡɯ³¹ |kṳ |gu |gu |gu⁵⁵ |kṳ̀ |ɦgɘ |gə³³ |*dgu<br /><br />''dgu'' |- |'10' |ʨu⁵³ |ʨɯ⁵³ |tɕu |ʦutʰambaː |ʧú |ʦi⁵⁵tʰɑm¹¹ba¹¹ |ʨʉ̄ |ʨɘ |ʨə⁵⁵ |*ɸʨu<br /><br />''btšu'' |} Maka asụsụ Tibetic Central ma ọ bụ Eastern: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |<small>GLOSS</small> ! colspan="2" |Dzongkha-Lakha ! colspan="5" |Balti-Ladakhi ! rowspan="2" |Spiti<br /><br />bhoti |- !Dzongkha !Sikkimese !Balti !Changthang !Ladakhi !Purik !Zangskari |- |'1' |ʨí |ʧi |ʧik |ʧik |ʧik |ʧik |ʧiʔ |ʧík |- |'2' |ɲí |ni |ɲis |ɲis |ɲis |ɲis |ɲiː |ɲiː |- |'3' |súm |súm |xsum |sum |sum |sum |sum |súm |- |'4' |ʃi̤ |ʒe |βʒi |zi |zi |ʒi |ʒi |ʒì |- |'5' |ŋə |ŋa |ɣɑ |ŋa |ʂŋa |ʂŋə |ŋa |ŋá |- |'6' |dʑo |tʰu |truk |ɖruk |ʈuk |ʈuk |ʈuʔ |ʈùk |- |'7' |ty̤n |dĩ |βdun |dun |rdun |rdun |ðun |dùn |- |'8' |kæ̤ |gɛ |βgyʌt |gʲat |rgʲat |rgyət |ʝət |ɟèt |- |'9' |kṳ |go |rgu |gu |rgu |rgu |ɣu |gù |- |'10' |ʨu tʰam |ʧɔːmba |ɸʧu |ʧu |rʧu |rču |ʧu |ʧú |} == Ntụaka == * {{Cite book|author=Beyer|first=Stephan V.|title=The Classical Tibetan Language|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1992|isbn=0-7914-1099-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Denwood|first=Philip|title=Tibetan|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|year=1999|isbn=90-272-3803-0}} *   * {{Cite journal|author=Nishi|first=Yoshiro|authorlink=Yoshio Nishi|year=1987|title=Gendei Tibet-go hoogen no bunrui|journal=Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology|volume=11|issue=4|pages=837–900}} *   *   * {{Cite book|author=Tournadre|first=Nicolas|authorlink=Nicolas Tournadre|date=2023|title=The Tibetic Languages: an introduction to the family of languages derived from Old Tibetan|url=https://lacito.cnrs.fr/en/tibetic-languages/|location=Paris|publisher=LACITO|isbn=978-2-490768-08-0}} *   == Ihe odide ala ala peeji == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite book|first=Philip|author=Denwood|chapter=The Language History of Tibetan|title=Linguistics of the Himalayas and beyond|editor=Bielmeier|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|pages=47–70|year=2007|isbn=978-3-11-019828-7}} * {{Cite journal|author=Dpal ldan bkra shis|title=Amdo Tibetan Language: An Introduction to Normative Oral Amdo|issn=1925-6329|journal=Asian Highland Perspectives|volume=43|year=2016|url=http://tibetanplateau.wikischolars.columbia.edu/file/view/AHP43AmdoTibetanLanguage_An%20Introduction%20to%20Normative%20Oral%20Amdo_text.pdf/586186877/AHP43AmdoTibetanLanguage_An%20Introduction%20to%20Normative%20Oral%20Amdo_text.pdf}} * {{Cite book|author=van Driem|first=George|authorlink=George van Driem|title=Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language|publisher=Brill|year=2001|isbn=9004103902}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Comparative Dictionary of Tibetan Dialects (CDTD)[usurped] * [https://archive.today/20070611152940/http://www.thdl.org/xml/show.php?xml=/collections/langling/languages/index.xml&l=9 Languages on the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas] &#x2014; Nicolas Tournadre * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130728192422/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/8964/1/Hill_2010_overview_of_Old_Tibetan_phonology.pdf Overview of Old Tibetan Synchronic phonology] by Nathan Hill * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120318215914/http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/colloque/deserts/videos_gestion/nt.htm L'évolution des langues et les facteurs écolinguistiques : le cas des langues d'éleveurs et des langues d'agriculteurs sur le Haut Plateau tibétain] at CNRS-LACITO * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140324094654/http://thetibetpost.com/en/outlook/opinions-and-columns/3811-chinas-tibet-policy-continued-attempt-at-erasing-tibetan-language China's Tibet policy continued attempt at erasing Tibetan language] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gelc5c23vf2vjk9qa62r5o4o5e057g8 0 59041 693070 204551 2026-07-31T09:00:18Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Mairasi|region=[[Bomberai Peninsula]]|states=[[West Papua (province)|West Papua]], [[Indonesia]]|speakers=3,300|date=1996|familycolor=Papuan|fam1=[[Mairasi languages|Mairasi]]|iso3=zrs}} '''Mairasi''' ( a.k.a. '''Faranyao''' na '''Kaniran''' ) bụ asụsụ Papuan nke Bomberai Peninsula nke West Papua, Indonesia . Olumba olu ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ dị iche. == Nkesa == Ebe: <ref name="Ronsumbre-2020">{{Cite book|author=Ronsumbre|first=Adolof|year=2020|title=Ensiklopedia Suku Bangsa di Provinsi Papua Barat|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Penerbit Kepel Press|isbn=978-602-356-318-0}}</ref> * Kaimana Regency ** Obodo ime obodo: Umbran, Jamna Fata, Matna, Tarwata, Sara, Kasira, Orai, Wangatnau, Faranyau, na Sarifan ** Obodo nta dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri: Sisir, Foroma Jaya, Warasi, Lobo, Lomira, Morona, Nanggwaromi, Omay (May May), na Warika * Teluk Wondama Regency ** Obodo Naikere District: Sararti, Oya, Yabore, Wosimo, Undurara, na Inyora == fonology == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Consonants <ref name="Foley-NWNG" /> ! colspan="2" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Mkpesa-<br /><br /><br /><br /> alveolar ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! colspan="2" | Ihu imi | m | n | | | |- ! rowspan="2" | Plosive ! voiceless | | t | | | ʔ |- ! voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | |- ! rowspan="2" | Nke na-ese okwu ! voiceless | ɸ | s | | | |- ! voiced | β | | | | |- ! colspan="2" | Mmiri mmiri | | r | | | |- ! colspan="2" | Semivowel | w | | | | |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Udaume <ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFoley2018">Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">433–</span>568. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|<bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> ! !N'ihu ! Azu |- ! Mechie | i | u |- ! N'etiti | e | o |- ! Azu | colspan="2" | a |} == Nkpọaha == Nkọwa nke mbụ onye nwe Mairasi bụ: <ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFoley2018">Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">433–</span>568. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|<bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ == === Ihe nrịbama ikpe === Ihe nrịbama nkebiokwu aha na Mairasi: <ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFoley2018">Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">433–</span>568. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|<bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 546  * ngwa ngwa suffix - ''t'' * ebe ''nbido ar'' * allative postposition ''ev(i)''  === Ntuziaka === Mairasi nwere suffixe ntụzịaka abụọ, nke a na-eji naanị ngwaa mmegharị. <ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFoley2018">Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">433–</span>568. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|<bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 549  * ''-a'' 'elu, inland' * ''-ari'' 'ala, oke osimiri'   === Animacy === Animcy bụ akara n'okwu ''n-n'' -, dịka ihe atụpụtara site na ọdịiche dị na nkebiokwu abụọ a na-esote. <ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFoley2018">Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">433–</span>568. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|<bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 546     Mgbanwe ụdaume nwere ike gbanwee ọnụ ọgụgụ nke aha ndụ: <ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFoley2018">Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">433–</span>568. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|<bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 546     == Ntụaka == ezinụlọ Skou na Lakes Plain, mana ọnweghị ndụmọdụ gbasara njikọ ezinụlọ abụọ ahụ emere n'ihi en, asụsụ Keuw (nke na-edobebeghị ugbu a) nwekwara ike ịkekọrịta mmekọrịta{{Reflist}} ew06bg9w9ds9vqujm8erkuf8o6ijmgn 0 59097 693078 204657 2026-07-31T09:09:57Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed reference with multiple tag 693078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Mandar|nativename=Mandar|states=[[Indonesia]]|region=[[Sulawesi]]|speakers={{sigfig|499,000|2}}|date=2010 census|familycolor=Austronesian|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]|fam3=[[South Sulawesi languages|South Sulawesi]]|fam4=[[Northern South Sulawesi languages|Northern]]|iso2=mdr|iso3=mdr}} Mandar (nke a na-akpọkwa Andian, Manjar, Mandharsche) bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke ihe ndị Mandar bi na mpaghara West Sulawesi nke Indonesia na-asụ, na mpaghara Majene na Polewali Mandar, yana n'obodo ole na ole dị na Pangkep District (nke a dị ka Spermonde Archipelago) na Ujung Lero, Pa obere-Papa nso.).   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2008)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> E dere ya na edemede Lontara. Ndị ụdị Mandar nwere njikọ chiri anya na ndị ọzọ atọ bi na South Sulawesi: Bugis, Makassar, na Toraja. == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụedemede<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Muthalib|first=Abdul|title=Kamus bahasa Mandar-Indonesia|publisher=Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa|year=1977}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMuthalib1977">Muthalib, Abdul (1977). ''Kamus bahasa Mandar-Indonesia''. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa.</cite></ref> ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ |i | |u |- !N'etiti |e | |o |- !Emeghe | |a | |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụ okwu<ref name=":0" /> ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n |ɲ |ŋ | |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive/Africate<br /> !<small>enweghị olu</small> |p |t |tʃ |k |ʔ |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> |b |d |dʒ |ɡ | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |s | | |h |- ! colspan="2" |Rhotic | |r | | | |- ! colspan="2" |N'akụkụ | |l | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |w | |j | | |} * A pụkwara ịnụ ụda /b, d, ɡ, dʒ/ dị ka ụda dị ka [v, ɾ, ɣ, ʒ] n'ọnọdụ intervocalic. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} ee83kt9jy1rpt2mlnzwojkd29sf7ftm 0 59131 692797 393150 2026-07-30T18:49:46Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 692797 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Asụsụ Naʼvi''' (Naʼvi: ''{{Lang|art|Lìʼfya leNaʼvi}}'' ) bụ asụsụ e wuru n'akụkọ ifo emebere maka ihe nkiri 2009 . N'ime aha ihe nkiri ahụ, ndị Naʼvi na-asụ asụsụ ahụ, agbụrụ nke [[Wisdom|sapient]] humanoids ụmụ amaala nke ọnwa Pandora. Ọ bụ Paul Frommer bụ onye prọfesọ na USC Marshall School of Business mebere asụsụ a nke nwere akara mmụta doctorate na linguistics . E mere Naʼvi ka o kwekọọ n'echiche James Cameron onye na-ese ihe nkiri banyere otú asụsụ ahụ kwesịrị ịdị ka na fim ahụ. Ọ ga-abụ ihe a ga-amụta n'ezie site n'akụkọ ifo ndị mmadụ na-eme ihe nkiri a na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-akpọpụta ya, ma ọ bụghịkwa nke yiri otu asụsụ mmadụ. Mgbe e wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ n’afọ 2009, Naʼvi nwere okwu ndị na-eto eto nke dị ihe dị ka otu puku okwu, ma nghọta nke ụtọ asụsụ ya bụ nanị onye kere asụsụ ahụ. <ref name="www.npr.org">{{Cite web|title=Do You Speak Naʼvi? Giving Voice To 'Avatar' Aliens|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121350582|work=NPR|date=December 15, 2009|accessdate=16 December 2009}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, nke a agbanweela ka Frommer agbasala akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ruo ihe karịrị mkpụrụokwu 2600 <ref name="www.dict-navi.com">{{Cite web|title=DictNaʼvi Online Dictionary|url=http://dict-navi.com|accessdate=30 June 2020}}</ref> wee bipụta ụtọ asụsụ, si otú a mee Naʼvi ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ zuru oke, nke a na-amụta na nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ. == Mgbọrọgwụ == Asụsụ Naʼvi sitere na ọrụ mbụ James Cameron na ''Avatar'' . N'afọ 2005, mgbe ihe nkiri ahụ ka dị n'ụdị edemede, Cameron chere na ọ chọrọ asụsụ zuru oke, na-agbanwe agbanwe maka ndị ọbịa na-asụ. Odeela ihe dị ka okwu iri atọ maka asụsụ mba ọzọ a mana ọ chọrọ ka onye na-asụ asụsụ mepụta asụsụ ahụ n'uju. Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ya, Lightstorm Entertainment, kpọtụrụ ngalaba mmụta asụsụ na Mahadum Southern California (USC) na-achọ onye ga-enwe mmasị ịmepụta asụsụ dị otú ahụ. Edward Finegan, onye prọfesọ nke mmụta asụsụ na USC, chere na ọrụ a ga-amasị Paul Frommer, onye ya na ya dekọrọ akwụkwọ mmụta asụsụ, wee ziga ya ajụjụ Lightstorm. Frommer na Cameron zutere iji kwurịta echiche onye nduzi maka asụsụ ahụ na otú o si eji ya eme ihe na fim ahụ; na njedebe nke nzukọ ahụ, Cameron kwara Frommer aka wee sị "Nnọọ n'ụgbọ." Dabere na ndepụta okwu mbụ Cameron nwere, nke nwere “ ekpomeekpo Polynesian ” dị ka Frommer si kwuo, <ref name="uso">{{Cite web|url=http://usoproject.blogspot.com/2009/11/interview-with-paul-frommer-alien.html|title=An interview with Paul Frommer, Alien Language Creator for Avatar|work=Unidentified Sound Object|first=Matteo|author=Milani|date=November 24, 2009|accessdate=January 9, 2010}}</ref> ọkà mmụta asụsụ mepụtara ụdị okwu na nkebiokwu atọ dị iche iche nke na-enye echiche nke asụsụ mba ọzọ nwere ike ịdị ka: nke na-eji ụda dị iche iche, nke na-eji ụda ụda dị iche iche, na nke na-eji consonants na-apụ apụ . N'ime atọ ahụ, Cameron masịrị ụda nke ejectives nke ukwuu. Nhọrọ ya guzobere phonology nke Frommer ga-eji n'ịzụlite asụsụ Naʼvi ndị ọzọ - morphology, syntax, na okwu mmalite - ọrụ were ọnwa isii. == Mmepe == Frommer mepụtara okwu Naʼvi dịka achọrọ maka edemede ihe nkiri ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule oge nkedo maka ''Avatar'' malitere, asụsụ a zụlitere nke ọma na a chọrọ ka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-agụ na ịkpọ okwu Naʼvi n'oge a na-ekiri ya. N'oge agbapụ Frommer na-arụ ọrụ na nkedo, na-enyere ha aka ịghọta mkparịta ụka Naʼvi ha ma na-adụ ha ọdụ na ịkpọ okwu Naʼvi ha, nrụgide, na ụda olu . Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-emehiekarị n'asụsụ Naʼvi. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a kọwara ihie ụzọ ndị ahụ n'ụzọ ezi uche dị na ya dị ka ndị àgwà mmadụ ha ga-eme mgbe ha na-amụ asụsụ n'eluigwe na ala; n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, etinyere mmejọ ndị ahụ n'asụsụ ahụ. Frommer gbasaa okwu n'ihu na May 2009 mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na egwuregwu vidiyo <nowiki><i id="mwRA">Avatar</i></nowiki>, nke chọrọ okwu Naʼvi nke na-adịghị mkpa maka edemede ihe nkiri ahụ ma si otú a na-emepụtabeghị ya. Frommer sụgharịkwara na Naʼvi usoro abụ anọ nke Cameron dere na bekee, ma nyere ndị na-akụ ụda aka n'ịkpọ okwu ha n'oge ndekọ nke akara James Horner 's <nowiki><i id="mwSA">Avatar</i></nowiki> . N'oge e wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na Disemba 18, 2009, okwu Naʼvi nwere ihe dị ka okwu 1000. A ka na-arụ ọrụ n’asụsụ Naʼvi ọbụna mgbe e wepụtara fim ahụ. Frommer na-arụ ọrụ na compendium nke ọ na-ezube ibuga Fox n'ọdịnihu dị nso. <ref name="vf">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2009/12/brushing-up-on-navi-the-language-of-avatar.html|title=Brushing up on Naʼvi, the Language of ''Avatar''|journal=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|first=Julian|author=Sancton|date=December 1, 2009|accessdate=January 16, 2010}}</ref> Ọ na-atụ anya na asụsụ ahụ "ga-enwe ndụ nke ya," <ref name="lat">{{Cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/herocomplex/2009/11/usc-professor-creates-alien-language-for-avatar.html|title=USC professor creates an entire alien language for 'Avatar'|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|first=Geoff|author=Boucher|date=November 20, 2009|accessdate=January 16, 2010}}</ref> ma na-eche na ọ ga-abụ "ihe magburu onwe ya" ma ọ bụrụ na asụsụ ahụ zụlitere ndị na-esonụ. <ref name="uso" />Kemgbe ahụ, ọ zụlitere ihe ndị na-esonụ, dị ka ọ na-apụta ìhè site n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-amụ asụsụ ahụ. <ref name="ubc">{{Cite journal|date=July 28, 2011|title=Language of Avatar under study|url=https://news.ok.ubc.ca/2011/07/28/language-of-avatar-under-study/|journal=UBC Media Releases|accessdate=October 25, 2011}}</ref> Ọrụ Mgbasawanye Lexical nke obodo, yana Frommer, agbasala akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu karịa pasenti 50. Frommer na-edobe blọọgụ, Na'viteri, ebe ọ na-etinyekarị mgbakwunye na lexicon na nkọwa na ụtọ ụtọ asụsụ. Naʼviteri bụ isi mmalite nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke uto Naʼvi n'adabereghị na nkwekọrịta Frommer na 20th Century Fox. == Ọdịdị na ojiji == E mepụtara asụsụ Naʼvi n'okpuru mmachi atọ pụtara ìhè. Nke mbụ, Cameron chọrọ ka asụsụ ahụ dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma ma na-atọ ndị na-ege ntị ụtọ. Nke abụọ, ebe ọ bụ na akụkọ ahụ gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ bụ́ ndị mụtara ịsụ asụsụ ahụ, ọ ghaghị ịbụ asụsụ ụmụ mmadụ pụrụ ịmụta n’ụzọ ezi uche dị na ya. N'ikpeazụ, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ga-enwe ike ịkpọ mkparịta ụka Naʼvi ha n'enweghị ihe isi ike na-enweghị isi. Asụsụ n'ụdị ikpeazụ ya nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe n'asụsụ mmadụ, dị ka njikọta ọnụ site na iji infixes . A na-ahụ ihe niile gbasara asụsụ Naʼvi n'asụsụ mmadụ, mana njikọta a pụrụ iche. === phonology na orthography === Naʼvi enweghị plosive akpọpụtara dị ka [ b ] [ d ] [ ɡ ], mana o nwere consonants ejective [ pʼ ] [ tʼ ] [ kʼ ], nke a na-asụpe ''px, tx, kx.'' O nwekwara consonants syllabic ''ll'' na ''rr'' . E nwere ụdaume asaa, ''a ä ei ì o u.'' N'agbanyeghị na e mere ụda niile ka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ nwere ike ịkpọpụta, enwere ụyọkọ consonant pụrụ iche, dị ka ọ dị na {{Lang|art-US|fngap}} {{IPA|art-US|fŋap|}} "igwe". Mpịakọta naʼvi nwere ike ịdị mfe dị ka otu ụdaume, ma ọ bụ gbagwojuru anya dị ka {{Lang|art-US|skxawng}} "Moron" ma ọ bụ {{Lang|art-US|fngap}} n'elu (ma C C V C). Edebeghị asụsụ akụkọ ifo Naʼvi nke Pandora. Otú ọ dị, a na-ede ezigbo asụsụ (studio) n'asụsụ Latịn maka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ''Avatar'' . Ụfọdụ okwu gụnyere: {{Lang|art-US|zìsìt}} "afọ", {{Lang|art-US|fpeio}} "ihe ịma aka emume", {{Lang|art-US|’awve}} "mbụ" ( ''<nowiki/>'aw'' "otu"), {{Lang|art-US|muiä}} "dị mma", {{Lang|art-US|tireaioang}} "anụ mmụọ", {{Lang|art-US|tskxe}} "oke nkume", {{Lang|art-US|kllpxìltu}} "territory", {{Lang|art-US|uniltìrantokx}} "avatar" (nrọ-ije-ahụ). Enwere ụdaume monophthong asaa: Naʼvi enweghị ụdaume ogologo ma ọ bụ ụda, mana ọ na-enwe nrụgide dị iche iche: ''túte'' "mmadụ", ''tuté'' "nwoke nwanyị". Ọ bụ ezie na nrụgide nwere ike ịkwaga na ntinye, dị ka ebe a, ọ dịghị emetụta ya site na inflection (ikpe na aha, ike na ngwaa, wdg). Ya mere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ngwaa ''lu'' ("to be") nwere nrụgide na naanị ụdaume ya, bụ ''u,'' na n'agbanyeghị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ na-eme ya, nrụgide na-anọ na ụdaume ahụ: ''lolú'' "bụ" ( ''l ⟨ ol ⟩ u'' ), ''lolängú'' "was (ugh!)" ( ''l ⟨ ol ⟩ ⟨ äng ⟩'' ), wdg. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" | !Labial !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Glottal |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |{{IPA link|m}} {{grapheme|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} {{grapheme|n}} | |{{IPA link|ŋ}} {{grapheme|ng (g)}} | |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !{{small|plain}} |{{IPA link|p}} {{grapheme|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} {{grapheme|t}} | |{{IPA link|k}} {{grapheme|k}} |{{IPA link|ʔ}} {{grapheme|ʼ}} |- !{{small|[[Ejective consonant|ejective]]}} |{{IPA link|pʼ}} {{grapheme|px}} |{{IPA link|tʼ}} {{grapheme|tx}} | |{{IPA link|kʼ}} {{grapheme|kx}} | |- ! colspan="2" |Affricate | |{{IPA link|ts}} {{grapheme|ts (c)}} | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Fricative !{{small|voiceless}} |{{IPA link|f}} {{grapheme|f}} |{{IPA link|s}} {{grapheme|s}} | | |{{IPA link|h}} {{grapheme|h}} |- !{{small|voiced}} |{{IPA link|v}} {{grapheme|v}} |{{IPA link|z}} {{grapheme|z}} | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Approximant !{{small|central}} |{{IPA link|w}} {{grapheme|w}} |{{IPA link|ɾ}} {{grapheme|r}} |{{IPA link|j}} {{grapheme|y}} | | |- !{{small|lateral}} | |{{IPA link|l}} {{grapheme|l}} | | | |} The fricatives na africate, ''fv ts szh'', na-amachibidoro na mmalite nke syllable; ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime na mmalite ma ọ bụ na njedebe (ọ bụ ezie na ''wy'' na ikpeazụ ọnọdụ a na-ewere akụkụ nke diphthongs, dị ka ha na-eme naanị dị ka ''ay ey aw ew'' na ike na-esote ikpeazụ consonant ọzọ, dị ka na {{Lang|mis|skxawng}} "Moron"). Otú ọ dị, na mgbakwunye na ịpụta n'ihu ụdaume, ''f ts'' nwere ike ịmepụta ụyọkọ consonant na nke ọ bụla n'ime consonants na-enweghị njedebe ( plosives na liquids/glides ) ewezuga ''<nowiki/>''', na-eme maka ụyọkọ 39. Usoro ndị ọzọ na-eme n'ofe oke mkpụrụedemede, dị ka ''Naʼvi'' {{IPA|[naʔ.vi]}} na ''ikran'' {{IPA|[ik.ɾan]}} "banshee".   Naʼvi nwere usoro okwu efu . Dị ka ihe atụ, e nwere ike dee Bekee “Ahụrụ m gị” (nke a na-akpọkarị na Naʼvi) n’asụsụ Naʼvi: Ka ahịrịokwu na-adịwanye mgbagwoju anya, ụfọdụ okwu, dị ka adjectives na ndị na-adịghị mma, ga-anọrịrị n'ọnọdụ karịa ma ọ bụ na-adịchaghị mma n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, dabere n'ihe adjective ma ọ bụ adịghị mma na-akọwa. N'okwu a, adjective {{Lang|mis|sìltsan(a)}} (ezigbo) ga-adị mkpa ịnọrọ na aha ''trr'' (ụbọchị), yabụ na-amachi ahịrịokwu ahụ na njikọta ole na ole maka iwu nke ahịrịokwu, mana ọ bụrụhaala na ọ na-eso ma ọ bụ buru aha aha ahụ, ahịrịokwu ahụ dị mma. Site n'itinye njirimara ''a'' n'ihu adjective, enwere ike itinye adjective ahụ ka ọ bụrụ aha: ==== Aha aha ==== Nouns na Naʼvi na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu karịa ndị dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ mmadụ na-eme: ma e wezụga otu na plural, ọ bụghị nanị na ha nwere ụdị abụọ pụrụ iche maka ihe abụọ (anya, aka, ndị hụrụ n'anya, wdg), bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ mmadụ (English nwere ihe fọdụrụ na "ma"), kamakwa ụdị ikpe maka ihe atọ nke ihe, nke dị n'ụwa na-ahụ naanị na pronouns. A na-akara okike naanị mgbe ụfọdụ (na nhọrọ) akara. Ihe nrịbama nke otutu bu ''ay+,'' nke abuo bu ''m+.'' Ha abụọ na-akpalite lenition (gosiri site na akara "+" kama akara nkedo na-egosikarị oke nganiihu). N'aha nke na-anata lenition, enwere ike ịdaba prefix nke otutu, ya mere otutu nke {{Lang|mis|tokx}} "Ahu" bu ma {{Lang|mis|aysokx}} ma ọ bụ naanị {{Lang|mis|sokx}} . Enwere ike ịmata aha nwoke na nwanyị site na suffix. Enweghị akụkọ (okwu maka "a" ma ọ bụ "nke"). Ajụjụ aha aha n'ime usoro nke atọ, nke dị ụkọ n'etiti asụsụ mmadụ. Na usoro nke atọ, e nwere ụdị dị iche iche maka ihe nkebiokwu, dị ka "ọ na-agba <u>bọl</u> "; onye nnọchi anya nkebi okwu transitive nke nwere ihe dị otú ahụ, dị ka na " <u>ọ</u> na-agba bọọlụ"; na isiokwu nke okwu intransitive, nke na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla, dị ka " <u>ọ</u> na-agba ọsọ". Edebere ihe na suffix ebubo ebubo ''-ti,'' yana onye nnọchite nwere suffix ergative ''-l'', ebe isiokwu intransitive enweghị suffix ikpe. Iji ụdị ikpe dị otú ahụ na-ahapụ usoro okwu nke Naʼvi n'efu. Enwere ikpe abụọ ọzọ - genitive in ''-yä'', dative in ''-ru'' - yana akara isiokwu ''-ri'' . A na-eji nke ikpeazụ ewebata isiokwu nke nkebiokwu ahụ, ma ọ dịtụ ka Japanese ''wa'' na bekee na-adịkarịghị adịkarị "dị ka maka". Ọ na-ebute ụzọ n'okwu nke aha: ya bụ, mgbe a na-eme aha aha n'elu, na-emekarị na mmalite nke nkebiokwu ahụ, ọ na-ewe suffix ''-ri'' karịa okwu suffix nke mmadụ ga-atụ anya site n'ọrụ ụtọ asụsụ ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na,   : ebe ọ bụ na isiokwu bụ "M", isiokwu "imi" jikọtara ya na "m": Ya bụ, a ghọtara na ọ bụ "imi m". "Imi" n'onwe ya enweghị akara maka ikpe, dịka ọ bụ isiokwu nke ngwaa intransitive "ịbụ". Otú ọ dị, n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, a na-eji genitive marker -yä maka nke a. E wezụga nke ahụ, ọrụ nke aha na nkebiokwu nwere ike iji nkwenye gosi . Nkwenye ọ bụla nwere ike ime dị ka ma ọ bụ preposition n'ihu aha, ma ọ bụ dị ka enclitic mgbe aha, nnwere onwe ka ukwuu karịa Bekee na-enye ohere. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, "na gị" nwere ike ịbụ ''hu nga'' ma ọ bụ {{Lang|mis|ngahu}} . Mgbe ejiri ya dị ka enclitics, ha dị ka ọtụtụ ikpe a na-ahụ na Hungarian na Finnish . Mgbe ejiri ya dị ka prepositions, karịa n'ahịrị nke ihe English na-eme, ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-akpali lenition. Otu n'ime okwu amụma leniting bụ ''m'' "in", dị ka {{Lang|mis|mì sokx}} "n'ime ahu". Nke a nwere ike bute mgbaghara ụfọdụ na mkpirisi plural: {{Lang|mis|mì sokx}} nwekwara ike ịbụ mkpụmkpụ maka {{Lang|mis|mì aysokx}} "n'ime ahu". <ref>When ''mì'' is used as an enclitic, however, the noun is not lenited: {{Lang|mis|tokxmì}} "in the body", {{Lang|mis|xokxmì}} "in the bodies".</ref> Mkpọaha Naʼvi na-eme ka njikọta ọnụ . Ya bụ, e nwere okwu dị iche iche maka "anyị" dabere ma onye na-ekwu okwu na-agụnye onye adreesị ya ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. E nwekwara ụdị pụrụ iche maka "anyị abụọ" (ya na ma ọ bụ na-enweghị onye adreesị), "anyị atọ", wdg. Ha adịghị emetụta maka okike; ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-ekwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị na "ọ" na "nwanyị", ihe dị iche bụ nhọrọ. Ụdị nkwado nke "M" na "gị" bụ ''ohe'' na ''ngenga'' . Ụdị nwere ikike gụnyere ''ngeyä'' "nke gị" na ''peyä'' "her/his". Enwere ike ịwapụta "He" na "she" dị ka ''poan'' na ''poé'' . A na-emekwa ihe dị iche iche nke ụtọ asụsụ site na aha aha. ==== Adjectives ==== Naʼvi adjectives enweghị mgbanwe — ya bụ, ha ekwenyeghị na aha ha na-agbanwe — ma nwee ike ime tupu ma ọ bụ mgbe aha ya gasịrị. A na-eji syllable akara ha akara '','' nke etinyere n'akụkụ kacha nso na aha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, "osimiri dị ogologo" nwere ike ịkọwa ma ọ bụ:    Usoro n'efu na-ejide njirimara niile: Genitives (nwere) na nkebiokwu nwere ike buru ụzọ ma ọ bụ soro aha ha na-agbanwe. Nke ikpeazụ na-enye ohere maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwu dị ukwuu. Mgbakwunye njirimara ''a- ka'' a na-eji naanị mgbe adjective na-agbanwe aha. Okwu amụma kama were “be” ngwaa ''lu'' :   ==== Ngwaa ==== A na-ejikọta ngwaa maka ike na akụkụ, mana ọ bụghị maka mmadụ . Ya bụ, ha na-edekọ ihe dị iche iche dị ka "A bụ m, abụ m, m ga-eme", ma ọ bụghị dị ka "Abụ m, anyị bụ, ọ bụ". Njikọta na-adabere naanị na infixes, nke dị ka suffixes mana banye n'ime ngwaa ahụ. "Ịchụ nta", dịka ọmụmaatụ, bụ ''taron'', mana "ịchụ nta" bụ ''t ⟨ ol ⟩ aron'', ya na infix ''⟨ ol ⟩'' . Enwere ọnọdụ abụọ maka infixes: mgbe mmalite (nhọrọ consonant(s)) nke penultimate syllable, na mgbe mmalite nke ikpeazụ syllable. N'ihi na ọtụtụ ngwaa Na'vi nwere mkpụrụokwu abụọ, ndị a na-emekarị na syllable nke mbụ na nke ikpeazụ. N'okwu monosyllabic dị ka ''lu'' "be", ha abụọ na-apụta mgbe mmalite mmalite, na-edebe usoro ikwu ha. A na-ewere ọnọdụ infix nke mbụ site na infixes maka ike, akụkụ, ọnọdụ, ma ọ bụ ngwakọta ya; na-apụtakwa n'ọnọdụ a bụ akụkụ, mgbanwe, na ụdị ihe kpatara ya, nke abụọ n'ime ha nwere ike imekọ ihe na-eme ihe na-adịghị mma / akụkụ / ọnọdụ infix site n'ibu ya ụzọ. Oge gara aga, na-adịbeghị anya gara aga, ugbu a (enweghị akara), ọdịnihu, na ọdịnihu ozugbo; akụkụ zuru oke (mechara ma ọ bụ nwere) yana ezughị okè (na-aga n'ihu ma ọ bụ enweghị). Ụdị nlegharị anya ahụ adịghị n'asụsụ bekee mana ha dị ka ihe dị iche n'etiti 'ịmere' na 'na-eme'. : ''taron'' [hunt] "hunta" : ''t ⟨ ìm ⟩ aron'' [ichu nta ⟨ REC ⟩ ] "dị nnọọ ịchụ nta" : ''t ⟨ ay ⟩ aron'' [ichu nta ⟨ FUT ⟩ ] "ga-achụ nta" : ''t ⟨ er ⟩ aron'' [ichu nta ⟨ IMPV ⟩ ] "ịchu nta" : ''t ⟨ ol ⟩ aron'' [ichu nta ⟨ PFV ⟩ ] "ahụrụ" : ''t ⟨ ì ⟨ r ⟩ m ⟩ aron'' [ịchu nta ⟨ REC ⟨ IMPV ⟩ ⟩ ] "bụ nnọọ ịchụ nta" Ọ dịghị mkpa ka a kara aka na akụkụ ahụ mgbe enwere ike ịghọta ya site na gburugburu ma ọ bụ ebe ọzọ na ahịrịokwu ahụ. A na-ewere ọnọdụ infix nke abụọ site na infixes maka mmetụta (àgwà onye na-ekwu okwu, ma ọ bụ nke ọma ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị mma) na maka ihe akaebe (ejighị n'aka ma ọ bụ ihe ọmụma na-apụtaghị ìhè). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ekele dị na ngalaba nke aha, ''Oel ngati kameie'' "Ahụrụ m gị", ngwaa ''kame'' "ịhụ" na-egosipụta nke ọma dị ka ''kam ⟨ ei ⟩ e'' iji gosi obi ụtọ ọkà okwu nwere n'izute gị. N'ahịrịokwu na-esote, ''Oeri ontu teya längu'' "Imi juru m (nke na-esi ísì ya)", Otú ọ dị, nkebi ahịrịokwu ''teya lu'' "zuru ezu" na-egosipụta pejoratively dị ka ''teya l ⟨ äng ⟩ u'' iji gosi enweghị mmasị nke ọkà okwu na ahụmahụ ahụ. Ihe atụ nwere ọnọdụ infix abụọ jupụtara: === Lexicon === Asụsụ Naʼvi nwere ihe karịrị okwu 2,600 ugbu a. Ndị a gụnyere okwu mbinye ego Bekee ole na ole dị ka ''kunsìp'' "egbe". Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu zuru oke, gụnyere ụdị inflectional, dị na ntanetị na https://reykunyu.lu, http://dict-navi.com ma ọ bụ https://fwew.app . Na mgbakwunye, obodo ndị na-asụ asụsụ na-arụkọ ọrụ na Dr. Frommer iji kwalite asụsụ ahụ. Naʼvi bụ asụsụ modular nke ukwuu na ọnụọgụ mkpụrụokwu enwere ike karịa karịa mkpụrụ okwu ọkọwa okwu 2,600. Dịka ọmụmaatụ: ''rol'' "ịbụ abụ" → ''tìrusol'' "omume nke ịbụ abụ" ma ọ bụ ''ngop'' "iji mepụta" → ''ngopyu'' "onye okike". Usoro iji okwu ndị dị adị na-abakwa ụba na Naʼvi corpus, dị ka {{Lang|mis|eltu lefngap}} "ụbụrụ dara" maka "kọmputa" na ''palulukantsyìp'' "obere thanator " maka "cat". == Hụkwa ==   * Asụsụ Kiliki * Asụsụ akụkọ ifo * Ndepụta asụsụ arụrụ arụ == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite web|url=http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1977|title=Some highlights of Naʼvi|first=Paul|author=Frommer|authorlink=Paul Frommer|work=Language Log|date=December 19, 2009|accessdate=January 9, 2010}} * {{Cite web|url=http://usoproject.blogspot.com/2009/11/interview-with-paul-frommer-alien.html|title=An interview with Paul Frommer, Alien Language Creator for Avatar|work=Unidentified Sound Object|first=Matteo|author=Milani|date=November 24, 2009|accessdate=January 9, 2010}} * {{Cite journal|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2009/12/brushing-up-on-navi-the-language-of-avatar.html|title=Brushing up on Naʼvi, the Language of ''Avatar''|journal=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|first=Julian|author=Sancton|date=December 1, 2009|accessdate=January 9, 2010}} * {{Cite book|title=James Cameron's Avatar: A Confidential Report on the Biological and Social History of Pandora|publisher=!t (HarperCollins)|location=New York City|first=Maria|author=Wilhelm|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-189675-0|url=https://archive.org/details/avatarconfidenti00mari}} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/06/magazine/06FOB-onlanguage-t.html|title=Skxawng!|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Benjamin|author=Zimmer|authorlink=Benjamin Zimmer|date=December 4, 2009|accessdate=January 9, 2010}} This includes a sound recording of Frommer saying several phrases in Naʼvi. == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Na'vi language}} * [http://naviteri.org Naviteri.org] - blọgụ Paul Frommer gbasara asụsụ Naʼvi * [http://learnnavi.org LearnNavi.org] - Nzukọ obodo, akụrụngwa mmụta asụsụ Naʼvi, akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu (ọtụtụ asụsụ), ntuziaka ụtọ asụsụ, na ndị ọzọ. * [https://Kelutral.org Kelutral.org] - akụrụngwa ọgbara ọhụrụ, nkuzi, na obodo maka ịmụ Asụsụ Na'vi. * [https://reykunyu.lu/ Reykunyu] - Reykunyu bụ akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Na'vi dị n'ịntanetị na-eme enyi, na-akwado ntụgharị asụsụ gaa na site na Bekee, German, French na asụsụ ndị ọzọ. * [http://dict-navi.com/en/ Dict-Naʼvi.com] - Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu dị n'ịntanetị Naʼvi/Bekee (ọtụtụ asụsụ) * [https://fwew.app fwew.app] - Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu dị n'ịntanetị Naʼvi/Bekee (ọtụtụ asụsụ) * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_8409000/8409319.stm Ajụjụ ọnụ BBC sitere na Disemba 2009] nke Frommer na-agụ akụkụ nke ''Hunt Song'' (mgbasa ozi 0818: 3'30) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4bZRIwI-QA TheFatRat & Maisy Kay - Oké Ifufe (Vidiyo Egwu Official)] - Abụ nwere akụkụ egwu ya na Naʼvi [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dxwz1dluwnekxzsb0tl86nb8kl387z8 0 59139 693115 204716 2026-07-31T11:04:54Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 693115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|date=2000}} '''Obokuitai''' (Obogwitai) bụ [[Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị|asụsụ ọdọ mmiri dị larịị]] nke Papua, Indonesia . Akpọrọ ya aha obodo ''Obogwi'' dị na East Central Mambermano District, Mamberamo Raya Regency . <ref name="Ethnologue22-ID">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ID/languages|title=Indonesia languages|work=[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World|editor=Eberhard|date=2019|publisher=[[SIL International]]}}</ref> Obokuitai, Sikaritai, na Eritai mebere ụyọkọ olumba . == fonology == Mkparịta ụka a gbadoro ụkwụ na Jenison & Jenison (1991). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jenison|first=Scott|year=1991|title=Obokuitai phonology|journal=Workpapers in Indonesian languages and cultures|volume=9|pages=69–90}}</ref> Njirimara phonology na-adịghị ahụkebe nke Obokuitai na asụsụ dị larịị nke ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ bụ enweghị imi zuru oke, ọbụlagodi ụda olu, yana usoro ụdaume dị elu ma ọ bụ nke nwere mgbakasị ahụ nke malitere site na nfu nke consonant nkwụsị na-esote. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clouse|first=Duane|year=1997|title=Toward a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plain languages of Irian Jaya|journal=Papers in Papuan Linguistics|volume=2|pages=133–236}}</ref> Obokuitai nwere otu n'ime ngwa ekwentị kacha nta n'ụwa, hà nhata asụsụ Pirahã na [[Asụsụ Rotoka|Rotokas]] na fọnịm iri na otu. === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! ! Labial ! Coronal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Kwụsị | b | t d | k | |- ! Nke na-ese okwu | | s | | h |} Obere ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa bụ ụdị asụsụ Ọdọ Plain. Obokuitai nwere ụfọdụ ụda ndị ọzọ dị ka allophones. Nkwụsị ụda olu a na-ekwu, [g], na-apụta mkpuruokwu mbido na-eso mkpọda ikpeazụ /k/. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, /dikka/ -> [digga], 'di nwanne nwunye'. Mgbatụ ma ọ bụ flap a na-akpọ alveolar, [ɾ], na-apụta n'etiti ụdaume n'ọnọdụ mbido yana kwa dị ka onye nke abụọ n'ụyọkọ consonant na ọnọdụ mbido mkpịrịsị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, /bɛda/ -> [bɛɾa], 'ụdị nduku ụtọ'. === Udaume === Obokuitai nwere ụdaume ise. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! ! N'ihu ! Azu |- ! Elu | i | u |- ! N'etiti | ɛ | o |- ! Dị ala | colspan="2" | a |} === Ụda === Dịka asụsụ [[Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị|Ọdọ Mmiri]] ndị ọzọ, Obokuitai bụ ụda olu . L, H na HL na-eme n'otu okwu ọnụ. A ka ga-emecha nyocha nke usoro ụda olu. Otú ọ dị, a na-egosipụta akụkụ ụda ụda nke nwere ike ịbụ site na triad ''kuik ¹'' 'rock', ''kuik ²'' 'ụmụ ahụhụ' (sp.) na ''kuik ¹²'' 'ngwere' (sp.). == Nkpọaha == Nnochiaha nwere ike na Obokuitai bụ: <ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433-568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! ! sg ! pl |- ! 1 | i ba | ihe |- ! 2 | mee | deo |- ! 3 | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | o |} == Ngwaa == Obokuitai nwere prefixes okwu atọ bụ: <ref name="Foley-NWNG" /> : 538     Enwere suffixes okwu abụọ pụtara ìhè: <ref name="Foley-NWNG" />: 538  * ''-kua'' : ezughị okè * - ''di'' ~ - ''ei'' ~ ''Ø'' : zuru oke Ndị a nwekwara ụdị “ndabere”, nke ejiri ya na ihe Foley na-ezo aka dị ka “okwu nkwekọrịta ndabere ndabere”. <ref name="Foley-NWNG" /> : 538  * - ''hoíd'' : ezughị okè * - ''ndewo'' : zuru oke == Ụmụ irighiri ihe == Ihe ikpeazụ dị na Obokuitai: <ref name="Foley-NWNG" /> : 538–539  * ''ke'' : exclamatory * ''ia'' : eziokwu * ''te ~ toi'' : dị mkpa * ''bi'' : ee- mba ajuju * ''se'' : ozi ajụjụ ajụjụ * ''beid'' : adịghị mma == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} gibzcjo8nbnkse1589z1wul2k8lfpv7 0 59140 693057 204718 2026-07-31T08:24:58Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 693057 wikitext text/x-wiki Ndị Negrito nke Philippines na-asộhụ Philippine dị iche iche.  Ha nwere ihe ha na àgwà ndị agbata obi ibe ha, [1] ma depụta ebe a ikike dị ka sie maka ike. == Nchịkọta == A na-achịkọta asụsụ ndị a dabere na ọnọdụ ala ha, ọ bụghị nkewa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Lobel (2013) [1] depụtara ndị na-esonụ Black Filipino (ya bụ, Philippine Negrito) ethnolinguistic otus.   (Lobel (2010) ) [1] depụtara ndepụta Negrito ndị a na-asụrụ n'afọ oké osimiri mmalite nke Luzon Island, depụtara site n'ebe ugwu ruo n'ebe ndịda.  ) * Dupaningan Agta (alaka nke North Luzon) * Pahanan Agta * Casiguran Agta * Umiray Dumaget * Remontado/Hatang-Kayi * Inagta Alabat * Manide * Òtù Inagta * Inagta Rinconada Ọzọkwa, Robinson & Lobel (2013) [1] na-ekwu na Dupaningan Agta, Pahanan Agta, Casiguran Agta, Nagtipunan Agta, Dinapigue Agta, na Paranan echiche nke alaka Northern Cordilleran, kama ọ bụ alaka ọzọ ha na-akpọ Northeast Luzon, nke ha weere dị ka alaka mbụ nke Northern Luzon (Cordilleran).). * Ayta Mag-indi * Ayta Mag-anchi * [[Asụsụ Abellen|Ayta Abellen]] * Ayta Ambala * a.k.a.-linkid="91" href="./Magbeken_Ayta_language" id="mwSA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Magbeken Ayta language">Ayta Bataan (nke a na-akpọ Ayta Magbukun) * Inagta Rinconada * Òtù Inagta * Manide * Inagta Alabat (na Inagta Lopez) * Ugwu Iraya Agta (nke a na-akpọ East Lake Buhi Agta) * Dicamay Agta: a na-asụ ya n'Osimiri Dicamay n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Sierra Madre nso Jones, Isabela; a kọrọ na ndị Ilokano homesteaders kpochapụrụ ya n'oge ụfọdụ n'etiti 1957 na 1974 <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Thirty endangered languages in the Philippines|first=Thomas N.|author=Headland|year=2003|journal=Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session|volume=47|issue=1|doi=10.31356/silwp.vol47.01}}</ref> * [[Asụsụ Atta|Obodo Viciosa Agta]] Ethnologue na- ike Katabaga nke Catanauan, Quezon, ndịda Luzon.  Ọ bụ Garvan depụtara ahụ na mbụ.[1]  Katabaga bụ n'ezie ụmụaka na-akụzi ezi nke Katabangan, aha ndị mmadụ na-eji hụrụ onwe ha.  Ụfọdụ ndị nọ na mpaghara Bikol na- isiokwu okwu Katabangan na-ezo aka na ekwukọta Agta na mpaghara ahụ.  Lobel na-akọ site na mbụ 2006 na Katabangan na-asụ Tagalog.  [6] Dị ka Lobel si kwuo (2013), dabere na ọnọdụ ha, ọ bụrụ na Katabangan nwere n'ezie akwụkwọ nke ha, ọ nwere ike ịbụ na ọ nwere njikọ na Inagta Alabat-Lopez (lee Asụsụ Inagta Alabat) na Manide.  Louward Allen Zubiri na-akọ na e nwere mmadụ 670 na obodo Katabangan, nakwa na e igwe ndị bi na Mulanay, Gumaca, Lopez, na Alabat.  Ọ na-akọkwa okwu okwu ole na ole nke Katabangan na-echeta nke na-enye ihe ọmụmụ maka chiri anya nke aha ha furu efu ugbu a na Manide na Inagta Alabat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/CR_Comments_2019-024.pdf|title=ISO 639-3 Change Request 2019-024}}</ref> === Reid (1994) === Reid (1994) depụtara asụsụ Negrito ndị a.<ref name="Reid1994">{{Cite journal|author=Reid|first=Lawrence A.|date=1994|title=Possible Non-Austronesian Lexical Elements in Philippine Negrito Languages|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|language=en|volume=33|issue=1|pages=37–72|doi=10.2307/3623000}}</ref> * Ebe Ugwu Agta ** [[Asụsụ Atta|Ebe Ugwu Cagayan]] ** Central Cagayan ** Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Cagayan ** [[Asụsụ Atta|Ndịda Cagayan]] ** Ndịda Isabela ** Aurora * Arta 12 fọdụrụ na [[Quirino]]" id="mwog" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Aglipay, Quirino">Aglipay, Quirino, na 1990 * Alta ** North Alta - a na-asụ ya na Aurora ProvinceÓgbè Aurora ** South Alta (Kabuluen) - a na-asụ ya na Nueva Ecija na Bulacan Provinces * Central Agta - a na-asụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Luzon; gụnyere Umiray * South Agta (&amp;gt; Manide) ** Camarines Norte (&amp;gt; Manide) ** Camarines Sud (&amp;gt; Inagta Rinconada, Inagta Partido) * Sinauna (&amp;gt; Remontado/Hatang-Kayi) * Ayta - asụsụ 6 dị iche iche a na-asụ na Ugwu Zambales dị ka Wimbish si kwuo (1986): <ref name="Wimbish">{{Cite journal|author=Wimbish|first=John|year=1986|title=The languages of the Zambales mountains: a Philippine lexicostatistic study|journal=Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session|volume=30|pages=133–142|doi=10.31356/silwp.vol30.08}}</ref> ** [[Asụsụ Abellen|Abelen]] ** [[Asụsụ Abellen|Aberlen]] ** Magganchi ** Maggindi ** Ambala ** Magbeken Ayta === Reid (2013) === Reid (2013) [1] na-ewere egwu Negrito nke Philippines (nke e sere na bold) ka ha kewaa n'ụzọ na-esonụ.  Reid (2013) na-ewere ma ọ bụ otu Negrito ọ àlà dị ka nkewa nke mbụ na ngalaba ya, na Inati na Manide-Alabat dị ka obere m nke Malayo-Polynesian.. * Malay-Polynesia (MP) ** ''alaka dị iche iche nke MP na mpụga Philippines'' ** ''Bashiic'', ''Kalamianic na alaka ndị ọzọ nke MP na Philippines na-enweghị asụsụ Negrito'' ** '''Manide-Alabat''' ** '''Inati''' ** Asụsụ ndị dị n'Ebe Ugwu Luzon *** '''Arta''' *** '''Umiray Dumaget''' (?) *** '''Asụsụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Luzon''' *** Asụsụ ndị dị na Ndagwurugwu Cagayan *** Ilokano *** Asụsụ Meso-Cordilleran **** '''Ebe Ugwu Alta''' **** '''Ndịda Alta''' **** Asụsụ ndịda Cordilleran **** Asụsụ ndị dị na Central Cordilleran ** Asụsụ ndị dị n'etiti Luzon *** Remontado Dumagat ('''Sinauna Tagalog''') *** Kapampangan *** Asụsụ Sambalic **** '''Asụsụ Ayta''' **** Asụsụ Sambal ** Asụsụ ndị dị n'etiti Philippines *** '''Mamanwa''' *** Tagalog *** Ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè *** Bisayan *** Mansaka Lobel (2010) [1] depụtara mgbidi ndị na-esonụ nke ihe ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke iche nke okwu n'ime 1,000 okwu e jiri ya okpukpe n'asụsụ Negrito ndị a, nke Reid (1994) [2] na-atụ aro na ọ bụ ihe ndị ike na okwu site na substrata pre-Austronesian nke ike Negrito ndị ahụ nwere ike sere.  Manide na Umiray Dumaget nwere ihe ndị ndọrọ iche n'okwu. Asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ndị isi egwuregwu Eshia nwere oke okwu nke nwere ike isi na ya iche Asụsụ Enggano nke Indonesia na Asụsụ Kenaboi nke Malaysia.. Reid (1994) <ref name="Reid1994" /> depụtara ụdị ndị a e wughachiri dị ka ihe ndị na-abụghị nke Austronesian na asụsụ Negrito nke Philippines. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Mba. !Nkọwa !Ụdị e wughachiri !Alaka ndị e dere ede |- |1. |rattan |*lati |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Alta |- |2. |òké |*kuyəŋ |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Alta, Central Agta |- |3. |ihere |*aməs |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Alta, Central Agta |- |4. |akwara |*litid |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Alta, Central Agta |- |5. |olili ozu, n'etiti |*tapuR |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Alta, Central Agta |- |6. |ọmịiko, obiọma |*Rəbi |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta, Alta |- |7. |agwọ |*babak |Alta, Central Agta, Sinauna |- |8. |akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ |*pələk |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta |- |9. |ịchụ nta |*purab |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta |- |10. |mgbada, buck |*b[ia]dut |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta |- |11. |mbọ mkpịsị aka |*[l]usip |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta |- |12. |penis |*g[ia]ləŋ |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta |- |13. |mgbidi |*g na-agafe |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta |- |14. |nkịta, nkịta |*lapul |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta |- |15. |ọkụ |*dukut |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta |- |16. |ntutu isi, ábụ́bà |*pulug |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta |- |17. |ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ |*ləbut |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Alta |- |18. |chefuo |*liksap |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Alta |- |19. |nzukọ |*kwurịta okwu/*kwurịta |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Alta |- |20. |ihu |*[l]aŋas |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Ebe Ndịda Agta |- |21. |nzukọ |*kurut |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Ebe Ndịda Agta |- |22. |ísì ụtọ |*səlub |Arta, Alta |- |23. |ogwe aka |*sula |Alta, Central Agta |- |24. |ngwa ngwa |*pariparipari |Alta, Central Agta |- |25. |mara (s.o.) |*Nwanne nne |Alta, Central Agta |- |26. |akwụkwọ osisi |*agid |Alta, Central Agta |- |27. |nwoke, nwoke |* Ọrịa |Alta, Central Agta |- |28. |lee |*lawi[g] |Alta, Central Agta |- |29. |mgbidi |*sagbuŋ |Alta, Central Agta |- |30. |ubu |*sugbuŋ/*subuŋ (-an) |Alta, South Agta |- |31. |ịgba ọsọ |*kaldit |Alta, South Agta |- |32. |Akwụkwọ betel |*li[t]lit |Alta, Ayta |- |33. |nsụda mmiri |*gərəy |Central Agta, Sinauna |- |34. |soro |*Nke a na-eme |Ebe Ugwu Alta, Ebe Ndịda Alta |- |35. |mara |*ənul |Ebe Ugwu Alta, Ebe Ndịda Alta |- |36. |onye umengwụ |*b[ia]kət |Ebe Ugwu Alta, Ebe Ndịda Alta |- |37. |ime |*tuyud |Ebe Ugwu Alta, Ebe Ndịda Alta |- |38. |ụra |*Plted |Ebe Ugwu Alta, Ebe Ndịda Alta |- |39. |ịdị arọ |*ụmụ ihe |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |40. |ọkpụrụkpụ |*bagəl |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |41. |ilu |*təkak |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |42. |urukurubụba |*lullu/*lilli |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |43. |kpọrọ nkụ n'anyanwụ |*sarun |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |44. |nụ |*tima[n, ŋ] |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |45. |ịchụ nta |*lagum |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |46. |ugwu |* Amugud |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |47. |ochie (obj.) |*ligid |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |48. |anyanwụ |*Papalak |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |49. |ahịhịa ahịhịhịa |*sarik |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |50. |tụfuo (n'èzí) |*tugbak |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |51. |mbọ mkpịsị aka |*lu/*[l]udis |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |52. |ịgba ọsọ |*Zụta |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |53. |nku |*ụmụ anụmanụ |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |54. |ịtụba |*b[ia]sag |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |55. |nsụda mmiri |* Ihe mgbochi |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |56. |ubu |*dapi |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |57. |oku |*Dulaị |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |58. |Ọsụsọ |*asub |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |59. |urukurubụba |*lumlum/*limlim |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |60. |nọdụ ala |*tugkuk |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |61. |akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ |*g[ia]mtaŋ |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |62. |mamịrị |*nọdụ ala |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |63. |ịga ije |*a na-atụle ya |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |64. |nụ |*Sanig |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |65. |rattan |*karat |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |66. |ịgba ọsọ |*Gutuk |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |67. |nnu |*b[ia]gəl |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |68. |ehihie | (ma-) *lutəp |Arta |- |69. |na-abịa |*digdigdigdig |Arta |- |70. |ọkpụkpụ |*dị nsọ |Arta |- |71. |urukurubụba |*pippun |Arta |- |72. |ihe ọṅụṅụ |*oge |Arta |- |73. |ntị |*ibəŋ |Arta |- |74. |lime |*ŋusu |Arta |- |75. |nwoke, nwoke |*N'afọ _ N'afọ _ |Arta |- |76. |anwụnta |*buŋur |Arta |- |77. |agadi (nwoke) |*dupu |Arta |- |78. |otu |*sipaŋ |Arta |- |79. |Mmiri ozuzo |*Nke a na-akpọ |Arta |- |80. |ịgba ọsọ |*gurugud |Arta |- |81. |kwuo, gwa |*ụmụ nwoke |Arta |- |82. |ụra |*idəm |Arta |- |83. |abụọ |* ụbụrụ |Arta |- |84. |ọkụ |*təmuk |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |85. |oku |*ŋuk |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |86. |ọdịda |*bəwəl |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |87. |ọpụpụ |*əg[ʔk]aŋ |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |88. |mkpụrụ osisi |*ian |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |89. |nụ |*Tibəŋ |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |90. |kụọ, kụọ |*pu[ʔk]na |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |91. |dina ala |*Sudaŋ |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |92. |igurube |*pəsal |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |93. |ogologo oge |*lə[ʔk]aw |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |94. |penis |* Jima'i |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |95. |put, ebe |*dətun |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |96. |uhie |*silit |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |97. |ịchọ |*Alyuk |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |98. |guzo |*payuŋ |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |99. |Chere |*tanud |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |100. |ndanda |*il[əu]m |Ndịda Alta |- |101. |ojii |*lit[əu]b |Ndịda Alta |- |102. |blow (v.) |*Onye na-ewe |Ndịda Alta |- |103. |ọkụ |*tiduk |Ndịda Alta |- |104. |olili ozu, n'etiti |*ụgbụgbọ |Ndịda Alta |- |105. |urukurubụba | (ma-) *lawak |Ndịda Alta |- |106. |ogwe aka |*Tụ́lị |Ndịda Alta |- |107. |oku |*gawi |Ndịda Alta |- |108. |Carabao |*uduŋ (-an) |Ndịda Alta |- |109. |ákwá |*Keebi |Ndịda Alta |- |110. |omimi |*tanaw |Ndịda Alta |- |111. |ọdịda (v.) |* peeji nke |Ndịda Alta |- |112. |ọgụ/ọgụ |*itaw |Ndịda Alta |- |113. |mbọ mkpịsị aka |*lunu |Ndịda Alta |- |114. |uwe elu |*g[ia]nat |Ndịda Alta |- |115. |ogologo oge |*təwali |Ndịda Alta |- |116. |ndị ọzọ (diff.) |*kalad |Ndịda Alta |- |117. |put, ebe |*bənu |Ndịda Alta |- |118. |Mmiri ozuzo |*ụmụ ihe |Ndịda Alta |- |119. |nọdụ ala |* n'etiti |Ndịda Alta |- |120. |guzo |*ịhụnanya |Ndịda Alta |- |121. |ọdụ |*Lomboŋ |Ndịda Alta |- |122. |atọ |*saŋay |Ndịda Alta |- |123. |osisi, osisi |*lab[ia]t |Ndịda Alta |- |124. |eziokwu |*kuduR |Ndịda Alta |- |125. |akụkụ ahụ nwanyị | (i-) *plaŋ |Ndịda Alta |- |126. |di ya nwụrụ, di ya nwụrụ | (na-) * kwuru |Ndịda Alta |- |127. |ifufe |*kabu (-an) |Ndịda Alta |- |128. |ọkpụkpụ |*kaks (-an) |Central Agta |- |129. |oku |*ulaŋ |Central Agta |- |130. |ịrịgo |*dawit |Central Agta |- |131. |Agụ iyi | (maŋ-) *atu |Central Agta |- |132. |ábụ́bà |*putputput |Central Agta |- |133. |ntutu isi |*sapuk |Central Agta |- |134. |ịchụ nta |*Ijikọ |Central Agta |- |135. |ladle |*lukuy |Central Agta |- |136. |ogologo oge |*Luy |Central Agta |- |137. |ee e, ee e |*Eyen |Central Agta |- |138. |pound |*buntul |Central Agta |- |139. |Mmiri ozuzo |* Tapuk |Central Agta |- |140. |ịgba ọsọ |*g[ia]kan |Central Agta |- |141. |ájá |* n'èzí |Central Agta |- |142. |nọdụ ala |* Lipa |Central Agta |- |143. |ụra |*pede |Central Agta |- |144. |guzo |*[uə]di |Central Agta |- |145. |Ọsụsọ |*aldut/*ald[ia]t |Central Agta |- |146. |akụkụ ahụ nwanyị |* Akpụkpọ ahụ (-an) |Central Agta |- |147. |mmiri, osimiri |*urat |Central Agta |- |148. |ọcha |*Lapsay |Central Agta |- |149. |ọkụ |*adiŋ |Ndịda Agta |- |150. |anwụnta |*kubuŋ |Ndịda Agta |- |151. |ubu |*mugmug (-an) |Ndịda Agta |- |152. |ụra |*lubat |Ndịda Agta |- |153. |nwa |*ubun |Sinauna |- |154. |akwụkwọ osisi |*hayin |Sinauna |- |155. |nọdụ ala |*səna |Sinauna |- |156. |nkume |*igaŋ |Sinauna |- |157. |ifufe |*rugus |Sinauna |- |158. |lee |*ụmụ anụmanụ |Ayta |} Reid na-ewere endonym *ʔa (R) ta, nke ụdị 'onye', ka ọ bụrụ okwu Negrito nke e ịhụ gbazite n'asụsụ Austronesian nke ere 'nwoke nwere akpụkpọ ojii'.<ref name="Reid2013">{{Cite journal|author=Reid|first=Lawrence A.|year=2013|url=http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/15|title=Who Are the Philippine Negritos? Evidence from Language|journal=Human Biology|volume=85|issue=1}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|editor=Adelaar|title=The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=9780415681537}} * {{Cite web|author=Greenhill|first=Simon J.|url=https://abvd.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/|title=Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database|year=2008}} * {{Cite journal|author=Greenhill|first=Simon J.|year=2008|title=The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics|journal=Evolutionary Bioinformatics|volume=4|pages=271–283|doi=10.4137/EBO.S893|pmid=19204825}} * {{Cite book|editor=Wouk|title=The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems|publisher=Australian National University|year=2002|doi=10.15144/PL-518|isbn=0-85883-477-4}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [[wiktionary:en:Appendix:Austronesian Swadesh lists|Okwu ntụnyere nke asụsụ Philippine na asụsụ Austronesian ndị ọzọ]] * [[wiktionary:en:Appendix:Cognate sets for Austronesian languages|Ụdị asụsụ ndị ọzọ maka asụsụ Austronesian]] {{Languages of the Philippines}} 8btmv08paqech4w0fmdf6p1125w7k0o 0 59188 692779 204775 2026-07-30T17:55:05Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 692779 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Munya''' ma ọ bụ '''Muya''' ( simplified Chinese ; nakwa ''Manyak''{{Lang|zh|曼牙科}}, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Manyak|url=https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/5ddddb20/files/uploaded/manyak.pdf|accessdate=2021-11-02}}</ref> ''Menia''么呢阿; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Menia|url=http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/M/Menia.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224513/https://www.asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/M/Menia.pdf|archivedate=2015-06-10}}</ref> Tibetan bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Qiangic a na-asụ na China. Enwere olumba abụọ, Western na Eastern, nke na-enweghị nghọta n'etiti ha. Ikeda Takumi mere ọtụtụ nyocha gbasara Munya. Enwere ihe dị ka puku asụsụ abụọ. == Aha == Asụpela asụsụ ahụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche, gụnyere ''Manyak'', ''Menya'', ''Minyag'', na ''Minyak'' . Aha ndị ọzọ maka asụsụ ahụ bụ ''Boba'' na ''Miyao'' . == Olumba == ''Ethnologue'' (mbipụta 21st) depụtara olumba Muya abụọ, ya bụ Eastern (Nyagrong) na Western (Darmdo). A na-asụ Muya * Shimian County, Ya'an * Obodo Jiulong * Kangding Sun (1991) akwụkwọ Muya (木雅) nke [[Liuba Township|obodo Liuba]] (六坝乡), [[Shade District]] (沙德区), Kangding County (康定县), Sichuan . == fonology == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Consonants<ref name="namkung96">{{Cite journal|author=Namkung|first=Ju|date=1996|title=Phonological Inventories of Tibeto-Burman Languages|url=https://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/STEDT_Monograph3_Phonological-Inv-TB.pdf|journal=Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Monograph Series|issue=3}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNamkung1996">Namkung, Ju (1996). Matisoff, James A. (ed.). [https://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/STEDT_Monograph3_Phonological-Inv-TB.pdf "Phonological Inventories of Tibeto-Burman Languages"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Monograph Series'' (3). University of California, Berkeley.</cite></ref> ! colspan="2" | !Labial !Alveolar !Retroflex !Alveolo-palatal !Velar !Uvular !Glottal |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive !<small>oral</small> |{{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}} |{{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}} | | |{{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|g}} |{{IPA link|q}} {{IPA link|ɢ}} | |- !<small>aspirated</small> |{{IPA link|pʰ}} |{{IPA link|tʰ}} | | |{{IPA link|kʰ}} |{{IPA link|qʰ}} | |- !<small>prenasalized</small> |{{IPA link|ᵐpʰ}} {{IPA link|ᵐb}} |{{IPA link|ⁿtʰ}} {{IPA link|ⁿd}} | | |{{IPA link|ᵑkʰ}} {{IPA link|ᵑg}} |{{IPA link|ᶰqʰ}} {{IPA link|ᶰɢ}} | |- ! rowspan="3" |Affricate !<small>oral</small> | |{{IPA link|ts}} {{IPA link|dz}} |{{IPA link|ʈʂ}} {{IPA link|ɖʐ}} |{{IPA link|tɕ}} {{IPA link|dʑ}} | | | |- !<small>aspirated</small> | |{{IPA link|tsʰ}} |{{IPA link|ʈʂʰ}} |{{IPA link|tɕʰ}} | | | |- !<small>prenasalized</small> | |{{IPA link|ⁿtsʰ}} {{IPA link|ⁿdz}} |{{IPA link|ⁿʈʂʰ}} {{IPA link|ⁿɖʐ}} |{{IPA link|ⁿtɕʰ}} {{IPA link|ⁿdʑ}} | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Fricative |{{IPA link|f}} {{IPA link|v}} |{{IPA link|s}} {{IPA link|z}} |{{IPA link|ʂ}} {{IPA link|ʐ}} |{{IPA link|ɕ}} {{IPA link|ʑ}} |{{IPA link|x}} {{IPA link|ɣ}} |{{IPA link|χ}} {{IPA link|ʁ}} |{{IPA link|h}} {{IPA link|ɦ}} |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} | |{{IPA link|ɲ}} |{{IPA link|ŋ}} | | |- ! colspan="2" |Approximant |{{IPA link|w}} |{{IPA link|l}} | |{{IPA link|j}} | | | |} * /ʑ/ nwere ike ịnụ mgbe ụfọdụ ka [r]. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Udaume <ref name="namkung96" /> ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" | N'ihu ! rowspan="2" | Central ! rowspan="2" | Azu |- ! <small>Agbaghị gburugburu</small> ! <small>Gburugburu</small> |- ! Elu | i ĩ | y | ɯɯ̰ | u ũ |- ! Ọkara-elu | e ẽ | ø | | o õ |- ! Ọkara-ala | ɛ ɛ̃ | | | ɔ |- ! Dị ala | æ æ̰ | | ɐɐ̰ | ɑ ɑ̃ |} Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a hụwo diphthong ndị a: /yi/, /ui/, /ie/, /ye/, /ue/, /uø/, /iɛ̃/, /yɛ/, /yɛ̃/, /uɛ/, /uæ/, /uæ ike/, /yɐ/, /uæ ike/, /uɐ/, /yɑ/, /uɐ/, /yɑ/, /uɑ/. Muya nwekwara ụda anọ: <ref name="namkung96" /> * [˥] - elu, ọkwa * [˥˧] - elu-ada * [˧˥] - elu elu * [˧] - etiti, larịị == Omenala ama ama == Na 2008, Bamu, onye na-abụ abụ na Jiuzhaigou Art Troupe na Aba Tibetan na Qiang Autonomous Prefecture na Sichuan, dekọtara album nke egwu Muya (木雅七韵). <ref>{{Cite news|author=Huang|first=Zhiling|date=2014-05-27|title=Chasing the Fading Music|work=China Daily USA|url=http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2014-05/27/content_17544535.htm|quote=One woman's passion for the songs of a remote ethnic people may save not only the Muya's music, but the language itself. Huang Zhiling reports from Chengdu. Muya music might already be lost if Yang Hua had not given up her job as a mathematics teacher." ..."After the recording was over, Bamu told Yang it was a folk song of the Muya people. The song told how a girl working outside her hometown misses her mom, who says jewelry does not mean anything if one is not educated, and the singer wishes her mom good health. "It was the first time I heard the word 'Muya'," Yang says.}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ akụkọ ==   qqifwsidv6ag7eomvtsjihtihls1oqm 0 59201 692828 204791 2026-07-30T20:19:04Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 692828 wikitext text/x-wiki   Asụsụ '''Ottilien''' ma ọ bụ '''Watam-Awar-Gamay''' bụ obere ezinụlọ nwere asụsụ nwere njikọ chiri anya, : Watam – Kaian, [[Asụsụ Mbore|Gamei]] (Mbore), and [[Asụsụ Bosmun|Bosman]] – Awar . A na-ekewakarị ha n'etiti asụsụ Ramu nke dị n'ebe ugwu Papua New Guinea . A na-asụ asụsụ Ottilien niile na Yawar Rural LLG, n'ọtụtụ ebe n'akụkụ oke osimiri nke Madang Province, Papua New Guinea . <ref name="Ethnologue22-PNG">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PG/languages|title=Papua New Guinea languages|work=[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World|editor=Eberhard|date=2019|publisher=[[SIL International]]}}</ref> <ref name="UN-PNG">{{Cite web|url=https://data.humdata.org/dataset/village-coordinates-lookup|title=Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup|author=United Nations in Papua New Guinea|work=Humanitarian Data Exchange|date=2018}}</ref> Watam na Bosman na-ekerịta morphology dị iche iche na Lower Sepik (Nor–Pondo), na-akwado atụmatụ ezinụlọ-asụsụ Ramu – Lower Sepik . A na-akpọ ezinụlọ ahụ aha maka ọnụ Osimiri Ottilien, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Ramu . == Ekwentị == Usher (2020) na-ewughachi ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa dịka ndị a: == Nkpọaha == Okwu nnọchiaha dị na proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay (proto-Ottilien) nke Foley rụgharịrị (2005) bụ: <ref name="Foley-Sepik-Ramu">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|authorlink=William A. Foley|year=2005|chapter=Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin|title=Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples|location=Canberra|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|isbn=0858835622|oclc=67292782|editor=Andrew Pawley|pages=109&ndash;144}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFoley2005">[[William A. Foley|Foley, William A.]] (2005). "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In [[Andrew Pawley]]; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). ''Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples''. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">109–</span>144. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0858835622|<bdi>0858835622</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67292782 67292782].</cite></ref> Hụkwa asụsụ Ramu dị ala#Mkpọaha . Usher (2020) wughachiri nnọchiaha ndị a dị ka: == Proto-Ottilien == Foley (2005) atụpụtawo nrụgharị ụda olu nke proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay (proto-Ottilien). <ref name="Foley-Sepik-Ramu" /> ; proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay reconstructions (Foley 2005) N'okpuru ebe a, e depụtara proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay ma e jiri ya tụnyere asụsụ Ramu anọ ndị ọzọ nwere njikọ chiri anya, ma ọ bụghị akụkụ nke Watam-Awar-Gamay: asụsụ Miserian [[Asụsụ Kire|Kire]] na Mikarew, na asụsụ Tanggu Tangu na Igom . <ref name="Foley-Sepik-Ramu" /> ; Ntụnyere Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay na Ramu (Foley 2005) == Ntụaka == akpọ asụsụ ahụ Ningrum ma na-asụ ya na Kampungakpọ asụsụ ahụ Ningrum ma na-asụ ya na Kampung{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, [https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/keram-and-ramu-rivers/ramu-river/lower-ramu-river/ramu-coast Proto-Ramu Coast] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5w7dq9kww880hsafe0a8mz70uaafnlu 0 59231 692949 204830 2026-07-31T02:52:14Z Geraldine Kene 23189 Fixed reference error 692949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Cauque Mayan|nativename=|states=[[Guatemala]]|region=[[Sacatepéquez Department|Sacatepéquez]]|speakers=2,000|date=1998|familycolor=Mixed|iso3=ckz|fam1=[[Mayan languages|Mayan]]|fam2=Mixed {{nowrap|[[Kaqchikel language|Kaqchikel]]–[[Kʼicheʼ language|Kʼicheʼ]]}}}} '''Cauqué Mayan''' (nke a makwaara dị ka '''Kaqchikel–Kʼicheʼ Mixed Language''' ) bụ asụsụ agwakọtara a na-asụ na ''aldea'' nke Santa María Cauqué, Santiago Sacatepéquez, na Ngalaba Sacatepéquez na Guatemala. Ọ bụ ntọala Kʼicheʼ (Quiché) nke Kaqchikel (Cakchiquel megharịrị). N’oge ọchịchị, Kʼicheʼ kwagara Sacatepéquez, nke dị n’etiti ókèala Kaqchikel, bụ́ ebe ha hiwere obodo Santa María Cauque. Taa ọ bụ naanị ndị toro eto na-ejigide K'iche' isi n'okwu ha: maka ndị na-asụ obere asụsụ, asụsụ ejikọtala na Kaqchikel. == Mmalite == Ọ bụ ezie na ntọala ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ahụ sitere na Kʼicheʼ, Kaqchikel na-eweta lexicon ya. A na-echekarị na na narị afọ nke 15 n'oge oge ọchịchị , ndị na-asụ Kʼicheʼ mbụ ya si n'ógbè ebe a na-akpọ Ngalaba Quiche ugbu a ma hiwe Santa María Cauqué. Ugbu a, aldea dị n’ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Guatemala City na ọ dịkarịa ala 100 kilomita site n’ógbè a na-asụ Kʼicheʼ kacha nso. E kwekọrịtaghị kpọmkwem ebe asụsụ Kʼicheʼan nke asụsụ a gwakọtara agwakọta si bịa, ebe ụfọdụ ebe e depụtara olumba Kʼicheʼ nke Joyabaj dị ka ọ bụ grammar na-enye aka, <ref name="Romero, Sergio Francisco 2006" /> ebe ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na mpaghara obodo Quetzaltenango nke ugbu a sitere na ebe mbụ Santa María Cauqué malitere na ụdị nke ha. N’ọnọdụ ọ bụla, o doro anya na e webatara ọtụtụ asụsụ Kʼicheʼ mbụ ma nọgidekwa na-apụta ìhè n’asụsụ Kaqchikel–Kʼicheʼ Ngwakọta Asụsụ a, ebe ọ na-egosipụta ihe si n’ịgbanwegharị ka oge na-aga site n’asụsụ Kaqchikel gbara ya gburugburu. Usoro a nke mweghachi nke Kʼicheʼ mbụ nke kwagara n'ógbè ndị na-asụ Kaqchikel nwere ike malite site n'ịgbaziri site na asụsụ kọntaktị (Kaqchikel) nke mgbọrọgwụ na morpheme ọdịnaya, dị ka aha na ngwaa. Aghọtara mmetụta dị arọ nke lexical a bụ ihe dị ịrịba ama na okwu "ọdịnaya" sitere na ndị bụ akụkụ nke olumba Joyabaj mbụ nke Kʼiche' nye ndị ogbo Kaqchikel ha ugbu a n'asụsụ Kaqchikel–K'iche' Mixed Language, ebe n'otu oge ahụ enwebeghị nbinye nhazi site na Kaqchikel gbara ya gburugburu iji dochie ụtọ asụsụ sitere na Kiche. <ref name="Romero, Sergio Francisco 2006">Romero, Sergio Francisco. 2006. Sociolinguistic Variation and Linguistic History in Mayan: The Case of Kʼicheeʼ (Doctoral dissertation). University of Pennsylvania.</ref> == Atụmatụ == Dị ka nyocha mbụ nke phonological nke Paul S. Stevenson si kwuo, okwu nke ndị si Santa María Cauqué sitere na ụdị K'iche' dị iche iche nke mbụ, nke na-eme ugbu a dị ka ntọala grammatical nke asụsụ agwakọta. Achọpụtara ihe akaebe a n'ime ihe K'iche' morphological-syntactic nke gbara mkpụrụ okwu Kaqchikel gburugburu. Nke a na-agụnye ntụgharị ngwaa maka ihe nrịbama akụkụ dị ugbu a, nke sitere na prefix Kʼicheʼ //k-// mejuputa, dị iche na prefixes Kaqchikel karịa nke //y-// na //n-//. Ọzọkwa, Santa María Cauqué na-eji suffixes Kʼicheʼ na ngwụcha nkebiokwu na-egosi ma ngwaa ahụ ọ̀ bụ transitive ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, //-o//~//-u// ma ọ bụ //-ik// n'otu n'otu, ndị Kaqchikel anaghị eme. <ref name="Stevenson, Paul S 1990" /> N'ezie, enwere ike ịchọta suffix //-ik// nwere ọnọdụ na Santa María Cauqué. Nnweta nke onye nke atọ otu, preconsonantal, na-egosiputa Kʼicheʼ //u-// na ọ bụghị Kaqchikel //ru-//. A na-emetụtakwa nnọchiaha onye nke atọ, n'ihi na asụsụ agwakọtara na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị na-ekwu okwu na-egosipụta K'iche' ''rareʼ'' 'ya/ya/ya', kama Kaqchikel ''rija''' 'ya/ya/it'. A ka na-ejikwa K'icheʼ akara okwu ọrụ, yana //-ukʼ// 'na' na ọ bụghị Kaqchikel //-ik'in//. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụtọ asụsụ Santa María Cauqué na-egosi na Kʼicheʼ, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-aghọta na Kaqchikel. <ref name="Stevenson, Paul S 1990" /> == Ọnọdụ == N'ịgbaso ụkpụrụ Bakker na Muysken nke asụsụ agwakọtara, Asụsụ Mixed Cauqué, yana njikọta nke ụtọ asụsụ K'iche na na Kaqchikel lexicon, bụ nsonaazụ mpaghara na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (López 1999 ). Dị ka e dekọrọ na 1998 na 2003, e nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ 2,000 nke Kaqchikel–Kʼicheʼ Mixed Language na Santa María Cauqué aldea. Ha bụ ndị toro eto karịa afọ 30, ebe ọ dị ka a naghị agbasa asụsụ ndị na-eto eto. Ndị ọkà okwu a na-egosipụtakwa asụsụ abụọ n'asụsụ South Central Kaqchikel gbara ya gburugburu, ebe ọnụọgụ ndị na-asụkwa asụsụ abụọ na Spanish na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto. <ref name="Grimes, B 2003" /> Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere nkwupụta ndị gara aga na asụsụ agwakọtaghị anabataghị nbinye nhazi, ka na-egosi na ọ bụ mgbanwe n'ime asụsụ ka ọ dị ka South Central Kaqchikel, ebe ọ bụ na ndị ọkà okwu ochie na-egosi ihe ndị ọzọ nke K'iche' morphological-syntactic base. <ref name="Grimes, B 2003" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Isi mmalite == * Paul Stevenson, 1990. ''Santa Maria Cauque: ikpe nke agwakọta asụsụ Cakchiquel-Quiche.'' a4zjkegmma5nt2ga2n7s8jkzjq7hds3 692951 692949 2026-07-31T02:59:14Z Geraldine Kene 23189 Fixed reference error 692951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cauqué Mayan''' (nke a makwaara dị ka '''Kaqchikel–Kʼicheʼ Mixed Language''' ) bụ asụsụ agwakọtara a na-asụ na ''aldea'' nke Santa María Cauqué, Santiago Sacatepéquez, na Ngalaba Sacatepéquez na Guatemala. Ọ bụ ntọala Kʼicheʼ (Quiché) nke Kaqchikel (Cakchiquel megharịrị). N’oge ọchịchị, Kʼicheʼ kwagara Sacatepéquez, nke dị n’etiti ókèala Kaqchikel, bụ́ ebe ha hiwere obodo Santa María Cauque. Taa ọ bụ naanị ndị toro eto na-ejigide K'iche' isi n'okwu ha: maka ndị na-asụ obere asụsụ, asụsụ ejikọtala na Kaqchikel. == Mmalite == Ọ bụ ezie na ntọala ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ahụ sitere na Kʼicheʼ, Kaqchikel na-eweta lexicon ya. A na-echekarị na na narị afọ nke 15 n'oge oge ọchịchị , ndị na-asụ Kʼicheʼ mbụ ya si n'ógbè ebe a na-akpọ Ngalaba Quiche ugbu a ma hiwe Santa María Cauqué. Ugbu a, aldea dị n’ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Guatemala City na ọ dịkarịa ala 100 kilomita site n’ógbè a na-asụ Kʼicheʼ kacha nso. E kwekọrịtaghị kpọmkwem ebe asụsụ Kʼicheʼan nke asụsụ a gwakọtara agwakọta si bịa, ebe ụfọdụ ebe e depụtara olumba Kʼicheʼ nke Joyabaj dị ka ọ bụ grammar na-enye aka, <ref name="Romero, Sergio Francisco 2006" /> ebe ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na mpaghara obodo Quetzaltenango nke ugbu a sitere na ebe mbụ Santa María Cauqué malitere na ụdị nke ha. N’ọnọdụ ọ bụla, o doro anya na e webatara ọtụtụ asụsụ Kʼicheʼ mbụ ma nọgidekwa na-apụta ìhè n’asụsụ Kaqchikel–Kʼicheʼ Ngwakọta Asụsụ a, ebe ọ na-egosipụta ihe si n’ịgbanwegharị ka oge na-aga site n’asụsụ Kaqchikel gbara ya gburugburu. Usoro a nke mweghachi nke Kʼicheʼ mbụ nke kwagara n'ógbè ndị na-asụ Kaqchikel nwere ike malite site n'ịgbaziri site na asụsụ kọntaktị (Kaqchikel) nke mgbọrọgwụ na morpheme ọdịnaya, dị ka aha na ngwaa. Aghọtara mmetụta dị arọ nke lexical a bụ ihe dị ịrịba ama na okwu "ọdịnaya" sitere na ndị bụ akụkụ nke olumba Joyabaj mbụ nke Kʼiche' nye ndị ogbo Kaqchikel ha ugbu a n'asụsụ Kaqchikel–K'iche' Mixed Language, ebe n'otu oge ahụ enwebeghị nbinye nhazi site na Kaqchikel gbara ya gburugburu iji dochie ụtọ asụsụ sitere na Kiche. <ref name="Romero, Sergio Francisco 2006">Romero, Sergio Francisco. 2006. Sociolinguistic Variation and Linguistic History in Mayan: The Case of Kʼicheeʼ (Doctoral dissertation). University of Pennsylvania.</ref> == Atụmatụ == Dị ka nyocha mbụ nke phonological nke Paul S. Stevenson si kwuo, okwu nke ndị si Santa María Cauqué sitere na ụdị K'iche' dị iche iche nke mbụ, nke na-eme ugbu a dị ka ntọala grammatical nke asụsụ agwakọta. Achọpụtara ihe akaebe a n'ime ihe K'iche' morphological-syntactic nke gbara mkpụrụ okwu Kaqchikel gburugburu. Nke a na-agụnye ntụgharị ngwaa maka ihe nrịbama akụkụ dị ugbu a, nke sitere na prefix Kʼicheʼ //k-// mejuputa, dị iche na prefixes Kaqchikel karịa nke //y-// na //n-//. Ọzọkwa, Santa María Cauqué na-eji suffixes Kʼicheʼ na ngwụcha nkebiokwu na-egosi ma ngwaa ahụ ọ̀ bụ transitive ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, //-o//~//-u// ma ọ bụ //-ik// n'otu n'otu, ndị Kaqchikel anaghị eme. <ref name="Stevenson, Paul S 1990" /> N'ezie, enwere ike ịchọta suffix //-ik// nwere ọnọdụ na Santa María Cauqué. Nnweta nke onye nke atọ otu, preconsonantal, na-egosiputa Kʼicheʼ //u-// na ọ bụghị Kaqchikel //ru-//. A na-emetụtakwa nnọchiaha onye nke atọ, n'ihi na asụsụ agwakọtara na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị na-ekwu okwu na-egosipụta K'iche' ''rareʼ'' 'ya/ya/ya', kama Kaqchikel ''rija''' 'ya/ya/it'. A ka na-ejikwa K'icheʼ akara okwu ọrụ, yana //-ukʼ// 'na' na ọ bụghị Kaqchikel //-ik'in//. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụtọ asụsụ Santa María Cauqué na-egosi na Kʼicheʼ, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-aghọta na Kaqchikel. <ref name="Stevenson, Paul S 1990">Stevenson, Paul S. 1990. Santa María Cauqué: Un caso de mezcla de los idiomas Cakchiquel y Quiche. Serie gramatical, 5a. Guatemala: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano de Centroamérica.</ref> == Ọnọdụ == N'ịgbaso ụkpụrụ Bakker na Muysken nke asụsụ agwakọtara, Asụsụ Mixed Cauqué, yana njikọta nke ụtọ asụsụ K'iche na na Kaqchikel lexicon, bụ nsonaazụ mpaghara na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (López 1999 ). Dị ka e dekọrọ na 1998 na 2003, e nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ 2,000 nke Kaqchikel–Kʼicheʼ Mixed Language na Santa María Cauqué aldea. Ha bụ ndị toro eto karịa afọ 30, ebe ọ dị ka a naghị agbasa asụsụ ndị na-eto eto. Ndị ọkà okwu a na-egosipụtakwa asụsụ abụọ n'asụsụ South Central Kaqchikel gbara ya gburugburu, ebe ọnụọgụ ndị na-asụkwa asụsụ abụọ na Spanish na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto. <ref name="Grimes, B 2003" /> Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere nkwupụta ndị gara aga na asụsụ agwakọtaghị anabataghị nbinye nhazi, ka na-egosi na ọ bụ mgbanwe n'ime asụsụ ka ọ dị ka South Central Kaqchikel, ebe ọ bụ na ndị ọkà okwu ochie na-egosi ihe ndị ọzọ nke K'iche' morphological-syntactic base. <ref name="Grimes, B 2003" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Isi mmalite == * Paul Stevenson, 1990. ''Santa Maria Cauque: ikpe nke agwakọta asụsụ Cakchiquel-Quiche.'' i3nsdkuqeb928t4k9mhmwij5pi6bl7w 692958 692951 2026-07-31T03:16:41Z Geraldine Kene 23189 Fixed reference error 692958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cauqué Mayan''' (nke a makwaara dị ka '''Kaqchikel–Kʼicheʼ Mixed Language''' ) bụ asụsụ agwakọtara a na-asụ na ''aldea'' nke Santa María Cauqué, Santiago Sacatepéquez, na Ngalaba Sacatepéquez na Guatemala. Ọ bụ ntọala Kʼicheʼ (Quiché) nke Kaqchikel (Cakchiquel megharịrị). N’oge ọchịchị, Kʼicheʼ kwagara Sacatepéquez, nke dị n’etiti ókèala Kaqchikel, bụ́ ebe ha hiwere obodo Santa María Cauque. Taa ọ bụ naanị ndị toro eto na-ejigide K'iche' isi n'okwu ha: maka ndị na-asụ obere asụsụ, asụsụ ejikọtala na Kaqchikel. == Mmalite == Ọ bụ ezie na ntọala ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ahụ sitere na Kʼicheʼ, Kaqchikel na-eweta lexicon ya. A na-echekarị na na narị afọ nke 15 n'oge oge ọchịchị , ndị na-asụ Kʼicheʼ mbụ ya si n'ógbè ebe a na-akpọ Ngalaba Quiche ugbu a ma hiwe Santa María Cauqué. Ugbu a, aldea dị n’ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Guatemala City na ọ dịkarịa ala 100 kilomita site n’ógbè a na-asụ Kʼicheʼ kacha nso. E kwekọrịtaghị kpọmkwem ebe asụsụ Kʼicheʼan nke asụsụ a gwakọtara agwakọta si bịa, ebe ụfọdụ ebe e depụtara olumba Kʼicheʼ nke Joyabaj dị ka ọ bụ grammar na-enye aka, <ref name="Romero, Sergio Francisco 2006" /> ebe ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na mpaghara obodo Quetzaltenango nke ugbu a sitere na ebe mbụ Santa María Cauqué malitere na ụdị nke ha. N’ọnọdụ ọ bụla, o doro anya na e webatara ọtụtụ asụsụ Kʼicheʼ mbụ ma nọgidekwa na-apụta ìhè n’asụsụ Kaqchikel–Kʼicheʼ Ngwakọta Asụsụ a, ebe ọ na-egosipụta ihe si n’ịgbanwegharị ka oge na-aga site n’asụsụ Kaqchikel gbara ya gburugburu. Usoro a nke mweghachi nke Kʼicheʼ mbụ nke kwagara n'ógbè ndị na-asụ Kaqchikel nwere ike malite site n'ịgbaziri site na asụsụ kọntaktị (Kaqchikel) nke mgbọrọgwụ na morpheme ọdịnaya, dị ka aha na ngwaa. Aghọtara mmetụta dị arọ nke lexical a bụ ihe dị ịrịba ama na okwu "ọdịnaya" sitere na ndị bụ akụkụ nke olumba Joyabaj mbụ nke Kʼiche' nye ndị ogbo Kaqchikel ha ugbu a n'asụsụ Kaqchikel–K'iche' Mixed Language, ebe n'otu oge ahụ enwebeghị nbinye nhazi site na Kaqchikel gbara ya gburugburu iji dochie ụtọ asụsụ sitere na Kiche. <ref name="Romero, Sergio Francisco 2006">Romero, Sergio Francisco. 2006. Sociolinguistic Variation and Linguistic History in Mayan: The Case of Kʼicheeʼ (Doctoral dissertation). University of Pennsylvania.</ref> == Atụmatụ == Dị ka nyocha mbụ nke phonological nke Paul S. Stevenson si kwuo, okwu nke ndị si Santa María Cauqué sitere na ụdị K'iche' dị iche iche nke mbụ, nke na-eme ugbu a dị ka ntọala grammatical nke asụsụ agwakọta. Achọpụtara ihe akaebe a n'ime ihe K'iche' morphological-syntactic nke gbara mkpụrụ okwu Kaqchikel gburugburu. Nke a na-agụnye ntụgharị ngwaa maka ihe nrịbama akụkụ dị ugbu a, nke sitere na prefix Kʼicheʼ //k-// mejuputa, dị iche na prefixes Kaqchikel karịa nke //y-// na //n-//. Ọzọkwa, Santa María Cauqué na-eji suffixes Kʼicheʼ na ngwụcha nkebiokwu na-egosi ma ngwaa ahụ ọ̀ bụ transitive ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, //-o//~//-u// ma ọ bụ //-ik// n'otu n'otu, ndị Kaqchikel anaghị eme. <ref name="Stevenson, Paul S 1990" /> N'ezie, enwere ike ịchọta suffix //-ik// nwere ọnọdụ na Santa María Cauqué. Nnweta nke onye nke atọ otu, preconsonantal, na-egosiputa Kʼicheʼ //u-// na ọ bụghị Kaqchikel //ru-//. A na-emetụtakwa nnọchiaha onye nke atọ, n'ihi na asụsụ agwakọtara na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị na-ekwu okwu na-egosipụta K'iche' ''rareʼ'' 'ya/ya/ya', kama Kaqchikel ''rija''' 'ya/ya/it'. A ka na-ejikwa K'icheʼ akara okwu ọrụ, yana //-ukʼ// 'na' na ọ bụghị Kaqchikel //-ik'in//. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụtọ asụsụ Santa María Cauqué na-egosi na Kʼicheʼ, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-aghọta na Kaqchikel. <ref name="Stevenson, Paul S 1990">Stevenson, Paul S. 1990. Santa María Cauqué: Un caso de mezcla de los idiomas Cakchiquel y Quiche. Serie gramatical, 5a. Guatemala: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano de Centroamérica.</ref> == Ọnọdụ == N'ịgbaso ụkpụrụ Bakker na Muysken nke asụsụ agwakọtara, Asụsụ Mixed Cauqué, yana njikọta nke ụtọ asụsụ K'iche na na Kaqchikel lexicon, bụ nsonaazụ mpaghara na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (López 1999 ). Dị ka e dekọrọ na 1998 na 2003, e nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ 2,000 nke Kaqchikel–Kʼicheʼ Mixed Language na Santa María Cauqué aldea. Ha bụ ndị toro eto karịa afọ 30, ebe ọ dị ka a naghị agbasa asụsụ ndị na-eto eto. Ndị ọkà okwu a na-egosipụtakwa asụsụ abụọ n'asụsụ South Central Kaqchikel gbara ya gburugburu, ebe ọnụọgụ ndị na-asụkwa asụsụ abụọ na Spanish na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto. <ref name="Grimes, B 2003" /> Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere nkwupụta ndị gara aga na asụsụ agwakọtaghị anabataghị nbinye nhazi, ka na-egosi na ọ bụ mgbanwe n'ime asụsụ ka ọ dị ka South Central Kaqchikel, ebe ọ bụ na ndị ọkà okwu ochie na-egosi ihe ndị ọzọ nke K'iche' morphological-syntactic base. <ref name="Grimes, B 2003">Grimes, B. 2003. "Mixed Languages." International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Volume 4 (second ed.). William J. Frawley (ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Isi mmalite == * Paul Stevenson, 1990. ''Santa Maria Cauque: ikpe nke agwakọta asụsụ Cakchiquel-Quiche.'' tsne2gsnayie2mavbw2gvz52hb7az4n 0 59238 692795 204839 2026-07-30T18:18:29Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 692795 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Namla''' bụ asụsụ Papuan nke Indonesia edebeghị nke ọma. Ọ dị ka ọ na-emetụta Tofanma, asụsụ agbata obi. A na-asụ ya na obodo [[:id:Namla, Senggi, Keerom|Namla]], Senggi District, Keerom Regency . Namla dị nso na ikpochapụ n'ihi na Tofanma dochie ya na ikekwe Papuan Malay . <ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433-568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref> : 463  == fonology == {| class="wikitable" |+Consonants <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Mappiasse|first=Arman|date=2020|title=Phonology of Nambla language in Keerom Papua|journal=Kibas Cenderawasih|volume=17|pages=1-16}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMappiasse2020">Mappiasse, Arman (2020). "Phonology of Nambla language in Keerom Papua". ''Kibas Cenderawasih''. '''17''': <span class="nowrap">1–</span>16.</cite></ref> ! !Labial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Dorsal |- ! Plosive | p b | t d | ɟ | k g |- ! Nke na-ese okwu | f | s | | h |- ! Ihu imi | m | n | ɲ | ŋ |- ! Odika | w | r, l | j | |} {| class="wikitable" |+Udaume <ref name=":0" /> ! !N'ihu ! Central ! Azu |- ! Elu | i | | u |- ! N'etiti | e | ə | o |- ! Dị ala | | a | |} == Okwu okwu == Okwu Namla sitere na Foley (2018): <ref name="Foley-NWNG" /> == Ntụaka == na-emetụta Tofanma, asụsụ agbata obi. A na{{Reflist}} sn4kl5l4zb2iwycmx2b79u4x1c1o2r4 0 59825 692980 595413 2026-07-31T04:26:51Z Philip Emeka 16124 added databox and {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Faïza Kefi''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1949) bụ onye ọka iwu Tunisia, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nnọchi anya mba ọzọ nke nwere ọkwa dị iche iche, gụnyere minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe ala, onye otu ndị omeiwu na onye nnọchiteanya Tunisia na France. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya na 1949.[1] Ọ gara Mahadum Tunis nweta akara ugo mmụta na iwu ọha.[1][2] Ọ natakwara na atụmatụ mmụta site na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ndị Ọrụ Obodo.[1][3] Na mgbakwunye, o nwetara nzere masters na iwu yana PhD na mahadum nchịkwa nchịkwa.<ref name="ijga" /> == Ọrụ na ọrụ == Kefi rụrụ ọrụ na Ministry of National Education, Ministry of Women's Affairs <ref name="ijga">{{Cite journal|title=New President of the Court of Auditors Named|journal=[[International Journal of Government Auditing]]|year=2004|volume=31|issue=2|id={{ProQuest|236855781}}|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/236855781}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.proquest.com/docview/236855781 "New President of the Court of Auditors Named"]. ''[[International Journal of Government Auditing]]''. '''31''' (2). 2004. </cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[[ProQuest]]&nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/236855781 236855781].</cite></ref> na Ministry of Planning . <ref name="lab98" /> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya Tunisia na World Conference on Women nke e mere na Nairobi na 1985.<ref name="roel">{{Cite web|author=Roel Janssen|title=The Art of Audit. Eight remarkable government auditors on stage|url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/32039/619590.pdf?sequence=1|pages=17–18, 22|work=oapen.org|accessdate=23 May 2023|year=2015}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Democratic Constitutional Rally n'ụbọchị Onye isi ala Tunisia Zine El Abidine Ben Ali batara n'ọchịchị na Nọvemba 1987. Mgbe ahụ, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya National Assembly na 1994. <ref name="ijga" /> <ref name="un97">{{Cite web|title=Status of women commission focus on 'women in power and decision making'|publisher=United Nations|format=Press release|url=https://press.un.org/en/1997/19970312.wom.cor.html|date=12 March 1997|accessdate=23 May 2023|archivedate=23 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523165326/https://press.un.org/en/1997/19970312.wom.cor.html}}</ref> N'ebe ahụ, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Nhazi nke Ndị Omeiwu nke Ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="un97" /> N'afọ 1993, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Tunisian National Women's Union . <ref name="lab98">{{Cite book|year=1998|author=Laurie A. Brand|title=Women, the State, and Political Liberalization: Middle Eastern and North African Experiences|url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/book/brand2/brand09.html|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York|isbn=9780231112673}}</ref> Ọ nọ n'ọkwa ahụ ruo n'afọ 1999. Mgbe ahụ a họpụtara Kefi ka ọ bụrụ onye minista nke gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe ala na Eprel 1999, dochie Mohamed Mlika na ọkwa, [1] [2] wee bụrụ nwanyị Tunisia nke abụọ na-ejide ọkwa ọkwa.[3]. Ọkwa ọkwa ọkwa nke Kefi bụ minista na-ahụ maka ọzụzụ ọkachamara na ọrụ.[4] Akpọrọ ya aha dị ka onye nnọchi anya Tunisia na France na Mee 2001[5] wee jide ọkwa ahụ ruo 2003.[6] A họpụtara ya onye isi nke ụlọ ọrụ nyocha mba Tunisia na Maachị 2004.[7] Ọ nọgidere n'ọkwa ruo July 2011 mgbe M. Abdellatif Kharrat nọchiri ya na post.. <ref name="roel" /> Kefi ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Nkà na ụzụ maka mkparịta ụka ọha na eze na 2013. <ref>{{Cite news|title=La réforme en marche|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2195991035|accessdate=9 June 2023|work=[[La Presse de Tunisie]]|date=23 March 2019|language=fr|id={{ProQuest|2195991035}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> A họpụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị otu iri nke ụlọ ọrụ Nidaa Tounes na Machị 2015. <ref>{{Cite news|language=fr|title=Composition du Bureau politique de Nidaa Tounes|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1665316208|accessdate=23 May 2023|work=[[allAfrica]]|date=22 March 2015|id={{ProQuest|1665316208}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kefi lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ atọ.<ref name="del">{{Cite web|author=Delinda C. Hanley|title=Three Faces of Tunisian Women: A Political Activist, An Entrepreneurial Family, and an Islamic Theologian|url=https://www.wrmea.org/1998-october-november/three-faces-of-tunisian-women-a-political-activist-an-entrepreneurial-family-and-an-islamic-theol.html|publisher=Washington Report on Middle East Affairs|accessdate=23 May 2023|date=October–November 1998}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kefi, Faiza}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tkbp5q5cq1hargq4k6t30ltx6gq6d5b 0 60082 692964 208448 2026-07-31T03:27:59Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|order=|office=Minister of National Affairs, Employment Generation and Cooperatives|termstart=1993|termend=1995|vicepresident=|viceprimeminister=|deputy=|lieutenant=|monarch=|president=[[Robert Mugabe]]|primeminister=|governor=|governor-general=|succeeding=<!-- For President-elect or equivalent -->|predecessor=New post|successor=|constituency=Non-constituency Member of Parliament|majority=|party=[[Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn]]}} Fay King Chung (amuru Maachị 1941) bu onye nkuzi nke Zimbabwe ma burukwa onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi nke nwere onwe ya maka nhoputa ndi omebe iwu Zimbabwe 2008. Chung arụwo ọrụ ịgbatị ohere agụmakwụkwọ na iweta ụkpụrụ mmụta na-emepụta n'ime usoro ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na Zimbabwe na mba ndị ọzọ na-emepe emepe. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Chung na mpaghara Britain na-achị onwe ya nke Southern Rhodesia, ọgbọ nke atọ nke ezinụlọ ndị China kwagara mba ọzọ. Nna nna ya, Yee Wo Lee, nwa nwoke nke ise nke nnukwu ezinụlọ ndị China, kwagara Rhodesia na 1904 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa wee ghọọ onye nwe ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na-aga nke ọma. Nna ya bụ onye ọchụnta ego na-aga nke ọma aha ya bụ Chu Yao Chung. Nne ya, Nguk Sim Lee, bụ onye nọọsụ a zụrụ azụ na China nke kwagara Rhodesia ịlụ di. Ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ na-amụ nwa mgbe Fay Chung dị naanị afọ atọ. Mgbe nne ya nwụsịrị, Fay Chung na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ bụ ndị nna nna ya na nne nne ya zụlitere, nke onye na-elekọta nwa Shona aha ya bụ Elina nyeere aka. Chung tolitere na ezinụlọ Roman Katọlik Chinese na Rhodesia (nke bụ Zimbabwe ugbu a) na 1950 wee zụọ ya dị ka onye nkuzi na Mahadum Rhodesia (Mahadum nke Zimbabwe ugbu a) na 1968 wee nweta akara ugo mmụta postgraduate ya na agụmakwụkwọ yana nna ukwu na nkà ihe ọmụma na akwụkwọ Bekee na Mahadum Leeds. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Chung nwetara BA na akụnụba site na Mahadum London's School of Oriental and African Studies. Chung gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị India na Eshia a na-akpọ Louis Mountbatten, nke aha ya bụ British Viceroy nke India. Onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ bụ onye South Africa India sitere na Durban a na-akpọ V. S. Naidoo, bụ onye nyere aka n'ịkwanye nna Fay Chung, onye na-ahụ maka nchekwa na omenala, ka ọ hapụ ya ka ọ gaa dị ka onye na-abanye na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ High School Founders, nke meghere na nso nso a dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị mbụ maka ndị Asia na "Coloureds".". == Ọrụ == Chung bụ osote odeakwụkwọ maka nchịkwa na Ministrị Mmụta site na 1980 ruo 1988 na Minista Mmụta na kansụl Onye isi ala Robert Mugabe site na 1988 ruo 1993. N'afọ 1980, 5% nke ndị isi ojii bi na Zimbabwe nwere ohere maka agụmakwụkwọ bụ isi n'efu dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị nyere (n'oge ahụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi ala ọzọ nyere ọtụtụ agụmakwụkwọ dị mkpa); ka ọ na-erule 1993, Zimbabwe enwetala agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị 95.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-15|title=Fay Chung Re-Joins Zanu PF|url=https://www.zimeye.net/2021/07/15/fay-chung-re-joins-zanu-pf/|work=ZimEye|accessdate=2021-10-23}}</ref> === Ọrụ mmalite === N'ime afọ 1960, Chung kụziiri ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'otu n'ime obodo Rhodesia kachasị ukwuu na Gwelo na mmalite afọ 1970 ghọrọ onye nkuzi na Ngalaba Mmụta na Mahadum Zambia. Na Zambia, ọ ghọrọ onye na-akwado ndị na-ahụ maka mba n'Africa. Site na ịrị elu nke agha ndị agha okpuru n'ime Rhodesia, na 1973 Chung sonyeere Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU). Mmekọrịta ya na otu òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a machibidoro iwu mere ka ọ gaa mba ọzọ na Tanzania, ma mesịa na Mozambique n'etiti na ngwụcha afọ 1970 ebe ọ mụtara ikwu okwu [[Shona language|Shona]] nke ọma. Ọrụ mbụ ya n'ime ZANU bụ na Ngalaba Ozi na Mgbasa Ozi; o mechara bụrụ onye isi ọrụ na-ahụ maka itinye ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi na mmepe usoro mmụta na ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ. === Mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị === Chung jikọtara aka guzobe Zimbabwe Foundation for Education with Production, otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke jikọtara agụmakwụkwọ na usoro mmepụta ọrụ ugbo iji nyere ndị agha agha na ezinụlọ ha aka ma mesịa bụrụ osote minista na-ahụ maka nchịkwa nke Ministry of Education na nnwere onwe Zimbabwe na 1980. Mugabe họpụtara Chung ka ọ bụrụ Minista nke Mmụta n'afọ 1988. N'oge ọ nọ na Ministri nke Mmụta, Chung mepụtara ma tinye usoro agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị nke mba niile. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na Ministri nke Mmụta mgbe ya na gọọmentị ekwenyeghị. Mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na Ministri nke Mmụta, Chung rụrụ ọrụ iji mepụta usoro agụmakwụkwọ Zimbabwe na mba ndị na-emepe emepe gburugburu ụwa dị ka Onye isi nke Education Cluster na UNICEF na New York. N'afọ 1998, ọ laghachiri Africa, ebe ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye nduzi mbụ nke UNESCO's International Institute for Capacity Building na Africa nke dị na Ethiopia. === Ịlaghachi Zimbabwe === Chung laghachiri n'ụlọ Zimbabwe n'afọ 2003 n'ụzọ doro anya na ọ ga-ala ezumike nká, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọgidere na-ekwu okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Zimbabwe. N'afọ 2006, o dere Re-Living the Second Chimurenga: Memories of the Liberation Struggle for Zimbabwe, akwụkwọ ncheta ya. Na mgbakwunye, ọ nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'òtù dị iche iche, gụnyere ịkwado agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Forum for African Women Educationalists, Association for Strengthening Higher Education for Women in Africa ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke ndị nlekọta nke Mahadum ụmụ nwanyị na Africa nke o nyere aka mepụta na 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About us|url=http://www.wua-ac.org/html/about_us.html|work=wua-ac.org|publisher=Women's University in Africa|accessdate=21 March 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130014912/http://www.wua-ac.org/html/about_us.html|archivedate=30 January 2008}}</ref> === Ntuli aka nke Zimbabwe na 2008 === Chung bụ otu n'ime ndị na-akwado ọha na eze mbụ nke onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nọọrọ onwe ya, Simba Makoni, onye kwuputara ọkwa onye isi ala ya na mbido February 2008. Na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Zimbabwe nke 2008, Chung laghachiri n'ọgba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị wee guzoro dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nọọrọ onwe ya n'ime nhazi Mavambo nke Makoni maka mpaghara senatorial Mvurachena. O nwetara vootu 2,238, mgbe Cephas Makuyana nke Movement for Democratic Change meriri - Tsvangirai..<ref>{{Cite web|title=House of Assembly Election Results 2008|url=http://archive.kubatana.net/docs/elec/zwnews_2008_results_house_senate_080408.pdf|work=Kubatana|accessdate=17 March 2023|archivedate=17 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317115322/http://archive.kubatana.net/docs/elec/zwnews_2008_results_house_senate_080408.pdf}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chung, Fay}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ji5ymrlitvcdb9oa3r58eu7aj7ju5hl 0 60083 693003 516593 2026-07-31T05:19:03Z Philip Emeka 16124 added databox and {{DEFAULTSORT}} 693003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Felisitus Kwangwa kpọkwara ya dị ka Felistus Kwangwa (amụrụ 9 Maachị 1995) bụ onye egwuregwu netball Zimbabwe na onye isi otu mba Zimbabwe ugbu a bụ onye na-egwu n'ọkwa agbachitere goolu.[1][2] Kwangwa na-azụ ahịa ya na United Kingdom maka Vitality Netball Superleague club Surrey Storm.[3] Ọ bụ onye otu ndị otu Zimbabwe bụ ndị gụchara n'ọkwa asatọ n'oge asọmpi mba ụwa Netball nke afọ 2019, bụ nke mbụ Zimbabwe pụtara na asọmpi iko mba ụwa Netball. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka osote onye isi otu egwuregwu n'oge asọmpi mba ụwa nke 2019 Netball . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://netball.draftcentral.com.au/team/zimbabwe/|title=Zimbabwe|work=Netball Draft Central|language=en-US|accessdate=8 September 2019|archivedate=19 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719025609/https://netball.draftcentral.com.au/team/zimbabwe/}}</ref> Na Septemba 2019, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ndị otu mba ka ọ lara ezumike nká nke onye bụbu skipper Perpetua Siyachitema wee bụrụ onye isi ndị otu Zimbabwe Gems na asọmpi Netball Africa 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/gems-to-leave-for-africa-netball-championships/|title=Gems to leave for Africa Netball Championships 2019|work=chronicle|accessdate=25 October 2019}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Kwangwa, Felisitus}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] q03xkp3290fje78cjceu0mu655pd71d 0 60084 692640 540405 2026-07-30T12:15:52Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Á'''Florence Mudzingwa''' bụ onye Zimbabwe na-ahụ maka ikike ndị nwere nkwarụ, onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na onye edemede. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Mudzingwa n'ịdị arọ 1.4 kg, [1] chọpụtara na osteogenesis imperfecta (nke na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ na-esighi ike ma na-enwekarị mmerụ ahụ),[2] dọkịta ha gwara nne na nna ya na ọ ga-adị ndụ ruo naanị ọnwa ise..&nbsp;<ref name=":0" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na George VI Memorial na Bulawayo, tupu ọ gụọ akwụkwọ maka BSc na Counselling na Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU). <ref name=":1" /> Ọ mụtara banyere ZOU mgbe ha gosipụtara na Disability Expo.<ref name=":1" /> Mudzingwa bụkwa onye nkuzi nwere asambodo nke Emotional Intelligence and Personal Development na International Coaching and Mentoring Foundation (ICMF), <ref name=":2" /> nke a maara dị ka "Coach Flow". <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Sox|first=Fungayi Antony|title=Building Narratives: Florence Mudzingwa in historic book launch|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/thestandard/obituaries/article/12037/building-narratives-florence-mudzingwa-in-historic-book-launch|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=The Standard|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSox">Sox, Fungayi Antony. [https://www.newsday.co.zw/thestandard/obituaries/article/12037/building-narratives-florence-mudzingwa-in-historic-book-launch "Building Narratives: Florence Mudzingwa in historic book launch"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2013, Mudzingwa guzobere ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze Hope Resurrect Trust, nke na-akwalite mmata na itinye aka na nkwarụ, na-arụ ọrụ nkwado metụtara ọdịmma nke ndị nwere nkwarụ ma na-enye ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị nwere nkwarụrụ ike ịbụ ndị nweere onwe ha ma nye aka na akụ na ụba. Ndị mmekọ nkwado gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya nke Australia, Canada na Malawi, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sox|first=Fungayi Antony|title=Hope Resurrect Trust celebrates 10 years of impact|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/thestandard/standard-style/article/200017362/hope-resurrect-trust-celebrates-10-years-of-impact|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=The Standard|language=en}}</ref> na òtù ndị dị n'ógbè Alive Albinism na Deaf Zimbabwe Trust. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Vinga|first=Alois|date=2023-08-12|title=FEATURE: Meet Florence Mudzingwa the disability champion transforming lives|url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/https-www-newzimbabwe-com-feature-meet-florence-mudzingwa-the-disability-champion-transforming-lives/|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=NewZimbabwe.com|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVinga2023">Vinga, Alois (2023-08-12). [https://www.newzimbabwe.com/https-www-newzimbabwe-com-feature-meet-florence-mudzingwa-the-disability-champion-transforming-lives/ "FEATURE: Meet Florence Mudzingwa the disability champion transforming lives"]. ''NewZimbabwe.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'oge ọrịa COVID-19, Mudzingwa jiri WhatsApp gbaa ụmụ agbọghọ nwere nkwarụ ume ire ihe dịka ihe nkpuchi ihu ka ha wee nwee ike ịkwado onwe ha na ezinụlọ ha. Ọ kọwara na: "ha nwere ike ịmekọrịta m. Ha na-ekwu "ọ bụrụ na ọ na-arụ ọrụ, anyị nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ."Nke a abụghị oge ọmịiko onwe onye, ịbụ nwanyị na ibi ndụ nwere nkwarụ ekwesịghị ime ka anyị bụrụ ikpe ọrụ ebere. "<ref>{{Cite news|title=In Zimbabwe, female laborers don't let gender roles define them|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2021/0308/In-Zimbabwe-female-laborers-don-t-let-gender-roles-define-them|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> O bipụtara akwụkwọ Akụkọ ndụ onwe onye Life: The Art of Living Your Dreams na 2021, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nyampenza|first=Nyadzombe|date=2 November 2021|title=Mudzingwa pens motivational book|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2021/11/mudzingwa-pens-motivational-book|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=NewsDay|language=en|archivedate=2025-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221123121/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2021/11/mudzingwa-pens-motivational-book}}</ref> nke emere emume mmeghe na Three Anchor House nke onye nnọchi anya Australia na Zimbabwe bụ Bronte Moules bịara. <ref name=":0"/> N'afọ 2019, e nyere Mudzingwa ihe nrite ụmụ nwanyị bi na nkwarụ na-eme mmetụta na Society n'oge ọgbakọ na-eme mmemme ụmụ nwanyị nwere nkwarụ, [1] na na 2024, ọ ghọrọ onye otu Vital Voices Global Partnership.. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Florence Mudzingwa|url=https://www.vitalvoices.org/fellow/florence-mudzingwa/|accessdate=2025-02-08|work=Vital Voices|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.vitalvoices.org/fellow/florence-mudzingwa/ "Florence Mudzingwa"]. ''Vital Voices''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Edemsibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Mudzingwa, Florence}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2tg6wnu00e80b6vairb8efz3o70dg6j 0 60106 692950 206343 2026-07-31T02:56:30Z Philip Emeka 16124 fixed reference error 692950 wikitext text/x-wiki Irene Staunton bụ onye mbipụta Zimbabwe, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye nyocha na onye edemede, onye rụrụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ na nka kemgbe 1970, ma na UK na Zimbabwe. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye na-ebipụta Weaver Press na Harare, ebe ọ na-emebu Baobab Books. Staunton bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ọtụtụ akụkọ ọdịnala ama ama nke na-ekpuchi akụkọ ọnụ, obere akụkọ, na uri, gụnyere ndị nne nke mgbanwe: Ahụmahụ agha nke ụmụ nwanyị Zimbabwe iri atọ (1990), [1] Ụmụaka nọ n'etiti anyị: Voices of Children's Farmer (2000), Ide ka: Akụkọ ọhụrụ sitere na Zimbabwe (2000), [2] Wri na Zimbabwe. (2011), [4] na Ide ihe omimi & Mayhem (2015). == Ọrụ == A mụrụ Staunton na Southern Rhodesia, nke mechara bụrụ Zimbabwe ma mụọ akwụkwọ Bekee na UK.[1] Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na ibipụta akwụkwọ na London, ebe John Calder were ya n'ọrụ.[2][3] Mgbe nnwere onwe nke 1980 nke Zimbabwe gasịrị, ọ laghachiri ebe ahụ wee rụọ ọrụ dịka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke mbụ maka Ngalaba Omenala na Ministry of Education and Culture, na mgbe ahụ na Ngalaba Mmepe Curriculum na otu Ministry.<ref name="Magadza">Magadza, Moses (6 March 2014), [https://www.pambazuka.org/governance/meeting-legendary-editor-irene-staunton "Meeting legendary editor Irene Staunton"], ''[[Pambazuka News]]''.</ref> === Akwụkwọ Baobab === N'afọ 1987, Staunton na Hugh Lewin guzobere Baobab Press, "nke nwetara aha dị ka onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na-akpali akpali", na n'ime afọ 11 ya n'ebe ahụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bipụtara ọtụtụ akụkọ ifo, ndị na-abụghị akụkọ ifo, uri, akwụkwọ ụmụaka, akwụkwọ nka na akwụkwọ nkuzi. Ndepụta Baobab gụnyere ọrụ ndị edemede dị ka [[Chenjerai Hove]] (Noma Award for Publishing in Africa) na Shimmer Chinodya (onye mmeri nke Commonwealth Writers' Prize, mpaghara Africa), yana ọrụ Dambudzo Marechera, na akụkọ ifo Yvonne Vera niile.<ref name="Magadza" /> Baobab bipụtakwara ọtụtụ nchịkọta nke uri, gụnyere otu nke onye na-ede uri, Chirikure Chirikure.Mgbe ọ nọ na Baobab Books, Staunton chịkọtara akụkọ ihe mere eme mbụ nke Zimbabwe na akụkọ banyere ụmụ nwanyị na mgba nnwere onwe, Mothers of the Revolution . <ref name="Magadza" /> O kwuru, sị: "O nwere nnukwu ihu ọma na nne na nna m kụziiri anyị ịkwanyere ndị mmadụ si n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ùgwù ma gosi anyị na ihe dị mkpa abụghị ego ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ kama ọmịiko, ọmịiko. Ọchị na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe - ụkpụrụ ndị gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na nkwanye ùgwù onwe onye na nkwanye ugwu mmadụ. Nne m sokwa na Federation of African Women's Clubs Clubs, na-arụ ọrụ afọ ofufo nke ọ na-atọ nke ukwuu ma nye m, site na ya, site na ọ, ohere ịnweta ụmụ nwanyị siri ike, dị nro, na-eme ihe ọchị na-arụsi ọrụ ogologo oge maka ezinụlọ ha n'ime ime obodo. " === Ebe obibi akwụkwọ === Na 1999, Staunton hapụrụ Baobab wee malite ịtọlite ​​Weaver Press na Murray McCartney, na-arụkwa ọrụ nwa oge maka Heinemann African Writers Series ruo 2003.[1] Guzobere dị ka obere ụlọ ọrụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nwere onwe, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ site na Zimbabwe (gụnyere akụkọ ifo, akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọmụmụ gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na nwoke na nwanyị), [2] [3] Weaver Press na-agụ ugbu a n'etiti ndị odee ya na-aga nke ọma Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, NoViolet Bulawayo, Brian Chikwava, Shimmer Chinodya, Petina Huzen, Lara Valekarie N, Lara Valekarie Tagwira, Yvonne Vera, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.[4][5] Tinashe Mushkavanhu dere banyere Staunton: "Ọ bụ ọrụ nke ndị edemede o bipụtara na mgbe niile nọ n'etiti ogbo, na-emeri mba accolades, ma ọ bụ na-asụgharị ... Weaver Press bụ ihe kasị arụsi ọrụ ike mbipụta nchegbu na Zimbabwe na a mgba aku na uba"[6] Emepụtala mmemme akụkọ ifo nke ụlọ ọrụ site na nkwado sitere na NGO Dutch Hivos. <ref name="Klother">Klother, Annelie (2007), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi4OThwjcZEC&q=interview+with+irene+staunton&pg=PA217 "'You need to have the idea, the vision, and the passion: An Interview with Irene Staunton" (February 2006)]. In Mbongeni Z. Malaba and Geoffrey V. Davis (eds), ''Zimbabwean Transitions: Essays on Zimbabwean Literature in English, Ndebele and Shona'', Amsterdam/New York: Editions Rodopi, 2007, p. 214.</ref> === Ọrụ edemede ndị metụtara ya === Staunton anọwo na-echegbu onwe ya maka nyocha site na akụkọ ihe mere eme, mgbe ụfọdụ na ọrụ ya na òtù ndị ọzọ, na-elekwasị anya na olu ndị Afrịka a na-anụbeghị, ọkachasị nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka Zimbabwe. Ọ rụkọtara ọrụ na Save the Children Zimbabwe na mbipụta dị iche iche, gụnyere Children in Our Midst: Voices of Farmworkers' Children (2000), dabere na ajụjụ ọnụ ya na (ma gụnyere eserese) ọtụtụ narị ụmụaka na-esi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ugbo gaa n'ụlọ ọrụ ugbo n'ime ime obodo Zimbabwe, ndị na-ekwu maka nsogbu dị iche iche na-emetụta ha. Onye nyocha maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Children, Youth and Environments dere, sị: "Isiakwụkwọ ndị ahụ, nke mejupụtara kpamkpam nkwupụta ụmụaka dere ma ọ bụ dekọrọ, na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ndụ ụmụaka, gụnyere mmetụta onwe ha ('Abụ m nwatakịrị'), ezinụlọ, ụlọ, ahụmịhe ọrụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, omenala na egwuregwu ('Mgbe ụfọdụ anyị nwere obi ụtọ'). ...Nke a abụghị naanị akwụkwọ na-ebipụta echiche nke ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ. Ọ na-ama echiche ndị dị mma banyere mmalite. Ọ na ọrụ azụmahịa. Na mmekorita ya na Chiedza Musengezi nke Zimbabwe Women Writers, Staunton chịkọtara A Tragedy of Lives: Women in Prison in Zimbabwe, dabere na ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ndị bụbu ndị mkpọrọ nwanyị, na Women of Resilience: The Voices of Women Ex-combatants (2000). Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke Staunton "Pauline's Ghost" bụ nke e depụtara maka 2009 PEN/Studzinski Literary Award, nke J. M. Coetzee kpebiri. A na-akwanyere ya ùgwù nke ọma dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ nke ndị na-ede ya na-enweta ihe nrite mgbe niile - Stanley Gazemba na edemede ya na nso nso a "African Publishing Minefields and the Woes of the African Writer" na-aja Staunton mma maka nlebara anya "na usoro nhazi na imewe na ogo nke akwụkwọ ya" - ọ bụ onye a kpọrọ òkù na mmemme edemede obodo na nke mba ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reteaualiterara.ning.com/profiles/blogs/festivalul-palabra-en-el-mundo|title="Festivalul Palabra en el Mundo – Canada 2010".|accessdate=2020-03-23|archivedate=2020-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323153852/http://reteaualiterara.ning.com/profiles/blogs/festivalul-palabra-en-el-mundo}}</ref> O dezigharịrị ọtụtụ nchịkọta nke ederede Zimbabwe, <ref name="Gazemba" /><ref name=Gazemba>Gazemba, Stanley (13 December 2019), [https://www.theelephant.info/culture/2019/12/13/african-publishing-minefields-and-the-woes-of-the-african-writer/ "African Publishing Minefields and the Woes of the African Writer"], ''The Elephant''.</ref> — she has been an invited participant in local and international literary events.<ref>[https://www.poetryinternational.org/pi/int_article/12268/A-different-window-on-Zimbabwe/en/nocache "A different window on Zimbabwe – A Special Focus during the Poetry International Festival"], Rotterdam, 1 June 2008. Poetry International Archives.</ref> ma dee edemede gbasara mbipụta na Zimbabwe. Ruo afọ iri na abụọ site na 2003 ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Poetry International dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ Zimbabwe, na-enyefe ọrụ ahụ na 2015 na Togara Muzanenhamo. N'ikwu okwu n'ajụjụ ọnụ 2011 Staunton kwuru, sị: "Ndị nchịkọta akụkọ dị ka aka: egwuregwu ahụ enweghị ike ịga n'ihu na-enweghị ha, ma ọrụ ha dị na onyinyo. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ịhụ ọtụtụ ndị edemede kwetara na ndị nchịkọta ha - anya nke atọ bara uru". == Ndụ onwe onye == Staunton lụrụ Murray McCartney, onye ọ zutere na Africa Centre na London mgbe ọ bụ osote onye nduzi n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="Telling tales">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/dec/07/weaver-press-irene-staunton-zimbabwe-harare-25th-birthday|title=Telling tales: Zimbabwe's Weaver Press celebrates 25 years of championing truth-telling fiction|first=Saeed|author=Kamali Dehghan|authorlink=Saeed Kamali Dehghan|work=The Guardian|date=7 December 2023}}</ref> McCartney sooro ya kwaga Harare na 1983, ma bụrụkwa onye nduzi nke Weaver Press. == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == ; Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ * Mothers of the Revolution: War Experiences of Thirty Zimbabwean Women, Harare: Baobab Books, 1990; London, UK: James Currey, 1991. E bipụtaghachiri Harare: Weaver Press, 2020, .  * Children in Our Midst: Voices of Farmworkers' Children (ed. Irene McCartney), Harare: Weaver Press, na Save the Children, 2000.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0797420328|978-0797420328]].&nbsp; * (ya na Chiedza Musengezi) A Tragedy of Lives: Women in Prison in Zimbabwe, Harare: Weaver Press, 2000.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/1779220170|1779220170]].&nbsp; * (ya na Chiedza Musengezi) Women of Resilience: the voices of ex-combatants, Harare: Zimbabwe Women Writers, 2000.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780797420021|9780797420021]].&nbsp; * ''Anyị nwere ihe anyị ga-ekwu: Ụmụaka na Zimbabwe na-ekwu okwu'', Children's Consortium, 2002.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780797424029|9780797424029]].&nbsp; * Writing Still: New Stories from Zimbabwe, Harare: Weaver Press, 2003.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/1-77922-018-9|1-77922-018-9]].&nbsp; * ''Ịchị Ọchị Ugbu a. Akụkọ Ọhụrụ sitere na Zimbabwe''[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/1-77922-043-X|1-77922-043-X]].&nbsp; * Our Broken Dreams - Child Migration in Southern Africa (ed. na Chris McIvor na Chris Björnestad), Weaver Press, 2008.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9781779220707|9781779220707]].&nbsp; * Women Writing Zimbabwe, Harare: Weaver Press, 2008.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-77922-073-8|978-1-77922-073-8]].&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-77922-157-5|978-1-77922-157-5]].&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-77922-270-1|978-1-77922-270-1]].&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-77922-278-7|978-1-77922-278-7]].&nbsp; == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 62kxxguzpeaug5svghixj2p1nijlape 0 60216 693106 672177 2026-07-31T10:47:35Z Sylvaline39 15355 Fixed reference error 693106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Reflist}} '''Irshad Manji''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1968) bụ onye nkuzi Canada a mụrụ na Uganda. Ọ bụ onye dere The Trouble with Islam Today (2004) na Allah, Liberty and Love (2011), nke a machibidoro iwu n'ọtụtụ mba ndị Alakụba.<ref name="Bedell">{{Cite news|author=Bedell|first=Geraldine|date=2 August 2008|title=Interview: 'I cringed when they compared me to Martin Luther'|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/03/women|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/31/malaysia-reverse-book-ban|title=Malaysia: Reverse Book Ban|date=31 May 2012|work=Human Rights Watch|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912111414/https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/31/malaysia-reverse-book-ban|archivedate=12 September 2018|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/19/215087.html|title=Muslim gay Canadian launches book in Malaysia despite 'ban'|date=19 May 2012|work=Al Arabiya News|accessdate=16 July 2017}}</ref> O mekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ PBS na America na usoro Crossroads, akpọrọ Faith Without Fear, nke ahọpụtara maka onyinye Emmy na 2008.[1] [2] Onye bụbu onye nta akụkọ na onye na-egosi ihe onyonyo, Manji bụ onye na-akwado nkọwa mgbanwe nke Islam na onye nkatọ nkọwa nkịtị nke Koran.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ya, Don't Label Me (2019), na-atụ aro ụzọ isi gwọọ esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, agbụrụ, na ọdịbendị. Echiche ndị dị n'akwụkwọ ahụ nwere njikọ na Moral Courage Project, nke Manji guzobere na Mahadum New York na 2008 wee gbasaa na Mahadum nke Southern California (USC) na 2016, mgbe ọ bụ onye isi na Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership &amp;amp; Policy.<ref name="USC Annenberg">{{Cite web|title=Irshad Manji|url=https://communicationleadership.usc.edu/fellows/senior/irshad-manji/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222222806/https://communicationleadership.usc.edu/fellows/senior/irshad-manji/|archivedate=22 February 2020|accessdate=22 July 2017|work=Center on Communication Leadership & Policy|publisher=USC Annenberg}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị USC, o guzobere Moral Courage College na ebumnuche nke ịkụzi "ndị na-eto eto otu esi etinye aka n'eziokwu banyere ịkpa ókè okwu kama ime ihere ma ọ bụ ịkagbu ibe ha".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Manji|first=Irshad|date=16 August 2020|title=Hating the "Hateful"|url=https://www.persuasion.community/p/hating-the-hateful|accessdate=1 September 2020|work=Persuasion}}</ref> Manji na-ekwu okwu banyere isiokwu ndị a dị ka onye isi nchọpụta na Oxford Initiative for Global Ethics and Human Rights . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fellows|url=https://www.oxfordglobalethics.org/fellows|accessdate=1 September 2020|work=Oxford Initiative for Global Ethics and Human Rights|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Manji na 1968 na nso Kampala, Uganda.[1] Nne ya sitere na Egypt na nna ya nke ihe nketa India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/03/opinion/brave-young-and-muslim.html|title=Brave, Young and Muslim|author=Friedman|first=Thomas L.|date=3 March 2005|work=The New York Times|accessdate=28 March 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe [[Idi Amin]] nyere iwu ka Ịchụpụ ndị Eshia na ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị Afrịka na Uganda na mbido afọ 1970, <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4tY_Rk0BTGMC&pg=PA93|title=Muslim Women Reformers: Inspiring Voices Against Oppression|author=Lichter|first=Ida|date=2009|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-61592-502-5|pages=93|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/04/international/americas/04FPRO.html|title=An Unlikely Promoter of an Islamic Reformation|author=Krauss|first=Clifford|date=4 October 2003|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=11 July 2006}}</ref> Manji na ezinụlọ ya bịara [[Kánada|Canada]] dị ka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ. <ref name="Bedell"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303918204577446170153730122|title=Lady Gaga Versus Global Jihad|author=Stephens|first=Bret|date=4 June 2012|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=19 September 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> Ha biri na Richmond, British Columbia, nso Vancouver. <ref name="Todd"><ref name="Todd">{{cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/staff-blogs/the-trouble-with-irshad-manji|title=The Trouble with Irshad Manji|last=Todd|first=Douglas|date=13 May 2008|newspaper=[[Vancouver Sun]]|access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref> Manji gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze na, na Satọdee ọ bụla, ụlọ akwụkwọ okpukpe (madrasa). Manji na-ekwu na, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, a chụpụrụ ya na madrasa maka ịjụ ọtụtụ ajụjụ.<ref name="Popescu">{{Cite journal|author=Popescu|first=Lucy|date=12 October 2011|title=Irshad Manji|url=https://literaryreview.co.uk/irshad-manji|journal=Literary Review|issue=400|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Wente|first=Margaret|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/the-muslim-refusenik/article772583/|title=The Muslim refusenik|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/canada-150-irshad-manji-challenging-muslim-doctrine|title=Canada 150: Irshad Manji, challenging Muslim doctrine|author=Stephen Hume|work=[[Vancouver Sun]]|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 1990, Manji nwetara nzere bachelọ na nsọpụrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke echiche site na Mahadum British Columbia, wee merie Gọvanọ General's Academic Medal maka onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Humanities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fondationtrudeau.ca/en/community/irshad-manji|title=Irshad Manji|work=Fondationtrudeau.ca|accessdate=22 July 2017|archivedate=4 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104065136/http://www.fondationtrudeau.ca/en/community/irshad-manji}}</ref> Na 2002, Manji ghọrọ onye na-ede akwụkwọ na Mahadum Toronto's Hart House, ebe ọ malitere ide Nsogbu na Islam Taa.[1] [2] Ọ bụ onye ọbịa ya na mmemme mmụta mmụta nchekwa mba ụwa na Mahadum Yale na 2006 [3] wee bụrụ onye otu ibe ya na Brussels nke dabeere na European Foundation for Democracy site na 2006 ruo 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/freespeech-irshad-manji/|title=freeSpeech: Irshad Manji|author=McNamara|first=Melissa|date=18 September 2006|work=[[CBS News]]|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmfus.org/events/reconciling-islam-freedom|title=Reconciling Islam with Freedom|date=14 May 2007|work=The German Marshall Fund of the United States|language=en|accessdate=19 September 2019|archivedate=12 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212223356/http://www.gmfus.org/events/reconciling-islam-freedom}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Manji malitere ọrụ ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ ndị 1990. Ọ bụ onye enyemaka iwu na ndị omeiwu Canada maka onye otu New Democratic Party nke ndị omeiwu Dawn Black, mgbe ahụ odeakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi na Gọọmentị Ontario maka minista nke Ontario New Democratic Party Marion Boyd, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Todd|first=Douglas|title=The Trouble with Irshad Manji|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/staff-blogs/the-trouble-with-irshad-manji|accessdate=28 August 2020|work=Vancouver Sun|date=13 May 2008}}</ref> ma mesịa bụrụ onye edemede okwu maka onye isi NDP Audrey McLaughlin. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na anọ, ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ ihe gbasara mba maka nwa amaala Ottawa [1] na onye kacha nta na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ maka ụbọchị Canada ọ bụla. Ọ bụkwa onye na-ede akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ LGBT ọhụrụ Ottawa Capital Xtra![2] O sonye na ngalaba "Friendly Fire" mgbe niile na TVOntario's Studio 2 site na 1992 ruo 1994, isi na isi megide onye edemede aka nri Michael Coren. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMvzNiHF-XIC&pg=PA70|title=Joe's Toronto: Portraiture|author=Joe|first=Mendelson|date=2005|publisher=ECW Press|isbn=978-1-55022-715-4|pages=70|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rrj.ca/a-talking-contradiction/|title=A Talking Contradiction|author=Habib|first=Samra|date=17 March 2003|work=Ryerson Review of Journalism|language=en-US|accessdate=8 October 2019|archivedate=27 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227134320/https://rrj.ca/a-talking-contradiction/}}</ref> Manji kwadoro ma mepụta ọtụtụ mmemme ihe omume ọha na telivishọn, gụnyere Q-Files maka Pulse24 na onye nọchiri ya QT: QueerTelevision maka Citytv dabeere na Toronto na njedebe 1990s.[1][2] Mgbe ọ hapụrụ ihe nkiri ahụ, Manji nyere “nnukwu Q” ihe onyonyo onyonyo n'ọ́bá akwụkwọ mpako dị na Mahadum Western Ontario. Ọ pụtakwara na netwọkụ telivishọn gburugburu ụwa, gụnyere Al Jazeera, CBC, BBC, MSNBC, C-SPAN, CNN, PBS, Fox News Channel, CBS, na HBO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/IrshadManjiTV|title=Irshad Manji|work=YouTube|language=en|accessdate=25 May 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum New York (NYU) site na 2008 ruo 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kwese.espn.com/olympics/summer/2012/story/_/id/8157338/ioc-bar-saudi-arabia-olympics-women-added-team|title=IOC should bar Saudi Arabia from Olympics unless women added to team|date=12 July 2012|work=Kwese.espn.com|accessdate=22 July 2017|archivedate=13 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913002250/http://kwese.espn.com/olympics/summer/2012/story/_/id/8157338/ioc-bar-saudi-arabia-olympics-women-added-team}}</ref> Manji sonyeere ụlọ akwụkwọ Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service nke NYU iji mepụta Moral Courage Project, ihe omume iji kụziere ndị na-eto eto otu esi ekwu eziokwu n'ime obodo ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irshadmanji.com/moral-courage-project|title=Explore the Issues|author=Manji|first=Irshad|work=IrshadManji.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901122500/https://www.irshadmanji.com/Moral-Courage-Project|archivedate=1 September 2012|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref> Ọmụmụ ihe ya lekwasịrị anya n'otú "esi eme mkpebi ndị na-adabere n'ụkpụrụ maka iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe ha - ọkachamara na nke onwe ha".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Wagner|title=Moral Courage Project|url=http://wagner.nyu.edu/leadership/affiliates|publisher=Wagner School of Public Service|accessdate=24 January 2014|archivedate=23 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123092304/http://wagner.nyu.edu/leadership/affiliates}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2013, Manji na Cornel West, prọfesọ na onye na-eme ngagharị iwe, malitere Moral Courage TV (na [[YouTube]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7GguSvt-Ow|title=Cornel West & Irshad Manji at NYU Reynolds, 4/16|date=5 June 2013|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref> West kwuru banyere ọrụ Manji dị ka "ike dị ike maka ihe ọma". N'afọ 2015, Manji mepụtara "ọnụnọ West Coast nke Moral Courage" na Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership &amp;amp; Policy nke Mahadum Southern California. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cornel West and Irshad Manji at NYU Reynolds on 4/16/2013|date=5 June 2013|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7GguSvt-Ow|publisher=NYU Reynolds Program in Social Entrepreneurship|accessdate=1 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://communicationleadership.usc.edu/news/muslim-reformer-named-cclp-senior-fellow/|title=Muslim reformer named CCLP senior fellow|author=Chapman|first=Justin|date=11 September 2015|work=[[Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership & Policy]]|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === ''Nsogbu na Islam Taa'' ===   Akwụkwọ Manji bụ The Trouble with Islam Today (nke akpọrọ The Trouble With Islam) bụ nke St. Martin's Press bipụtara n'afọ 2004. E wepụtara akwụkwọ ahụ na Canada n'okpuru aha gara aga na Septemba 2003. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27|title=Books: Unveiling Islam|author=Hays|first=Matthew|date=2 March 2004|work=The Advocate|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, a sụgharịrị ya n'ihe karịrị asụsụ 30.<ref name="Todd" />Manji nyere nsụgharị [[Arabic]], Persian, na Urdu nke akwụkwọ ahụ maka nbudata n'efu na weebụsaịtị ya.<ref name="Jerusalem Post">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Features/Manji-Young-Muslims-want-change|title=Manji: Young Muslims want change|date=22 June 2006|work=The Jerusalem Post|accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref> Na The Trouble with Islam Today, Manji na-enyocha nkọwa ọhụrụ nke kor'an nke o kwenyere na ọ dabara adaba maka narị afọ nke 21.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/analysis/role-of-women-central-to-necessary-reforms-within-islam-441608.html|title=Role of women central to necessary reforms within Islam|author=O'Mahony|first=T.P.|date=1 February 2017|work=Irish Examiner|language=en|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ahụ enwetala otuto na nlelị site n'aka ndị Alakụba na ndị na-abụghị ndị Alakụga. Ọtụtụ ndị na-enyocha akwụkwọ ahụ akpọwo akwụkwọ ahụ "obi ike" ma ọ bụ "ogologo oge" ebe ndị ọzọ kwuru na ọ na-elekwasị anya na ndị Alakụba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Calling-all-believers-to-a-conversation-on-Islam/articleshow/1326998.cms|title=Calling all believers to a conversation on Islam|author=Rehman|first=Mujibr|date=11 December 2005|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/25/books/decent-exposure.html|title=Decent Exposure: ''The Trouble with Islam''|author=Sullivan|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Sullivan|date=25 January 2004|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2006/2/7/freedom_of_speech_or_incitement_to|title=Freedom of Speech or Incitement to Violence? A Debate Over the Publication of Cartoons of Prophet Muhammed and the Global Muslim Protests|author=Goodman|first=Amy|authorlink=Amy Goodman|date=7 February 2006|work=Democracy Now!|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008071329/https://www.democracynow.org/2006/2/7/freedom_of_speech_or_incitement_to|archivedate=8 October 2019|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> Tarek Fatah, onye Alakụba Canada ibe onye mbụ katọrọ The Trouble With Islam, [1] tụgharịrị n'ọnọdụ ya, na-ekwu na Manji kwuru "ezigbo maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ụwa Muslim" yana na "enwere ọtụtụ ihe mgbapụta na ncheta ya". <ref>{{Cite news|first=Tahir Aslam|author=Gora|authorlink=Tahir Aslam Gora|url=http://www.thespec.com/Opinions/article/392889|date=26 June 2008|title=Canada's a centre for Islamic reform|work=[[The Hamilton Spectator]]}}</ref> A machibidoro ''Nsogbu na Islam Taa'' n'ọtụtụ mba na Middle East.<ref name="Bedell"/> Kemgbe ọnwa Julaị afọ 2009, a machibidoro akwụkwọ ahụ iwu na Malaysia. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/05/24/home-ministry-bans-irshad-manjis-book|title=Home Ministry bans Irshad Manji's book|date=24 May 2012|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref> === ''Okwukwe Na-enweghị Egwu'' === N'afọ 2007, Manji wepụtara ihe ngosi PBS, Faith without Fear . Ọ na-eso njem ya iji mee ka okwukwe na nnwere onwe dịghachi n'otu, na-egosi ihe ize ndụ onwe onye ọ chere ihu dị ka onye na-eme mgbanwe ndị Alakụba. Ọ na-enyocha Islamism na Yemen, Europe na North America, yana akụkọ ihe mere eme nke echiche nkatọ Islam na Spain na ebe ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/about/show_faith_without_fear.html|title=Irshad Manji calls on her fellow Muslims to reform|publisher=[[PBS]]|quote=Trekking through the Arabian peninsula, Manji speaks with Osama bin Laden's former bodyguard, who explains why he's willing to turn his young son into a martyr. She also engages a California convert to Islam who now lives in Yemen and says that by covering her body and face, she's exercising American-style freedom of religion. But is it really freedom if you'll be punished for not covering? Manji meets one Yemeni woman who faces a steep price for rejecting the rules. Through them, Manji discovers what she thinks has corrupted a religion of justice to become an ideology of fear.|accessdate=2025-03-31|archivedate=2022-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209190230/https://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/about/show_faith_without_fear.html}}</ref> A họpụtara Faith Without Fear maka Emmy ma bụrụ onye ikpeazụ maka National Film Board of Canada's Gemini Award . <ref name="Emmy">{{Cite web|date=15 July 2008|title=Nominees for the 29th Annual News & Documentary Emmy Awards Announced by the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences|url=http://emmyonline.com/news_29th_nominations|accessdate=19 September 2019|work=Emmy Online|language=en-US|archivedate=23 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723023527/http://emmyonline.com/news_29th_nominations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nfb.ca/about/news.php?id=1584|title=2007 Gemini Awards|date=10 October 2007|publisher=[[National Film Board of Canada]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221070903/http://www.nfb.ca/about/news.php?id=1584|archivedate=21 December 2007}}</ref>[50] Ọ malitere 2008 Muslim Film Festival, nke American Islamic Congress haziri wee merie ọla edo na New York Television Festival. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muslimfilm.org/schedule.html|title=2008Muslim Film Festival - Think-Different Women|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20080416235659/http://www.muslimfilm.org/schedule.html|archivedate=16 April 2008}}</ref>[50] === ''Allah, Nnwere Onwe na Ịhụnanya'' === {{Reflist}} N'afọ 2011, Manji bipụtara Allah, Liberty and Love . N'akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ na-enyocha otú ndị Alakụba nwere ike isi kọwaa kor'an, kwuo okwu n'enweghị ihe mgbochi, ma chee echiche n'onwe ha.Iji kwado ụzọ ya, Manji na-ehota ijtihad, omenala Islam nke echiche siri ike na nkọwa nke ederede na ozizi Islam.[1][2] Manji na-ekwusi ike na mgbanwe ọ bụla nke uru na-adịgide adịgide nye ndị Alakụba nwere ike isi n'ime pụta na enweghị ike itinye ya site na isi mmalite. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/new-age-insight/30580878_1_muslim-irshad-manji-change|title=Changing Times|author=Siddharth|first=Gautam|date=2 January 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> Manji kwenyere ma kwalite ịdị irè nke Alụmdi na nwunye okpukpe nke ndị Alakụba na ndị na-abụghị ndị Alakụga, ọkachasị nke ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba nye ụmụ nwoke na-abụghị Ndị Alakụba, dabere na echiche nke Khaleel Mohammed nke San Diego State University (SDSU), na San Diego, California.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imam Khaleel Mohammed's defense of inter-faith marriage.|url=https://freethinkingstokie.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/eng_bothpages.pdf}}</ref> Dị ka ọ dị n'ihe odide Manji ndị ọzọ, Allah, nnwere onwe na ịhụnanya mepụtara ma nzaghachi dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma.  Rayyan Al Shawaf, onye odee dabeere na Beirut na onye nkatọ akwụkwọ, na-akwa arịrị na Manji lekwasịrị anya n'otú ndị Alakụba na-emesapụ aka nwere ike isi sụgharịa Koran ọ bụghị na otu esi edobe oke iwu iji kwụsị mmetụta nke Qur'an.Ọ na-ekwukwa na Manji na-akwalite ''ijtihad'' mgbe ọ na-eleghara anya na "ijtihad bụ mma agha nke na-ebibi ụzọ abụọ ahụ". <ref name="Al-Shawaf">{{Cite news|author=Al-Shawaf|first=Rayyan|title=Author's 'Allah' implores Muslims to Think Freely|url=https://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2011/06/25/manjis_allah_implores_muslims_to_think_freely/|accessdate=25 January 2013|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=25 June 2011}}</ref> Al-Shawaf na-akwa arịrị maka ilekwasị Manji anya "n'otú ndị Alakụba nwere nnwere onwe si kọwaa kor'an dịka ha nwere ike isi setịpụ ókè iwu na mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba ya". <ref name="Al-Shawaf" /> Meliklan Kay na nyocha ya maka ''Newsweek'' kọwara akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka "ịgọ ndị Alakụzụ" ma jupụta "okwu obi ụtọ nke na-eti mkpu" <ref name="Kaylan">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/irshad-manji-challenges-muslims-follow-their-conscience-67465|title=Irshad Manji Challenges Muslims to Follow Their Conscience|author=Kaylan|first=Melik|date=25 September 2011|work=Newsweek|language=en|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> Omar Sultan Haque, onye nchọpụta na onye nkuzi na Harvard University Medical School, na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ Manji dị mkpa n'ịkwalite nghọta, ọ "na-emeghị ka ụfọdụ n'ime ajụjụ ndị dị mkpa nke ga-eme ka ọdịnihu [nke nnwere onwe na nke ghere oghe] bụrụ eziokwu. " <ref name="Haque">{{Cite news|url=http://www.tnr.com/book/review/allah-liberty-love-irshad-manji|title=What Is Islamic Enlightenment?|author=Haque|first=Omar Sultan|date=15 March 2012|work=The New Republic}}</ref> Haque na-akọwakarị echiche Manji n'ụzọ "na-akwado". Howard A. Doughty, prọfesọ nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Seneca College, gosipụtara nke a site n'ikwu okwu site na nyocha Haque: "Chineke Manji yiri onye ndụmọdụ nduzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nwere mmetụta ịhụnanya ma dị ike. "<ref name="Haque" /><ref name="Doughty">{{Cite web|author=Doughty|first=Howard A.|url=https://www.innovation.cc/book-reviews/rev_doughty_assay_manji18vi1a13.pdf|title=Review Essay: What's the Trouble with Human Rights?|accessdate=16 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705121430/http://www.innovation.cc/book-reviews/rev_doughty_assay_manji18vi1a13.pdf|archivedate=5 July 2017}}</ref> Doughty, n'ịchịkọta ihe ọ chọpụtara banyere ndị na-akatọ Manji na-ekwu na ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta (ma e wezụga onwe ya) na-ekwu ete "Manji nwere ike ghara inwe ike ịdọrọ isi ya ma gbanwee echiche ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọ na-eme". <ref name="Doughty"/> Kama ọ na-enye mgbachitere ụzọ ya ma na-arụ ụka na "ihe ndị nkatọ ya yiri ka ọ na-atụfu bụ na ọ dị mfe nkwurịta okwu, na-ewepụ ya na nkà mmụta sayensị, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke akụ na ụba, bụ kpọmkwem ihe na-enye ya ohere ịtụgharị echiche ya n'omume ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Doughty" /> Mmalite mba ụwa nke ''Allah, Nnwere Onwe na Ịhụnanya'' zutere esemokwu. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2011, ndị Alakụba na-emebiga ihe ókè wakporo akwụkwọ Manji na Amsterdam; <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/irshad-manji-book-tour-in-indonesia-runs-into-trouble-with-islamic-thugs|title=Irshad Manji book tour in Indonesia runs into trouble with Islamic 'thugs'|author=Hopper|first=Tristin|date=10 May 2012|work=National Post|language=en-CA|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> ndị ikom Alakụba iri abụọ na abụọ gbara ọsọ banye n'ebe ahụ ma nwaa ịwakpo ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://israelbehindthenews.com/we-made-the-jerusalem-post-with-this-irshad-manji-speaking-the-truth/8343/|title=Speaking the truth: A moderate Muslim, Irshad Manji says Islam needs more introspection and self-criticism|author=Spivak|first=Rhonda|date=25 April 2012|work=The Jerusalem Post|accessdate=22 July 2017|archivedate=8 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808224230/http://israelbehindthenews.com/we-made-the-jerusalem-post-with-this-irshad-manji-speaking-the-truth/8343/}}</ref> N'oge njem akwụkwọ Manji, ndị uwe ojii belatara okwu ya na Jakarta n'ihi nrụgide sitere n'otu n'ime ndị otu ndị isi nke Indonesia, Islamic Defenders Front.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/archive/indonesian-hardline-group-urges-govt-to-deport-liberal-canadian-muslim-activist/|title=Indonesian Hardline Group Urges Govt to Deport Liberal Canadian Muslim Activist|author=Mandiri|first=Ardi|date=5 May 2012|work=[[Jakarta Globe]]|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> Ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị, ọtụtụ narị ndị ikom sitere na Kansụl Mujahedeen nke Indonesia wakporo ndị otu Manji na ndị na-akwado ya na Yogyakarta. Ọtụtụ mmadụ merụrụ ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu onye ga-agwọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ. <ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/10/irshad-manji-injured-mob-attack-yogya.html|title=Irshad Manji injured in mob attack in Yogya|date=10 May 2012|work=[[The Jakarta Post]]|accessdate=9 January 2013}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, gọọmentị Malaysia machibidoro Allah, Liberty na Love. <ref name=":3">{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/05/24/home-ministry-bans-irshad-manjis-book|title=Home Ministry bans Irshad Manji's book|date=24 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|access-date=25 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008063245/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/05/24/home-ministry-bans-irshad-manjis-book|archive-date=8 October 2019|agency=[[Bernama]]|location=Malaysia}}</ref> Mana na Septemba 2013, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu dị na Kuala Lumpur wepụrụ mmachibido iwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Jong|first=Rita|title=Ban on Irshad Manji's book lifted|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/ban-on-irshad-manjis-book-lifted|accessdate=1 October 2013|work=[[The Malaysian Insider]]|date=5 September 2013}}</ref> N'afọ gara aga, e jidere Nik Raina Nik Abdul Aziz, nwanyị Malay bụ otu n'ime ndị njikwa nke Borders, maka ire nsụgharị nke akwụkwọ Manji tupu steeti ahụ ekwupụta mmachibido iwu ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/08/2012867105109271.html|title='Un-Islamic' book trial opens in Malaysia|author=Mayberry|first=Kate|date=6 August 2012|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://antarapos.com/en/index.php?q9nan56SpKPkoObnaNGXpVvZn7WkcZFjZQ|title=Irshad Manji's Book: Borders Book Store Manager To Be Tried|work=Antarapos.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029023305/http://antarapos.com/en/index.php?q9nan56SpKPkoObnaNGXpVvZn7WkcZFjZQ|archivedate=29 October 2017|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref> Mgbe ya na ndị ọchịchị lụchara ọgụ afọ atọ, Ụlọikpe Federal nke Malaysia kpebiri na ọ kwadoro ya ma jụ mbọ gọọmentị gbara ịrịọ arịrịọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/nik-rainas-nightmare-finally-over-as-federal-court-dismisses-jawis-prosecut|title=Nik Raina's nightmare finally over as Federal Court dismisses JAWI's prosecution bid in Borders case|author=Palansamy|first=Yiswaree|date=23 June 2015|work=[[Malay Mail]]|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/judges-slam-islamic-authority-for-premature-raid-on-borders|title=Judges slam Islamic authority for premature raid on Borders|author=Lim|first=Ida|date=22 August 2014|work=Malay Mail|accessdate=25 August 2014}}</ref> === ''Ekwela ka m kpọọ aha'' === N'ihe omume tupu ewepụta akwụkwọ ya kachasị ọhụrụ, Don't Label Me: An Incredible Conversation for Divided Times, Manji bụ onye isi okwu na-ekwu okwu kwa afọ na Day of Discovery, Dialogue & Action nke Mahadum Washington na St. Louis na 19 Febụwarị 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|author=McCarthy|first=Leslie Gibson|date=15 February 2019|title=Honest diversity, moral courage and shedding labels: A Q&A with Irshad Manji|url=https://source.wustl.edu/2019/02/honest-diversity-moral-courage-and-shedding-labels-a-qa-with-irshad-manji/|accessdate=1 September 2020|work=The Source|publisher=Washington University in St. Louis|language=en-US}}</ref> St. Martin's Press bipụtara Don't Label Me na 26 Febụwarị. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Schilling|first=Mary Kaye|date=21 February 2019|title=In ''Don't Label Me'', Irshad Manji Has a Radical Prescription for Fellow Progressives: 'Stop Shaming and Start Listening'|work=Newsweek|url=https://www.newsweek.com/2019/03/08/irshad-manji-interview-dont-label-me-diversity-black-lives-matters-1335894.html|accessdate=1 September 2020}}</ref> Edere akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụdị mkparịta ụka e chepụtara echepụta na Lily, nkịta mbụ nke Manji, onye nwụrụ anwụ ugbu a ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka Onye na-akwado Ekwensu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Gee|first=Dana|date=2 April 2019|title=Listening is the best way to get your point across, says Irshad Manji|url=https://vancouversun.com/entertainment/books/listening-is-the-best-way-to-get-your-point-across-says-irshad-manji|accessdate=1 September 2020|work=Vancouver Sun|language=en-CA}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Kronen|first=Samuel|date=1 May 2019|title=Irshad Manji's "Don't Label Me": Book Review|url=https://areomagazine.com/2019/05/01/irshad-manjis-dont-label-me-book-review/|accessdate=1 September 2020|work=Areo|language=en-US|archivedate=11 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111031748/https://areomagazine.com/2019/05/01/irshad-manjis-dont-label-me-book-review/}}</ref> Dị ka Dana Gee nke ''Vancouver Sun'' si kwuo, "Ọ nwere ike iyi ka ọ bụ ihe eji eme ihe, mana ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ezie". Manji na-eji mkparịta ụka ahụ akwado ibuli elu karịa tribalism ma soro ndị onye na-agụ ya ekwenyeghị na ha na-ekwu okwu.<ref name=":1" /> Na vidiyo nke magazin Time bipụtara na Machị 2019, Manji na-ekwu "Anọ m ebe a iji kwuo na, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-akụziri ndị na-eto eto otu esi eme ihe na-adịghị akpasu iwe, ha kwesịkwara ịkụziri ọgbọ ọhụrụ otu esi eme ka ha ghara ịkpasu iwe. " <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hahn|first=Jason Duaine|date=4 April 2019|title=Schools 'Need' to Teach Kids 'How Not to Be Offended' in 2019, Educator Pleads|url=https://people.com/human-interest/schools-kids-how-not-to-be-offended-irshad-manji/|accessdate=1 September 2020|work=People|language=EN}}</ref>Onye na-akpa ọchị Chris Rock, onye na-akwado Manji,[1] kwalitekwara akwụkwọ ahụ na Twitter na-akpọ ya " ọgụgụ isi".[2][3] Na ntụleghachi nke Don't Label Me for Areo Magazine, Samuel Kronen dere na "Manji na-enye nchikota magburu onwe ya nke nkwutọ onwe onye, aghụghọ na obi eziokwu dị egwu ma na-enye nghọta na ụfọdụ nsogbu mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-eche ihu taa. . <ref name=":4" /> Manji enwetala ọtụtụ egwu ọnwụ n'ihi echiche ya.<ref name="Todd">{{Cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/staff-blogs/the-trouble-with-irshad-manji|title=The Trouble with Irshad Manji|author=Todd|first=Douglas|date=13 May 2008|work=[[Vancouver Sun]]|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/irshad-manji-islams-marked-woman-58908.html|title=Irshad Manji: Islam's marked woman|author=Hari|first=Johann|date=5 May 2004|work=The Independent|language=en|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bi na Toronto, o nwere windo nke ụlọ ya na-egbochi mgbọ maka nchekwa.<ref name="Todd" /> A kọwawo Manji dị ka Onye na-ede akwụkwọ kor'an.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kaminski|first=Joseph J.|chapter=Introduction: Determining the Basis for Political Discourse for the Next Generation|title=The Contemporary Islamic Governed State|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Cham|year=2017|pages=1–28}}</ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Jerusalem Post, na-akọwa echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, Manji kwuru, "Abụghị m onye nku aka ekpe, abụghị m onye aka nri. Abụ m post-wing "[1] Ọ katọrọ arụmụka na agha US na-akpali ndị Islam extremism.Manji na mbụ kwadoro agha United States na Iraq na Afghanistan, na ọchịchị George W. Bush na-alụ ọgụ na ụjọ.[1] [2] [3] [4] Ka ọ na-erule 2006, echiche ya banyere agha dị na Iraq abụrụla nke ukwuu nkatọ maka ọchịchị Bush.[5] Na Iraq, o kwuru na ya "chere na Ọfịs Oval nwere ozi eburu n'uche mgbe ọ na-eme mkpebi.O kwukwara, "M anọwo na-enyo ọrụ anyị na Afghanistan na mmetụta ya enyo n'ihu ọha. "<ref name="Cole">{{Cite web|url=https://nowtoronto.com/art-and-books/q-and-a-irshad-manji/|title=Q&A: Irshad Manji|author=Cole|first=Susan G.|date=10 June 2011|work=Now|accessdate=10 September 2018|archivedate=11 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911002456/https://nowtoronto.com/art-and-books/q-and-a-irshad-manji/}}</ref><ref name="Cole" /> Ọ na-arụ ụka na ndị Palestine chere ọrụ abụọ ihu: otu nke Hamas nyere ụmụ nwanyị na ndị LGBT na nke ọzọ nke ndị agha Israel na Palestine niile.<ref name="Jerusalem Post"><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2007/04/18/DI2007041801507.html|title=PBS 'America at a Crossroads': 'Faith Without Fear'|date=19 April 2007|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == N'afọ 2016, Manji na onye mmekọ ya, Laura Albano, lụrụ na Hawaii.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/05/10/irshad-manji-marries-partner-laura-albano/|title=Irshad Manji marries partner Laura Albano|author=Firdaws|first=Nawar|date=10 May 2016|accessdate=22 July 2017|work=[[Free Malaysia Today]]}}</ref> Ha na nkịta nnapụta ha biri n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="USC Annenberg"> Di na nwunye ahụ agbaala alụkwaghịm ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Manji|first=Irshad|date=14 January 2020|title=Divorcing courageously|url=https://irshadmanji.com/divorcing-courageously/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419055212/https://irshadmanji.com/divorcing-courageously/|archivedate=19 April 2020|accessdate=1 September 2020|work=IrshadManji.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ == == Akwụkwọ == * 1997 – ''Risking Utopia: On the Edge of a New Democracy'', (Douglas and McIntyre {{ISBN|1-55054-434-9}}) * 2003 – ''The Trouble with Islam Today'' (St. Martin's Press, {{ISBN|9780312326999}}) * 2011 – ''Allah, Liberty and Love: The Courage to Reconcile Faith and Freedom''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZGslAEACAAJ|title=Allah, Liberty and Love|first=Irshad|author=Manji|publisher=[[Atria Books]]|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4516-4520-0}}</ref> (Atria Books, {{ISBN|1-4516-4520-1}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4516-4520-0}}) * 2019 – ''Don't Label Me: An Incredible Conversation for Divided Times'' (St. Martin's Press, {{ISBN|9781250157980}}) == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * {{IMDb name|1879555}} * AppearancesnaC-SPAN [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gbmh2ttnyhahywuo3qx97uqpq84xwbm 0 60388 693062 687212 2026-07-31T08:36:07Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Fixed reference error 693062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''2 Samuel 5''' bụ [[Bible]]" id="mwCA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">isi nke ise nke Akwụkwọ Samuel nke Abụọ na Agba Ochie nke Bible [[Efefe Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]] ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke abụọ nke Akwụkwọ Samuel na Bible Hibru. [1] Dị ka ọdịnala ndị Juu si kwuo, e kwuru na ọ bụ [[Samuel]] onye amụma dere akwụkwọ ahụ, na mgbakwunye nke ndị amụma Gad na Nathan, <ref name="JewishEncyclopedia">{{Cite web|author=Hirsch|first=Emil G.|title=SAMUEL, BOOKS OF|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13080-samuel-books-of|work=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref> mana ndị ọkà mmụta nke oge a na-ele ya anya dị ka ihe mejupụtara ọtụtụ ederede onwe ha nke oge dị iche iche site na c. 630-540 BCE.[3][4] Isiokwu a nwere akụkọ banyere ọchịchị Devid na Hebron na Jerusalem. [5][6] Nke a dị n'ime ngalaba nwere 1 Samuel 16 ruo 2 Samuel 5 nke na-edekọ ịrị elu Devid dị ka eze Izrel, na ngalaba nwere 2 Samuel 2-8 nke na-ekwu maka oge Devid guzobere alaeze ya. [7][8] == Ihe odide == E dere isiakwụkwọ a na mbụ n'Asụsụ Hibru. E kewara ya na'amaokwu iri abụọ na ise. === Ndị akaebe ederede === Ụfọdụ ihe odide oge ochie nwere ederede nke isi a na Hibru bụ nke ọdịnala Masoretic Text, nke gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (narị afọ nke iri), na Codex Leningradensis (1008). [9] a chọtara iberibe akwụkwọ ndị nwere akụkụ nke isi a n'asụsụ Hibru n'etiti Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ gụnyere 4Q51 (4QSama; 100-50 BCE) na amaokwu 1-3, 6-16, 18-19 dị ugbu a. [10][12] Ihe odide ochie nke nsụgharị gaa na Grik Koine nke a maara dị ka Septuagint (nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga TOA) gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (B; 𝐺 B; narị afọ nke anọ) na Codex Alexandrinus (A; 𝐺 A; narị afọ nke ise).[14][a] === Ihe odide Agba Ochie === * 2 Samuel 5:1-11: 1 Ihe E Mere 11:1-9<ref name=bsb>[https://biblehub.com/bsb/2_Samuel/5.htm 2 Samuel 5], Berean Study Bible</ref> * 2 Samuel 5:12-25: 1 Ihe E Mere 14:1-9<ref name="bsb" /> == Ebe ndị a na-anọ ==   * Bel-perazim * Geba * Gezer * [[Jerusalem]] * Otu puku afọ * Taịra * Ndagwurugwu Rephaim == Nnyocha == Akụkọ banyere ọchịchị Devid na Hebron na 2 Samuel 1:1-5:5 nwere usoro ndị a: [17] : A. Ịlaghachi azụ na ihe nkiri ikpeazụ nke 1 Samuel (1:1) :: B. Devid natara okpueze Sọl (1:2-12) ::: C. Devid gburu onye gburu Sọl (1:13-16) :::: D. Abụ ákwá Devid maka Sọl na Jọtan (1:17-27) ::::: E. Ndị eze abụọ n'ala (2:1-3:6) ::::: E'. Otu eze n'ala: Abner gbanwere akụkụ (3:7-27) :::: D'. Abụ ákwá Devid maka Abner (3:28-39) ::: C'. Devid gburu ndị gburu Ishbaal (4:1-12) :: B'. Devid yi okpueze Sọl (5:1-3) : A'. Na-atụ anya ọchịchị Devid na Jerusalem (5:4-5) Edere akụkọ Devid banyere ọrịgoro n’ocheeze na Hebron site n’amaokwu mmeghe nke na-ele anya azụ ruo n’isi ikpeazụ nke 1 Samuel (ọnwụ Sọl na ebe mgbaba Devid na Ziklag) na amaokwu mmechi ndị na-atụ anya ọchịchị Devid na Jerusalem (2 Samuel 5). Ihe ahụ malitere mgbe Devid nwetara okpueze Sọl ma mechie mgbe o mechara nweta okpueze ahụ. Devid gburu onye Amalek bụ́ onye kwuru na ya nyeere Sọl aka igbu onwe ya na ndị gburu Ishbel. Edere abù-ákwá abua: otù bayere Sọl na Jonatan, na nke-ntà nke-ntà nke Abna. N’etiti ihe omume abụọ ahụ bụ isi bụ: ịdị adị nke eze abụọ n’ala ahụ (Devid na Ishbeal), n’ihi na ndị agha Joab enweghị ike imeri ókèala Sọl n’ọgbọ agha. Otú ọ dị, e kpebiri nke a mgbe Ishbaal ji nzuzu maa iguzosi ike n’ihe Abna ọgụ, mere ka Abna gbanwee otu akụkụ nke mesịrị weta alaeze Sọl n’okpuru ọchịchị Devid.[17] == Devid e tere mmanụ eze Izrel niile (5:1-5) == Site na ọnwụ Ishbaal, Devid enweghịzi onye na-asọ mpi maka ocheeze Israel (amaokwu 1-2). [18] "Ebe ndị Izrel", na-ekwu maka njikọ ya na ụlọ Sọl, idu ndú ya a nwapụtara megide ndị Filistia yana nkwa Chineke ime ya eze, zigara 'ndị okenye Izrel' (cf. 'ndị nna Juda' na 2 Samuel 2:4) na Hebron iji mee 'ọgbụgba ndụ... n'ihu Onyenwe anyị', wee tee Devid mmanụ dị ka 'eze'.[18] === Amaokwu nke 3 === : ''Ya mere, ndị okenye nile nke Izrel bịakwutere eze ahụ na Hebron, Eze Devid sokwa ha mee ọgbụgba ndụ na Hebron n'ihu Onyenwe anyị. Ha wee tee Devid mmanụ n'elu Izrel.'' * "Ha tere Devid mmanụ n'elu Izrel": nke a bụ ite Devid mmanụ nke atọ, ebe Samuel mere nke mbụ, nke abụọ bụ nke ebo Juda, na ugbu a site n'ebo niile nke Israel, na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ na-eri, na-aṅụ ma na-aju Devid ọṅụ (1 Ihe E Mere 12:1). == Devid meriri Jeruselem (5:6-10) == Nzọụkwụ ọzọ dị mkpa bụ mmeri nke Jerusalem (amaokwu 6-9), nke ndị 'Jebusites' bi na ya ruo mgbe ahụ, ndị sitere na Kenan (Jenesis 10:16). [18] A na-ahụ aha Jerusalem n'ihe odide Execration nke ndị Ijipt nke narị afọ nke 19 na nke 18 BCE na n'ihe ndekọ Amarna nke narị afọ na nke 14 BCE.[18] Ndị Izrel emeghị ka obodo ahụ weghara mgbe ha meriri Kenan (Joshua 15:63; Ndị Ikpe 1:21), ya mere ọ ghọrọ ógbè nwere onwe ya ruo mgbe Devid weghaara ya.[18] Ebe e wusiri ike (ma ọ bụ ebe e wusiri anya) dị n'ebe dị anya site n'okporo ụzọ ndị isi ugwu na ndịda ma dị n'ókè dị n'etiti Juda na Israel ndị ọzọ, yabụ ọ bụ nhọrọ amamihe dị ka isi obodo.[18] Ndị Jebus nwere obi ike nke na a pụghị iwere obodo ha, n'ihi ya, ha gwara Devid na ọbụna ndị nwere nkwarụ, 'ndị kpuru ìsì na ndị nwere nkụda mmụọ', ga-enwe ike ichebe ya (amaokwu 6). Mgbe Devid meriri obodo ahụ, o jiri okwu ahụ kpọọ ndị na-agbachitere ya 'ndị nkwarụ na ndị kpuru ìsì' (amaokwu 8). [18] Ndị mwakpo ahụ gara 'n'elu olulu mmiri' iji banye n'obodo ahụ (amaokwu 8), ya bụ, olulu kwụ ọtọ site n'obodo ruo n'Isi Iyi nke Gihon, mgbe ahụ Devid biri n'ebe e wusiri ike n'elu ugwu dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Jerusalem, nke a na-akpọkwa "Ofel", ma nye ya aha 'obodo Devid'.[18] Akụkọ banyere mmeri Devid weghaara obodo ahụ nwere nkwubi okwu kwesịrị ekwesị n'amaokwu 10, nke a nwere ike ibu n'uche dị ka nkwupụta mmechi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịrịgo Devid n'ocheeze Izrel.[21] === Amaokwu nke 9 === : ''N'ihi ya, Devid biri n'ogige ahụ, ma kpọọ ya obodo Devid. David wuru gburugburu site na Millo na n'ime.'' * "Millo": bụ ihe a na-etinye n'ala iji mepụta mgbidi ma ọ bụ ikpo okwu, na-eme ka ọ dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ.[18] N'asụsụ Hibru, a na-eji okwu a eme ihe mgbe niile na isiokwu doro anya (ma e wezụga na Ndị Ikpe 9:6; Ndị Ikpe 9:0) <ref name="ellicott" /> O yikarịrị ka aha ahụ sitere n'okwu ochie nke ndị Kenan maka 'mgbidi dị na nsọtụ ugwu nke Ugwu Zaịọn'. <ref name="ellicott" /> Solomọn (1 Ndị Eze 11:27) na Hezekaya (2 Ihe E Mere 32:5) wusiri ya ike. <ref name=ellicott>[[Charles Ellicott|Ellicott, C. J.]] (Ed.) (1905). [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/ellicott/2_samuel/5.htm ''Ellicott's Bible Commentary for English Readers''. 2 Samuel 5.] London : Cassell and Company, Limited, [1905-1906] Online version: (OCoLC) 929526708. Accessed 28 April 2019.</ref> === Amaokwu 10 === : ''Devid wee gaa n'ihu, wee too nke ukwuu, Onyenwe anyị Chineke nke ndị agha nọkwa na ya.'' * "Onyenwe a Chineke nke ndị ọbịa": a hụghị okwu ahụ bụ "Chineke" na 4QSama ma ọ bụ Septuagint Grik, ma eleghị anya iji kwekọọ na okwu a na-ahụkarị na Bible "Onyenwe ndị ọbịa". == Aha ọma na ezinụlọ Devid (5:11-16) == Akụkụ a nwere ihe odide abụọ dị mkpirikpi: # Amaokwu 11-12 na-akọ mkparịta ụka ya na eze Hiram nke Taịa, onye nwere ihe owuwu na ndị omenkà maka ọrụ owuwu Devid. Ọ pụkwara izo aka n'oge ọzọ n'oge ọchịchị Devid dị ka Hiram nyekwara aka na ọrụ owuwu Solomọn.[26] # Amaokwu 13-16 depụtara ụmụ Devid mụrụ na Jerusalem dị ka ihe na-aga n'ihu na ndepụta ahụ na 2 Samuel 3:2-5.[26] E nyere otu ndepụta ahụ, na ụfọdụ ọdịiche, na 1 Ihe E Mere 3:5-8 na 1 Ihe Ihe E Mere 14:5-7 . === Amaokwu 14 === : ''Ndị a bụ aha ndị a mụrụ n'ebe ọ nọ na Jeruselem; Shammua, Shobab, Nathan, Solomon,'' * "Nathan na Solomọn": Dị ka ụmụ nwoke anọ edepụtara ebe a si kwuo, dị ka ọ gụrụ n'otu oge na 1 Ihe E Mere 3:5 a mụrụ ha na Bathsheba (Bath-shua), yabụ n'oge ọchịchị Devid. Solomọn na Netan bụ ụmụ nwoke abụọ nke Devid bụ ndị Oziọma Matiu na Luk si n'otu n'otu chọta usoro ọmụmụ Jizọs Kraịst. == Mmeri abụọ o meriri ndị Filistia (5:17-25) == Akụkọ banyere mmeri abụọ Devid meriri ndị Filistia nwere ike ijikọta ya na oge gara aga mgbe a 'nyara ya mmanụ n'elu Izrel' (amaokwu 17), ebe 'ebe siri ike' ya abụghị Jerusalem, mana ọ nwere ike ịbụ Adullam. N'oge abụọ ahụ, Devid gakwuuru Chineke, na-enweta azịza dị iche maka nke ọ bụla - ziri ezi na ihe omume mbụ, mana ihe na-adịghị mma na oge nke abụọ, na-esote ndụmọdụ ọzọ - na-eduga na mmeri n'ọnọdụ niile.[26]Ndị Filistia rutere Rephaim, ala dị larịị nke dị n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Jerusalem, na agha mbụ Devid meriri ha na Bel-perazim ('Onyenwe nke Bursting Forth'). N'agha nke abụọ, a dụrụ David ọdụ ka ọ gaa n'ụzọ dị iche ma si n'akụkụ dị nso na 'osisi balsam', osisi ndị dị n'ọhịa nke dị n'ógbè ugwu. Mmeri nke abụọ bụ ihe dị mkpa ka a chụpụrụ ndị Filistia 'site na Geba' (Septuagint na-agụ 'site na Gibeọn', kilomita isii n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Jerusalem) laghachi n'ókè ha na Gezer.[26] == Hụkwa ==   == Ihe edeturu == == Ihe odide == == Ebe e si nweta ya == === Nkọwa banyere Samuel === 1e0t3l1rr6zimxgyfm9ve0fsf4jtoyc 0 60411 692741 208964 2026-07-30T14:10:23Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Fixed reference error 692741 wikitext text/x-wiki   2 Ndị Eze 24 bụ Bible" id="mwCA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">isi nke iri abụọ na abụrụ nke abụọ nke akwụkwọ Ndị Eze na Bible Hibru ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nke abụọ nke Eze na Agba Ochie nke Bible Ndị. yana mgbakwunye mgbakwunye na apụ ya nke isii BCE.[3] ndepụta a dekọrọ ihe ndị mere n'oge nke Jehoyakim, Jehoyakimi na Zedekaya, ndị eze Juda. E dere isiakwụkwọ a na mbụ n'Asụsụ Hibru. E kewara ya na'amaokwu iri abụọ. Ụfọdụ ihe odide oge ochie nwere ederede nke isi a na Hibru bụ nke ọdịnala Masoretic Text, nke gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (narị afọ nke iri), na Codex Leningradensis (1008). [5] E nwekwara nsụgharị n'asụsụ Koine Grik nke a maara dị ka Septuagint, nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga BCE. Ihe odide oge ochie dị ug'''B''' '''A''' nke nsụgh^A Septuagint gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (^B; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>B; narị afọ nke anọ) na Codex Alexandrinus (A; <nowiki> </nowiki>G <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} <nowiki> </nowiki>A; narị afọ nke ise). [6][a] * 2 Ndị Eze 24:1-7: 2 Ihe E Mere 36:5-8<ref name=bsb>2 Kings 24, Berean Study Bible</ref> * 2 Ndị Eze 24:6-9: 2 Ihe E Mere 36:9-10<ref name="bsb" /> * 2 Ndị Eze 24:10-17: Iru újú 1:1-22<ref name="bsb" /> * 2 Ndị Eze 24:18-20: 2 Ihe E Mere 36:11-14; Jeremaịa 52:1-3<ref name="bsb" /> : A. Athaliah, nwa nwanyị Ehab, gburu mkpụrụ eze (2 Ndị Eze 11:1:1). :: B. Joash chịrị (2 Ndị Eze 11-12) ::: C. Usoro ngwa ngwa nke ndị eze Izrel na Juda (2 Ndị Eze 13-16) :::: D. Ọda Sameria (2 Ndị Eze 17) ::::: E. Mbilite n'ọnwụ nke Juda n'okpuru Hezekaya (2 Ndị Eze 18-20) : A'. Manase, eze dị ka Ehab, na-akwalite ikpere arụsị ma na-egbu ndị aka ha dị ọcha (2 Ndị Eze 21) :: B'. Jọshịa chịrị (2 Ndị Eze 22-23) ::: C'. Nchịkọta ngwa ngwa nke ndị eze Juda (2 Ndị Eze 24) :::: D'. Ọdịda Jeruselem (2 Ndị Eze 25) ::::: E'. Ịdị elu nke Jehoiachin (2 Ndị Eze 25:27-30) [9] 2 Ndị Eze 23-24 nwere 'atụmatụ dị ọcha' n'ime ọgba aghara na njedebe nke alaeze Juda: [10] {| class="wikitable" ! style="width: 300px;" |2 Ndị Eze 23:31-24:2 ! style="width: 300px;" |2 Ndị Eze 24:8-25:1 |- |Johaaz chịrị ọnwa atọ |Jehoiachin chịrị ọnwa atọ |- |Fero Necho tụrụ Johaaz mkpọrọ |Nebukadneza tụrụ Joyakin mkpọrọ |- |Necho tinyere Eliakim n'ocheeze ma gbanwee aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Jehoyakim |Nebukadneza tinyere Mataniya n'ocheeze ma gbanwee aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Zedekaya |- |Necho kpọgara Johaaz Ijipt; Johaaz nwụrụ n'Ijipt |Nebukadneza kpọgara Jehoiachin na Babilọn; E mechara bulie Jehoiachin elu na Babilọn |} == Ndị iro meriri Juda (24:1-7) == Mgbe Jehoyakim ghọrọ eze na-achị Ijipt na 609 TOA, Juda nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị Ijipt. Mgbe Agha Kakemish gasịrị na 605 TOA, bụ́ ebe ndị agha Babilọn nke Nebukadneza nke Abụọ duziri meriri ndị agha Ijipt, Jehoyakim kwadoro Babilọn. Otú ọ dị, mgbe agha dị nso na Pelusium na 601 TOA butere ọnwụ dị ukwuu n’akụkụ abụọ ahụ, Jehoiakim kwenye n’ụzọ hiere ụzọ kwere na Babilọn esiwo ike ma nupụ isi megide ha, laghachi ná nkwado ndị Ijipt. Nzaghachi nke Babilọn N’agbata afọ 601-598 TOA, Nebukadneza zipụrụ mba ndị gbara ya gburugburu ka ha bịa yie Juda egwu. Ná ngwụsị afọ 598 TOA, ndị agha Babilọn nọchibidoro Jeruselem ruo ọnwa atọ. Ọ ga-abụ na Jehoyakim anwụọla tupu nnọchibido ahụ akwụsị. Ọnwụ Jioyakim Dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kwuo, Nebukadneza tụrụ Jehoyakim agbụ wee kpọrọ ya laa Babịlọn. Jeremaịa buru amụma na a ga-eli Jehoyakim dị ka ịnyịnya ibu, tụpụ ya n’azụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá Jeruselem. Josephus dere na Nebukadneza gburu Jehoyakim ma nye iwu ka a tụba ozu ya n'ihu mgbidi n'elighị ya. === Amaokwu 1 === : ''N'oge ya, Nebukadneza, eze Babilọn bịara, Jehaakim ghọkwara odibo ya ruo afọ atọ. Mgbe ahụ, ọ tụgharịrị ma nupụ isi megide ya.'' * "N'oge ya": ya bụ, 605 BCE, na njedebe nke afọ nke atọ (Daniel 1:1) na mmalite nke afọ nke anọ (Jeremiah 25:1) nke ọchịchị Jehoyakim. Ndị editọ nke New King James Version gbakọrọ "afọ iri asaa nke ozi" nke Ndị a chụgara n'ala ọzọ nye eze Babilọn (Jeremiah 25:11-12) site na ụbọchị a. : ''Onyenwe anyị zigara ndị Kaldea, ndị Siria, ndị Moab, na ndị Amọn ka ha wakpo ya. O zigara ha ka ha lụso Juda ọgụ ka ha bibie ya, dị ka ndị ohu Ya ndị amụma kwuru.'' : ''O doro anya na iwu nke Onyenwe anyị nke a bịara n'elu Juda, wepụ ha n'anya Ya n'ihi mmehie nke Manase, dị ka ihe niile o mere si dị,'' * "N'ezie n'iwu nke Onyenwe anyị": n'ụzọ nkịtị, "naanị n'ọnụ YHWH"; nsụgharị Greek Septuagint na Syriac na-agụ "iwe" kama "ọnụ". : ''Ya mere, Jehoyakimi sooro ndị nna ya dinara, nwa ya nwoke Jehoyakimi chịrị n'ọnọdụ ya.'' * "Slept": sụgharịrị dị ka "na-ezu ike" (NKJV) ma ọ bụ "na-ada". : ''Eze Ijipt esighị n'ala ya pụta ọzọ, n'ihi na eze Babilọn ewerela ihe niile nke eze Ijipt site na Osimiri Ijipt gaa n'osimiri Yufretis.'' * "Mmiri nke Ijipt": nke a na-ejikarị [[:fr:Wadi el-Arish|Wadi El-Arish]] <ref name="GrahamBrown1993">{{Cite book|author=M. Patrick Graham|title=History and Interpretation: Essays in Honour of John H. Hayes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSxEe0BNg1cC&pg=PA204|date=1 November 1993|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-567-26995-9}}</ref> bụ osimiri epiphemeral na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian dị nso n'obodo Arish (cf. 1 Kings 8:65). [33] == Jehoiachin, eze Juda (24:8-16) == Akụkọ banyere ọchịchị Jehoyakin (nke a makwaara dị ka Jekonaya) nwere ọdịdị mmalite mmalite (amaokwu nke 8-9) na akụkọ abụọ na-akọwa ọchịchị dị nkenke ọnwa atọ ya na ndọrọ n’agha laa Babilọn. Akụkụ nke mbụ bụ usoro nke nọọrọ onwe ya na-eji ụdị okwu “waw-consecutive”, “n’oge ahụ” (amaokwu 10), gbasara nnọchibido nke Jerusalem (amaokwu 10-13). Akụkụ nke abụọ (amaokwu nke 14-17) malitere site na "ụdị ọnụ okwu zuru oke", "o wee chụpụ ya n'agha". Mmechi Ọ dighi eze-ikpe-azu ọ bula, n'ihi na akukọ Jehoiakin ejedebeghi na ọnwu-ya. Kama nke ahụ, 2 Ndị Eze 25:27-30 dekọrọ ntọhapụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'oge ọchịchị nke nwa Nebukadneza, bụ́ Evil-Merodak, na-egosi na ọ ka dị ndụ.[34] === Amaokwu nke 8 === : ''Jehoiachin dị afọ iri na asatọ mgbe ọ malitere ịchị, ọ chịrị ọnwa atọ na Jerusalem. Aha nne ya bụ Nehushta, nwa nwanyị Elnathan nke Jerusalem.'' * Dị ka 2 Ihe E Mere 36:9 si kwuo, Jehoiakin bụ nwa Jehoyakim. Ihe àmà ndị mgbe ochie na-egosi ịdị adị ya site ná mbadamba nkume ndị a chọtara n’akụkụ Ọnụ Ụzọ Ámá Ishta dị na Babịlọn oge ochie, gụnyere mbadamba ihe e ji eri nri e kwuru okwu ya banyere Jehoiakin, nke e dere n’ihe dị ka n’afọ 592 TOA. Mbadamba nkume ahụ depụtara aha ya n'asụsụ cuneiform (Akkadian, "Ia-'-ú-kinu") ma depụta ya na ụmụ ya ndị ikom ise dị ka ndị natara ihe nri na Babilọn.[1] Akwụkwọ Nsọ A na-akpọkwa Jehoyakin dị ka “Jekonaya” na Baịbụl, ebe Jeremaya 22:24, 28:4, na 29:2 kpọkwara ya aha n’aha ocheeze ahụ bụ́ “Jehoyakin”. Ụdị nke dị mkpụmkpụ bụ́ “Konaịa” ka e ji mee ihe na Jeremaịa 22:24, 28, na 37:1 . === Amaokwu 12 === : ''Joyakin, eze Juda, ya na nne ya, na ndị na-ejere ya ozi, na ndị isi ya, na ndi isi ya, nakwa ndi isi ya gakwuuru eze Babilọn. Eze Babilọn kpọọrọ ya n'afọ nke asatọ nke ọchịchị ya.'' * "Afọ nke asatọ": dabere na usoro ịrịgo nke ịgụta afọ ọchịchị na Juda, na-atụle oge Nebukadneza weghaara ndị agha tupu ọnwụ nna ya dị ka afọ 1, ebe Ihe ndekọ Babilọn dekọrọ nke a dị ka afọ nke asaa (site n'oge Nebukadneza batara n'ocheeze) nke a jikwa mee ihe na Jeremaịa 52:28.[37] === Amaokwu nke 15 === : ''O wee buru Jehoiachin gaa Babilọn. Nne eze, ndị nwunye eze, ndị isi ya, na ndị dị ike nke ala o si Jeruselem gaa Babilọn.'' * "Onye dị ike nke ala": Targum sụgharịrị ya dị ka "ndị magnate nke ala". === Amaokwu 17 === : ''Eze Babilọn wee mee Mattaniya nwanne nna ya eze n'ọnọdụ ya, ma gbanwee aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Zedekaya.'' * "Matanaịa/Zedekaịa: Nwa-nwoke nke Eze Josaya (Jeremaịa 1:3; Jeremaịa 37:1) bụ onye dị afọ 10 mgbe nna ya nwụrụ, na 21 mgbe ọ rịgoro n’ocheeze (amaokwu 18). [1] Dị ka Jehoiakin, bụ́ onye dị afọ 18 n’oge ahụ (amaokwu nke 8) na o nweghị nwa nwoke nke nwere ike ịchị, Matanaịa dị ka nwanne nna Jehoyakin nwere onye mbụ n’ocheeze. [1] "Nne nna": "nna nna" (nke Eze Jehoiakin) sitere na Hibru דֹד֖וֹ, Lisbon.[2] == Zedekaya, eze Juda (24:17-20) == Akụkọ ọchịchị nke Zedekaya nwere akụkụ mmalite nke ọchịchị (amaokwu 18-20) na akụkụ bụ isi na 2 Ndị Eze 25:1-30, na-enweghị akụkụ mmechi, n'ihi na ọ dịghị eze ga-anọchi ya n'ocheeze mgbe e bibichara Jerusalem.[43] === Amaokwu 18 === : ''Zedekiah dị afọ iri abụọ na otu mgbe ọ malitere ịchị, ọ chịrị afọ iri na otu na Jerusalem. Aha nne ya bụ Hamutal, nwa nwanyị Jeremaịa nke Libna.'' Zedekaia bụ aha ocheeze nke “Mattaniya”, nwanne Joahaz nke nta site n’otu nne na nna (2 Ndị Eze 23:31) na nwanne nna Jekonaya (Jehoiakin).[14] N’agbanyeghị na o nwetara ndụmọdụ sitere n’aka Jeremaya (Jeremaịa 37:17-21; 38:14-28), Zedekaịa họọrọ inupụrụ Babịlọn isi (cf. 2 Ndị Eze 24:20 na Ezikiel 17 ), bụ́ nke dugara ná mbibi nke Jerusalem.[14] Ozi Mgbakwunye Alụmdi na nwunye ya na Hamutal nwere ike igosi mgbalị Josaya mere iji wusie ógbè ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Juda ike megide Ijipt, karịsịa n'ógbè Libna nke dị n'ógbè Shefila.[45] === Amaokwu 20 === : ''N'ihi iwe nke Onyenwe anyị, ọ bịara na Jerusalem na Juda ka ọ chụpụrụ ha n'ihu ya.'' : ''Zedekaya nupụụrụ eze Babilọn isi.'' * "Zedekaia nupụrụ isi site n’izite ndị ozi gakwuru Fero Họfra (Apries) nke Ijipt na-achọ enyemaka (Ezikiel 17:15; cf. Jeremaịa 28:5; Jeremaịa 44:30). Mba ndị gbara ya gburugburu (Edọm, Amọn, Moab, Taya, na Saịdọn) duhie ya ka ha si n’ọchịchị Babịlọn pụta (Jeremaịa 27:3) na amụma ụgha nke Hananaya (Jeremaịa 28), n’agbanyeghị ndụmọdụ Jeremaịa nke ido onwe ya n’okpuru Babilọn.[1] == Ihe osise == <gallery> Faịlụ:Second_Book_of_Kings_Chapter_24-5_(Bible_Illustrations_by_Sweet_Media).jpg|The king of Babylon made Zedekiah king of Judah. </gallery> == Hụkwa ==   * Akụkụ [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]] ndị metụtara ya: 2 Ndị Eze 23, 2 Ndị Eze 25, 2 Ihe E Mere 36, Jeremaịa 37, Jeremaịa 52, Luk 1 == Ihe edeturu == == Edensibia == == Edensibia == * {{Cite book|author=Cogan|first=Mordechai|title=II Kings: A New Translation|series=Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries|publisher=Doubleday|year=1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GbHYAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9780385023887}} * {{Cite book|author=Collins|first=John J.|title=Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures|chapter=Chapter 14: 1 Kings 12 – 2 Kings 25|pages=277–296|publisher=Fortress Press|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbsoBAAAQBAJ|isbn=9781451469233}} * {{Cite book|author=Coogan|first=Michael David|authorlink=Michael D. Coogan|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48|editor=Coogan|edition=Augmented 3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=9780195288810|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ}} * {{Cite book|author=Dietrich|first=Walter|chapter=13. 1 and 2 Kings|title=The Oxford Bible Commentary|editor=Barton|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=first (paperback)|year=2007|pages=232–266|isbn=978-0199277186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ|accessdate=February 6, 2019}} * {{Cite book|author=Fretheim|first=Terence E|title=First and Second Kings|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ODLAo9QouEC|isbn=978-0-664-25565-7}} * {{Cite book|author=Halley|first=Henry H.|authorlink=Henry Hampton Halley|title=Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary|edition=24th (revised)|publisher=Zondervan Publishing House|date=1965|url=https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr|isbn=0-310-25720-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Leithart|first=Peter J.|title=1 & 2 Kings|series=Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible|publisher=Brazos Press|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_gvin9G7LgC|isbn=978-1587431258}} *   * {{Cite book|author=McKane|first=William|chapter=Kings, Book of|editor=Metzger|title=The Oxford Companion to the Bible|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1993|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/409 409]–413|isbn=978-0195046458}} * {{Cite book|author=Nelson|first=Richard Donald|authorlink=Richard D. Nelson|title=First and Second Kings|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCgUvQOIvD0C|isbn=978-0-664-22084-6}} * {{Cite book|author=Pritchard|first=James B|year=1969|authorlink=James B. Pritchard|title=Ancient Near Eastern texts relating to the Old Testament|publisher=Princeton University Press|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1VrngEACAAJ|isbn=9780691035031}} * {{Cite book|author=Sweeney|first=Marvin|title=I & II Kings: A Commentary|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4jn8uj49RIC|isbn=978-0-664-22084-6}} * {{Cite book|title=The Nelson Study Bible|year=1997|publisher=Thomas Nelson, Inc.|isbn=9780840715999|ref={{sfnref|The Nelson Study Bible|1997}}}} * {{Cite book|author=Thiele|first=Edwin R.|authorlink=Edwin R. Thiele|title=The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings: A Reconstruction of the Chronology of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah|year=1951|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago}} * {{Cite book|author=Würthwein|first=Ernst|authorlink=Ernst Würthwein|title=The Text of the Old Testament|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, MI|year=1995|isbn=0-8028-0788-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC|accessdate=January 26, 2019}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Nsụgharị [[Judaism|Ndị Juu]]: ** Melachim II - II Kings - Isi nke 24 (Judaica Press) nsụgharị [na nkọwa Rashi] na Chabad.org * Nsụgharị [[Efefe Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]]: ** Bible Online na GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English) ** [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=12&chapter=24&version=9 2 Ndị Eze isi nke 24. Ọnụ Ụzọ Bible] fw3fheoeae4a435zd2q34uok9y8yna2 0 60467 692946 672280 2026-07-31T02:44:29Z Philip Emeka 16124 fixed reference errors 692946 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ekbal Baraka|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Arab World Books}}</ref>Iqbal Baraka (amụrụ 1942) bụ onye odeakụkọ Egypt, onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na onye ode akwụkwọ. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke nwanyị Hawaa ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ. A maara Baraka maka ọrụ ya iji kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Egypt na ụwa ndị Alakụba. A na-ewere ya dị ka "otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị kacha nwee mmetụta na mba Arab". == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Baraka na 1942 na Cairo, Egypt .<ref name=":0" /> Ọ tolitere n'ezinụlọ nwere nnwere onwe, nke nọ n'etiti na mpaghara El Daher, ebe a gbara ya ume ịchụso ịgụ akwụkwọ na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}</ref> O nwetara nzere bachelọ na bekee site na mahadum Alexandria na 1962, na nzere bachelọ nke abụọ na Mahadum Cairo na akwụkwọ Arabic na 1979. [1] Na Cairo, ọ gụrụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Quran na hadith.[2]. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Alexandria, Baraka rụrụ ọrụ na mmekọrịta ọha na eze maka ụlọ ọrụ Philips tupu ọ gaa rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị. Ọ kwagara Kuwait maka ọkwa dị ka onye nkuzi Bekee.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837|title=Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999|others=ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy|date=November 2008|isbn=978-977-416-267-1|location=Cairo, Egypt|oclc=503115837}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri Ijipt, ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye nta akụkọ na redio asụsụ Bekee. Ọ gara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka ''Sabah El Kheir'' (Good Morning), magazin jikọtara ya na Rose al-Yūsuf Group .<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, 1927-2008.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773582885|title=In search of Islamic feminism : one woman's global journey|date=2010|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-307-77385-2|location=New York|oclc=773582885}}</ref> N'ọrụ a, ya na ndị na-eche echiche Islam na-alụkarị ọgụ maka ikike mmadụ na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Islam.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1993, a họpụtara ya dịka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin ụmụ nwanyị ''Hawaa'' . Ebumnuche ya bụ iji gbanwee magazin ahụ, nke lekwasịrị anya n'otu esi abụ ezigbo nwanyị, ka ọ bụrụ isi iyi nke isiokwu gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ikike mmadụ, na ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmetụta.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1993-07-25|title=All about Eve|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-07-25-9307250088-story.html|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Chicago Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka o mechara kwuo: "M na-ewere dị ka echiche m bụ isi na ụmụ nwanyị abụghị naanị ngwá ọrụ nke ndị na-emepụta ejiji na ndị na-ahụ maka ejiji, na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ezigbo mmasị na nchegbu anyị ga-emeso. " O jiri kọlụm ya na magazin ahụ na-akpọ oku maka ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Baraka chịrị magazin ahụ ihe karịrị afọ 20, ruo n'afọ 2014. <ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=June–August 2014|title=Media Monitor Egypt - 13|url=http://asahnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MM-13-En-2014-A1.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919135054/http://asahnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MM-13-En-2014-A1.pdf|archivedate=2020-09-19|work=Al Sawt Al Hurr Arab Network for Media Support}}</ref> Ọ nyekwara aka dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ Rose al-Yūsuf, Sayidaty, na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ. O dere ogidi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị elu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ dị iche iche, gụnyere Al-Ahram. [1][2] <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />Baraka edeela akwụkwọ karịrị iri abụọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ekwu banyere ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba na ọha mmadụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, nke e bipụtara na 1970, bụ ndị enyi ruo mgbe ebighị ebi. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere Dawn maka Oge Mbụ na Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na-abụghị akụkọ ifo gụnyere Hijab: Ọhụụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, ịhụnanya na Islam mbụ, ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba na esemokwu nke Fez Versus okpu, na Nwanyị Ọhụrụ. E meela ọtụtụ akụkọ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ka ha bụrụ mmemme telivishọn. Ọ na-edekwa edemede maka telivishọn kemgbe afọ 2000.<ref name=":0" /> Baraka jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Egypt's PEN Club na onye isi oche kọmitii ụmụ nwanyị nke PEN International . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-19|title=PEN International Women Writers Committee {{!}} Reykjavik 2013|url=https://scottishpen.org/pen-international-women-writers-committee-reykjavik-2013/|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Scottish PEN|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nixey|first=Catherine|date=2011-02-12|title=Living proof that PEN is mightier than the sword: The champion of writers' freedom has plenty to celebrate as it turns 90|work=The Times of London}}</ref> O sokwa guzobe Association of Egyptian Women Filmmakers . <ref name=":3" /> == Nkwado == Baraka, onye bụ onye Alakụba, na-eji usoro Alakụba akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Alsharif|first=Asma|date=2006-11-19|title=Renowned writer fights for women's rights in Islam|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/e-zine/renowned-writer-fights-for-womens-rights-in-islam|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=The Caravan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Calbreath|first=Dean|date=2001-11-21|title=Women's rights gaining ground in some Muslim nations|work=The San Diego Union-Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=North|first=James|date=1993-12-18|title=Egyptian feminists battle fundamentalist backlash|work=Toronto Star}}</ref> Ọ na-emegide hijab, na-akpọ ya ihe fọdụrụ n'oge ọchịchịrị ma na-ekwupụta na ọ nweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na okpukpe nke Islam n'onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hundley|first=Tom|date=1993-10-05|title=Grounds for Outrage in Egypt as a Couple Fights Its Own Divorce, Fundamentalists Split the Nation|work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Ọ na-akwado iwepụ niqab kpamkpam.<ref name=":6" />Baraka kwupụtara nkatọ a n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2002 bụ The ''Hijab'' . <ref name=":0" /> Arịrịọ ya maka ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị gụnyere ịkwado agụmakwụkwọ ọnụ mahadum ndị Ijipt.<ref name=":6" /> A katọrọ ya ugboro ugboro ma maa ya aka maka ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọkachasị site n'aka ndị na-akwado okpukpe, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba ndị ọzọ.><ref>{{Cite news|author=Sciolino|first=Elaine|date=1985-07-25|title=Islam: Feminists vs. Fundamentalists|work=New York Times}}</ref> Baraka lụkwara ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè megide Ndị Copt na ndị ọzọ pere mpe.<ref name=":1" /> N'oge Arab Spring, ọ kwuru maka nkwado nke ndị isi ụwa na Ijipt.<ref name=":6" /> == Nkwado == Baraka meriri Egyptian State Prize for Distinction na 2004. <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2007, ọ natara onyinye Oxfam Novib / PEN maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Njie|first=Ousman|date=2008-02-20|title=Fatou Jaw Manneh Amongst Four Writers Honoured by Oxfamm Novib/PEN|url=http://www.foroyaa.gm/index.php/burning-issue/1259-gambia-news-archive|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130107093935/http://www.foroyaa.gm/index.php/burning-issue/1259-gambia-news-archive|archivedate=2013-01-07|work=Foroyaa}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == === Akụkọ ifo === * Ndị Enyi Ruo Ebighị Ebi (1970) * Dawn maka oge mbụ (1975) * Layla na Onye A Na-amaghị Amụ (1980) * Ịkụ azụ n'Oké Osimiri nke Echiche Ọjọọ (1981) * Agụ owuru nke Ọdọ Mmiri (1983) * ''Mgbe ọ bụla oge opupu ihe ubi laghachiri'' (1985) * Ihe mere na ndina n'ike (1993, akụkọ) * Diaries of a Working Woman (1993) === Akụkọ ifo === * Ịhụnanya na mmalite Islam (1998) * Islam na ihe ịma aka nke oge anyị (1999) * Ịlaghachi na Fadda (2001) * ''Nwanyị Ọhụrụ'' (2002) * The Hijab: A Modern Vision (2002) === Ihe odide njem === == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fs9oj373e0s458ptvani3zgvkgcsvjb 0 60503 692742 209706 2026-07-30T14:11:23Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added default sort and databox 692742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gabriel Onyenwife''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu na-anọchite anya Oyi/Ayamelum Federal Constituency na House of Representatives. O si na steeti Anambra. A họpụtara ya n'ụlọ omebe iwu na ntuli aka nke 2015 n'okpuru All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Citizen Science Nigeria|url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/gabriel-onyenwife|accessdate=2025-01-08|work=citizensciencenigeria.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Nwafor|date=2018-03-23|title=Indelible footprints of 'Gabriel Onyenwife' in the Green chamber|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/03/indelible-footprints-gabriel-onyenwife-hallow-chamber/amp/|accessdate=2025-01-08|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Onyenwife, Gabriel}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] s5xml3flvhj4my4yq8ndea932f7bqg7 0 60569 692745 209739 2026-07-30T14:18:12Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added default sort and databox 692745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gabriel Saleh Zock''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjiria nke rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu na-anọchite anya Kachia/Kagarko Federal Constituency. Amụrụ na 20 November 1985, ọ na-ehi ụra na Kaduna State. A họọrọ ya n'ụlọ nzukọ na 2019 n'okpuru ihe niile na-aga n'ihu na-enwe nzukọ ọgbakọ (APC). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Citizen Science Nigeria|url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/gabriel-saleh-zock|accessdate=2025-01-06|work=citizensciencenigeria.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lawmakers - ConsTrack Track and Report on Governement Funded Projects in Nigeria|url=https://www.constrack.ng/lawmaker_details?id=156|accessdate=2025-01-06|work=ConsTrack}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{DEFAULTSORT:Saleh Zock, Gabriel}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] s84d0wto7jdbj11ihpd6fq620nf8yxg 0 60586 692667 210274 2026-07-30T12:36:05Z Adimora chidinma 15845 added databox and removed excess defaultsort 692667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David Abel Fuoh''' (amụrụ 15 Eprel 1968) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na-anọchite anya Gashaka/Kurmi/Sardauna Federal Constituency nke Taraba State n'ụlọ omebe iwu. Ọ bụ onye otu All Progressives Congress (APC).<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 October 2024|title=How Hon. David Fuoh Stands in First Year of 10th National Assembly|url=https://www.thelegislatureng.com/how-hon-david-fuoh-stands-in-first-year-of-10th-national-assembly/?utm_source=chatgpt.com|accessdate=7 January 2025|work=THE LEGISLATURE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Legislator Details - ConsTrack Track and Report on Governement Funded Projects in Nigeria|url=https://www.constrack.ng/legislator_details?id=336|accessdate=7 January 2025|work=www.constrack.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Alkassim|first=Balarabe|date=9 February 2022|title=Reps Urge FG To Intervene In Communal Crisis Between Two Taraba Communities - Daily Trust|url=https://dailytrust.com/reps-urge-fg-to-intervene-in-communal-crisis-between-two-taraba-communities/|accessdate=7 January 2025|work=dailytrust.|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=After Six Years Of Darkness, Hon. David Abel Fuoh Restore Electricity to Sardauna Communities|url=https://www.tarabatruthandfact.com.ng/2020/02/after-six-years-of-darkness-hon-david.html?m=1|accessdate=7 January 2025|work=Tarabatruthandfacts}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fuoh, David Abel}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} 4ju7wzrx3d4m82f2plulou7wev0o8uz 692670 692667 2026-07-30T12:36:34Z Adimora chidinma 15845 /* Ebensidee */ 692670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David Abel Fuoh''' (amụrụ 15 Eprel 1968) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na-anọchite anya Gashaka/Kurmi/Sardauna Federal Constituency nke Taraba State n'ụlọ omebe iwu. Ọ bụ onye otu All Progressives Congress (APC).<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 October 2024|title=How Hon. David Fuoh Stands in First Year of 10th National Assembly|url=https://www.thelegislatureng.com/how-hon-david-fuoh-stands-in-first-year-of-10th-national-assembly/?utm_source=chatgpt.com|accessdate=7 January 2025|work=THE LEGISLATURE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Legislator Details - ConsTrack Track and Report on Governement Funded Projects in Nigeria|url=https://www.constrack.ng/legislator_details?id=336|accessdate=7 January 2025|work=www.constrack.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Alkassim|first=Balarabe|date=9 February 2022|title=Reps Urge FG To Intervene In Communal Crisis Between Two Taraba Communities - Daily Trust|url=https://dailytrust.com/reps-urge-fg-to-intervene-in-communal-crisis-between-two-taraba-communities/|accessdate=7 January 2025|work=dailytrust.|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=After Six Years Of Darkness, Hon. David Abel Fuoh Restore Electricity to Sardauna Communities|url=https://www.tarabatruthandfact.com.ng/2020/02/after-six-years-of-darkness-hon-david.html?m=1|accessdate=7 January 2025|work=Tarabatruthandfacts}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fuoh, David Abel}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} hrjn44udjhkewihkkr5161rifwxgbvb 0 60637 692835 209670 2026-07-30T20:22:50Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692835 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abubakar Hassan Fulata''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa. Ugbu a, ọ bụ onye otu na-anọchite anya Birniwa/Guri/Kirikasamma Federal Constituency na House of Representatives. A mụrụ ya na 3 March 1959, o sitere na Jigawa State ma nwee nzere bachelọ. A họpụtara ya n'ụlọ omebe iwu na 2015. A họpụtara ya ọzọ na 2019, na 2023 ọzọ n'okpuru All Progressives Congress (APC), na-eme okwu nke atọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=10th National Assembly Members - Voter - Validating the Office of the Electorate on Representation|url=https://orderpaper.ng/voter/10th-national-assembly-member?id=Fulata-Abubakar-Hassan-2291|accessdate=2025-01-06|work=orderpaper.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Citizen Science Nigeria|url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/abubakar-hassan-fulata|accessdate=2025-01-06|work=citizensciencenigeria.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=National Assembly {{!}} Federal Republic of Nigeria|url=https://nass.gov.ng/mps/single/320|accessdate=2025-01-06|work=nass.gov.ng}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fulata, Abubakar Hassan}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3e9lcghflf1jjvw964qwqtpbwj50r3j 0 60648 692809 209556 2026-07-30T19:52:19Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692809 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Friday Obomezele Itulah''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, onye na-ahụ maka iwu, na onye bụbu onye isi oche nke ụlọ omebe iwu nke steeti Edo ugboro abụọ. Ọ nọchitere anya mpaghara [[Esan West]], Esan Central, na Igueben na Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya. Ọ bụ onye otu Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).O sonyere na ntuli aka nke Edo Central Senatorial nke 2023 mana [[Mike Onolememen]] meriri ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ogunyemi|first=Ifedayo|date=2021-03-03|title=Ex-Edo Assembly Speaker loses father|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ex-edo-assembly-speaker-loses-father/|accessdate=2025-01-06|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Citizen Science Nigeria|url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/friday-itulah|accessdate=2025-01-06|work=citizensciencenigeria.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2024-01-04|title=Edo 2024: Friday Itulah, Kenneth Ahbulimen step down for Asue Ighodalo|url=https://guardian.ng/news/edo-2024-friday-itulah-kenneth-ahbulimen-step-down-for-asue-ighodalo/|accessdate=2025-01-06|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{DEFAULTSORT:Itulah, Friday}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ijmu3z5iie7whej7uj0j9jmboj3ug46 0 60997 692999 210501 2026-07-31T05:12:59Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Felicia Bassey|birth_place= [[Akwa Ibom State]], [[Nigeria]]|nationality=Nigerian|occupation=Politician|office=Deputy Speaker of the [[Akwa Ibom State House of Assembly]]|constituency=[[Okobo, Nigeria|Okobo]] State Constituency}} '''Felicia Bassey''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu Akwa Ibom Steeti Ụlọ Mgbakọ, na-anọchite anya [[Okobo, Akwa Ibom|Okobo]] Steeti Constituency. Ọ nọkwa n'ọkwa osote onye isi oche nke Akwa Ibom Steeti Ụlọ Mgbakọ<ref>{{Cite web|author=Anthony|first=Lovina|date=2021-02-20|title=2023: Only female president can change Nigeria - Akwa Deputy Speaker, Bassey|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/02/20/2023-only-female-president-can-change-nigeria-akwa-deputy-speaker-bassey/|accessdate=2025-01-05|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Akwa Ibom 'll remain PDP state –Felicia Bassey Archives|url=https://thesun.ng/tag/why-akwa-ibom-ll-remain-pdp-state-felicia-bassey/|accessdate=2025-01-05|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bassey, Felicia}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] i2klea361eh7cjcw3juw6uog5tegn27 0 61060 692641 210760 2026-07-30T12:17:32Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Fyne '''Ahuama Onyekachi''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye omeiwu Naijiria. Ọ na anọchite anya [[Osisioma Ngwa|Osisioma]] Mpaghara ndịda nke Abia Steeti ugbu a na Steeti Legislature . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ukanwa|first=Faith|date=2023-06-15|title=See Full List Of 24 Members Of The 8th Abia State House Of Assembly|url=https://afnews.ng/full-list-of-24-members-of-the-8th-abia-state-house-of-a/|accessdate=2024-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Abia Lawmakers Decamp To Labour Party, Meet With Governor Otti|url=https://thewhistler.ng/abia-lawmakers-decamp-to-labour-party-meet-with-governor-otti/|work=The Whistler}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ahuama, Fyne}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mcu7138632qa26vgdql4kbtga333lsw 0 63496 693138 364653 2026-07-31T11:55:07Z Epiphanus Jide 14249 Removed broken file and added databox 693138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Pro D2 bụ ọkwa nke abụọ nke ngalaba asọmpi klọb rugby na France. Ọ bụ Ligue Nationale de Rugby (LNR) na-arụ ya nke na-agbakwa nkewa ozugbo n'elu, ngalaba nke mbụ Top 14. Rugby Pro D2 ewepụtara na 2000. Ọ bụ otu egwuregwu rugby Union kacha akwado nke abụọ n'ụwa. == Ọdịdị oge == E nwere agba iri atọ n'oge a na-eme kwa afọ, otu ọ bụla na-egwuri egwu otu ugboro n'ụlọ na otu ugboro n"èzí. Pro D2 nwere usoro mgbada na nkwalite yana ma Top 14 na Nationale, asọmpi ọkwa nke atọ. Klọb abụọ kachasị elu na njedebe nke oge na-eru eru na-akpaghị aka maka ọkara nke ikpeazụ, ebe klọb na-etinye 3rd ruo 6th na-egwu egwu na mkpochapụ iji ruo ọkara ikpeazụ. Ndị mmeri abụọ nke ọkara ikpeazụ na-egwu ibe ha n'ikpeazụ, onye meriri na-enweta nkwalite na Top 14, na onye meriri na njedebe ga-aga n'ihu na-egwu otu nke iri na atọ etinyere na Top 14 na egwuregwu nkwalite-mgbe. Ndị otu ala etinyere (16) na-atụgharị ozugbo na ngalaba Nationale, ndị otu 15 etinyere na-egwu onye ikpeazụ meriri na ngalaba Nationale n'asọmpị nkwalite-ịhapụ. Nkwalite niile dabere na ịgafe nyocha ego nke postseason achọrọ maka klọb niile. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụrụ na klọb dị n'elu ebe abụọ na-adaghị nyocha ahụ, enwere ike ịweghachi ya n'ọnọdụ klọb nke gaara eweda ya. Nke a bụ ihe kachasị mkpa na oge 2015-16, mgbe klọb anọ chere ma ọ dịkarịa ala atụmanya nke ịgbahapụ n'ihi ego. N'oge oge, a tụbara Tarbes na Fédérale 1 dị irè na oge 2016-17, na Biarritz, Bourgoin na Narbonne ka a kwụsịrị na njedebe nke oge, na-echere mkpesa.. N'ikpeazụ, Biarritz, Bourgoin, na Narbonne niile meriri arịrịọ ha ma nọgide na Pro D2. === Mgbanwe maka 2017-18 na karịa === N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2016, LNR wepụtara atụmatụ atụmatụ na-akọwa ọhụụ ya maka rugby French site na 2023 Rugby World Cup. Atụmatụ ahụ gụnyere mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na ọkwa kachasị elu nke usoro league, na Pro D2 na-ahụ mgbanwe dị egwu karịsịa malite na oge 2017-18. * Malite na 2017-18, Pro D2 nakweere usoro egwuregwu yiri nke Top 14, na ndị otu isii kachasị elu na tebụl league na-eru eru. Ìgwè abụọ kachasị elu na-enweta byes n'ime ọkara ikpeazụ, ebe ha ga-ezute ndị mmeri nke egwuregwu nkeji iri na ise nke metụtara akụkụ anọ fọdụrụnụ. * Naanị ndị mmeri Pro D2 ga-emesi obi ike na ha ga-aga n'ihu na Top 14. Onye meriri na ngwụcha ga-abanye n'egwuregwu na nke abụọ site na ala Top 14 n'akụkụ, onye mmeri na-ewere ọnọdụ ikpeazụ Top 14. * Malite na 2023-24, egwuregwu ohere a na-ewere ọnọdụ n'etiti akụkụ Pro D2 nke abụọ site na ala na onye na-esote na Nationale, na onye mmeri na-ewere ebe Pro D2 ikpeazụ. == Ìgwè ndị dị ugbu a == <div> {| class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: 100%;" | class="col-break" style="width: 70%; " | {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Klọb ! width="24%" |Obodo ! width="22%" |Ámá Egwuregwu ! width="9%" |Ikike !Oge gara aga |- |[[SU Agen Lot-et-Garonne|Agen]] |[[Agen]] |[[Stade Armandie|Ogige Egwuregwu Armandie]] | align="center" |14,400 |Nke 13 |- |[[Stade Aurillacois Cantal Auvergne|Aurillac]] |[[Aurillac]] |[[Stade Jean Alric|Egwuregwu Jean Alric]] | align="center" |9,000 |Nke 9 |- |[[Biarritz Olympique|Biarritz]] |[[Biarritz]] |[[Parc des Sports Aguiléra|Ogige Egwuregwu Aguiléra]] | align="center" |15,000 |Nke iri na anọ |- |[[AS Béziers Hérault|Osisi Beziers]] |[[Béziers|Osisi Beziers]] |[[Stade Raoul-Barrière|Ogige egwuregwu Raoul-Barrière]] | align="center" |18,555 |Nke atọ |- |[[CA Brive|Brive]] |[[Brive-la-Gaillarde]] |[[Stade Amédée-Domenech|Ámá Egwuregwu Amede-Domenech]] | align="center" |13,979 |Nke isii |- |[[Colomiers Rugby|Ndị na-acha odo odo]] |[[Colomiers|Ndị na-acha odo odo]] |[[Stade Michel Bendichou|Egwuregwu Michel Bendichou]] | align="center" |11,430 |Nke 10 |- |[[US Dax|Dax]] |[[Dax, Landes|Dax]] |[[Stade Maurice Boyau|Ámá Egwuregwu Maurice Boyau]] | align="center" |7,262 |Nke ise |- |[[FC Grenoble|Grenoble]] |[[Grenoble]] |[[Stade des Alpes|Egwuregwu Alps]] | align="center" |20,068 |Nke anọ |- |[[Stade Montois|Mont-de-Marsan]] |[[Mont-de-Marsan]] |[[Stade Guy Boniface|Egwuregwu Guy Boniface]] | align="center" |16,800 |Nke 8 |- |[[US Montauban|Montauban]] |[[Montauban]] |[[Stade Sapiac|Ogige Sapiac]] | align="center" |12,600 |Nke iri na ise |- |[[USON Nevers|Nevers]] |[[Nevers]] |[[Stade du Pré Fleuri|Ogige Egwuregwu Pré Fleuri]] | align="center" |7,500 |Nke asaa |- |[[Stade Niçois|Ezigbo]] |[[Nice|Ezigbo]] |[[Stade des Arboras|Ogige Arboras]] | align="center" |3,000 |E buliri ya n'ọkwa site na 2023-24 Championnat Fédéral Nationale (1st) |- |[[Oyonnax Rugby|Oyonnax]] |[[Oyonnax]] |[[Stade Charles-Mathon|Ámá Egwuregwu Charles-Mathon]] | align="center" |11,500 |E wepụtara ya site na [[2023–24 Top 14 season|2023-24 Top 14]] (14th) |- |[[Provence Rugby|Provence]] |[[Aix-en-Provence]] |[[Stade Maurice David|Egwuregwu Maurice David]] | align="center" |8,767 |Nke Mbụ |- |[[Soyaux Angoulême XV Charente|Obodo Angoulême]] |[[Angoulême]] |[[Stade Chanzy|Egwuregwu Chanzy]] | align="center" |8,000 |Nke iri na abụọ |- |[[Valence Romans Drôme Rugby|Valencia Rom]] |[[Valence (city)|Valencia]] |[[Stade Georges Pompidou|Egwuregwu Georges Pompidou]] | align="center" |15,120 |Nke iri na otu |} | class="col-break" style="width: 30%; " |<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 342px;"><div class="thumbimage" style="width: 340px; height: 340px; overflow: hidden;"><div style="position: relative; top: -5px; left: -20px; width: 400px"><div class="noresize"><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="locmap" style="width:400px;float:right;clear:right"><div style="width:400px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:400px">[[Faịlụ:France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg|class=notpageimage|400x400px|Pro D2 is located in France]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:69.595%;left:40.636%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[SU Agen Lot-et-Garonne|Agen]]</small>]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><small>Agen</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.571%;left:52.152%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[Stade Aurillacois Cantal Auvergne|Aurillac]]</small>]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><small>Aurillac</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.765%;left:57.38%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[AS Béziers Hérault|Béziers]]</small>]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><small>Osisi Beziers</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:76.362%;left:26.976%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[Biarritz Olympique|Biarritz]]</small>]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><small>Biarritz</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.381%;left:46.519%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[CA Brive|Brive]]</small>]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><small>Brive</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.048%;left:45.127%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[Colomiers Rugby|Colomiers]]</small>]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><small>Ndị na-acha odo odo</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.169%;left:30.081%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[US Dax|Dax]]</small>]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><small>Dax</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.323%;left:72.845%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[FC Grenoble|Grenoble]]</small>]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><small>Grenoble</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.424%;left:33.653%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[Stade Montois|Mont-de-Marsan]]</small>]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><small>Mont-de-Marsan</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.331%;left:45.264%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[US Montauban|Montauban]]</small>]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><small>Montauban</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.925%;left:56.719%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[USON Nevers|Nevers]]</small>]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><small>Nevers</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.54%;left:82.65%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[Stade Niçois|Nice]]</small>]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><small>Ezigbo</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.971%;left:72.435%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|[[Oyonnax Rugby|Oyonnax]]]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Oyonnax</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.894%;left:71.228%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[Provence Rugby|Provence]]</small>]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><small>Provence</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.792%;left:37.824%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[Soyaux Angoulême XV Charente|Soyaux Angoulême]]</small>]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><small>Obodo Angoulême</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.422%;left:68.707%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[Valence Romans Drôme Rugby|Valence]]</small>]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><small>Valencia</small></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size:91%;padding-top:3px">Pro D2 (France) </div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> </div>Ebe ndị otu nọ na oge Rugby Pro D2 nke 2024-25</div></div></div> |} </div><div> {| class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: 100%;" | class="col-break" style="width: 70%; " | {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="20%" |Klọb ! width="24%" |Obodo ! width="22%" |Ámá Egwuregwu ! width="9%" |Ikike !Oge gara aga |- |[[SU Agen Lot-et-Garonne|Agen]] |[[Agen]] |[[Stade Armandie|Ogige Egwuregwu Armandie]] | align="center" |14,400 |Nke 13 |- |[[Stade Aurillacois Cantal Auvergne|Aurillac]] |[[Aurillac]] |[[Stade Jean Alric|Egwuregwu Jean Alric]] | align="center" |9,000 |Nke 9 |- |[[Biarritz Olympique|Biarritz]] |[[Biarritz]] |[[Parc des Sports Aguiléra|Ogige Egwuregwu Aguiléra]] | align="center" |15,000 |Nke iri na anọ |- |[[AS Béziers Hérault|Osisi Beziers]] |[[Béziers|Osisi Beziers]] |[[Stade Raoul-Barrière|Ogige egwuregwu Raoul-Barrière]] | align="center" |18,555 |Nke atọ |- |[[CA Brive|Brive]] |[[Brive-la-Gaillarde]] |[[Stade Amédée-Domenech|Ámá Egwuregwu Amede-Domenech]] | align="center" |13,979 |Nke isii |- |[[Colomiers Rugby|Ndị na-acha odo odo]] |[[Colomiers|Ndị na-acha odo odo]] |[[Stade Michel Bendichou|Egwuregwu Michel Bendichou]] | align="center" |11,430 |Nke 10 |- |[[US Dax|Dax]] |[[Dax, Landes|Dax]] |[[Stade Maurice Boyau|Ámá Egwuregwu Maurice Boyau]] | align="center" |7,262 |Nke ise |- |[[FC Grenoble|Grenoble]] |[[Grenoble]] |[[Stade des Alpes|Egwuregwu Alps]] | align="center" |20,068 |Nke anọ |- |[[Stade Montois|Mont-de-Marsan]] |[[Mont-de-Marsan]] |[[Stade Guy Boniface|Egwuregwu Guy Boniface]] | align="center" |16,800 |Nke 8 |- |[[US Montauban|Montauban]] |[[Montauban]] |[[Stade Sapiac|Ogige Sapiac]] | align="center" |12,600 |Nke iri na ise |- |[[USON Nevers|Nevers]] |[[Nevers]] |[[Stade du Pré Fleuri|Ogige Egwuregwu Pré Fleuri]] | align="center" |7,500 |Nke asaa |- |[[Stade Niçois|Ezigbo]] |[[Nice|Ezigbo]] |[[Stade des Arboras|Ogige Arboras]] | align="center" |3,000 |E buliri ya n'ọkwa site na 2023-24 Championnat Fédéral Nationale (1st) |- |[[Oyonnax Rugby|Oyonnax]] |[[Oyonnax]] |[[Stade Charles-Mathon|Ámá Egwuregwu Charles-Mathon]] | align="center" |11,500 |E wepụtara ya site na [[2023–24 Top 14 season|2023-24 Top 14]] (14th) |- |[[Provence Rugby|Provence]] |[[Aix-en-Provence]] |[[Stade Maurice David|Egwuregwu Maurice David]] | align="center" |8,767 |Nke Mbụ |- |[[Soyaux Angoulême XV Charente|Obodo Angoulême]] |[[Angoulême]] |[[Stade Chanzy|Egwuregwu Chanzy]] | align="center" |8,000 |Nke iri na abụọ |- |[[Valence Romans Drôme Rugby|Valencia Rom]] |[[Valence (city)|Valencia]] |[[Stade Georges Pompidou|Egwuregwu Georges Pompidou]] | align="center" |15,120 |Nke iri na otu |} | class="col-break" style="width: 30%; " |<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 342px;"><div class="thumbimage" style="width: 340px; height: 340px; overflow: hidden;"><div style="position: relative; top: -5px; left: -20px; width: 400px"><div class="noresize"><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="locmap" style="width:400px;float:right;clear:right"><div style="width:400px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:400px">[[Faịlụ:France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg|class=notpageimage|400x400px|Pro D2 is located in France]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:69.595%;left:40.636%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[SU Agen Lot-et-Garonne|Agen]]</small>]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><small>Agen</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.571%;left:52.152%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[Stade Aurillacois Cantal Auvergne|Aurillac]]</small>]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><small>Aurillac</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.765%;left:57.38%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[AS Béziers Hérault|Béziers]]</small>]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><small>Osisi Beziers</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:76.362%;left:26.976%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[Biarritz Olympique|Biarritz]]</small>]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><small>Biarritz</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.381%;left:46.519%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[CA Brive|Brive]]</small>]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><small>Brive</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.048%;left:45.127%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[Colomiers Rugby|Colomiers]]</small>]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><small>Ndị na-acha odo odo</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.169%;left:30.081%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[US Dax|Dax]]</small>]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><small>Dax</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.323%;left:72.845%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[FC Grenoble|Grenoble]]</small>]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><small>Grenoble</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.424%;left:33.653%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[Stade Montois|Mont-de-Marsan]]</small>]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><small>Mont-de-Marsan</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.331%;left:45.264%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[US Montauban|Montauban]]</small>]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><small>Montauban</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.925%;left:56.719%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[USON Nevers|Nevers]]</small>]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><small>Nevers</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.54%;left:82.65%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[Stade Niçois|Nice]]</small>]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><small>Ezigbo</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.971%;left:72.435%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|[[Oyonnax Rugby|Oyonnax]]]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Oyonnax</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.894%;left:71.228%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[Provence Rugby|Provence]]</small>]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><small>Provence</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.792%;left:37.824%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[Soyaux Angoulême XV Charente|Soyaux Angoulême]]</small>]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><small>Obodo Angoulême</small></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.422%;left:68.707%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage|8x8px|<small>[[Valence Romans Drôme Rugby|Valence]]</small>]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><small>Valencia</small></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size:91%;padding-top:3px">Pro D2 (France) </div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> </div>Ebe ndị otu nọ na oge Rugby Pro D2 nke 2024-25</div></div></div> |} </div> == Oge ndị gara aga == === Oge Egwuregwu Access (2017-dị ugbu a) === Malite na oge Pro D2 nke 2017-18 LNR webatara usoro egwuregwu ọhụrụ nke ndị otu isii kachasị elu na tebụl ga-eru eru maka ya. Ìgwè ndị na-emecha nke mbụ na nke abụọ na tebụl ga-enweta bye mgbe ndị otu nke atọ ruo nke isii na-asọ mpi agba nke mbụ, na ndị mmeri na-aga n'ihu na-egwu na ọkara ikpeazụ. A na-emezi asọmpi ikpeazụ nke Pro D2 n'ụlọ nke mkpụrụ kachasị elu fọdụrụnụ, onye mmeri nke egwuregwu a na-ekpu okpueze Pro D2 ma nweta nkwalite kpọmkwem na Top 14, na-anọchi ndị otu ahụ mechara n'ala na tebụl. Onye na-esote ya na-asọ mpi egwuregwu n'ụlọ ha megide ndị otu nke mechara nke abụọ na Top 14, maka ikike igwu egwu na Top 14 n'oge ọzọ. Malite n'oge 2023-24 akụkụ nke abụọ dị n'okpuru na Pro D2 na-asọ mpi egwuregwu yiri nke ahụ na onye na-esote Nationale, na ndị otu abụọ na-egwuri egwu maka ikike igwu egwu na Pro D 2 n'afọ na-eso ya. === 1st Place Promotion na Playoff Mgbasawanye na 5th Placed Sides (2004-2017) === N'ịgbaso mbelata nke Top 16 gaa na Top 14 a gbanwere usoro nkwalite maka Pro D2 iji mụbaa asọmpi na playoffs, dịka na mbụ enweghị ihe ize ndụ maka otu ahụ enwetala mmeri league. Malite n'afọ 2005-06, a mara ndị otu ahụ na-emecha n'elu tebụl n'oge a na-emechi ha dị ka ndị mmeri ma nweta nkwalite na-akpaghị aka na Top 14. Ìgwè ndị nọ n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ ruo nke ise wee kpọọ egwu n'usoro egwuregwu iji lụọ ọgụ maka oghere nkwalite nke abụọ. N'oge afọ 2004-05 a na-eme egwuregwu na Pro D2, mana kama nkwalite na-akpaghị aka, dị ka ọ ga-eso, onye mmeri na-eme ihe nkiri ghọrọ onye ọbịa maka egwuregwu Access maka akụkụ nke 13 na-agwụcha na Top 16 mgbe ahụ. Egwuregwu a meriri n'ụzọ zuru oke site na ngalaba Paloise, nke pụtara na Stade Aurillacois enweghị nkwalite. § N'oge a, ndị Top 16 wepụrụ ndị otu ndị ọzọ ka ha bụrụ ndị Top 14, ya mere, a gbara egwuregwu mbụ n'etiti Stade Aurillacois, ndị mmeri nke Pro D2 playoffs, na ngalaba Paloise, ndị otu nke 13 n'afọ ndị ahụ Top 16. Egwuregwu ohere ahụ gwụchara 13-46 ya mere n'agbanyeghị mmeri nke usoro egwuregwu, a kwaliteghị Stade Aurillacois. === Mmalite nke Pro D2 (2001-2004) === Maka oge mbụ nke Pro D2, e kpebiri na a ga-enye nkwalite n'akụkụ abụọ kachasị elu na tebụl, Otú ọ dị mgbe afọ mbụ ahụ gasịrị, a na-ebute usoro playoff, na akụkụ 4 kachasị elu na-eru eru ma na-egwu egwu n'otu nkwụsị nkwụsị iji kpebie onye mmeri maka oge ahụ, na nkwalite na-esote na Top 14. Enyere oghere nkwalite nke abụọ nye ndị fọdụrụ playoff otu nke nwere ọnọdụ kachasị elu na tebụl. == Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke utu aha league == {{Reflist|group=a}} == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Edemsibia == qubywe8pwy48dxe1ftu1ctbl6s8wvje 0 64865 692863 422450 2026-07-30T20:48:35Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with ref tag 692863 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Antoinette M. Maniatty''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1965) bụ onye sayensị America nke nyocha ya na-agụnye njirimara igwe nke ihe. Ọ mụọla ihe gbasara [[Fatigue (material)|Ike ọgwụgwụ]], ike ọgwụgwụ na [[Fracture mechanics|ịgbaji]] na [[Aluminum alloy|alloys aluminum]] eji eme ihe n'ụgbọelu.{{R|wamc}} Ọ bụ prọfesọ na onye isi oche ngalaba na Ngalaba Mechanical, Aerospace na Nuclear Engineering na [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] . {{R|mane}}  == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Maniatty butere ụwa n'afọ 1965 na,Cincinnati, Ma gụrụ na Allentown, Pennsylvania, ebe ọ gara Parkland High School.{{R|diss}} Ọ ghọrọ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na injinia igwe, gụsịrị akwụkwọ summa cum laude na 1987.{{R|bio}} Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nzere masta na 1988 na Mahadum Minnesota, n'okpuru nlekọta nke Nicholas Zabaras, ọ gara Mahadum Cornell, ebe ọ nwetara nzere masta nke abụọ na 1990 wee mechaa Ph.D. ya na 1991. {{R|diss}}{{R|bio}} Paul Dawson lekọtara akwụkwọ edemede ya, Eulerian elasto-viscoplastic formulation for modeling steady-state deformations with strain-induced anisotropy.{{R|diss}} == Ọrụ == Mgbe o mechara otu afọ dị ka onye nkuzi nleta na Mahadum Natal dị na South Africa, ọ weghachiri ọrụ ya na Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute dị ka Clare Boothe Luce Assistant Professor n'afọ 1992. A mee ya osote prọfesọ n'afọ 1998, ma mesịa bụrụ prọfesọ zuru oke n'afọ 2005..{{R|bio}} == Nkwado == A kpọrọ Maniatty aha dị ka onye ASME Fellow na 2005. {{R|fasme}} == Ebe nsi bia == <references> <ref name=bio>{{citation|url=http://homepages.rpi.edu/~maniaa/bio.html|title=Biographical sketch|publisher=Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute|access-date=2022-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027164348/http://homepages.rpi.edu/~maniaa/bio.html|archive-date=2022-10-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=diss>{{citation|title=Eulerian elasto-viscoplastic formulation for modeling steady-state deformations with strain-induced anisotropy|type=Doctoral dissertation|id={{ProQuest|303899945}}|publisher=Cornell University|year=1991|first=Antoinette M.|last=Maniatty}}; see in particular biosketch, p. iii</ref> <ref name=fasme>{{citation|url=https://www.asme.org/getmedia/356e1810-c2f4-41d8-80c2-f5de20f64442/fellows-all-updated-2022.pdf|title=Fellows|publisher=American Society of Mechanical Engineers|access-date=2022-10-27}}</ref> <ref name=mane>{{citation|url=https://faculty.rpi.edu/antoinette-maniatty|title=Antoinette Maniatty|work=People|publisher=RPI Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering|access-date=2026-07-23}}</ref> <ref name=wamc>{{citation|url=https://www.wamc.org/academic-minute/2012-04-03/dr-antoinette-maniatty-rensselaer-polytechnic-institute-aviation-and-metal-fatigue|publisher=WAMC: Northeast Public Radio|title=Academic Minute|contribution=Dr. Antoinette Maniatty, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Aviation and Metal Fatigue|date=April 3, 2012|access-date=2022-10-27}}</ref> </references> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://homepages.rpi.edu/~maniaa/ Ebe obibi] * Antoinette Maniattymbipụta ndị edepụtara site naOnye Ọkà mmụta Google {{Authority control|state=collapsed}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9utg4tcdlv2gkrnnuwsbkk5fzi6gkgj 0 65234 692935 449763 2026-07-31T02:26:56Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}}+Databox 692935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Frank Raymond Domayo''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Febụwarị mateghete iri itoolu na itoolu) bụ onye egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] nke Tanzania. Ọ na-egwuri egwu maka Azam. == Mba Nile == O mere egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Tanzania nke mbụ ya n'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Mee 2012 na egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Malawi.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=National Football Teams|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/9157/Tanzania_Malawi.html|title=Tanzania v Malawi game report|date=26 May 2012}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Frank DomayonaỤzọ bọọlụ * Frank Domayona National-Football-Teams.com {{DEFAULTSORT:Domayo, Frank}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fcm6142lq92hg76q5577fq7lkbyztgp 0 65378 692780 621254 2026-07-30T17:55:37Z Geraldine Kene 23189 Added Databox 692780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Francisca Mutapi|url=https://unitingtocombatntds.org/about-us/governance/board/francisca-mutapi/|accessdate=2021-12-22|work=Uniting to Combat NTDs|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222080057/https://unitingtocombatntds.org/about-us/governance/board/francisca-mutapi/}}</ref> .Francisca Mutapi bụ prọfesọ na ọrịa ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ na ihe mgbochi, onye isi ngalaba nke Global Health Academy na Mahadum Edinburgh, yana osote onye isi ụlọ ọrụ National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) ngalaba nyocha ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa iji baara Africa uru.Ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ amaara na mahadum Edinburgh nyere ya nzere prọfesọ.<ref name="Lin">{{Cite news|url=https://www.linacre.ox.ac.uk/file/2214/download|title=Linacre College Oxford News Autumn 2017, Issue 52|accessdate=2018-11-09|language=en|work=Linacre College, Oxford}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Mutapi ma too na [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":0" />{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghdonline.org/malaria/discussion/member-spotlight-for-dr-francisca-mutapi/|title=Member Spotlight for Dr. Francisca Mutapi {{!}} Connecting our members with evidence and expertise|work=www.ghdonline.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">[https://www.ghdonline.org/malaria/discussion/member-spotlight-for-dr-francisca-mutapi/ "Member Spotlight for Dr. Francisca Mutapi | Connecting our members with evidence and expertise"]. ''www.ghdonline.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-09</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":1" />{{Cite web|url=http://pig.bio.ed.ac.uk/prof-francisca-mutapi|title=Prof Francisca Mutapi {{!}} Parasite Immuno-epidemiology Group|work=pig.bio.ed.ac.uk|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-09|archivedate=2018-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211618/http://pig.bio.ed.ac.uk/prof-francisca-mutapi}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">. ''pig.bio.ed.ac.uk''. Archived from on 2018-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-09</span></span>.</cite></ref> O nwetara nzere DPhil na Biological Sciences na Mahadum Oxford, dị ka onye Beit Trust Scholar.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Linacre College, Oxford . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.linacre.ox.ac.uk/about/news/alumna-awarded-professorship-university-edinburgh|title=Alumna awarded Professorship at University of Edinburgh {{!}} Linacre College|work=www.linacre.ox.ac.uk|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-09|archivedate=2018-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211549/http://www.linacre.ox.ac.uk/about/news/alumna-awarded-professorship-university-edinburgh}}</ref> == Ọrụ == [[Faịlụ:Schistosomiasis_Life_Cycle.png|thumb|Usoro ndụ nke bilharzia (Schistosomiasis) ]] Mgbe ọ gụsịrị Ph.D. ya, ọzụzụ postdoctoral nke Mutapi bụ na Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp site na 1997 ruo 1999. Ọ gara n'ihu na-akụzi ihe na St Hilda's College, Oxford na Ngalaba Zoology, Mahadum Oxford.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghdonline.org/malaria/discussion/member-spotlight-for-dr-francisca-mutapi/|title=Member Spotlight for Dr. Francisca Mutapi {{!}} Connecting our members with evidence and expertise|work=www.ghdonline.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-09}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na Ngalaba Microbiology na Birkbeck College na Ngalaba Clinical Veterinary Studies na Mahadum Glasgow . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sciencescotland.org/feature.php?id=274|title=Science Scotland|author=Media|first=MTC|work=www.sciencescotland.org|language=en-UK|accessdate=2018-10-09|archivedate=2018-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211339/http://www.sciencescotland.org/feature.php?id=274}}</ref> N'afọ 2002, Mutapi sonyeere Mahadum nke Edinburgh na Medical Research Council Training Fellowship . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pig.bio.ed.ac.uk/prof-francisca-mutapi|title=Prof Francisca Mutapi {{!}} Parasite Immuno-epidemiology Group|work=pig.bio.ed.ac.uk|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-09|archivedate=2018-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211618/http://pig.bio.ed.ac.uk/prof-francisca-mutapi}}</ref> Dị ka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na School of Biological Sciences na Mahadum Edinburgh, nnyocha Mutapi dị na ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ na ọrịa ndị na-ekpo ọkụ, na-ahụ maka ọmụmụ nke schistosomiasis / bilharzia, ọrịa nke ikpuru parasitic na-akpata nke na-etolite na snails.<ref name=":2"/> Ọrụ ya nyere aka n'ibute bilharzia ụzọ dị ka nchegbu ahụike ọha na eze site na World Health Organisation (WHO) na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ Merck KgaA.<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 2012, Mutapi bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Royal Society of Edinburgh's Young Academy . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.futureafrica.science/index.php/profile/francisca-mutapi-46|title=Future Africa|work=www.futureafrica.science|language=en-gb|accessdate=2018-10-09|archivedate=2018-10-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010011143/http://www.futureafrica.science/index.php/profile/francisca-mutapi-46}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke African Academy of Sciences na 2015 <ref name=":3" /> ma bụrụkwa Fellow nke Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences . <ref name=":4" />{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/news/public-consultation-experts-guideline-development-group/en/index13.html|title=WHO Guideline Development Group proposal. Guidelines for implementation of control and elimination of schistosomiasis and verification of interruption of transmission|author=|first=|date=|work=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917083730/http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/news/public-consultation-experts-guideline-development-group/en/index13.html|archivedate=September 17, 2018|accessdate=2018-10-09}}</ref> Mutapi bụ prọfesọ ugbu a na ọrịa na-efe efe zuru ụwa ọnụ na immunity, ọ bụkwa onye nduzi nke Global Health Academy na Mahadum Edinburgh.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/news/public-consultation-experts-guideline-development-group/en/index13.html|title=WHO Guideline Development Group proposal. Guidelines for implementation of control and elimination of schistosomiasis and verification of interruption of transmission|author=|first=|date=|work=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917083730/http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/news/public-consultation-experts-guideline-development-group/en/index13.html|archivedate=September 17, 2018|accessdate=2018-10-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180917083730/http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/news/public-consultation-experts-guideline-development-group/en/index13.html "WHO Guideline Development Group proposal. Guidelines for implementation of control and elimination of schistosomiasis and verification of interruption of transmission"]. ''World Health Organization''. Archived from [https://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/news/public-consultation-experts-guideline-development-group/en/index13.html the original] on September 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-09</span></span>.</cite></ref> Mutapi bụkwa osote onye nduzi nke NIHR Global Health Research Unit TIBA (Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa), nke na-ewere usoro zuru oke iji mezuo nyocha na iwu ndị dabeere na ihe akaebe na mba Afrịka, na-eburu sayensị, ihe ịma aka teknụzụ, na akụ na ụba. <ref name="praz" />{{Cite web|url=https://www.pediatricpraziquantelconsortium.org/news-events/african-led-tiba-partnership-tackling-neglected-diseases|title=The African-led TIBA partnership: tackling neglected diseases {{!}} Pediatric Praziquantel Consortium|work=www.pediatricpraziquantelconsortium.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-09|archivedate=2020-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022035351/https://pediatricpraziquantelconsortium.org/news-events/african-led-tiba-partnership-tackling-neglected-diseases}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">. ''www.pediatricpraziquantelconsortium.org''. Archived from on 2020-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-09</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2018, e nyere Mutapi onyinye Chancellor's Award for Impact nke Mahadum Edinburgh iji kwado ọrụ ya na ọgwụgwọ maka bilharzia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/biology/news-events/news-2018/professor-francisca-mutapi-awarded-chancellor-s-aw|title=Professor Francisca Mutapi awarded Chancellor's Award for Impact|work=The University of Edinburgh|accessdate=2018-10-09|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ sochirinụ, e mere Mutapi onye otu ndụmọdụ maka UK Global Challenges Research Fund . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukri.org/research/global-challenges-research-fund/strategic-advisory-group/|title=Strategic Advisory Group - UK Research and Innovation|work=www.ukri.org|accessdate=2019-02-19|archivedate=2019-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220062911/https://www.ukri.org/research/global-challenges-research-fund/strategic-advisory-group/}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ sayensị ya, Mutapi bụ onye na-ese ihe, na-eji ego sitere n'ọrụ ya akwado agụmakwụkwọ na Zimbabwe.<ref name="Lin"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artistsandillustrators.co.uk/francisca-mutapi|title=Artists and Illustrators: Francisca Mutapi|work=www.artistsandillustrators.co.uk|accessdate=2018-11-09|language=en|archivedate=2018-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234720/https://www.artistsandillustrators.co.uk/francisca-mutapi}}</ref> == Nnyocha == Ụlọ nyocha Mutapi na Mahadum nke Edinburgh, Parasite Immuno-epidemiology Group, na-eme nchọpụta banyere mmeghachi omume nke ndị na-alụso helminths ọgụ n'ime ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na n'ofe ndị mmadụ karịsịa n'[[Afrịka]].<ref name="pig" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, nchọpụta ya lekwasịrị anya n'ịmepụta usoro praziquantel, naanị ọgwụ na-arụ ọrụ megide ọrịa [[Skistosomiasis|schistosomiasis]], maka ụmụaka.<ref name="praz">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pediatricpraziquantelconsortium.org/news-events/african-led-tiba-partnership-tackling-neglected-diseases|title=The African-led TIBA partnership: tackling neglected diseases {{!}} Pediatric Praziquantel Consortium|work=www.pediatricpraziquantelconsortium.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-09|archivedate=2020-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022035351/https://pediatricpraziquantelconsortium.org/news-events/african-led-tiba-partnership-tackling-neglected-diseases}}</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọgwụ ahụ bụ nnukwu ọgwụ nke ụmụaka nọ n'ebe ndị dị oke egwu na-alụ ọgụ ma na-ala azụ ịṅụ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, enweghi ọgwụ mgbochi maka ọrịa nke ikpuru helminth gụnyere [[Skistosomiasis|Bilharzia]]. Mutapi bụ ụzọ mbụ nke proteomics iji mepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ọhụrụ maka nje ndị a. Nke a na-agụnye iji mass spectrometry chọta nje antigen (protein nke na-eme ka mmeghachi omume na-emegharị) nke bụ ihe maka ọgwụ mgbochi dị irè.<ref name="pig">{{Cite web|url=http://pig.bio.ed.ac.uk/research|title=Parasite Immuno-epidemiology Group Research|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-09|work=pig.bio.ed.ac.uk|archivedate=2018-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926180751/http://pig.bio.ed.ac.uk/research}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">. ''pig.bio.ed.ac.uk''. Archived from on 2018-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-09</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'ógbè ndị dara ogbenye n'Africa, ọrịa site na ọtụtụ pathogens dị iche iche bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Mutapi amalitela nyocha n'ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke a, dị ka ọrịa [[Iba|ịba]] na ọrịa [[Skistosomiasis|schistosomiasis]], na ọrịa site na ọtụtụ ụdị ịba dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Osakunor|first=Derick Nii Mensah|date=2018-09-20|title=Coinfections and comorbidities in African health systems: At the interface of infectious and noninfectious diseases|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|language=en|volume=12|issue=9|pages=e0006711|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006711|issn=1935-2735|pmid=30235205}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Mutapi lụrụ Mark Woolhouse, prọfesọ nke ọrịa na-efe efe. Ha nwere nwa nwanyị. == Edemsibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://vimeo.com/181500426 Francisca Mutapi na ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na nyocha ya gbasara ọrịa ndị dị n'ebe okpomọkụ] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hoofoztz91b6owd6kyfmz3o6t61oysh 692781 692780 2026-07-30T17:57:12Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Francisca Mutapi|url=https://unitingtocombatntds.org/about-us/governance/board/francisca-mutapi/|accessdate=2021-12-22|work=Uniting to Combat NTDs|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222080057/https://unitingtocombatntds.org/about-us/governance/board/francisca-mutapi/}}</ref> .Francisca Mutapi bụ prọfesọ na ọrịa ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ na ihe mgbochi, onye isi ngalaba nke Global Health Academy na Mahadum Edinburgh, yana osote onye isi ụlọ ọrụ National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) ngalaba nyocha ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa iji baara Africa uru.Ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ amaara na mahadum Edinburgh nyere ya nzere prọfesọ.<ref name="Lin">{{Cite news|url=https://www.linacre.ox.ac.uk/file/2214/download|title=Linacre College Oxford News Autumn 2017, Issue 52|accessdate=2018-11-09|language=en|work=Linacre College, Oxford}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Mutapi ma too na [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":0" />{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghdonline.org/malaria/discussion/member-spotlight-for-dr-francisca-mutapi/|title=Member Spotlight for Dr. Francisca Mutapi {{!}} Connecting our members with evidence and expertise|work=www.ghdonline.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">[https://www.ghdonline.org/malaria/discussion/member-spotlight-for-dr-francisca-mutapi/ "Member Spotlight for Dr. Francisca Mutapi | Connecting our members with evidence and expertise"]. ''www.ghdonline.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-09</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":1" />{{Cite web|url=http://pig.bio.ed.ac.uk/prof-francisca-mutapi|title=Prof Francisca Mutapi {{!}} Parasite Immuno-epidemiology Group|work=pig.bio.ed.ac.uk|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-09|archivedate=2018-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211618/http://pig.bio.ed.ac.uk/prof-francisca-mutapi}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">. ''pig.bio.ed.ac.uk''. Archived from on 2018-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-09</span></span>.</cite></ref> O nwetara nzere DPhil na Biological Sciences na Mahadum Oxford, dị ka onye Beit Trust Scholar.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Linacre College, Oxford . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.linacre.ox.ac.uk/about/news/alumna-awarded-professorship-university-edinburgh|title=Alumna awarded Professorship at University of Edinburgh {{!}} Linacre College|work=www.linacre.ox.ac.uk|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-09|archivedate=2018-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211549/http://www.linacre.ox.ac.uk/about/news/alumna-awarded-professorship-university-edinburgh}}</ref> == Ọrụ == [[Faịlụ:Schistosomiasis_Life_Cycle.png|thumb|Usoro ndụ nke bilharzia (Schistosomiasis) ]] Mgbe ọ gụsịrị Ph.D. ya, ọzụzụ postdoctoral nke Mutapi bụ na Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp site na 1997 ruo 1999. Ọ gara n'ihu na-akụzi ihe na St Hilda's College, Oxford na Ngalaba Zoology, Mahadum Oxford.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghdonline.org/malaria/discussion/member-spotlight-for-dr-francisca-mutapi/|title=Member Spotlight for Dr. Francisca Mutapi {{!}} Connecting our members with evidence and expertise|work=www.ghdonline.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-09}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na Ngalaba Microbiology na Birkbeck College na Ngalaba Clinical Veterinary Studies na Mahadum Glasgow . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sciencescotland.org/feature.php?id=274|title=Science Scotland|author=Media|first=MTC|work=www.sciencescotland.org|language=en-UK|accessdate=2018-10-09|archivedate=2018-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211339/http://www.sciencescotland.org/feature.php?id=274}}</ref> N'afọ 2002, Mutapi sonyeere Mahadum nke Edinburgh na Medical Research Council Training Fellowship . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pig.bio.ed.ac.uk/prof-francisca-mutapi|title=Prof Francisca Mutapi {{!}} Parasite Immuno-epidemiology Group|work=pig.bio.ed.ac.uk|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-09|archivedate=2018-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211618/http://pig.bio.ed.ac.uk/prof-francisca-mutapi}}</ref> Dị ka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na School of Biological Sciences na Mahadum Edinburgh, nnyocha Mutapi dị na ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ na ọrịa ndị na-ekpo ọkụ, na-ahụ maka ọmụmụ nke schistosomiasis / bilharzia, ọrịa nke ikpuru parasitic na-akpata nke na-etolite na snails.<ref name=":2"/> Ọrụ ya nyere aka n'ibute bilharzia ụzọ dị ka nchegbu ahụike ọha na eze site na World Health Organisation (WHO) na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ Merck KgaA.<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 2012, Mutapi bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Royal Society of Edinburgh's Young Academy . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.futureafrica.science/index.php/profile/francisca-mutapi-46|title=Future Africa|work=www.futureafrica.science|language=en-gb|accessdate=2018-10-09|archivedate=2018-10-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010011143/http://www.futureafrica.science/index.php/profile/francisca-mutapi-46}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke African Academy of Sciences na 2015 <ref name=":3" /> ma bụrụkwa Fellow nke Zimbabwe Academy of Sciences . <ref name=":4" />{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/news/public-consultation-experts-guideline-development-group/en/index13.html|title=WHO Guideline Development Group proposal. Guidelines for implementation of control and elimination of schistosomiasis and verification of interruption of transmission|author=|first=|date=|work=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917083730/http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/news/public-consultation-experts-guideline-development-group/en/index13.html|archivedate=September 17, 2018|accessdate=2018-10-09}}</ref> Mutapi bụ prọfesọ ugbu a na ọrịa na-efe efe zuru ụwa ọnụ na immunity, ọ bụkwa onye nduzi nke Global Health Academy na Mahadum Edinburgh.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/news/public-consultation-experts-guideline-development-group/en/index13.html|title=WHO Guideline Development Group proposal. Guidelines for implementation of control and elimination of schistosomiasis and verification of interruption of transmission|author=|first=|date=|work=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917083730/http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/news/public-consultation-experts-guideline-development-group/en/index13.html|archivedate=September 17, 2018|accessdate=2018-10-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180917083730/http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/news/public-consultation-experts-guideline-development-group/en/index13.html "WHO Guideline Development Group proposal. Guidelines for implementation of control and elimination of schistosomiasis and verification of interruption of transmission"]. ''World Health Organization''. Archived from [https://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/news/public-consultation-experts-guideline-development-group/en/index13.html the original] on September 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-09</span></span>.</cite></ref> Mutapi bụkwa osote onye nduzi nke NIHR Global Health Research Unit TIBA (Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa), nke na-ewere usoro zuru oke iji mezuo nyocha na iwu ndị dabeere na ihe akaebe na mba Afrịka, na-eburu sayensị, ihe ịma aka teknụzụ, na akụ na ụba. <ref name="praz" />{{Cite web|url=https://www.pediatricpraziquantelconsortium.org/news-events/african-led-tiba-partnership-tackling-neglected-diseases|title=The African-led TIBA partnership: tackling neglected diseases {{!}} Pediatric Praziquantel Consortium|work=www.pediatricpraziquantelconsortium.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-09|archivedate=2020-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022035351/https://pediatricpraziquantelconsortium.org/news-events/african-led-tiba-partnership-tackling-neglected-diseases}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">. ''www.pediatricpraziquantelconsortium.org''. Archived from on 2020-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-09</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2018, e nyere Mutapi onyinye Chancellor's Award for Impact nke Mahadum Edinburgh iji kwado ọrụ ya na ọgwụgwọ maka bilharzia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/biology/news-events/news-2018/professor-francisca-mutapi-awarded-chancellor-s-aw|title=Professor Francisca Mutapi awarded Chancellor's Award for Impact|work=The University of Edinburgh|accessdate=2018-10-09|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ sochirinụ, e mere Mutapi onye otu ndụmọdụ maka UK Global Challenges Research Fund . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukri.org/research/global-challenges-research-fund/strategic-advisory-group/|title=Strategic Advisory Group - UK Research and Innovation|work=www.ukri.org|accessdate=2019-02-19|archivedate=2019-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220062911/https://www.ukri.org/research/global-challenges-research-fund/strategic-advisory-group/}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ sayensị ya, Mutapi bụ onye na-ese ihe, na-eji ego sitere n'ọrụ ya akwado agụmakwụkwọ na Zimbabwe.<ref name="Lin"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artistsandillustrators.co.uk/francisca-mutapi|title=Artists and Illustrators: Francisca Mutapi|work=www.artistsandillustrators.co.uk|accessdate=2018-11-09|language=en|archivedate=2018-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234720/https://www.artistsandillustrators.co.uk/francisca-mutapi}}</ref> == Nnyocha == Ụlọ nyocha Mutapi na Mahadum nke Edinburgh, Parasite Immuno-epidemiology Group, na-eme nchọpụta banyere mmeghachi omume nke ndị na-alụso helminths ọgụ n'ime ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na n'ofe ndị mmadụ karịsịa n'[[Afrịka]].<ref name="pig" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, nchọpụta ya lekwasịrị anya n'ịmepụta usoro praziquantel, naanị ọgwụ na-arụ ọrụ megide ọrịa [[Skistosomiasis|schistosomiasis]], maka ụmụaka.<ref name="praz">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pediatricpraziquantelconsortium.org/news-events/african-led-tiba-partnership-tackling-neglected-diseases|title=The African-led TIBA partnership: tackling neglected diseases {{!}} Pediatric Praziquantel Consortium|work=www.pediatricpraziquantelconsortium.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-09|archivedate=2020-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022035351/https://pediatricpraziquantelconsortium.org/news-events/african-led-tiba-partnership-tackling-neglected-diseases}}</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọgwụ ahụ bụ nnukwu ọgwụ nke ụmụaka nọ n'ebe ndị dị oke egwu na-alụ ọgụ ma na-ala azụ ịṅụ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, enweghi ọgwụ mgbochi maka ọrịa nke ikpuru helminth gụnyere [[Skistosomiasis|Bilharzia]]. Mutapi bụ ụzọ mbụ nke proteomics iji mepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ọhụrụ maka nje ndị a. Nke a na-agụnye iji mass spectrometry chọta nje antigen (protein nke na-eme ka mmeghachi omume na-emegharị) nke bụ ihe maka ọgwụ mgbochi dị irè.<ref name="pig">{{Cite web|url=http://pig.bio.ed.ac.uk/research|title=Parasite Immuno-epidemiology Group Research|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-09|work=pig.bio.ed.ac.uk|archivedate=2018-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926180751/http://pig.bio.ed.ac.uk/research}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">. ''pig.bio.ed.ac.uk''. Archived from on 2018-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-09</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'ógbè ndị dara ogbenye n'Africa, ọrịa site na ọtụtụ pathogens dị iche iche bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Mutapi amalitela nyocha n'ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke a, dị ka ọrịa [[Iba|ịba]] na ọrịa [[Skistosomiasis|schistosomiasis]], na ọrịa site na ọtụtụ ụdị ịba dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Osakunor|first=Derick Nii Mensah|date=2018-09-20|title=Coinfections and comorbidities in African health systems: At the interface of infectious and noninfectious diseases|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|language=en|volume=12|issue=9|pages=e0006711|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006711|issn=1935-2735|pmid=30235205}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Mutapi lụrụ Mark Woolhouse, prọfesọ nke ọrịa na-efe efe. Ha nwere nwa nwanyị. == Edemsibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://vimeo.com/181500426 Francisca Mutapi na ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na nyocha ya gbasara ọrịa ndị dị n'ebe okpomọkụ] {{DEFAULTSORT:Mutapi, Francisca}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2ustzvk0uc79zyi2s60drv8jr3ltawt 0 65546 692875 692569 2026-07-30T21:48:30Z Sylvaline39 15355 Added Databox 692875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Faustina Oware-Gyekye''' bụ onye ndu nọọsụ Ghana onye kuziri ihe na Mahadum Mountcrest na Mahadum Ghana. Ọ bụ onye isi nke ngalaba Ghana nke West African College of Nursing ma dezie ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị nọọsụ. == Ndụ mbido na agụmakwụkwọ == Oware-Gyekye gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Wesley Girl na Cape Coast wee zụọ ya na nọọsụ na kọleji Ọzụzụ Ndị Nọọsụ, Kumasi, na midwifery na Midwifery Training College,Korle Bu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ghana College of Nurses and Midwives {{!}} Mrs. Faustina Oware-Gyekye (WACN Representative)|url=https://www.gcnm.edu.gh/governing_council/profile_gyekye.php|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=www.gcnm.edu.gh|archivedate=2022-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222005015/https://www.gcnm.edu.gh/governing_council/profile_gyekye.php}}</ref> O nwere diplọma na nkuzi nọọsụ, nzere bachelọ na nọọsụ, yana nzere masta na ngalaba ọdịdị ahụike na Mahadum Ghana.<ref name=":0" /><cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''www.gcnm.edu.gh''. Archived from on 2022-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1999, o nwetara asambodo onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ndu na njikwa na Mahadum Tufts.<ref name=":0" /><cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''www.gcnm.edu.gh''. Archived from on 2022-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Oware-Gyekye kụziri na Midwifery Training School, Korle-Bu n'etiti afọ 1975 na 1987, ma kuziere na Mahadum Ghana rue afọ 2008.<ref name=":0" />{{Cite web|title=Ghana College of Nurses and Midwives {{!}} Mrs. Faustina Oware-Gyekye (WACN Representative)|url=https://www.gcnm.edu.gh/governing_council/profile_gyekye.php|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=www.gcnm.edu.gh|archivedate=2022-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222005015/https://www.gcnm.edu.gh/governing_council/profile_gyekye.php}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220222005015/https://www.gcnm.edu.gh/governing_council/profile_gyekye.php "Ghana College of Nurses and Midwives | Mrs. Faustina Oware-Gyekye (WACN Representative)"]. ''www.gcnm.edu.gh''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20220222005015/https://www.gcnm.edu.gh/governing_council/profile_gyekye.php the original]on 2022-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'agbata afọ 2000 na 2008, ọ bụ onye otu ndị nọọsụ na ndị Midwives Na-achị n' Isi nke Ghana.<ref name=":0" />{{Cite web|title=Ghana College of Nurses and Midwives {{!}} Mrs. Faustina Oware-Gyekye (WACN Representative)|url=https://www.gcnm.edu.gh/governing_council/profile_gyekye.php|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=www.gcnm.edu.gh|archivedate=2022-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222005015/https://www.gcnm.edu.gh/governing_council/profile_gyekye.php}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220222005015/https://www.gcnm.edu.gh/governing_council/profile_gyekye.php "Ghana College of Nurses and Midwives | Mrs. Faustina Oware-Gyekye (WACN Representative)"]. ''www.gcnm.edu.gh''. Archived from on 2022-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Oware-Gyekye rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ukwu na Mahadum kọleji Mountcrest ,<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=5 June 2016|title=Fresh qualified Nurses and midwives received {{!}} News Ghana|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/fresh-qualified-nurses-and-midwives-received/|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=News Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> Accra na site na afọ 2019 ruo afọ 2021 Ọ bụ onye isi nke Ghana ngalaba nke West African College of Nursing.<ref name=":0" />{{Cite web|title=Ghana College of Nurses and Midwives {{!}} Mrs. Faustina Oware-Gyekye (WACN Representative)|url=https://www.gcnm.edu.gh/governing_council/profile_gyekye.php|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=www.gcnm.edu.gh|archivedate=2022-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222005015/https://www.gcnm.edu.gh/governing_council/profile_gyekye.php}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220222005015/https://www.gcnm.edu.gh/governing_council/profile_gyekye.php "Ghana College of Nurses and Midwives | Mrs. Faustina Oware-Gyekye (WACN Representative)"]. ''www.gcnm.edu.gh''. Archived from on 2022-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-22</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Visiting faculty from Ghana learn best practices at College of Medicine {{!}} Penn State University|url=https://www.psu.edu/news/medicine/story/visiting-faculty-ghana-learn-best-practices-college-medicine/|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=www.psu.edu|language=en}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke West African College of Nursing journal, jere ozi dị ka onye so na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke ndị nọọsụ Ghana (akwụkwọ akụkọ).<ref name=":0" /> == Akwụkwọ ndị ahọpụtara == * Gans-Lartey, F., O'Brien, B. A., Oware-Gyekye, F., & Schopflocher, D. (2013). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0266613812000447 ''Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti iji partograph na nsonaazụ ọmụmụ na ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi Korle-Bu''] . ''Midwifery'', ''29''(5), 461–467.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ollerhead|first=Elizabeth|date=2014-08-16|title=Barriers to and incentives for achieving partograph use in obstetric practice in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review|journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth|volume=14|issue=1|doi=10.1186/1471-2393-14-281|pmid=25132124|issn=1471-2393}}</ref> * Oware-Gyekye, Faustina. "[https://web.p.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=11179686&AN=32768863&h=u89CvNfUjse5HBx6w5cmhmffcshvTB5LmAJxP7IlxyWA%2fQnozcuI%2fiLk5xgSyl5LWNpIMyHRW6HymNWy6t%2fRHQ%3d%3d&crl=c&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d11179686%26AN%3d32768863 Nchịkwa mgbu: Ọrụ Nọọsụ] ." ''West African Journal of Nursing'' 19.1 (2008). == Edensibia == <references />   {{DEFAULTSORT:Oware-Gyekye, Faustina}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tkk39wd9pzv5wwiueaogw2dnit37tnz 0 65654 692626 675110 2026-07-30T12:01:15Z Chigozirim2005 19722 Fixed reference error 692626 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:AHLPportrait.jpg|thumb|Almira Lincoln Phelps]]   '''Almira Lincoln Phelps''' (née Hart; Julaị 15, 1793 – Julaị 15, 1884) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị America, onye nkuzi, ode akwụkwọ na onye ndezi. Ihe odide botany ya mere ka ụmụ nwanyị America oge mbụ bụrụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ, gụnyere Eunice Newton Foote na nwa ya nwanyị, Augusta Newton Foote Arnold. N'agbanyeghị na o dere n'ụzọ bụ́ isi banyere ọdịdị, ọ bụkwa onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ, edemede na ihe ncheta. <ref name=":0" />&nbsp;  Phelps bụ nwa afọ [[Kónétíkùt|Connecticut]]. Ogologo ndụ ya na-arụsi ọrụ ike bụ maka agụmakwụkwọ nke ụmụ agbọghọ. O bipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ sayensị a ma ama <ref name="ED Rudolph 1984 1161–1167" /> na ngalaba nke botany, chemistry, na geology. <ref name=":02" />Ụfọdụ n’ime ọrụ ya ndị kwesịrị ncheta pụrụ iche gụnyere, The Blue Ribbon Society; Nnupụisi ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ akwụkwọ; Ezinụlọ Ndị Kraịst; Nkuzi ndị ama ama gbasara Botany; Obodo anyị na njikọ ya na ugbu a, gara aga na ọdịnihu; na Enyi Fireside.[5] Echiche ya banyere isiokwu ndị sitere na elocution na corset dị na Lectures to Young Ladies, Comprising Outlines and Applications of the Different Branches of Female Education for the User of Female Schools, and Private Libraries. [6] == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Almira Hart na Julaị 15, 1793, na Berlin, Connecticut, nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ iri na asaa, <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Early American nature writers : a biographical encyclopedia|date=2008|publisher=Greenwood Press|editor=Patterson, Daniel|isbn=978-0-313-34681-1|location=Westport, Conn.|oclc=191846328}}</ref> na-etolite n'ime ebe ọgụgụ isi, iche echiche onwe onye, na okpukpe. <ref name="ED Rudolph 1984 1161–1167" /> Ya na ezinụlọ ya biri n'ugbo.<ref name=":02" /> Nne ya, Lydia, nwere mmasị na anatomy, na-enyocha anụmanụ ndị ọ siri ma si otú a zụlite ihe ọmụma dị mfe banyere anatomy mmadụ.<ref name=":02" /> Nke a nyere ya ikike iweghachi nkwonkwo ndị gbawara agbawa ma mee enyemaka mbụ ndị ọzọ maka ezinụlọ ya na obodo ya, n'ọnọdụ ebe dọkịta na-adịghị ozugbo.<ref name=":02" /> Lydia mụtakwara ihe ndị dị n'ihe ọkụkụ, o mechara soro nwa ya nwanyị Almira kwurịta ihe ndị a, mgbe e mesịrị mgbe ọ malitere inwe mmasị na botany.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Bolzau|first=Emma Lydia|date=January 1937|title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=42|issue=2|pages=364–365|doi=10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|issn=1937-5239}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBolzau1937">Bolzau, Emma Lydia (January 1937). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364 "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)"]</span>. ''The American Historical Review''. '''42''' (2): <span class="nowrap">364–</span>365. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|10.1086/ahr/42.2.364]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-5239 1937-5239].</cite></ref> Lydia Hart kụziiri ụmụ ya uru nke ụwa gbara ha gburugburu, ha mụtara ịrụsi ọrụ ike n'ugbo ahụ. Site na nkuzi ndị a, Lydia kụziikwara ụmụ ya nwanyị ihe o kwenyere na ọ bụ ọnọdụ ha n'ụwa, dị ka ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":02" /> Ebe obibi Hart bụ ebe ghe oghe ebe ndị otu obodo na-ezukọtakarị maka arụmụka gbasara ọtụtụ isiokwu. Nna Almira, Samuel Hart, n'onwe ya na-enwe mmasị n'ịrụrịta ụka na arụmụka, na-enwekarị onye na-emegiderịta onwe ya ma ọ bụ onye nkwusa n'ụlọ ha nke na-akwụsị ka ya na ya rụrịta ụka.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Bolzau|first=Emma Lydia|date=January 1937|title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=42|issue=2|pages=364–365|doi=10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|issn=1937-5239}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBolzau1937">Bolzau, Emma Lydia (January 1937). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364 "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)"]</span>. ''The American Historical Review''. '''42''' (2): <span class="nowrap">364–</span>365. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|10.1086/ahr/42.2.364]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-5239 1937-5239].</cite></ref> A gbara ụmụaka Hart ume ịjụ ihe ajụjụ, na ịmepụta echiche nke ha n'okwu dị iche iche. Almira na ezinụlọ ya na-ezukọta gburugburu ọkụ ahụ, ebe nna ya na nne ya ga-ekerịta akụkọ banyere ndị nna nna ha na akụkọ ezinụlọ.<ref name=":02" /> Akụkọ kachasị amasị Almira metụtara Agha Mgbanwe.<ref name=":02" /> Site na ezigbo ọbụbụenyi ya na nne meworo agadi nke onye na-ere akwụkwọ, Almira nwere ohere ịnweta ọtụtụ akwụkwọ site na nwata.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Bolzau|first=Emma Lydia|date=January 1937|title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=42|issue=2|pages=364–365|doi=10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|issn=1937-5239}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBolzau1937">Bolzau, Emma Lydia (January 1937). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364 "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)"]</span>. ''The American Historical Review''. '''42''' (2): <span class="nowrap">364–</span>365. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|10.1086/ahr/42.2.364]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-5239 1937-5239].</cite></ref> Ọ hụrụ ịgụ akwụkwọ n'anya, na mbụ o yiri ka ọ na-enwe mmasị ịgụ ihe ọ bụla ọ nwere ike inweta. Otu n'ime ndị nduzi Almira kachasị emetụta ya bụ nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye, Emma Hart Willard. Emma ga-aghọ onye na-eme mgbanwe na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, ma dọọ nwanne ya nwanyị ọdụ n'oge ọ dị obere ka ọ họrọ ezigbo akwụkwọ iji zụọ onwe ya, kama ịgụ naanị maka ntụrụndụ ya.<ref name=":02" /> Mgbe Almira dị afọ iri na asaa, ọ gara soro Emma na di ya biri, ebe nwanne ya nwanyị bụ onye na-elekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na Middlebury.<ref name=":1" /> Mgbe ya na nwanne ya nwanyị bi, John Willard na ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe ya atọ bụkwa ndị bịara biri n'ezinụlọ Willard duziri ya. Ọ gụrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na nkà ihe ọmụma. [8] Ụmụ okorobịa si Middlebury College na Willards na-ebukarị, ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ ndị dị nso, mgbe ha na-aga kọleji.<ref name=":1" /> Nke a nyere Almira, na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ dị ka ya, ohere inweta agụmakwụkwọ kọleji nke abụọ, na-etinye aka na mkparịta ụka na ndị bi na ya ma si otú ahụ na-amụta ihe ọmụmụ nke a na-akụzighị n'oge ahụ, ma ọ bụ na-akụrụ naanị n'ụzọ bụ isi, na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ n'ụzọ a ka Almira nwere ike ịmụta mgbakọ na mwepụ dị elu.<ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ == [[Faịlụ:Familiar_lectures_on_botany_(Page_54)_BHL17169344.jpg|thumb|Peeji nnwale sitere n'akwụkwọ mbụ Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Familiar Lectures on Botany''Okwuchukwu Ndị A Ma Ama Banyere Ihe Osise'']] Mgbe Almira dị afọ iri na isii, ọ malitere ọrụ nkuzi ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ mpaghara. O mesịrị gaa n'ihu n'agụmakwụkwọ nke ya. Na 1814, o mepere ụlọ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ maka ụmụ agbọghọ n'ụlọ ya na Berlin; na afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Sandy Hill, New York.<ref name="ED Rudolph 1984 1161–1167">{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/2443392|title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884) and the Spread of Botany in Nineteenth Century America|first=Emanuel D.|author=Rudolph|authorlink=Emanuel David Rudolph|journal=American Journal of Botany|year=1984|pages=1161–1167|volume=71|issue=8}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRudolph1984">[[Emanuel David Rudolph|Rudolph, Emanuel D.]] (1984). "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884) and the Spread of Botany in Nineteenth Century America". ''American Journal of Botany''. '''71''' (8): <span class="nowrap">1161–</span>1167. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2443392|10.2307/2443392]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2443392 2443392].</cite></ref> === Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ Ihe Ụmụ nwanyị nke Troy === Na 1817, Almira lụrụ Simeon Lincoln wee hapụ ọrụ ya ruo afọ isii ka ọ bụrụ nwunye na nne nye ụmụ ya atọ. Mgbe di ya nwụsịrị na 1823, ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi na mgbe e mesịrị, na 1829, osote onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ, na Troy Female Seminary a ma ama na Troy, New York, nke nwanne ya nwanyị Emma na-elekọta.<ref name="EB">{{Cite web|title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps American educator|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Almira-Hart-Lincoln-Phelps|work=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=March 15, 2019}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-akụzi na Troy, mmasị ya na sayensị mụbara, ọrụ botanical ya malitere n'okpuru mmetụta nke Amos Eaton. Dị ka onye nkuzi, Almira chọpụtara enweghị akwụkwọ sayensị nke kwadoro ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji na-amalite, ma kpebie idozi nsogbu ahụ. Ọ chọrọ ide akwụkwọ nkuzi nke dị mfe nghọta na nke ga-eme ka ọ dịrị ndị ọkà mmụta na-eto eto mfe, ọkachasị ụmụ agbọghọ, ịmụ sayensị. Mgbe Almira kụziri na Troy Seminary, ọmụmụ sayensị ghọrọ isiokwu a ma ama. Ọ duziri ụmụ akwụkwọ ya na nyocha nke ihe ọkụkụ na nso seminarị ahụ, ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị gara nkuzi ya nwere obi ụtọ banyere ihe ọkụkụ.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Bolzau|first=Emma Lydia|date=January 1937|title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=42|issue=2|pages=364–365|doi=10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|issn=1937-5239}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBolzau1937">Bolzau, Emma Lydia (January 1937). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364 "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)"]</span>. ''The American Historical Review''. '''42''' (2): <span class="nowrap">364–</span>365. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|10.1086/ahr/42.2.364]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-5239 1937-5239].</cite></ref> N'okpuru mmetụta Eaton, ọ malitekwara inwe mmasị na kemịkal. Mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ seminarị Troy gbakwunyere ụlọ nyocha maka ọmụmụ nke kemịkal, Almira rụsiri ọrụ ike iji jide n'aka na e tinyere kemịkalụ, ka ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya wee nwee ike isonye na nnwale sayensị.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Bolzau|first=Emma Lydia|date=January 1937|title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=42|issue=2|pages=364–365|doi=10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|issn=1937-5239}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBolzau1937">Bolzau, Emma Lydia (January 1937). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364 "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)"]</span>. ''The American Historical Review''. '''42''' (2): <span class="nowrap">364–</span>365. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|10.1086/ahr/42.2.364]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-5239 1937-5239].</cite></ref> N'ụzọ dị otú a, o nwere ike inye nkuzi banyere kemịkalụ nke e gosipụtara site na nnwale, si otú ahụ mee ka ogo agụmakwụkwọ sayensị dị mma na Troy Seminary.<ref name=":02" /> [[Faịlụ:Emma_Willard_Seminary,_Troy,_N._Y_(NYPL_b12647398-68636).tiff|alt=Troy, New York, USA|thumb|336x336px|Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ Ihe Ụmụ nwanyị nke Troy]] N'ịbụ onye ihe ịga nke ọma Eaton na nwanne ya nwanyị gbara ume na mkpa ego nke ya, Lincoln malitere ide akwụkwọ nkuzi dị otú ahụ na ngwụcha afọ 1820. E bipụtara akwụkwọ nkuzi mbụ ya na nke a ma ama bụ Familiar Lectures on Botany na 1829, na-agafe mbipụta iri na asaa ma na-ere ihe karịrị 275,000 site na 1872. <ref name="ED Rudolph 1984 1161–1167">{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/2443392|title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884) and the Spread of Botany in Nineteenth Century America|first=Emanuel D.|author=Rudolph|authorlink=Emanuel David Rudolph|journal=American Journal of Botany|year=1984|pages=1161–1167|volume=71|issue=8}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRudolph1984">[[Emanuel David Rudolph|Rudolph, Emanuel D.]] (1984). "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884) and the Spread of Botany in Nineteenth Century America". ''American Journal of Botany''. '''71''' (8): <span class="nowrap">1161–</span>1167. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2443392|10.2307/2443392]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2443392 2443392].</cite></ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Bolzau|first=Emma Lydia|date=January 1937|title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=42|issue=2|pages=364–365|doi=10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|issn=1937-5239}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBolzau1937">Bolzau, Emma Lydia (January 1937). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364 "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)"]</span>. ''The American Historical Review''. '''42''' (2): <span class="nowrap">364–</span>365. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|10.1086/ahr/42.2.364]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-5239 1937-5239].</cite></ref> Amos Eaton kwenyere na ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere maka agụmakwụkwọ ka elu, ma mee ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha mkpa ịkpọ ụmụ nwanyị sitere na Seminary Troy ka ha bịa na nkuzi ya na Renesselaer Polytechnic Institute mgbe ọ bụla enwere ike.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Bolzau|first=Emma Lydia|date=January 1937|title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=42|issue=2|pages=364–365|doi=10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|issn=1937-5239}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBolzau1937">Bolzau, Emma Lydia (January 1937). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364 "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)"]</span>. ''The American Historical Review''. '''42''' (2): <span class="nowrap">364–</span>365. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|10.1086/ahr/42.2.364]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-5239 1937-5239].</cite></ref> Eaton kwenyere na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ịgụkọ ihe ọnụ, ma mee mgbalị n'oge ndụ ya niile itinye ụmụ nwanyị na ntụziaka sayensị. Site na Eaton, Almira mụtara ọtụtụ ihe banyere ọtụtụ ngalaba, gụnyere botany, chemistry, geology, na nkà ihe ọmụma okike.<ref name=":02" /> Onye nkuzi ọkachamara nke abụọ nke Almira bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ William Darlington . <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Arnold, Lois|title=Four Lives in Science : Women's Education in the Nineteenth Century|date=1984|publisher=Schocken Books|isbn=0-8052-3865-4|location=New York|oclc=9557354}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFArnold,_Lois1984">Arnold, Lois (1984). ''Four Lives in Science : Women's Education in the Nineteenth Century''. New York: Schocken Books. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8052-3865-4|<bdi>0-8052-3865-4</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9557354 9557354].</cite></ref> O nwere mmetụta n'ihe ngosi ya nke botany n'akwụkwọ nkuzi ya, ma gbaa ya ume ịgbakwunye ihe mmeghe na Natural System of Botanical Classification, kama itinye naanị Linnean System n'akwụkwọ ya. Almira weere aro a na mbipụta ndị sochirinụ nke akwụkwọ nkuzi ya. <ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1830, mgbe nwanne ya nwanyị na-anọghị ya, Phelps jere ozi dị ka onye isi na-anọchite anya Troy Female Seminary ma nye usoro nkuzi metụtara agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị nke ọ ga-emesị bipụta dị ka akwụkwọ nke abụọ ya, Lectures to Young Ladies . <ref name="ED Rudolph 1984 1161–1167">{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/2443392|title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884) and the Spread of Botany in Nineteenth Century America|first=Emanuel D.|author=Rudolph|authorlink=Emanuel David Rudolph|journal=American Journal of Botany|year=1984|pages=1161–1167|volume=71|issue=8}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRudolph1984">[[Emanuel David Rudolph|Rudolph, Emanuel D.]] (1984). "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884) and the Spread of Botany in Nineteenth Century America". ''American Journal of Botany''. '''71''' (8): <span class="nowrap">1161–</span>1167. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2443392|10.2307/2443392]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2443392 2443392].</cite></ref> N'oge a, Almira nwetara ahụmịhe njikwa dị mkpa, wee malite ide ụfọdụ echiche nke ya maka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Bolzau|first=Emma Lydia|date=January 1937|title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=42|issue=2|pages=364–365|doi=10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|issn=1937-5239}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBolzau1937">Bolzau, Emma Lydia (January 1937). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364 "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)"]</span>. ''The American Historical Review''. '''42''' (2): <span class="nowrap">364–</span>365. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|10.1086/ahr/42.2.364]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-5239 1937-5239].</cite></ref> N'oge ọ na-eme ihe nkiri, Almira gbasaa ihe onwunwe nke Troy Seminary iji tinye ohere maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ịzụlite ụdị osisi nke ha n'ala ahụ.<ref name=":02" /> === West Chester Young Ladies Seminary === Na 1831, Almira lụrụ John Phelps, onye ọka iwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si Vermont. N'ịbụ onye na-akpọ "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps", ọ hapụrụ ọrụ ya ọzọ ịzụlite ezinụlọ nke abụọ mana ọ nọgidere na-ede akwụkwọ ọhụrụ banyere kemịkalụ, nkà ihe ọmụma okike, na agụmakwụkwọ. Na 1838, a họpụtara Phelps onye isi na ngalaba agụmagụ nke West Chester Young Ladies Seminary na West Chester, Pennsylvania nke otu dọkịta nọ n'ógbè ahụ, Jesse W. Cook na-achị. A họpụtara onye nnochi anya Phelps Eunice onye osote onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ, a họpụtara nwa nwanyị ọzọ Ann na nwa nwanyị Emma Lincoln ndị nkuzi.<ref name="hinds-full" /> A na-eji akwụkwọ nkuzi Phelps mee ihe n'ọtụtụ klas.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Bolzau|first=Emma Lydia|date=January 1937|title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=42|issue=2|pages=364–365|doi=10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|issn=1937-5239}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBolzau1937">Bolzau, Emma Lydia (January 1937). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364 "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)"]</span>. ''The American Historical Review''. '''42''' (2): <span class="nowrap">364–</span>365. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|10.1086/ahr/42.2.364]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-5239 1937-5239].</cite></ref> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ site na mmalite enwere esemokwu n'etiti ndị isi nri na ndị Phelpses. A kọrọ na ndị Phelps enweghị obi ụtọ maka ntinye aka nke Mrs. Cook na-achịkwa ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, gụnyere inye ndị ọrụ nsogbu. John Phelps weere Dr. Cook dị ka nwoke nwere omume enyi na omume ọma, mana enweghị ike iduzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nke ọma na enweghị echiche banyere otu esi akụzi ụmụ agbọghọ nke ọma.<ref name="hinds-full">{{Cite book|author=Hinds|first=Grover|title=Howard County Maryland, Family Letters 1830–1855, and Route 1 Roadside America 1920 – 1960}}</ref> Isi ihe ọzọ dị n'etiti Almira na ụfọdụ n'ime ndị nlekọta seminarị ahụ bụ ebe okpukpe dị na usoro mmụta.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Bolzau|first=Emma Lydia|date=January 1937|title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=42|issue=2|pages=364–365|doi=10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|issn=1937-5239}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBolzau1937">Bolzau, Emma Lydia (January 1937). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364 "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)"]</span>. ''The American Historical Review''. '''42''' (2): <span class="nowrap">364–</span>365. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|10.1086/ahr/42.2.364]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-5239 1937-5239].</cite></ref> Almira chọrọ itinye ntụziaka okpukpe na ofufe n'ime usoro mmụta, na ndị nlekọta chọrọ ịnọgide na-abụ ndị ụwa. Almira mechara kwuo nke a dị ka otu n'ime isi ihe kpatara ọpụpụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref name=":02" /> Na mbido Disemba 1838, Almira Phelps na-atụle ịhapụ. Ọ gakwuuru onye otu ezinụlọ Biddle na-anwa inweta nkwado maka imeghe ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na Philadelphia. Enweghị nkwado na-abịa ma Almira nọgidere na West Chester. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1839, Almira nyere nwa ya nwanyị, Helen Phelps, ọkwá ya. Almira weere ọnọdụ ya dị ka Dr. Cook si kọwaa dị ka nke dị n'okpuru ya. Helen jụrụ onyinye ahụ. N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1839, John Phelps gbazitere ụlọ na Philadelphia, ka Almira wee nwee ike imeghe ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ya. Otú ọ dị, Almira jụrụ ịhapụ West Chester. Ya na John nọ n'ọgba aghara. O kwenyere na nwunye ya siri ike ekwesịghị ịrụ ọrụ maka onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Almira nwere nchegbu banyere ego onwe ya maka ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ya.<ref name="hinds-5" /> Oge ezumike ya na ndị isi nri bụ nke ikpeazụ n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1839. Almira Phelps gara New York iji gbaa Reverend [[John F. Schroeder]] (1800-1857) ajụjụ ọnụ bụ onye meghere ụlọ akwụkwọ, St. Ann's Hall na Flushing, Queens County, New York (nke a na-akpọ "Flushing, Long Island") n'afọ ahụ. John Phelps sooro nwunye ya ma mesịa mee ka o kwenye imeghe ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ya. John Phelps mere ndokwa ịgbazite ụlọ na Rahway, New Jersey na Almira Phelps guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ya na 1839. Ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ si West Chester so ya gaa Rahway. Ụlọ akwụkwọ West Chester anwụghị nkewa n'etiti Almira Phelps na Dr. Cook wee mechie. Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Almira kụziri na Rahway. Eunice lụrụ ma nọgide na West Chester, Ann kwagara Camden, South Carolina ka ọ kụziere nwanne ya nwanyị Stella ihe, Helen nwekwara ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ya na Brooklyn, New York.<ref name="hinds-5">{{Cite book|author=Hinds|first=Grover|title=Howard County Maryland, Family Letters 1830 – 1855, and Route 1 Roadside America 1920 – 1960|pages=5–6}}</ref> === Patapsco Female Institute === Ellicott Mills (ugbu a Ellicott City) nwere ma ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwoke, Rock Hill, na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, Patapsco Female Institute (PFI). Ka ọ na-erule 1840, ọ dịghị nke ọma. Bishọp Episcopal Protestant nke Maryland, William R. Whittingham, nwere mmasị onwe ya na agụmakwụkwọ ma tinye aka na ụlọ akwụkwọ abụọ ahụ. Rev. Alfred Holmead bufere Baltimore County ka ọ gbaa Rock Hill na Bishop Whittingham, gbara Almira Phelps ajụjụ n'onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi PFI. Otu n'ime ihe ndị e ji ewere ya bụ na ọ ga-enwe onye ụkọchukwu n'akwụkwọ ndekọ ego. Rev. Holmead ghọrọ ụkọchukwu mbụ na PFI. Na 1841, Phelpses mechiri ụlọ akwụkwọ Rahway wee weghara PFI na mgbazinye afọ asaa. Almira Phelps bụụrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ya aka, ma soro ha nwee ezi mmekọrịta. O kwusiri ike na mmezu nke agụmakwụkwọ iji mee ka ụmụ agbọghọ nwee ike ịkwado onwe ha, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, dịka ndị nkuzi ma ọ bụ ndị ọchịchị. Iji mezuo nke ahụ, Almira chọsiri ike ọkwá maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ya.<ref name="hinds-7">{{Cite book|author=Hinds|first=Grover|title=Howard County Maryland, Family Letters 1830 – 1855, and Route 1 Roadside America 1920 – 1960|pages=7–8}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na PFI, ahịa akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Almira mere ka ọ bụrụ onye edemede na-aga nke ọma. Nwa ya nwanyị, Jane Lincoln na nwa ya nwanyị Helen Phelps nyere aka dezie mbipụta ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ edemede ya. Ndị Phelps mezigharịrị nkwekọrịta ha na 1848 maka afọ asaa ọzọ, John Phelps nwụkwara na 1849. Almira gara Europe na 1854 na nwa ya nwanyị nke okenye, Emma Phelps O'Brien, na-elekọta PFI mgbe ọ na-apụ. N'afọ 1855, nkwekọrịta ịgbazite ya nke abụọ agwụla. Ọ nọrọ otu afọ ọzọ. A gbasaa ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ka onye nọchiri ya, Robert H. Archer, wee nwee ike ịnabata ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na Baltimore.<ref name="hinds-21">{{Cite book|author=Hinds|first=Grover|title=Howard County Maryland, Family Letters 1830 – 1855, and Route 1 Roadside America 1920 – 1960}}</ref> N'afọ 1859, Almira Phelps bụ nwanyị nke atọ a họpụtara dịka onye otu American Association for the Advancement of Science. Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ndị otu ya, ọ gara n'ihu na-ede, na-akụzi ihe, ma na-enyocha akwụkwọ nkuzi ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na Baltimore na July 15, 1884, ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya nke afọ 91.<ref name="ED Rudolph 1984 1161–1167">{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/2443392|title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884) and the Spread of Botany in Nineteenth Century America|first=Emanuel D.|author=Rudolph|authorlink=Emanuel David Rudolph|journal=American Journal of Botany|year=1984|pages=1161–1167|volume=71|issue=8}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRudolph1984">[[Emanuel David Rudolph|Rudolph, Emanuel D.]] (1984). "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884) and the Spread of Botany in Nineteenth Century America". ''American Journal of Botany''. '''71''' (8): <span class="nowrap">1161–</span>1167. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2443392|10.2307/2443392]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2443392 2443392].</cite></ref> == Echiche onwe onye na nkà ihe ọmụma == Almira Phelps hụrụ sayensị dị ka ihe enyemaka maka okpukpe, yana dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ụmụ nwanyị ịmụta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Arnold, Lois|title=Four Lives in Science : Women's Education in the Nineteenth Century|date=1984|publisher=Schocken Books|isbn=0-8052-3865-4|location=New York|oclc=9557354}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFArnold,_Lois1984">Arnold, Lois (1984). ''Four Lives in Science : Women's Education in the Nineteenth Century''. New York: Schocken Books. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8052-3865-4|<bdi>0-8052-3865-4</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9557354 9557354].</cite></ref> O kwenyere na ọmụmụ sayensị ga-eme ka uche ụmụ nwanyị baa ọgaranya ma kwadebe ha ka ha bụrụ ndị nwunye nwere ọgụgụ isi maka ụmụ nwoke sayensị, na ndị nne maara ihe nke ọma bụ ndị nwere ike ịzụlite ụmụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="ED Rudolph 1984 1161–1167">{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/2443392|title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884) and the Spread of Botany in Nineteenth Century America|first=Emanuel D.|author=Rudolph|authorlink=Emanuel David Rudolph|journal=American Journal of Botany|year=1984|pages=1161–1167|volume=71|issue=8}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRudolph1984">[[Emanuel David Rudolph|Rudolph, Emanuel D.]] (1984). "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884) and the Spread of Botany in Nineteenth Century America". ''American Journal of Botany''. '''71''' (8): <span class="nowrap">1161–</span>1167. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2443392|10.2307/2443392]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2443392 2443392].</cite></ref> N'ịbụ onye a zụlitere ikwere na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọrụ ụfọdụ n'ụwa, Almira hụrụ ihe ndị ọ kụziiri dị ka enyemaka dị mkpa iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị aka itolite n'ọrụ ha dị ka ndị nwunye na ndị nne. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Bolzau|first=Emma Lydia|date=January 1937|title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=42|issue=2|pages=364–365|doi=10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|issn=1937-5239}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBolzau1937">Bolzau, Emma Lydia (January 1937). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364 "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)"]</span>. ''The American Historical Review''. '''42''' (2): <span class="nowrap">364–</span>365. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|10.1086/ahr/42.2.364]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-5239 1937-5239].</cite></ref> N'otu aka ahụ, Almira kwenyere na sayensị na okpukpe na-akwado ibe ha, ma gbaa ụmụ nwanyị ume ịmụ sayensị dị ka ụzọ isi mee ka nkwenye okpukpe ha sie ike.<ref name=":1" /> O kwenyesiri ike na okwukwe siri ike dị otú ahụ ga-abara ndị nne ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu uru, ndị nwere ike ịzụlite ụmụ ha iji sọpụrụ Chineke.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye nkwado siri ike maka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, Almira n'onwe ya megidere ikike ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Bolzau|first=Emma Lydia|date=January 1937|title=Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=42|issue=2|pages=364–365|doi=10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|issn=1937-5239}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBolzau1937">Bolzau, Emma Lydia (January 1937). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/42.2.364 "Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps: Her Life and Work. By Emma Lydia Bolzau. (Lancaster: Science Press. 1936. Pp. xi, 534. $3.50.)"]</span>. ''The American Historical Review''. '''42''' (2): <span class="nowrap">364–</span>365. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/ahr/42.2.364|10.1086/ahr/42.2.364]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-5239 1937-5239].</cite></ref> Ọ kwadoro amara na nri dị ụtọ nke ụmụ nwanyị, ma kwenyesie ike na ọnọdụ nwanyị bụ n'ụlọ.<ref name=":02" /> N'etiti ọgbọ ụmụ akwụkwọ Almira karịsịa, e nwere ọtụtụ ndị suffragists na-akwado ikike nhata.<ref name=":02" /> == Ọrụ ndị ọzọ ==   == Hụkwa ==   * Usoro oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị == Ihe odide == === Ihe edeturu === {{Reflist|30em}} === Akwụkwọ === * {{Cite book|author=Abir-Am|first=Pnina G.|title=Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science, 1789–1979|url=https://archive.org/details/uneasycareersint00sbio|year=1987|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-1256-3}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|author=Arnold|first=Lois Barber|title=Four Lives in Science: Women's Education in the Nineteenth Century|date=1984|publisher=Schocken Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=9780805238655|url=https://archive.org/details/fourlivesinscien00lois5|chapter=3: Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps|pages=37–60}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|author=Blandin|first=Isabella Margaret Elizabeth|authorlink=I. M. E. Blandin|title=History of Higher Education of Women in the South Prior to 1860|url=https://archive.org/details/historyhighered00blangoog|edition=Public domain|year=1909|publisher=Neale Publishing Company}} This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. * Bolzau, E. L. (1936). Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps, her life and work. In Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps, her life and work. Science press printing company], 1936. * {{Cite book|author=Gold|first=David|title=Rhetoric, History, and Women's Oratorical Education: American Women Learn to Speak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7-MMSRYTTYC&pg=PT100|date=May 2, 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-10494-8}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|author=Patterson|first=Daniel|title=Early American Nature Writers: A Biographical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eahYM-4DT0kC&pg=PA281|year=2008|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-34680-4}} * Rudolph, E. (1984). Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793-1884) and the Spread of Botany in Nineteenth Century America. American Journal of Botany, 71(8), 1161–1167. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from JSTOR 2443392 * {{Cite book|ref=none|author=Salvatori|first=Mariolina Rizzi|title=Pedagogy: Disturbing History, 1820–1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abocsyBzTMMC&pg=PA95|date=August 1, 2003|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=978-0-8229-7246-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Shepherd|first=Henry Elliot|title=The Representative Authors of Maryland: From the Earliest Time to the Present Day, with Biographical Notes and Comments Upon Their Work|url=https://archive.org/details/representativea00shepgoog|edition=Public domain|year=1911|publisher=Whitehall Publishing Company}} This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. == Njikọ mpụga == * Works by or about Almira Lincoln PhelpsnaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet {{Maryland Women's Hall of Fame}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] c1al81gkciidigcewmmd2zqrvbwaqls 0 65709 693012 674826 2026-07-31T05:51:40Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 693012 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Büste von E. F. Kelaart - Bildhauer Henry Weigall.jpg|thumb|Edward Frederick Kelaart ]] Lieutenant Colonel Edward Frederick Kelaart (21 Nọvemba 1819 – 31 Ọgọst 1860) bụ onye dọkịta na onye na-ahụ maka ihe okike ndị Ceylon.  O mere ụfọdụ n'ime nchọpụta usoro nhazi mbụ site na mpaghara ahụ ma kọwaa ọtụtụ osisi na anụmanụ si Sri Lanka. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Edward Frederick (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ Fredric) Kelaart na 21 Nọvemba 1819 na Colombo, Sri Lanka. Ezinụlọ ahụ bụ ndị Dutch na ndị Germany.Ọ bụ ọkpara William Henry Kelaart na Anna Frederika.[1] William rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka apothecary na ndị agha. Ezinụlọ ahụ ebirila na Sri Lanka gburugburu 1726. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, Edward sonyeere ọchịchị Ceylon dị ka onye enyemaka ahụike. Na 1838 ọ gara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Edinburgh, nata MD site na Royal College of Surgeons na 1841. Ọ laghachiri Ceylon ka ọ bụrụ onye enyemaka Staff Surgeon na ndị agha na 1841 ma zigara ya na 1843 na Gibraltar dị ka onye na-awa ahụ ndị agha. O bipụtara ''Flora Calpensis'', Flora of Gibraltar, n'afọ 1845. A họpụtara ya dịka Fellow nke Linnean Society na 17 February 1846, nke J. D. Hooker na Ray Lankester kwadoro. N'afọ 1848, ọ laghachiri Ceylon wee malite ime ọmụmụ ihe.<ref name="pethiyagoda" /> N'ịbụ onye e buliri n'ọkwa Staff Surgeon na 1852, ọ gara Sri Lanka ma karịsịa mụọ mpaghara ugwu nke Nuwara Eliya. O mere nnukwu nchịkọta anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ na Nuwara Eliya wee ziga ha na ebe ngosi nka curator-zoologist Edward Blyth. Na 1856, e mere ya Naturalist na Gọọmentị Ceylon. Ọrụ mbụ ya bụ ịmụ banyere igbu azụ pel.<ref name="pethiyagoda">{{Cite journal|journal=J. South Asian Nat. Hist.|year=1997|volume=2|issue=2|pages=217–246|title=The life and work of Edward Fredric Kelaart|author=Pethiyagoda, Rohan & K. Manamendra-Arachchi|url=http://www.wht.lk/zeylanica/volume-2-number-2/Pethiyagoda%20R.%20%20K.%20Manamendra-Arachchi.%20The%20life%20and%20work%20of%20E.F.%20Kelaart%201819-1860.pdf|accessdate=2014-12-22}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPethiyagoda,_Rohan_&_K._Manamendra-Arachchi1997">Pethiyagoda, Rohan & K. Manamendra-Arachchi (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141222054728/http://www.wht.lk/zeylanica/volume-2-number-2/Pethiyagoda%20R.%20%20K.%20Manamendra-Arachchi.%20The%20life%20and%20work%20of%20E.F.%20Kelaart%201819-1860.pdf "The life and work of Edward Fredric Kelaart"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''J. South Asian Nat. Hist''. '''2''' (2): <span class="nowrap">217–</span>246. Archived from [http://www.wht.lk/zeylanica/volume-2-number-2/Pethiyagoda%20R.%20%20K.%20Manamendra-Arachchi.%20The%20life%20and%20work%20of%20E.F.%20Kelaart%201819-1860.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-22</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/madrasjournalofl03madr#page/88/mode/2up|title=Introductory Report on the Natural History of the Pearl Oyster of Ceylon|author=Kelaart, E.F.|pages=89–105|journal=Madras Journal of Literature and Science|year=1857|volume=3|issue=5}}</ref> Onyinye taxonomic ya gụnyere nkọwa nke ụdị 16 nke Turbellaria, ụdị 22 nke Actiniaria na ụdị 63 nke Nudibranchia.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Eliot, Charles|year=1906|title=On the nudibranchs of southern India and Ceylon, with special reference to the drawings by Kelaart and the collections belonging to Alder & Hancock preserved in the Hancock Museum at Newcastle-on-Tyne|journal=Proc. Zool. Soc. London|pages=636–691|url=https://archive.org/stream/cbarchive_109785_onthenudibranchsofsouthernindi1833/onthenudibranchsofsouthernindi1833#page/n1/mode/2up}}</ref> Na 1852 o bipụtara ''Prodromus faunae Zeylanicae'', na Ceylonese vertebrate fauna. Kelaart nwụrụ n'ụgbọ S.S. ''Ripon'' n'ụzọ ịga England na 31 Ọgọstụ 1860 ma lie ya na Southampton.<ref name="pethiyagoda" /> Onye na-akpụ ihe bụ Henry Weigall mere bust nke Kelaart.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/royalacademyart01gravgoog#page/n204/mode/2up|title=The Royal Academy of Arts. A complete dictionary of contributors and their works from its foundation in 1769 to 1904. Volume 8. Toft to Zwecker|publisher=Henry Graves and Co|location=London|year=1906|author=Graves, Algernon}}</ref> A na-akpọ ụdị nnụnụ abụọ a chọtara na Sri Lanka aha ya: munia na-acha oji (Lonchura kelaarti) na ugo-eagle Nisaetus kelaarti. Ụdị nke Sri Lankan nke ọhịa abalị, Caprimulgus indicus kelaarti, na-ezokwa aka na Kelaart. Kelaartia monotypic a na-adịghị eji eme ihe ( bulbul na-acha odo odo) na-echetakwa ya. Toad Adenomus kelaartii bụkwa aha ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Beolens|first=Bo|title=The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJY3BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA111|date=2013|publisher=Pelagic Publishing|isbn=978-1-907807-42-8}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == * (1846) [[iarchive:floracalpensisco00kelarich|''Flora calpensis; onyinye maka botany na topography nke Gibraltar, na agbata obi ya'']]. * (1853) Prodromus Faunæ Zeylanicæ; ịbụ onyinye na Zoology nke Ceylon[[iarchive:prodromusfaunze00layagoog|''Prodromus Faunæ Zeylanicæ; ịbụ onyinye nye Zoology nke Ceylon '']] * (1854) Nkọwa nke ụdị anụmanụ ndị a na-amaghị nke ọma na Ceylon. Annals na Magazine of Natural History (2) 13: 25-30. * (1854) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/22193469 ''Ndepụta nke anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ anakọtara na Ceylon'']. Ann Mag. Ọ bụ n'oge a mụrụ ya Hist. 13:137-140. * (1857) ''Akụkọ mmeghe banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Pearl Oyster nke Ceylon'' * (1859) ''Enyemaka na Marine Zoology; ịbụ nkọwa nke Ceylon Nudibranchiate Molluscs, Sea Anemones na Entozoa'', Colombo. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} te84yyf3vsn0vlac0u1h577pyleo1cp 0 65863 693118 458882 2026-07-31T11:23:29Z Chigozirim2005 19722 Fixed reference error 693118 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Alina Carmen Cojocaru''' (Romanian pronunciation: [aˈlina ˈkarmen koʒoˈkaru]) bụ onye Romania na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ nke a maara maka ọrụ na nkuzi ọnụ ọgụgụ ma mara ya maka nyocha ya na elliptic curves, arithmetic geometry, na nkuzi sieve. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Illinois na Chicago nakwa onye nnyocha na Institute of Mathematics nke Romanian Academy . Cojocaru nwetara nzere Ph.D. ya na Mahadum Queen's dị na Kingston, Ontarion'afọ 2002. M. Ram Murty na Ernst Kani jikọrọ aka lekọta edemede ya bụ Cyclicity of Elliptic Curves Modulo p.{{R|mgp}} A họpụtara Cojocaru ka ọ bụrụ onye òtùKansụl American Mathematical Society (AMS) n'òzùzù site na Febụwarị 1, 2023, ruo Jenụwarị 31, 2024.{{R|council}} == Akwụkwọ Ndị Ọ Degasịrị == Cojocaru bụ onye dere akwụkwọ a: * Nkwupụta maka usoro Sieve na ngwa ha (ya na M. Ram Murty, London Mathematical Society Student Texts 66, Cambridge University Press, 2006). {{R|sieve}} Ọ bụkwa onye ndezi nke * Ụmụ nwanyị na Ọnụ Ọgụgụ: Nchịkọta Nnyocha na Nkọwa Ọnụ Ọgụ (ya na Kristin Lauter, Rachel Justine Pries, na Renate Scheidler, Fields Institute Communications 60, American Mathematical Society, 2011). * Ọkà mmụta: Ememe Sayensị na-eme ka Open Lines of Arithmetic Research pụta ìhè: Nzukọ na nsọpụrụ nke M. Ram Murty's Mathematical Legacy on His 60th Birthday (ya na C. David na F. Pappalardi, Contemporary Mathematics 655, American Mathematiical Society, 2016) == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara a họọrọ == * Cojocaru, Alina Carmen; Murty, M. Ram (2004), "Cyclicity of elliptic curves modulo and ellipticcurve analogues of Linnik's problem". ''mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ann'' 330, Nke 3, 601-625. [https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2099195 MR 2099195]. * Cojocaru, Alina Carmen (2005), "Na surjectivity nke nnọchite anya Galois jikọtara na curves elliptic na-abụghị CM. Na mgbakwunye nke Ernst Kani". ''Canada mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ehi'' [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2118760 MR 2118760.] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Nchọpụta dị n'otu maka Serre's theorem maka elliptic curves". ''[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] mgbakọ na mwepụ. Res. Ọ bụghị.'' [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2189500 MR 2189500] == Edensibịa == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://homepages.math.uic.edu/~cojocaru/ Peeji mbdoi] <ref name=council>{{citation |title=Council |url=https://www.ams.org/about-us/governance/council/member-council |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=American Mathematical Society |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=mgp>{{mathgenealogy|id=61916}}</ref> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1xladoivgrwl96ln4l1ixf6t353h0l7 0 66138 692650 475257 2026-07-30T12:21:54Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Mmekọrịta ya na Einstein */ fixed reference errors 692650 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Tatyana Afanasyeva-Ehrenfest</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="nickname" lang="ru">Tatyan Afanaseva-Erenfeest</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Tatiana_Ehrenfest_cropped.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Tatyana Afanasyeva <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910&#x2009;</span></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |Tatyana Alexeyevna Afanasyeva Tatyana Alexyevna Aphanasyeva <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1876-11-19</span>)</span> Nọvemba 19, 1876<div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Kiev]], Alaeze Ukwu Russia</div><br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" |Eprel 14, 1964 <span style="display:none">(1964-04-14)</span> (afọ 87) &nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụmụ amaala | class="infobox-data category" |Russia, Netherlands |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma mater&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Saint Petersburg State University|Mahadum ụmụ nwanyị na St Petersburg]]<br />[[Georg August University of Göttingen|Mahadum nke Göttingen]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwunye | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Template:Marriage/styles.css" /><div class="marriage-display-inline"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Paul Ehrenfest</div> (nwụrụ n'afọ 1904 n'afọ 1933) &nbsp;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụmụaka | class="infobox-data" |4, gụnyere Tatyana na Galinka |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Ọrụ sayensị''' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ubi | class="infobox-data category" |Nchịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ |} '''Tatyana Alexeyevna Afanasyeva-Ehrenfest'''[a] (née Afanasyeva; Russian: Татьяна Алексеевна Афанасьева-Эренфест; 19 Nọvemba 1876 - 14 Eprel 1964) bụ onye Russia-Dutch na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ na physics nke nyere aka na ngalaba nke statistical mechanics na statistical thermodynamics na di ya Paul Ehrenfest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epigenesys.eu/de/science-and-you/women-in-science/749-tatyana-ehrenfest-afanassyeva|title=Tatyana Ehrenfest-Afanassyeva|work=www.epigenesys.eu|accessdate=2017-05-27|archivedate=9 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809131301/https://www.epigenesys.eu/de/science-and-you/women-in-science/749-tatyana-ehrenfest-afanassyeva}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == Tatyana Afanasyeva mụrụ na Kiev, na Russian Alaeze Ukwu (Ukraine ugbu a). Nna ya bụ Alexander Afanasyev, onye isi injinia na ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke Imperial, bụ onye ga-eme ka Tatyana na njem ya gburugburu Alaeze Ukwu Russia. Nna ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ ka na-eto eto, ya mere ọ kwagara St Petersburg dị na Rọshịa ka ya na nwanne nwanne nne ya bụ Sonya biri, na nwanne nna ya bụ Peter Afanasyev, onye prọfesọ na St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa.html|title=Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa biography|work=www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk|accessdate=2017-05-27}}</ref> Afanasyeva gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nkịtị na St. Petersburg na ọpụrụiche na mgbakọ na mwepụ na sayensị. N'oge ahụ, a naghị ekwe ka ụmụ nwanyị gaa mahadum dị na mpaghara Russia, ya mere, mgbe Tatyana gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ nkịtị, ọ malitere ịmụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na physics na Mahadum Women's St Petersburg n'okpuru Orest Chvolson. Na 1902, ọ gafere na Mahadum Göttingen dị na Germany ka ya na Felix Klein na David Hilbert gaa n'ihu na ọmụmụ ihe ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa.html|title=Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa biography|work=www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk|accessdate=2017-05-27}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa.html "Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa biography"]. </cite></ref> At the University of Göttingen, Afanasyeva met Paul Ehrenfest. When Ehrenfest discovered that Afanasyeva could not attend a mathematics club meeting, he argued with the school to have the rule changed. A friendship developed between the two, and they married on 21 December 1904, later returned to St. Petersburg in 1907. Under Russian law, marriage was not allowed between two people of different religions. Since Tatyana was a Russian Orthodox and Ehrenfest was Jewish, they both decided to officially renounce their religions in order to remain married.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epigenesys.eu/de/science-and-you/women-in-science/749-tatyana-ehrenfest-afanassyeva|title=Tatyana Ehrenfest-Afanassyeva|work=www.epigenesys.eu|accessdate=2017-05-27|archivedate=9 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809131301/https://www.epigenesys.eu/de/science-and-you/women-in-science/749-tatyana-ehrenfest-afanassyeva}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200809131301/https://www.epigenesys.eu/de/science-and-you/women-in-science/749-tatyana-ehrenfest-afanassyeva "Tatyana Ehrenfest-Afanassyeva"]. </cite></ref> They had two daughters and two sons; one daughter, Tatyana Ehrenfest, also became a mathematician. N'afọ 1912, ha kwagara Leiden na Netherlands, ebe a họpụtara Paul Ehrenfest ka ọ nọchie Hendrik Lorentz dị ka prọfesọ na Mahadum Leiden, na ebe di na nwunye ahụ biri n'oge ọrụ ha niile. == Ọrụ na mgbakọ na mwepụ na physics == Na mbido, Afanasyeva-Ehrenfest sooro di ya rụkọọ ọrụ, nke a ma ama na nyocha ha nke 1911 nke usoro ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Ludwig Boltzmann. The Conceptual Foundations of the Statistical Approach in Mechanics, nke Paul na Tatyana Ehrenfest bipụtara na 1911 dị ka edemede maka German ''Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften'' (Encyclopedia of Mathematical Sciences), ma kemgbe ahụ a sụgharịrị ya ma bipụta ya ọzọ. Afanasyeva-Ehrenfest bipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na isiokwu dị iche iche dị ka randomness na entropy, na nkuzi ụmụaka geometry. <ref>Tatjana Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa, {{Cite web|url=http://www.pims.math.ca/~hoek/teageo/TEA.pdf|title=''Exercises in Experimental Geometry''. 1931|accessdate=4 February 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401222050/http://www.pims.math.ca/~hoek/teageo/TEA.pdf|archivedate=1 April 2013}}</ref> === Mmekọrịta ya na Einstein === [[Albert Einstein]] bụ onye ọbịa na-agakarị n'afọ 1920 n'ụlọ ya na Witte Rozenstraat 57 na Leiden [nl], dị ka ọtụtụ mbinye aka na mgbidi na-egosi. Mgbe e mesịrị, Einstein hapụrụ Mahadum Princeton na Afanasyeva degaara akwụkwọ ozi. Ihe ndekọ nke Museum Boerhaave na Leiden nwere akwụkwọ ozi atọ o degaara ya site n'aka Einstein.<ref name="van der Heijden">{{Cite journal|author=Margriet van der Heijden|year=2019|title=''Einsteins onbekende brieven aan Afanassjewa''|journal=[[NRC Handelsblad|NRC]]|issue=2–3 February 2019|pages=W4–W5|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2019/02/02/drie-onbekende-brieven-van-einstein-in-leiden-a3652687}}</ref> Afanasyeva-Ehrenfest kpọtụụrụ Einstein maka ndụmọdụ ya gbasara ihe odide ya na thermodynamics wee jụọ maka onye ntụgharị. Ọ chọrọ inye thermodynamics ntọala mgbakọ na mwepụ siri ike nke na-enweghị ma kọwaa nrụgide, okpomọkụ na entropy na usoro mgbanwe. Einstein zara na 12 Ọgọst 1947 na ọ toro ụzọ ya mana o nwekwara nkatọ ụfọdụ: : "Ich habe den Eindruck bati, dass Sie ein bichen von logischen Putzteufel besessen sind, und dass daran die Übersichtlichkeit des Buches leide". Einstein atụnyeghị onye ntụgharị ma zigaghachi ihe odide ahụ na Afanasyeva-Ehrenfest bụ onye kwụrụ onwe ya maka mbipụta ya na 1956 dị ka Die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik ya na Brill Publishers na Leiden na ụfọdụ, mana ọ bụghị mmezigharị Einstein niile.<ref name="van der Heijden" /> == Ihe Nketa == Kansụl Physics nke Dutch na-akwado onyinye thesis Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dutchphysicscouncil.nl/ehrenfest-afanassjewa-thesis-award/|title=Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa thesis award|publisher=Dutch Physics Council}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|author=Klein|first=Martin J.|title=The making of a theoretical physicist.|year=1972|publisher=North-Holland Publ.|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0720401639|edition=1. ed., 2. print.}} * {{Cite book|first=Lewis|author=Pyenson|chapter=Ehrenfest, Tatyana Afanaseva|editor=McMurray|title=Notable twentieth-century scientists|url=https://archive.org/details/notabletwentieth01mcmu|year=1995|publisher=Gale Research|location=Detroit, MI|isbn=9780810391819}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == *   {{Commons category|Tatyana Afanasyeva}} * [http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/Phase2/Ehrenfest-Afanaseva,_Tatiana@900123456.html Tatiana Ehrenfest-Afanaseva] CWP UCLA biography * Paul na Tatiana Ehrenfest: The Conceptual Foundations of the Statistical Approach in Mechanics, nsụgharị Michael J. Moravesik, Dover publications New York 1990 (reprinted nke mbipụta nke 1959), na okwu mbido nke T. Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa. E debere ya na 24 Julaị 2015 na Wayback Machine''Archived24 Julaị 2015 naỤgbọ Mmiri Wayback'' {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Afanasyeva, Tatyana}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lhu0dj04g9yjehkj151pzbiciirkpld 692653 692650 2026-07-30T12:23:50Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Oge ọ malitere */ fixed reference errors 692653 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Tatyana Afanasyeva-Ehrenfest</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="nickname" lang="ru">Tatyan Afanaseva-Erenfeest</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Tatiana_Ehrenfest_cropped.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Tatyana Afanasyeva <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910&#x2009;</span></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |Tatyana Alexeyevna Afanasyeva Tatyana Alexyevna Aphanasyeva <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1876-11-19</span>)</span> Nọvemba 19, 1876<div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Kiev]], Alaeze Ukwu Russia</div><br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" |Eprel 14, 1964 <span style="display:none">(1964-04-14)</span> (afọ 87) &nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụmụ amaala | class="infobox-data category" |Russia, Netherlands |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma mater&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Saint Petersburg State University|Mahadum ụmụ nwanyị na St Petersburg]]<br />[[Georg August University of Göttingen|Mahadum nke Göttingen]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwunye | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Template:Marriage/styles.css" /><div class="marriage-display-inline"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Paul Ehrenfest</div> (nwụrụ n'afọ 1904 n'afọ 1933) &nbsp;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụmụaka | class="infobox-data" |4, gụnyere Tatyana na Galinka |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Ọrụ sayensị''' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ubi | class="infobox-data category" |Nchịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ |} '''Tatyana Alexeyevna Afanasyeva-Ehrenfest'''[a] (née Afanasyeva; Russian: Татьяна Алексеевна Афанасьева-Эренфест; 19 Nọvemba 1876 - 14 Eprel 1964) bụ onye Russia-Dutch na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ na physics nke nyere aka na ngalaba nke statistical mechanics na statistical thermodynamics na di ya Paul Ehrenfest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epigenesys.eu/de/science-and-you/women-in-science/749-tatyana-ehrenfest-afanassyeva|title=Tatyana Ehrenfest-Afanassyeva|work=www.epigenesys.eu|accessdate=2017-05-27|archivedate=9 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809131301/https://www.epigenesys.eu/de/science-and-you/women-in-science/749-tatyana-ehrenfest-afanassyeva}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == Tatyana Afanasyeva mụrụ na Kiev, na Russian Alaeze Ukwu (Ukraine ugbu a). Nna ya bụ Alexander Afanasyev, onye isi injinia na ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke Imperial, bụ onye ga-eme ka Tatyana na njem ya gburugburu Alaeze Ukwu Russia. Nna ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ ka na-eto eto, ya mere ọ kwagara St Petersburg dị na Rọshịa ka ya na nwanne nwanne nne ya bụ Sonya biri, na nwanne nna ya bụ Peter Afanasyev, onye prọfesọ na St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa.html|title=Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa biography|work=www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk|accessdate=2017-05-27}}</ref> Afanasyeva gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nkịtị na St. Petersburg na ọpụrụiche na mgbakọ na mwepụ na sayensị. N'oge ahụ, a naghị ekwe ka ụmụ nwanyị gaa mahadum dị na mpaghara Russia, ya mere, mgbe Tatyana gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ nkịtị, ọ malitere ịmụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na physics na Mahadum Women's St Petersburg n'okpuru Orest Chvolson. Na 1902, ọ gafere na Mahadum Göttingen dị na Germany ka ya na Felix Klein na David Hilbert gaa n'ihu na ọmụmụ ihe ya.<ref name=":1" /> At the University of Göttingen, Afanasyeva met Paul Ehrenfest. When Ehrenfest discovered that Afanasyeva could not attend a mathematics club meeting, he argued with the school to have the rule changed. A friendship developed between the two, and they married on 21 December 1904, later returned to St. Petersburg in 1907. Under Russian law, marriage was not allowed between two people of different religions. Since Tatyana was a Russian Orthodox and Ehrenfest was Jewish, they both decided to officially renounce their religions in order to remain married.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epigenesys.eu/de/science-and-you/women-in-science/749-tatyana-ehrenfest-afanassyeva|title=Tatyana Ehrenfest-Afanassyeva|work=www.epigenesys.eu|accessdate=2017-05-27|archivedate=9 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809131301/https://www.epigenesys.eu/de/science-and-you/women-in-science/749-tatyana-ehrenfest-afanassyeva}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200809131301/https://www.epigenesys.eu/de/science-and-you/women-in-science/749-tatyana-ehrenfest-afanassyeva "Tatyana Ehrenfest-Afanassyeva"]. </cite></ref> They had two daughters and two sons; one daughter, Tatyana Ehrenfest, also became a mathematician. N'afọ 1912, ha kwagara Leiden na Netherlands, ebe a họpụtara Paul Ehrenfest ka ọ nọchie Hendrik Lorentz dị ka prọfesọ na Mahadum Leiden, na ebe di na nwunye ahụ biri n'oge ọrụ ha niile. == Ọrụ na mgbakọ na mwepụ na physics == Na mbido, Afanasyeva-Ehrenfest sooro di ya rụkọọ ọrụ, nke a ma ama na nyocha ha nke 1911 nke usoro ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Ludwig Boltzmann. The Conceptual Foundations of the Statistical Approach in Mechanics, nke Paul na Tatyana Ehrenfest bipụtara na 1911 dị ka edemede maka German ''Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften'' (Encyclopedia of Mathematical Sciences), ma kemgbe ahụ a sụgharịrị ya ma bipụta ya ọzọ. Afanasyeva-Ehrenfest bipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na isiokwu dị iche iche dị ka randomness na entropy, na nkuzi ụmụaka geometry. <ref>Tatjana Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa, {{Cite web|url=http://www.pims.math.ca/~hoek/teageo/TEA.pdf|title=''Exercises in Experimental Geometry''. 1931|accessdate=4 February 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401222050/http://www.pims.math.ca/~hoek/teageo/TEA.pdf|archivedate=1 April 2013}}</ref> === Mmekọrịta ya na Einstein === [[Albert Einstein]] bụ onye ọbịa na-agakarị n'afọ 1920 n'ụlọ ya na Witte Rozenstraat 57 na Leiden [nl], dị ka ọtụtụ mbinye aka na mgbidi na-egosi. Mgbe e mesịrị, Einstein hapụrụ Mahadum Princeton na Afanasyeva degaara akwụkwọ ozi. Ihe ndekọ nke Museum Boerhaave na Leiden nwere akwụkwọ ozi atọ o degaara ya site n'aka Einstein.<ref name="van der Heijden">{{Cite journal|author=Margriet van der Heijden|year=2019|title=''Einsteins onbekende brieven aan Afanassjewa''|journal=[[NRC Handelsblad|NRC]]|issue=2–3 February 2019|pages=W4–W5|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2019/02/02/drie-onbekende-brieven-van-einstein-in-leiden-a3652687}}</ref> Afanasyeva-Ehrenfest kpọtụụrụ Einstein maka ndụmọdụ ya gbasara ihe odide ya na thermodynamics wee jụọ maka onye ntụgharị. Ọ chọrọ inye thermodynamics ntọala mgbakọ na mwepụ siri ike nke na-enweghị ma kọwaa nrụgide, okpomọkụ na entropy na usoro mgbanwe. Einstein zara na 12 Ọgọst 1947 na ọ toro ụzọ ya mana o nwekwara nkatọ ụfọdụ: : "Ich habe den Eindruck bati, dass Sie ein bichen von logischen Putzteufel besessen sind, und dass daran die Übersichtlichkeit des Buches leide". Einstein atụnyeghị onye ntụgharị ma zigaghachi ihe odide ahụ na Afanasyeva-Ehrenfest bụ onye kwụrụ onwe ya maka mbipụta ya na 1956 dị ka Die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik ya na Brill Publishers na Leiden na ụfọdụ, mana ọ bụghị mmezigharị Einstein niile.<ref name="van der Heijden" /> == Ihe Nketa == Kansụl Physics nke Dutch na-akwado onyinye thesis Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dutchphysicscouncil.nl/ehrenfest-afanassjewa-thesis-award/|title=Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa thesis award|publisher=Dutch Physics Council}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|author=Klein|first=Martin J.|title=The making of a theoretical physicist.|year=1972|publisher=North-Holland Publ.|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0720401639|edition=1. ed., 2. print.}} * {{Cite book|first=Lewis|author=Pyenson|chapter=Ehrenfest, Tatyana Afanaseva|editor=McMurray|title=Notable twentieth-century scientists|url=https://archive.org/details/notabletwentieth01mcmu|year=1995|publisher=Gale Research|location=Detroit, MI|isbn=9780810391819}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == *   {{Commons category|Tatyana Afanasyeva}} * [http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/Phase2/Ehrenfest-Afanaseva,_Tatiana@900123456.html Tatiana Ehrenfest-Afanaseva] CWP UCLA biography * Paul na Tatiana Ehrenfest: The Conceptual Foundations of the Statistical Approach in Mechanics, nsụgharị Michael J. Moravesik, Dover publications New York 1990 (reprinted nke mbipụta nke 1959), na okwu mbido nke T. Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa. E debere ya na 24 Julaị 2015 na Wayback Machine''Archived24 Julaị 2015 naỤgbọ Mmiri Wayback'' {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Afanasyeva, Tatyana}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qktq0r9085qjvarcxc6dv8tkzrqyulk 692659 692653 2026-07-30T12:29:51Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Oge ọ malitere */ fixed reference errors 692659 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Tatyana Afanasyeva-Ehrenfest</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="nickname" lang="ru">Tatyan Afanaseva-Erenfeest</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Tatiana_Ehrenfest_cropped.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Tatyana Afanasyeva <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910&#x2009;</span></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |Tatyana Alexeyevna Afanasyeva Tatyana Alexyevna Aphanasyeva <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1876-11-19</span>)</span> Nọvemba 19, 1876<div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Kiev]], Alaeze Ukwu Russia</div><br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" |Eprel 14, 1964 <span style="display:none">(1964-04-14)</span> (afọ 87) &nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụmụ amaala | class="infobox-data category" |Russia, Netherlands |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma mater&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Saint Petersburg State University|Mahadum ụmụ nwanyị na St Petersburg]]<br />[[Georg August University of Göttingen|Mahadum nke Göttingen]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwunye | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Template:Marriage/styles.css" /><div class="marriage-display-inline"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Paul Ehrenfest</div> (nwụrụ n'afọ 1904 n'afọ 1933) &nbsp;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụmụaka | class="infobox-data" |4, gụnyere Tatyana na Galinka |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Ọrụ sayensị''' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ubi | class="infobox-data category" |Nchịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ |} '''Tatyana Alexeyevna Afanasyeva-Ehrenfest'''[a] (née Afanasyeva; Russian: Татьяна Алексеевна Афанасьева-Эренфест; 19 Nọvemba 1876 - 14 Eprel 1964) bụ onye Russia-Dutch na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ na physics nke nyere aka na ngalaba nke statistical mechanics na statistical thermodynamics na di ya Paul Ehrenfest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epigenesys.eu/de/science-and-you/women-in-science/749-tatyana-ehrenfest-afanassyeva|title=Tatyana Ehrenfest-Afanassyeva|work=www.epigenesys.eu|accessdate=2017-05-27|archivedate=9 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809131301/https://www.epigenesys.eu/de/science-and-you/women-in-science/749-tatyana-ehrenfest-afanassyeva}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == Tatyana Afanasyeva mụrụ na Kiev, na Russian Alaeze Ukwu (Ukraine ugbu a). Nna ya bụ Alexander Afanasyev, onye isi injinia na ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke Imperial, bụ onye ga-eme ka Tatyana na njem ya gburugburu Alaeze Ukwu Russia. Nna ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ ka na-eto eto, ya mere ọ kwagara St Petersburg dị na Rọshịa ka ya na nwanne nwanne nne ya bụ Sonya biri, na nwanne nna ya bụ Peter Afanasyev, onye prọfesọ na St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa.html|title=Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa biography|work=www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk|accessdate=2017-05-27}}</ref> Afanasyeva gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nkịtị na St. Petersburg na ọpụrụiche na mgbakọ na mwepụ na sayensị. N'oge ahụ, a naghị ekwe ka ụmụ nwanyị gaa mahadum dị na mpaghara Russia, ya mere, mgbe Tatyana gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ nkịtị, ọ malitere ịmụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na physics na Mahadum Women's St Petersburg n'okpuru Orest Chvolson. Na 1902, ọ gafere na Mahadum Göttingen dị na Germany ka ya na Felix Klein na David Hilbert gaa n'ihu na ọmụmụ ihe ya.<ref name=":1" /> At the University of Göttingen, Afanasyeva met Paul Ehrenfest. When Ehrenfest discovered that Afanasyeva could not attend a mathematics club meeting, he argued with the school to have the rule changed. A friendship developed between the two, and they married on 21 December 1904, later returned to St. Petersburg in 1907. Under Russian law, marriage was not allowed between two people of different religions. Since Tatyana was a Russian Orthodox and Ehrenfest was Jewish, they both decided to officially renounce their religions in order to remain married.<ref name=":0" /> They had two daughters and two sons; one daughter, Tatyana Ehrenfest, also became a mathematician. N'afọ 1912, ha kwagara Leiden na Netherlands, ebe a họpụtara Paul Ehrenfest ka ọ nọchie Hendrik Lorentz dị ka prọfesọ na Mahadum Leiden, na ebe di na nwunye ahụ biri n'oge ọrụ ha niile. == Ọrụ na mgbakọ na mwepụ na physics == Na mbido, Afanasyeva-Ehrenfest sooro di ya rụkọọ ọrụ, nke a ma ama na nyocha ha nke 1911 nke usoro ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Ludwig Boltzmann. The Conceptual Foundations of the Statistical Approach in Mechanics, nke Paul na Tatyana Ehrenfest bipụtara na 1911 dị ka edemede maka German ''Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften'' (Encyclopedia of Mathematical Sciences), ma kemgbe ahụ a sụgharịrị ya ma bipụta ya ọzọ. Afanasyeva-Ehrenfest bipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na isiokwu dị iche iche dị ka randomness na entropy, na nkuzi ụmụaka geometry. <ref>Tatjana Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa, {{Cite web|url=http://www.pims.math.ca/~hoek/teageo/TEA.pdf|title=''Exercises in Experimental Geometry''. 1931|accessdate=4 February 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401222050/http://www.pims.math.ca/~hoek/teageo/TEA.pdf|archivedate=1 April 2013}}</ref> === Mmekọrịta ya na Einstein === [[Albert Einstein]] bụ onye ọbịa na-agakarị n'afọ 1920 n'ụlọ ya na Witte Rozenstraat 57 na Leiden [nl], dị ka ọtụtụ mbinye aka na mgbidi na-egosi. Mgbe e mesịrị, Einstein hapụrụ Mahadum Princeton na Afanasyeva degaara akwụkwọ ozi. Ihe ndekọ nke Museum Boerhaave na Leiden nwere akwụkwọ ozi atọ o degaara ya site n'aka Einstein.<ref name="van der Heijden">{{Cite journal|author=Margriet van der Heijden|year=2019|title=''Einsteins onbekende brieven aan Afanassjewa''|journal=[[NRC Handelsblad|NRC]]|issue=2–3 February 2019|pages=W4–W5|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2019/02/02/drie-onbekende-brieven-van-einstein-in-leiden-a3652687}}</ref> Afanasyeva-Ehrenfest kpọtụụrụ Einstein maka ndụmọdụ ya gbasara ihe odide ya na thermodynamics wee jụọ maka onye ntụgharị. Ọ chọrọ inye thermodynamics ntọala mgbakọ na mwepụ siri ike nke na-enweghị ma kọwaa nrụgide, okpomọkụ na entropy na usoro mgbanwe. Einstein zara na 12 Ọgọst 1947 na ọ toro ụzọ ya mana o nwekwara nkatọ ụfọdụ: : "Ich habe den Eindruck bati, dass Sie ein bichen von logischen Putzteufel besessen sind, und dass daran die Übersichtlichkeit des Buches leide". Einstein atụnyeghị onye ntụgharị ma zigaghachi ihe odide ahụ na Afanasyeva-Ehrenfest bụ onye kwụrụ onwe ya maka mbipụta ya na 1956 dị ka Die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik ya na Brill Publishers na Leiden na ụfọdụ, mana ọ bụghị mmezigharị Einstein niile.<ref name="van der Heijden" /> == Ihe Nketa == Kansụl Physics nke Dutch na-akwado onyinye thesis Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dutchphysicscouncil.nl/ehrenfest-afanassjewa-thesis-award/|title=Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa thesis award|publisher=Dutch Physics Council}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|author=Klein|first=Martin J.|title=The making of a theoretical physicist.|year=1972|publisher=North-Holland Publ.|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0720401639|edition=1. ed., 2. print.}} * {{Cite book|first=Lewis|author=Pyenson|chapter=Ehrenfest, Tatyana Afanaseva|editor=McMurray|title=Notable twentieth-century scientists|url=https://archive.org/details/notabletwentieth01mcmu|year=1995|publisher=Gale Research|location=Detroit, MI|isbn=9780810391819}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == *   {{Commons category|Tatyana Afanasyeva}} * [http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/Phase2/Ehrenfest-Afanaseva,_Tatiana@900123456.html Tatiana Ehrenfest-Afanaseva] CWP UCLA biography * Paul na Tatiana Ehrenfest: The Conceptual Foundations of the Statistical Approach in Mechanics, nsụgharị Michael J. Moravesik, Dover publications New York 1990 (reprinted nke mbipụta nke 1959), na okwu mbido nke T. Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa. E debere ya na 24 Julaị 2015 na Wayback Machine''Archived24 Julaị 2015 naỤgbọ Mmiri Wayback'' {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Afanasyeva, Tatyana}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lhjtbq4ech5u1tub7r0u0pcuwn73rrs 0 66149 692915 475310 2026-07-31T01:13:53Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692915 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Beatrice Aitchison''' (July 18, 1908 - September 22, 1997) bụ onye America na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ, onye na-ahụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ, na onye na-eme njem na-ahụ Maka akụ na ụba nke na-eduzi Ngalaba Azụmaahịa Na-ahụ Maka Njem nke United States, ma mesịa bụrụ nwanyị kachasị elu na United States Postal Service na onye mbụ a họpụtara n'ebe ahụ. == Oge ọ malitere == Nne Aitchison bụ onye egwu na nna ya, Clyde Bruce Aitchison, bụ onye ọka iwu na ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba nke jere ozi na Interstate Commerce Commission. A mụrụ ya na July 18, 1908, na Portland, Oregon. Aitchison biri na Portland ruo 1916 na mgbe ahụ na Washington, D.C., maka oge nwata ya.<ref name=":0"/> == Mmụta == Aitchison gara Central High School. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Phi Beta Kappa sorority <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2017-09-18|title=September 22: Beatrice Aitchison (1997)|url=http://epiphanydc.org/2017/09/18/september-22-beatrice-aitchison-1997/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023063207/http://epiphanydc.org/2017/09/18/september-22-beatrice-aitchison-1997/|archivedate=October 23, 2020|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=EpiphanyDC|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://epiphanydc.org/2017/09/18/september-22-beatrice-aitchison-1997/ "September 22: Beatrice Aitchison (1997)"]. ''EpiphanyDC''. September 18, 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201023063207/http://epiphanydc.org/2017/09/18/september-22-beatrice-aitchison-1997/ Archived] from the original on October 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> ma nweta nzere bachelọ na Goucher College na 1928. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ otu afọ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ego na New York City, ọ malitere ọmụmụ ihe na Mahadum Johns Hopkins na mgbakọ na mwepụ, mechaa nzere masta ya na 1931 na Ph.D. ya na 1933. Akwụkwọ edemede ya, nke Gordon Thomas Whyburn lekọtara, akpọrọ On Mapping with Functions of Finite Sections, na-emetụta topology; <ref name="pwam">{{citation|title=Pioneering Women in American Mathematics: The Pre-1940 PhD's|volume=34|series=History of mathematics|first1=Judy|last1=Green|author1-link=Judy Green (mathematician)|first2=Jeanne|last2=LaDuke|author2-link=Jeanne LaDuke|publisher=American Mathematical Society|year=2009|isbn=9780821843765|contribution=Aitchison, Beatrice|pages=120–121|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRbOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120|title-link=Pioneering Women in American Mathematics}}. Biography on p.8-12 of the [https://www.ams.org/bookpages/hmath-34-PioneeringWomen.pdf Supplementary Material] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107165628/https://www.ams.org/bookpages/hmath-34-PioneeringWomen.pdf |date=November 7, 2017 }} at [https://www.ams.org/publications/authors/books/postpub/hmath-34 AMS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327172504/https://books.google.de/books?id=IRbOAwAAQBAJ |date=March 27, 2019 }}</ref> o bipụtakwara akwụkwọ abụọ n'otu mpaghara ahụ. Na Mahadum nke Oregon, Aitchison gụsịrị nzere masta nke abụọ na akụ na ụba na 1937. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv60943|title=Archives West: Beatrice Aitchison papers, 1931-1979|work=archiveswest.orbiscascade.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-12-24|archivedate=June 23, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623124507/http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv60943}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'ihi nnukwu ịda mbà n'obi, ọrụ dị ka onye mgbakọ na mwepụ siri ike ịchọta: ọ tinyere akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ 145 mana ọ nwere ike ịchọta ọnọdụ nwa oge nke otu semester, na-anọchi anya onye nkụzi na-arịa ọrịa na Mahadum Richmond's Westhampton College for Women. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na 1934 ruo 1935 dị ka onye nkuzi na ọnụ ọgụgụ na Mahadum America dị na Washington, D.C. Aitchison laghachiri Portland na 1935, wee rụọ ọrụ na Works Progress Administration na 1936. Ọ laghachiri na Mahadum America dị ka onye nkuzi na ọnụ ọgụgụ ma nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 1939, mgbe ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ maka Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States na Interstate Commerce Commission. Site na 1939 ruo 1942, ọ kụziri akụ na ụba na Mahadum Oregon . Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1942, ọ na-arụ ọrụ ọzọ maka gọọmentị etiti, n'oge a na akụ na ụba njem, ọrụ nke ga-adịgide ndụ ya niile. Site na 1942 ruo 1951, Aitchison bụ onye ọnụ ọgụgụ ma mesịa bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba njem na Interstate Commerce Commission. Ọ gụkwara nkuzi na Mahadum America site na 1942 ruo 1944, wee soro Office of Defence Transportation gbarịta ụka n'oge Agha IIwa nke Abụọ. Site na 1951 ruo 1953, ọ bụ onye isi ngalaba Economics Transport nke Ngalaba Azụmahịa United States Office of Transportation, mana e wepụrụ nkewa a na 1953. Site na 1953 ruo 1971, Aitchison rụrụ ọrụ na Post Office. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Pearson|first=Richard|date=|title=RETIRED POSTAL OFFICIAL BEATRICE AITCHISON DIES|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1997/09/29/retired-postal-official-beatrice-aitchison-dies/8c8ac19a-f3fa-4b6d-bae1-300460eb4fc1/|accessdate=|work=Washington Post}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPearson">Pearson, Richard. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1997/09/29/retired-postal-official-beatrice-aitchison-dies/8c8ac19a-f3fa-4b6d-bae1-300460eb4fc1/ "RETIRED POSTAL OFFICIAL BEATRICE AITCHISON DIES"]. ''Washington Post''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201022153633/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1997/09/29/retired-postal-official-beatrice-aitchison-dies/8c8ac19a-f3fa-4b6d-bae1-300460eb4fc1/ Archived] from the original on October 22, 2020.</cite></ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke nyocha njem na Bureau of Transportation nke United States Postal Service, na-aghọ ma nwanyị kachasị elu na ozi post na "nwaanyị mbụ a họpụtara na ọkwa post". Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na Julaị 1971, <ref name="pwam"> Aitchison "bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị kachasị elu na ọrụ gọọmentị etiti". == Onyinye na nkwanye ùgwù == United States Civil Service Commission nyere Aitchison otu n'ime Federal Woman's Awards mbụ ya na 1961 ahọpụtara site na ihe karịrị 25,000, <ref name=":1"/> otu nkwenye nke nyere Aitquison ikike ịmanye Onye isi ala Lyndon Johnson idepụta iwu nchịkwa machibidoro ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na gọọmentị US. N'afọ 1965, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù nke American Statistical Association "maka ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ na mmepe na ntinye nke usoro nchịkọta akụkọ maka nyocha na nyocha na okporo ụzọ na njem." Ọ meriri Career Service Award nke National Civil Service League na 1970. N'afọ 1997, Johns Hopkins Alumni Association nyere ya Woodrow Wilson Award "maka ọrụ gọọmentị pụtara ìhè". A na-etinye Aitchison na kaadị na-egosi ụmụ nwanyị ama ama na mgbakọ na mwepụ nke Association for Women in Mathematics bipụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mathematicians of EvenQuads Deck 1|url=https://awm-math.org/publications/playing-cards/deck1/#aitchison|accessdate=2022-06-18|work=awm-math.org|archivedate=June 19, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619004306/https://awm-math.org/publications/playing-cards/deck1/#aitchison}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Aitchison nwụrụ n'ihi nkụchi obi na Sibley Memorial Hospital na Washington, D.C., <ref name=":1"/> na Septemba 22, 1997. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Aitchison, Beatrice}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7gw23pmyp7foh4jxwltda7y1x9qwd6u 692916 692915 2026-07-31T01:14:45Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692916 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Beatrice Aitchison''' (July 18, 1908 - September 22, 1997) bụ onye America na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ, onye na-ahụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ, na onye na-eme njem na-ahụ Maka akụ na ụba nke na-eduzi Ngalaba Azụmaahịa Na-ahụ Maka Njem nke United States, ma mesịa bụrụ nwanyị kachasị elu na United States Postal Service na onye mbụ a họpụtara n'ebe ahụ. == Oge ọ malitere == Nne Aitchison bụ onye egwu na nna ya, Clyde Bruce Aitchison, bụ onye ọka iwu na ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba nke jere ozi na Interstate Commerce Commission. A mụrụ ya na July 18, 1908, na Portland, Oregon. Aitchison biri na Portland ruo 1916 na mgbe ahụ na Washington, D.C., maka oge nwata ya.<ref name=":0"/> == Mmụta == Aitchison gara Central High School. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Phi Beta Kappa sorority <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2017-09-18|title=September 22: Beatrice Aitchison (1997)|url=http://epiphanydc.org/2017/09/18/september-22-beatrice-aitchison-1997/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023063207/http://epiphanydc.org/2017/09/18/september-22-beatrice-aitchison-1997/|archivedate=October 23, 2020|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=EpiphanyDC|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://epiphanydc.org/2017/09/18/september-22-beatrice-aitchison-1997/ "September 22: Beatrice Aitchison (1997)"]. ''EpiphanyDC''. September 18, 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201023063207/http://epiphanydc.org/2017/09/18/september-22-beatrice-aitchison-1997/ Archived] from the original on October 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> ma nweta nzere bachelọ na Goucher College na 1928. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ otu afọ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ego na New York City, ọ malitere ọmụmụ ihe na Mahadum Johns Hopkins na mgbakọ na mwepụ, mechaa nzere masta ya na 1931 na Ph.D. ya na 1933. Akwụkwọ edemede ya, nke Gordon Thomas Whyburn lekọtara, akpọrọ On Mapping with Functions of Finite Sections, na-emetụta topology; <ref name="pwam">{{citation|title=Pioneering Women in American Mathematics: The Pre-1940 PhD's|volume=34|series=History of mathematics|first1=Judy|last1=Green|author1-link=Judy Green (mathematician)|first2=Jeanne|last2=LaDuke|author2-link=Jeanne LaDuke|publisher=American Mathematical Society|year=2009|isbn=9780821843765|contribution=Aitchison, Beatrice|pages=120–121|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRbOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120|title-link=Pioneering Women in American Mathematics}}. Biography on p.8-12 of the [https://www.ams.org/bookpages/hmath-34-PioneeringWomen.pdf Supplementary Material] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107165628/https://www.ams.org/bookpages/hmath-34-PioneeringWomen.pdf |date=November 7, 2017 }} at [https://www.ams.org/publications/authors/books/postpub/hmath-34 AMS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327172504/https://books.google.de/books?id=IRbOAwAAQBAJ |date=March 27, 2019 }}</ref> o bipụtakwara akwụkwọ abụọ n'otu mpaghara ahụ. Na Mahadum nke Oregon, Aitchison gụsịrị nzere masta nke abụọ na akụ na ụba na 1937. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv60943|title=Archives West: Beatrice Aitchison papers, 1931-1979|work=archiveswest.orbiscascade.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-12-24|archivedate=June 23, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623124507/http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv60943}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'ihi nnukwu ịda mbà n'obi, ọrụ dị ka onye mgbakọ na mwepụ siri ike ịchọta: ọ tinyere akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ 145 mana ọ nwere ike ịchọta ọnọdụ nwa oge nke otu semester, na-anọchi anya onye nkụzi na-arịa ọrịa na Mahadum Richmond's Westhampton College for Women. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na 1934 ruo 1935 dị ka onye nkuzi na ọnụ ọgụgụ na Mahadum America dị na Washington, D.C. Aitchison laghachiri Portland na 1935, wee rụọ ọrụ na Works Progress Administration na 1936. Ọ laghachiri na Mahadum America dị ka onye nkuzi na ọnụ ọgụgụ ma nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 1939, mgbe ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ maka Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States na Interstate Commerce Commission. Site na 1939 ruo 1942, ọ kụziri akụ na ụba na Mahadum Oregon . Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1942, ọ na-arụ ọrụ ọzọ maka gọọmentị etiti, n'oge a na akụ na ụba njem, ọrụ nke ga-adịgide ndụ ya niile. Site na 1942 ruo 1951, Aitchison bụ onye ọnụ ọgụgụ ma mesịa bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba njem na Interstate Commerce Commission. Ọ gụkwara nkuzi na Mahadum America site na 1942 ruo 1944, wee soro Office of Defence Transportation gbarịta ụka n'oge Agha IIwa nke Abụọ. Site na 1951 ruo 1953, ọ bụ onye isi ngalaba Economics Transport nke Ngalaba Azụmahịa United States Office of Transportation, mana e wepụrụ nkewa a na 1953. Site na 1953 ruo 1971, Aitchison rụrụ ọrụ na Post Office. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Pearson|first=Richard|date=|title=RETIRED POSTAL OFFICIAL BEATRICE AITCHISON DIES|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1997/09/29/retired-postal-official-beatrice-aitchison-dies/8c8ac19a-f3fa-4b6d-bae1-300460eb4fc1/|accessdate=|work=Washington Post}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPearson">Pearson, Richard. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1997/09/29/retired-postal-official-beatrice-aitchison-dies/8c8ac19a-f3fa-4b6d-bae1-300460eb4fc1/ "RETIRED POSTAL OFFICIAL BEATRICE AITCHISON DIES"]. ''Washington Post''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201022153633/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1997/09/29/retired-postal-official-beatrice-aitchison-dies/8c8ac19a-f3fa-4b6d-bae1-300460eb4fc1/ Archived] from the original on October 22, 2020.</cite></ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke nyocha njem na Bureau of Transportation nke United States Postal Service, na-aghọ ma nwanyị kachasị elu na ozi post na "nwaanyị mbụ a họpụtara na ọkwa post". Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na Julaị 1971, <ref name="pwam">{{citation|title=Pioneering Women in American Mathematics: The Pre-1940 PhD's|volume=34|series=History of mathematics|first1=Judy|last1=Green|author1-link=Judy Green (mathematician)|first2=Jeanne|last2=LaDuke|author2-link=Jeanne LaDuke|publisher=American Mathematical Society|year=2009|isbn=9780821843765|contribution=Aitchison, Beatrice|pages=120–121|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRbOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120|title-link=Pioneering Women in American Mathematics}}. Biography on p.8-12 of the [https://www.ams.org/bookpages/hmath-34-PioneeringWomen.pdf Supplementary Material] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107165628/https://www.ams.org/bookpages/hmath-34-PioneeringWomen.pdf |date=November 7, 2017 }} at [https://www.ams.org/publications/authors/books/postpub/hmath-34 AMS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327172504/https://books.google.de/books?id=IRbOAwAAQBAJ |date=March 27, 2019 }}</ref> Aitchison "bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị kachasị elu na ọrụ gọọmentị etiti". == Onyinye na nkwanye ùgwù == United States Civil Service Commission nyere Aitchison otu n'ime Federal Woman's Awards mbụ ya na 1961 ahọpụtara site na ihe karịrị 25,000, <ref name=":1"/> otu nkwenye nke nyere Aitquison ikike ịmanye Onye isi ala Lyndon Johnson idepụta iwu nchịkwa machibidoro ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na gọọmentị US. N'afọ 1965, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù nke American Statistical Association "maka ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ na mmepe na ntinye nke usoro nchịkọta akụkọ maka nyocha na nyocha na okporo ụzọ na njem." Ọ meriri Career Service Award nke National Civil Service League na 1970. N'afọ 1997, Johns Hopkins Alumni Association nyere ya Woodrow Wilson Award "maka ọrụ gọọmentị pụtara ìhè". A na-etinye Aitchison na kaadị na-egosi ụmụ nwanyị ama ama na mgbakọ na mwepụ nke Association for Women in Mathematics bipụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mathematicians of EvenQuads Deck 1|url=https://awm-math.org/publications/playing-cards/deck1/#aitchison|accessdate=2022-06-18|work=awm-math.org|archivedate=June 19, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619004306/https://awm-math.org/publications/playing-cards/deck1/#aitchison}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Aitchison nwụrụ n'ihi nkụchi obi na Sibley Memorial Hospital na Washington, D.C., <ref name=":1"/> na Septemba 22, 1997. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Aitchison, Beatrice}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tl7ly5ql08r81rgy0rmhvfcxtt3phxi 0 66685 692718 497551 2026-07-30T13:29:58Z Chinemeremprince 13026 692718 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Asuman Güven Aksoy''' bụ onye Turkish-American mathematician onye nyocha ya gbasara isiokwu na nyocha arụmọrụ, metric geometry, na tiori ndị na-arụ ọrụ gụnyere oghere Banach, usoro nke enweghị kọmpat, ebe edoziri, oghere Birnbaum – Orlicz, ezigbo osisi, oghere metric injective, na ogologo ogologo. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Claremont McKenna College, ebe ọ bụ Crown Prọfesọ nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na George R. Roberts Fellow.{{R|cmc}} == Mmụta == Aksoy gụrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na physics na Mahadum Ankara, wee gụchaa nzere bachelọ na 1976. O nwetara nzere masta na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Middle East Technical University na 1978, na-eji usoro ọmụmụ Subspaces of Nuclear Fréchet Spaces na-elekọta Tosun Terzioğlu. Ọ kwagara United States na 1978 maka ịgụkwu akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Michigan, ma mesịa ghọọ nwa amaala US.{{R|cv}} Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ doctorate ya na Mahadum Michigan n'afọ 1984. Akwụkwọ edemede ya, Approximation Schemes, Related s {\displaystyle s} -Nọmba, na ngwa, bụ nke Melapalayam S. Ramanujan lekọtara.{{R|cv|mgp}} Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ doctorate, Aksoy sonyeere ngalaba nke Mahadum Oakland na 1984, wee nọrọ ebe ahụ na 1987. Ọ kwagara Claremont McKenna na 1990, wee bụrụ onye isi ngalaba mgbakọ na mwepụ n'ebe ahụ site na 1997 ruo 2000 na ọzọ site na 2007 ruo 2009. E nyere ya Prọfesọ 2009.{{R|cv}} == Akwụkwọ == Aksoy na Mohamed Amine Khamsi bụ onye dere akwụkwọ abụọ: * Nonstandard Methods in Fixed Point Theory (Universitext, Springer, 1990) {{R|nsm}} * Akwụkwọ Nsogbu na Ezi Nnyocha (Springer, 2009) {{R|pb}} == Nkwado == N'afọ 2006, ngalaba Southern California-Nevada nke Mathematical Association of America nyere Aksoy onyinye ha kwa afọ maka Distinguished College ma ọ bụ University Teaching of Mathematics. {{R|teach}} ==Edensibia == <ref name=cmc>{{citation|url=https://www.cmc.edu/academic/faculty/profile/asuman-aksoy|title=Asuman G. Aksoy, Ph.D., Crown Professor of Mathematics and George R. Roberts Fellow|publisher=[[Claremont McKenna College]]|accessdate=2019-08-27}}</ref> <ref name=cv>{{citation|url=https://www.cmc.edu/sites/default/files/media/academic/faculty/profile/AksoyA2018CV.pdf|title=Curriculum vitae|year=2018|accessdate=2019-08-27}}</ref> <ref name=mgp>{{mathgenealogy|id=7102}}</ref> <ref name=nsm>{{citation|title=Review of ''Nonstandard Methods in Fixed Point Theory''|first=Simeon|last=Reich|year=1991|journal=Mathematical Reviews|mr=1066202}}</ref> <ref name=pb>{{citation|title=Review of ''A Problem Book in Real Analysis''|first=Henry|last=Ricardo|date=June 2010|journal=MAA Reviews|url=https://www.maa.org/press/maa-reviews/a-problem-book-in-real-analysis}}</ref> <ref name=teach>{{citation|url=http://sections.maa.org/socalnv/TeachingAwardPast.html|title=Teaching Award Past Recipients|publisher=Mathematical Association of America, Southern California–Nevada Section|accessdate=2019-08-27}}</ref> == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * Asuman Aksoymbipụta ndị edepụtara site naOnye Ọkà mmụta Google {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Aksoy, Asuman}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nu7cmxusz9bl7ngxxnda1ns0lhf19h2 0 66689 693122 497555 2026-07-31T11:37:47Z Sylvaline39 15355 Fixed reference error 693122 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lara Alcock''' bụ onye nkuzi mgbakọ na mwepụ nke Britain. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na agụmakwụkwọ mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Loughborough, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ mgbakọ na mwepụ na Loughborough, na onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Alcock meriri Selden Prize maka nyocha ya na agụmakwụkwọ mgbakọ na mwepụ na [[John Blake University Teaching Medal|Ihe nrite nkuzi nke Mahadum John Blake]] na 2021. {{R|selden}} Alcock bụ Onye nkuzi mba.   == Mmụta == Alcock nwetara nzere bachelọ na nna ukwu na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Warwick, na 2001 gụchara PhD na agụmakwụkwọ mgbakọ na mwepụ na Warwick.{{R|mec|selden}} Nnyocha PhD ya na Categories, nkọwa na mgbakọ na mwepụ: Echiche ụmụ akwụkwọ banyere ihe na nyocha, bụ nke Adrian Simpson lekọtara. == Ọrụ na nyocha == Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka prọfesọ na Mahadum Rutgers dị na New Jersey, ọ laghachiri UK dị ka onye nkuzi na Mahadum Essex. Ọ kwagara Loughborough na 2007. === Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara === Akwụkwọ Alcock gụnyere: * Echiche sitere na Mathematics Education: Nkwupụta maka ndị na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ (ya na Adrian Simpson, Higher Education Academy, 2009) * Otu esi amụ maka nzere mgbakọ na mwepụ / Otu esi amụ dị ka onye isi mgbakọ na mwepụta (UK/US; Oxford University Press, 2013); ''Wie man Stahlreich Mathematik studiert'' (nke Bernhard Gerl sụgharịrị n'asụsụ German, Springer Spektrum, 2017) * ''Otu esi eche echiche banyere nyocha'' (Oxford University Press, 2014) * Mathematics Rebooted: A Fresh Approach to Understanding (Oxford University Press, 2017) * ''Otu esi eche echiche banyere Abstract Algebra'' (Oxford University Press, 2021) <ref name="absalg">{{Cite web|title=How to Think About Abstract Algebra|url=https://global.oup.com/ukhe/product/how-to-think-about-abstract-algebra-9780198843382?cc=se&lang=en&|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=19 February 2025}}</ref> === Onyinye na nsọpụrụ === Alcock bụ onye mmeri nke Annie na John Selden Prize na 2012 maka nyocha na agụmakwụkwọ mgbakọ na mwepụ, nke Mathematical Association of America nyere. <ref name=selden>{{citation|url=https://www.maa.org/2012-selden-prize-winner|title=2012 Selden Prize Winner|publisher=[[Mathematical Association of America]]|accessdate=2018-09-12|archive-date=2015-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909171617/http://www.maa.org/2012-selden-prize-winner|url-status=dead}}</ref> A kpọrọ ya National Teaching Fellow site na Higher Education Academy na 2015 <ref name=mec>{{citation|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/mec/staff/lara-alcock.html|title=Centre Staff: Dr Lara Alcock|publisher=Loughborough University Mathematics Education Centre|accessdate=2018-09-12|archive-date=2018-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913040227/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/mec/staff/lara-alcock.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Alcock bụ onye mmeri mbụ nke Institute of Mathematics na ngwa ya John Blake University Teaching Medal na 2021.<ref name="johnblakemedal">{{Cite web|title=Dr Lara Alcock wins the inaugural IMA John Blake University Teaching Medal|url=https://ima.org.uk/17381/dr-lara-alcock-wins-the-inaugural-ima-john-blake-university-teaching-medal/|publisher=Institute of Mathematics & its Applications|accessdate=8 August 2021}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Alcock, Lara}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4ylp7veyr6q9lhsv0cj6mmjx0y9fm0k 0 67011 692755 538992 2026-07-30T14:45:32Z Mbah Victor Chukwuemerie 16687 fixed reference error 692755 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Bose Akinola''' (amụrụ na Septemba, 9) bụ nwaanyị Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri. Ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Nollywood]] na onye [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]]. Ihe nkiri ya dị n'asụsụ Yoruba.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ajagunna|first=Timilehin|date=2015-09-09|title=Yoruba actress, Bose Akinola is a year older today|url=https://thenet.ng/yoruba-actress-bose-aregbesola-is-a-year-older-today/,%20https://thenet.ng/yoruba-actress-bose-aregbesola-is-a-year-older-today/|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-akpọkwa ya Akin Boss . <ref>{{Cite web|author=NollywoodTmies|title=Nollywood Actress Bose Akinola Welcomes Grandchild on Her Birthday|url=https://www.nollywoodtimes.com/2025/09/nollywood-actress-bose-akinola-welcomes.html|accessdate=2025-10-16|work=Simply Entertainment Reports and Trending Stories|language=en-us}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Bose gara Omoyeni Primary School [[Ibadan]] na Community Grammar School, Akanran. O mechara gawa na Adekile Goodwill Grammar School, Orita-Aperin, Ibadan ebe o dere WAEC ya n'afọ 1989. Ọ lụrụ Maazị Buliaminu Akinola.<ref name=":0" /> Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ na ụmụ ụmụ abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-18|title=Actress Bose Akinola Emerges TAMPAN's New Governor In Oyo - VONa Communications|url=https://voiceofnaija.ng/2022/11/18/actress-bose-akinola-emerges-tampans-new-governor-in-oyo/|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en-US}}</ref> Bose bụ nne nne nke ya na nwa nwa ya nwanyị nwere otu ụbọchị ọmụmụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Bose Akinola Archives|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/tag/actress-bose-akinola/|accessdate=2025-10-16|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Septemba 9 mgbe a mụrụ nwa ahụ, Bose kwuru, "Chineke nyere m onyinye ụbọchị ọmụmụ kachasị ụtọ. Obi abụọ, otu ụbọchị ọmụmụ. Obi m ebuola ibu karịa. A bụ m onye agọziri ịnabata nwa nwa m mara mma n'ime ụwa. Mgbe ọtụtụ ọnwa nke ichere, ikpe ekpere, na ịrọ nrọ gasịrị, obere ọrụ ebube anyị emechaala bịa ebe a. Okwu enweghị ike ịkọwa ịhụnanya anyị na-eche dịka anyị na-ejide obere ngọzi a n'ogwe aka anyị. Nnọọ n'ime ụwa, onyinye anyị kacha ụtọ".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fasan|first=Yewande|date=2025-09-09|title=Actress Bose Akinola welcomes grandchild on birthday|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/actress-bose-akinola-welcomes-grandchild-on-birthday/|accessdate=2025-10-16|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ ime ihe nkiri == Bose sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ ime ihe nkiri n'afọ 1998 ma lekwasị anya na ihe nkiri Yoruba. Ọ pụtara na "Idunnu Okan" na "Loogun Ofe".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Johnson|first=Violet|date=2025-09-10|title=Bose Akinola Biography, Age, State Of Origin, Husband, Children, Movies, Net Worth|url=https://creebhills.com/2025/09/bose-akinola-biography-age-state-of-origin|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-08-05|title=Double Celebration: Actress Bose Akinola Marks Birthday and Welcomes Grandchild|url=https://www.brandiconimage.com/2025/09/double-celebration-actress-bose-akinola.html|accessdate=2025-10-16|work=Brand Icon Image - Latest Brand, Tech and Business News|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, o gosipụtara mmasị wee gaa n'ihu n'ịzọ ọkwa gọvanọ nke Theatre Arts and Motion Pictures Producers Association of Nigeria (TAMPAN) na steeti Oyo. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rukiyat Bakare|date=2022-09-24|title=As a Yoruba actor, I can’t accept role my children will not be proud of —Bose Akinola|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/as-a-yoruba-actor-i-cant-accept-role-my-children-will-not-be-proud-of-bose-akinola/|accessdate=2025-10-16|work=tribuneonline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-22|title=Nollywood Actress, Bose Akinola declares for Oyo TAMPAN governorship|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/nollywood-actress-bose-akinola-declares-for-oyo-tampan-governorship/|accessdate=2025-10-16|work=trinuneonline}}</ref> Ọ meriri ntuli aka ahụ wee bụrụ gọvanọ ọhụrụ nke Oyo State Theatre Arts and Motion Pictures Practitioners Association of Nigeria (TAMPAN) na vootu otu narị na iri na atọ. Ọ nọchiri Rose Odika, onye nọ n'oche ahụ ruo afọ asatọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CEOAfrica :: Actress Bose Akinola emerges Oyo TAMPAN governor :: Africa Online News Portal|url=https://www.ceoafrica.com/newsdetails.php?tabnews=91167|accessdate=2025-10-16|work=www.ceoafrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-18|title=Nollywood star, Bose Akinola becomes new TAMPAN governor - Blueprint Newspapers Limited|url=https://blueprint.ng/nollywood-star-bose-akinola-becomes-new-tampan-governor/|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ayodele|first=Racheal|date=2022-11-18|title=Actress Bose Akinola emerges new TAMPAN governor in Oyo|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/11/18/actress-bose-akinola-emerges-new-tampan-governor-in-oyo/|accessdate=2025-10-16|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-19|title=Nollywood Actress, Bose Akinola Becomes New TAMPAN Chairman in Oyo State {{!}} Oyo State News|url=https://oyoaffairs.net/nollywood-actress-bose-akinola-becomes-new-tampan-chairman-in-oyo-state/|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2025-06-14|title=Bose Akinola: From plank selling to Nollywood stardom|url=https://thesun.ng/bose-akinola-from-plank-selling-to-nollywood-stardom/|accessdate=2025-10-16|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe Nrite == O nwere ihe nrite ndị a: * A họpụtara ya ugboro abụọ maka ihe nrite AMAA . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ifeoluwa|date=2022-11-19|title=Yoruba actress, Bose Akinola emerges Oyo TAMPAN Governor|url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/entertainment/2022/11/19/yoruba-actress-bose-akinola-emerges-oyo-tampan-governor/|accessdate=2025-10-16|work=ENTERTAINMENT — WITHIN NIGERIA|language=en-US}}</ref> * Onye a họpụtara maka ihe nrite American DIYMA, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nwafor|date=2021-03-10|title=DIYMA celebrates top Yoruba nollywood stars for their creativity, relevance|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/03/diyma-celebrates-top-yoruba-nollywood-stars-for-their-creativity-relevance/|accessdate=2025-10-16|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ifedayo Ogunyemi|date=2021-03-10|title=Ibrahim Chatta, Peju Ogunmola, 14 others emerge winners at DIYMA Awards|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ibrahim-chatta-peju-ogunmola-14-others-emerge-winners-at-diyma-awards|accessdate=2025-10-16|work=trinuneonline}}</ref> * Nwetara ihe nrite Starboard Entertainment, [[Kánada|Canada]], 2018. * Best Indigenous Movie dabeere na AMOPE AJABIIJI, 2021, * Onye a họpụtara maka ihe nrite AHBEA na United States of America, 2016. * Ihe nrite ZAFAA maka Best Indigenus Movie, 2022 . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=NationalInsight|date=2024-09-08|title=Bose Akinola- Humility Personified: A Birthday Tribute to the Face of TAMPAN, Oyo - National Insight News|url=https://nationalinsightnews.com/bose-akinola-humility-personified-a-birthday-tribute-to-the-face-of-tampan-oyo/|accessdate=2025-10-16|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNationalInsight2024">NationalInsight (2024-09-08). [https://nationalinsightnews.com/bose-akinola-humility-personified-a-birthday-tribute-to-the-face-of-tampan-oyo/ "Bose Akinola- Humility Personified: A Birthday Tribute to the Face of TAMPAN, Oyo - National Insight News"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <references /> [[Otú:Naigeria]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Akinola, Bose}} 3n2upnvnsrcyfwjdqozmxcfhyc2y1dv 0 67070 693089 515534 2026-07-31T09:38:28Z Chikerenma Ndubuka 8900 Fixed ref error 693089 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Amel Ben Abda''' bụ ọkammụta mgbakọ na mwepụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ National Engineering School nke Tunis. Ọ bụ ya bụ onye mbụ na Tunisia nwetara nzere PhD na ngalaba mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya Tunisia na kọmitii na-eduzi ''International Laboratory for Computer Sciences and Applied Mathematics'' na bọọdụ ndị ndụmọdụ nke Tunisian Woman Mathematician Association. ''Òtù na-ahụ maka nchịkọta ụmụ nwanyị nke Tunisia.'' == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Ben Abda gụrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na National Engineering School of Tunis, gụsịa akwụkwọ n'afọ 1988. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies nke Nabeul. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://twma.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/bio-et-photo-amel-ben-abda-english.pdf|title=Representative of Tunisia in the Steering Committee of LIRIMA|author=|first=|date=|work=LIRIMA|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2018-06-12}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu nweta nzere PhD mbụ na ngalaba Applied Mathematics na Tunisia n'afọ 1993.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twma.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/twma-celebrates-11-february.pdf|title=Tunisian Women Mathematicians' Association|author=|first=|date=2016|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2018-06-12}}</ref> == Ime nnyocha na ọrụ == N'ọrụ ya na ngalaba applied mathematics, Ben Abda arụọla ọrụ n'usoro "reciprocity gap" nke e nwere ike iji gosi nkwarụ ndị dị na ngwaọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1993-09-01|title=The reciprocity gap: a general concept for flaws identification problems|journal=Mechanics Research Communications|language=en|volume=20|issue=5|pages=415–420|doi=10.1016/0093-6413(93)90032-J|issn=0093-6413|author=Andrieux|first=S.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=BEN ABDA|first=AMEL|title=On the Use of the Reciprocity-Gap Functional in Inverse Scattering from Planar Cracks|date=October 2005|journal=Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences|language=en|volume=15|issue=10|pages=1553–1574|doi=10.1142/s0218202505000819|issn=0218-2025|url=https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070710/file/RR-5290.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Defect and material mechanics : proceedings of the International Symposium on Defect and Material Mechanics (ISDMM), held in Aussois, France, March 25-29, 2007|date=2008|publisher=Springer|others=Dascalu, Cristian; Maugin, Gérard A.; Stolz, Claude|isbn=9781402069291|location=Dordrecht|oclc=261325816}}</ref> Ọ̀ na-arụkwa ọrụ na nsogbu nke ịrụgharị ọnọdụ ókè site na data na-ezughị ezu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hal.tn/ProfilSite.xhtml?labo=lamsin&memberId=358|title=Profil|work=www.hal.tn|accessdate=2018-07-13|archivedate=2018-07-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713231112/http://www.hal.tn/ProfilSite.xhtml?labo=lamsin&memberId=358}}</ref> N'afọ 1993, Ben Abda sonyere Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies, ebe e buliri ya gaa n'ọkwá osote prọfesọ n'otu afọ ahụ .<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1999 of sonyere National Engineering School of Tunis.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ̀ kọwara maka nrụgharị Tunisia nke mbụ n'afọ 1998.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://europeanwomeninmaths.org/women-in-math/portrait/amel-ben-abda|title=Amel Ben Abda {{!}} European Women in Mathematics|work=europeanwomeninmaths.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713234016/http://europeanwomeninmaths.org/women-in-math/portrait/amel-ben-abda|archivedate=2018-07-13}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180713234016/http://europeanwomeninmaths.org/women-in-math/portrait/amel-ben-abda "Amel Ben Abda | European Women in Mathematics"]. ''europeanwomeninmaths.org''. Archived from [http://europeanwomeninmaths.org/women-in-math/portrait/amel-ben-abda the original] on 2018-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ̀ bụ ya na-ahụ maka òtù inverse theorems na Laboratory of Mathematical Modelling and Numeric in Engineering Sciences (LAMSIN).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lamsin.rnu.tn/presentation/membres/Amel_BEN_ABDA.htm|title=ENIT - LAMSIN|work=www.lamsin.rnu.tn|accessdate=2018-07-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228084522/http://www.lamsin.rnu.tn/presentation/membres/Amel_BEN_ABDA.htm|archivedate=2019-02-28}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya Tunisia na kọmitii na-eduzi ''International Laboratory for Computer Sciences and Applied Mathematics.'' . <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://100women.okayafrica.com/stem-articles/2018/2/28/amel-ben-adba|title=Amel Ben Adba|work=OKAYAFRICA's 100 WOMEN|accessdate=2018-07-13|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180613161312/https://100women.okayafrica.com/stem-articles/2018/2/28/amel-ben-adba "Amel Ben Adba"]. ''OKAYAFRICA's 100 WOMEN''. Archived from [https://100women.okayafrica.com/stem-articles/2018/2/28/amel-ben-adba the original] on 2018-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ nọkwa na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ nke Tunisian Woman Mathematician Association (TWMA). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://africanwomeninmath.org/women-in-math/portrait/amel-ben-abda|title=Amel Ben Abda {{!}} African Women in Mathematics Association|work=africanwomeninmath.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tunwma.com/twma-advisory-members/|title=TWMA Advisory Board|date=2016-11-30|work=TUNISIAN WOMEN MATHEMATICIANS ASSOCIATION TWMA|accessdate=2018-07-13|language=en-US}}</ref> TWMA na-enye ihe nrite kwa afọ maka thesis PhD kachasị mma na mgbakọ na mwepụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twma.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/twma-award-for-best-phd-thesis-in-mathematics-for-women2.pdf|title=TWMA AWARD for the Best PhD Thesis in Mathematics|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2018-06-12}}</ref> N'afọ 2018 a họpụtara ya dịka òtù n'ime ụmụ nwanyị otu narị kacha elu nke OkayAfrica.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://100women.okayafrica.com/stem-articles/2018/2/28/amel-ben-adba|title=Amel Ben Adba|work=OKAYAFRICA's 100 WOMEN|accessdate=2018-07-13|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180613161312/https://100women.okayafrica.com/stem-articles/2018/2/28/amel-ben-adba "Amel Ben Adba"]. ''OKAYAFRICA's 100 WOMEN''. Archived from [https://100women.okayafrica.com/stem-articles/2018/2/28/amel-ben-adba the original] on 2018-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6yxiyjjzhnpojm3rsw3um1w9aayvsuf 693096 693089 2026-07-31T10:13:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693096 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Amel Ben Abda''' bụ ọkammụta mgbakọ na mwepụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ National Engineering School nke Tunis. Ọ bụ ya bụ onye mbụ na Tunisia nwetara nzere PhD na ngalaba mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya Tunisia na kọmitii na-eduzi ''International Laboratory for Computer Sciences and Applied Mathematics'' na bọọdụ ndị ndụmọdụ nke Tunisian Woman Mathematician Association. ''Òtù na-ahụ maka nchịkọta ụmụ nwanyị nke Tunisia.'' == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Ben Abda gụrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na National Engineering School of Tunis, gụsịa akwụkwọ n'afọ 1988. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies nke Nabeul. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://twma.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/bio-et-photo-amel-ben-abda-english.pdf|title=Representative of Tunisia in the Steering Committee of LIRIMA|author=|first=|date=|work=LIRIMA|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2018-06-12}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu nweta nzere PhD mbụ na ngalaba Applied Mathematics na Tunisia n'afọ 1993.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twma.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/twma-celebrates-11-february.pdf|title=Tunisian Women Mathematicians' Association|author=|first=|date=2016|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2018-06-12}}</ref> == Ime nnyocha na ọrụ == N'ọrụ ya na ngalaba applied mathematics, Ben Abda arụọla ọrụ n'usoro "reciprocity gap" nke e nwere ike iji gosi nkwarụ ndị dị na ngwaọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1993-09-01|title=The reciprocity gap: a general concept for flaws identification problems|journal=Mechanics Research Communications|language=en|volume=20|issue=5|pages=415–420|doi=10.1016/0093-6413(93)90032-J|issn=0093-6413|author=Andrieux|first=S.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=BEN ABDA|first=AMEL|title=On the Use of the Reciprocity-Gap Functional in Inverse Scattering from Planar Cracks|date=October 2005|journal=Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences|language=en|volume=15|issue=10|pages=1553–1574|doi=10.1142/s0218202505000819|issn=0218-2025|url=https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070710/file/RR-5290.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Defect and material mechanics : proceedings of the International Symposium on Defect and Material Mechanics (ISDMM), held in Aussois, France, March 25-29, 2007|date=2008|publisher=Springer|others=Dascalu, Cristian; Maugin, Gérard A.; Stolz, Claude|isbn=9781402069291|location=Dordrecht|oclc=261325816}}</ref> Ọ̀ na-arụkwa ọrụ na nsogbu nke ịrụgharị ọnọdụ ókè site na data na-ezughị ezu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hal.tn/ProfilSite.xhtml?labo=lamsin&memberId=358|title=Profil|work=www.hal.tn|accessdate=2018-07-13|archivedate=2018-07-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713231112/http://www.hal.tn/ProfilSite.xhtml?labo=lamsin&memberId=358}}</ref> N'afọ 1993, Ben Abda sonyere Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies, ebe e buliri ya gaa n'ọkwá osote prọfesọ n'otu afọ ahụ .<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1999 of sonyere National Engineering School of Tunis.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ̀ kọwara maka nrụgharị Tunisia nke mbụ n'afọ 1998.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://europeanwomeninmaths.org/women-in-math/portrait/amel-ben-abda|title=Amel Ben Abda {{!}} European Women in Mathematics|work=europeanwomeninmaths.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713234016/http://europeanwomeninmaths.org/women-in-math/portrait/amel-ben-abda|archivedate=2018-07-13}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''europeanwomeninmaths.org''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180713234016/http://europeanwomeninmaths.org/women-in-math/portrait/amel-ben-abda the original] on 2018-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ̀ bụ ya na-ahụ maka òtù inverse theorems na Laboratory of Mathematical Modelling and Numeric in Engineering Sciences (LAMSIN).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lamsin.rnu.tn/presentation/membres/Amel_BEN_ABDA.htm|title=ENIT - LAMSIN|work=www.lamsin.rnu.tn|accessdate=2018-07-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228084522/http://www.lamsin.rnu.tn/presentation/membres/Amel_BEN_ABDA.htm|archivedate=2019-02-28}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya Tunisia na kọmitii na-eduzi ''International Laboratory for Computer Sciences and Applied Mathematics.'' . <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://100women.okayafrica.com/stem-articles/2018/2/28/amel-ben-adba|title=Amel Ben Adba|work=OKAYAFRICA's 100 WOMEN|accessdate=2018-07-13|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''OKAYAFRICA's 100 WOMEN''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180613161312/https://100women.okayafrica.com/stem-articles/2018/2/28/amel-ben-adba the original] on 2018-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ nọkwa na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ nke Tunisian Woman Mathematician Association (TWMA). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://africanwomeninmath.org/women-in-math/portrait/amel-ben-abda|title=Amel Ben Abda {{!}} African Women in Mathematics Association|work=africanwomeninmath.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tunwma.com/twma-advisory-members/|title=TWMA Advisory Board|date=2016-11-30|work=TUNISIAN WOMEN MATHEMATICIANS ASSOCIATION TWMA|accessdate=2018-07-13|language=en-US}}</ref> TWMA na-enye ihe nrite kwa afọ maka thesis PhD kachasị mma na mgbakọ na mwepụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twma.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/twma-award-for-best-phd-thesis-in-mathematics-for-women2.pdf|title=TWMA AWARD for the Best PhD Thesis in Mathematics|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2018-06-12}}</ref> N'afọ 2018 a họpụtara ya dịka òtù n'ime ụmụ nwanyị otu narị kacha elu nke OkayAfrica.<ref name=":2"/> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] h70eie5p1qs8fxvgzymtb21szbwjpzj 0 67136 692763 674864 2026-07-30T15:53:27Z Mbah Victor Chukwuemerie 16687 fixed reference error 692763 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Christiaan Hendrik Persoon.jpg|thumb|Christiaan Hendrik Persoon]]   '''Christiaan Hendrik Persoon''' (31 Disemba 1761<ref name="The Life and Work of Christiaan Hen">{{Cite journal|author=Gorter|first=GJMA|title=The Life and Work of Christiaan Hendrik Persoon|journal=Mycologist|date=1990|volume=4|issue=3|pages=106–107|doi=10.1016/S0269-915X(09)80034-7}}</ref> &#x2013; 16 Nọvemba 1836) bụ onye nwere akara ugo mmụta mycology si mba Caoe Colony, onye a na-ekwu na o so na ndị chọpụtara mycological taxonomy. == Mmalite Ndụ == A mụrụ Persoon na Cape Colony na Cape of Good Hope, nwa nke atọ nke nna onye Pomerania, Christiaan Daniel Persoon si mba ọzọ kwafeta, yana nne onye [[Netherlands|Dutch]], Wilhelmina Elizabeth Groenwald.<ref name="The Life and Work of Christiaan Hen" /> Nne ya nwụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe amuchara ya. N'afọ 1775, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, e zigara ya Europe maka agụmakwụkwọ ya. Nna ya nwụrụ ka otu afọ gasịrị n'afọ 1776.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ainsworth|first=Geoffrey Clough|title=Christiaan Hendrik Persoon (1761–1836)|journal=Nature|date=1962|volume=193|issue=4810|doi=10.1038/193022a0}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Onye bụbu nwa akwụkwọ nke nkà mmụta okpukpe na Halle na mbụ, Persoon gbanwere ọmụmụ ya gaa na ọmụmụ ọgwụ, nke ọ gbasoro na Leiden na [[Göttingen]]. Ọ natara nzere ọkankuzi site na Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher na Erlangen n'afọ 1799. == Afọ ndị sochirinụ == Ọ kwagara Paris tupu afọ 1803, ebe ọ nọrọ ndụ ya fọdụrụnụ, na-akwụ ụgwọ ụlọ dị n'elu n'akụkụ ndị dara ogbenye nke obodo ahụ. O doro anya na ọ bụ onye na-enweghị ọrụ, alụghị di, dara ogbenye na onye na-anọ naanị ya, ọ bụ ezie na ya na ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na Europe niile na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi. N'ihi nsogbu ego ya, Persoon kwetara inye Ụlọ Orange ụlọ ọgwụ ya, iji nweta akwụm ụgwọ ezumike nká zuru oke maka oge ndụ ya. == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == A maghị maka mmalite nke mmasị Persoon gbasara ihe ọkụkụ. Ọrụ mbụ ya bụ ''Abbildungen der Schwämme'' (''Ihe osise'' nke fungus), nke e bipụtara n'akụkụ atọ, n'afọ 1790, 1791, na 1793. N'afọ 1794, Persoon webatara okwu lirella maka ụdị ascomata nwere oghere nke agbụrụ lichen bụ Graphis.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mitchell|first=M.E.|year=2014|title=De Bary's legacy: the emergence of differing perspectives on lichen symbiosis|journal=Huntia|volume=15|issue=1|pages=5–22 [13]|url=https://www.huntbotanical.org/admin/uploads/02hibd-huntia-15-1-pp05-22.pdf}}</ref> Site na 1805 ruo 1807, o bipụtara mpịakọta abụọ nke Synopsis plantarum ya (Archived 20 May 2011 na Wayback Machine), ọrụ a ma ama na-akọwa ụdị puku iri abụọ nke ụdị akụmakụ niile. Mana ọrụ ndị mbụ ya bụ gbasara fungi, nke o bipụtara ọtụtụ ọrụ maka, na-amalite na Synopsis methodica fungorum (1801); ọ bụ mmalite maka aha nke Uredinales, Ustilaginales, na Gasteromycetes. Persoon kọwara ọtụtụ ụdị polypore; ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na nchịkọta nke ya na Europe etiti, ebe e zigaara ya ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ sitere na nchịkọta nke onye France na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré mere n'oge njem ya gburugburu ụwa. Fungi ndị a e wetara ka emesịrị so na polypores mbụ a kọwara n'ebe okpomọkụ. N'afọ 1815, a họpụtara Persoon ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Persoon bụ onye malitere ụdị fungal ọhụrụ, ebe ọ kọwara puku abụọ, narị abụọ na iri isii na itoolu n'ọrụ ya.<ref name="Lücking 2020">{{Cite journal|authorlink=Robert Lücking|author=Lücking|first=Robert|title=Three challenges to contemporaneous taxonomy from a licheno-mycological perspective|journal=Megataxa|volume=1|issue=1|year=2020|doi=10.11646/megataxa.1.1.16|pages=78–103 [85]}}</ref> == Nkwanye Ùgwù == A kpọrọ ụdị ''Persọnia'', bụ ụdị obere osisi na obere ahịhịa dị iche iche nke Australia, aha ya. A na-enyekwa aha <nowiki><i id="mwXw">Persọnia</i></nowiki> na akwụkwọ sayensị a na-ebipụta kwa afọ abụọ gbasara molecular phylogeny and evolution of fungi, nke National Herbarium nke Netherlands na CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre jikọrọ aka ebipụta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PERSOONIA - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi|url=http://www.persoonia.org/Default.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224113615/http://www.persoonia.org/Default.aspx|archivedate=24 February 2014}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ụdị:Taxa ndị Christiaan Hendrik Persoon nyere aha == Edensibịa == * Duane Isely, One hundred and one botanists (Iowa State University Press, 1994), pp. 124-126.&nbsp; {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="Ryvarden 1973">{{cite journal |author=Ryvarden, Leif |author-link=Leif Ryvarden |year=1973 |title=Type studies in the Polyporaceae–I. Tropical species described by C. H. Persoon |journal=Persoonia |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=305–312 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/61056/0007/002/0305.htm}}</ref> == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [http://www.mushroomthejournal.com/greatlakesdata/Authors/Persoon21.html Christian Hendrik Persoon] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091203185713/http://www.persoonia.org/persoon.aspx Persọnia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080725185827/http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Archives/Archives-HR/Persoon.shtml Ebe ndebe ihe ochie nke Hunt Institute] efmha06mcpl9t7o6bs8g707rizw2fb3 0 67140 693123 516422 2026-07-31T11:38:23Z Epiphanus Jide 14249 Removed broken file and added databox 693123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lyall Watson''' (12 Eprel 1939 - 25 June 2008) bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara osisi na ihe ọkụkụ, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara anụmanụ, ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ, ọkà mmụta banyere mmadụ, ọkà mmụta banyere ọdịdị mmadụ, na onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, otu n'ime ndị kacha ewu ewu n'ime ha bụ Supernature kacha ere ahịa. Lyall Watson gbalịrị ịghọta ihe ndị dị n'okike na ihe ndị karịrị ike mmadụ n'ihe gbasara ihe ndị dị ndụ. A na-enye ya otuto maka imepụta mmetụta "otu narị enwe" n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1979, Lifetide. <ref name="amundson-1985">{{Cite journal|author=Amundson|first=Ron|date=Summer 1985|title=The Hundredth Monkey Phenomenon|journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]]|pages=348–356}}</ref> mgbe e mesịrị, na The Whole Earth Review, ọ kwetara na nke a bụ "ihe atụ nke m mere". <ref name="Galef">{{Cite journal|author=Galef|first=B. G.|year=1992|title=The question of animal culture|journal=Human Nature|volume=3|issue=2|pages=157–178|doi=10.1007/BF02692251|pmid=24222403}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Grimes|first=William|date=2008-07-21|title=Lyall Watson, 69, Adventurer and Explorer of the 'Soft Edges of Science,' Dies|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/21/science/21watson.html|accessdate=2020-10-03}}</ref> == Ndụ == A mụrụ Malcolm Lyall-Watson na Johannesburg. O nwere mmasị mbụ n'ihe okike n'ime ọhịa gbara ya gburugburu, na-amụta ihe site na Zulu na ! Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Kung Watson gara ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi na Rondebosch Boys' High School na [[Cape Town]], gụsịrị akwụkwọ ya na 1955. Ọ debanyere aha na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand na 1956, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise ebe, mgbe ọ dị iri na itoolu, ọ nwetara nzere na botany na zoology, tupu ọ nweta mmụta na paleontology n'okpuru Raymond Dart, na-eduga na ọmụmụ anthropological na [[Jémanị|Germany]] na [[Netherlands]]. O mechara nweta nzere na geology, chemistry, marine biology, ecology, na anthropology. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ doctorate na ethology na Mahadum nke London, n'okpuru Desmond Morris. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na BBC na-ede ma na-emepụta ihe ndekọ okike. N'oge a, ọ belatara aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Lyall Watson. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke Zoo Johannesburg site na afọ 23, onye ndú njem nlegharị anya na mpaghara dị iche iche, na onye isi [[Seychelles]] maka International Whaling Commission. Na ngwụcha afọ 1980 na mmalite afọ 1990, Watson gosipụtara ihe Channel 4 na-akọ banyere asọmpi sumo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sumofanmag.com/content/Issue_20/Obituary.pdf|title=SFM Obituary - Dr. Lyall Watson|author=Gould|first=Chris|date=August 2008|publisher=Sumo Fan Magazine|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref> Watson lụrụ Vivienne Mawson na 1961, ha gbara alụkwaghịm na 1966. Nwunye ya nke abụọ bụ Jacquey Visick, nwunye ya nke atọ, Alice Coogan, nwụrụ na 2003.<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|author=Barker|first=Dennis|date=2008-07-22|title=Obituary: Lyall Watson|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/jul/23/pressandpublishing|accessdate=2020-10-03}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụnne atọ, otu n'ime ha (Andrew) biri na Gympie, Queensland, [[Ostraliya|Australia]]. Ọ bụ mgbe ọ na-eleta Andrew ka ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa strok na 25 June 2008.<ref name="Guardian" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Lyall Watson|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/2236703/Lyall-Watson.html|work=The Telegraph|date=2 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Lyall Watson|url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/views/obituaries/2008/07/04/lyall-watson-64375-21226576/|publisher=[[Liverpool Daily Post]]|date=4 July 2008|accessdate=8 September 2023}}</ref> Ọ biri na Cork, Ireland. == Ọrụ ide ihe == == Akwụkwọ == * ''Omnivore: Ọrụ Nri na Evolution Mmadụ'' (1972) * ''Supernature: Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Supernatural'' (1973) * The Romeo Error (1974) (Mgbe e mesịrị bipụtaghachi dị ka The Biology of Death) * Onyinye nke Ihe A Na-amaghị Ama: Ihe Njem Indonesia (1976) * Lifetide: Biology of the Unconscious (1979) * Whales nke Ụwa: Onye nduzi n'ọhịa maka ụmụ anụmanụ (1981) * ''Lightning Bird: Ihe Njem Africa'' (1982) * ''Ufe Eluigwe: Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Ifufe'' (1984) * Bali Entranced: A Celebration of Ritual (1985) - bipụtara naanị na Japanese * Earthworks: Ideas on the Edge of Natural History (1986) (Mgbe e mesịrị bipụtaghachi ya dị ka Dreams of Dragons) * Beyond Supernature: A New Natural History of the Supernatural (1986) (Mgbe e mesịrị bipụtaghachi ya dị ka Supernature 2) * ''Planet Mmiri: Ememe nke Ihe Ebube nke Mmiri'' (1988) * Neophilia: Omenala nke Ọhụrụ (1989) * Sumo: A Guide to Sumo Wrestling (1989) * ''Ọdịdị nke Ihe: Ndụ Nzuzo nke Ihe Ndị Na-adịghị Ndụ'' (1990) * Onyinye nke Ihe A Na-amaghị Ama: Ezi Akụkọ nke Okike, Ọgwụgwọ na Mmalite site na "Agwaetiti Ịgba Egwú" nke Indonesia (1992) * Lasting Nostalgia: Essays Out of Africa (1992) - bipụtara naanị na Japanese * Turtle Islands: Omenala na Indonesia (1995) * ''Ọdịdị Ọchịchịrị: Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Ihe Ọjọọ'' (1995) * ''Nrọ nke Dragons:'' ''Nnyocha na Ememe nke Ihe Omimi nke Okike'' (1996) * Monsoon: Essays on the Indian Ocean (1996) - bipụtara naanị na Japanese * Lost Cradle: A Collection of Dialogues (1997) - bipụtara naanị na Japanese * ''Ndị agha, Warthogs, na Amamihe: Ịzụlite n'Africa'' (1997) * ''Organo Jacobson na Ọdịdị Dị ịrịba ama nke Ọsụsọ'' (2000) * ''Elephantoms: Ịchụ Elephant'' (2002) * ''Ezì zuru oke: Ịchọpụta ikike pụrụ iche nke ezì'' (2004) == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} * [http://www.worldwhoswho.com/views/entry.html?id=wat-0230 WATSON, Lyall] International Ònye bụ Ònye. nwetara na 3 Septemba 2006. 3t3ioljds9hurcg8t8081epu3z9wo4d 0 67184 692805 559706 2026-07-30T19:47:57Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692805 wikitext text/x-wiki   ''''''Frida Amani''' Bakula''' (amụrụ n'abalị anọ nke ọnwa ọgọstụ), nke a maara dịka Frida Amane, bụ onye na-eti egwu, onye na-agụ egwu, onye edemede egwu, onye gburugburu ebe obibi, onye na'ahụ maka ihe, na Onye mgbasa ozi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frida Amani|url=https://next.trtworldforum.com/team-member/frida-amani/|accessdate=2024-10-06|work=NEXT|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-01|title=Frida Amani: 'Madam President' of Bongo rap|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/frida-amani-madam-president-of-bongo-rap-3768580|accessdate=2024-09-11|work=The East African|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Godson|first=Asiama|date=2023-09-12|title=Frida Amani Biography, Videos, Booking|url=https://profileability.com/frida-amani/|accessdate=2024-09-11|work=ProfileAbility|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Frida Amani: Kutoka BSS hadi mtangazaji wa East Africa Radio (Video) – Bongo5.com|url=https://bongo5.com/frida-amani-kutoka-bss-hadi-mtangazaji-wa-east-africa-radio-video-10-2016/|accessdate=2024-09-11|work=bongo5.com}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == Frida Amani malitere njem egwu ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 7, ebe o gosipụtara nkà ya n'ihe ngosi ụka. N'afọ 2014, ọ wepụtara egwu mpụta mbụ ya "Watasubiri," na-adọta uche na ụlọ ọrụ redio mpaghara na Arusha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frida Amani – Frida Amani|url=https://fridaamani.com/artist/fridaamani/#1487737705226-144de8d1-04cd|accessdate=2024-10-06|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọganihu == Frida buru ụzọ nweta nkwado mba na 2015 mgbe ọ sonyere na asọmpi ọchụchọ Bongo Star, gụchara n'ọkwa nke atọ. N'oge asọmpi ahụ, arụmọrụ ya nke Joh Makini na egwu G Nako Nusu Nusu gosipụtara ụdị rap ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frida Amani: Kutoka BSS hadi mtangazaji wa East Africa Radio (Video) – Bongo5.com|url=https://bongo5.com/frida-amani-kutoka-bss-hadi-mtangazaji-wa-east-africa-radio-video-10-2016/|accessdate=2024-09-11|work=bongo5.com}}</ref> Na-esochi ihe ịga nke ọma ya na Bongo Star Search, Frida were ezumike afọ abụọ site na egwu iji nweta ọrụ na mgbasa ozi. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-eweta redio East African na ihe nkiri Planet Bongo ma mesịa kwaga Clouds Media iji gosi ọdịnaya Bongo Flava.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-12|title=Usajili Mpya..Mtangazaji Frida Amani Aikacha East Africa Radio na Kuhamia Clouds FM|url=https://www.udakuspecially.com/2020/10/usajili-mpyamtangazaji-frida-amani.html|accessdate=2024-09-15|work=UDAKU SPECIAL|language=en-gb|archivedate=2024-09-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911190747/https://www.udakuspecially.com/2020/10/usajili-mpyamtangazaji-frida-amani.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'ịgafe na mgbasa ozi n'afọ 2016, Amani sonyeere Radio 5 Arusha, na-akwado mmemme ntụrụndụ tupu ọ kwaga East Africa Radio na Dar es Salaam. N'ebe ahụ, ọ kwadoro "The Cruise," nwa oge na-eme ka ọ ghara ịchụso egwu ya. N'ọnwa Juunu n'afọ 2018, Frida laghachiri na egwu na otu Jibebe nke gosipụtara G Boy, abụ nke weghachiri ya na egwu egwu [[Tanzania]]. Jibebe nwetara mgbasa ozi dị ukwuu gafee Tanzania, na-eme ka ọnọdụ Amani sie ike dị ka onye a ma ama na-eti egwu na redio.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Blog|first=Michuzi|title=INTRODUCING "JIBEBE" BY FRIDA AMANI FT. G. BOY|url=https://www.michuzi.co.tz/2018/05/introducing-jibebe-by-frida-amani-ft-g.html|accessdate=2024-09-11|work=MICHUZI BLOG}}</ref> A maara ụdị rap ya maka ịdị mfe ya ma ọ dị omimi, dịka ọ na-edekarị banyere ahụmịhe ndụ ya. Ọ na-enwe mmasị karịsịa n'ịkwado ikike ụmụ nwaanyị na ịkpali ndị inyom rappers ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-13|title=Kauli ya 'usifanye hiki usifanye kile' inadidimiza ndoto za wasichana – Frida Amani {{!}} {{!}} Habari za UN|url=https://news.un.org/sw/audio/2024/03/1173117|accessdate=2024-09-12|work=news.un.org|language=sw|archivedate=2024-09-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911190652/https://news.un.org/sw/audio/2024/03/1173117}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, Amani wepụtara "Madam President," abụ na-akwado inye ụmụ nwanyị ike ma na-agba ụmụ agbọghọ ume ka ha chọọ ọrụ idu ndú, gụnyere onye isi ala. Egwú ahụ mere ka a kpọọ ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na State House, ebe Onye isi ala nke Tanzania nabatara ya dị ka "Madam President" nke rap.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Frida Amani|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/frida-amani|accessdate=2024-09-15|work=Music In Africa|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Njugi|first=Frank|date=2024-02-16|title='This Is Me (Live)' Review: Frida Amani Presents a Resounding Bongo Rap EP|url=https://www.afrocritik.com/this-is-me-live-review-frida-amani-bongo-rap-ep/|accessdate=2024-09-15|work=[[Afrocritik]]|language=en}}</ref> Enyemaka Amani karịrị egwu, ebe ọ mekwara ọganihu dị ịrịba ama na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na nkwado. Ọrụ ya dị iche iche emeela ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama site na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi, nke dugara na Clouds Media were ya n'ọrụ, ebe ọ na-akwado mmemme abụọ ugbu a, "Amplifaya" na "Bongo Fleva," raara nye ịzụlite nkà egwu na Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Blog|first=Michuzi|title=BEN POL NA FRIDA AMANI WAPATIWA TUZO YA MAZINGIRA|url=https://www.michuzi.co.tz/2021/12/ben-pol-na-frida-amani-wapatiwa-tuzo-ya.html|accessdate=2024-10-01|work=MICHUZI BLOG}}</ref> == Mmetụta na nkwado == A makwaara Frida Amani maka nkwado ya maka [[Hip hop music|ụmụ nwanyị na hip-hop]]. Ọ gbanwere ụlọ ọrụ rap na Tanzania, na-enyere aka ịkwadebe ụzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe na oghere ndị nwoke na-achị. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka ego metụtara ụlọ ọrụ egwu, Frida ka na-enwe mmasị na rap, na-ele ya anya karịa naanị isi iyi ego.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BEN POL, FRIDA AMANI WAPEWA TUZO YA MAZINGIRA - BIN ZUBEIRY SPORTS - ONLINE|url=https://www.binzubeiry.co.tz/2021/12/ben-pol-frida-amani-wapewa-tuzo-ya.html?m=1|accessdate=2024-09-15|work=www.binzubeiry.co.tz}}</ref> Mkpebi ya inye ụmụ nwanyị ike site na egwu na ọrụ ya mere ka ọ bụrụ onye dị mkpa na egwu Tanzania na East Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-22|title=Breaking boundaries: Frida Amani makes history at the global youth forum with hip-hop|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/entertainment/breaking-boundaries-frida-amani-makes-history-at-the-global-youth-forum-with-hip-hop-4630294|accessdate=2024-09-11|work=The Citizen|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-13|title=Kauli ya 'usifanye hiki usifanye kile' inadidimiza ndoto za wasichana – Frida Amani {{!}} {{!}} Habari za UN|url=https://news.un.org/sw/audio/2024/03/1173117|accessdate=2024-09-11|work=news.un.org|language=sw|archivedate=2024-09-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911190652/https://news.un.org/sw/audio/2024/03/1173117}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2024, Frida Amani nọchitere anya [[Tanzania]] na 6th World Youth Summit na [[Turkéy|Turkey]], nke TRT WORLD FORUM haziri. Nzukọ ahụ kpọkọtara ndị isi na-eto eto si n'akụkụ ụwa niile, ebe Afrịka nọchitere anya Tanzania, [[Somalia]], Nigeria, na South Africa. Amani sonyere na panel n'akụkụ onye [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na-eme ihe ọchị [[Taaooma|Maryam Apaokagi]] na onye Palestine na-ese ihe [[Malak Mattar]], na-atụle ọrụ nka na ọdịbendị na-akwalite Mgbanwe ọha na eze. O gosipụtara otu [[Hip hop music|Hip-hop]] nwere ike isi merie echiche ma nye obodo ike, na-agba ndị ntorobịa ume iji nkà ha mee ihe maka mmetụta dị mma.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Magulumali|first=Hassan|date=2024-05-19|title=Frida Amani Represents Tanzania at TRT World Forum in Turkey|url=https://mediawireexpress.co.tz/frida-amani-represents-tanzania-at-trt-world-forum-in-turkey/|accessdate=2024-09-12|work=Media Wire Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-22|title=Breaking boundaries: Frida Amani makes history at the global youth forum with hip-hop|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/entertainment/breaking-boundaries-frida-amani-makes-history-at-the-global-youth-forum-with-hip-hop-4630294|accessdate=2024-10-06|work=The Citizen|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == '''Frida Amani''' tolitere na-enwe mmasị na ndị rapper dịka Lil Wayne, Lauryn Hill, na Albert Mangwea, ebe Mangwea bụ otu n'ime mmetụta ya kachasị mkpa. O kpebiri ịchụso egwu dị ka ọrụ oge niile ya mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, n'agbanyeghị ọchịchọ ezinụlọ ya maka ya ịmụ ego. Site na nkwado ezinụlọ ya, o nwere ike ịgbaso nrọ ya ma mee onwe ya aha na ụlọ ọrụ egwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MUSIC PR {{!}} FRIDA AMANI {{!}} MusicPR.jp|url=https://musicpr.jp/pr_en.php?id=2094|accessdate=2024-09-15|work=musicpr.jp|language=ja}}</ref> Frida gara n'ihu na-akpali ndị na-eto eto na-eto eto rapper na Tanzania na n'ofe East Africa, na-eji ikpo okwu ya kwalite ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-03|title=Exclusive: Frida Amani mapenzi ya mpiga kitu kizito afunguka maisha yake - Millard Ayo|url=https://millardayo.com/exclusive-frida-amani-mapenzi-ya-mpiga-kitu-kizito-afunguka-maisha-yake/|accessdate=2024-09-11|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ebemsibịa == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Amani, Frida}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 25rv8busj634tc6979e2udfux3un7rd 0 67186 692799 692570 2026-07-30T19:35:26Z Chigozirim2005 19722 692799 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:FaustineFotso.jpg|thumb|Faustine Fotso]]   '''Honorable Faustine Villanneau Chebou Kamdem Fotso''' mụrụ na 12th nke June, n'afọ1965, bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị kọmputa, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọkàiwu si Cameroon. == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2012, Fotso bụ osote onye isi obodo Baham nke mbụ, obodo dị na Western Cameroon. N'afọ 2013, a họpụtara ya MP na nzuko omeiwu mba, na-anọchite anya ugwu ugwu nke Mpaghara ọdịda anyawu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assnat.cm/index.php/en/members-of-parliament/current-legislative-period?start=60|title=Current Legislative Period : List of 180 members|website=www.assnat.cm|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-03-08}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>Ọ na-anọdụ na kọmitii iwu gbasara iwu ma bụrụ onye otu Cameroon People's Democratic Movement . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201611110862.html|title=Cameroun: Hon Fotso Faustine - " Nous voulons parler le langage de la vérité à Baham "|work=allAfrica.fr|accessdate=2018-03-08|language=fr}}</ref> == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == Fotso dere akwụkwọ "Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na French na Cameroonian Law" na 2009 dị ka akụkụ nke Masters Programme nke International na Environmental Law na University of Limoges.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/09/2904/m_Etude-dimpact-environnemental-en-droit-franais-et-camerounais23.html#_Toc239438882|title=Memoire Online - Etude d'impact environnemental en droit français et camerounais - Faustine Villannaeau FOTSO CHEBOU KAMDEM|work=Memoire Online|accessdate=2018-03-08}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere == Fotso bụ onye guzobere otu ọrụ ebere "ọkụ nke ịhụnanya, nke udo na ikpe ziri ezi" nke nwere nzukọ mmeghe ya na Septemba 20, n'afọ 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://camer.be/54983/11:1/cameroun-fotso-faustinenous-voulons-faire-bloc-pour-les-causes-humainesdans-les-hauts-plateaux-cameroon.html|title=Nous Voulons Faire Bloc Pour Les Causes Humaines|author=NSANGOU|first=MAMA|date=3 October 2016|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}</ref> == Onyinye == Na May 20, n'afọ 2016, e nyere Fotso ihe nrite ndị nkịtị n'ọkwa onye ọrụ nke usoro uru na 44th National Day of Unity of Unity na Baham.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://actucameroun.com/2016/05/26/cameroun-20-mai-2016-hauts-plateaux-fotso-fostine-vedette-baham-cameroon/|title=Cameroun, 20 Mai 2016 dans les Hauts-plateaux : Fotso Fostine en vedette en Baham :: CAMEROON|author=Cameroun|first=Actu|date=2016-05-26|work=Actu Cameroun|accessdate=2018-03-08|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Fotso lụrụ Lucas Fotso, onye nduzi mpaghara maka ụlọ ọrụ eletrik Cameroon Aes Sonel Littoral . Ha nwere ụmụ ise ọnụ. == Edemsibia == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Fotso, Faustine}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] r9dshc3en5mdgqngvhf56ki833ufqaz 692874 692799 2026-07-30T21:46:58Z Sylvaline39 15355 Added Databox 692874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Honorable Faustine Villanneau Chebou Kamdem Fotso''' mụrụ na 12th nke June, n'afọ1965, bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị kọmputa, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọkàiwu si Cameroon. == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2012, Fotso bụ osote onye isi obodo Baham nke mbụ, obodo dị na Western Cameroon. N'afọ 2013, a họpụtara ya MP na nzuko omeiwu mba, na-anọchite anya ugwu ugwu nke Mpaghara ọdịda anyawu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assnat.cm/index.php/en/members-of-parliament/current-legislative-period?start=60|title=Current Legislative Period : List of 180 members|website=www.assnat.cm|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-03-08}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>Ọ na-anọdụ na kọmitii iwu gbasara iwu ma bụrụ onye otu Cameroon People's Democratic Movement . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201611110862.html|title=Cameroun: Hon Fotso Faustine - " Nous voulons parler le langage de la vérité à Baham "|work=allAfrica.fr|accessdate=2018-03-08|language=fr}}</ref> == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == Fotso dere akwụkwọ "Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na French na Cameroonian Law" na 2009 dị ka akụkụ nke Masters Programme nke International na Environmental Law na University of Limoges.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/09/2904/m_Etude-dimpact-environnemental-en-droit-franais-et-camerounais23.html#_Toc239438882|title=Memoire Online - Etude d'impact environnemental en droit français et camerounais - Faustine Villannaeau FOTSO CHEBOU KAMDEM|work=Memoire Online|accessdate=2018-03-08}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere == Fotso bụ onye guzobere otu ọrụ ebere "ọkụ nke ịhụnanya, nke udo na ikpe ziri ezi" nke nwere nzukọ mmeghe ya na Septemba 20, n'afọ 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://camer.be/54983/11:1/cameroun-fotso-faustinenous-voulons-faire-bloc-pour-les-causes-humainesdans-les-hauts-plateaux-cameroon.html|title=Nous Voulons Faire Bloc Pour Les Causes Humaines|author=NSANGOU|first=MAMA|date=3 October 2016|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}</ref> == Onyinye == Na May 20, n'afọ 2016, e nyere Fotso ihe nrite ndị nkịtị n'ọkwa onye ọrụ nke usoro uru na 44th National Day of Unity of Unity na Baham.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://actucameroun.com/2016/05/26/cameroun-20-mai-2016-hauts-plateaux-fotso-fostine-vedette-baham-cameroon/|title=Cameroun, 20 Mai 2016 dans les Hauts-plateaux : Fotso Fostine en vedette en Baham :: CAMEROON|author=Cameroun|first=Actu|date=2016-05-26|work=Actu Cameroun|accessdate=2018-03-08|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Fotso lụrụ Lucas Fotso, onye nduzi mpaghara maka ụlọ ọrụ eletrik Cameroon Aes Sonel Littoral . Ha nwere ụmụ ise ọnụ. == Edemsibia == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Fotso, Faustine}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8oghyc16vckv2hcfixermxsx0ka41hh 0 67189 692917 540213 2026-07-31T01:22:14Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692917 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Balghis Badri''' (Arabic:بلقيس بدرى, amụrụ n'afọ 1948) bụ onye mba Sudanese na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị n'ọhịa nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ebibi akụkụ ahụ nwanyị (FGM) na mmepe nke ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo, kemgbe n'afọ afọ 1979, <ref name="UNDP"/>ma bụrụ kwa prọfesọ nke anthropology mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na [[Mahadum Ahfad maka ụmụ nwanyị]]. == Oge ọ malitere == Ọ si n'ezinụlọ ndị nkụzi.<ref name="norad.no"/>{{Cite web|url=https://www.norad.no/en/front/about-norad/news/women-as-agents-of-change-in-sudan/|title=Women as Agents of Change in Sudan|author=|date=|work=NoradDev|accessdate=6 November 2017|archivedate=28 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228195335/https://www.norad.no/en/front/about-norad/news/women-as-agents-of-change-in-sudan/}/ Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke [[Yusuf Badri]], onye guzobere Ahfad University for Women (AUW) na Khartoum n'afọ 1966, na nwa nwa nke onye agha Mahdist, Babiker Badri . <ref name="norad.no" /> Badri nwetara Ph.D. ya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Mahadum Hull na mba England n'afọ 1978. <ref name="norad.no"/> == Ọrụ == Badri bụ onye nkuzi oge na [[Mahadum Ahfad maka ụmụ nwanyị]] site n'afọ 1974 ruo n'afọ 1997, na oge niile kemgbe ahụ, ebe ọ bụrụ prọfesọ nke anthropology.<ref name="norad.no">{{Cite web|url=https://www.norad.no/en/front/about-norad/news/women-as-agents-of-change-in-sudan/|title=Women as Agents of Change in Sudan|author=|date=|work=NoradDev|accessdate=6 November 2017|archivedate=28 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228195335/https://www.norad.no/en/front/about-norad/news/women-as-agents-of-change-in-sudan/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''NoradDev''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20220228195335/https://www.norad.no/en/front/about-norad/news/women-as-agents-of-change-in-sudan/ the original] on 28 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2002, o guzobere ma ghọọ onye nduzi nke AUW Institute of Women, Gender and Development Studies . <ref name="norad.no" /> Badri bụ onye nduzi <ref name="norad.no" /> nke Mahadum Ahfad maka Women's Regional Institute of Gender, Diversity, Peace and Rights, na Omdurman / Khartoum . [1]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://norad.no/en/front/about-norad/news/women-as-agents-of-change-in-sudan/|title=Women as Agents of Change in Sudan|work=NoradDev|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-17|archivedate=2022-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228195335/https://www.norad.no/en/front/about-norad/news/women-as-agents-of-change-in-sudan/}}</ref> N'afọ 1979, o webatara ụmụ nwanyị na ọmụmụ metụtara okike na usoro mmụta mahadum.<ref name="UNDP">{{cite web|url=http://www.sd.undp.org/content/sudan/en/home/presscenter/faces/2015/balghis.html|title=Balghis|author=|date=|website=UNDP in Sudan|accessdate=6 November 2017|archive-date=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185749/http://www.sd.undp.org/content/sudan/en/home/presscenter/faces/2015/balghis.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ide ihe == N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2017, Zed Books bipụtara Women's Activism in Africa (nke Badri na Aili Mari Tripp jikọrọ aka dezie). <ref name="uchicago.edu">{{Cite web|url=http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/W/bo26260386.html|work=press.uchicago.edu|title=Women's Activism in Africa, Badri, Tripp|accessdate=6 November 2017|archivedate=10 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910014630/https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/W/bo26260386.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Women's Activism in Africa|author=|editor=Badri|date=15 February 2017|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1783609086}}</ref> Badri so dezie ya, ma dee ma ọ bụ soro dee abụọ n'ime isi iri. <ref name="uchicago.edu" /> == Arụmụka == N'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 2018 nwanne nwoke Badri bụ [[Gasim Badri]], onye isi oche nke [[Mahadum Ahfad maka ụmụ nwanyị]], ka edere na vidiyo na-ejide nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị, onye na-eme ngagharị iwe, site na akwa isi ya ma na-akụ ya aka ọtụtụ ugboro n'isi. Badri gbachitere omume ya, na-azọrọ na vidiyo ahụ "na-egosi naanị otu akụkụ nke eziokwu" nakwa na ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe yiri egwu imerụ ma mebie mahadum ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why some Sudanese back the lecturer who beat his students|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42775120|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=15 February 2018|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> == Edemsibịa == .{{DEFAULTSORT:Badri, Balghis}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] li39obanpnopl4u9jqy61pybofi7jxm 0 67236 692764 674740 2026-07-30T15:54:36Z Mbah Victor Chukwuemerie 16687 fixed reference error 692764 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Chikondi Chabvuti.jpg|thumb|Chikondi Chabvuti]]   '''Chikondi Chabvuta''' bụ onye ikpe ziri ezi na ihu igwe na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị si [[Malawi]]. <ref name="zprofile" /> Ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị Africa na nyocha ọrụ ugbo na mmepe (onyinye) ibe ya na ndịda African Admisor Admisor na International . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chikondi Chabvuta: Climate Change enthusiast|url=https://conrema.org/2021/12/15/chikondi-chabvuta-climate-change-enthusiast/|accessdate=2025-09-12|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Chabvuu ma bulie ya na Malawi, o nwetara B.SC na sayensị gburugburu na Mahadum Malawi, ọ nwetakwara akara ngosi nna ya ukwu na sayensị gburugburu. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke ndị isi African na-eme atụmatụ (yali) na mbụ. A ghọtara ya dị ka nwa agbọghọ Africa maka mmepe na-eduzi ndu site na nduzi Mormi na-eduzi na mmepe (Milead) .<ref name=":1" /><ref name="y904">{{Cite web|title=African women in Agricultural Research and Development|url=https://awardfellowships.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Chabvuta_Precious.pdf|accessdate=2025-09-12}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Chabvuta bụ onye ndụmọdụ na-ahụ maka nkwado nke mpaghara Southern Africa na CARE International. Tupu nke a, ọ rụrụ Ọrụ na Gender Justice na Climate Change maka ActionAid na ndị ọrụ ugbo Union nke Malawi.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ kwupụtara banyere ikpe ziri ezi na ọnọdụ nwoke na nwanyị <ref name="zprofile">{{Cite web|author=Vetter|first=David|title=Fair COP? The African Women Showing Why Gender Justice Equals Climate Justice|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidrvetter/2021/11/09/fair-cop-the-african-women-showing-why-gender-justice-equals-climate-justice/|accessdate=2022-10-28|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> gụnyere na 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) na Glasgow, <ref name="zprofile" /> ebe ọ kọọrọ ahụmahụ ya nke ịrụ ọrụ na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọrụ ugbo na Malawi ndị na-eche ọtụtụ ihe omume ihu igwe siri ike na-emetụta ndụ ha. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Climate Action Network International|date=10 November 2021|title=With four days to go at COP 26, civil society raises concerns over weak proposals on the table|url=https://climatenetwork.org/2021/11/10/with-four-days-to-go-at-cop26-civil-society-raises-concerns-over-weak-proposals-on-the-table-as-gap-widens-between-words-and-actions-2/|accessdate=28 October 2022}}</ref> Tupu ọ gaa COP26 ọ nọ na [[Zimbabwe]] na-ahụ otú Cyclone Idai si gbuo ihe dị ka mmadụ 1,300.<ref name="zprofile" /> N'afọ 2022 ọ na-akọ banyere idei mmiri na mba ya nke gburu mmadụ iri asatọ nke Oké Ifufe Tropical Ana kpatara na-ekwu na ndị mmadụ ka na-agbake site na ajọ ifufe Idai.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gerretsen|first=Isabelle|date=2022-02-01|title=Storm Ana's devastation in southern Africa highlights need for early warnings|url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2022/02/01/storm-anas-devastation-southern-africa-highlights-need-early-warnings/|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=Climate Home News|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọnụ na-ekwuchitere okwu ihu igwe nke The Guardian, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-14|title=World's poorest bear brunt of climate crisis: 10 underreported emergencies|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/jan/14/worlds-poorest-bear-brunt-of-climate-crisis-10-underreported-emergencies|accessdate=2022-10-28|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> The Washington Post <ref>{{Cite news|author=Kaplan|first=Sarah|date=28 February 2022|title=Humanity has a 'brief and rapidly closing window' to avoid a hotter, deadly future, U.N. climate report says|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/02/28/ipcc-united-nations-climate-change-adaptation/|accessdate=28 October 2022}}</ref> na iNews. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ali|first=Taz|date=2022-01-13|title=Stories on Meghan and J-Lo dwarf coverage of humanitarian crises in Africa, says charity|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/humanitarian-crises-2021-little-media-attention-new-report-neglected-1395921|accessdate=2022-10-28|work=inews.co.uk|language=en}}</ref> The New Statesman hotara nkụda mmụọ ya na njedebe nke COP26 mgbe ọ chọpụtara na mba ahụ na-anwa imebi ederede ikpeazụ e kwekọrịtara iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nuttall|first=Philippa|date=2021-11-13|title="We have been cheated again": Why developing nations feel silenced at Cop26|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/environment/cop26/2021/11/we-have-been-cheated-again-why-developing-nations-feel-silenced-at-cop26|accessdate=2022-11-10|work=New Statesman|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ gara ọtụtụ fellowships, ntụziaka, mmemme na onye otu maka African Women in Agricultural Research and Development . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Somanje|first=Caroline|date=2021-12-11|title=Chikondi Chabvuta: Climate Change enthusiast|url=https://mwnation.com/chikondi-chabvuta-climate-change-enthusiast/|accessdate=2022-10-28|work=The Nation Online|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSomanje2021">Somanje, Caroline (2021-12-11). [https://mwnation.com/chikondi-chabvuta-climate-change-enthusiast/ "Chikondi Chabvuta: Climate Change enthusiast"]. ''The Nation Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Chabvuta bi na Malawi ma lụọ ụmụ atọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Somanje|first=Caroline|date=2021-12-11|title=Chikondi Chabvuta: Climate Change enthusiast|url=https://mwnation.com/chikondi-chabvuta-climate-change-enthusiast/|accessdate=2022-10-28|work=The Nation Online|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSomanje2021">Somanje, Caroline (2021-12-11). [https://mwnation.com/chikondi-chabvuta-climate-change-enthusiast/ "Chikondi Chabvuta: Climate Change enthusiast"]. ''The Nation Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Onyinye na Mmekọrịta == * African Women in Agricultural Research & Development (AWARD) fellowship.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-13|title=Chikondi Precious Chabvuta {{!}} AWARD|url=https://awardfellowships.org/award_fellows/chikondi-precious-chabvuta/|accessdate=2025-09-12|language=en-US}}</ref> * Moremi Initiative Leadership Empowerment and Development (Milead) fellowship. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Nation|date=2021-12-11|title=Chikondi Chabvuta: Climate Change enthusiast|url=https://mwnation.com/chikondi-chabvuta-climate-change-enthusiast/|accessdate=2025-09-12|work=Nation Online|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=moremiinitiative.org|url=https://moremiinitiative.org/|accessdate=2025-07-03|work=Moremi Initiative; The Moremi Initiative Leadership Empowerment and Development (MILEAD) Program Award}}</ref> <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chabvuta, Chikondi}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jdf6ncktq0ivjnaaed4o7tkwnbvp8gg 0 67250 693120 516876 2026-07-31T11:34:12Z Epiphanus Jide 14249 Removed broken file and added databox 693120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Keppel Harcourt Barnard''' (31 Machị 1887 - 22 Septemba 1964) bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara anụmanụ na onye nduzi ihe ngosi nka nke South Africa. Ọ bụ naanị nwa nwoke Harcourt George Barnard, ọkaiwu si Lambeth, na Anne Elizabeth Porter nke Royston mụtara. == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Barnard na [[London]]. Agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya bụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye dị na Camberley ebe ọ gara Realgymnasium dị na Mannheim iji melite German ya. Site n'afọ 1905 ruo n'afọ 1908 onye ọkà mmụta a nwere onyinye pụrụ iche na nke nwere ọtụtụ ihe gara Christ's College, Cambridge, na-ewere Natural Sciences Tripos na Botany, Geology na Zoology. Ọ gakwara ọmụmụ ọhụrụ na Anthropology, Ethnology na Geography. N'ime afọ atọ sochirinụ, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ iwu na Middle Temple, wee bụrụ onye ọka iwu n'afọ 1911. Mgbe obere oge dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke na Marine Biological Laboratory na Plymouth, ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ nke South African Museum na [[Cape Town]] na 1911 dị ka onye enyemaka nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri. Ọ ghọrọ osote onye nduzi n'afọ 1921 na onye nduzi site n'afọ 1946 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 1956 mgbe ọ nweere onwe ya ịrụ ọrụ na molluscs.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=[[Isabella Gordon|Gordon, Isabella]]|year=1966|title=Dr. Keppel Harcourt Barnard|journal=[[Crustaceana]]|volume=10|issue=2|pages=219–221|doi=10.1163/156854066X00748}}</ref> D.Sc. ya sitere na Mahadum nke Cape Town na edemede banyere "''Nkesa nke Crustacea na Mmiri South Africa''", ọ mechara bụrụ onye isi ụwa na crustaceans. Akụkụ ọzọ ọ hụrụ n'anya bụ taxonomy na nhazi nke azụ South Africa, ọzụzụ nke o mere ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ dị mkpa. Mahadum Stellenbosch nyere ya nzere doctorate n'afọ 1956. Barnard bụ onye na-arị ugwu nke ọma ma jee ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke Mountain Club nke South Africa site n'afọ 1918 ruo afọ 1945, ọ bụkwa site n'ugwu ka ọ zutere onye na-amụ banyere ihe ọkụkụ [[Thomas Pearson Stokoe]] onye ga-aghọ ezigbo enyi na onye na-agba ugwu.Mmasị Barnard maka ịga ugwu buru ụzọ mee ka ọ mata ụdị Colophon, ọtụtụ ụdị nke beetles, dịka Colophon primosi, ka a kpọrọ aha ndị enyi ya na-aga ugwu. N'afọ 1915, ọ lụrụ Alice Watkins, ha zụlitere ezinụlọ nwere ụmụ abụọ, otu nwa nwoke na otu nwa nwanyị. Barnard nwụrụ, dị afọ ịrị asaa na atọ, na Cape Town.   == Ihe Nketa == A na-echeta Barnard na aha sayensị nke ụdị agụ owuru abụọ, ''Pachydactylus barnardi'' na ''Rhoptropus barnardi''. Na azụ ''Enteromius barnardi''. <small>[[Reginald Arthur Jubb|R. A. Jubb]], 1965</small><ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web|url=http://www.etyfish.org/cypriniformes9/|title=Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family CYPRINIDAE: Subfamily SMILIOGASTRINAE|accessdate=6 October 2021|author=Christopher Scharpf|work=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database|publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara|date=22 September 2018|archivedate=4 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504083757/https://etyfish.org/cypriniformes9/}}</ref> == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == rpdi64r0c4elf01e9jpo21sjvhimbfo 0 71742 692914 630861 2026-07-31T01:07:52Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Beatriz E. Amendola''', MD FACR FASTRO FACRO, bụ onye Uruguayan-American radiation oncologist. Ọ bụ onye isi nke Innovative kansa Institute na Miami ugbu a. A mụrụ Amendola ma zụlite ya na Montevideo o tinyere akwụkwọ maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike na nzuzo dịka ezinụlọ ya chọrọ ka ọ gaa n'ihu na ọrụ egwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Dr. Beatriz Amendola of Innovative Cancer Institute in South Miami|url=http://voyagemia.com/interview/meet-beatriz-amendola-innovative-cancer-institute/|work=voyagemia.com|accessdate=March 29, 2020|date=March 7, 2019|archivedate=January 12, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112124044/http://voyagemia.com/interview/meet-beatriz-amendola-innovative-cancer-institute/}}</ref> Ọ nwetara M.D. na Mahadum nke Republic (Uruguay) . Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ nke Staci ikpeazu na Mahadum ahuike nke Virginia. Ọ ghọrọ ụlọ ọrụ American Board of Radiology kwadoro na 1980. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Beatriz Amendola {{!}} Innovative Cancer Institute {{!}} Miami FL|url=https://www.innovativecancer.com/dr-beatriz-amendola/|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=Innovative Cancer Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọ kwagara North America, Amendola guzobere Innovative kansa Ins, nke o mechara gbasaa n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ iji lekwasị anya na radiosurgery na insitute radiotherapy.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ruse|first=Gary Alan|title=Dr. Beatriz Amendola honored by County Commission|url=https://communitynewspapers.com/south-miami-news/dr-beatriz-amendola-honored-by-county-commission/|work=communitynewspapers.com|accessdate=March 29, 2020|date=September 11, 2015}}</ref> Amendola natara ihe nrite ọla edo site na Circulo de Radioterapeutas Ibero Latino Americano (CRILA) na 2015, ọ ghọrọ onye otu nsọpụrụ nke Spanish Society of Radiation Oncology (SEOR) n'ihi onyinye ya na radiation oncology na Spain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://international.anl.gov/training/docs/vitas/C1/Amendola.pdf|title=Lecturer's Vitae|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226221228/https://international.anl.gov/training/docs/vitas/C1/Amendola.pdf|archivedate=2016-12-26|accessdate=}}</ref> [ihe na-abụghị isi iyi dị mkpa] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (March 2020)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Akwụkwọ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha == * Reaman G, Zeltzer P, Bleyer WA, Amendola B, Level C, Sather H, Hammond D. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Na umuaka agbabeghi afo: ikpokota ihe omumu umuaka kansa Study Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1985 Nov;3 (11):1513-21. E depụtara ya ugboro 197 dị ka Google Scholar si kwuo * Amendola BE, Amendola MA, McClatchey KD, Miller JC. Radiation-associated sarcoma: nyocha nke ndị ọrịa 23 nwere postradiation sarcoma n'ime afọ 50. Akwụkwọ akụkọ America nke oncology. 1989 Ọktoba;12 (5):411-5. E depụtara ya ugboro 178 dị ka Google Scholar si kwuo <ref name="GS">[https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C33&q=Beatriz+Amendola&btnG=#d=gs_cit&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3Ag-9TmF-VjmMJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl%3Den] accessed 7 April 2020</ref> * Brown WT, Wu X, Fayad F, Fowler JF, Amendola BE, García S, Han H, De La Zerda A, Bossart E, Huang Z, Schwade JG. CyberKnife® radiosurgery maka ọrịa kansa akpa ume nke mbụ: nsonaazụ na ọnwa 36. Ọrịa kansa akpa ume. 2007 Septemba 1;8 (8):488-92. E depụtara ya ugboro 113 dị ka Google Scholar si kwuo<ref name="GS" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Amendola lụrụ onye ọrụ oncologist Marco Amendola, onye na-eje ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke onyinyo ahụike.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Elena Martí|title=El cáncer de mama: un nuevo camino de esperanza|url=https://www.elnuevoherald.com/vivir-mejor/salud/article37803546.html|accessdate=March 29, 2020|publisher=El Nuevo Herald|date=October 5, 2015|language=Spanish}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Amendola, Beatriz}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Umu nwanyi Na ahu maka NDI Na Aya Oya kansa]] [[Otú:Mahadum nke Republic (Uruguay)]] [[Otú:NDI America nke Uruguay descent]] 5ologr7ok47axc4nvwrrl5vxczs8apw 0 71758 692646 538900 2026-07-30T12:19:28Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Beatriz Futuro Mühlbauer''' ((amụrụ na 26 February 1986) bụ onye egwuregwu rugby sevens si Brazil. Ọ meriri ọla ọla edo na 2015 Pan American Games dịka onye otu Brazil women's national rugby sevens team.. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://results.toronto2015.org/IRS/en/rugby-7/athlete-profile-n10158945-futuro-muhlbauer-beatriz.htm|title=Beatriz FUTURO MUHLBAUER|work=Toronto2015.org|publisher=[[2015 Pan American Games]]|accessdate=2016-07-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805064725/http://results.toronto2015.org/IRS/en/rugby-7/athlete-profile-n10158945-futuro-muhlbauer-beatriz.htm#|archivedate=2015-08-05}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ nọchite anya Brazil na Rugby Sevens na 2016 Summer Olympics. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldrugby.org/womens-sevens-series/news/174254|title=A nervous wait to realise my dream of being an Olympian - Futuro|author=worldrugby.org|language=en-GB|accessdate=2016-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817024210/http://www.worldrugby.org/womens-sevens-series/news/174254#|archivedate=2016-08-17}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * Beatriz MuhlbauernaWorld Rugby Women's Sevens Series (nke e debere) * Beatriz MuhlbauernaOlympics.com * Beatriz MühlbauernaOlympedia * Beatriz Futuro Muhlbauer at the 2018 South American GamesnaỤgbọ Mmiri Wayback (nke echekwara na 2018-12-15) {{Brazil Women's 2016 Summer Olympics Squad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Futuro Muhlbauer, Beatriz}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] k4x3co8zo47x7141lpqxr89vcn9klwi 692657 692646 2026-07-30T12:28:44Z Adimora chidinma 15845 corrected some wirds 692657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Beatriz Futuro Mühlbauer''' ((amụrụ na 26 February 1986) bụ onye egwuregwu rugby sevens si Brazil. Ọ meriri ọla ọla edo na 2015 Pan American Games dịka onye otu Brazil women's national rugby sevens team.. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://results.toronto2015.org/IRS/en/rugby-7/athlete-profile-n10158945-futuro-muhlbauer-beatriz.htm|title=Beatriz FUTURO MUHLBAUER|work=Toronto2015.org|publisher=[[2015 Pan American Games]]|accessdate=2016-07-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805064725/http://results.toronto2015.org/IRS/en/rugby-7/athlete-profile-n10158945-futuro-muhlbauer-beatriz.htm#|archivedate=2015-08-05}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ nọchite anya Brazil na Rugby Sevens na 2016 Summer Olympics. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldrugby.org/womens-sevens-series/news/174254|title=A nervous wait to realise my dream of being an Olympian - Futuro|author=worldrugby.org|language=en-GB|accessdate=2016-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817024210/http://www.worldrugby.org/womens-sevens-series/news/174254#|archivedate=2016-08-17}}</ref> ==Edensibịa == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * Beatriz MuhlbauernaWorld Rugby Women's Sevens Series (nke e debere) * Beatriz MuhlbauernaOlympics.com * Beatriz MühlbauernaOlympedia * Beatriz Futuro Muhlbauer at the 2018 South American GamesnaỤgbọ Mmiri Wayback (nke echekwara na 2018-12-15) {{Brazil Women's 2016 Summer Olympics Squad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Futuro Muhlbauer, Beatriz}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0lmjxtopwcz6ep32gkak2rwfn6021ob 0 71831 692747 540164 2026-07-30T14:22:58Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added default sort 692747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Gabriel Toby | image = | caption = | office = Deputy Governor of [[Rivers State]] | term_start = 1999 | term_end = 2007 | governor = [[Peter Odili]] | predecessor = | successor = [[Tele Ikuru]] | constituency = [[Rivers State]] | majority = | birth_name = Gabriel Tamunobiebere George Toby | birth_date = | birth_place = [[Opobo]], [[Rivers State, Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = Nigerian | party = [[Rivers State People's Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] | spouse = Christie Toby | children = Sotonye Toby, Abinye Toby, Ibim Semenitari | residence = | alma_mater = [[University of Nigeria, Nsukka]] | profession = [[Economist]], [[Politician]] | website = | footnotes = }} '''Gabriel Tamunobiebere George Toby''' bụrụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke People's Democratic Party, onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na onye bụbu onye ọrụ gọọmentị nke jere ozi dị ka osote Gọvanọ nke Rivers Steeti n'okpuru Gọvanụ [[Peter Odili]] site na afọ 1999 we ruo 2007. <ref name="toby 5">{{Cite news|url=http://leadership.ng/news/386051/2015-deputy-governors-may-succeed-bosses|title=2015: Deputy Governors That May Not Succeed Their Bosses|work=[[Leadership (Nigeria)|Leadership]]|date=4 October 2014|accessdate=3 March 2015}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == O sitere na [[Opobo]], Toby bụ onye gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Naịjirịa, Nsukka. Ọ gụrụ Economics ma nweta nzere bachelọ na afọ 1963.<ref name="toby 6">{{Cite news|url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/oct/10/289.html|title=RSG donates 10 computers to UNN|publisher=BiafraNigeria World News|date=10 October 2003|accessdate=3 March 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Toby rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentụ dị iche iche, na-arịgo n'ọkwa Director General tupu ọ laa ezumike nká na afọ 1994. Ọfịs ndị ọzọ ọ jere ozi gụnyere Pro-Chancellor, na Chairman Governing Council, Mahadum Benin, Pro-Chancelor na Chairman, Governing Council، Mahadum Port Harcourt na Chairman of Council, Rivers State Polytechnic, Bori. Na afọ 1999, a họpụtara Toby dị ka onye nnọchiteanya nke People's Democratic Party maka osote Gọvanọ. A họpụtara ya n'ikpeazụ ma jee ozi n'okpuru Gọvanọ [[Peter Odili]]. Na afọ 2006, ọ ghọrọ onye Naijiria mbụ nwetara National Merit Award of Accomplished na onye osote gọvanọ kachasị mma na mba ahụ.<ref name="toby 2">{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200605160552.html|title=Toby Emerges Best Deputy Governor|work=[[Thisday]]|date=16 May 2006|accessdate=3 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Toby1">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225606/http://rotary9140.org/about_us/district_leadership.php|publisher=[[Wayback Machine|The Wayback Machine]]|url=http://rotary9140.org/about_us/district_leadership.php|archivedate=19 July 2011|title=District Leadership|work=Rotary International District 9140|accessdate=3 March 2015}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị si Rivers State * Onye osote Gọvanọ nke Rivers State {{Clear}} == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}}{{Rivers State People's Democratic Party}}  {{DEFAULTSORT:Toby, Gabriel}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gft4cqcjwki9wqt48ptwze21gzw3vpt 0 71841 693113 540411 2026-07-31T11:00:52Z Chikerenma Ndubuka 8900 Fixed ref error 693113 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Andrew Jonathan Nok''', NNOM (11 Febụwarị 1962 - 21 Nọvemba 2017) bụ [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] Prọfesọ nke Biochemistry na odeakwụkwọ na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ọha na eze nke Naijiria Academy of Science . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nas.org.ng/fellowship/members-of-council/|title=Members of Council|work=Nigerian Academy of Science|accessdate=6 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707061854/http://www.nas.org.ng/fellowship/members-of-council/|archivedate=7 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/12/five-professors-win-20102011-merit-award/|title=Five professors win 2010/2011 Merit Award|author=Lawani Mikairu|work=Vanguard News|date=1 December 2011|accessdate=6 June 2015}}</ref> Na afọ 2010 ọ bụ onye nka natara onyinye Nigerian National Order of Merit Award (NNOM), na ngalaba sayensị na 2013 ọ meriri Alexander Humboldt Prize. <ref name="NNOM" /> Ọ nwụrụ na 21 Nọvemba 2017 mgbe ọ rịasịrị obere ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-21|title=Breaking: Kaduna Commissioner for Education dies at 55|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/11/breaking-kaduna-commissioner-education-dies-55/|accessdate=2020-07-17|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Nok na afọ 11 Febụwarị 1962 na [[Kaduna]] Steeti, Northern Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nas.org.ng/fellowship/members-of-council/|title=Members of Council|work=Nigerian Academy of Science|accessdate=6 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707061854/http://www.nas.org.ng/fellowship/members-of-council/|archivedate=7 July 2015}}</ref> Nne na nna ya si na obodo Nok na Jaba Local Government Area nke Kaduna State. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị LEA dị na Kaduna tupu ọ gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gọọmentị, Kafanchan ebe ọ nwetara asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ West African na 1979, n'otu afọ ahụ ka a nabatara ya na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]] ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na Biochemistry na 1983, nzere masta na 1988 na nzere doctorate na 1993.<ref name="NNOM">{{Cite web|url=http://nnma.gov.ng/users/andrew-jonathan-nok-(nnom)/722495703|title=Prof. Andrew Jonathan Nok (NNOM)|work=Nigerian National Order of Merit|accessdate=6 June 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://nnma.gov.ng/users/andrew-jonathan-nok-(nnom)/722495703 "Prof. Andrew Jonathan Nok (NNOM)"]. ''Nigerian National Order of Merit''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/12/five-professors-win-20102011-merit-award/|title=Five professors win 2010/2011 Merit Award|author=Lawani Mikairu|work=Vanguard News|date=1 December 2011|accessdate=6 June 2015}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Amina Nok ma bụrụ nna ụmụ atọ: Anita, Amanda na Nathan Nok. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == A họpụtara Nok dịka Kọmishọna nke na afụ maka Ahụike na Ọrụ Mmadụ site n'aka Gọvanọ Ukwu nke Kaduna steeti, Mallam [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai]] na 29 Julaị 2015, ya na ndị ọzọ 12 a họpụtara. == Mmekọrịta == * Fellow, Nijiria Academy of ScienceỤlọ Akwụkwọ Sayensị Naịjirịa * Onye otu, Alexander von Humboldt FoundationNtọala Alexander von Humboldt * Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science * Ndị Enyi Lady Davis * Fellow, Nigerian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (NSBMB) * Fellow, NijiriaAcademy nke Science (NAS) Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sayensị Naịjirịa (NAS) == Edemsibia == Ndi mmekọrịta nchekwa obi{{Reflist|30em}}  [[Otú:1962 amuru]] k96ptgkn19fo7uo9jt8ruiqxk2k5u5q 0 71909 693116 673392 2026-07-31T11:11:13Z Chikerenma Ndubuka 8900 Fixed ref error 693116 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Atyoli Andrew Laah Yakubu and wife.jpg|thumb|Andrew Yakubu Laah]] '''Andrew Laah Yakubu''' (amụrụ na Septemba 10, 1955) bụbu onye isi njikwa otu nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala Naịjirịa. Onyeisiala Goodluck Ebele Jonathan nyere ya ọkwa a n'afọ 2012'''.'''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/5771-jonathan_sacks_nnpc_boss.html|date=26 June 2012|title=Jonathan fires NNPC boss, Austen Oniwon, names Andrew Yakubu as replacement|work=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=3 October 2024}}</ref>Ya na ndị otu njikwa ahụ nwetara nnwere onwe n'ọkwa ha iji mee ka mgbanwe ndị na-aga n'ihu na NNPC sikwuo ike site n'aka onye bụbu onyeisiala Goodluck Jonathan na Julaị 2014, a họpụtakwara Joseph Dawha dị ka onye ga-anọchi ya na Ọgọst 2014..<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/jonathan-sacks-nnpc-chief-yakubu-three-others/|title=Jonathan sacks NNPC chief Andrew Yakubu|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=2 August 2012|accessdate=3 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-18606614|title=President Goodluck Jonathan sacks Nigeria oil bosses|date=27 June 2012|accessdate=3 October 2024}}</ref> == Ndụ == A mụrụ Yakubu na Septemba 10, 1955, na Mawukili, Northern Region (ugbua dị na ndịda Kaduna State), Naịjirịa. Yakubu bụ onye na-eme ebere nke nyere aka na ọrụ ebere dị iche iche n'ọtụtụ ụka na òtù dị iche iche na Naịjirịa. Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ọ na-akwado ndị ogbenye site n'inye onyinye, nkwado na agụmakwụkwọ maka ndị ogbenye site na iji ntọala ya. E nyere ya aha onyeisi "Iya A̠tyap" site n'aka Atyap Chiefdom nke Kaduna State na 2004, ọ bụkwa onye otu zuru oke nke Atyap Council of Chiefs.<ref name="NAE" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/5771-jonathan_sacks_nnpc_boss.html|date=26 June 2012|title=Jonathan fires NNPC boss, Austen Oniwon, names Andrew Yakubu as replacement|work=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=3 October 2024}}</ref> == Mmụta == Yakubu gara Government College na [[Keffi]] site na 1969 ruo 1973, nweta asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ West African. <ref name=":1" /> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara College of Arts and Science na [[Zaria]] ruo 1975, mgbe ọ banyere na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]] n'ebe ahụ, na-amụ injinia kemịkal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Andrew Yakubu - the Quiet Player in a Key Sector|work=[[This Day]]|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201310140398.html|date=12 October 2013|accessdate=3 October 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BA na 1979, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe tupu ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa ọrụ na NETCO na Machị 2005. Na mgbakwunye na agụmakwụkwọ ya na kemistri, ọ natara asambodo na Strategy and Organization site na Graduate School of Business Studies nke Mahadum Stanford. == Ọrụ == Ọ hapụrụ ọrụ NETCO ya na Disemba 2006 iji rụọ ọrụ na Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, nke mbụ dị ka onye isi njikwa ma mesịa dị ka onye nchịkwa na onye isi oche. Ọ malitere ọrụ ahụ ọtụtụ ọnwa mgbe nsogbu mmanụ ala nke mba na Naịjirịa gasịrị, mgbe a na-ele NNPC anya n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka nzukọ rụrụ arụ, <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Yakubu, NNPC GMD formally unveiled|work=[[P.M. News]]|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/07/01/yakubu-nnpc-gmd-formally-unveiled/|date=1 July 2012|accessdate=3 October 2024}}</ref> ma na-elekọta mgbanwe n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mba ahụ ruo mgbe ewepụrụ ya n'oge ọchịchị onye isi ala Jonathan na ebubo nke nnupụisi. Ntinye aka nke Yakubu mere ka gas na-enye ahịa Naijiria na-eto site na 300 nde cubic feet kwa ụbọchị (mcfpd) ruo 1500mcfpD, nke 70% raara nye iji kwado ngalaba ike. Ọ nọgidere na-enwe nkwụsi ike n'inye na nkesa nke ngwaahịa mmanụ ala gafee mba ahụ, na ụlọ nrụpụta atọ nke Naịjirịa na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa. Ọ na-agbanye Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units (FCC) na Kaduna refinery, Port Harcourt FCC na-arụ ọrụ, ebe Warri refinery na-agakwa site na mgbalị nke ndị ọkachamara nọ n'ụlọ ọ na-arụ. Ọ bụ onye otu Nigerian Society of Engineers; onye otu Nigarian Society of Chemical Engineers; Onye otu Nigerian Association of Technologists in Engineering Associate Fellow, Chemical Society of Nigeria na onye injinia edebanyere aha nke Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria COREN. Ọ bụ onye otu Nigerian Association of Technologist in Engineering . <ref name=":1" />{{Cite news|title=Yakubu, NNPC GMD formally unveiled|work=[[P.M. News]]|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/07/01/yakubu-nnpc-gmd-formally-unveiled/|date=1 July 2012|accessdate=3 October 2024}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/07/01/yakubu-nnpc-gmd-formally-unveiled/ "Yakubu, NNPC GMD formally unveiled"]. ''[[P.M. News]]''. 1 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Nsọpụrụ ya gụnyere Presidential Merit Award site na Nigerian Society of Chemical Engineers (1997) na GMD nke NNPC Award (1987). == Mgbukpọ site na Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation == Onyeisiala Goodluck Jonathan chụpụrụ Yakubu n'ọkwa ya dịka onye isi njikwa otu NNPC n'ihi esemokwu dị n'etiti ya na Minista mmanụ ala Diezani Alison-Madueke onye a ga-ahọpụta dịka onye isi njikwa nke Nigerian Petroleum Development Company Limited (NPDC). <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/5771-jonathan_sacks_nnpc_boss.html|date=26 June 2012|title=Jonathan fires NNPC boss, Austen Oniwon, names Andrew Yakubu as replacement|work=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=3 October 2024}}</ref> Onye isi ala n'aka nke ọzọ kwuru na a chụpụrụ ndị otu njikwa NNPC iji mee ka mgbanwe ndị na-aga n'ihu na nzukọ ahụ sikwuo ike.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/jonathan-sacks-nnpc-chief-yakubu-three-others/|title=Jonathan sacks NNPC chief Andrew Yakubu|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=2 August 2012|accessdate=3 October 2024}}</ref> N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2017, ndị ọrụ Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) chọtara nnukwu ego (USD 9.8 nde na GBP 72,000) n'ụlọ ya n'obodo [[Kaduna]], Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/5771-jonathan_sacks_nnpc_boss.html|date=26 June 2012|title=Jonathan fires NNPC boss, Austen Oniwon, names Andrew Yakubu as replacement|work=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=3 October 2024}}</ref> Yakubu kọọrọ ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara ahụ na Kano ma mee nkwupụta ebe ọ kwetara na ọ bụ ya nwe ego ahụ, na-azọrọ na ọ bụ "onyinye" sitere n'aka ndị a na-akpọghị aha. Ụlọ ọrụ na-alụso nrụrụaka ọgụ, EFCC, boro Yakubu ebubo n'ụlọ ikpe maka nkwupụta ụgha nke akụ ya, maka nchọpụta nke $9.8m n'ụlọ ya na Kaduna. Ụlọ ikpe ọ bụla ahụbeghị ya ikpe maka nrụrụaka na Naịjirịa. Otú ọ dị, o tinyere akwụkwọ ikpe Naira ijeri megide EFCC na Attorney General nke Federation maka mmebi na Machị 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/5771-jonathan_sacks_nnpc_boss.html|date=26 June 2012|title=Jonathan fires NNPC boss, Austen Oniwon, names Andrew Yakubu as replacement|work=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=3 October 2024}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2022, ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke gọọmentị etiti tọhapụrụ Andrew Yakubu ma tọhapụ ya ma ụlọ ikpe nyere EFCC iwu ka ọ weghachite ego ahụ e jidere. == Ndụ onwe onye == Yakubu lụrụ Sarah Yakubu onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ isii na ụmụ ụmụ itoolu. O nwere mmasị siri ike na egwuregwu golf na [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]].<ref name="NAE">{{Cite web|title=Engr. Andrew Laah Yakubu|url=https://nae.ng/fellows-directory|work=The Nigerian Academy of Engineering|accessdate=3 October 2024}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}} * {{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/223140-efcc-recovered-9-8million-yakubu-ex-nnpc-gmd-see-mountains-dollars.html|title=223140 EFCC recovered 9/8 million Yakubu Ex NNPC GMD see mountains dollar|work=[[Premium Times]]|date=10 February 2017|accessdate=3 October 2024}} * [https://www.okayng.com/photos-how-effc-uncovered-9-8m-74000-in-ex-nnpc-gmd-yakubu-andrews-house/ Foto EFCC ya kpughere nde 9/8 74000 na ụlọ NNPC GMD Yakubu Andrews]  * {{Cite news|title=Kachikwu's appointment as new NNPC GMD, change people had been clamouring for - Stakeholders|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/kachikwus-appointment-as-new-nnpc-gmd-change-people-had-been-clamouring-for-stakeholders/|date=4 August 2015|accessdate=3 October 2024}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] frvg9vqkyp37vofki5gfqvely6v20bd 0 72344 693031 673353 2026-07-31T07:48:23Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693031 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Amanda Adams 2010.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Amanda Adams ]]   Amanda Adams bụ onye ode akwụkwọ na ọkà mmụta ihe ochie sitere na Amerịka.[1] Ọ bụkwa onye nlereanya ejiji mbụ ma pụtara na mgbasa ozi Buffalo Jeans na 1996.[1] == Akụkọ ndụ == O gara mahadum University of California, Berkeley, na ngalaba Anthropology na ngwụsị afọ 1990s wee mechaa nweta nkwanye ugwu Kroeber. O mechara nweta nzere masters na archaeology site na mahadum University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Ihe odide ihe ọmụmụ ya bụ Visions Cast on Stone, a na-ebipụta nke nchịkọta ha na magazin The Midden. Akwụkwọ mbụ Adams. A Mermaid's Tale, bụ maka akụkọ ifo mermaid si gburugburu ụwa.<ref name="Shulman">{{Cite news|author=Shulman|first=Polly|title=A Model Archaeologist|url=http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_magazine/previous_issues/articles/2006_12_22/nodoi.6521714672264342508|accessdate=13 April 2015|publisher=AAAS|date=22 December 2006}}</ref> Ọ natara nyocha kpakpando na Booklist . <ref name="Booklist">{{Cite news|title=A Mermaid's Tale|url=http://www.booklistonline.com/ProductInfo.aspx?pid=1750955&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1|accessdate=13 April 2015|publisher=Booklist|date=15 September 2006}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ, Ladies of the Field, na-akọwa ndụ ndị na-amụ banyere ihe ochie nke ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="ArrietaJ" /><ref name="Arieta" /><ref name="PW">{{Cite news|title=Ladies of the Field: Women Archaeologists and Their Search for Adventure|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-55365-433-9|accessdate=13 April 2015|publisher=Publishers Weekly|date=9 August 2010}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == *   *  <ref name="ArrietaJ">{{Cite news|author=Arrieta|first=Julio|title=La reina del desierto|url=http://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/20140425/mas-actualidad/sociedad/reina-desierto-201404242232.html|accessdate=13 April 2015|publisher=El Correo|date=25 May 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFArrieta2014">Arrieta, Julio (May 25, 2014). [http://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/20140425/mas-actualidad/sociedad/reina-desierto-201404242232.html "La reina del desierto"]. El Correo. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140426005117/http://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/20140425/mas-actualidad/sociedad/reina-desierto-201404242232.html Archived] from the original on April 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Arieta">{{Cite news|author=Arrieta|first=Julio|title=La arqueóloga peligrosa|url=http://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/20130524/mas-actualidad/sociedad/arqueologa-peligrosa-201305231942.html|accessdate=13 April 2015|publisher=El Correo|date=24 May 2013}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFArrieta2013">Arrieta, Julio (May 24, 2013). [http://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/20130524/mas-actualidad/sociedad/arqueologa-peligrosa-201305231942.html "La arqueóloga peligrosa"]. El Correo. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130607161334/http://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/20130524/mas-actualidad/sociedad/arqueologa-peligrosa-201305231942.html Archived] from the original on June 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091011113233/http://www.7x7.com/content/e/hot-20-2009-amanda-adams-archaeologist-and-founder-loki "Hot 20 Under 40" maka San Francisco] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131015204405/http://www.dmpibooks.com/book/ladies-of-the-field Dmpibooks.com] * [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20060902.BKMERM02/TPStory/Entertainment/Books Globe and Mail Review of Books; September 2, 2006] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070910005022/http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_development/previous_issues/articles/2006_12_22/a_model_archaeologist/ Sciencecareers.sciencemag.org] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 88qhi9g1xy9rnkim6y0o6ih0s2bu7do 0 72352 693095 577412 2026-07-31T10:07:22Z Chikerenma Ndubuka 8900 Fixed ref error 693095 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards''' (7 Juun 1831 – 15 Eprel 1892), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Amelia B. Edwards''', bụ onye England bụ '''ode akwụkwọ akụkọ (novelist)''', '''onye nta akụkọ (journalist)''', '''onye njem (traveller)''' na '''onye ọkà mmụta banyere Ijipt (Egyptologist)'''. Ihe ịga nke ọma ya n’akwụkwọ gụnyere akụkọ mmụọ ''The Phantom Coach'' (1864), akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Barbara's History'' (1864) na ''Lord Brackenbury'' (1880), nakwa akwụkwọ njem ya gbasara Ijipt ''A Thousand Miles up the Nile'' (1877). Ọ gakwara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta '''akwụkwọ abụ (anthology)''' e bipụtara n’afọ 1878.. N’afọ '''1882''', ọ sonyere n’ịtọ ntọala '''Egypt Exploration Fund'''. N’ihi onyinye na nkwado ya n’ọmụmụ ihe gbasara Ijipt, e nyere ya aha a na-akpọ '''“Nne-nabata (Godmother) nke Egyptology.”''' [[Faịlụ:Bust_of_Amelia_Edwards,_Petrie_Museum,_University_College,_London.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|240x240px|Bust nke Amelia Edwards, Petrie Museum, University College, London]] [[Faịlụ:Titian's_Birthplace.gif|thumb|Ebe a mụrụ Titian, na Pieve di Cadore, nke Amelia Edwards sere n'akwụkwọ ya Untrodden Peaks and Unfrequented Valleys . <ref>''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011157746 A Poetry-book of modern poets]''.</ref>]] A mụrụ ya n’ụbọchị '''7 Juun 1831''' na '''Islington, London''', n’ezinụlọ nwere nne bụ onye Ireland na nna bụbu '''ọfịsa n’Agha Britain''' tupu ọ ghọọ onye '''ụlọ akụ (banker)'''. Edwards nwetara agụmakwụkwọ n’ụlọ site n’aka nne ya, ma gosipụta nkà ide ihe n’oge nwata ya. Ọ bipụtara '''abụ mbụ ya''' mgbe ọ dị '''afọ asaa''', ma bipụta '''akụkọ mbụ ya''' mgbe ọ dị '''afọ iri na abụọ'''. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, o dere ọtụtụ abụ, akụkọ na edemede dị iche iche n’akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi dị iche iche, gụnyere ''Chambers’s Journal'', ''Household Words'' na ''All the Year Round''. Ọ gakwara deere ''Saturday Review'' na ''Morning Post''. Na mgbakwunye, '''Edwards''' ghọrọkwa '''onye nka (artist)'''. Ọ na-ese ihe iji kọwaa ụfọdụ n’ime ihe o dere, ma na-ese kwa ihe ngosi sitere n’akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ ọ gụrụ. Ọ nwere nkà nke ukwuu mgbe ọ dị '''afọ iri na abụọ''', nke mere ka '''George Cruikshank''' hụ ya n’anya ruo n’ókè o kwere ịkụziri ya nka, ma nne na nna Edwards akwadoghị nkà a ya. Ha hụrụ nka dịka ọrụ dị ala, ma hụkwa ụdị ndụ ndị na-ese ihe dịka ihe ihere. Mkpebi ha jọgburu onwe ya sochiri Edwards n’oge nwata ya. Ọ na-ajụ onwe ya ugboro ugboro ma eleghị anya '''nka''' abụghị ezigbo ọrụ e kere ya ime n’eziokwu. Nke atọ, Edwards malitere ide ma na-eme egwu ruo afọ ole na ole, ruo mgbe ọ rịara ọrịa typhus na 1849 nke akpịrị na-egbu mgbu na-esochi. Nke a mere ka o sie ike ịbụ abụ, na-eme ka ọ ghara inwe mmasị na egwu ma na-akwa ụta maka oge ọ nọrọ na opera. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-amasị ya gụnyere ịgba égbè, ịgba ịnyịnya na mgbakọ na mwepụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Jenkins|first=Ruth Y.|date=2007|title=More Usefully Employed: Amelia B. Edwards, Writer, Traveler and Campaigner for Ancient Egypt|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/218898|journal=Victorian Studies|volume=49|issue=2|pages=365–367|doi=10.2979/VIC.2007.49.2.365}}</ref> N’mmalite '''afọ 1850s''', Edwards bidoro ilekwasị anya nke ukwuu n’ịbụ '''ode akwụkwọ'''. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya mbụ zuru oke bụ ''My Brother's Wife'' (1855). A nabatara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya nke ọma, ma ọ bụ ''Barbara's History'' (1864)—akwụkwọ akụkọ metụtara '''inwe di ma ọ bụ nwunye abụọ n’otu oge (bigamy)'''—mere ka aha ya pụta ìhè nke ukwuu. Ọ na-etinye oge na mgbalị dị ukwuu n’ịmepụta ebe na ndabere (settings na backgrounds) nke akwụkwọ ya, na-atụ aro na ọ na-ewe ya ihe dị ka '''afọ abụọ''' iji mezue nchọpụta na ide akwụkwọ ọ bụla. Mgbalị a mịrị mkpụrụ mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ ikpeazụ ya, ''Lord Brackenbury'' (1880), bipụtara n’mbipụta dị iche iche.<ref>''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011157746 A Poetry-book of modern poets]''.</ref> Edwards dere ọtụtụ akụkọ mmụọ, gụnyere "The Phantom Coach" (1864), nke na-apụta ugboro ugboro n'akwụkwọ akụkọ. Ihe omuma na ihe odide n'ọtụtụ ihe odide ya sitere na ahụmịhe onwe onye. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Barbara's History (1864) na-eji Suffolk dị ka ndabere, nke ọ gara maka ezumike oge okpomọkụ ole na ole dị ka nwatakịrị.<ref name=":1" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Na Jenụwarị 1851, Amelia Edwards kwere Maazị Bacon nkwa ọlụlụ (aha mbụ a na-amaghị), ikekwe n'ihi nchebara echiche maka ndị nne na nna ya na-eme agadi, bụ ndị nwere ike ichegbu onwe ha maka nchekwa akụ na ụba nwa ha nwanyị n'ọdịnihu. Enweghị ihe ịrịba ama na-egosi mmekọrịta ịhụnanya; n'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, Edwards yiri ka ọ nweghị ọmịiko ọ bụla maka onye ọ chọrọ ịlụ. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1851, ọ kwụsịrị nkwa ọlụlụ ahụ.<ref>''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011157746 A Poetry-book of modern poets]''.</ref> '''Amelia Edwards''' na-emekarị ka njikọ mmetụta uche ya bụrụ nke ọ na-eme fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ '''naanị na ụmụ nwanyị'''. Site na mbido '''afọ 1860s''', ọ biri na '''Ellen Drew Braysher''' (1804–1892), '''nwanyi di ya nwụrụ (widow)''' nke karịrị ya '''afọ 27''', onye tufuru di ya na nwa ya nwaanyị obere oge ka nne na nna Edwards nwụsịrị. Braysher ghọrọ onye ibe ya na onye na-eso ya biri ruo mgbe '''ha abụọ nwụsịrị n’mmalite 1892'''. Onye ọzọ dị mkpa n’ndụ Edwards bụ '''Ellen Byrne''', nwunye onye ụkọchukwu na onye nlekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ, onye Edwards yiri ka ya na ya nwere '''mmekọrịta ịhụnanya''' n’ọkara nke abụọ nke '''afọ 1860s'''. Mmekọrịta ahụ kwụsịrị mgbe di Ellen, '''John Rice Byrne''', natara ọrụ n’ógbè ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzọ, ha wee kwaga ebe ahụ. Nke a mere ka Edwards '''nwute nke ukwuu'''. Akwụkwọ Edwards, nke echekwara na Somerville College, enweghị ihe ọ bụla gbasara mmekọrịta a, mana akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka onye edemede na onye na-ahụ maka [[nwoke idina nwoke]] John Addington Symonds nye onye na-amụ banyere mmekọahụ Havelock Ellis na-ekpughe na Edwards gwara Symonds ya mgbe ha abụọ ghọrọ ndị enyi n'ihe dị ka 1864. Dị ka Symonds si kwuo, John Rice Byrne maara ọdịdị nke mmetụta nwunye ya nwere maka Edwards ma kwado mmekọrịta ahụ. Ellis kpọrọ aha ozi a ma jiri ya mee ihe na akwụkwọ ya ''[./Studies_in_the_Psychology_of_Sex_Vol._&#x3C;i&#x20;id=]2''" id="mwig" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 2">Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 2 dị ka ihe atụ nke ihe ọ kpọrọ "mmekọahụ".<ref>''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011157746 A Poetry-book of modern poets]''.</ref> Edwards gara n'ihu na-enwe mmekọrịta dị mkpa, nke chiri anya na onye na-ese ihe Marianne North (1830-1890), onye ya na ya na-eme njem Lucy Renshaw (1833-1919) na onye ya na-akọrọ ya obi n'oge afọ ndị sochirinụ, Kate Bradbury (mgbe e mesịrị Griffith), onye ghọkwara onye na-emezu uche Edwards. == Dolomites == [[Faịlụ:The_Monte_Pelmo.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Monte Pelmo, dị ka Edwards si dọrọ n'oge njem ya na Dolomites]] Edwards nụrụ maka '''Dolomites''' nke mbụ ya n’afọ '''1853''', site n’eserese (sketches) e weghachiri '''England''' site na '''Italy'''. N’ụbọchị '''27 Juun 1872''', ọ malitere njem gafee ugwu ndị ahụ ya na enyi ya '''Lucy Renshaw'''. N’ụbọchị ahụ, ha si '''Monte Generoso''' gawa '''Venice''', otu n’ime ụzọ atọ a maara nke ọma esi abanye n’ógbè '''Dolomites''', ma tupu ha apụ, ha kewapụrụ na '''odibo nwanyị''' na '''onye na-elekọta Renshaw''', bụ ndị na-akwadoghị ụdị njem dị otu a. Kama nke ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị Mbụ ahụ Agordo ndị nduzi ugwu site na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Amelia Edwards Traveller, Novelist & Egyptologist|author=Rees|first=Joan|publisher=The Rubicon Press|year=1998|location=London|pages=25–31}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRees1998">Rees, Joan (1998). ''Amelia Edwards Traveller, Novelist & Egyptologist''. London: The Rubicon Press. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">25–</span>31.</cite></ref> Na 1 Julaị 1872, mgbe ha nọrọ ụbọchị atọ na Venice, Edwards na Renshaw hapụrụ Longarone, Cortina d'Ampezzo, Pieve di Cadore, Auronzo di Cadore. <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Untrodden Peaks and Unfrequented Valleys|author=Edwards|first=Amellia|publisher=George Routledge and Sons|year=1890|location=London}}</ref> N’oge Edwards gara leta ya, a na-akọwa '''Dolomites''' dịka '''terra incognita''' (ala a na-amaghị nke ọma), ma ọbụna ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma anụbeghị aha ya. E kọwara njem a n’akwụkwọ ya ''A Midsummer Ramble in the Dolomites'' (1873), nke e mechara gbanwee aha ya bụrụ ''Untrodden Peaks and Infrequent Valleys''. N’oge njem a, Edwards chọkwara ọrụ nka nke '''Titian''', ma chọta ihe osise '''Madonna na Nwa''' na '''Serravalle (Vittorio Veneto)''', yana osise abụọ ndị ọzọ n’ụlọ ụka otu obodo dị na '''Cadore'''. Mgbe o si n'ugwu gbadata, Edwards kọwara ndụ mepere emepe dị ka "ụwa nke ebe a na-ahụkarị". N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1873, n'enweghị afọ ojuju na njedebe nke njem ha, Edwards na Renshawe gara njem ije na France.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Amelia Edwards Traveller, Novelist & Egyptologist|author=Rees|first=Joan|publisher=The Rubicon Press|year=1998|location=London|pages=25–31}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRees1998">Rees, Joan (1998). ''Amelia Edwards Traveller, Novelist & Egyptologist''. London: The Rubicon Press. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">25–</span>31.</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, nnukwu mmiri ozuzo kwụsịrị nke a, ihe mere ka ha na-ele anya n'Ijipt. [[Faịlụ:Upper_part_of_a_statuette_of_an_Egyptian_man_and_his_wife._18th_Dynasty._From_Egypt._From_the_Amelia_Edwards_Collection._Now_housed_in_the_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg|thumb|Akụkụ dị n'elu ihe oyiyi nke nwanyị Ijipt na di ya. Ọchịchị nke 18. Site n'Ijipt. Site na Amelia Edwards Collection. Ugbu a dị na Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.]] [[Faịlụ:Philæ_from_the_South_(1890)_-_TIMEA.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Philae (ihe osise sitere na A Thousand Miles up the Nile) ]] Edwards, ya na '''Lucy Renshaw''' ọzọ, gara njem n’'''Egypt''' n’oge oyi nke '''1873–1874''', ma nwee oke mmasị na ala ahụ na omenala ya—ma nke oge ochie ma nke oge a. Ka ha na-aga n’ebe ndịda site na '''Cairo''', ha jiri '''dahabiyeh''' (ụgbọ mmiri a na-ebido ma biri n’ime ya) ha gbazitere mee njem. Ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ahụ gara '''Philae''' ma n’ikpeazụ rute '''Abu Simbel''', ebe ha nọrọ '''izu isii'''. Otu onye ọzọ so n’otu ha bụ onye na-ese ihe England, '''Andrew McCallum''', bụ́ onye chọpụtara otu ebe nsọ nke mechara were aha ya ruo oge ụfọdụ. Ụgbọ mmiri ha sonyere n’ìgwè ụgbọ mmiri (flotilla) nke gụnyere onye njem England ọzọ bụ nwanyị, '''Marianne Brocklehurst''', onye ya na otu enyi nwanyị na-eme njem. '''Brocklehurst''' na '''Edwards''' nọgidere bụrụ enyi, ma Brocklehurst mechara kwado '''Egypt Exploration Fund''' nke Edwards. Edwards wrote a successful, self-illustrated description of her Nile voyage entitled ''A Thousand Miles up the Nile'' (1877).<ref>''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011157746 A Poetry-book of modern poets]''.</ref><ref>''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011157746 A Poetry-book of modern poets]''.</ref> Her travels in Egypt made her aware of increasing threats to ancient monuments from tourism and modern development. She set out to hinder these through public awareness and scientific endeavour, becoming an advocate for research and preservation of them. In 1882, she co-founded the Egypt Exploration Fund with Reginald Stuart Poole, Curator of the Department of Coins and Medals at the British Museum. Edwards became joint Honorary Secretary of the Fund until her death. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:Great_Rock-Cut_Temple,_Abou_Simbel,_Nubia_(1890)_-_TIMEA.jpg|thumb|Nnukwu ụlọ nsọ dị na [[Abu Simbel]] (site na ''Otu puku kilomita n'elu Osimiri Naịl'') ]] Iji kwalite ọrụ nke Fund ahụ, Edwards hapụrụ ihe odide ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu maka Egyptology. O nyere aka na mbipụta nke 9 nke ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', ary. Na mgbakwunye, Edwards gara njem nkuzi siri ike na United States na 1889-1890. Okwu ndị ahụ mechara pụta dị ka Fero, Fellahs na Explorers. Iji mee ka ọrụ '''Fund''' na-aga nke ọma, Edwards hapụrụ ọtụtụ ide akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ ma lekwasị anya na '''Egyptology'''. Ọ nyere aka na '''mbipụta nke 9''' nke ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', nakwa na mgbakwunye Amerịka nke ya, tinyere na ''Standard Dictionary''. Na mgbakwunye, Edwards gara '''ọkụkọsịrị ike (strenuous lecture tour)''' na '''United States''' n’afọ '''1889–1890'''. Akwụkwọ nke okwu ya mechara pụta bụ ''Pharaohs, Fellahs and Explorers''.<ref>''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011157746 A Poetry-book of modern poets]''.</ref> == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! ! ! ! |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |} Mgbe ọ butere influenza, Edwards nwụrụ na 15 Eprel 1892 na Weston-super-Mare, ebe ọ biri na Westbury-on-Trym, nso Bristol, kemgbe 1864. <ref name="ODNB">{{Cite book|editor=Matthew, H. C. G.|date=2004|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|pages=908–909|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-19-861367-9}}</ref><ref>''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011157746 A Poetry-book of modern poets]''.</ref> E liri ya n'ogige ụka nke St Mary the Virgin, Henbury, Bristol, ebe ili ya nwere obelisk nwere nkume ankh n'ụkwụ. N'akụkụ ya bụ ili nke onye ya na ya biri ndụ ruo afọ 30, Ellen Drew Braysher (9 Eprel 1804 - 9 Jenụwarị 1892), onye ya na onye ya biri na Westbury-on-Trym na nwa Ellen, Sarah Harriet Brayshers (1832-1864). Na Septemba 2016, Historic England họpụtara ili ahụ Grade II depụtara, dị ka ihe ịrịba ama na akụkọ ihe mere eme LGBT nke Bekee. <ref>''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011157746 A Poetry-book of modern poets]''.</ref> Edwards nyere Mahadum College London ihe ncheta ya na ọbá akwụkwọ ya, na ego nke £ 2,500 iji chọta oche Edwards nke Egyptology nke nwere nnukwu mmetụta na mmepe nke Egyptology dị ka ọzụzụ. <ref>''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011157746 A Poetry-book of modern poets]''.</ref> Nraranye ya na sayensị a mere ka a kpọọ ya "Nne Nlekọta nke Egyptology".<ref>''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011157746 A Poetry-book of modern poets]''.</ref> Edwards kwadokwara ọbá akwụkwọ kọleji Somerville, ebe ọ hapụrụ ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ na ihe osise mmiri na Somerville College, Oxford, yana obere nchịkọta nke ite ndị Gris na ndị Rom.<ref>''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011157746 A Poetry-book of modern poets]''.</ref> == N'omenala a ma ama == * N'afọ 2012, e gosipụtara Edwards dị ka onye na-adịghị abụ abụ na mmepụta Stephen Medcalf nke ''Aida'' na Royal Albert Hall nke London.<ref>''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011157746 A Poetry-book of modern poets]''.</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ na-amalite site na "igwu" Victorian n'etiti ili ndị Ijipt na ihe omume ahụ na-aga n'ihu ka Edwards na-eche na atụmatụ ahụ na-ewere ọnọdụ dabere na nyocha ya nke saịtị ahụ.<ref>''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011157746 A Poetry-book of modern poets]''.</ref> Akwụkwọ ahụ dabeere na ihe omume nke onye Egyptologist Auguste Mariette, onye ya na Edwards dịkọrọ ndụ. * Onye Egyptologist na onye edemede Elizabeth Peters (Barbara Mertz) kpọrọ onye ya Amelia Peabody n'aha Amelia Edwards.<ref>''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011157746 A Poetry-book of modern poets]''.</ref> * N'afọ 2014, otu egwu ọhụrụ, Alarm Will Sound, mere ihe nkiri egwu, I Was Here I Was I, nke dabeere na Amelia Edwards's A Thousand Miles Up the Nile, na Temple of Dendur na Metropolitan Museum of Arts' Sackler Wing. Ọ bụ Nigel Maister dere ya ma duzie ya na egwu Kate Soper. * E mere ihe ngosi otu nwanyị dabere na ndụ Edwards, Hers Was the Earth, nke Kim Hicks, na Petrie Museum n'oge emume ụbọchị ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 2011. * Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi Edwards "Was It an Illusion?" (1881), banyere onye nyocha ụlọ akwụkwọ nke nwere ihe na-agbagwoju anya na nleta ya n'ebe ugwu England, gosipụtara na Audible's 2017 Ghostly Tales anthology, nke Simon Callow kọrọ. == Akwụkwọ == === Akụkọ ihe mere eme na nkà mmụta ihe ochie === * ''Nchịkọta nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Bekee: site na mmeri Rom ruo n'oge a'', 1856 * Nchịkọta nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Bekee: site na mmeri ndị Rom ruo n'oge a: na nchọpụta banyere ọganihu nke nka, sayensị na mmepeanya na ajụjụ ndị kwekọrọ na paragraf ọ bụla: maka iji ụlọ akwụkwọ, c. 1857 * ''Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke France; site na mmeri nke Gaul site n'aka ndị Rom ruo na Udo nke 1856'', 1858 * Akụkọ Cervantes, wdg, 1862 * A Thousand Miles Up the Nile London: George Routledge and Sons Ltd, 1877 (1st mbipụta) na 1888 (2nd mbipụta, ) <ref>''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011157746 A Poetry-book of modern poets]''.</ref>  * ''Fero, Fellahs na ndị nchọpụta''. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1891 === Akụkọ ifo === ==== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ==== * ''Her's Nwunye Nwanne m. Akụkọ Ndụ'', 1855 * ''Steepụ nke Ndụ. Akụkọ Obi'', 1857 * The Young Marquis, ma ọ bụ, Akụkọ sitere na Ọchịchị, c. 1857 * ''Nke iri na otu nke Machị. (Site n'akwụkwọ akpa nke afọ iri anọ gara aga) '', 1863 * Enweghị dike: Akụkọ ndụ onwe onye, 1863 * ''Akụkọ Barbara'', 1864 * ''Aka na Glove. Akwụkwọ akụkọ'', 1865 * ''Ọkara Nde Ego'', c. 1868 * ''Nkwa Debenham'', 1870 * N'ụbọchị nke ntorobịa m, 1873 * ''Lord Brackenbury'', 1880 ==== Akụkọ ifo dị mkpirikpi ==== * Miss Carew (nchịkọta), 1865 * ''Monsieur Maurice na Akụkọ Ndị Ọzọ'', 1873 <ref>''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011157746 A Poetry-book of modern poets]''.</ref> "Monsieur Maurice" "Akụkọ onye injinia" "The Cabaret of the Break of Day" "The Story of Ernst Christian Schoeffer" "The New Pass" "A Service of Danger" "A Night on the Borders of the Black Forest" "The History of Salome" "In the Confessional" "The Tragedy in the Palazzo Bardell" "The Four Fifteen Express" "Sister Johanna's Story" "All Saints' Eve" ** "Maazị Maurice" ** "Akụkọ Injinia" ** "Cabaret nke Oge Ezumike" ** "Akụkọ Ernst Christian Schoeffer" ** "Nzọụkwụ Ọhụrụ" ** "Ọrụ nke Ihe Iche" ** "N'abalị n'ókè nke Oké Ọhịa Ojii" ** "Akụkọ Salome" ** "N'ime Nkwupụta" ** "Ọdachi ahụ mere na Palazzo Bardell" ** "The Fourteen Express" ** "Akụkọ Nwanne nwanyị Johanna" ** "Hawa Ndị Nsọ Nile" * The Phantom Coach, nke Amelia B. Edwards, nke I. M. Richardson kwadoro, nke Hal Ashmead sere, c. 1982 === Abụ uri === * ''Egwú'' ndị a na-akpọ ballads London: Tinsley, 1865 * ''Akwụkwọ uri nke ndị okenye na-ede uri, nke nwere abụ na sonnets, odes na okwu, ahọpụtara ma hazie, na ihe edeturu, site na ọrụ nke ndị okenye England na-ede abụ, site na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri na anọ ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke asatọ''. 1878 === Nsụgharị === * Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke Egyptian Archaeology na Ntuziaka maka Ọmụmụ Ihe Ochie na Egypt: maka iji ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị njem site na Sir G. Maspero, nke Amelia B. Edwards sụgharịrị === Njem === * ''Ihe ngosi na Akụkọ: Ịbụ Akụkọ ụfọdụ nke njem ezumike site na North nke Belgium'', 1862 * ''Otu puku kilomita n'elu Osimiri Naịl'', 1877 * Ugwu ndị a na-amaghị ama na ndagwurugwu ndị a naghị agafe agafe: A Midsummer Ramble na Dolomites. London: Longman's, Green and Co., 1873 == Akụkọ ndụ == * Carl Graves, (2025) ''Amelia B. Edwards: 'Queen of Egyptology. ''': The Egypt Exploration Society. * Deborah Manley, (2015). ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' entry. * {{Cite book|author=Adams, Amanda|authorlink=Amanda Adams|title=Ladies of the Field|publisher=Greystone Books|date=2010}} * {{Cite book|author=Moon, Brenda E.|title=More usefully employed: Amelia B. Edwards, writer, traveller and campaigner for ancient Egypt|location=London|publisher=Egypt Exploration Society|date=2006}} * {{Cite book|author=Rees, Joan|title=Women on the Nile: Writings of Harriet Martineau, Florence Nightingale and Amelia Edwards|publisher=Rubicon Press|date=1995}} * {{Cite book|author=Rees, Joan|title=Amelia Edwards: traveller, novelist & Egyptologist|location=London|publisher=Rubicon Press|date=1998}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Online books, na ihe onwunwe nke ọbá akwụkwọn'ọbá akwụkwọ gịnan'ọbá akwụkwọ ndị ọzọbanyere Amelia Edwards * Online books, na ihe onwunwe nke ọbá akwụkwọn'ọbá akwụkwọ gịnan'ọbá akwụkwọ ndị ọzọnke Amelia Edwards dere * Works by Amelia EdwardsnaỌrụ Gutenberg * Works by or about Amelia EdwardsnaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet * Works by Amelia EdwardsnaLibriVox (Akwụkwọ ndị a na-ege ntị n'ógbè ọha na eze) * {{Cite web|editor=Ockerbloom, Mary Mark|url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/edwards.html|title=Amelia Edwards biography|work=UPenn Digital Library}} * {{Cite web|editor=Ockerbloom, Mary Mark|url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/|title=A Celebration of Women Writers|work=UPenn Digital Library}} * {{Cite web|author=Walther, Bianca|url=https://hsl.hypotheses.org/1650|work=hsl.hypotheses.org|title=The Eminent Lesbian or the Passionate Spinster? Posthumous Representations of Amelia Edwards' Love for Women|date=22 April 2021|doi=10.58079/ppwq}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s6eglchp1gfyiwklzyo3nql7knpl293 0 72380 693009 688229 2026-07-31T05:45:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693009 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Agitu Ideo Gudeta</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%" |<div class="nickname" lang="am">Aggituu Guddataa</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Agitu_Ideo_Gudeta_at_OEF16_(2).jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Gudeta na 2016</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" | <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1978-01-01</span>)</span> 1 Jenụwarị 1978 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia<br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Addis Ababa]], Etiopia</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" |29 Disemba 2020 <span style="display:none">(2020-12-29)</span> (afọ 42) <div class="deathplace" style="display:inline">Plankerhoff, [[Frassilongo]], Ịtali</div>&nbsp;<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma mater&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[University of Trento|Mahadum nke Trento]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọrụ | class="infobox-data role" |Onye ọrụ ugbo, Onye Ọchụnta ego, Onye Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aha ya | class="infobox-data title" |A na-akpọ ya Eze Nwanyị nke ewu Obi Ụtọ |} {{Reflist}} '''Agitu Ideo Gudeta''' (Oromo: Aggituu Ida'o Guddataa; Amharic: አጊቱ ጉደታ; 1 Jenụwarị 1978 - 29 Disemba 2020) bụ onye ọrụ ugbo Morofu nke Ethiopia <ref name=":13">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2020-12-31|title=La storia di Agitu Ideo Gudeta ha insegnato agli altri rifugiati a credere nei sogni|url=https://www.ilriformista.it/la-storia-di-agitu-ideo-gudeta-ha-insegnato-agli-altri-rifugiati-a-credere-nei-sogni-185877/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2021-01-09|work=Il Riformista|language=it}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite web|first=Annalisa|author=Camilli|date=2017-03-07|title=La ragazza etiope che alleva capre felici in Trentino|url=https://www.internazionale.it/notizie/annalisa-camilli/2017/03/07/etiopia-migranti-donne|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2021-01-09|work=Internazionale|language=it}}</ref> onye ọchụnta ego, na onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke kwagara Itali mgbe ọ nwesịrị esemokwu n'ihi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya megide njide ala nke ndị agha maka ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa. O hiwere ọrụ ugbo ewu site na iji ụdị Pezzata Mòchena nke obodo ahụ emepụta ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi na ihe ịchọ mma. Gudeta ghọrọ ihe nnọchianya mba nke gburugburu ebe obibi na njikọta ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-aga nke ọma n'ime obodo Itali site n'aka ndị nta akụkọ na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. E gburu ya na Disemba nke 2020; a boro Adams Suleiman, onye ọrụ oge Ghana nke o were n'ọrụ, ebubo ịkwaso ya iko n'ike na igbu ya. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Agitu Ideo Gudeta na 1 Jenụwarị 1978 na [[Addis Ababa]] . <ref name=":3"/><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|first=Redazione|author=Trento|date=December 30, 2020|title=Agitu, il collaboratore ghanese confessa: 'L'ho uccisa io'|url=https://www.lavocedeltrentino.it/2020/12/30/agitu-il-collaboratore-ghanese-confessa-lho-uccisa-io/|accessdate=December 31, 2020|work=La voce del Trentino|language=it}}</ref> Ọ mụtara usoro ọrụ ugbo site n'aka nne na nna ya ndị bi n'ime obodo.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|first=Lorenzo|author=Tondo|date=2021-01-01|title=Tributes paid to Ethiopian refugee farmer who championed integration in Italy|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jan/01/tributes-paid-to-ethiopian-refugee-farmer-who-championed-integration-in-italy|accessdate=2021-01-01|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Gudeta gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Trento na nzere na sociology.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=December 30, 2020|title=Woman hailed as model for refugee integration slain in Italy|url=https://apnews.com/article/arrests-italy-f1531a2df8cbd92a966ac90b9370e3a8|accessdate=December 31, 2020|work=AP NEWS}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Gudeta laghachiri Etiopia iji rụọ ọrụ na Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=December 31, 2020|title=የስደተኞች ተቆርቋሪና የስኬት ተምሳሌቷ አጊቱ ጉደታ ማን ነበረች?|language=am|work=BBC News አማርኛ|url=https://www.bbc.com/amharic/news-55496900|accessdate=January 1, 2021}}</ref> Ọ duziri ọrụ iji hazie ndị ọrụ ugbo ma belata ọrụ site na ọzụzụ, agụmakwụkwọ, na igwe. Ebumnuche ya bụ iji hụ na ego zuru oke.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=December 30, 2020|title='La mia vita da pastora: dura ma piena di soddisfazioni' – Cronaca|url=https://www.giornaletrentino.it/cronaca/la-mia-vita-da-pastora-dura-ma-piena-di-soddisfazioni-1.2511437|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=December 31, 2020|work=Trentino|language=it}}</ref> Gudeta ghọrọ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-etinye aka na ngagharị iwe na Addis Ababa megide mmepụta ihe na-enweghị nchịkwa na mmeri ala nke gọọmentị Etiopia maka ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=January 12, 2019|title=Integration with Goat's Cheese|url=https://www.dw.com/en/integration-with-goats-cheese/av-47792587|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=December 31, 2020|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=December 30, 2020|title=Ethiopian migrant who became symbol of integration in Italy killed on her goat farm|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-europe-migrants-italy-farmer-idUKKBN294173|accessdate=December 31, 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gbapụrụ n'agha ahụ n'afọ 2010, Gudeta kwagara Trentino dị ka onye gbara ọsọ ndụ. Mgbe ọ nyochachara ihe ndị metụtara ọrụ ugbo n'ógbè ahụ, o hiwere, nke mbụ na Val di Gresta wee hiwe na Valle dei Mocheni, La Capra Felice (Ewu Obi Ụtọ), ugbo ewu n'ala nkịtị nke a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na mbụ.<ref name=":2"/> Ọ mụrụ otu esi eme cheese ewu na France.<ref name=":6"/> Ugbo ya na-emepụta mmiri ara ehi na ihe ịchọ mma nke sitere na agbụrụ ụmụ amaala, Pezzata Mòchena.<ref name=":0"/> Gudeta malitere na ewu iri na ise tupu ọ gbasaa ọrụ ugbo ruo ụmụ anụmanụ otu narị na iri asatọ site na 2018. Ndụ ya na ugbo ya bụ isiokwu nke ihe ngosi Deutsche Welle. <ref name=":1"/> Na June 2020, ọ meghere ụlọ ahịa mbụ ya, {{Lang|it|Bottega della Capra Felice}}, na {{Lang|it|Piazza Venezia}} (Trento). <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=December 30, 2020|title='La mia vita da pastora: dura ma piena di soddisfazioni' – Cronaca|url=https://www.giornaletrentino.it/cronaca/la-mia-vita-da-pastora-dura-ma-piena-di-soddisfazioni-1.2511437|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=December 31, 2020|work=Trentino|language=it}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ == Gudeta ghọrọ ihe nnọchianya mba nke gburugburu ebe obibi na njikọta ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-aga nke ọma na Itali mgbe onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Emma Bonino toro ya.<ref name=":3"/> N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya maka Luisa Minazzi-Environmentalist of the Year site na Legambiente . <ref name=":3" /> Ndị mgbasa ozi na-akpọ ya "{{Lang|it|La Regina delle Capre Felici}}" ("Queen of Happy Goats"). <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=December 30, 2020|title='La mia vita da pastora: dura ma piena di soddisfazioni' – Cronaca|url=https://www.giornaletrentino.it/cronaca/la-mia-vita-da-pastora-dura-ma-piena-di-soddisfazioni-1.2511437|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=December 31, 2020|work=Trentino|language=it}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=August 26, 2018|title=Agitu, la 'Regina delle capre felici' minacciata di morte: 'Brutta negra, io ti uccido. Tornatevene nel vostro Paese'|first=Luca|author=Pianesi|url=https://www.ildolomiti.it/cronaca/2018/agitu-la-regina-delle-capre-felici-minacciata-di-morte-brutta-negra-io-ti-uccido|accessdate=December 31, 2020|work=il Dolomiti|language=it}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == N'afọ 2020, ọ biri n'otu ụlọ dị n'akụkụ ụlọ ụka ahụ na Plankerhoff, obodo nta na-asụ German dị nso na Frassilongo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|first=Andrea|author=Vogt|date=December 30, 2020|title=Ethiopian farmer and celebrated conservation figure murdered in Italy|language=en|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/12/30/ethiopian-farmer-celebrated-conservation-figure-murdered-italy/|accessdate=December 31, 2020}}</ref> Ya na onye edemede na onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Gabriella Ghermandi nwere omume enyi.<ref name=":7"/> == Igbu ọchụ == Na 29 Disemba afọ 2020, e gburu Gudeta, mgbe ọ dị afọ 42, n'ụlọ ya site na ịpịa ya hama n'isi, <ref name=":3"/> mgbe ọ nwara ime ihe ike mmekọahụ (a hụrụ ya ọkara ọtọ). <ref name=":15">{{Cite web|date=December 30, 2020|title=L'agghiacciante omicidio di Agitu: dai carabinieri la ricostruzione|url=https://www.ladige.it/news/cronaca/2020/12/30/lagghiacciante-omicidio-agitu-carabinieri-ricostruzione-dellaccaduto|accessdate=January 16, 2021|work=L'Adige|language=it|archivedate=January 27, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127051421/https://www.ladige.it/news/cronaca/2020/12/30/lagghiacciante-omicidio-agitu-carabinieri-ricostruzione-dellaccaduto}}</ref> <ref name=":20">{{Cite web|date=December 30, 2020|title=Agitu uccisa e violentata mentre era agonizzante: l'aggressore trovato in una stalla|url=https://www.trentotoday.it/cronaca/agitu-uccisa-violentata.html|accessdate=September 18, 2021|work=Trento Today|language=it}}</ref> Nnyocha ahụ mechara kpughee na ọ nweghị ihe ịrịba ama nke ime ihe ike mmekọahụ.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|date=April 16, 2021|title=L'esito dell'autopsia: Ideo Gudeta Agitu, lotta disperata per parare i colpi|url=https://www.ladige.it/territori/pergine/2021/04/16/l-esito-dell-autopsia-ideo-gudeta-agitu-lotta-disperata-per-parare-le-mazzate-1.2888832|accessdate=September 18, 2021|work=L'Adige|language=it|archivedate=May 14, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514005624/https://www.ladige.it/territori/pergine/2021/04/16/l-esito-dell-autopsia-ideo-gudeta-agitu-lotta-disperata-per-parare-le-mazzate-1.2888832}}</ref> Ndị agbata obi ya chọtara ozu ya mgbe ọ hapụrụ ọrụ azụmahịa.<ref name=":5"/><ref name=":0"/> E jidere Adams Suleiman, onye ọrụ oge Ghana nke ọ were n'ọrụ, ma boo ya ebubo igbu ọchụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=December 30, 2020|title='La mia vita da pastora: dura ma piena di soddisfazioni' – Cronaca|url=https://www.giornaletrentino.it/cronaca/la-mia-vita-da-pastora-dura-ma-piena-di-soddisfazioni-1.2511437|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=December 31, 2020|work=Trentino|language=it}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web|date=December 31, 2020|title=L'ho uccisa, volevo i soldi|url=https://www.pressreader.com/italy/corriere-del-trentino/20201231/281539408576184|accessdate=September 18, 2021|work=Press Reader: Corriere del Trentino|language=it}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, onye nnọchi anya Ethiopia na Ịtali, Zenebu Tadesse, gara Trentino iji soro Ministri nke Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ rụọ ọrụ.<ref name=":6"/> Kọmishọna Ukwu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Ndị Gbara Ọsọ Ndụ gosipụtara mwute ma kwuo na Gudeta "gosipụtara otu ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ nwere ike isi nye aka na obodo ndị na-anabata ha...N'agbanyeghị ọnwụ ya dị mwute, UNHCR nwere olile anya na a ga-echeta ma mee emume Agitu Ideo Gudeta dị ka ihe nlereanya nke ihe ịga nke ọma na njikọta ma gbaa ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ ume ndị na-alụ ọgụ iwughachi ndụ ha".<ref name=":7"/> == Ihe nkiri == * Ime cheese na Alps - akụkọ nke njikọta, Deutsche Welle Documentary - 2019 == Edensibịa == {{Authority control}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   {{Authority control}} qzdhrlw012d0ylntbpzk7muzo2a3r47 2 72386 692690 672344 2026-07-30T13:02:45Z Sayvhior 13464 /* 2023-dị ugbu a: GO+, JackBoys 2, na MANIA */ fixed reference errors 692690 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox musical artist | name = SoFaygo | image = SoFaygo (cropped).jpg | alt = Picture of SoFayGo | caption = SoFaygo performing in 2022 | birth_name = Andre Dontrel Burt Jr.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=High |first1=Kemet |title=SoFaygo Knocks on the Door of Success with a Hit Song and Cactus Jack Deal |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview/ |magazine=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]] |access-date=November 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027161827/https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview/ |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |date=October 27, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> | alias = {{hlist|Faygo|BabyJack|Lil Go|Go|Trvllinese|Chief Runna|GoStar General|Neezy|Lil Faygo|Fay}} | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|10|03}} | birth_place = [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], U.S.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soundcloud announces free concert headlining Sofaygo, Metro Marrs, & More!|url=https://thesource.com/2021/07/15/soundcloud-announces-free-atlanta-concert-with-sofaygo-qcs-metro-marrs-and-more/|access-date=July 15, 2021|website=The Source|date=July 15, 2021}}</ref> | origin = [[Atlanta]], Georgia, U.S. | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Hip-hop]] * [[Trap music|trap]] * [[rage (music genre)|rage]] * [[pop rap]] * [[plugg]] }} | occupation = {{flatlist| * Rapper * singer * songwriter }} | years_active = 2015–present | label = {{hlist|[[Cactus Jack Records|Cactus Jack]]}} | website = {{URL|imsofaygo.com/}} | module = {{Infobox | child = yes | label1 = Management | data1 = [[SinceThe80s]]}} }} '''Andre Dontrel Burt Jr.''' (amụrụ n'October 3, 2001), nke a maara dị ka '''SoFaygo''' (nke a na-akpọbu '''$ofaygo'''), bụ onye America na-eti egwu, na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu. Otu egwu ya nke afọ 2019, "Knock Knock", gbasara na TikTok na ngwụcha afọ 2020 tupu ọ nata asambodo platinum site na Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ pụtara na egwu Trippie Redd bụ "MP5", nke gosipụtara ntinye mbụ ya na <nowiki><i id="mwJQ">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100. Ọ bịanyere aka na onye rapper ibe ya Travis Scott's Cactus Jack Records iji wepụta abọm studio mbụ ya, ''Pink Heartz'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === 2015-2019: Mmalite === Burt dekọrọ abụ mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu n'okpuru ala nke enyi ya.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Is SoFaygo Next Up? He's Ready to Live Up to the Hype|url=https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504163801/https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archivedate=May 4, 2021|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=Complex|language=en}}</ref>Ọ malitere ịchụso egwu n'ụzọ siri ike n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, mgbe ọ na-aga Etowah High School. Burt gara site na aha egwu Trvllinese tupu ọ wepụta EP We Are Aliens na 2018. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Lyrical Lemonade|url=https://lyricallemonade.com/p/Faygo-the-boy-who-believed|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=lyricallemonade.com}}</ref> Burt wepụtara mixtape mbụ ya War na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị ''Agha'' mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ malitere ịnakọta ndị na-akwado ya. Ịbụ onye a ma ama mere ka Taz Taylor, onye guzobere akara ndekọ Internet Money, chọpụta ya, onye nyere ya aka na akara ahụ.<ref name="Audiomack">{{Cite web|title=How SoFaygo Rose Up From the Internet's Underground|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2021-05-25-sofaygo-interview-audiomack|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=DJBooth|date=May 25, 2021|language=en}}</ref> Burt gara Los Angeles iji tụlee onyinye a, mana ọ jụrụ.<ref name="Audiomack" />Burt emeela enyi onye na-eti egwu Lil Tecca, ha abụọ malitekwara ide egwu ọnụ.<ref name=":0" /> === 2020-2022: "Knock Knock" na ''Pink Heartz'' === Na Febụwarị 2021, Burt bịanyere aka na akara Travis Scott bụ Cactus Jack Records, nke gụnyere ndị rapper ndị ọzọ a ma ama dị ka Sheck Wes na Don Toliver. <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Audiomack">{{Cite web|title=How SoFaygo Rose Up From the Internet's Underground|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2021-05-25-sofaygo-interview-audiomack|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=DJBooth|date=May 25, 2021|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://djbooth.net/features/2021-05-25-sofaygo-interview-audiomack "How SoFaygo Rose Up From the Internet's Underground"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Na June 2021, Burt pụtara na usoro weebụ nke Genius Open Mic iji mee egwu ya "Knock Knock".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=10 Rappers You Should Know Right Now: February 2021|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2021-02-26-ten-rappers-you-should-know-on-audiomack|accessdate=April 21, 2021|work=DJBooth|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2021, SoFaygo pụtara na album Trippie Redd, Trip at Knight, na egwu "MP5". Na Septemba 1, 2021, ọ wepụtara egwu "Let's Lose Our Minds", ebe ọ bụ onye isi egwu maka ''Pink Heartz'' na nke mbụ ya n'okpuru Cactus Jack kemgbe ọ bịanyere aka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị asatọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, SoFaygo gosipụtara na album nke onye ọrụ ibe ya Don Toliver bụ Life of a Don, na egwu "Smoke".<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Naanị otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị, na Julaị 15, 2022, EP ''Babyjack'' ya a kọrọ na ọ pụtara naanị na SoundCloud, n'okpuru akaụntụ 'prettyboyarchive'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2022, a tọhapụrụ egwu anọ sitere na abọm izizi ya bụ ''Pink Heartz'', ya na ihe Ken Carson. Ọ mara ọkwa ụbọchị ntọhapụ nke November 11 maka abọm ahụ n'otu ụbọchị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> === 2023-dị ugbu a: ''GO+'', ''JackBoys 2'', na ''MANIA'' === Na June 14, 2023, SoFaygo wepụtara EP a na-akpọ ''GO+''; n'afọ sochirinụ, ọ wepụtara egwu "Precision" nke gosipụtara Don Toliver na "Life So Crazy"; na nso njedebe nke 2024, SoFay go wepụtara SoundCloud-naanị EP a na'akpọ Pressure. N'afọ 2024, SoFaygo kwadoro njem "Hvn on Earth" nke Lil Tecca, n'akụkụ Tana na Chow Lee.<ref name=":3" /> Na Julaị 13, 2025, SoFaygo pụtara ugboro abụọ na ''JackBoys 2'', na-egosi mmekọrịta mbụ ya na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Travis Scott.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Na Halloween, October 31, 2025, SoFaygo kwupụtara na a ga-ewepụta mixtape ya ''Mania'' na November 21, 2025. Na Nọvemba 21, Faygo ga-edebe okwu ya ma wepụta mixtape ahụ na nyiwe niile.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Mixtape ahụ nwere egwu iri na itoolu, ya na atụmatụ sitere na Kaash Paige, na Hardrock.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe osise == Ndị isi SoFaygo gụnyere ndị rapper ndị ọzọ dị ka Drake, Travis Scott, Chief Keef, [[Lil Wayne]], Chris Brown, Playboi Carti na Lil Uzi Verde.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Is SoFaygo Next Up? He's Ready to Live Up to the Hype|url=https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504163801/https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archivedate=May 4, 2021|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=Complex|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210504163801/https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021 "Is SoFaygo Next Up? He's Ready to Live Up to the Hype"]. </cite></ref> == Nkọwapụta == * ''Pink Heartz'' (2022) * ''Mania'' (2025) '''Abọm ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ''' * ''[[JackBoys (rap group)|JackBoys]]_2" id="mw2g" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="JackBoys 2">JackBoys 2'' (dị ka akụkụ nke JackBoys) '''Ngwakọta Egwu''' * ''War'' (2019) * Angelic 7 (2020) * ''After Me'' (2020) * ''BabyJack'' (2022) '''EPs''' * ''Goonland'' (2018) * We Are Aliens (2018) * ''Delineation'' (2019) * ''Hostility'' (2019) * ''The Reveal Vol. 1'' (2020) * ''4U'' (2020) * ''Web'' (2020) * ''B4Pink'' (2022) * Go+ (2023) * ''Pressure'' (2024) {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndị a jikọtara ọnụ (gụnyere ndị a na-edepụta aha) ! scope="col" |Aha ya ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Album / Ihe edeturu ! scope="col" |US |- ! scope="row" |"Lazer Tag" (Kashdami na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2020 |Egwu nọrọ onwe ya |- ! scope="row" |"Adding" (Yung Fazo na-sonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |Egwu nọrọ onwe ya |- ! scope="row" |"Solid" (Lil Yachty na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''Birthday Mix 6'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Smoke" (Don Toliver na-esonyere HVN na SoFaygo) |2021 |''Life of a Don'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"buku" (wolfacejoeyy na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''22Joeyy'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Die For Me" (NoCap na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''Before I Dissappear Again'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Run It Up" (TyFontaine na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''Ascencion (Deluxe) - Virtual World 2'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"MP5" (ya na Trippie Redd) |2021 |''Trip At Knight'' |86<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Double Faces" (Money Musik na-egosi Nav na SoFaygo) |2025 |''Money Militia'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Contest" (Travis Scott na SoFaygo) |2025 |''JackBoys 2'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Sattelite" (Chase B na-esonyere SoFaygo na Don Toliver) |2025 |Egwu nọrọ onwe ya |} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} <nowiki> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</nowiki> 0s4hnux8k4lxj2lw4crhlaqfeho8or6 692693 692690 2026-07-30T13:03:52Z Sayvhior 13464 /* 2015-2019: Mmalite */ fixed reference errors 692693 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox musical artist | name = SoFaygo | image = SoFaygo (cropped).jpg | alt = Picture of SoFayGo | caption = SoFaygo performing in 2022 | birth_name = Andre Dontrel Burt Jr.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=High |first1=Kemet |title=SoFaygo Knocks on the Door of Success with a Hit Song and Cactus Jack Deal |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview/ |magazine=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]] |access-date=November 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027161827/https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview/ |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |date=October 27, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> | alias = {{hlist|Faygo|BabyJack|Lil Go|Go|Trvllinese|Chief Runna|GoStar General|Neezy|Lil Faygo|Fay}} | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|10|03}} | birth_place = [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], U.S.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soundcloud announces free concert headlining Sofaygo, Metro Marrs, & More!|url=https://thesource.com/2021/07/15/soundcloud-announces-free-atlanta-concert-with-sofaygo-qcs-metro-marrs-and-more/|access-date=July 15, 2021|website=The Source|date=July 15, 2021}}</ref> | origin = [[Atlanta]], Georgia, U.S. | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Hip-hop]] * [[Trap music|trap]] * [[rage (music genre)|rage]] * [[pop rap]] * [[plugg]] }} | occupation = {{flatlist| * Rapper * singer * songwriter }} | years_active = 2015–present | label = {{hlist|[[Cactus Jack Records|Cactus Jack]]}} | website = {{URL|imsofaygo.com/}} | module = {{Infobox | child = yes | label1 = Management | data1 = [[SinceThe80s]]}} }} '''Andre Dontrel Burt Jr.''' (amụrụ n'October 3, 2001), nke a maara dị ka '''SoFaygo''' (nke a na-akpọbu '''$ofaygo'''), bụ onye America na-eti egwu, na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu. Otu egwu ya nke afọ 2019, "Knock Knock", gbasara na TikTok na ngwụcha afọ 2020 tupu ọ nata asambodo platinum site na Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ pụtara na egwu Trippie Redd bụ "MP5", nke gosipụtara ntinye mbụ ya na <nowiki><i id="mwJQ">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100. Ọ bịanyere aka na onye rapper ibe ya Travis Scott's Cactus Jack Records iji wepụta abọm studio mbụ ya, ''Pink Heartz'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === 2015-2019: Mmalite === Burt dekọrọ abụ mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu n'okpuru ala nke enyi ya.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Is SoFaygo Next Up? He's Ready to Live Up to the Hype|url=https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504163801/https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archivedate=May 4, 2021|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=Complex|language=en}}</ref>Ọ malitere ịchụso egwu n'ụzọ siri ike n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, mgbe ọ na-aga Etowah High School. Burt gara site na aha egwu Trvllinese tupu ọ wepụta EP We Are Aliens na 2018. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Lyrical Lemonade|url=https://lyricallemonade.com/p/Faygo-the-boy-who-believed|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=lyricallemonade.com}}</ref> Burt wepụtara mixtape mbụ ya War na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị ''Agha'' mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ malitere ịnakọta ndị na-akwado ya. Ịbụ onye a ma ama mere ka Taz Taylor, onye guzobere akara ndekọ Internet Money, chọpụta ya, onye nyere ya aka na akara ahụ.<ref name="Audiomack" />Burt gara Los Angeles iji tụlee onyinye a, mana ọ jụrụ.<ref name="Audiomack" />Burt emeela enyi onye na-eti egwu Lil Tecca, ha abụọ malitekwara ide egwu ọnụ.<ref name=":0" /> === 2020-2022: "Knock Knock" na ''Pink Heartz'' === Na Febụwarị 2021, Burt bịanyere aka na akara Travis Scott bụ Cactus Jack Records, nke gụnyere ndị rapper ndị ọzọ a ma ama dị ka Sheck Wes na Don Toliver. <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Audiomack">{{Cite web|title=How SoFaygo Rose Up From the Internet's Underground|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2021-05-25-sofaygo-interview-audiomack|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=DJBooth|date=May 25, 2021|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://djbooth.net/features/2021-05-25-sofaygo-interview-audiomack "How SoFaygo Rose Up From the Internet's Underground"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Na June 2021, Burt pụtara na usoro weebụ nke Genius Open Mic iji mee egwu ya "Knock Knock".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=10 Rappers You Should Know Right Now: February 2021|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2021-02-26-ten-rappers-you-should-know-on-audiomack|accessdate=April 21, 2021|work=DJBooth|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2021, SoFaygo pụtara na album Trippie Redd, Trip at Knight, na egwu "MP5". Na Septemba 1, 2021, ọ wepụtara egwu "Let's Lose Our Minds", ebe ọ bụ onye isi egwu maka ''Pink Heartz'' na nke mbụ ya n'okpuru Cactus Jack kemgbe ọ bịanyere aka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị asatọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, SoFaygo gosipụtara na album nke onye ọrụ ibe ya Don Toliver bụ Life of a Don, na egwu "Smoke".<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Naanị otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị, na Julaị 15, 2022, EP ''Babyjack'' ya a kọrọ na ọ pụtara naanị na SoundCloud, n'okpuru akaụntụ 'prettyboyarchive'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2022, a tọhapụrụ egwu anọ sitere na abọm izizi ya bụ ''Pink Heartz'', ya na ihe Ken Carson. Ọ mara ọkwa ụbọchị ntọhapụ nke November 11 maka abọm ahụ n'otu ụbọchị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> === 2023-dị ugbu a: ''GO+'', ''JackBoys 2'', na ''MANIA'' === Na June 14, 2023, SoFaygo wepụtara EP a na-akpọ ''GO+''; n'afọ sochirinụ, ọ wepụtara egwu "Precision" nke gosipụtara Don Toliver na "Life So Crazy"; na nso njedebe nke 2024, SoFay go wepụtara SoundCloud-naanị EP a na'akpọ Pressure. N'afọ 2024, SoFaygo kwadoro njem "Hvn on Earth" nke Lil Tecca, n'akụkụ Tana na Chow Lee.<ref name=":3" /> Na Julaị 13, 2025, SoFaygo pụtara ugboro abụọ na ''JackBoys 2'', na-egosi mmekọrịta mbụ ya na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Travis Scott.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Na Halloween, October 31, 2025, SoFaygo kwupụtara na a ga-ewepụta mixtape ya ''Mania'' na November 21, 2025. Na Nọvemba 21, Faygo ga-edebe okwu ya ma wepụta mixtape ahụ na nyiwe niile.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Mixtape ahụ nwere egwu iri na itoolu, ya na atụmatụ sitere na Kaash Paige, na Hardrock.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe osise == Ndị isi SoFaygo gụnyere ndị rapper ndị ọzọ dị ka Drake, Travis Scott, Chief Keef, [[Lil Wayne]], Chris Brown, Playboi Carti na Lil Uzi Verde.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Is SoFaygo Next Up? He's Ready to Live Up to the Hype|url=https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504163801/https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archivedate=May 4, 2021|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=Complex|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210504163801/https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021 "Is SoFaygo Next Up? He's Ready to Live Up to the Hype"]. </cite></ref> == Nkọwapụta == * ''Pink Heartz'' (2022) * ''Mania'' (2025) '''Abọm ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ''' * ''[[JackBoys (rap group)|JackBoys]]_2" id="mw2g" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="JackBoys 2">JackBoys 2'' (dị ka akụkụ nke JackBoys) '''Ngwakọta Egwu''' * ''War'' (2019) * Angelic 7 (2020) * ''After Me'' (2020) * ''BabyJack'' (2022) '''EPs''' * ''Goonland'' (2018) * We Are Aliens (2018) * ''Delineation'' (2019) * ''Hostility'' (2019) * ''The Reveal Vol. 1'' (2020) * ''4U'' (2020) * ''Web'' (2020) * ''B4Pink'' (2022) * Go+ (2023) * ''Pressure'' (2024) {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndị a jikọtara ọnụ (gụnyere ndị a na-edepụta aha) ! scope="col" |Aha ya ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Album / Ihe edeturu ! scope="col" |US |- ! scope="row" |"Lazer Tag" (Kashdami na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2020 |Egwu nọrọ onwe ya |- ! scope="row" |"Adding" (Yung Fazo na-sonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |Egwu nọrọ onwe ya |- ! scope="row" |"Solid" (Lil Yachty na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''Birthday Mix 6'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Smoke" (Don Toliver na-esonyere HVN na SoFaygo) |2021 |''Life of a Don'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"buku" (wolfacejoeyy na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''22Joeyy'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Die For Me" (NoCap na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''Before I Dissappear Again'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Run It Up" (TyFontaine na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''Ascencion (Deluxe) - Virtual World 2'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"MP5" (ya na Trippie Redd) |2021 |''Trip At Knight'' |86<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Double Faces" (Money Musik na-egosi Nav na SoFaygo) |2025 |''Money Militia'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Contest" (Travis Scott na SoFaygo) |2025 |''JackBoys 2'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Sattelite" (Chase B na-esonyere SoFaygo na Don Toliver) |2025 |Egwu nọrọ onwe ya |} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} <nowiki> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</nowiki> gw0d56cnianbuhy1mat5ugqi75xgjax 692694 692693 2026-07-30T13:04:40Z Sayvhior 13464 /* 2015-2019: Mmalite */ fixed reference errors 692694 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox musical artist | name = SoFaygo | image = SoFaygo (cropped).jpg | alt = Picture of SoFayGo | caption = SoFaygo performing in 2022 | birth_name = Andre Dontrel Burt Jr.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=High |first1=Kemet |title=SoFaygo Knocks on the Door of Success with a Hit Song and Cactus Jack Deal |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview/ |magazine=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]] |access-date=November 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027161827/https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview/ |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |date=October 27, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> | alias = {{hlist|Faygo|BabyJack|Lil Go|Go|Trvllinese|Chief Runna|GoStar General|Neezy|Lil Faygo|Fay}} | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|10|03}} | birth_place = [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], U.S.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soundcloud announces free concert headlining Sofaygo, Metro Marrs, & More!|url=https://thesource.com/2021/07/15/soundcloud-announces-free-atlanta-concert-with-sofaygo-qcs-metro-marrs-and-more/|access-date=July 15, 2021|website=The Source|date=July 15, 2021}}</ref> | origin = [[Atlanta]], Georgia, U.S. | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Hip-hop]] * [[Trap music|trap]] * [[rage (music genre)|rage]] * [[pop rap]] * [[plugg]] }} | occupation = {{flatlist| * Rapper * singer * songwriter }} | years_active = 2015–present | label = {{hlist|[[Cactus Jack Records|Cactus Jack]]}} | website = {{URL|imsofaygo.com/}} | module = {{Infobox | child = yes | label1 = Management | data1 = [[SinceThe80s]]}} }} '''Andre Dontrel Burt Jr.''' (amụrụ n'October 3, 2001), nke a maara dị ka '''SoFaygo''' (nke a na-akpọbu '''$ofaygo'''), bụ onye America na-eti egwu, na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu. Otu egwu ya nke afọ 2019, "Knock Knock", gbasara na TikTok na ngwụcha afọ 2020 tupu ọ nata asambodo platinum site na Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ pụtara na egwu Trippie Redd bụ "MP5", nke gosipụtara ntinye mbụ ya na <nowiki><i id="mwJQ">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100. Ọ bịanyere aka na onye rapper ibe ya Travis Scott's Cactus Jack Records iji wepụta abọm studio mbụ ya, ''Pink Heartz'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === 2015-2019: Mmalite === Burt dekọrọ abụ mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu n'okpuru ala nke enyi ya.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />Ọ malitere ịchụso egwu n'ụzọ siri ike n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, mgbe ọ na-aga Etowah High School. Burt gara site na aha egwu Trvllinese tupu ọ wepụta EP We Are Aliens na 2018. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Lyrical Lemonade|url=https://lyricallemonade.com/p/Faygo-the-boy-who-believed|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=lyricallemonade.com}}</ref> Burt wepụtara mixtape mbụ ya War na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị ''Agha'' mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ malitere ịnakọta ndị na-akwado ya. Ịbụ onye a ma ama mere ka Taz Taylor, onye guzobere akara ndekọ Internet Money, chọpụta ya, onye nyere ya aka na akara ahụ.<ref name="Audiomack" />Burt gara Los Angeles iji tụlee onyinye a, mana ọ jụrụ.<ref name="Audiomack" />Burt emeela enyi onye na-eti egwu Lil Tecca, ha abụọ malitekwara ide egwu ọnụ.<ref name=":0" /> === 2020-2022: "Knock Knock" na ''Pink Heartz'' === Na Febụwarị 2021, Burt bịanyere aka na akara Travis Scott bụ Cactus Jack Records, nke gụnyere ndị rapper ndị ọzọ a ma ama dị ka Sheck Wes na Don Toliver. <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Audiomack">{{Cite web|title=How SoFaygo Rose Up From the Internet's Underground|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2021-05-25-sofaygo-interview-audiomack|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=DJBooth|date=May 25, 2021|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://djbooth.net/features/2021-05-25-sofaygo-interview-audiomack "How SoFaygo Rose Up From the Internet's Underground"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Na June 2021, Burt pụtara na usoro weebụ nke Genius Open Mic iji mee egwu ya "Knock Knock".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=10 Rappers You Should Know Right Now: February 2021|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2021-02-26-ten-rappers-you-should-know-on-audiomack|accessdate=April 21, 2021|work=DJBooth|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2021, SoFaygo pụtara na album Trippie Redd, Trip at Knight, na egwu "MP5". Na Septemba 1, 2021, ọ wepụtara egwu "Let's Lose Our Minds", ebe ọ bụ onye isi egwu maka ''Pink Heartz'' na nke mbụ ya n'okpuru Cactus Jack kemgbe ọ bịanyere aka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị asatọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, SoFaygo gosipụtara na album nke onye ọrụ ibe ya Don Toliver bụ Life of a Don, na egwu "Smoke".<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Naanị otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị, na Julaị 15, 2022, EP ''Babyjack'' ya a kọrọ na ọ pụtara naanị na SoundCloud, n'okpuru akaụntụ 'prettyboyarchive'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2022, a tọhapụrụ egwu anọ sitere na abọm izizi ya bụ ''Pink Heartz'', ya na ihe Ken Carson. Ọ mara ọkwa ụbọchị ntọhapụ nke November 11 maka abọm ahụ n'otu ụbọchị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> === 2023-dị ugbu a: ''GO+'', ''JackBoys 2'', na ''MANIA'' === Na June 14, 2023, SoFaygo wepụtara EP a na-akpọ ''GO+''; n'afọ sochirinụ, ọ wepụtara egwu "Precision" nke gosipụtara Don Toliver na "Life So Crazy"; na nso njedebe nke 2024, SoFay go wepụtara SoundCloud-naanị EP a na'akpọ Pressure. N'afọ 2024, SoFaygo kwadoro njem "Hvn on Earth" nke Lil Tecca, n'akụkụ Tana na Chow Lee.<ref name=":3" /> Na Julaị 13, 2025, SoFaygo pụtara ugboro abụọ na ''JackBoys 2'', na-egosi mmekọrịta mbụ ya na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Travis Scott.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Na Halloween, October 31, 2025, SoFaygo kwupụtara na a ga-ewepụta mixtape ya ''Mania'' na November 21, 2025. Na Nọvemba 21, Faygo ga-edebe okwu ya ma wepụta mixtape ahụ na nyiwe niile.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Mixtape ahụ nwere egwu iri na itoolu, ya na atụmatụ sitere na Kaash Paige, na Hardrock.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe osise == Ndị isi SoFaygo gụnyere ndị rapper ndị ọzọ dị ka Drake, Travis Scott, Chief Keef, [[Lil Wayne]], Chris Brown, Playboi Carti na Lil Uzi Verde.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Is SoFaygo Next Up? He's Ready to Live Up to the Hype|url=https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504163801/https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archivedate=May 4, 2021|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=Complex|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210504163801/https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021 "Is SoFaygo Next Up? He's Ready to Live Up to the Hype"]. </cite></ref> == Nkọwapụta == * ''Pink Heartz'' (2022) * ''Mania'' (2025) '''Abọm ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ''' * ''[[JackBoys (rap group)|JackBoys]]_2" id="mw2g" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="JackBoys 2">JackBoys 2'' (dị ka akụkụ nke JackBoys) '''Ngwakọta Egwu''' * ''War'' (2019) * Angelic 7 (2020) * ''After Me'' (2020) * ''BabyJack'' (2022) '''EPs''' * ''Goonland'' (2018) * We Are Aliens (2018) * ''Delineation'' (2019) * ''Hostility'' (2019) * ''The Reveal Vol. 1'' (2020) * ''4U'' (2020) * ''Web'' (2020) * ''B4Pink'' (2022) * Go+ (2023) * ''Pressure'' (2024) {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndị a jikọtara ọnụ (gụnyere ndị a na-edepụta aha) ! scope="col" |Aha ya ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Album / Ihe edeturu ! scope="col" |US |- ! scope="row" |"Lazer Tag" (Kashdami na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2020 |Egwu nọrọ onwe ya |- ! scope="row" |"Adding" (Yung Fazo na-sonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |Egwu nọrọ onwe ya |- ! scope="row" |"Solid" (Lil Yachty na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''Birthday Mix 6'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Smoke" (Don Toliver na-esonyere HVN na SoFaygo) |2021 |''Life of a Don'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"buku" (wolfacejoeyy na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''22Joeyy'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Die For Me" (NoCap na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''Before I Dissappear Again'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Run It Up" (TyFontaine na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''Ascencion (Deluxe) - Virtual World 2'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"MP5" (ya na Trippie Redd) |2021 |''Trip At Knight'' |86<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Double Faces" (Money Musik na-egosi Nav na SoFaygo) |2025 |''Money Militia'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Contest" (Travis Scott na SoFaygo) |2025 |''JackBoys 2'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Sattelite" (Chase B na-esonyere SoFaygo na Don Toliver) |2025 |Egwu nọrọ onwe ya |} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} <nowiki> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</nowiki> cggr7kghdbrzi8lm6cgm3ugxwr077ih 0 72708 692757 686975 2026-07-30T15:07:52Z Mbah Victor Chukwuemerie 16687 fixed reference error 692757 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:DimitrieRalet.jpg|thumb|Dimitrie Ralet]]   '''Dimitrie Ralet''' (a na-akpọkwa '''Rallet''', '''Ralett''', '''Ralleti''' maọbu '''Raletu'''; Cyrillic: Дімітріє Ралєт, Раллєтȣ, or Раллєтi; c. 1816 – 25 October 1858) bụụrụ onye a ma ama na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Moldavia nakwa onye a na-asọpụrụ maka ntinye ya na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Romania. Onye so na ndị nwe obodo na boyardom, o si n'agbụrụ Phanariote na Aromanian, nwee ike ọ bụrụ na amụghị ya na Moldavia; akụkọ ihe mere eme gbasara ezinụlọ ya, ọbụnadị ihe ndị megasịrị n'oge ọmụmụ ya na mgbé ọ bụ nwata, ka na-agbagwojukwa anya ma bụrụ nke a ka na-agbagha. Nna ya, Alexandru Ralet nke ''Spatharios'', bụụrụ onye ọkaiwu n'obodo Moldovia dị na mgbago ugwu mepere emepe bụ Botoșani, nakwa onye nwe Bucecea town. Bụ onye ọ dịka ọ gara akwụkwọ na mba ofesi, onye na-asụlarị ọtụtụ asụsụ mgbe ọ ka dị n'afọ ndị iri abụọ ya, Dimitrie nọchiri nna ya n'ọrụ n'ụlọ ikpe na 1841— ma rụọ ọrụ naanị nwa obere oge, na-enwekwa ọtụtụ ihe mkpọbi ụkwụ. O bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya dịka onye nsụgharị asụsụ n'afọ 1837, tupu o bipụta akwụkwọ mbụ e ji mara ya n'afọ 1840, yana edemede mkpirisi ndị ọzọ gbasara social satire nke na-agba àmà na ọ maara Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ France nke narị afọ iri na asatọ nke ọma. Ralet bụ onye isi-ekwe-ọnwụ na mgbago ụkpụrụ Romanticism, onue ihe ntinye ya niile dịka okorọbịa nyèrè áká iguzobe ndekọaha deadpan na Romanian humor nke oge a. Ọ bụ ezie na Prince Mihail Sturdza kere ya ka ''Aga'', Ralet nabatara nnwere onwe nnupụisi, na-agba mbọ ịmachibido Ịgba ohu iwu, ma na-ekpughe Sturdza dị ka onye ndú nke òtù ndị boyar rụrụ arụ. Ọ ruteziri n'ịkwado ịhụ mba Romania n'anya, nke ebumnuche ozugbo ya bụ ịdị n'otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Moldavia na [[Wallachia]]". N'ịkwado National Party na nnupụisi kụrụ afọ n'ala nke 1848, o doro anya na ọ gbanahụrụ ntaramahụhụ, ma soro ndị ọzọ na-emegide Sturdza si n'ụlọ ya na Botoșani. Ralet sonyeere ndị òtù National-Party nke Prince Grigore Alexandru Ghica guzobere na 1849, mgbe o nyere aka n'iwepụ ịgba ohu, iwebata mgbanwe n'agụmakwụkwọ, na nzọụkwụ mbụ maka ịnapụ ndị mọnk obosara ala ha. N'oge Agha Crimea, dị ka onye nnọchi anya Ghica, ọ kwalitere isi ihe nke iwu nke mere ka Moldavia bịarukwuo na ndị na-achị n'ọdịda anyanwụ nso, ma pụọ na ọnọdụ ya dị ka steeti na-akwado Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman. Mgbalị ya na Costache Negri gbara iji gbaa akwụkwọ n'ihe gbasara ebe obibi ndị mọnk mere ka ha gaa ogologo njem gaa Istanbul. Ralet bụ onye mgbasa ozi maka ikpo okwu unionist n'ihu ntuli aka iwu na July 1857, na-emegide ndị na-achọghị ikewapụ onwe ha nke e guzobere gburugburu ''Caimacami'' Teodor Balș na Nicolae Vogoride. Ọ kpughere ịkpa ókè na aghụghọ ntuli aka nke Vogoride nye mba ụwa ndị ọzọ, na-abụkarị onye na-ahụ maka ntuli aka ugboro ugboro na Septemba. O mechara bụrụ onye a ma ama na Ad-hoc Divan nke Iași, ebe, dị ka onye dị nro, o nyere aka iwebata ndị na-agbaso omenala maka ebumnuche unionist. Ọrụ edemede ikpeazụ ya gụnyere ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke a na-eto n'ọtụtụ ebe, gụnyere dịka ndị nkatọ nke oge a kpọrọ ya, nsụgharị Hora Unirii n'ụdị nke ya, yana Akụkọ njem nke njem ọwụwa anyanwụ ya - otu n'ime ederede mbụ dị otú ahụ sitere n'aka onye Moldavia, yana ịbụ otu n'ime ọrụ nkà nke ụdị ahụ na Romania ya. Ralet nọrọ ụfọdụ n'ime ọnwa ikpeazụ ya na Alaeze Ukwu France, na-agbalị inweta nkwado maka njikọ ahụ, yana ilekọta ọrịa ụkwara nta ya dịrịla njọ. Ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ laghachiri, n'enweghi ike ịhụ nguzobe United Principalities, nke mere naanị ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Mbido ndụ na mmalite === [[Faịlụ:Rallet_coat_of_arms.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Otu ụdị nke ogwe aka Rallet, dị ka Emanoil Hagi-Moscu sụgharịrị na 1918]] Nna Ralet bụ Alexandru ma ọ bụ Alecu Ralet, onye ''Spatharios'' nke Botoșani, nakwa onye isi oche mbụ nke ụlọ ikpe obodo ahụ. Moldavia na Wallachia (Danubian Principalities) dị ya nso n'oge ahụ bụ ndị na-akwado na ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ nke Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman; n'okpuru ọchịchị a, ha natara ọtụtụ ndị si Gris bia biri, gụnyere ezinụlọ Rallet. Onye na-ahụ maka usoro ọmụmụ Octav-George Lecca kwenyere na ha guzobere alaka dị iche iche nke Rallis, mere na ha bụ ụmụ nke ọchịchị aka ike Byzantine; onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Gheorghe Sibechi na-arụ ụka na nkọwa a, onye na-ekwu na ndị ọ bụ ha bụ Rallis kpọmkwem na ezinụlọ Rallet ọzọ nwere ndị nnọchi anya ha na Principalities, o yighị ka ndị ikwu Alexandru à na-azọrọ na ha ịbụ ndị ikwu. Nnyocha nke onye ọkà mmụta akwụkwọ Mircea Anghelescu malitere, nke ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Andrei Pippidi rụzuru, na-egosi njikọ chiri anya n'etiti Rallis na Rallet. Pippidi na-ekwu na Dimitrie bụ nwa nwa Dragoman Christophoros Rallis, na nwa nwanne Isaac Ralet, onye nwere ọkwa dị elu na Wallachia n'afọ ndị 1820. Nna Alexandru ma ọ bụ nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye, nke a na-akpọkwa Dimitrie, rutere Moldavia n'ime ndị Phanariote. Dimitrie a sonyeere Prince Alexander Ypsilantis na njem ya gaa na Europe n'oge Ndị Russia bịara biri na 1788, ma nabata ụfọdụ àgwà maọbu omume ndị ọwụwa anyanwụ - gụnyere uwe agha nke gosipụtara [[Igbe Noa]] na njirimara onwe onye dị ka "ọnụ ọgụgụ ".<ref name="pippidi390">Pippidi, p. 390</ref> Dị ka onye na-ede usoro ọmụmụ nke Boyar Constantin Sion si kwuo, Dimitrie nke ukwu bụbụ onye odeakwụkwọ nke Alexander Mourouzis, na 1790s, tupu e mee ya ''Vornic'' n'okpuru Scarlat Callimachi, ma kpọọ Alexandru n'ime mba ahụ, ka ọ sonyere ya. Obere ihe ka a maara banyere afọ ndị mbụ nke Dimitrie nke nta, gụnyere kpọmkwem ụbọchị a mụrụ ya - ebe isi nnweta ihe nke abụọ na nke atọ na-atụ aro "ma eleghị anya n'afọ 1816", kamakwa 1815 na 1817. A mụrụ onye edemede ahụ site n'alụmdi na nwunye Alexandru yana Maria (nke a makwaara dị ka Marghioala), nwa nwanyị nke Baron Teodor (Tudori) von Mustață, onye ọ̀zụ́ahịa bara ọgaranya si Bukovina District (nke bụbu akụkụ nke Moldavia, dị n'okpuru Alaeze Ukwu Austria mgbe ahụ). <ref name="sasu">Aurel Sasu (ed.), ''Dicționarul biografic al literaturii române'', Vol. II, p. 453. Pitești: [[Editura Paralela 45]], 2004. {{ISBN|973-697-758-7}}</ref> Akụkụ a nke ezinụlọ ahụ nwere mmalite na nso nso a n'etiti Ndị Aroman, ndị na-asụ Eastern Romance nke Dimitrie nke nta maara dị ka ''Tsintsari''. A nabatara ndị Mustață n'ime Ndị isi Austria na 1794, mana ha nọgidere na-enwe njikọ na Epirus (Ioannina Eyalet), ebe ndị ikwu ha ka bi na Tsepelovo n'afọ ndị 1830. Ihe ndekọ nke 1825 nke ndị ọchịchị Austria nyere na Sadagora kwuru na Alexander bụ Nwa amaala Venetian, ma na-edepụta "Moldavia" maka nwunye ya na ụmụ ya niile. Okwuchukwu n'olili ozu ya sitere na Moldavian Metropolitan Neofit Scriban kọrọ na "a mụrụ Dimitrie nke nta dị ka onye Moldo-Romania", ọ bụ ezie na mkpebi ikpe dị otú ahụ nwere ike iduhie eduhie: Pippidi na-ekwu na, maka ịnakwere ọdịmma obodo ya niile, onye edemede ahụ "a bụdịghị na Moldavia ka a mụrụ ya." Onye ọkà mmụta Ionel Bejenaru na-ahụta ya dị ka onye Bukovinan site na ọmụmụ, ebe ọ na-ekwu na ịchọpụta kpọmkwem ebe ọbụ bụ isiokwu na-akpata ọtụtụ arụmụka. Sion na-ekwu na "ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị" niile nke Alexandru bụ ụmụ amaala Istanbul, isi obodo Ottoman, ma bụrụ ndị rutere na Botoșani na 1819 . Sibechi kọwara nkwupụta a dị ka "ihe siri ike ịnwapụta", ọ bụ ezie na ọ kwetara na ndị edemede dị iche iche na-emeso ya dị ka eziokwu, karịsịa ebe ọ bụ na, na ngwụcha ndụ ya, e kewara Dimitrie dị ka onye na-abụghị nwa amaala. Ọ na-ekwukwa na Dimitrie bụ n'ezie nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ anọ - o nwere nwanne nwoke, Iancu, yana ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ, Catinca na Elencu. Iancu ọzọ, onye bụ nwa nwanne nna onye edemede ahụ, bụ ''Spatharios'' na 1822, ma dịrị ndụ ruo 1854. A nabatara ndị Ralet n'ime ọkwa dị elu nke Moldavian boyardom, na-eme ka Dimitrie nke nta bụrụ onye natara agụmakwụkwọ dị elu, nke malitere site na ikuziri ya ihe n'ụlọ. Mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị na 1825, Maria ketara obodo nta Bukovinan bụ Nicșeni, ala Bucecea dị na Moldavia kpọmkwem, na ọtụtụ ụlọ na Botoșani; E kenyere di ya Bucecea, eruo na Jenụwarị 1828, Prince Ioan Sturdza ebulie ya ka ọ bụrụ obodo ahịa Moldavia. Dị ka nwatakịrị, Dimitrie biri nwa oge n'obodo ahụ, yanakwa na Botoșani na Nicșeni. Anghelescu na-ekwusi ike na Ralet mgbe ọ na-eto eto maara nke ọma akụkọ ọdịnala na uri Moldavia, na-ekwu na akwụkwọ ya bụ otu n'ime "ndị na-aga n'ihu" yana nke Dosoftei na Dimitrie Cantemir. Ọ mụtara ma Grik ma French site n'iso ndị ikwu ya kwurịta okwu; o mechaa mụta German (ya mere na e weere ya dị ka onye ọkachamara n'ime àlà German bi na Moldavia), Latin, yana isi asụsụ Itali, Bekee, na Russia.<ref name="zamfir">{{in lang|ro}} {{interlanguage link|Mihai Zamfir (literary historian)|lt=Mihai Zamfir|ro|Mihai Zamfir}}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160820224259/http://www.romlit.ro/ndrgostitul_de_stambul_dimitrie_ralet "Îndrăgostitul de Stambul: Dimitrie Ralet"], in ''[[România Literară]]'', Issue 35/2008</ref> A kọrọ na ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Poland nke Austria. <ref name="zamfir" /> <ref name="bejen" /> Akụkọ ndụ ụfọdụ na-akọ na o mere njem ọmụmụ dị ogologo na German Confederation na Alaeze nke France, ma ọ bụ n'asụsụ doro anya "na mba ofesi". <ref name="bejen">Ionel Bejenaru, "Dicționarul botoșănenilor. Dimitrie Rallet (1815—1858)", in ''Caiete Botoșănene'', Vol. 3, Issue 12, December 1985, p. 4</ref> Ọrụ mbụ Ralet bipụtara bụ mpịakọta dị mkpirikpi nke nsụgharị sitere na Alphonse de Lamartine, nke ebiputara na 1837 dị ka ''Plăcerea sâmțirei.'' Pippidi na 1980 kọwara aha ya, nke a ga-asụgharịkarị ugbu a ka ọ bụrụ "Obi ụtọ nke Mmetụta" dịka "Obi Ụtọ nke Mmetụ". Nke sochiri ya na 1840 bụ nchịkọta ''Scrieri'' ("Ihe odide"). Ndị ọkà mmụta nke oge a kewara n'ihe gbasara ọnụ ahịa nkà Pippidi nke ikpeazụ: [[Paul Cornea]] na-ahụ ya dị ka "ihe na-adọrọ mmasị", "bụrụ ihe ijuanya na ịdị nhụta ya", na nke dị n'ụdị "ọgbara ọhụrụ dị egwu", bụrụ nke tozuru n'ozuzu iňomi ndị nlereanya ndị France ọ na-eṅomi (François de La Rochefoucauld, Luc de Vauvenargues, Nicolas Chamfort); n'ụzọ dị iche, Mihai Zam na-ekwu na ọ bụ "nke na-adịghị mma nwere obere mmetụta". Onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Maria Frunzã bụ onye ọzọ kwuru ihe dị mma maka ya, onye na-arụ ụka na Scrieri na-arụ aka na onye ọgụụ nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ bụ Philosophes, onye, ya onwe ya nwere "nka ịchọpụta ihe, amamihe mara mma na inwe agụụ satire". Na nnyocha ya nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Romania, Nicolae Manolescu kọwara Ralet dịka "otu n'ime ndị na-ede uri na-egosi mmetụta ịhụnanya kacha nwee nkà", Scrieri ya bụrụ nke a ga-agụnwu, "nwere ntụpọ ole na ole", dịka ụkpụrụ nke narị afọ iri abụọ na otu si dị. Ọ hụtakwara Ralet dịka "ọpụrụiche a na-agaghị echefu echefu", dịka otu n'ime mmadụ ole na ole na-echebara onwe ha echiche, na-eleda onwe ha anya, onye Romanian na-ede uri ịhụnanya, na "onye nwe litotes". == Ihe Ncheta Ya == Dị ka Pippidi kọwara, ndụ onwe onye Ralet nọgidere bụrụ ihe omimi, naanị ihe na-egosi ya bụ akụkụ dị mkpirikpi nke testament ikpeazụ ya. N'ebe a, ''Vornic'' ahụ kwuru banyere "ihe e kere eke m hụrụ n'anya, nke nyere nzube maka ndụ mwute nke m a". N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 1907, ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Nicolae Iorga dere dị ka akụkọ na: "Nwunye D. Ralet nke di ya nwụrụla, onye edemede ahụ na onye agha maka Union, anwụọla na Iași. " Ralet hapụrụ obosara ala ya ka gọọmentị were ya, maka ọrụ ebere. O kwukwara na akụkụ nke ego ya kwesịrị ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ nke ụmụ agbọghọ Iași dara ogbenye. Ili ya dị n'ebe a na-eli ozu nke e kenyere Dormition Church nke Botoșani. <ref name="ghsib109">Sibechi, p. 109</ref> N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Nọvemba, na Chọọchị Saint Spyridon dị na Iași, Metropolitan Scriban raara Ralet nye okwuchukwu ya na ncheta ya, na-akpọ ya "enyi anyị nke ụkpụrụ na ọrụ, nke omume na nke iru uju", yana "onyeozi mbụ nke mmeghari [mba anyị]". " Ụfọdụ otuto ozugbo gụnyekwara edemede nke onye na-ede uri Gheorghe Sion, nke edere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Bolintineanu, ''Dâmbovița'', na Nọvemba 1858. Uru nka ya mepụtara njikọ dị n'etiti Bolintineanu na Sion. Akụkọ [[Ion Ralet]] nọgidere na-agbasa n'oge 1880s na '90s, mgbe G. S. Petrini na Theodor Speranția tinyere ha na nchịkọta isiokwu. N'ide akwụkwọ na 1882, mgbe Agha Nnwere Onwe nke Romania gasịrị, na mgbe ejikọchara òtù ahụ iso n'ime Alaeze nke Romania, Alecsandri kwuru banyere Suvenire dị ka "nke kwesịrị inwe ọnọdụ dị iche na ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na nke onwe". N'afọ ahụ kwa, o bipụtagharịrị ''România după Tractat'', nke ọ kpọrọ ihe dị ka nkwupụta megide "ntinye aka nke ndị mba ọzọ". Oge alaeze ahụ hụrụ nkwuputa nke nwa nwanne Dimitrie, bụ Ion Ralet - onye, ruokwa mgbe ọ nwụrụ na January 1916, bụ ọkammụta mgbakọ ma mwepụ bụ ọpụrụiche n'a lasi, nakwa onye nhazi nke òtù Conzavetiv. N'agbanyeghị mgbalị niile nke Alecsandri, onye edemede ahụ nwụrụ anwụ na-apụ n'anya n'uche ọha na eze. Cornea, mgbe ọ na-ede ihe na 1966, kpọrọ ya "otu n'ime ndị kachasị amasị n'etiti mmadụ iri anọ na asatọ", na-agbakwụnye, sị: "ihe kpatara amaghị aha ya [bụ] n'ihi nsogbu nke akara aka." Ka ọ na-erule oge mbipụta ọhụrụ nke Suvenire pụtara na 1979, echefuola ya nke ukwuu, dị ka onye dere ya. == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist|30em}} == Edensibịa ==  {{authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nscn1xpz96stvq5tqa8yb5ghlhnqt03 0 72738 693133 595968 2026-07-31T11:51:19Z Epiphanus Jide 14249 Removed broken file and added databox 693133 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Western Aramaic bụ otu ìgwè asụsụ Aramaic <ref>{{Cite book|author=Pereira|first=Rodrigues|title=Studies in Aramaic Poetry (c. 100 B.C.E.-c. 600 C.E.)|year=2018|publisher=BRILL|quote=a number of elements which Syriac has in common with the Western Aramaic dialects. In a later study, Boyarin describes two phonetic changes which are apparently shared by Syriac and the Palestinian dialects. With the caution which is compulsory in such cases of parallel development, he ventures the hypothesis of the existence of certain isoglosses of Syriac and Palestinian Aramaic. According to Boyarin, besides those common features of Aramaic dialects which were inherited from earlier times, others may be supposed to rest upon innovations which spread through the dialects by diffusion. The main direction of this diffusion may have been either westward or eastward. This does not mean, of course, that Syriac should now be assigned to the group of the Western dialects. It may just demonstrate that in the course of the evolution of the Aramaic dialects it removed itself from Western Aramaic to a lesser extent than the other Eastern dialects.|isbn=9789004358645}}</ref> A na-asụbu ya n'ọtụtụ ebe na Levant oge ochie, nke kachasị na ndịda, na Saịnaị, gụnyere Damaskọs oge ochie, Nabataea, na mpaghara Palestine yana Judia, Transjordan na Sameria, yana Lebanọn nke oge a na mbe ndị Orontes ruo Aleppo n'ebe ugwu. E kewara otu a n'ọtụtụ ụdị mpaghara, nke ndị Palmyrenes nọ n'ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndị Aramea bi n'Ugwu Lebanon - ndị nna nna nke ndị Maronite mbụ - na-asụkarị. N'ebe ndịda, ndị Judia (ndị Juu mbụ), ndị Galili, ndị Sameria, ndị Kenan, ndị Melkite (ụmụ nke ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu ndị sochiri Iso Ụzọ Kraịst nke Kalkedonian), ndị Nabataea na ikekwe ndị Iturea na-asụ. A na-ewere olumba Aramaic nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ niile ka ọ dị ndụ taa, ewezuga ụdị ọgbara ọhụrụ a maara dị ka Western Neo-Aramaic. Asụsụ a, nke sitere na Damascene Aramaic, ka ndị Siria (Syriacs) ka na-asụ n'obodo Maaloula, Bakh'a na Jubb'adin dị nso na Damaskọs, Siria.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Schami|first=Rafik|title=Märchen aus Malula|year=2011|publisher=[[Carl Hanser Verlag]]|isbn=9783446239005|language=German|quote="Ich kenne das Dorf nicht, doch gehört habe ich davon. Was ist mit Malula?" fragte der festgehaltene Derwisch. "Das letzte Dorf der Aramäer", lachte einer…}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Matras|first=Yaron|title=Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective|year=2007|publisher=De Gruyter|doi=10.1515/9783110199192|isbn=9783110199192|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110199192/html|quote=The fact that nearly all Arabic loans in Ma'lula originate from the period before the change from the rural dialect to the city dialect of Damascus shows that the contact between the Aramaeans and the Arabs was intimate…}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Dr. Emna Labidi|title=Untersuchungen zum Spracherwerb zweisprachiger Kinder im Aramäerdorf Dschubbadin (Syrien)|date=2022|publisher=LIT|isbn=9783643152619|url=https://www.lit-verlag.de/isbn/978-3-643-15261-9|language=German|quote=Aramäer von Ǧubbˁadīn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold|title=Arabisch-aramäische Sprachbeziehungen im Qalamūn (Syrien)|date=1993|publisher=Harassowitz|isbn=9783447033268|language=German|quote=Die arabischen Dialekte der Aramäer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold|title=Arabisch-aramäische Sprachbeziehungen im Qalamūn (Syrien)|date=1993|publisher=Harassowitz|isbn=9783447033268|language=German|quote=Die Kontakte zwischen den drei Aramäer-dörfern sind nicht besonders stark.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold|title=Lehrbuch des Neuwestaramäischen|date=2006|publisher=Harrassowitz|isbn=9783447053136|url=https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/isbn_978-3-447-05313-6.ahtml|language=German|quote=Aramäern in Ma'lūla}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold|title=Lehrbuch des Neuwestaramäischen|date=2006|publisher=Harrassowitz|isbn=9783447053136|language=German|quote=Viele Aramäer arbeiten heute in Damaskus, Beirut oder in den Golfstaaten und verbringen nur die Sommermonate im Dorf.}}</ref>[14] == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'oge Late Middle Aramaic, site na 300 B.C.E. ruo 200 C.E., Aramaic kewara n'ime alaka ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ ya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Targum and New Testament|isbn=9783161508363|language=English|quote=a) Old Aramaic from the beginning (through Biblical Aramaic, Nabataean, Palmyrene) down to the established eastern and western branches; b) Middle Aramaic, with two branches, eastern and western; c) Late Aramaic, with the contemporary western (Ma'alula) and eastern branches. This older terminology is still followed by M. Sokoloff in his recent work, A Dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic of the Byzantine Period.'1 A different division, now widely accepted, has been put forward by J. A. Fitzmyer.2 It is as follows: a) Old Aramaic, up to 700 B.C.E.; b) Official Aramaic, 700-300 .c.E.; c) Middle Aramaic, 300 ..E.-200 c.E.; d) Late Aramaic (= Middle Aramaic of Rosenthal's division), with two branches: the eastern branch consisting of Syriac, Mandaic, the Aramaic of the Talmud Babli, the Gaonic Literature and incantation texts found mainly in Nippur; and the western, consisting of Samaritan Aramaic, Christian Palestinian Aramaic, Galilean Aramaic (which some, for example Sokoloff, prefer to call Jewish Palestinian Aramaic) found in the Aramaic portions of the Palestinian Talmud and haggadic midrashim and other sources; e) Modern Aramaic (in its eastern and western [Ma'alula] dialects).|author=McNamara|first=Martin|date=2011|publisher=Mohr Siebeck}}</ref> N'etiti narị afọ nke ise, Theodoret nke Saịrọs (nwụrụ n'ihe dị ka 466) kwuru na Aramaic, nke Ndị Gris na-akpọkarị "Syriac" ma ọ bụ "Syriach", bụ nke a na-asụ n'ọtụtụ ebe. O kwukwara na "Ndị Osroenian, Ndị Siria, ndị Yufretis, Ndị Palestine, na Ndị Finishia niile na-asụ Syriac, mana ha nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche n'ịkpọpụta", <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Church of Jerusalem and Its Liturgy in the First Five Centuries|isbn=9781728360140|quote=Late Aramaic dialects are divided into Western and Eastern. In the fifth century, Theodoret of Cyrus distinguishes the dialects of the Osrhoenoi, Syroi, Euphratesioi, Palestininoi and Phoinikes, saying that there are differences between them.|author=Aziz Halaweh|first=Fr|date=July 2020|publisher=AuthorHouse}}</ref> si otú a na-edekọ ọdịiche dị iche iche nke asụsụ Aramaic Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ n'Oge ochie. [16][17][18] N'ịgbaso Mmeri ndị Alakụba na narị afọ nke asaa na ọdịbendị na asụsụ Arabization nke Levant na Mesopotemia, [[Arabic]] ji nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie Aramaic, gụnyere ụdị ọdịda anyanwụ ya, dị ka Asụsụ bụ isi maka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ.[20] N'agbanyeghị nke a, o yiri ka Aramaic nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ ka dịgidere ruo ogologo oge, ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'obodo nta ụfọdụ dị n'ugwu Lebanon na n'ugwu Anti-Lebanon na Siria. N'ezie, ruo narị afọ nke 17, ndị njem na mpaghara Lebanon ka na-akọ akụkọ obodo ebe a na-asụ Aramaic..[21] == Ugbu a == Taa, Western Neo-Aramaic bụ naanị ihe fọdụrụ n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ dum nke asụsụ Aramaic, nke ihe na-erughị puku mmadụ ole na ole na-asụ n'ugwu Anti-Lebanon nke Siria, ọkachasị na Maaloula na Jubb'adin.[22] Ruo mgbe Bakh'a Obodo Siria, a na-asụkwa ya na Bakhʽa, nke e bibiri kpamkpam n'oge agha ahụ, ndị niile lanarịrị gbagara n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Siria ma ọ bụ Lebanọn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aymennjawad.org/2020/01/the-village-of-bakha-in-qalamoun-interview|title=The Village of Bakh'a in Qalamoun: Interview|date=26 January 2020}}</ref> Ndị bi n'ógbè ndị a zere omenala na asụsụ Arabization n'ihi ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ, ugwu nke obodo ha dịpụrụ adịpụrụ. == Hụkwa ==  .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist|2}} == Edensibia ==   == Ebe e si nweta ya == mjuvl5xosqpm2qwrvve3fcuyeoj7j9d 0 72780 692714 596122 2026-07-30T13:25:42Z Chinemeremprince 13026 692714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Arem|nativename={{lang|aem|Cmbrau}}|states=[[Laos]], [[Vietnam]]|speakers=7|date=2021|familycolor=Austro-Asiatic|fam2=[[Vietic languages|Vietic]]|fam3=[[Chut languages|Chut]] ?|iso3=aem|map=Lang Status 20-CR.png|pronunciation={{IPA|[cmrawˀ]}}}} '''Asụsụ Arem''' (Cmbrau [cmrawˀ]) bụ asụsụ dị ize ndụ nke ndị Arem na-asụ n'obere mpaghara dị n'akụkụ abụọ nke ókèala Laos-Vietnam. Ọ bụ nke alaka Vietic nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austroasiatic. N'ụzọ pụrụ iche, ọ bụ onye otu asụsụ Chut, nke bụ otu n'ime asụsụ isii nke Vietnam. UNESCO na-ewere asụsụ a dị ka nke dị ize ndụ nke ukwuu..<ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web|url=https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/arem|title=Arem|work=The World Atlas of Languages|accessdate=2024-09-06}}</ref> Dịka asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke ndị Vietic, asụsụ Arem na-eji usoro ụda olu ma ọ bụ ụda olu nke pụrụ iche na asụsụ Vietic. Dịka ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị dị na ndịda Vietic, asụsụ Arem na-ejikwa usoro mkpụrụokwu ma ọ bụ mkpụrụokwu ndị dị na mkpụrụokwu ndị dị n'ime asụsụ ahụ.. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sealang.net/mk/vietic.htm|title=The Vietic Branch|work=sealang.net|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> Arem enweghị ụda olu na-eku ume nke a na-ahụkarị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Vietic, mana o nwere mkpụrụokwu ikpeazụ e ji mee ka ọ pụta ìhè. == Aha == Arem bụ okwu ethnographic iji kọwaa otu ndị obodo bi n'ókè nke Southern Vietnam na Laos. Ndị mmadụ na-ahọrọ ịkpọ onwe ha Cmbru. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na nke a bụ naanị ihe akaebe {{IPA|[cm-]}} sesquisyllabic structure na asụsụ ahụ, a na-eche na nke a nwekwara ike ịbụ okwu ethnographic nke a gbazitere site na asụsụ ọzọ dị nso.<ref name=":0">FERLUS, Michel. 2014. Arem, a Vietic Language. ''[[Mon-Khmer Studies]]'' 43.1:1-15 (ICAAL5 special issue)</ref> Aha ọzọ maka Arem bụ ''Umo'', nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị 'ọgba' ma ọ bụ 'ọgba'. <ref name="BabaevSamarina1" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == Ọ bụ naanị ndị bi na Vietnam maara na Ndị Arem dị ruo 1959, mgbe ndị agha Vietnam chọpụtara ha. N'oge gara aga, ndị ọchịchị obodo chere na ha bụ ndị otu Bru khùa. Ndị bi na Arem bụ naanị mmadụ 53 na 1960: ụmụ nwoke 30 na ụmụ nwanyị 23. Nnyocha kachasị ọhụrụ nke mpaghara ahụ na 1999 gosiri na e nwere ndị Arem 102.<ref name=":1" /> N'ime ndị Arem 102 a, naanị ihe dị ka 25% nke ndị bi na ya ka e mere atụmatụ na ha na-eji asụsụ Arem eme ihe n'ụzọ na-aga n'ihu. Ndị niile na-asụ asụsụ Arem bụ ndị na-asọpụta asụsụ abụọ nke Vietnamese na ụfọdụ na-asukwa asụsụ Khùa na / ma ọ bụ Lao nke ọma. Na Vietnam, a na-asụ Arem na Ban na obodo Tân Trạch. Na Tân Trạch, a na-asụ Arem n'ime obodo nke 39, nke nwekwara ndị Ma[ng] Coong, ndị bụ ndị Bru-Van Kieu. N'ihi ya, Ma Coong bụ nke a na-asụkarị n'ime obodo ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, e nwere naanị ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ Arem 20 fọdụrụ.<ref name="BabaevSamarina1">{{Cite book|author=Babaev|first=Kirill|editor=Sidwell|year=2021|title=A Grammar of May: An Austroasiatic Language of Vietnam|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9-00446-108-6|pages=11–12}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBabaevSamarina2021">Babaev, Kirill; Samarina, Irina (2021). </cite></ref> == Ọdịdị ụdaume == Asụsụ Arem na-eji okwu monosyllabic na okwu sesquisyllabic. A na-eme atụmatụ na 55-60% nke asụsụ Arem nwere okwu sesquisyllabic. Nke a dị elu karịa ọtụtụ asụsụ Vietic ndị ọzọ na-ejikarị sesquisyllables eme ihe na naanị 35-40% nke okwu ha, ma ọ bụrụ na otu asụsụ ahụ nwere sesquisyllables ọ bụla. == Ihe edeturu na ntụaka == === Ihe edeturu === {{Reflist}} === Akwụkwọ === * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Phonology na sketch grammar nke Kri, asụsụ Vietic nke Laos" (PDF). Akwụkwọ Asụsụ nke Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia. 38 (1): 3–69. doi:10.1163/1960602809x00063. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-4111-0. (lee ihe edeturu na peeji mkparịta ụka) {{Cite journal|author=Enfield|first=N.J.|year=2009|title=Phonology and sketch grammar of Kri, a Vietic language of Laos|journal=Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale|volume=38|issue=1|pages=3–69|url=http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:107912:5/component/escidoc:204877/Enfield_2009_Phonology%20and%20sketch%20grammar%20of%20Kri.pdf|doi=10.1163/1960602809x00063}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2014. Arem, Asụsụ Vietic. Mon-Khmer Studies 43.1:1-15 (ICAAL5 mbipụta pụrụ iche). == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://pangloss.cnrs.fr/corpus/Arem?lang=en Arem corpus] nke Michel Ferlus na Trần Trí Dõi chịkọtara. Pangloss Collection - <small> (CNRS, Paris) </small>. tfy69cbih2kmb568sbsjcik4mowuvo9 692715 692714 2026-07-30T13:26:54Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 692715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Arem|nativename={{lang|aem|Cmbrau}}|states=[[Laos]], [[Vietnam]]|speakers=7|date=2021|familycolor=Austro-Asiatic|fam2=[[Vietic languages|Vietic]]|fam3=[[Chut languages|Chut]] ?|iso3=aem|map=Lang Status 20-CR.png|pronunciation={{IPA|[cmrawˀ]}}}} '''Asụsụ Arem''' (Cmbrau [cmrawˀ]) bụ asụsụ dị ize ndụ nke ndị Arem na-asụ n'obere mpaghara dị n'akụkụ abụọ nke ókèala Laos-Vietnam. Ọ bụ nke alaka Vietic nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austroasiatic. N'ụzọ pụrụ iche, ọ bụ onye otu asụsụ Chut, nke bụ otu n'ime asụsụ isii nke Vietnam. UNESCO na-ewere asụsụ a dị ka nke dị ize ndụ nke ukwuu..<ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web|url=https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/arem|title=Arem|work=The World Atlas of Languages|accessdate=2024-09-06}}</ref> Dịka asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke ndị Vietic, asụsụ Arem na-eji usoro ụda olu ma ọ bụ ụda olu nke pụrụ iche na asụsụ Vietic. Dịka ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị dị na ndịda Vietic, asụsụ Arem na-ejikwa usoro mkpụrụokwu ma ọ bụ mkpụrụokwu ndị dị na mkpụrụokwu ndị dị n'ime asụsụ ahụ.. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sealang.net/mk/vietic.htm|title=The Vietic Branch|work=sealang.net|accessdate=2019-03-25}}</ref> Arem enweghị ụda olu na-eku ume nke a na-ahụkarị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Vietic, mana o nwere mkpụrụokwu ikpeazụ e ji mee ka ọ pụta ìhè. == Aha == Arem bụ okwu ethnographic iji kọwaa otu ndị obodo bi n'ókè nke Southern Vietnam na Laos. Ndị mmadụ na-ahọrọ ịkpọ onwe ha Cmbru. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na nke a bụ naanị ihe akaebe {{IPA|[cm-]}} sesquisyllabic structure na asụsụ ahụ, a na-eche na nke a nwekwara ike ịbụ okwu ethnographic nke a gbazitere site na asụsụ ọzọ dị nso.<ref name=":0">FERLUS, Michel. 2014. Arem, a Vietic Language. ''[[Mon-Khmer Studies]]'' 43.1:1-15 (ICAAL5 special issue)</ref> Aha ọzọ maka Arem bụ ''Umo'', nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị 'ọgba' ma ọ bụ 'ọgba'. <ref name="BabaevSamarina1" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == Ọ bụ naanị ndị bi na Vietnam maara na Ndị Arem dị ruo 1959, mgbe ndị agha Vietnam chọpụtara ha. N'oge gara aga, ndị ọchịchị obodo chere na ha bụ ndị otu Bru khùa. Ndị bi na Arem bụ naanị mmadụ 53 na 1960: ụmụ nwoke 30 na ụmụ nwanyị 23. Nnyocha kachasị ọhụrụ nke mpaghara ahụ na 1999 gosiri na e nwere ndị Arem 102.<ref name=":1">Trần Trí Dõi. 1999. ''Nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ các dân tộc thiểu số Việt Nam'' [Study of languages of ethnic minorities in Vietnam]. Nhà xuất bản đại học quốc gia Hà-Nội. [Arem: demography p.110; vocabulary p. 16 and 37]</ref>. N'ime ndị Arem 102 a, naanị ihe dị ka 25% nke ndị bi na ya ka e mere atụmatụ na ha na-eji asụsụ Arem eme ihe n'ụzọ na-aga n'ihu. Ndị niile na-asụ asụsụ Arem bụ ndị na-asọpụta asụsụ abụọ nke Vietnamese na ụfọdụ na-asukwa asụsụ Khùa na / ma ọ bụ Lao nke ọma. Na Vietnam, a na-asụ Arem na Ban na obodo Tân Trạch. Na Tân Trạch, a na-asụ Arem n'ime obodo nke 39, nke nwekwara ndị Ma[ng] Coong, ndị bụ ndị Bru-Van Kieu. N'ihi ya, Ma Coong bụ nke a na-asụkarị n'ime obodo ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, e nwere naanị ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ Arem 20 fọdụrụ.<ref name="BabaevSamarina1">{{Cite book|author=Babaev|first=Kirill|editor=Sidwell|year=2021|title=A Grammar of May: An Austroasiatic Language of Vietnam|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9-00446-108-6|pages=11–12}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBabaevSamarina2021">Babaev, Kirill; Samarina, Irina (2021). </cite></ref> == Ọdịdị ụdaume == Asụsụ Arem na-eji okwu monosyllabic na okwu sesquisyllabic. A na-eme atụmatụ na 55-60% nke asụsụ Arem nwere okwu sesquisyllabic. Nke a dị elu karịa ọtụtụ asụsụ Vietic ndị ọzọ na-ejikarị sesquisyllables eme ihe na naanị 35-40% nke okwu ha, ma ọ bụrụ na otu asụsụ ahụ nwere sesquisyllables ọ bụla. == Ihe edeturu na ntụaka == === Ihe edeturu === {{Reflist}} === Akwụkwọ === * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Phonology na sketch grammar nke Kri, asụsụ Vietic nke Laos" (PDF). Akwụkwọ Asụsụ nke Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia. 38 (1): 3–69. doi:10.1163/1960602809x00063. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-4111-0. (lee ihe edeturu na peeji mkparịta ụka) {{Cite journal|author=Enfield|first=N.J.|year=2009|title=Phonology and sketch grammar of Kri, a Vietic language of Laos|journal=Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale|volume=38|issue=1|pages=3–69|url=http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:107912:5/component/escidoc:204877/Enfield_2009_Phonology%20and%20sketch%20grammar%20of%20Kri.pdf|doi=10.1163/1960602809x00063}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2014. Arem, Asụsụ Vietic. Mon-Khmer Studies 43.1:1-15 (ICAAL5 mbipụta pụrụ iche). == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://pangloss.cnrs.fr/corpus/Arem?lang=en Arem corpus] nke Michel Ferlus na Trần Trí Dõi chịkọtara. Pangloss Collection - <small> (CNRS, Paris) </small>. k9v0211mpclgbp3w5g1zcds7uc5q86g 0 72951 692955 671606 2026-07-31T03:12:26Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Favour Ogechukwu Onoh (amụrụ n'ọnwa Nọvemba 22, afọ 2005) bụ [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba egwu dị ka onye etiti na Oklahoma State Cowgirls na National Collegiate Athletic Association . == Ndu mbido == A mụrụ Favour Ogechukwu Onoh n'ọnwa Nọvemba 22, afọ 2005 na Enugu Steeti, [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] . <ref name="mb">{{Cite news|author=Torregoza|first=Hannah|title=Angara pushes for naturalization of Gilas Pilipinas' hopeful Favour Onoh|url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/6/21/angara-pushes-for-naturalization-of-gilas-pilipinas-hopeful-favour-onoh|accessdate=17 October 2025|work=Manila Bulletin|date=21 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Morales|first=Luisa|title=On birthday, UP rookie Onoh treats teammates with 30-rebound game vs UST|url=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2023/11/23/2313700/birthday-rookie-onoh-treats-teammates-30-rebound-game-vs-ust|accessdate=17 October 2025|work=The Philippine Star|date=23 November 2023}}</ref> Ọ malitere ịgba bọọlụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.<ref name="mb" /> Ọ bụ ngwaahịa sitere na Discover I'm Alive Basketbọọlụ Academy of Naijiria. <ref name="catalyst">{{Cite news|author=Li|first=Matthew|title=Favour Onoh hopes to be catalyst for Gilas Women's success, Nigerian dreamers|url=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/favour-onoh-hopes-to-be-catalyst-for-gilas-womens-success-nigerian-dreamers/302437|accessdate=17 October 2025|work=Tiebreaker Times|date=10 May 2024}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Kọleji === ==== UP Na-alụso Maroon ọgụ ==== Onoh gbara bọọlụ maka otu ụmụ nwanyị nke UP Fighting Maroons na asọmpi basketbọọlụ nke University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP) n'afọ 2024. O nyeere ụlọ akwụkwọ ya aka iru Final Four maka oge mbụ kemgbe afọ 2008 ma kpọọ ya Rookie of the Year maka Oge 86.<ref name="rappler-pastures">{{Cite news|author=Matel|first=Philip|title=Greener pastures: UP Rookie of the Year Favour Onoh leaves for US NCAA Division I|url=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/up-fighting-maroons-favour-onoh-leaves-united-states-ncaa-oklahoma-state-university|accessdate=17 October 2025|work=Rappler|date=21 May 2025}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ pụghị igwu egwu na Oge 87 n'ihi mmerụ ahụ.<ref name="rappler-pastures" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Valencia|first=Justin|title=UP faces major setback as Favour Onoh sidelined for season|url=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/up-faces-major-setback-as-favour-onoh-sidelined-for-season/311105|accessdate=17 October 2025|work=Tiebreaker Times|date=3 September 2024}}</ref> ==== Ụmụ agbọghọ OSU ==== Onoh hapụrụ Philippines mgbe a natara ya ka ọ gbaa bọọlụ maka Oklahoma State Cowgirls na US National Collegiate Athletic Association <ref name="spin1">{{Cite news|title=UP's Favour Onoh recruited by OSU Cowgirls to play in US NCAA|url=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap-women/up-s-favour-onoh-recruited-by-osu-cowgirls-to-play-in-us-ncaa-a1373-20250521|accessdate=17 October 2025|work=Sports Interactive Network Philippines|date=21 May 2025|language=en}}</ref> === Ndị otu mba === A na-atụle Onoh maka ịbụ Nwa amaala Philippines nke nwere ike ime ka ọ gbaa bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu mba Philippines. <ref name="mb" /><ref name="catalyst" /><ref name="gilas">{{Cite news|author=Dalupang|first=Denison Rey|title=Onoh US-bound, but Gilas Women stint still a possibility|url=https://sports.inquirer.net/624526/onoh-u-bound-but-gilas-women-stint-still-a-possibility|accessdate=17 October 2025|work=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=22 May 2025|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Onoh, Favour}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] o19oi2ap1qbxerkghxk8vl9d9498cvt 0 73071 693081 692615 2026-07-31T09:14:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693081 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[Faịlụ:Əlirza Fərşi 2023.jpg|thumb|Alireza Farshi]] '''Alireza Farshi''' bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị mba Azerbaijan nke Iran. Ndị ọrụ nchekwa Iran jidere ya na ndị ọzọ na-eme mkpọsa maka ịga emume Ụbọchị Asụsụ Amaala nke Mba Nile na Tehran na Febụwarị 21, 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iranhumanrights.org/2021/02/non-persian-mother-languages-treated-as-national-security-threat-in-iran/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227011954/https://iranhumanrights.org/2021/02/non-persian-mother-languages-treated-as-national-security-threat-in-iran/|archivedate=February 27, 2021|title=Non-Persian Mother Languages Treated as "National Security Threat" in Iran|date=February 26, 2021|publisher=iranhumanrights.org|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=en}}</ref> E mechara maa ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ iri na ise na afọ abụọ ịkpafu gaa n'obodo Bagh-e Malek na mpaghara Khuzestan.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="44" href="./Amnesty_International" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International]]<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;accessdate<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;March 8, 2022<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;language<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;en<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwzQ\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt8\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwzg\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411014338/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2017/09/iran-human-rights-defenders-caught-in-a-web-of-repression/\" id=\"mwzw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Caught in a web of repression: Iran's human rights defenders under attack\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"102\" href=\"./Amnesty_International\" id=\"mw0A\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Amnesty International\">Amnesty International</a></nowiki>. September 29, 2017. Archived from <nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2017/09/iran-human-rights-defenders-caught-in-a-web-of-repression/\" id=\"mw0Q\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">the original</a></nowiki> on April 11, 2021<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mw0g\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mw0w\">March 8,</span></nowiki> 2022<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Alireza_Farshi#cite_note-2 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup>Amnesty International ekwuputala na ọ bụ Onye mkpọrọ nke akọ na uche n'ihi na enweghị ihe omempụ ọbụla n'ọrụ ya, yana n'ihi nchebe nke ikike mmadụ na ikike nke asụsụ amaala ma chọọ ka a tọhapụ ya na òtù ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere Òtù "Kəndimiz" (English: Our Village), nke na-anakọta ma na-ekesara ụmụaka akwụkwọ na mpaghara na obodo nta dị iche iche Na Azerbaijan nke Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/kendimiz-veqfi-iran-azerbaycani/4436568.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804090148/https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/kendimiz-veqfi-iran-azerbaycani/4436568.html|archivedate=August 4, 2020|title=Güneydə 'Kəndimiz Vəqfi' hər ay bir kəndə türkcə kitablar hədiyyə edir|date=June 6, 2018|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref> == Banyere Ya == === Ndụ na ọrụ === A mụrụ Alireza Farshi na 1979 n'obodo Dizaj Yekan nke Marand. Nna ya nwụrụ n'agha Iran-Iraq.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/special-features/10181|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105080144/https://iranwire.com/en/special-features/10181|archivedate=January 5, 2022|title=Ali Məhkəmə Əlirəza Fərşinin işinə yenidən baxılması tələbini rədd etdi|date=August 6, 2021|publisher=iranwire.com|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref> Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Teknụzụ Sharif na 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sozcu.az/?p=97572|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105074240/https://sozcu.az/?p=97572|archivedate=January 5, 2022|title=Əlirza Fərşi ilə görüş; güneyli milli-mədəni fəalın qısa bioqrafiyası|date=February 8, 2021|publisher=sozcu.az|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGhhaZkgL08|title=Əlirza Fərşi haqqında|author=GünAz TV|date=February 20, 2021|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ injinia kọmputa. O mechara nweta nzere masta site na Mahadum Tehran . Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na mahadum, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ "Yol", nke e bipụtara na Azerbaijani Turkish na Mahadum Tehran. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ biri na Tabriz otu afọ. O mechara malite ịkụzi na Mahadum Azad dị na Julfa . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gunaz.tv/az/new/elirza-fersi-universitetden-uzaqlasdirildi-34894|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114070325/http://www.gunaz.tv/az/new/elirza-fersi-universitetden-uzaqlasdirildi-34894|archivedate=January 14, 2022|title=Əlirza Fərşi universitetdən uzaqlaşdırıldı|author=|date=September 24, 2010|publisher=GünAz TV|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ nkuzi ya, o guzobere òtù "Our Village" Foundation, nke na-anakọta ma na-enye ụmụaka akwụkwọ na mpaghara na n'imeobodo dị iche iche na Azerbaijan nke Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aznews.tv/iranda-f%C9%99allara-qarsi-amansiz-munasib%C9%99t/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114081008/https://www.aznews.tv/iranda-f%C9%99allara-qarsi-amansiz-munasib%C9%99t/|archivedate=January 14, 2022|title=İranda fəallara qarşı amansız münasibət|publisher=aznews.tv|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref> O sonyere n'onwe ya n'ikesa akwụkwọ ndị a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamac.info/az/azerbaycan/%C9%99lirza-f%C9%99rsinin-hansi-ittiham-uzr%C9%99-saxlandigi-bar%C9%99d%C9%99-yayilan-x%C9%99b%C9%99rl%C9%99r-t%C9%99kzib-edilir-t%C9%99hluk%C9%99sizlik-quvv%C9%99l%C9%99ri-f%C9%99ala-qarsi-kobud-da/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114075726/https://www.gamac.info/az/azerbaycan/%C9%99lirza-f%C9%99rsinin-hansi-ittiham-uzr%C9%99-saxlandigi-bar%C9%99d%C9%99-yayilan-x%C9%99b%C9%99rl%C9%99r-t%C9%99kzib-edilir-t%C9%99hluk%C9%99sizlik-quvv%C9%99l%C9%99ri-f%C9%99ala-qarsi-kobud-da/|archivedate=January 14, 2022|title=Əlirza Fərşinin hansı ittiham üzrə saxlandığı barədə yayılan xəbərlər təkzib edilir / Təhlükəsizlik qüvvələri fəala qarşı kobud davranıb|author=|date=January 22, 2020|publisher=gamac.info|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref>N'ime afọ ndị ọ rụrụ ọrụ, "Our Village" Foundation enyewo ọtụtụ puku akwụkwọ nye ụmụaka ndị bi n'ọtụtụ obodo. [7<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gunaz.tv/az/new/kendimiz-veqfi-merend-kendlerine-yuzlerce-turkce-kitab-bagislayib-goruntu-106586|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114080110/https://www.gunaz.tv/az/new/kendimiz-veqfi-merend-kendlerine-yuzlerce-turkce-kitab-bagislayib-goruntu-106586|archivedate=January 14, 2022|title="Kəndimiz Vəqfi" Mərənd kəndlərinə yüzlərcə türkcə kitab bağışlayıb|author=|date=June 12, 2018|publisher=GünAz TV|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref>][9<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/kendimiz-veqfi-iran-azerbaycani/4436568.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216120731/https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/kendimiz-veqfi-iran-azerbaycani/4436568.html|archivedate=December 16, 2021|title=Güneydə 'Kəndimiz Vəqfi' hər ay bir kəndə türkcə kitablar hədiyyə edir|author=|date=June 13, 2018|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref>]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/urmiye-turkce-kitab-paylama-kampaniyasi/6230727.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114080832/https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/urmiye-turkce-kitab-paylama-kampaniyasi/6230727.html|archivedate=January 14, 2022|title=Urmiyada mədəni fəallar məktəblərin açılışı ərəfəsində türkcə kitablar paylayır|date=September 16, 2021|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref> === Nwuchi ys na ọrụ ndị ọzọ so === A nwụchiri ya na Mee 2009 ya na nwunye ya, Sima Didar, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bijan Baharan|title=The Hidden Side of Iran: Discrimination against ethnic and religious minorities|year=2010|location=[[Paris]]|publisher=[[International Federation for Human Rights]]|url=https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/IrandiscrimLDDHI545a.pdf}}</ref> n'oge ngagharị iw na El Golu Square nke Tabriz maka agụmakwụkwọ n'asụsụ amaala. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azadliq.org/a/1737242.html|title=Təbrizdə dövlət bayramında etirazlar|author=[[Khadija Ismayilova]]|date=May 22, 2009|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://musavat.com/news/tebrizde-qan-tokuldu_53583.html?d=1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216122853/https://musavat.com/news/tebrizde-qan-tokuldu_53583.html?d=1|archivedate=December 16, 2021|title=Təbrizdə qan töküldü|author=|date=May 23, 2009|publisher=musavat.com|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ ikpe mara ha ikpe otu afọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ụlọ ikpe nke abụọ belatara njide ha ruo ọnwa isii.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/farish101510-105125684/719193.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303053524/https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/farish101510-105125684/719193.html|archivedate=March 3, 2021|title=İran azərbaycanlı fəal Əlirza Fərşi üniversitet müəllimliyindən azad edilib|author=Insafali Hidayat|date=October 17, 2010|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, a chụpụrụ ya n'ọkwa nkuzi ya na Mahadum Azad dị na Julfa.<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe a kpọfere ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Tabriz, a tọhapụrụ ya nwa oge na mgbapụta. A nwụchiri ya ọzọ na 2011 ma kpọga ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Tabriz. N'afọ 2014, e jidere ya na Akbar Azad, Behnam Sheikh, Hamid Manafi Nadarli, Mahmud Ojagli, Rustam Kazimpur, Mansur Fathi na Aziz Farshi maka ịga emume Ụbọchị Asụsụ Amaala nke Mba Nile na Tehran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/linguistic-activists/1892647.html|title=Tehranda həbsdə olan türk fəalların durumu ağırdır|date=2014-04-14|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|accessdate=2022-03-08|language=az}}</ref> E mechara maa ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ iri na ise na afọ abụọ ịkpafu gaa na Bagh Malik, mpaghara Khuzestan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/iran/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006035151/https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/iran/|archivedate=2022-10-06|title=2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Iran|date=2018|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|accessdate=2023-03-15|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://musavat.com/news/iranda-4-azerbaycanli-feal-45-il-hebs-ve-8-il-surgune-mehkum-edildi-nbsp_417912.html?d=1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105091000/https://musavat.com/news/iranda-4-azerbaycanli-feal-45-il-hebs-ve-8-il-surgune-mehkum-edildi-nbsp_417912.html?d=1|archivedate=January 5, 2022|title=İranda 4 azərbaycanlı fəal 45 il həbs və 8 il sürgünə məhkum edildi|date=February 22, 2017|publisher=musavat.com|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gunaz.tv/az/new/beynelxalq-ana-dili-gununde-saxlanilan-guney-azerbaycanli-feallarin-hebs-qerari-icraya-qoyulur-126224|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105091200/http://www.gunaz.tv/az/new/beynelxalq-ana-dili-gununde-saxlanilan-guney-azerbaycanli-feallarin-hebs-qerari-icraya-qoyulur-126224|archivedate=January 5, 2022|title=Beynəlxalq Ana Dili Günündə saxlanılan güney azərbaycanlı fəalların həbs qərarı icraya qoyulur|date=March 18, 2020|publisher=GünAz TV|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref> Ka ọnwa abụọ gasịrị mgbe e jidere ha, a kpọfere ndị na-eme mkpọsa Akbar Azad na Alireza Farshi, ndị a ejichiri n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị na Tehran, gaa n'ọ́dụ̀ ndị agha nke narị atọ na ise siri ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/evin_hebs/1898363.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423024738/https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/evin_hebs/1898363.html|archivedate=April 23, 2021|title=Azərbaycanlı fəallar Evin zindanının daha sərt korpusuna köçürülüb|date=April 22, 2014|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref> Na Septemba 22, 2021, Alireza Farshi kwupụtara na ọ ga-anọ agụụ ụbọchị atọ iji mee mkpesa megide mkpebi ikpe obi ọjọọ na ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ndị ọkàikpe n'ụlọ ikpe nke Islamic Republic nke Iran, yana ịnapụ ndị Turkey agụmakwụkwọ n'asụsụ amaala n'ụlọ akwụkwọ gasị. Mgbe e mesịrị, onye mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ Abbas Lisani sonyekwara n'òtù ahụ iji kwado Alireza Farshi . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/%C9%99lirza-f%C9%99r%C5%9Fi-v%C9%99-abbas-lisani-acl%C4%B1q-aksiyas%C4%B1na-ba%C5%9Flay%C4%B1b/6245471.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105082956/https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/%C9%99lirza-f%C9%99r%C5%9Fi-v%C9%99-abbas-lisani-acl%C4%B1q-aksiyas%C4%B1na-ba%C5%9Flay%C4%B1b/6245471.html|archivedate=January 5, 2022|title=Əlirza Fərşi və Abbas Lisani aclıq aksiyasına başlayıb|author=Hamid Məlikoğlu|date=September 25, 2021|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210924-two-jailed-azeri-rights-activists-begin-hunger-strike-in-iran/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220105131100/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210924-two-jailed-azeri-rights-activists-begin-hunger-strike-in-iran/|archivedate=January 5, 2022|title=Two jailed Azeri rights activists begin hunger strike in Iran|date=September 24, 2021|publisher=middleeastmonitor.com|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, o degaara ndị ọrụ ụlọ ikpe akwụkwọ ozi n'ụzọ doro anya n'ihe gbasara ịnapụ ha ikike ịpụ. N'akwụkwọ ozi ya, ọ chọrọ ka a tọhapụ ya na ezumike ma gwọọ ya n'èzí ụlọ mkpọrọ, na-akọwa oke ọrịa ya, mkpa ọ dị ịwa ya anya na nchọpụta ya nke ọrịa shuga nke ụdị nke abụọ ya. Ọ katọkwara mkpọrọ a tụrụ ya maka ịga emume International Mother Language Day yana maka ọrụ ya na ikike nke asụsụ Turkey na agbụrụ n'okpuru iwu, na-ekwu na a gụpụụrụ ya naanị ụbọchị atọ n'oge ọnwa iri abụọ ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/fershi-mektub/6316835.html|title=Əlirza Fərşi məhkəməyə açıq məktub ünvanlayıb|author=Hamid Məlikoğlu|date=November 17, 2021|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref> Na Disemba 12, 2021, Alireza Farshi, onye nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Tehran dị ukwuu, malitere ịnọ agụụ ụbọchị atọ. N'akwụkwọ ozi o si n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dee, o kwuru na ịnọ agụụ ahụ bụ iji mee mkpesa maka mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere ọtịta nke ọdọ mmiri Urmia, ịtụfu unyi n'ime Osimiri Araz, ọnọdụ ndụ nke ndị ọrụ na ndị nkuzi, enweghị ọrụ dị na Azerbaijan, na nrụgide iwu na-akwadoghị na ndị na-eme mkpọsa na mba Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/%C9%99lirza-f%C9%99r%C5%9Fi-3-g%C3%BCnl%C3%BCk-acl%C4%B1q-aksiyas%C4%B1na-ba%C5%9Flay%C4%B1b-/6351071.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212194425/https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/%C9%99lirza-f%C9%99r%C5%9Fi-3-g%C3%BCnl%C3%BCk-acl%C4%B1q-aksiyas%C4%B1na-ba%C5%9Flay%C4%B1b-/6351071.html|archivedate=December 12, 2021|title=Əlirza Fərşi 3 günlük aclıq aksiyasına başlayıb|author=Hamid Məlikoğlu|date=December 12, 2021|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref> === Ngagharị iwe megide njichi ya === Amnesty International ekwuputala na ọ bụ onye mkpọrọ n'ihi akọ na uche ma chọọ ka a tọhapụ ya ozugbo n'ihi na o nweghị ihe ndekọ mpụ ma na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ na ikike asụsụ amaala.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/4484/2021/en/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722223953/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/4484/2021/en/|archivedate=July 22, 2021|title=Iran: Defender beaten and denied health care: Alireza Farshi|date=July 20, 2021|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. [[Amnesty International]]. July 20, 2021. Archived from [https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/4484/2021/en/ the original] on July 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Mee 2021, òtù Erk-Azerbaijan na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ zigaara UN akwụkwọ ozi nke isiokwu ya bụ "Nledo ọnọdụ nke ndị mkpọrọ ọdịbendị Azerbaijan". N'akwụkwọ ozi a, ha gosipụtara nchegbu banyere ọnọdụ Alireza Farshi. A chọpụtara na Alireza Farshi nwere ọrịa shuga n'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọnọdụ ya kakwara njọ n'ihi enweghị ọgwụgwọ. Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụ ezie na anya ya adịghị mma ma chọọ ka a waa ya awa, ọ nwetabeghị ohere ọ bụla maka ọgwụgwọ na ịwa ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aznews.tv/az%C9%99rbaycanli-siyasi-m%C9%99hbusla-bagli-yenid%C9%99n-birl%C9%99smis-mill%C9%99tl%C9%99r-t%C9%99skilatina-muraci%C9%99t-edildi/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114082245/https://www.aznews.tv/az%C9%99rbaycanli-siyasi-m%C9%99hbusla-bagli-yenid%C9%99n-birl%C9%99smis-mill%C9%99tl%C9%99r-t%C9%99skilatina-muraci%C9%99t-edildi/|archivedate=January 14, 2022|title=Azərbaycanlı siyasi məhbusla bağlı yenidən Birləşmiş millətlər təşkilatına müraciət edildi|publisher=aznews.tv|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke ise n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2021, ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị na mba ahụ kesara akwụkwọ mpịakọta n'okporo ámá Tabriz na-achọ ka a tọhapụ onye mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Alireza Farshi. Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe madochara akwụkwọ mmado na akwụkwọ mpịakọta nke isiokwu ya bụ "Alireza Farshi, a mara mmadụ a ikpe nnwere onwe", "Ncheta ụbọchị ọmụmụ ọma maka dike mba Azerbaijan Turkic, Nna Babek" na mgbidi n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Tabriz ma kesaa ha n'etiti ndị bi na ya. Na mgbakwunye, na Julaị 5, e mere ngagharị iwe na Marand iji kwado Alireza Farshi na megide ikpe na-ezighị ezi megide ya. Ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị nke obodo Marand kesara akwụkwọ mmado "Ndụ Alireza Farshi nọ n'ihe ize ndụ", "Ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Azerbaijan bụ akara uhie anyị" ma kwụnye ọkọlọtọ na àkwà mmiri obodo ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sozcu.az/?p=110875|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105080545/https://sozcu.az/?p=110875|archivedate=January 5, 2022|title=Milli fəallar Təbrizdə aksiya keçirdi: Əlirza Fərşiyə azadlıq tələb olunub|date=July 6, 2021|publisher=sozcu.az|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadtb.com/m%C9%99r%C9%99ndd%C9%99-az%C9%99rbaycanli-siyasi-m%C9%99hbus-%C9%99lirza-f%C9%99rsiy%C9%99-d%C9%99st%C9%99k-m%C9%99qs%C9%99dil%C9%99-boyuk-banner-asildi/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105082627/https://gadtb.com/m%C9%99r%C9%99ndd%C9%99-az%C9%99rbaycanli-siyasi-m%C9%99hbus-%C9%99lirza-f%C9%99rsiy%C9%99-d%C9%99st%C9%99k-m%C9%99qs%C9%99dil%C9%99-boyuk-banner-asildi/|archivedate=January 5, 2022|title=Mərənddə azərbaycanlı siyasi məhbus Əlirza Fərşiyə dəstək məqsədilə böyük banner asıldı|date=July 6, 2021|publisher=gadtb.com|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref> Na Julaị 16, 2021, òtù iri na asatọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ wepụtara nkwupụta ha jikọrọ aka ọnụ kwuo iji kwado Alireza Farshi. Na nkwupụta ha, ha kwuru na Alireza Farshi nwetara mmeso omume obi ọjọọ, obi ịta mmiri na nke na-eweda mmadụ n'ala n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma ọ nataghị nlekọta ahụike ọ chọrọ. Ha kpọrọ ndị ọrụ nke Islamic Republic nke Iran ka ha mee ihe ndị dị mkpa iji chebe ndụ na ahụike Alireza Farshi ma nye ya nlekọta ahụike pụrụ iche dị ka ọ dị mkpa. Ha chọkwara ka a tọhapụ Alireza Farshi ozugbo na n'enweghị ihe mgbochi, yana ikpe ndị biri ya ebubo iwu na-akwadoghị na mmeso ọjọọ ikpe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://united4iran.org/press-release-alireza-farshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716183834/https://united4iran.org/press-release-alireza-farshi|archivedate=July 16, 2021|title=Press Release Regarding the Situation of Mr. Alireza Farshi, the imprisoned Azerbaijani Turks' Human and Civil Rights Activist in Iran|date=July 16, 2021|publisher=united4iran.org|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/insan-haqlar%C4%B1-qrupundan-%C9%99lirza-f%C9%99r%C5%9Fiy%C9%99-d%C9%99st%C9%99k-b%C9%99yanat%C4%B1/5969200.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717193706/https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/insan-haqlar%C4%B1-qrupundan-%C9%99lirza-f%C9%99r%C5%9Fiy%C9%99-d%C9%99st%C9%99k-b%C9%99yanat%C4%B1/5969200.html|archivedate=July 17, 2021|title=18 insan haqları qrupundan Əlirza Fərşiyə dəstək bəyanatı|date=July 17, 2021|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2021, onye UN Special Rapporteur n'ihe gbasara ikike mmadụ na Iran, Javid Rahman, nyere akụkọ ya ọzọ gbasara mmebi ikike mmadụ na Iran nye Nzukọ Ezumezu nke UN. O kwuru na akụkọ dị peeji iri abụọ na ise na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na ndị obodo Turkey dị ka Abbas Lisani na Alireza Farshi na Iran Azerbaijan bụ ndị a lekwasịrị anya maka ịgbachitere ikike ndị ka nta, nakwa na e metọrọ Alireza Garshi mmetọ nke anụ ahụ ma mesoo ya omume ọjọọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/bmt-nin-x%C3%BCsusi-m%C9%99ruz%C9%99%C3%A7isi-yeni-hesabat%C4%B1nda-abbas-lisani-v%C9%99-%C9%99lirza-f%C9%99r%C5%9Finin-durumuna-diqq%C9%99t-%C3%A7%C9%99kib/6012379.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824112604/https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/bmt-nin-x%C3%BCsusi-m%C9%99ruz%C9%99%C3%A7isi-yeni-hesabat%C4%B1nda-abbas-lisani-v%C9%99-%C9%99lirza-f%C9%99r%C5%9Finin-durumuna-diqq%C9%99t-%C3%A7%C9%99kib/6012379.html|archivedate=August 24, 2021|title=BMT-nin xüsusi məruzəçisi yeni hesabatında Abbas Lisani və Əlirza Fərşinin vəziyyətinə diqqət çəkib|date=August 23, 2021|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}.</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2021, ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị na mba kwụnyere ọkọlọtọ n'okporo ámá niile nke Tabriz na-ekwu "Nnwere Onwe", "Alirza Farshi", "A maala mmadụ ahụ ikpe Nnwere Onwe" "Nye m aka gị, nke a chụpụrụ site n'ife efe, ọ na-agụ m ka ébé ọkụ na-agba - anọwo m n'ọchịchịrị ruo afọ iri anọ na atọ" <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gunaz.tv/az/new/brizd-t-rk-dili-f-al-lirza-r-iy-d-st-k-bannerl-ri|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220105082023/http://www.gunaz.tv/az/new/brizd-t-rk-dili-f-al-lirza-r-iy-d-st-k-bannerl-ri#selection-1127.48-1127.196|archivedate=January 5, 2022|title=Təbrizdə türk dili fəalı Əlirza Fərşiyə dəstək aksiyası keçirilib|date=October 14, 2021|publisher=GünAz TV|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/fershi-azadliq/6270368.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105084609/https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/a/fershi-azadliq/6270368.html|archivedate=January 5, 2022|title=Təbrizdə siyasi məhbus Əlirza Fərşinin azadlığı tələb edilib|author=Hamid Malikoghlu|date=October 14, 2021|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|accessdate=March 8, 2022|language=az}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9jzh6gbvcvr867calqmlcpet5mt5lgd 0 73119 692796 596829 2026-07-30T18:45:48Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 692796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Nanti|nativename={{lang|cox|Nanti}}|states=[[Peru]]|speakers=94|date=2007|familycolor=arawakan|fam1=[[Maipurean languages|Arawakan]]|fam2=Southern|fam3=[[Campa languages|Campa]]|fam4=[[Machiguenga language|Machiguenga]]|iso3=cox}} '''Nanti'''bụ asụsụ Arawakan nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 250 na-asụ na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Peruvian Amazonia, ọkachasị n'ọtụtụ obodo nta dị nso na isi mmiri nke Osimiri Camisea na Timpía. Ọ bụ nke ezinụlọ Arawak Asụsụ Campa , ọ na-ejikọkwa ya na Asụsụ Machiguenga,{{sfn|Michael|2008|pp=212-218}} nke a na-aghọta ya nke ọma. A na-akpọkwa asụsụ a mgbe ụfọdụ kogapakori (ụdị dị iche iche: cogapacori, kugapakori), okwu okwu nke Matsigenka sitere na 'onye na-eme ihe ike.<ref>Michael, Lev and Christine Beier. 2007. Una breve historia del pueblo Nanti hasta el año 2004. Online version: http://www.cabeceras.org/cabeceras_nanti_histor_2004.pdf</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Crowhurst|first=Megan|date=2005|title=Iterative footing and prominence-driven stress in Nanti (Kampa)|journal=Language|volume=81|pages=47-95}} *   * {{Cite journal|author=Michael|first=Lev|date=2012a|title=Nanti self-quotation: Implications for the pragmatics of reported speech and evidentiality|journal=Pragmatics and Society|volume=3|pages=321-357}} * {{Cite book|author=Michael|first=Lev|date=2012b|chapter=Possession in Nanti|editor=Aikhenvald|title=Possession and Ownership: A cross-linguistic typology|pages=149-166}} * {{Cite journal|author=Michael|first=Lev|date=2005|title=El estatus sintáctico de los marcadores de persona en el idioma Nanti (Campa, Arawak)|language=es|journal=Lengua y Sociedad|volume=7|pages=21-32}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160602050035/http://www.ailla.utexas.org/search/view_resource.html?coll_id=6 Nchịkọta nke ChristBeier na Lev Michael] na Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America. O nwere ihe ndekọ anọ nke ememe na Nanti na transcriptions na nsụgharị. swl4zqu25isb9lim2me9v2uv4uzf5i3 0 73137 692965 596855 2026-07-31T03:33:27Z Chikerenma Ndubuka 8900 Ref Error 692965 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alwyn David Rees''' (27 Machị 1911 - 6 Disemba 1974) bụ onye Welsh gụrụ jiografi, antrọpọlọji na onye na-akwado nnwereonwe nke Mba Wales, onye dere dị ka '''Alwyn D. Rees'''. Mgbe ọ mụsịrị jiografi na antrọpọlọji na Mahadum College of Wales, Aberystwyth, ọ bụụrụ onye nkuzi na Ngalaba Mpaghara nke College ahụ site na 1936 ruo 1946. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na Ngalaba Geography na Anthropology ruo 1949, mgbe a họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi nke Ngalaba Ọmụmụ Ihe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Rees bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ na nkà mmụta mmekọrịta ime obodo nke Britain na Life in a Welsh countryside (1950), Ọmụmụ obodo nke obodo Welsh nke Llanfihangel yng Ngwynfa . <ref>{{Cite book|first=Graham|author=Day|chapter=Rural Wales: The Sociological Account|title=Making Sense of Wales: A Sociological Perspective|date=January 2010|publisher=|pages=141–|isbn=9780708323106|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XyvBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA141}}</ref> Site na 1966 ruo ọnwụ ya, ọ dezigharịrị magazin Welsh Barn . == Ndụ Mmalite == A mụrụ Alwyn D. Rees na Llanarel, Coalbrook, Gorseinon na 27 Machị 1911. Nna ya bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ na Mynydd (Ugwu) na Gorseinon. Alwyn bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ anọ, gụnyere Brinley Rees. Mgbe ọ gachara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na Penyrheol na Gowerton County School, ọ gara n'ihu gaa na Mahadum College of Wales, Aberystwyth, nweta akara ugo mmụta mbụ n'isi ọmụmụ geography na anthropology na 1933. N'afọ 1934, o nwetara nzere diplọma na agụmakwụkwọ yana asambodo ndị nkuzi. E nyere ya agụmakwụkwọ Sir John Williams iji mụọ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Welsh, ọ nwetara nzere MA na 1937 na nnyocha banyere ndụ ndị ọgọ mmụọ na mmalite Iso Ụzọ Kraịst Celtic. == ''Ndụ n'ime imeobodo Welsh'' na ọmụmụ obodo == Site na 1936 ruo 1946 Rees rụrụ ọrụ maka ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ mmụgharị nke kọleji ahụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Montgomeryshire. N'afọ 1938, onye isi kọleji ahụ, Ifor Evans, tụụrụ Rees aro ka o mee nnyocha banyere obodo ndị na-asụ asụsụ Welsh dịka amaala.<ref name="BellNewby">{{Cite book|first=Colin|author=Bell|chapter=The European Studies|title=Community Studies: An Introduction to the Sociology of the Local Community|publisher=Routledge|year=1971}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-agba Rees ume na ọrụ ahụ gụnyere Daryll Forde, Prọfesọ E. G. Bowen na Prọfesor H. J. Fleure.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Ray|author=Pahl|title=Book Review: Identities and Social Change since 1940: The Politics of Method|journal=The Sociological Review|volume=59|year=2011|doi=10.1111/j.1467-954X.2010.01997_1.x}}</ref> Ebumnobi ndị a edochaghị anya, mana mmadụ nwere ike ị na-enyo enyo na a na-anwa ịdekala Welsh na-anwụ anwụ tupu ọ banye n'imebi mmetụta Bekee. Nzube mbụ bụ ime usoro ọmụmụ dị otú ahụ nke obodo ndị ahọpụtara n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Wales, ma, dị ka ọ dị na Ireland, agha tinyere aka na ọrụ ahụ ka na-aga n'ihu nanị afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị.<ref name=BellNewby/>}} Rees rụrụ ọrụ n'ọhịa na Llanfihangel yng Ngwynfa, parish ime obodo na-asụ Welsh, na 1939 na 1940, ma gaa n'ihu na-eleta parish ahụ mgbe niile n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]].<ref name="BellNewby"/>{{Cite book|first=Colin|author=Bell|chapter=The European Studies|title=Community Studies: An Introduction to the Sociology of the Local Community|publisher=Routledge|year=1971}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBellNewby1971">Bell, Colin; Newby, Howard (1971). "The European Studies". ''Community Studies: An Introduction to the Sociology of the Local Community''. Routledge.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1946, Emrys Bowen họpụtara Rees gaa na ngalaba nke geography na anthropology. E bipụtara nnyocha nke Rees banyere Llanfihangel yng Ngwynfa na 1950 dị ka Life in a Welsh Countryside . <ref>{{Cite book|first=Clive D.|author=Field|title=Britain's Last Religious Revival?: Quantifying Belonging, Behaving, and Believing in the Long 1950s|publisher=Palgrave|year=2015|isbn=9781137512536|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdDKBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68}}</ref> Otu n'ime ihe ndị anthropological kwusiri ike bụ [[Joking relations|mmekọrịta na-atọ ọchị]] n'etiti òtù ụmụ okorobịa ahụ na ndị ọzọ nọ n'obodo ahụ, nke Rees kwuru na ọ bụ iji mee ka ụkpụrụ obodo sie ike.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Ronald|author=Frankenberg|chapter=British Community Studies: Problems of Synthesis|editor=Michael Banton|title=Social Anthropology of Complex Societies|publisher=Routledge|year=1966|isbn=9781136539978|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=fVpGAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA128}}</ref> Rees na Bowen gbara ume maka ọtụtụ ọmụmụ nke ''Ime Obodo dị iche iche na Welsh'' na mahadum ahụ. Site na 1954 ruo 1960 ha rụrụ ọrụ iji soro dezie Welsh Rural Communities, nchịkọta nke ọmụmụ ime obodo ndị e mere. Nwa akwụkwọ Rees bụ Bill Williams bipụtara The Sociology of an English Village: Gosforth na 1964. <ref>{{Cite book|first=W. M. [William Morgan]|author=Williams|title=The Sociology of an English Village: Gosforth|year=1964|publisher=Routledge & Paul|series=International Library of Society}}</ref> == Ihe omume ndị ọzọ == Site na 1949 ruo 1958 Rees dezigharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Guild of Graduates nke Mahadum Wales, Yr Einion / The Welsh Anvil . <ref>{{Cite book|first=Malcolm|author=Ballin|title=Welsh Periodicals in English: 1882-2012|publisher=University of Wales Press|year=2013|pages=94–5|isbn=9780708326152|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VeuBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94}}</ref> Celtic Heritage (1961), nke ya na nwanne ya nwoke Brinley dere, gbalịrị itinye ''Ihe Nketa Celtic'' n'ime usoro Indo-European sara mbara, na-egosi ihe yiri n'etiti akụkọ ifo Irish na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ India.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Alexandra Bergholm|title=Approaches to Religion and Mythology in Celtic Studies|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|first=Tatyana A.|author=Mikhailova|chapter=Ireland's "Five Fifths" – A New Look|isbn=9781443808767|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPwYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA199}}</ref> Rees ghọrọ Onye na-ahụ maka nnwere-onwe nke mba Wales na ngwụcha afọ 1950. Ọ gbachiteere usoro ọdịdị gọọmentị etiti nke Mahadum Wales na 1960, na-eguzogide nkewa nke mahadum ahụ. Na Febụwarị afọ 1966, Rees ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ asụsụ Welsh bụ Barn, na-eji ịbụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ ya akọwapụta ihe gbasara mba Welsh. Ọ bụ onye na-akwadosi mkpọsa nke Welsh Language Association ike. Rees gara n'ihu na-enwe mmetụta na kọmitii Mahadum gasị. Site na 1968 ruo 1971 ọ bụ onye nlekọta nke òtù ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Kọleji ahụ. <ref name="Morgan-128">{{Cite book|first=Prys|author=Morgan|title=The University of Wales, 1939-1993|year=1997}}</ref> N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1973, ọ dọrọ Kansụl Mahadum ahụ aka na ntị na o bu n'obi iwebata akụkọ sitere na ndị dị nta n'ọnụ ọgụ megide mgbasawanye Mahadum.<ref name="Morgan-135">{{Cite book|first=Prys|author=Morgan|title=The University of Wales, 1939-1993|year=1997}}</ref> Onye ahụ na-adịghi kemgbe 1973, Rees nwụrụ n'ihi nkụchi obi na 6 Disemba 1974. == Aha ọma == Ọ́ba Akwụkwọ mba Wales nwere nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ Rees. <ref>{{Cite book|editor=P. Jones|title=Sources in British Political History 1900-1951|date=25 April 1985|isbn=9781349178254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GoGwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA235}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, M Wynn Thomas kuziri nkụzi ohaneze iji cheta mbọ Rees gbara iji zọpụta Mahadum Wales na mbido afọ 1960, yana ọrụ ya n'ịchịkwa Pantycelyn Hall dị ka ụlọ obibi na-asụ asụsụ Welsh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pantycelyn Lecture: 'A necessary person, Alwyn D. Rees (1911-1974): Battles long ago for Language and University|work=Aberystwyth University|date=31 October 2019|url=https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/news/archive/2019/10/title-226801-en.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ ya == * Obi adịghị ya mma. 1943. * ''Ndụ n'ime imeobodo Welsh, ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Llanfihangel yng Ngwynfa''. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1950. * (ed. ya na Elwyn Davies) Ime ime obodo Welsh gasị. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1960. * (ya na Brinley Rees) ''Ihe nketa Celtic: ọdịnala oge ochie na Ireland na Wales''. London: Thames & Hudson, 1961. * ''Nsogbu onye majie na onye na-emebi iwu asụsụ Welsh''. Llandybie: C. Davies, 1968. * ''Ym Marn Alwyn D. Rees'' [N'echiche nke Alwyn D, de. Bobi Jones Abertawe: Christopher Davies, 1976. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] baaop9s8shyw1cxgy4tn9e8w9exo8r3 692966 692965 2026-07-31T03:41:32Z Chikerenma Ndubuka 8900 Ref Error 692966 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alwyn David Rees''' (27 Machị 1911 - 6 Disemba 1974) bụ onye Welsh gụrụ jiografi, antrọpọlọji na onye na-akwado nnwereonwe nke Mba Wales, onye dere dị ka '''Alwyn D. Rees'''. Mgbe ọ mụsịrị jiografi na antrọpọlọji na Mahadum College of Wales, Aberystwyth, ọ bụụrụ onye nkuzi na Ngalaba Mpaghara nke College ahụ site na 1936 ruo 1946. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na Ngalaba Geography na Anthropology ruo 1949, mgbe a họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi nke Ngalaba Ọmụmụ Ihe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Rees bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ na nkà mmụta mmekọrịta ime obodo nke Britain na Life in a Welsh countryside (1950), Ọmụmụ obodo nke obodo Welsh nke Llanfihangel yng Ngwynfa . <ref>{{Cite book|first=Graham|author=Day|chapter=Rural Wales: The Sociological Account|title=Making Sense of Wales: A Sociological Perspective|date=January 2010|publisher=|pages=141–|isbn=9780708323106|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XyvBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA141}}</ref> Site na 1966 ruo ọnwụ ya, ọ dezigharịrị magazin Welsh Barn . == Ndụ Mmalite == A mụrụ Alwyn D. Rees na Llanarel, Coalbrook, Gorseinon na 27 Machị 1911. Nna ya bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ na Mynydd (Ugwu) na Gorseinon. Alwyn bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ anọ, gụnyere Brinley Rees. Mgbe ọ gachara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na Penyrheol na Gowerton County School, ọ gara n'ihu gaa na Mahadum College of Wales, Aberystwyth, nweta akara ugo mmụta mbụ n'isi ọmụmụ geography na anthropology na 1933. N'afọ 1934, o nwetara nzere diplọma na agụmakwụkwọ yana asambodo ndị nkuzi. E nyere ya agụmakwụkwọ Sir John Williams iji mụọ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Welsh, ọ nwetara nzere MA na 1937 na nnyocha banyere ndụ ndị ọgọ mmụọ na mmalite Iso Ụzọ Kraịst Celtic. == ''Ndụ n'ime imeobodo Welsh'' na ọmụmụ obodo == Site na 1936 ruo 1946 Rees rụrụ ọrụ maka ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ mmụgharị nke kọleji ahụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Montgomeryshire. N'afọ 1938, onye isi kọleji ahụ, Ifor Evans, tụụrụ Rees aro ka o mee nnyocha banyere obodo ndị na-asụ asụsụ Welsh dịka amaala.<ref name="BellNewby">{{Cite book|first=Colin|author=Bell|chapter=The European Studies|title=Community Studies: An Introduction to the Sociology of the Local Community|publisher=Routledge|year=1971}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-agba Rees ume na ọrụ ahụ gụnyere Daryll Forde, Prọfesọ E. G. Bowen na Prọfesor H. J. Fleure.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Ray|author=Pahl|title=Book Review: Identities and Social Change since 1940: The Politics of Method|journal=The Sociological Review|volume=59|year=2011|doi=10.1111/j.1467-954X.2010.01997_1.x}}</ref> Ebumnobi ndị a edochaghị anya, mana mmadụ nwere ike ị na-enyo enyo na a na-anwa ịdekala Welsh na-anwụ anwụ tupu ọ banye n'imebi mmetụta Bekee. Nzube mbụ bụ ime usoro ọmụmụ dị otú ahụ nke obodo ndị ahọpụtara n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Wales, ma, dị ka ọ dị na Ireland, agha tinyere aka na ọrụ ahụ ka na-aga n'ihu nanị afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị.<ref name=BellNewby/>}} Rees rụrụ ọrụ n'ọhịa na Llanfihangel yng Ngwynfa, parish ime obodo na-asụ Welsh, na 1939 na 1940, ma gaa n'ihu na-eleta parish ahụ mgbe niile n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]].<ref name="BellNewby"/> N'afọ 1946, Emrys Bowen họpụtara Rees gaa na ngalaba nke geography na anthropology. E bipụtara nnyocha nke Rees banyere Llanfihangel yng Ngwynfa na 1950 dị ka Life in a Welsh Countryside . <ref>{{Cite book|first=Clive D.|author=Field|title=Britain's Last Religious Revival?: Quantifying Belonging, Behaving, and Believing in the Long 1950s|publisher=Palgrave|year=2015|isbn=9781137512536|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdDKBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68}}</ref> Otu n'ime ihe ndị anthropological kwusiri ike bụ [[Joking relations|mmekọrịta na-atọ ọchị]] n'etiti òtù ụmụ okorobịa ahụ na ndị ọzọ nọ n'obodo ahụ, nke Rees kwuru na ọ bụ iji mee ka ụkpụrụ obodo sie ike.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Ronald|author=Frankenberg|chapter=British Community Studies: Problems of Synthesis|editor=Michael Banton|title=Social Anthropology of Complex Societies|publisher=Routledge|year=1966|isbn=9781136539978|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=fVpGAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA128}}</ref> Rees na Bowen gbara ume maka ọtụtụ ọmụmụ nke ''Ime Obodo dị iche iche na Welsh'' na mahadum ahụ. Site na 1954 ruo 1960 ha rụrụ ọrụ iji soro dezie Welsh Rural Communities, nchịkọta nke ọmụmụ ime obodo ndị e mere. Nwa akwụkwọ Rees bụ Bill Williams bipụtara The Sociology of an English Village: Gosforth na 1964. <ref>{{Cite book|first=W. M. [William Morgan]|author=Williams|title=The Sociology of an English Village: Gosforth|year=1964|publisher=Routledge & Paul|series=International Library of Society}}</ref> == Ihe omume ndị ọzọ == Site na 1949 ruo 1958 Rees dezigharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Guild of Graduates nke Mahadum Wales, Yr Einion / The Welsh Anvil . <ref>{{Cite book|first=Malcolm|author=Ballin|title=Welsh Periodicals in English: 1882-2012|publisher=University of Wales Press|year=2013|pages=94–5|isbn=9780708326152|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VeuBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94}}</ref> Celtic Heritage (1961), nke ya na nwanne ya nwoke Brinley dere, gbalịrị itinye ''Ihe Nketa Celtic'' n'ime usoro Indo-European sara mbara, na-egosi ihe yiri n'etiti akụkọ ifo Irish na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ India.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Alexandra Bergholm|title=Approaches to Religion and Mythology in Celtic Studies|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|first=Tatyana A.|author=Mikhailova|chapter=Ireland's "Five Fifths" – A New Look|isbn=9781443808767|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPwYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA199}}</ref> Rees ghọrọ Onye na-ahụ maka nnwere-onwe nke mba Wales na ngwụcha afọ 1950. Ọ gbachiteere usoro ọdịdị gọọmentị etiti nke Mahadum Wales na 1960, na-eguzogide nkewa nke mahadum ahụ. Na Febụwarị afọ 1966, Rees ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ asụsụ Welsh bụ Barn, na-eji ịbụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ ya akọwapụta ihe gbasara mba Welsh. Ọ bụ onye na-akwadosi mkpọsa nke Welsh Language Association ike. Rees gara n'ihu na-enwe mmetụta na kọmitii Mahadum gasị. Site na 1968 ruo 1971 ọ bụ onye nlekọta nke òtù ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Kọleji ahụ. <ref name="Morgan-128">{{Cite book|first=Prys|author=Morgan|title=The University of Wales, 1939-1993|year=1997}}</ref> N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1973, ọ dọrọ Kansụl Mahadum ahụ aka na ntị na o bu n'obi iwebata akụkọ sitere na ndị dị nta n'ọnụ ọgụ megide mgbasawanye Mahadum.<ref name="Morgan-135">{{Cite book|first=Prys|author=Morgan|title=The University of Wales, 1939-1993|year=1997}}</ref> Onye ahụ na-adịghi kemgbe 1973, Rees nwụrụ n'ihi nkụchi obi na 6 Disemba 1974. == Aha ọma == Ọ́ba Akwụkwọ mba Wales nwere nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ Rees. <ref>{{Cite book|editor=P. Jones|title=Sources in British Political History 1900-1951|date=25 April 1985|isbn=9781349178254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GoGwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA235}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, M Wynn Thomas kuziri nkụzi ohaneze iji cheta mbọ Rees gbara iji zọpụta Mahadum Wales na mbido afọ 1960, yana ọrụ ya n'ịchịkwa Pantycelyn Hall dị ka ụlọ obibi na-asụ asụsụ Welsh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pantycelyn Lecture: 'A necessary person, Alwyn D. Rees (1911-1974): Battles long ago for Language and University|work=Aberystwyth University|date=31 October 2019|url=https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/news/archive/2019/10/title-226801-en.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ ya == * Obi adịghị ya mma. 1943. * ''Ndụ n'ime imeobodo Welsh, ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Llanfihangel yng Ngwynfa''. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1950. * (ed. ya na Elwyn Davies) Ime ime obodo Welsh gasị. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1960. * (ya na Brinley Rees) ''Ihe nketa Celtic: ọdịnala oge ochie na Ireland na Wales''. London: Thames & Hudson, 1961. * ''Nsogbu onye majie na onye na-emebi iwu asụsụ Welsh''. Llandybie: C. Davies, 1968. * ''Ym Marn Alwyn D. Rees'' [N'echiche nke Alwyn D, de. Bobi Jones Abertawe: Christopher Davies, 1976. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cfvok3rct6rjsl7060h8muix103qzjf 0 73143 693105 596862 2026-07-31T10:42:45Z Chikerenma Ndubuka 8900 Fixed ref error 693105 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Anauyá |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Venezuela]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Amazonas (Venezuelan state)|Amazonas]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Extinct language|Ndị nwụrụ anwụ]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" | (ụbọchị na-efu) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Maipurean languages|Arawak]] * NorthernUpper AmazonianWestern Nawiki[1]Wainumá otu Anauyá ** [[Upper Amazon Arawakan|Ugwu Amazon]] *** Western Nawiki<ref><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFBradleyCampbellComrieGoddard2007"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="206">Bradley, David; Campbell, Lyle; Comrie, Bernard; Goddard, Ives; Golla, Victor; Irvine, Arthur; Kaufman, Terrence; Mackenzie, J. Lachlan; Mithun, Marianne (2007), Asher, R. E.; Moseley, Christopher (eds.), [https://www.routledge.com/Atlas-of-the-Worlds-Languages/Asher-Moseley/p/book/9781315829845 ''Atlas of the world's languages''] (2nd&nbsp;ed.), London and New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31074-1|<bdi>978-0-415-31074-1</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-01</span></span></span></cite></ref> Wainumá otu Anauyá **** Otu Wainumá ***** '''Anauyá''' </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |Ọ dịghị onye (nke na-ezighị ezi) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">[[Linguist List|Ndepụta Asụsụ]]</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/qjb qjb]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/anau1243 anau1243]</code> |} '''Anauyá''' bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] nke [[Venezuela]], nke a na-ejighị n'aka, nke a maara nke ọma na nke a na'amaghị ama, nke a sụgharịrị na Osimiri Castaña na Amazonas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Loukotka|first=Čestmír|date=1963|title=Documents et vocabulaires inédits de langues et de dialectes sud-américains|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/jsa_0037-9174_1963_num_52_1_2001|journal=Journal de la société des américanistes|volume=52|issue=1|pages=7–60|doi=10.3406/jsa.1963.2001}}</ref> Naanị akwụkwọ e dere na ya sitere n'akwụkwọ 1928. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Cerqueira|first=Dionísio|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000330230|title=Reminiscencias da fronteira, com prefacio e onze retratos.|date=1928|publisher=F. Briguiet & cia|location=Rio de Janeiro}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Kaufman (1994) debere ya na alaka Wainumá ya, mana nke a emeghị na Aikhenvald (1999). <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Amazonian languages|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57021-3|editor=Dixon|series=Cambridge language surveys|location=Cambridge, UK ; New York}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ramirez|first=Henri|date=2019-09-23|title=Línguas Arawak da Bolívia|url=https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/liames/article/view/8655045|journal=LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas|volume=19|pages=e019012|doi=10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655045|issn=2177-7160}}</ref> == Okwu == {| class="wikitable" |+Okwu Anauyá<ref name=":0" /> !ịma mma !Anauyá !ịm mma !Anauyá |- |aka |Nọn-kapi |ubi m |nun-kaniká-sirra |- |anya |nun-hinihahy |ụlọ m |nun-hána |- |isi |nun-húida |ụlọ gị |hi-ána |- |ntutu isi |nun-huíssihin |Ụgbọ mmiri |ide |- |ntị |nun-tašihin |ụgbọ mmiri |Shanahurri |- |imi |nun-hírri |ndị mmadụ |ase |- |ọnụ |nun-uma |nkume |yahôko |- |ire |na-agụsị akwụkwọ |osisi |ada |- |ụkwụ |Nọn-sarrái |ogho |Kanarisi |- |úkwù |nun-hônin |eriri |kanari |- |ụkwụ |Nú-niti |mma |harrohorri |- |ikpere |nun-edorro |axis |Isi nri |- |aka |nun-kano |unere |parána |- |ọkpụkpụ |nun-korokorô-ni |ite |orîso |- |olu |nun-orri |azụ |undrrimani |- |afụ ọnụ |nun-sanuma |jaguar |Saayaui |- |ezé |ná-ida |tapir |Shouurri |- |nku |ụgbọ mmiri |Ezì ọhịa |ebe ahụ |- |anya |ụgbọ mmiri |atụrụ |uahika |- |Mmiri ozuzo |Yaenaui |1 |Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ọzọ |- |nkịta |onimináu |2 |mahôrene |- |ụlọ |Igbe anyị |3 |marahurraka |- |ugwu |hadasi |4 |arrimâhi |- |osimiri | rowspan="2" |jikọtara ọnụ |5 |Akyuhaaka |- |mmiri |Nnụnụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ |serrierri |- |ọkụ |ríkárri |ose chili |Ịkụziri ihe |- |ụtaba |Ugwu |nwanyị |inanaí |- |uhie |Mithsai |nwa nwoke |Yanenaui |- |manioc |kamikási |agadi nwoke |koina na-eme |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} omtzwgyz93bl0vl4mohpyons8gsl3gp 0 73182 692698 596919 2026-07-30T13:08:55Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 692698 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Ụgbọ mmiri |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Kanamari, Kanamaré |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |<span title="Yine-language text">''Canamirim''</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Brazil]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Purús River|Osimiri Purús]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Extinct language|Ndị nwụrụ anwụ]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">mmalite narị afọ nke 20&#x2009;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Maipurean languages|Arawak]] * SouthernPiro? YineCanamaré ** [[Piro languages|Piro]]? YineCanamaré *** [[Yine language|Mụ onwe gị]] **** '''Ụgbọ mmiri''' </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #98b1c7;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" | (<code>kav</code> Katukína na-eji ozi maka Kanamaré) <ref name=":0" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">[[Linguist List|Ndepụta Asụsụ]]</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/qt6 qt6]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |''Enweghị'' |} Canamaré (Kanamaré, Kanamari) bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] nke na-adịghịzi adị nke Osimiri Purús dị nso n'ókè Peruvian-Brazil. Kaufman (1994) .<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Amazonian languages|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57893-6|editor=Dixon|edition=Digitally printed 1st pbk. version|series=Cambridge language surveys|location=Cambridge; New York}}</ref> A kọwara ya dị ka olumba nke Yine na ndepụta okwu mbụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=von Martius|first=Carl Friedrich Philip|authorlink=Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|url=https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Amartius-1867-beitrage/martius_1867_beitrage_v2.pdf|title=Wörtersammlung Brasilianischer Sprachen, Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas zumal Brasiliens|date=1863|publisher={{ill|Friedrich Fleischer|de|Friedrich Fleischer (Verleger)}}|isbn=978-3742801913|location=Leipzig|pages=325–326}}</ref> Ethnologue 17 na-agwakọta ya na asụsụ Katuquinan dị ndụ nke nwere otu aha ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hammarström|first=Harald|date=September 2015|title=Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: A comprehensive review: Online appendices|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/593411/pdf|journal=Language|language=en|volume=91|issue=3|pages=s1–s188|doi=10.1353/lan.2015.0049|issn=1535-0665}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHammarström2015">Hammarström, Harald (September 2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/593411/pdf "Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: A comprehensive review: Online appendices"]</span>. ''Language''. '''91''' (3): <span class="nowrap">s1–</span>s188. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/lan.2015.0049|10.1353/lan.2015.0049]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-1D58-0|11858/00-001M-0000-0029-1D58-0]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1535-0665 1535-0665].</cite></ref> == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} 9qcop8v5tibg8i3ewoet91hb9a92oho 0 73187 693069 596926 2026-07-31T08:58:32Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Maipure|states=[[Venezuela]]|region=[[Orinoco]]|extinct=late 18th century|familycolor=arawakan|fam1=[[Maipurean languages|Arawakan]]|fam2=Northern|fam3=[[Upper Amazon Arawakan|Upper Amazonian]]|fam4=Orinoco (Yavitero)/Western Nawiki|iso3=none|pronunciation={{IPA|[maipúɺi jukuáɺɛ]}}|lc1=bvv|ld1=Baniva ([[Avane language|Avane]])|nativename={{lang|mis|maipùri jucuàre}}}} '''Maipure''' (Maypure, Mejepure, Maipure: {{Lang|mis|maipùri jucuàre}} {{IPA|[maipúɺi jukuáɺɛ]}} <ref name=":0" />) bụ asụsụ gbachapụrụ agbachapụ nke a na-asụbu n'akụkụ osimiri Ventuari, Sipapo, na Autana nke Amazonas, nakwa dịka asụsụ nkịtị, na mpaghara Upper Orinoco. Ọ gbachapụrụ agbachapụ n'ihe dị ka ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asatọ. Raoul Zamponi nyere eserese asụsụ nke asụsụ ahụ ma nye ndepụta okwu dị iche iche, dabere na ihe niile dị na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ (karịsịa site na onye ozi ala ọzọ nke Itali bụ Filippo S. Gilij). <ref name=":0" /> Ọ dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na ọ bụ isi nkuku nke mmata nke [[Asụsụ Arawak|Ezinụlọ asụsụ Maipurean (Arawakan)]] na 1783, tinyere Asụsụ Moxo.<ref name=":1" /> == Nchịkọta == Kaufman (1994) <ref>{{Cite book|author=Moseley|first=Christopher|title=Atlas of the world's languages|date=1994|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-01925-5|location=London}}</ref> . <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Aikhenvald|first=Alexandra Y.|title=The Amazonian languages|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-521-57021-3|editor=Dixon, R. M. W.|location=Cambridge, England|chapter=The Arawak language family}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAikhenvald1999">Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1999). "The Arawak language family". In Dixon, R. M. W.; Aikhenvald, A. Y. (eds.). ''The Amazonian languages''. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;70, 73. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57021-3|<bdi>978-0-521-57021-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == Nnyocha ọ bụla gbasara ụdaolu Maipure bụ nnwale n'ihi ihe akaebe na-adghị mma nke asụsụ ahụ. A na-egosi usoro ụdaume na ụdaume 'okpuru ebe a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Zamponi|first=Raoul|year=2003|title=Maipure|series=Languages of the World. Materials 192|location=Munich|publisher=Lincom Europa|isbn=978-3-89586-757-6}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZamponi2003">Zamponi, Raoul (2003). ''Maipure''. Languages of the World. Materials 192. Munich: Lincom Europa. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-89586-757-6|<bdi>978-3-89586-757-6</bdi>]].</cite> </ref> === Mkpụrụ okwu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụ okwu ndị dị nro ! colspan="2" | !Bilabial !Ezé ezé !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="2" |Kwụsị !<small>enweghị olu</small> |p |t | | |k | |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> |b | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |s | | | |h |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Flap n'akụkụ | | |Ọdịdị | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | | |r | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Glide |w | | |j | | |} /r/ bụ phonetically ogologo, [rː]. /h/ enweghi ihe akaebe, mana Gilij kwuru ya. {{IPA|/t, s, n/}} bụ ndị a na-ahazi dị ka ezé n'ihi ihe ndị yiri ya na [[Asụsụ Karu|Baniva]] na [[Yavitero]]. === Mkpụrụedemede === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |N'ihu ! colspan="2" |Central ! colspan="2" |Ịlaghachi azụ |- !<small>ala dị larịị</small> !<small>ogologo oge</small> !<small>ala dị larịị</small> !<small>ogologo oge</small> !<small>ala dị larịị</small> !<small>ogologo oge</small> |- !Elu |i |iː | | | rowspan="2" |u | rowspan="2" |uː |- !N'etiti |na |eː | | |- !Ala Dị Ala | | |a |aː | | |} /u/ na-aghọta n'efu dị ka [u] ma ọ bụ [o]. /e/ nwere ike ịbụ [ɛ], dịka ọ dị na Baniva na Yavitero. Mkpụrụedemede dị ogologo dị oke ụkọ. == Ihe edeturu na Edensibia == {{Reflist}} s61i2jt3n9jzxd23bsq7dh2rs3fbz33 0 73208 692974 596961 2026-07-31T04:08:37Z Chikerenma Ndubuka 8900 Ref Error 692974 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Amad Media''' bụ weebụsaịtị akụkọ Palestine nke jikọtara ya na mmegide megide Onyeisiala Palestine bụ Mahmud Abbas. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Kuttab|first=Daoud|title=Saudi prince rattles Palestinian leaders in televised critique|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2020/10/saudi-bahrain-uae-palestine-bandar-interview.html|accessdate=13 November 2023|work=[[Al-Monitor]]|date=2020-10-09}}</ref><ref name="Cairo">{{Cite news|author=Gameel|first=Mohamed|title=Lose Your Privileges or Gain a Homeland|url=https://www.thecairoreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/cr32-cr-asfour-interview.pdf|accessdate=13 November 2023|work=Cairo Review for Global Affairs|date=February 2019}}</ref> karịsịa Muhammad Dahlan.<ref name="Blocked">{{Cite news|title=Palestinian Authority blocks 11 news websites|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/6/15/palestinian-authority-blocks-11-news-websites|accessdate=13 November 2023|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|date=2017-06-15}}</ref> .<ref name="Cairo" /> N'afọ 2017, ndị Palestinian Authority gbochiri Amad News na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ akụkọ 10 ndị ọzọ nke Palestine ka ha ghara ịnweta na est Bank.<ref name="Blocked"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} l0tu89nmjl4102vaknt11nwc7fvr0he 0 73334 692847 672649 2026-07-30T20:33:39Z Sylvaline39 15355 Fixed reference error 692847 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Iritana Tawhiwhirangi DNZM (cropped).jpg|thumb|'''Iritana Tawhiwhirangi na Eprel 2010''']]   '''Dame Iritana Te Rangi Tāwhiwhirangi''' DNZM MBE (amụrụ Irirangi Thatcher; 21 Maachị 1929 - 1 Febrụwarị 2025) bụ onye New Zealand na-akwado mmụta asụsụ Māori na mmegharị reo kọhanga. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ya na Hicks Bay na 21 Machị 1929, <ref name="Whos who">{{Cite journal|title=New Zealand Who's Who Aotearoa 2001|journal=New Zealand Who's Who, Aotearoa|year=2001|issn=1172-9813}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tpk.govt.nz/en/in-print/kokiri/kokiri-12-2008/iritana-tawhiwhirangi-honoured-by-creative-|title=Kōkiri and Kōkiritia|work=Tpk.govt.nz|accessdate=2017-03-21}}</ref> Tāwhiwhirangi bụ nke Ngāti Porou, Ngāti Kahungunu, Ngāpuhi, ndị Canada na ndị England.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/education/3646255/New-Maori-dame-helped-thousands-learn-te-reo|title=New Maori dame helped thousands learn te reo|work=Stuff.co.nz|date=2010-05-01|accessdate=2017-03-21}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Hukarere Girls' School site na 1943 ruo 1946, na Wellington Teachers' College site na 1947 ruo 1948. <ref name="Whos who" />Mgbe ọ nọ na Wellington, Tāwhiwhirangi zutere ma lụọ Porourangi Tāwhiwhorang, onye rangatira nke Ngāti Porou na 1949 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22541938|title=Tāwhiwhirangi, Iritana Te Rangi (Dame), 1929–|work=National Library of New Zealand|accessdate=2 February 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Woman kind: New Zealand women making a difference|publisher=Penguin Books|date=2019|location=Auckland, New Zealand|isbn=978-0-14-377272-9|first=Margie|author=Thomson|pages=66–69}}</ref> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ha abụọ laghachiri n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ ma Tāwhiwhirangi malitere ịkụzi na Waiōmatatini School. Di ya nwụrụ n'afo 1969. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE59863294|title=Tawhiwhirangi Porourangi – Tikitiki – sheep farmer|work=Archives New Zealand|accessdate=2 February 2025}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1980, Tāwhiwhirangi hapụrụ nkuzi, kama ọ laghachiri Wellington ịrụ ọrụ n'ime Ngalaba nke Mmekọrịta Māori.<ref name=":0"/> Mgbe ọ gachara atụmatụ mba na Waiwhetu Marae na 1980, o tinyere mgbalị ya iji mee ka Te Reo Māori dịghachi ndụ. Iji mee nke a, ọ gara gburugburu New Zealand, na-eleta marae na-akwado ụdị agụmakwụkwọ ọhụrụ, nke Maori na-eduzi iji nyere aka weghachite asụsụ ahụ. Mgbalị ndị a dugara n'ịmepụta te Kōhanga reo, ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị lekwasịrị anya na imikpu kpamkpam maka ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, nke ndị okenye Maori kụziiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Te Kōhanga Reo {{!}} NZ History|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/women-together/te-kohanga-reo|work=nzhistory.govt.nz|accessdate=2026-01-30}}</ref> Nkwado Tāwhirangi n'ofe mba ahụ dị irè nke ukwuu, n'ihi na na 1982, e nwere 100, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nọgidere na-eto ruo 800 na 1994, ọ bụ ezie na ka ọ na-erule afọ 2026 nke a alaghachila na 460.Tāwhiwhirangi bụ onye otu ndụ nke Māori Welfare League na Toitū Kaupapa Māori Mātauranga – Māori Education Trust. Ọ jere ozi na Board of Trustees nke Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Te Kōhanga Reo Early Childhood Centres Aotearoa|url=https://www.myece.org.nz/te-kohanga-reo/|work=My ECE|date=2022-12-01|accessdate=2026-01-30|language=en-NZ|first=My|author=ECE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kohanga.ac.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=155|title=Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust|work=Kohanga.ac.nz|date=2017-03-15|accessdate=2017-03-21|archivedate=14 May 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514011140/http://www.kohanga.ac.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=155}}</ref> Tāwhiwhirangi nwụrụ na 1 Febụwarị 2025, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri itoolu na ise. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2 February 2025|title=Māori educator Dame Iritana Te Rangi Tāwhiwhirangi dies aged 95|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/540653/maori-educator-dame-iritana-te-rangi-tawhiwhirangi-dies-aged-95|accessdate=2 February 2025|work=[[RNZ News]]}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na ihe nri == E nyere Tāwhiwhirangi Ihe nrite ncheta nke New Zealand 1990,<ref name="Whos who" /> na 1992 New Year Honours, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ [[Order of the British Empire|Onye otu Order of the British Empire]], iji kwado ọrụ ya dị ka onye isi njikwa nke Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust. N'afọ 1993, ọ natara ihe nrite New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal.<ref name="Whos who" /> Na 2001 New Year Honours, a họpụtara Tāwhiwhirangi dị ka Onye ibe nke New Zealand Order of Merit maka ọrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ Māori, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/new-year-honours-list-2001|title=New Year honours list 2001|date=30 December 2000|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|accessdate=17 August 2019}}</ref> na 2009 Queen's Birthday Honours a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ Dame Companion, kwa maka ọrụ maka mmụta Māori. Tāwhiwhirangi bụ onye ikpeazụ maka 2014 New Zealander of the Year Awards . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Laird|first=Lindy|title=Kaitaia health champion wins again|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/northern-advocate/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503450&objectid=11211479|accessdate=28 February 2014|work=[[The Northern Advocate]]|date=28 February 2014}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=http://www.kohanga.ac.nz/|title=Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust|year=2010|accessdate=2010-10-10}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.maorieducation.org.nz/|title=Toitū Kaupapa Māori Mātauranga – Māori Education Trust|accessdate=2010-10-10}} 5a3ruh0y5vkpwnyid9yvhv8rnq706jn 0 73337 692711 597151 2026-07-30T13:23:47Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692711 wikitext text/x-wiki   Asụsụ Sirayaic bụ otu n'ime obere alaka nke alaka Formosan, n'okpuru ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesian. Ma Blust (1999) na Li (2010) na-ewere na Proto-Siraya bụ asụsụ East Formosan, yana asụsụ Kavalanic na Amis.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Blust|first=Robert|date=1985|title=The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=26|pages=46067}}</ref><ref name="Li 2010"/> ''Asụsụ Proto-Siraya bụ nna ochie nke alaka Siraiyac e wughachiri ọhụrụ. Asụsụ Proto-Siraya nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala asụsụ atọ: Siraya, Taivoan, na Makatao. Li kwuru na Proto-Siraya nwere ike kewapụrụ onwe ya na asụsụ East Formosan ndị ọzọ ihe dị ka afọ 3,500 gara aga, ma malitekwa itolite taa Siraya, Taivoan, na Makatao afọ 3,000 gara aga''<ref name="Li 2010">{{Cite book|title=珍惜台灣南島語言|author=Li|first=Paul Jen-kuei|publisher=前衛出版|year=2010|isbn=978-957-801-635-4|location=Taipei}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLi2010">Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2010). ''珍惜台灣南島語言''. Taipei: 前衛出版. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-957-801-635-4|<bdi>978-957-801-635-4</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Nchịkọta == Raleigh Farrell (1971) kwenyere na e nwere ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ amaala ise na ala dị larịị nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Taiwan n'oge ahụ: <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ferrell|first=Raleigh|date=1971|title=Aboriginal peoples of the Southwestern Taiwan plains|journal=Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology|volume=32|pages=217–235}}</ref>   {| class="wikitable" !Osisi dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ọhụrụ phonological !Osisi dabere na usoro oge nke mgbanwe ụda |- |  |  |} == Ihe owuwu == Adelaar bipụtara nrụzigharị ya nke Proto-Siraya phonology na 2014: <ref name="Adelaar 2014"/> {| class="wikitable" |+'''Ndị na-eso ụzọ Siraya (Adelaar, 2014) ''' ! ! colspan="2" |Akpụkpọ ahụ ! colspan="2" |Alveolar ! colspan="2" |Palatal ! colspan="2" |Velar ! colspan="2" |Mkpịsị aka |- !Nkwụsị a na-ekwughị | colspan="2" |p | colspan="2" |t | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |k | colspan="2" | |- !Nkwụsị olu | colspan="2" |b | colspan="2" |d | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |- !Ụgbọ imi | colspan="2" |m | colspan="2" |n | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |ŋ | colspan="2" | |- !Spirants na-enweghị olu | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |s | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |h |- !Spirants a na-ekwupụta | colspan="2" |v | colspan="2" |ð | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |ɣ | colspan="2" | |- !N'akụkụ | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |r, ł | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |- !Ọkara ụdaume | colspan="2" |w | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |na | colspan="2" | |} {| class="wikitable" |+'''Vowels Proto-Siraya (Adelaar, 2014) ''' ! colspan="2" |Ogologo ! colspan="2" |N'ihu ! colspan="2" |Central ! colspan="2" |Ịlaghachi azụ |- ! colspan="2" |'''N'akụkụ''' | colspan="2" |i | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |u |- ! colspan="2" |'''N'etiti''' | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |ə | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" |'''Emeghe''' | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |a |} === Mgbanwe ụda === Dabere na ntụnyere nke corpora ndị dịnụ, Adelaar (2014) tụrụ aro nchịkọta nke nkwekọrịta dị mma n'etiti Proto-Austronesian na Proto-Siraya, <ref name="Adelaar 2014">{{Cite book|title=Proto Siraya Phonology: A Reconstruction|author=Adelaar|first=Alexander|publisher=Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale|year=2014}}</ref> jikọtara ya na Siraya ma ọ bụ Taivoan na narị afọ nke iri na asaa, ya na asụsụ atọ ndị ọzọ nke East Formosan, Basay, Kavalan, na Amis, nke Li (2004) tụrụ aro: <ref>{{Cite book|title=Origins of the East Formosans: Basay, Kavalan, Amis, and Siraya|author=Li|first=Paul Jen-kuei|publisher=Academia Sinica|year=2004|location=Taipei}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ndị Ọstrelia Mbụ !Proto-Siraya !Siraya (UM) !Siraya ma ọ bụ Taivoan (Oziọma) !Basay !Kavalan !Ndị enyi |- |*p |*p |p |p |p |p |p |- |*t, *C |*t |t |t |t |t |t |- |*c | -- | | | | | |- |*k |*k |k |k |k, h /_a |k, q |k |- |*q |Ø | | |Ø |Ø |Q |- |*b |*b |b/v |b/v |b |b |f |- |*d |*ọ bụ |s/d, -s-, -s |d/r, -r-, -r/d | | | |- |*-D | -- | | |r, l |z |d |- |*z |*d |d |d |r, l |z |d |- |*j |*n |n |n |n |n |n |- |*g | -- | | | | | |- |*m |*m |m |m |m |m |m |- |*n |*n |n |n |n |n |n |- |*ñ |? *n |n |n |n |n |d |- |*ŋ |*ŋ |ŋ |ŋ |ŋ |ŋ |ŋ |- |*h |Ø | | |Ø |Ø |h, ? |- |*S |*s |Ø, -s- |Ø, -h- |s |s |s |- |*s |*s |s/h-, -s/h/x-, -x |s/h-, -s/h/x-, -Ø |c |s |c |- |*R |*x |x |h/Ø-, -h/Ø-,-x |r, l |r, l, R |l |- |*l |*r |r |r |c |r, l, R |l |- |*r | -- | | | | | |- |*N |*ł |l |l |n |n |d |- |*w |*w, *u |w |w |w |w |v |- |*y |*y |na |na |na |na |na |- |*a |*a |a |a |a |a, m / *q |a |- |*ə |*ə |Ø |Ø | | | |- |*i |*i |i, -i/e |i, -i/e |i |i |i |- |*u |*u |u |u/aw-, -u-, -u/aw |u |u |u |} === Chaatị ntụnyere === N'okpuru ebe a bụ chaatị na-atụle ndepụta nke ọnụọgụ 1-10 n'asụsụ Sirayaic, gụnyere asụsụ dị iche iche nke Siraya, Taivoan, na asụsụ Makatao, nke a na-asụ site na Tainan ruo Pingtung na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Taiwan, na site na Hualien ruo Taitung n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Taiwan: <ref>{{Cite book|title=Linguistic materials of the Formosan sinicized populations I: Siraya and Basai|author=Tsuchida|first=Shigeru|publisher=The University of Tokyo, Department of Linguistics|year=1991|location=Tokyo}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Ndepụta nke Ọnụ Ọgụgụ 1-10 !Asụsụ !Aha onwe onye !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 !7 !8 !9 !10 |- | colspan="2" |Ndị Ọstrelia Mbụ | | |*əsa <nowiki>*</nowiki>isa |*duSa |*təlu |*Səpat |*Oké mmiri |*ənəm |*pitu |*kwụsị |*Siwa |* (sa-) puluq |- | colspan="2" |'''Proto-Siraya''' | | |*Sat |*ezu |*turu |*ụmụatị |*rǐma |*nəm |*pitu |*kuixpa |*ma-tuda |*saat ki tian |- | rowspan="2" |Narị afọ nke 17 |Siraya |Utrecht[ihe odide ala peeji 1] | -- |saat |sa-soa |gị-obi |pa-xpat |ri-rima |ni-nam |pi-pito |kuxipat |matuda |Kekeang |- |Siraya (ma eleghị anya) |Oziọma [ihe odide ala ala peeji ] | -- |saat |ruha |Oge a na-akpọ |xpat |Rima |aha |Smurf |kuixpa |matuda |Sinan |- | rowspan="8" |Narị afọ nke 20 |Siraya |[[Kongana]] |Siraiya |sasaat |Doji |Oge a na-akpọ |Tapat |tu-rima |tu-num |Smurf |Pipe |kuda |keteng |- |Siraya (ma eleghị anya) |Moatao |Siraiya |nke a |Rọshịa |Tao |usipat |hima |lomu |Smurf |Ọpụpụ |siva |Mee |- |Taivoan |Suannsamna | -- |ya |zua |to'o |Ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga na-abụ na gaspa |urima |urumu |upitu |uwaru |hsiya | -- |- |Taivoan |Siaolin |Taiwan |tsaha saka |ruha luha |Ọgba aghara |Macha limta |hima |Loman lanlan |kito |kipa |matuha matsuha |Onye Kaị nke Saịpụ Kaitian |- |Taivoan |Dazhuang |Taivoan Taiburan |tsatsa'a |Rakarị |tato'o |Tapat |ikpo okwu |tanum |tyausen |rapako |ravasen |kaiten |- |Makatao |[Ihe odide ala peeji] |Makatao |saka |bailung |kutung |lumta |Rima |langalan |kimseng |kalasin |kabaitya |kaiten |- |Makatao |Kanapo[ihe odide ala peeji ] | -- |na-saad |ra-ruha |ra-ruma |ra-sipat |ra-lima |ra-hurum |ra-pito |ra-haru |ra-siwa |Ra-Kaitian |- |Makatao |Bankim[ihe odide ala peeji ] | -- |saat |Julaị |Taturu |akpụkpọ ụkwụ |lalima |N'otu |papaịl | -- |tuda |saatitin |} {{Reflist|30em|group=note}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} qac8ech74nhubpw32mm453d77n0dnbh 0 73354 692700 597202 2026-07-30T13:11:39Z Chinemeremprince 13026 692700 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Cañari''' (Cañar, Kanyari) na Puruhá (Puruguay, Puruwá) bụ asụsụ abụọ e jighị n'aka nke ọma n'akụkụ Osimiri Marañón dị na Ecuador nke siri ike ịkọwa. A naghị ahụkarị Puruhá, a makwaara Cañari site na aha placenames. Loukotka (1968) na-atụ aro na ha nwere ike ịbụ ndị mmekọ na Mochica (Yunga) n'ezinụlọ a na-akpọ Chimuan,<ref name="Loukotka" /> > Kaufman (1994)<ref>{{Citation |last=Moseley |first=Christopher |title=Atlas of the world's languages |date=1994 |access-date=<!--2025-05-03--> |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-01925-5 |last2=Asher |first2=R. E. |last3=Tait |first3=Mary}}</ref> sochiri ya,[2] mana Adelaar (2004:397) chere na o yikarịrị ka ha bụ asụsụ Barbacoan. (Lee asụsụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ nke mpaghara Osimiri Marañón.) == Ụdị dị iche iche == Cañari na Puruhá bụ ụdị abụọ: <ref name="Loukotka" /> * <nowiki><b id="mwHg">Cañari</b></nowiki> - asụsụ na-adịghịzi adị nke Cañar Province, Ecuador * <nowiki><b id="mwIg">Puruhá</b></nowiki> / '''Puruguai''' - asụsụ a na-asụbu na Chimborazo Province na Bolívar Province, Ecuador Ụdị ndị ọzọ "Northern Chimú" nke Loukotka (1968) depụtara n'okpuru ebe a. Ha niile enweghị ihe akaebe ma e wezụga Huancavilca na Manabí.<ref name="Loukotka">{{Cite book|author=Loukotka|first=Čestmír|authorlink=Čestmír Loukotka|title=Classification of South American Indian languages|url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk|publisher=UCLA Latin American Center|year=1968|location=Los Angeles}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLoukotka1968">[[Čestmír Loukotka|Loukotka, Čestmír]] (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required">[[iarchive:classificationof0007louk|''Classification of South American Indian languages'']]</span>. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.</cite></ref> * '''Ayahuaca''' - asụsụ na-adịghịzi adị nke a na-asụ n'oge mmeri n'[[Quiros River|Osimiri Quiros]] na gburugburu obodo [[Ayahuaca]], Ngalaba Piura; ugbu a Quechuanized. * Calva - asụsụ a na-asụbu na Loja Province, Ecuador, n'ebe ugwu nke agbụrụ Ayahuaca. * '''Tumbi''' / '''Tumbez''' - a na-asụbu ya na Osimiri Tumbes na [[Naranjal River|Osimiri Naranjal]], ngalaba Tumbes, Peru. * '''[[Ndepụta asụsụ ndị a na-amaghị aha ha nke South America|Puná]]''' / '''Lapuna''' - a na-asụ ya n'otu oge na Puná Island, Ecuador. (Ndị Puná) [es] * Colonche - a na-asụbu ya n'osimiri nke otu aha ahụ, Guayas Province, Ecuador. * '''Chanduy''' - a na-asụbu ya na Sierra Chanduy, Guayas Province, Ecuador. * '''Tacame''' / Atacamez - a na-asụbu ya n'ụsọ oké osimiri Pacific nke Esmeralda Province. * '''Chongon''' - a na-asụbu ya na [[Chongón River|Osimiri Chongón]], mpaghara Guayas. * Coaque - asụsụ a na-asụbu n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Ecuador site na Galera ruo n'ọnụ Osimiri Jama. * '''Manabí''' / '''[[Ndepụta asụsụ ndị a na-amaghị aha ha nke South America|Manta]]''' - asụsụ na-adịghịzi adị nke Manabí Province.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Jijón y Caamaño|first=Jacinto|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012360902|title=Contribución al conocimiento de las lenguas indígenas que se hablaron en el Ecuador interandino y occidental con anterioridad a la conquista española: ensayo provisional.|date=1919|location=Quito, Ecuador}}</ref> * '''Huancavilca''' - asụsụ na-adịghịzi adị nke a na-asụ na Guayas Province gburugburu Guayaquil na Osimiri Daule na Osimiri Yaguachi.<ref name=":0" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} b5el6ja1x8xgj6aafpd76q0uw1akslx 0 73385 693128 632270 2026-07-31T11:43:14Z Epiphanus Jide 14249 Removed broken file 693128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Last Heartbreak Song | cover = | alt = | artist = [[Ayra Starr]] featuring [[Giveon]] | album = [[The Year I Turned 21]] | written = | released = 31 May 2024 | recorded = 2021–2022 | studio = Mavin Creative Studios ([[Lekki]]) | genre = * [[Afrobeats|Afropop]] * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] | length = {{duration|m=2|s=29}} | label = * Mavin * Universal | writer = * [[Oyinkansola Sarah Aderibigbe]] * [[Giveon Evans]] * Prince Omoferi * Louddaaa * Milar * Lawson * [[Leon Thomas|Leon Thomas III]] | producer = [[Louddaaa]] | chronology = [[Ayra Starr]] | prev_title = [[Bad Vibes (song)|Bad Vibes]] | prev_year = 2024 | next_title = [[All the Love (Ayra Starr song)|All the Love]] | next_year = 2025 | misc = {{External music video|type=song|{{YouTube|jeMYgIfNwD8|"Last Heartbreak Song"}}|header=Music video}} }} '''"Last Heartbreak Song"''' bụ egwu nke onye ọbụ abụ Naịjirịa na onye na-ede abụ bụ Ayra Starr, nke gosipụtara onye egwu R&B nke America bụ Giveon. E wepụtara ya na 31 Mee 2024, dịka egwu nke itoolu na abọm studio nke abụọ nke Starr, The Year I Turned 21, site na Mavin Records na Republic Records. Starr n'onwe ya dere egwu ahụ, tinyere onye na-emepụta ya bụ Louddaaa na Giveon. Ihe odide ndị ọzọ sitere n'aka Mbryo, Milar, Keith Lawson na Leon Thomas nke Atọ..<ref name="Writingteam">{{Cite web|title=Who wrote “Last Heartbreak Song” by Ayra Starr &amp; GIVĒON?|url=https://genius.com/Ayra-starr-and-giveon-last-heartbreak-song-lyrics/q/writer|work=Genius|accessdate=27 November 2025}}</ref>N'ịgwakọta egwu Afropop na egwu R&B nke oge a, abụ ahụ na-enyocha isiokwu nke obi mgbawa na mmechi mmetụta uche, nke a na-egosi site na mkparịta ụka n'etiti ndị hụrụ ibe ha n'anya abụọ.<ref name="Neonmusic" /> "Last Heartbreak Song" nwetara otuto dị egwu mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, ebe ndị na-enyocha ya na-eto mmekọrịta olu dị n'etiti ụda olu Starr na ụda olu Giveon, yana mmetụta uche nke okwu ya. <ref name="Neonmusic">{{Cite news|author=Harris|first=Alex|title=Last Heartbreak Song by Ayra Starr ft. Giveon: A Heartrending Serenade|url=https://neonmusic.co.uk/last-heartbreak-song-by-ayra-starr-ft-giveon-a-heartrending-serenade|accessdate=27 November 2025|work=Neon Music|date=5 June 2024}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHarris2024">Harris, Alex (5 June 2024). [https://neonmusic.co.uk/last-heartbreak-song-by-ayra-starr-ft-giveon-a-heartrending-serenade "Last Heartbreak Song by Ayra Starr ft. Giveon: A Heartrending Serenade"]. ''Neon Music''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A kọwara ya dị ka ihe dị ịrịba ama site na abọm ahụ, yana dịka otu n'ime oge introspective ya, a họpụtara ya na 17th Headies Awards maka Best Recording of the Year na Best R&B Single, wee merie na nke ikpeazụ.<ref name="HeadiesAwards" /> N'azụmahịa, egwu ahụ nwetara ihe ịga nke ọma dị nta, ruo n'ọkwa nke 14 na TurnTable Top 100 nke Naịjirịa, na nke 3 na chaatị Afrobeats nke UK. Ọ nọkwa na New Zealand (36), nakwa na United States, ebe o ruru nọmba 6 na Billboard U.S. Afrobeats Songs na nke 34 na chaatị Mainstream R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay.<ref name="BillboardAfro" /> <ref name="Mainstreamcharts" /> Egwú ahụ enwetala asambodo ọla edo site na TurnTable Certification System of Nigeria (TCSN). <ref name="TurnTablecert" /> Vidio egwu na-eso ya, nke Bobby Hanaford duziri ma gbaa ya n'ụsọ osimiri Oxnard, gosipụtara na 3 June 2024. Ọ na-egosi Starr na Giveon na-eme ihe n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke mgbidi simenti gbawara agbawa nke na-anọchite anya mmekọrịta gbawara aghara. Starr kọwara ọnọdụ ihu igwe n'oge a na-ese foto dị ka "nnọọ oyi" ma kwuo na ọ ga-anọgide na-abụ "onye ọkachamara" n'oge niile a na-eme ya, ebe Giveon kwetara na ọ naghị apụta na vidiyo egwu mana n'ihi na ọ bụ "onye na-akwado Starr" ọ chọsiri ike iso ya rụọ ọrụ. Vidio ahụ nwetara nyocha dị iche iche, ụfọdụ ndị edemede na-ekwu na ọ na-ejide onwe ya na ndị ọzọ na-ajụ ma obere ụdị ya na-enyefe isiokwu abụ ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu. Starr kụrụ egwu ahụ n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi dị elu, gụnyere The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon na mmalite ya na Coldplay's Music of the Spheres world tour.<ref name="JimmyFallon1">{{Cite news|author=Esene|first=Shalom|title=Ayra Starr Makes US TV Debut With Performance of “Last Heartbreak Song” and “Woman Commando” {{!}} OkayAfrica|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/ayra-starr-makes-us-tv-debut-with-performance-of-last-heartbreak-song-and-woman-commando/144398|accessdate=27 November 2025|work=www.okayafrica.com|date=24 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="ColdplayxAyra" /> Nkọwa ya n'oge mmemme MTV Push na Septemba 2024 mechara mee ka a họpụta ya maka MTV Push Performance of the Year na 2025 MTV Video Music Awards.<ref name="OkayAfrica" /> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == "Last Heartbreak Song" malitere n'oge a na-edekọ egwu maka abọm izizi Starr 19 & Dangerous na 2020-2021, mgbe ya na nwanne ya nwoke Milar dere egwu mbụ. Ọ bụ ezie na emechara abụ ahụ n'oge ahụ, Starr họọrọ ịghara itinye ya na abọm ikpeazụ.<ref name="Peoplemag">{{Cite news|author=Sengwe|first=Stephanie|title=Ayra Starr Promises Good Vibes and 'Rollercoaster of Emotions' with New Album 'The Year I Turned 21' (Exclusive)|url=https://people.com/ayra-starr-says-new-album-is-rollercoaster-of-emotions-exclusive-8654977|accessdate=27 November 2025|work=People.com|date=31 May 2024|language=en}}</ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ ndị ọzọ, ọ kọwara na omimi mmetụta uche nke ihe ahụ karịrị ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu, na-ekwu na ọ "dị ka ọ dịbeghị njikere" ịtọhapụ ya. Ọ chetara na mgbe egwu ahụ nọgidere na ya, ya na ndị otu ya "na-anwa idebe ya n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị".Egwú ahụ pụtara ọzọ n'oge e mepụtara abọm studio nke abụọ ya The Year I Turned 21, nke edere n'etiti ngwụcha 2022 na mmalite 2024 na Mavin Studios na Lagos. Ka Starr na-akpụzi ọrụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ akụkọ na-eto eto nke na-elekwasị anya n'ịhụnanya, obi mgbawa, ntozu okè, na nghọta onwe onye, ọ laghachiri n'echiche ochie nke na-ada ụda ugbu a n'ụzọ miri emi. Isiokwu nke mmekọrịta na-agbagọ agbagọ na nnabata dị jụụ nke na-esote kwekọrọ na ntụziaka introspective ọ chepụtara maka abọm ahụ, nke na-adabere na ịkọ akụkọ onwe onye karịa akụkọ ifo nke ọrụ mbụ ya.<ref name="Mavinchild" /> Inweta onye ọbụ abụ Amerịka bụ́ Giveon dịka onye omenkà ama ama ghọrọ ihe gbanwere n'ịmecha abụ ahụ. Starr anọwo na-enwe mmasị n'olu baritone ya kemgbe ma kwenyere na ndekọ ndị yiri ya ga-emepụta mkparịta ụka ebumpụta ụwa n'egwu ahụ. Mgbe ọ natara amaokwu Giveon e dekọrọ na 2023, o kwuru na obi dị ya ezigbo ụtọ nke na ọ na-ebe ákwá mgbe ọ na-ege ntị n'ụgbọala ya wee kpọtụrụ ndị otu A&R ya ozugbo iji gosi na ya ekweghị na mmekorita ahụ emezuola..<ref name="ABCNews">{{Cite news|title=Ayra Starr talks working with Giveon on "Last Heartbreak Song"|url=https://www.deltaradio.net/music/urban-ac/ayra-starr-talks-working-with-giveon-on-last-heartbreak-song/|accessdate=27 November 2025|work=Delta Radio Network|date=3 June 2024}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.deltaradio.net/music/urban-ac/ayra-starr-talks-working-with-giveon-on-last-heartbreak-song/ "Ayra Starr talks working with Giveon on "Last Heartbreak Song""]. ''Delta Radio Network''. 3 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> O kwuru na onyinye Giveon nyere echiche dị iche iche ọ na-eche mgbe niile maka abụ ahụ, na-ekwu na "ọ wetara ihe niile ọ chọrọ iji weta na ndekọ a", ma na-akọwa mmekorita ahụ dị ka "otu n'ime mkpebi kachasị mma m mere".<ref name="ABCNews" /> Nsụgharị ikpeazụ nke "Last Heartbreak Song" bụ nke e ji onyinye ederede ndị ọzọ sitere n'aka onye na-emepụta ya Louddaaa, onye na-arụkọ ọrụ ogologo oge, na Mbryo. Ndị America na-ede egwu Keith Lawson na Leon Thomas III nyekwara aka n'usoro ide ihe. "Last Heartbreak Song" pụtara dị ka egwu nke itoolu na The Year I Turned 21, nke Mavin Records na Republic Records wepụtara na 31 Mee 2024. <ref name="Mavinchild">{{Cite web|author=Cruanas|first=Jason|title=Ayra Starr Releases Sophomore Album 'The Year I Turned 21'|url=https://www.mavinrecords.com/2024/05/31/ayra-starr-releases-new-album-the-year-i-turned-21/|work=Mavin|accessdate=27 November 2025|date=31 May 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCruanas2024">Cruanas, Jason (31 May 2024). [https://www.mavinrecords.com/2024/05/31/ayra-starr-releases-new-album-the-year-i-turned-21/ "Ayra Starr Releases Sophomore Album 'The Year I Turned 21'"]. ''Mavin''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Egwú na okwu ==   "Last Heartbreak Song" bụ egwu egwu nke na-agwakọta Afropop na R&amp;amp;B. N'ịbụ nke e wuru gburugburu ụda piano, ụda olu, kalimba, na pads dị larịị, mmepụta ahụ na-ejigide àgwà, nke ikuku. Onye na-emepụta ihe Louddaaa kọwara na egwu ahụ sitere na otu usoro nkwekọrịta nke e mepụtara n'ụdị dị iche iche, na-eme ka ntọala nke piano, vox, na nhazi kalimba.<ref name="Louddaaabreaks" /> A na-etinye mmetụta olu na pads ndị ọzọ iji mee ka ụda olu ya dị omimi, ebe usoro drum na-ejikọta kick, rimshots atọ, na shaker, yana mgbakwunye percussion agbakwunyere iji mụbaa mmegharị rhythmic. Louddaaa jiri ọtụtụ ọkwa bass, gụnyere synth-wave bass na bassline na-agagharị agagharị, ma webata bass drum nke ejiri 808 mee ka ọ dị ike na chorus. Afọ abụọ mgbe nnọkọ mbụ gasịrị, Starr rịọrọ ka agbakwunye ngwá egwu dị ndụ; onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara bụ Prosper nyere aka na akụkụ ndị Louddaaa kwuru na ọ gbakwunyere "ụgbụgba ụbọ akhara" na ndokwa ahụ.<ref name="Louddaaabreaks">{{Cite web|title=Beat Breakdown of Last Heartbreak Song (Ayra) by Louddaaa|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVuAuqWLF4M|accessdate=27 November 2025|date=17 July 2024}}</ref> A na-etinye abụ ahụ na C major na ihe dịka 90 beats kwa nkeji ma na-agbaso usoro nkwekọrịta nke D minor 7-G-C-F major 7.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ayra Starr - Last Heartbreak Song (Lyrics) ft. Giveon Chords - Chordify|url=https://chordify.net/chords/ayra-starr-giveon-songs/last-heartbreak-song-chords|work=chordify.net|accessdate=27 November 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Last Heartbreak Song (feat. Giveon)|url=https://tunebat.com/Info/Last-Heartbreak-Song-feat-Giveon-Ayra-Starr-Giveon/1A1ifX8sWzelNpkL5PxcHT|work=Tunebat|accessdate=27 November 2025}}</ref> Alex Harris nke Neon Music kọwara egwu ahụ dị ka "ihe nkiri na-akpali akpali" nke na-efegharị n'elu "egwu Afrobeats dị egwu nke nwere ụdị R&B nke oge a". Harris kwuru maka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị egwu abụọ ahụ, na-ekwu na Starr "nwere ụda dị ụtọ n'ime eriri Bekee na Pidgin nke ọma na nrọ baritone nke Giveon na-akpali akpali " <ref name="Neonmusic"/> N'ide maka Unorthodox Reviews, Nneamaka Nwaokolo kpọrọ egwu ahụ "a slow, paining ballad that were long after the final note", na-akọwa ya dị ka "a global crossover track" na abọm ahụ.<ref name="Unorthodoxrev" /> N'ime nyocha ya maka The Native, Blossom Maduafokwa dere na "ndị enyi Starr na-eme ihe nkiri a na-akpọ "Last Heartbreak Song", ebe ọ na-ekwu okwu n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma maka ịhụnanya na-enweghị isi maka mmepụta Afro-R&B site n'aka onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ ogologo oge Louddaaa", na-agbakwụnye na "onye na-eme ihe nkiri American R&B, Giveon, na-ekpuchi amaokwu nke abụọ nke ọma na baritone bara ụba ya." Tamil Makinde si NME gosipụtara ya dị ka oge Starr "na-enweta ike ịga n'ihu", na-etinye egwu ahụ n'ime mkpokọta ntụgharị uche ịhụnanya nke abọm ahụ.<ref name="Turned21">{{Cite news|author=Makinde|first=Tami|title=Ayra Starr – 'The Year I Turned 21' review: breathing new life into Afropop|url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/album/ayra-starr-the-year-i-turned-21-album-review-tracklist-radar-3760955|accessdate=27 November 2025|work=[[NME]]|date=30 May 2024}}</ref> N'asụsụ dị iche iche, abụ ahụ na-egosi echiche dị iche iche gbasara mmekọrịta na-aka njọ. Harris kọwara egwu ahụ tupu egwu ahụ nke e dere n'ime egwu ahụ bụ "Ọ na-adị ka otu akụkụ ugbu a" dị ka nke na-ada ụda na "eziokwu na-akụda mmụọ". Starr gosipụtara enyo, mwepụ, na ọchịchọ maka nnwere onwe, nke mechara mee ka ndị otu egwu ahụ kwupụta nnwere onwe.<ref name="Neonmusic"/> Joseph Tunde nke The ''Riff'' dere na "na Giveon, Ayra na-edozi nsogbu na ihe isi ike ndị ọdọ mmiri nke taa na-eche ihu - enweghị mmeghachi omume", na-eme ka amaokwu Giveon bụrụ nke na-ekweta ọdịda onwe onye ma na-arịọ maka ime udo.<ref name="TundeRiff">{{Cite web|author=Tunde|first=Joseph|title=Arya Starr: “The Year I Turned 21"—Album Review|url=https://medium.com/the-riff/arya-starr-the-year-i-turned-21-album-review-8466480ca131|work=The Riff|accessdate=27 November 2025|language=en|date=3 June 2024}}</ref> Harris kwuru na arụmọrụ ha jikọtara ọnụ na-arị elu n'ime "mgbatị na-ere ọkụ" ka mkpebi Starr dị iche na arịrịọ Giveon maka nrụzi.<ref name="Neonmusic" /> Damilola Agubata nke Pulse Nigeria kọwara egwu ahụ dị ka ihe na-egosi "onye na-eme ihere, onye na-ahụ n'anya" ka ọ na-ekwu na Starr ka "na-ekwusi ike iji gosipụta mmetụta ya". Agubata dere na ya na "otu n'ime Giveon kachasị mma nke R&B", Starr "na-ewere ikike ma na-egosi anyị otu akụkụ anyị maara mgbe niile na ọ dị n'ebe ọ bụla".<ref name="damilolapulse">{{Cite news|author=Agubata|first=Damilola|title='Bloody Samaritan' or 'Rush' — The best Ayra Starr songs, ranked|url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/the-best-ayra-starr-songs-2025032621240665775|accessdate=27 November 2025|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=26 March 2025|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ azụmahịa == "Last Heartbreak Song" nwere ihe ịga nke ọma azụmahịa n'ọtụtụ mpaghara mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya. Na United States, egwu ahụ malitere na nọmba 34 na chaatị Billboard Mainstream R&B / Hip-Hop Airplay. Ọ gara n'ihu na-arịgo n'ime izu ndị sochirinụ, na-arị elu ruo ọnụọgụ 32 na izu nke atọ ya, ọnụọgụ 31 n'izu na-esote, na ọnụọgụ 29 site na nke ise.<ref name="Mainstreamcharts">{{Cite web|title=Mainstream R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/mainstream-r-and-b-hip-hop/|work=Billboard|accessdate=27 November 2025|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240813023729/https://www.billboard.com/charts/mainstream-r-and-b-hip-hop/|archivedate=13 August 2024|date=2 January 2013}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.billboard.com/charts/mainstream-r-and-b-hip-hop/ "Mainstream R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay"]. ''Billboard''. 2 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([[:Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service]]</ref> Abụ ahụ nọgidere na-abụ ihe na-aga n'ihu n'oge okpomọkụ, na-eru n'ọkwa nke 26 n'izu nke itoolu ya na chaatị ahụ.<ref name="Mainstream">{{Cite news|author=Naomi|first=Utere|title=Ayra Starr debuts on Mainstream R&B Billboard charts, reacts|url=https://notjustok.com/news/ayra-starr-debuts-on-mainstream-rb-billboard-charts-reacts/|accessdate=27 November 2025|work=NotjustOk|date=9 August 2024}}</ref> Ọ pụtakwara na <nowiki><i id="mw3A">Billboard</i></nowiki> U.S. Afrobeats Songs, ebe ọ malitere na nọmba 6 wee gaa n'ihu na-etinye izu 24 na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'ime top 20.<ref name="BillboardAfro">{{Cite web|author=Cusson|first=Michael|title=Billboard U.S. Afrobeats Songs|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-u-s-afrobeats-songs/|work=Billboard|accessdate=27 November 2025|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240921021536/https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-u-s-afrobeats-songs/|archivedate=21 September 2024|date=29 March 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCusson2022">Cusson, Michael (29 March 2022). [https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-u-s-afrobeats-songs/ "Billboard U.S. Afrobeats Songs"]. ''Billboard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([[:Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service]]</ref> Na United Kingdom, duet ahụ ghọrọ otu n'ime egwu ndị a ma ama n'oge ọkọchị. Na Official UK Afrobeats Chart, ọ malitere na nọmba 3 n'izu nke 15 June 2024 ma nọrọ izu 13 n'usoro na chaatị ahụ. N'oge niile ọ na-agba ọsọ, otu ahụ nọgidere na-anọ n'elu iri maka izu iri na atọ niile, na-egosi otu n'ime arụmọrụ kachasị ike nke Starr na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="Officialcharts">{{Cite web|title=Last Heartbreak Song|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/ayra-starrgiveon-last-heartbreak-song/|work=Official Charts|accessdate=27 November 2025|language=en|date=15 June 2024}}</ref> Egwu a mere nke ọma n'ahịa Starr. Na Naịjirịa, egwu "Last Heartbreak Song" pụtara na nọmba 25 na TurnTable Top 100 n'izu nke 31 Mee ruo 6 Juun 2024, wee rute nọmba 16 n'izu nke abụọ ya na nọmba 14 n'ime nke atọ ya tupu ọ daa n'ime ndị 20 kacha elu n'izu sochirinụ. Na Jenụwarị 2025, TurnTable Certification System of Nigeria (TCSN) nyere ya asambodo ọlaedo. <ref name="TurnTablecert">{{Cite web|title=certifications|url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/certification|work=[[TurnTable Certification System of Nigeria]]|publisher=[[TurnTable charts]]|accessdate=27 November 2025}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.turntablecharts.com/certification "certifications"]. ''[[TurnTable Certification System of Nigeria]]''. [[TurnTable charts]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Na mba ụwa, ọ hụrụ obere ọrụ chaatị. Na New Zealand, ọ banyere na chaatị New Zealand Top 40 Singles na nọmba 36 n'ime izu nke June 7-13, 2024 ma nọgide n'otu ọnọdụ maka izu nke abụọ n'usoro.<ref name="NZTop40">{{Cite web|title=Hot 40 Singles Tukutahi Arotini 40|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2024-06-07|work=aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|accessdate=27 November 2025|language=en}}</ref> N'etiti usoro mmekọrịta na ntanetị n'ụwa niile, mmekorita ahụ nwetara nkwekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide, nke usoro duet ya na ndị na-ese ihe n'ụwa nile kpaliri.<ref name="Unorthodoxrev">{{Cite web|author=Nwaokolo|first=Nneamaka|title=20 Ayra Starr Essentials That Prove Her Star Power|url=https://unorthodoxreviews.com/20-essential-songs-by-ayra-starr|work=Unorthodox Reviews|accessdate=27 November 2025|date=27 March 2025}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNwaokolo2025">Nwaokolo, Nneamaka (27 March 2025). [https://unorthodoxreviews.com/20-essential-songs-by-ayra-starr "20 Ayra Starr Essentials That Prove Her Star Power"]. ''Unorthodox Reviews''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> A họpụtara ya na 17th Headies Awards maka Best Recording of the Year na Best R&B Single, wee merie nke ikpeazụ.<ref name="HeadiesAwards">{{Cite web|title=The 17th Headies Award Winners - The Headies|url=https://theheadies.com/the-17th-headies-award-winners/|work=[[The Headies]]|accessdate=27 November 2025|date=29 April 2025|archivedate=2 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502160017/https://theheadies.com/the-17th-headies-award-winners/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''[[The Headies]]''. 29 April 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> O nwetakwara nhọpụta maka MTV Push Performance of the Year na 2025 MTV Video Music Awards. <ref name="OkayAfrica">{{Cite news|author=Esomnofu|first=Emmanuel|title=Tyla, Ayra Starr and Moliy Shine at MTV VMAs 2025|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/tyla-ayra-starr-and-moliy-shine-at-mtv-vmas-2025/1410280|accessdate=27 November 2025|work=www.okayafrica.com|date=8 September 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEsomnofu2025">Esomnofu, Emmanuel (8 September 2025). [https://www.okayafrica.com/tyla-ayra-starr-and-moliy-shine-at-mtv-vmas-2025/1410280 "Tyla, Ayra Starr and Moliy Shine at MTV VMAs 2025"]. ''www.okayafrica.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Vidio egwu == Vidio egwu maka "Last Heartbreak Song" malitere na 3 June 2024, ụbọchị atọ mgbe a tọhapụrụ The Year I Turned 21, na ọwa [[YouTube]] nke Starr.<ref name="Nollywoodbreak" /> N'ịbụ nke onye America na-eme ihe nkiri Bobby Hanaford duziri, onye ọrụ ya gụnyere ọrụ ya na [[Rema (musician)|Rema]], [[Johnny Drille]], John Legend, na G-Eazy, e mere vidio ahụ n'ebe dị n'ụsọ osimiri dị na Oxnard, California, nke e nwetara site na ebe a na-akwụ ụgwọ Giggster, nke gosipụtara ụsọ oké osimiri dịpụrụ adịpụ dị ka ebe dị mma maka ịgba égbè ahụ. Echiche ahụ na-elekwasị anya na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Starr na Giveon ka ha na-egosi ndị na-ahụ n'anya abụọ na-anwa ịmekọrịta ọzọ. Ihe ngosi ahụ na-eji palette dị ala na ọnọdụ dị mkpirikpi, na ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na-emegide ìhè na-agbanwe agbanwe nke [[Òrìmìlì Pacific|Pacific]] na ájá ikuku. A na-ewu akụkọ ahụ gburugburu ihe mgbochi siri ike nke dị n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe nkiri abụọ ahụ. Starr pụtara n'otu akụkụ nke mgbidi ahụ, na-eguzo n'ime ogige square na n'ebe dị anya site na mgbalị Giveon iru ya. Ka ọ na-enye amaokwu ya, mgbidi ahụ na-amalite iji nwayọọ nwayọọ gbajie. Igwefoto na-ekewapụkarị Starr na foto ndị dị n'etiti ebe Giveon na-anọgide na-ekpuchi onwe ya n'azụ ihe mgbochi ahụ, na-egosipụta esemokwu lyrical nke ihe odide abụọ ahụ na-ebi n'ebe mmetụta uche dị iche iche. Ihe osise sara mbara nke ụsọ mmiri na-eme ka usoro ahụ sie ike ma mee ka isiokwu nke ịdị anya na mmetụta nke mmekọrịta dị na flux.<ref name="Nollywoodbreak">{{Cite news|author=Irabor|first=Joan|title=Ayra Starr's ''Last Heartbreak Song'' Video Portrays Ill-Fated Romance - Nollywood Reporter|url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/news/ayra-starrs-last-heartbreak-song-video-portrays-ill-fated-romance/|accessdate=26 November 2025|work=The Nollywood Reporter|date=8 June 2024|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIrabor2024">Irabor, Joan (8 June 2024). [https://thenollywoodreporter.com/news/ayra-starrs-last-heartbreak-song-video-portrays-ill-fated-romance/ "Ayra Starr's ''Last Heartbreak Song'' Video Portrays Ill-Fated Romance - Nollywood Reporter"]. ''The Nollywood Reporter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> N'oge a na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ na ''Billboard'' News, Starr kọwara ọnọdụ dị na setịpụrụ dị ka "oké oyi", na-akọwa na ọ nọgidere bụrụ "onye ọkachamara" n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-ese ihe nkiri na ifufe siri ike n'ụsọ oké osimiri. O kwuru na edere abụ ahụ n'oge nnọkọ maka abọm izizi ya mana e gbochiri ya n'ihi na ọ "dịbeghị njikere", na-akpọ ya ndekọ ọ "hụrụ n'anya" na nke ọ chọrọ iwebata ya na ntozu oke mmetụta uche. Starr kwuru na amaokwu Giveon "mechara ndekọ ahụ", na-agbakwụnye na olu ha "na-agbakọta" n'ụzọ ọ hụrụ "mara mma". Giveon, onye na-apụtachaghị na vidiyo egwu, gwara Billboard na ọ kwetara isonye n'ihi na ọ bụ "onye na-akwado Ayra", na-ekwu na mmekorita ahụ dị ka ihe dị otú o kwesịrị nakwa na foto ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ jụrụ oyi, bụ "ihe na-atọ ụtọ". Hanaford kwuru na Starr zitere ya abụ ahụ na "oge kwesịrị ekwesị", na-ekwu na ọ jikọtara ya na isiokwu ya ma dee echiche anya n'ime ụbọchị abụọ.<ref name="BehindScenes">{{Cite news|author=Cao|first=Katie|title=Behind the Scenes of Ayra Starr's Music Video 'Last Heartbreak Song' With Giveon {{!}} Billboard News|url=https://www.billboard.com/video/ayra-starr-video-last-heartbreak-song-giveon/|accessdate=26 November 2025|work=Billboard|date=3 June 2024}}</ref> A tụlere ihe nnọchianya dị na vidiyo ahụ na mgbasa ozi Naijiria. Adeayo Adeniyi nke Pulse Nigeria dere na Starr "guzo n'azụ mgbidi simenti n'ihe bụ ihe nnọchianya nke nchebe ọ guzobere mgbe obi mgbu gasịrị", na-ekwu na ihe owuwu ahụ "eji nwayọọ nwayọọ gbawara ma nyefee ụzọ" n'oge amaokwu Giveon ka ọ na-arịọ maka ime udo. <ref name="Pulsebreak">{{Cite news|author=Adebiyi|first=Adeayo|title=Ayra Starr releases the visuals for 'Last Heartbreak Song' featuring Giveon|url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/ayra-starr-drops-video-for-last-heartbreak-song-featuring-giveon-2024072705271492786|accessdate=26 November 2025|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=4 June 2024|language=en}}</ref> Naomi de Moura nke Verge Magazine kọwara ihe ngosi ahụ dị ka ihe oyiyi "dị ọnụ n'akụkụ osimiri" nke "na-ebuli ọnọdụ ikuku nke mgbidi Afro-R&B", na-ahụ na-emechi ya nwayọọ nwayọọ nwayọọ. " ''[[BellaNaija]]'' kpọrọ ya nkọwa na-adịghị ike, nke na-adịghị mma nke obi mgbawa nke e mere iji gosipụta mgbanwe olu n'etiti ndị omenkà abụọ ahụ. <ref name="Vergebreaks">{{Cite news|author=Moura|first=Naomi de|title=Ayra Starr Releases 'Last Heartbreak Song' Music Video with Giveon! – Music|url=https://vergemagazine.co.uk/ayra-starr-releases-last-heartbreak-song-music-video-with-giveon/|accessdate=26 November 2025|work=Verge Magazine|date=6 June 2024}}</ref> Nnakwere vidiyo ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-eto mgbochi mmetụta uche ya, Anjolaoluwa Abiosun nke The ''[[Nigeria Entertainment Today|Netng]]'' kwuru na ogbugbu ahụ "erughị atụmanya", na-ekwu na "ọ bụ ezie na Ayra na-anwa igosipụta ngosipụta nke onye merụrụ ahụ, enweghị egwu zuru ezu na vidiyo ahụ ka akụkọ anya kwenye.<ref name="Bellabreak">{{Cite news|title=Ayra Starr & Giveon's “Last Heartbreak Song” Video Will Have You Hitting Repeat|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2024/06/ayra-starr-giveon-last-heartbreak-song/|accessdate=26 November 2025|work=BellaNaija|date=3 June 2024}}</ref> " Mbipụta ahụ kwubiri na ụzọ ya na-enweghị isi "mere ka vidiyo ahụ daa dị larịị ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịma mma nke egwu ahụ. "N'agbanyeghị nkatọ a, a maara ntụziaka Hanaford maka ịdị mfe ya.<ref name="TheNetNgbreak">{{Cite news|author=Abiosun|first=Anjolaoluwa|title=Ayra Starr Releases Visuals To 'Last Heartbreak Song' And Its Underwhelming|url=https://thenet.ng/ayra-starr-releases-visuals-to-last-heartbreak-song-and-its-underwhelming/|accessdate=26 November 2025|date=4 June 2024}}</ref> Vidio ahụ gafere 260,000 n'ime awa 15 mbụ a tọhapụrụ ya ma gaa n'ihu na-enweta nlele n'ụzọ na-aga n'ihu n'oge niile a na-ewepụta abọm ahụ.<ref name="Pulsebreak" /> == Egwuregwu na-eme ihe nkiri == Starr tinyere "Last Heartbreak Song" n'ime ihe ngosi ya mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, na-egosi egwu ahụ n'ụzọ pụtara ìhè na ndepụta egwu ya n'ime afọ 2024 na 2025. Egwú ahụ mere ihe ngosi telivishọn mbụ ya na United States na 23 Julaị 2024, mgbe Starr rụrụ na The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon dị ka akụkụ nke medley ya na "Woman Commando", na-egosi na ọ pụtara na telivisheneng abalị nke America.<ref name="JimmyFallon1" /> <ref name="NBCLive">{{Cite news|title=Ayra Starr: Last Heartbreak Song/Woman Commando|url=https://www.nbc.com/the-tonight-show/video/ayra-starr-last-heartbreak-songwoman-commando/NBCE516741589|accessdate=27 November 2025|work=[[NBC]]|date=24 July 2024}}</ref> Egwuregwu ahụ malitere na R&amp;amp;B-themed "Last Heartbreak Song" tupu ọ gbanwee gaa na "Woman Commando", na Starr na-enye ihe ndị nkatọ kọwara dị ka "kpakpando" na "electrifying".<ref name="JimmyFallon1" /><ref name="USTVDebut" /> Ọdịdị ahụ mere ka ọnọdụ ya sie ike n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe na Naijiria bụ ndị rụrụ ọrụ na mmemme ahụ, sonye na Burna Boy, [[Wizkid]], [[Davido]], Rema, [[Fireboy DML]], na Asake.<ref name="USTVDebut">{{Cite news|author=Okanlawon|first=Taiwo|title=Ayra Starr makes TV debut on on[sic] The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/07/24/ayra-starr-makes-tv-debut-on-on-the-tonight-show-starring-jimmy-fallon/|accessdate=27 November 2025|work=[[P.M. News]]|date=24 July 2024}}</ref> N'oge mmeghe ya na Coldplay's Music of the Spheres World Tour, Starr na-etinye "Last Heartbreak Song" na ndepụta ya.<ref name="Ayra Starr Setlist">{{Cite web|title=Ayra Starr Concert Setlists|url=https://www.setlist.fm/setlists/ayra-starr-1bf475b8.html|work=setlist.fm|accessdate=27 November 2025|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.setlist.fm/setlists/ayra-starr-1bf475b8.html "Ayra Starr Concert Setlists"]. ''setlist.fm''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Na nkwụsị nke njem ahụ na Craven Park Stadium na Hull, England, na 18 Ọgọstụ 2025, Starr nyere nsụgharị na-emetụ n'ahụ, na-agwa ndị na-ege ntị na abụ ahụ "esiri ike ịbụ abụ" tupu ha emee ya.<ref name="ColdplayxAyra" /> O mechara kpọọ egwu na egwu Wembley Stadium nke Coldplay, wee bụrụ akụkụ nke ihe nkiri mmeghe maka ihe nkiri ahụ nke ụbọchị iri gara aga n'ebe ahụ. BBC News na NME gosiri njikọ mmetụta uche nke Starr na ihe nkiri ahụ n'oge ihe ngosi ndị a..<ref name="ColdplayxAyra">{{Cite news|author=Buccieri|first=Sarah-May|title=As it happened: Coldplay's world tour hits Hull|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cdd3rz9j0d3t|accessdate=27 November 2025|work=BBC News|date=19 August 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBuccieri2025">Buccieri, Sarah-May (19 August 2025). [https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cdd3rz9j0d3t "As it happened: Coldplay's world tour hits Hull"]. ''BBC News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="ColdplayUK">{{Cite news|author=Dunworth|first=Liberty|title=Coldplay kick off their UK stadium run in Hull, address kiss-cam “debacle|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/coldplay-kick-off-their-uk-stadium-run-in-hull-address-kiss-cam-debacle-3885704|accessdate=27 November 2025|work=NME|date=19 August 2025}}</ref> E gosipụtakwara egwu ahụ na arụmọrụ Starr na Tidal Rave Festival na Ghana na 15 Nọvemba 2025, ebe ọ jere ozi dị ka onye isi mbụ na-abụghị onye Ghana na akụkọ ihe mere eme afọ 13 nke mmemme ahụ. <ref name="AyraStarrTidalRave">{{Cite news|author=Coomson|first=Nana Kwesi|title=Ayra Starr to perform at 2025 Tidal Rave Festival|url=https://thechronicle.com.gh/ayra-starr-to-perform-at-2025-tidal-rave-festival/|accessdate=27 November 2025|work=[[The Ghanaian Chronicle]]|date=31 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Ghanamusic">{{Cite news|title=Tidal Rave Festival 2025 draws crowds to La Palm Royal Beach with Black Sherif, Ayra Starr {{!}} Ghana Music|url=https://ghanamusic.com/news/2025/11/15/tidal-rave-festival-2025-draws-crowds-to-la-palm-royal-beach-with-black-sherif-ayra-starr/|accessdate=27 November 2025|work=Ghana Music|date=15 November 2025}}</ref> Egwuregwu ahụ mere na La Palm Royal Beach Hotel na Accra n'oge emume "Wild Card".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ayra Starr to headline 2025 Tidal Rave Festival|url=https://www.adomonline.com/ayra-starr-to-headline-2025-tidal-rave-festival/|accessdate=27 November 2025|work=AdomOnline|date=30 October 2025}}</ref> Tupu ọ banye n'ọkwa, Starr kpughere n'ajụjụ ọnụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu na 3Music TV na ọ ga-emeghe setịpụrụ ya na "Who's Dat Girl", ọ bụ ezie na "Last Heartbreak Song" nọgidere bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke arụmọrụ ya.<ref name="AyraStarr Ghana">{{Cite news|author=Newman|first=Christabel|title=Ayra Starr Arrives in Ghana Ahead of Tidal Rave Festival - 3Music.tv|url=https://www.3music.tv/section/news/article/ayra-starr-arrives-in-ghana-ahead-of-tidal-rave-festival-2025-11-14|accessdate=27 November 2025|work=3MusicTV|date=14 November 2025|language=en}}</ref> == Ndị ọrụ == Ihe nrite sitere na Spotify.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Last Heartbreak Song (feat. Giveon) – Credits|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/1A1ifX8sWzelNpkL5PxcHT|work=[[Spotify]]|accessdate=27 November 2025}}</ref> '''Ebe edere ya''' * Edere ya na Mavin Studios (Lagos) '''Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ''' * [[Ayra Starr]] - onye na-eduzi olu, onye na-ede egwu * Giveon - ndị na-agụ egwú, onye na-ede egwu * Oyinkansola Sarah Aderibigbe - onye na-ede egwu * Kehinde Alabi - onye na-ede egwu, onye na-emepụta * Giveon Evans - onye na-ede abụ * Prince Omoferi - onye na-ede abụ * Leon Thomas nke Atọ - onye na-ede abụ * Lawson - onye na-ede abụ * Prosper Agha Odu - ụbọ * Louddaaa - onye na-emepụta ihe, Injinia ọdịyo * [[Johnny Drille]] - onye injinia na-ngwakọta == Chaatị ==   == asambodo == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center" |+asambodo maka "Last Heartbreak Song" ! scope="col" |Ógbè ! scope="col" |asambodo ! scope="col" |Ngwongwo ndị a kwadoro |- ! scope="row" |Naịjirịa (TCSN) |Ọlaedo |50,000‡ |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" |‡ Ọnụ ọgụgụ ahịa + mgbasa ozi dabere na asambodo naanị. |} == Hụkwa == * Billboard Year-End U.S. Afrobeats Songs of 2024 == Ihe edeturu == == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}}{{Ayra Starr}}{{The Headies Award for Best R&B Single}}  [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 30lt821idjl5ju1jaq3aewm4zz9ljky 0 73390 693013 686922 2026-07-31T05:52:36Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 693013 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Efezino Performing at Air Peace 10th Anniversary.jpg|thumb|Efezino na 2024]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Efezino Majiri Akpo''' (amụrụ na 22 Machị 1992), A maara ya nke ọma dịka Efezino, ọ bụ onye na-abụ abụ na Naịjirịa, onye na-ede abụ, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Egwu ya na-agwakọta Afropop, Folk na soul, yana egwu ndị na-enyocha isiokwu dịka ịhụnanya, nchọpụta onwe onye, ​​na omenala Afrịka. Ọ nwetara aha ọma site na isonye na asọmpi talent, mmekorita ya na ndị omenkà Africa a ma ama na egwu mbụ ya, Amere . <ref name=":0" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Efezino na Delta State, Naịjirịa, n'ime ezinụlọ nwere nzụlite egwu siri ike. Ọ tolitere na Warri, ebe mmasị ya n'egwú malitere mgbe ọ dị afọ 8, na-abụ abụ na ndị ukwe chọọchị ya.<ref name=":1" /> Ka oge na-aga, o nwetara mkpali site na ụdị egwu dị iche iche, gụnyere jazz, pop, folk, na mkpụrụ obi. N'afọ 2014, o nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na Human Anatomy na Mahadum Delta State . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-19|title=Efezino: My parents are my strength - The Nation News Nigeria|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/efezino-my-parents-are-my-strength/|accessdate=2024-12-01|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọrụ ọkachamara nke Efezino malitere mgbe ọ meriri asọmpi "Who Sings Best" mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa.<ref name=":1" /> O mechara sonye na oge mbụ na nke atọ nke Nigerian Idol, na-eru n'elu isii n'oge oge nke atọ.<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 2017, o sonyere na oge nke abụọ nke The Voice Nigeria, na-aga n'ihu na usoro ihe ngosi. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agụ egwú maka ọtụtụ ndị na-ese egwu mba ụwa, gụnyere [[Rihanna]], [[Brandy]], na [[Aṣa|Asa]], <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Jeremiah|first=Urowayino|date=2024-08-01|title=I started recording demos for int'l artists like Rihanna, Brandy, Asa at 16 - Efezino|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/08/i-started-recording-demos-for-intl-artists-like-rihanna-brandy-asa-at-16-efezino/|accessdate=2024-12-01|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> ma nye ndị egwu Africa a ma ama dị ka [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] na [[Adekunle Gold]]. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2024-09-07|title=My memories inspired my new album, says Efezino|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/weekend-beats/my-childhood-memories-inspired-my-new-album-says-efezino/|accessdate=2024-12-01|work=The Guardian Nigeria|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/weekend-beats/my-childhood-memories-inspired-my-new-album-says-efezino/ "My memories inspired my new album, says Efezino"]. ''The Guardian Nigeria''. 2024-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ya na ndị na-ese ihe dịka The Cavemen, [[Rudeboy (singer)|Paul Okoye]] (Rudeboy), [[Zoro]], na [[Falz]] rụkọkwara ọrụ.<ref name=":1" /> E gosipụtara olu Efezino n'ụdị jingles dị iche iche, gụnyere ndị maka Delta Soap, Maggi, na DStv's Fix it on the go.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2024-09-07|title=My memories inspired my new album, says Efezino|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/weekend-beats/my-childhood-memories-inspired-my-new-album-says-efezino/|accessdate=2024-12-01|work=The Guardian Nigeria|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/weekend-beats/my-childhood-memories-inspired-my-new-album-says-efezino/ "My memories inspired my new album, says Efezino"]. ''The Guardian Nigeria''. 2024-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Egwú ndị e wepụtara == Efezino wepụtara EP mbụ ya, Amere, na 2019, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Oluwadamilola|first=Olatunji|date=2021-03-19|title=Get to Know Efezino a Little More on #DiscoverWithBN|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/03/discoverwithbn-efezino/|accessdate=2024-12-02|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> nke Memory Box sochiri na 2024, <ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-07-30|title=Efezino Unveils ‘Memory Box’, A Masterful Collection Of Her Life’s Memories – Independent Newspaper Nigeria|url=https://independent.ng/efezino-unveils-memory-box-a-masterful-collection-of-her-lifes-memories/|accessdate=2024-12-02|language=en-GB|work=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref> Nke ikpeazụ, nchịkọta egwu na-egosipụta ahụmịhe onwe ya, a na-eto ya dị ka masterclass na ịkọ akụkọ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2024-07-26|title=Efezino unveils "Memory Box", a masterful collection of her|url=https://thesun.ng/efezino-unveils-memory-box-a-masterful-collection-of-her-lifes-memories/|accessdate=2024-12-02|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> == Nkọwapụta == === EPs === * Amere (2019) * ''Igbe Ncheta'' (2024) === Ndị na-alụbeghị di === * Amere (2018) * ''Totori'' (2021) * ''Ulome'' (2021) == Njem na ihe ngosi == N'afọ 2022, Efezino sonyeere onye na-agụ egwu Naijiria [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] na njem nleta nke [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], na-egosi ndị na-ege ntị mba ụwa egwu ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2024-09-07|title=My memories inspired my new album, says Efezino|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/weekend-beats/my-childhood-memories-inspired-my-new-album-says-efezino/|accessdate=2024-12-01|work=The Guardian Nigeria|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/weekend-beats/my-childhood-memories-inspired-my-new-album-says-efezino/ "My memories inspired my new album, says Efezino"]. ''The Guardian Nigeria''. 2024-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Efazino,}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 0sya178xjv1ct049lvxhkb4hg22dgqt 0 73401 692710 597279 2026-07-30T13:21:07Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Puruhá|region=[[Chimborazo Province]]|extinct={{circa|late 17th century}}|familycolor=American|fam1=[[Barbacoan languages|Barbacoan]] ?|iso3=none|states=[[Ecuador]]|fam2=[[Cañari–Puruhá languages|Cañari–Puruhá]]}} '''Puruhá''' (Puruguay, Puruwá) <ref name="Loukotka">{{Cite book|author=Loukotka|first=Čestmír|url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk|title=Classification of South American Indian languages|publisher=UCLA Latin American Center|year=1968|location=Los Angeles|authorlink=Čestmír Loukotka}}</ref><ref name="Campbell-SAmerica">{{Cite book|author=Campbell|first=Lyle|title=The Indigenous Languages of South America|date=2012|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-3-11-025513-3|editor=Grondona|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|pages=59–166|chapter=Classification of the indigenous languages of South America|authorlink=Lyle Campbell}}</ref> bụ asụsụ a na-anaghị ahụ anya nke ọma n'akụkụ Osimiri Marañón dị na Ecuador nke siri ike ịkọwa, ewezuga na o yiri ka ọ bụ njikọ Cañari, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike ịbụ Barbacoan. A kọrọ na e dere ụtọasụsụ na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 17; o yiri ka ọ furu efu.<ref name=":0"/> == Aha kwesịrị ekwesị == Aha ezinụlọ na-ejikarị {{Lang|mis|-cela}} ma ọ bụ {{Lang|mis|-lema}}, sich dị ka {{Lang|mis|Duchicela}}, ezinụlọ nne Atahualpa Paccha Duchicela. Njedebe nke aha ebe gụnyere {{Lang|mis|-shi}} (dịka Pilligshi), {{Lang|mis|-tus}} (dịka Guasuntús), na {{Lang|mis|-bug}} (dịka Tulubug). Ụfọdụ njedebe dị mgbagwoju anya bụ {{Lang|mis|-cahuan, -calpi, -tactu}}, nke nwere ike ịpụta na mgbọrọgwụ Quechua, dịka na {{Lang|qu|supay}} (Quechua supay 'ekwensu'). <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Adelaar|first=Willem F. H.|title=The languages of the Andes|date=2004|publisher=Cambridge University press|isbn=978-0-521-36275-7|series=Cambridge language surveys|location=Cambridge (G.B.)}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdelaarMuysken2004">Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Muysken, Pieter (2004). </cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Asụsụ Cañari-Puruhá]] == Ihe odide == <references /> cs6lekfz73gjp6j51glhoav337kfrn1 0 73428 693125 597317 2026-07-31T11:40:47Z Epiphanus Jide 14249 Removed broken file and added databox 693125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Léon-Ernest Emmanuel Marie Joseph Halkin''' (1906-1998) bụ onye Belgium na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, onye na-akwado Walloon Movement, na onye òtù Nnupụisi n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Léon-Ernest Halkin na Liège na 11 Mee 1906, nwa nwoke nke onye edemede Léon Halkin na Elvire Courtoy. A zụlitere ya n'etiti agụmakwụkwọ, ebe nna ya na nwanne nna ya [[Joseph Halkin]] bụ ndị prọfesọ na Mahadum Liège, ọ ma gụọ akwụkwọ n'okpuru ndị Jesuit na Collège Saint-Servais. Ọ banyere mahadum ịgụ akwụkwọ na 1923. N'afọ 1928, o nwetara nkwado ego ime njem, jiri ya nọrọ otu afọ na Paris, ebe ọ gara klasị Robert Genestal na École pratique des hautes études, nke Henri Hauser na École normale supérieure, na nke Lucien Febvre na Collège de France. E bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede inweta nzere ọkankuzi ya nke o dere maka onye a ma ama na narị afọ nke iri na isii Prince-Bishop nke Liège Érard de La Marck, nke Karl Hanquet lekọtara, na 1930. Na 9 Eprel 1931 ọ lụrụ Denise Daude (1907-1993), onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ isii: Marguerite, Marie-Jeanne, Hubert, Françoise, Pierre na Vincent. Ọ kụziri na Mahadum Liège, ebe ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ zuru oke na 1943. Site na 1939 ruo 1975 ọ kụziri akụkụ mbido nke usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme. Isi okwu ndị bụ isi na nnyocha ya bụ akụkọ mmalite nke Liège na nke Ndozigharị Protestant. Ọ katọrọ ọhụụ Henri Pirenne banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Belgium dị ka nke na-ewepu ihe Alaeze ọchịchị Liège ji gbapụ iche, ya onwe ya gbasoro òtù Walloon Movement. Mgbe mwakpo ndị Germany nke 1940 gasịrị, onye ọrụ ibe ya Marie Delcourt mere ka ọ tinye aka n'ọrụ Nnupụisi. O guzobere akwụkwọ akụkọ nzuzo Ici, la Belgique libre! , sonyere Front de l'Indépendance, ma duzie Réseau Socrate, yana izochi nwa agbọghọ onye Juu n'ụlọ ya. Ebe onye bụbu nwa akwụkwọ ya raara ya nye, ndị Gestapo jidere ya na 17 Nọvemba 1943. Nwa agbọghọ ahụ ọ na-ezo bụzi onye ọrụ ibe ya (na onye ya na ya na-ama aka ọrụ) Paul Harsin chebere ya. A tara Halkin ahụhụ, tụọ ya mkpọrọ na Fort Breendonk, wee chụga ya n'Ogige ịta ahụhụ Mittelbau-Dora. A tọhapụrụ ya n'Ogige ịta ahụhụ Boelcke-Kaserne n'afọ 1945.<ref name="Genin" /> Ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị Belgium mbụ so n'òtù udo Pax Christi . Halkin ghọrọ onye òtù nwa oge nke Commission royale d'Histoire na 6 Ọktoba 1947, bụrụzie onye òtù ya zuru oke na 15 Septemba 1956. Site na 1950 ruo 1968 ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Comité Belge d'histoire ecclésiastique, nke o so guzobe, ma site na 1965 ruo 1970 o so bụrụ onye isi nke Centre interuniversitaire d'hisorie de l'humanisme. N'afọ 1969, o guzobere lọ akwụkwọ Institute of Renaissance and Reformation History na Liège. Site na 1972 ruo 1986 ọ bụ onye nduzi nke Belgian Historical Institute na Rome. Mgbe nwunye ya nwụrụ na 1993, ọ lụrụ onye bụbu nwa akwụkwọ ya, Louise-Angèle Williot, onye rụrụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ ya site na 1948 ruo 1975. Halkin nwụrụ na Liège na 29 Disemba 1998. == Nzere ọkankuzi Nsọpụrụ == * Mahadum nke Strasbourg (1972) * Mahadum nke Montpellier (1974) * Brussels Faculty for Protestant Theology (1984) == Ọrụ == ; Akwụkwọ Ndị O Dere * ''Ndozigharị Protestant na Ndozigharị Katọlik na dayọsis nke Liège: Kadinal nke La Marck, nwa eze-bishọp nke Liège, 1505-1538'' (1930) * ya na Georges Dansaert, ''Charles de Lannoy, osote eze Naples'' (1934) * ''Nkwupụta banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke diocese ochie nke Liège'' (1935) * À l'ombre de la mort (1947), na okwu mbido nke François Mauriac * with Denise van Derveeghde, Isi mmalite nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Belgium na Archives na Vatican Library: ọnọdụ nke nchịkọta na ndekọ akwụkwọ (1951) * ''Mmalite nke nkatọ akụkọ ihe mere eme'', na okwu mbido nke Lucien Febvre (1951) * ''Ndozigharị na Belgium n'okpuru Charles nke Ise'' (1957) * Ihe ndị na-enyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme (1960) * Ihe ndekọ nke nonciatures (1968) * Erasmus na Christian Humanism (1969) * ''Nzukọ Erasmus'' (1971) * ''Erasmus'' (1987) * ''Erasmus na Ụzọ nke Atọ'' (1992) ; Isiokwu ndị dị na Bulletin de la Commission royale d'histoire''Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Royal Commission of History'' * "Un pouillé du council de Tongres en 1700", 115 (1950), peeji nke 57-84.&nbsp; * na F. Lemaire, "A Trial of Anabaptists in Limbourg in 1536", 121 (1956), peeji nke 1-24.&nbsp; * "Émile Fairon (1875-1945) ", 125 (1959), peeji nke 160-167.&nbsp; * "Édouard de Moreau (1879-1952) ", 125 (1959), peeji nke 168-179.&nbsp; * "L'édit liégeois de 1526", 125 (1959), peeji nke 405-430.&nbsp; * na G. Moreau, "Ikpe nke Paul Chevalier na Lille na Tournai na 1564", 131 (1965), peeji nke 1-74.&nbsp; * "Le journal d'André Strengnart, bishop auxiliaire de Liège (1586-1599) ", 150 (1984), peeji nke 177-225.&nbsp; == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} i8ul6ex8ign8ojf0azwqdjyjazhcjtu 0 73455 693093 597372 2026-07-31T09:58:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693093 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Amaka Okwuoha''' (née '''Ebizie'''; amụrụ na 12 Febụwarị 1972), <ref>{{Cite news|author=Odutuyo|first=Adeyinka|date=13 February 2022|title=Gospel Musician Chioma Jesus Clocks 50 in Style, Stuns in Beautiful Pictures, Team Members Sing for Her - Legit.ng|url=https://www.legit.ng/entertainment/celebrities/1455848-gospel-musician-chioma-jesus-clocks-50-style-stuns-beautiful-pictures-team-members-sing-her/|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en}}</ref> nke a maara dị ka Chioma Jesus, bụ onye na-agụ egwú gospel na Naijiria, onye na-ede egwu, na Onye ndú ofufe. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Alake|first=Olumide|date=16 August 2024|title="Deeper Life Don Dey Play Drums?" Chioma Jesus' Attire As She Greets Kumuyi, Sings at Church Trends - Legit.ng|url=https://www.legit.ng/entertainment/celebrities/1608745-deeper-life-don-dey-play-drums-chioma-jesus-attire-greets-kumuyi-sings-church-trends/|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama site na ntọhapụ nke egwu ya nke afọ 2003 "Chioma," nke sitere na ya. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sadiq|first=Mobola|date=29 March 2020|title=Nobody taught me how to sing — Chioma Jesus|url=https://punchng.com/nobody-taught-me-how-to-sing-chioma-jesus/|accessdate=15 April 2025|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> A maara ya maka onyinye ya n'ịkwalite egwu ozioma, ọkachasị abụ ndị a na-eme n'[[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|Asụsụ Igbo]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Native|first=The|date=22 September 2020|title=The Evolution of Gospel Music in Nigeria|url=https://thenativemag.com/evolution-gospel-music-nigeria/|accessdate=15 April 2025|work=The NATIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ na mmalite == A mụrụ Chioma Jesus Amaka Ebizie na ụbọchị iri na abụọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1972, na Aba, Abia Steeti, Naịjirịa, nye Nze Euzebius Chukwumaeze Ebizie na Lolo Dorathy Ebizie. Ọ bụ onye Igbo ma zụlite ya n'ezinụlọ Ndị Kraịst. Ọ bụ onye Imo Steeti. <ref name=":1" /> ọ bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ asaa. Mgbe nne na nna ya nwụsịrị n'oge ọ bụ nwata, ọ malitere ibu ọrụ nke ịkwado ụmụnne ya ndị obere n'ọnọdụ siri ike.<ref name=":0" /> Tupu ọ gbanwee gaa n'ọrụ egwu oge niile, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ere ahịa na ụlọ ọrụ nri. Njem egwu ya malitere mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu mgbe ọ sonyeere ndị ukwe chọọchị ya na Imo State. O mechara bụrụ onye na-agụ egwú na onye ndu ndị ukwe na Scripture Union Fellowship, na-azụlite nkà olu ya site na itinye aka na mmemme ụka na agha mgbasa ozi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Thabit|first=Khadijah|date=18 June 2018|title=Who is Chioma Jesus? Here is the biography, career, and family of the singer - Legit.ng|url=https://www.legit.ng/1115732-chioma-jesus-biography.html|accessdate=15 April 2025|work=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFThabit2018">Thabit, Khadijah (18 June 2018). [https://www.legit.ng/1115732-chioma-jesus-biography.html "Who is Chioma Jesus? Here is the biography, career, and family of the singer - Legit.ng"]. ''[[Legit.ng]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Chioma Jesus nwetara nkwado site na ntọhapụ nke egwu izizi ya "Chioma" na 2003, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Okogba|first=Emmanuel|date=31 August 2023|title=Campus tour was to save Nigerian youths from social vices – Singer, Chioma Jesus|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/campus-tour-was-to-save-nigerian-youths-from-social-vices-singer-chioma-jesus/|accessdate=15 April 2025|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> nke ọ kọwara dị ka nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ na nke dugara n'ịnakwere aha ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=24 September 2023|title=Chioma Jesus: How God is saving souls through my campus tour|url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/ibru-ecumenical-centre/chioma-jesus-how-god-is-saving-souls-through-my-campus-tour/|accessdate=15 April 2025|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ojoye|first=Taiwo|date=14 April 2019|title=I almost gave up music – Chioma Jesus|url=https://punchng.com/i-almost-gave-up-music-chioma-jesus/|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=punchng|date=30 September 2016|title=My hat is my trademark –Chioma Jesus|url=https://punchng.com/hat-trademark-chioma-jesus/|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-akpọ egwu ya n'asụsụ Igbo, na-agụkwa ya n'asụsụ Bekee na Yoruba mgbe ụfọdụ, ma na-ejikọta ụda Igbo ọdịnala na ụdị ozi ọma nke oge a. Mmalite ya gara n'ihu site na nhọpụta maka Delta Yadah Award na 2010, nke o mechara merie na 2011 na 2012. Na 2011, o wepụtara egwu a ma ama "Praise," nke ruru n'elu chaatị egwu ozi ọma nke Naịjirịa..<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Chioma Jesus celebrates birthday with new photos|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/02/12/chioma-jesus-celebrates-birthday-with-new-photos/|accessdate=15 April 2025|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/02/12/chioma-jesus-celebrates-birthday-with-new-photos/ "Chioma Jesus celebrates birthday with new photos"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Otu n'ime egwu ya a ma ama bụ "Okem intu" (nke gosipụtara Mercy Chinwo, 2020), "Na God I Dey Praise" (2021), na "Bulldozer" (2020). Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, "Okem intu" enwetala ihe karịrị nde mmadụ iri na atọ na [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chioma Jesus features Mercy Chinwo on 'Okemmuo' video|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/04/30/chioma-jesus-features-mercy-chinwo-on-okemmuo-video/|accessdate=20 April 2025|language=en-US}}</ref> Ya na ndị omenkà gospel a ma ama rụkọtara ọrụ, gụnyere Mercy Chinwo, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bankole|first=Idowu|date=21 December 2022|title=Chioma Jesus, Mercy Chinwo feature as Imo Christmas carol holds today|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/12/chioma-jesus-mercy-chinwo-feature-as-imo-christmas-carol-holds-today/|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Sinach]], <ref>{{Cite news|title=Chioma Jesus, Tope Alabi, Da Music, Eben, Gospel Afro group and others join Sinach in Day 1 of her Annual Music Concert – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/12/04/chioma-jesus-tope-alabi-da-music-eben-gospel-afro-group-and-others-join-sinach-in-day-1-of-her-annual-music-concert/|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=[[This Day]]|language=en-US}}</ref> na Nathaniel Bassey, <ref>{{Cite news|date=23 November 2019|title=Nathaniel Bassey, Tope Alabi, Chioma Jesus, Others To Headline Unusual Praise 2019 – Independent Newspaper Nigeria|url=https://independent.ng/nathaniel-bassey-tope-alabi-chioma-jesus-others-to-headline-unusual-praise-2019/|accessdate=20 April 2025|language=en-GB|work=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref> ma soro Don Moen, Cece Winans, [[Tim Godfrey]] na Ron Kenoly. <ref>{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=15 August 2024|title=Mercy Chinwo & Chioma Jesus Celebrate the Goodness of God in "Too Many Reasons"|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2024/08/mercy-chinwo-drops-too-many-reasons-video/|accessdate=15 April 2025|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Unusual Praise 2018 Takes Place Nov 30 – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/11/24/unusual-praise-2018-takes-place-nov-30/|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=[[This Day]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Okogba|first=Emmanuel|date=18 July 2018|title=Frank Edwards, Chioma Jesus, Samie Okposo, others for African Praise Experience|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/07/frank-edwards-chioma-jesus-samie-okposo-others-for-african-praise-experience/|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=CECE WINANS, CHIOMA JESUS, FRANK EDWARDS THRILL FANS AT UNUSUAL PRAISE 2018|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20181208/282299616249340|accessdate=20 April 2025}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi akụkọ The Experience site na 2013 ruo 2019 na Tafawa Balewa Square. <ref>{{Cite web|date=7 December 2018|title=The Experience 13: Ndị egwu Igbo anọ so eme ka o nwuru ọkụ|url=https://www.bbc.com/igbo/afirika-46428649|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=BBC News Ìgbò|language=ig}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 December 2018|title=The Experience 2018: 10 top stars to expect inside Lagos Nigeria|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-46486419|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=sunnews|date=9 December 2016|title=Don Moen, Frank Edwards, others dazzle at The Experience 2016|url=https://thesun.ng/don-moen-frank-edwards-others-dazzle-at-the-experience-2016/|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Sokoya|first=Seyi|date=7 November 2021|title=The Experience drops Tope Alabi, Chioma Jesus as Dunsin Oyekan, 14 others make list for 16th edition gospel concert|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/the-experience-drops-tope-alabi-chioma-jesus-as-dunsin-oyekan-14-others-make-list-for-16th-edition-gospel-concert/|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Chioma Jesus lụrụ onye na-ezisa ozi ọma Callistus Okwuoha ma nwee ụmụ atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dekolo|first=Jolomi|date=25 February 2025|title=Chioma Jesus Son Proposes To Fiancee - Preps For Wedding|url=https://selahafrik.com/2025/02/chioma-jesus-son-proposes-to-fiancee/|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=SelahAfrik|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge a na-eme ka chọọchị dịghachi ndụ, ọ ghọrọ Onye Kraịst a mụrụ ọzọ na 28 Ọgọst 1986. Ọ bụkwa onye hiwere Inheritance of Mercy Foundation, otu òtù ọrụ ebere nke dị na Port Harcourt, Rivers State.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Nation|first=The|date=12 February 2020|title=11 things you probably didn't know about Chioma Jesus|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/11-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-chioma-jesus/|accessdate=15 April 2025|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNation2020">Nation, The (12 February 2020). [https://thenationonlineng.net/11-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-chioma-jesus/ "11 things you probably didn't know about Chioma Jesus"]. ''The Nation Newspaper''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=23 August 2020|title=I Love Dressing To Glorify God – Chioma Jesus – Independent Newspaper Nigeria|url=https://independent.ng/i-love-dressing-to-glorify-god-chioma-jesus/|accessdate=20 April 2025|language=en-GB|work=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref> == Nkọwapụta == === Abọm studio === {| class="wikitable" |+Ndepụta nke abọm studio !Aha ya !Nkọwa nke abọm !Afọ a tọhapụrụ |- |''Ihe Akaebe M'' | * Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke egwu: 8 * Ụdị: Ịgba egwu, nbudata dijitalụ |2019 |- |''Otuto Amụma'' | * Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke egwu: 10 * Ụdị: Ịgba egwu, nbudata dijitalụ |2020 |- |''Chineke Ọrụ Ebube'' | * Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke egwu: 10 * CJ N'Ime Ihe * Ụdị: Ịgba egwu, nbudata dijitalụ |2020 |- |''Otuto nke Chineke'' | * Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke egwu: 10 * CJ N'Ime Ihe * Ụdị: Streaming, CDdigital downloadstreaming <div class="hlist"> * [[Compact disc|CD]] * [[Music download|nbudata dijitalụ]] * [[Streaming media|iyi]] </div> |2020 |- |''Chiomalized'' | * Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke egwu: 10 * Ụdị: CDdigital downloadstreaming <div class="hlist"> * [[Compact disc|CD]] * [[Music download|nbudata dijitalụ]] * [[Streaming media|iyi]] </div> |2020 |- |''Ọkwa Na-esote'' | * Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke egwu: 10 * CJ N'Ime Ihe * Ụdị: CDdigital downloadstreaming <div class="hlist"> * [[Compact disc|CD]] * [[Music download|nbudata dijitalụ]] * [[Streaming media|iyi]] </div> |2021 |} === Abọm ndị dị ndụ === {| class="wikitable" |+Ndepụta nke abọm ndị dị ndụ !Aha ya !Nkọwa Egwú !Afọ a tọhapụrụ |- |''Chioma Jesus Miracle God Vol. 1'' | * Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke egwu: 2 * Ụdị: CDdigital downloadstreaming <div class="hlist"> * [[Compact disc|CD]] * [[Music download|nbudata dijitalụ]] * [[Streaming media|iyi]] </div> |2012 |- |''[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2 (Chineke Ọchịchọ) '' | * Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke egwu: 2 * Ụdị: CDdigital downloadstreaming <div class="hlist"> * [[Compact disc|CD]] * [[Music download|nbudata dijitalụ]] * [[Streaming media|iyi]] </div> |2014 |- |''Nkwa Chioma Jesus Live, Vol. 1'' | * Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke egwu: 2 * Ụdị: CDdigital downloadstreaming <div class="hlist"> * [[Compact disc|CD]] * [[Music download|nbudata dijitalụ]] * [[Streaming media|iyi]] </div> |2016 |} === Egwuregwu ndị gbasaa === {| class="wikitable" |+Ndepụta nke EPs !Aha ya !Nkọwa Egwú !Afọ a tọhapụrụ |- |''Mmụọ Nsọ''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Opeoluwa|first=Desalu|date=22 February 2024|title=Veteran Gospel Act Chioma Jesus Finally Shares "Holy Ghost" EP|url=https://selahafrik.com/2024/02/chioma-jesus-holy-ghost-ep/|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=SelahAfrik|language=en-US}}</ref> | * Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke egwu: 6 * Ụdị: Ịgba egwu, nbudata dijitalụ |2024 |} == Onyinye na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe omume !Ụdị !Nsonaazụ !Nkwupụta |- |2018 |Ihe nrite ntụrụndụ City People |Onye na-ese Oziọma nke Afọ|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Reporter|date=17 October 2018|title=#CPMA2018: City People Music Awards Nominees' List Out|url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/cpma2018-city-people-music-awards-nominees-list-out/|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=City People Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2019 |Onyinye Oziọma Africa |Onye na-eto Oziọma Africa nke Afọ|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 January 2019|title=Nominees for maiden edition of Africa Gospel Awards Festival unveiled|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Nominees-for-maiden-edition-of-Africa-Gospel-Awards-Festival-unveiled-714997|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=GhanaWeb|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2020 |Onyinye Egwú Galaxy |Onye na-ese ihe n'Oziọma nke Afọ|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galaxy Music Awards (GMA) 2020 Nomination List {{!}} SEE HERE – The GMA|url=https://galaxymusicawards.com/galaxy-music-awards-gma-2020-nomination-list-see-here/|accessdate=20 April 2025|language=en-US|archivedate=25 January 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125061901/https://galaxymusicawards.com/galaxy-music-awards-gma-2020-nomination-list-see-here/}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2022 | rowspan="4" |Ihe nrite CLIMA Africa |Abụ Oziọma Africa nke Afọ|{{Won}} | rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=CLIMA Africa Awards 2022 Nominees List Is Out!|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/36278/clima-africa-awards-2022-nominees-list-is.html#|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Sokoya|first=Seyi|date=9 October 2022|title=Sinach, Aity Dennis, Mercy Chinwo for CLiMAS AFRICA AWARDS 2022 Today|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/sinach-aity-dennis-mercy-chinwo-for-climas-africa-awards-2022-today/|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |Africa Nwanyị na-ede Oziọma nke Afọ|{{Nom}} |- |Abụ Oziọma Africa nke Afọ|{{Nom}} |- |Africa Gospel Album nke Afọ|{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |Ihe nrite Eagle Africa |Egwú Gospel|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Award Nominations - Eagle Gospel Awards|url=https://www.eagleawardsafrica.com/awardnominations?award_ref=noncompetitive&award_yr=2023|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=www.eagleawardsafrica.com}}</ref> |- |Ihe nrite nke ndị na-enweta alaeze |Ya onwe ya|{{Honoured}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kingdom Achievers awards full nomination list 2023 {{!}} Pulse Nigeria|url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/kingdom-achievers-awards-full-nomination-list-2023-2024072619254018205|accessdate=20 April 2025|work=www.pulse.ng|language=en}}</ref> |} == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] ad7ghbonxxvte26o53d84qgy3bkn3km 0 73460 692765 686923 2026-07-30T15:55:12Z Mbah Victor Chukwuemerie 16687 fixed reference error 692765 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Chichi Eburu.png|thumb|Chichi Eburu na 2025]]   '''Chichi Eburu''' bụ onye ọchụnta ego nke Naịjirịa na Amerịka ma bụrụkwa onye hiwere Juvia's Place, ụlọ ọrụ ihe ịchọ mma a ma ama maka ngwaahịa ya niile nke e mere maka agba akpụkpọ ahụ miri emi. Eburu malitere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na naanị $2,000 na 2016 ma duzie uto ya ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ịma mma zuru ụwa ọnụ nke nwere ọtụtụ nde ndị na-eso ụzọ na ọnụnọ na ndị na-ere ahịa buru ibu..<ref name=":0" /> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Eburu na Naịjirịa ma mechaa kwaga mba Amerịka. Mgbe ọ na-etolite, ọ naghị ahụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere agba akpụkpọ ahụ miri emi a na-egosi na mgbasa ozi ịma mma, nke mere ka ọ ghọta ụkpụrụ ịma mma a ma ama.<ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2016, Eburu malitere Juvia's Place na naanị $ 2,000 na nkwado nke obodo ya. <ref name=":0" /> Ọ malitere site na ire ngwá ọrụ ịchọ mma site n'ụlọ ya mgbe ọ na-azụlite ụmụ abụọ. O mepụtara bọọdụ ọhụụ nke ndị eze Africa na ndị isi kpaliri iji lekwasị anya na ebumnuche mara mma ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-08|title=How Chichi Eburu Found Success With Juvia's Place – Fashion Gone Rogue|url=https://www.fashiongonerogue.com/chichi-eburu-finds-success-juvias-place/|accessdate=2025-07-11|language=en-US}}</ref> Aha akara ahụ jikọtara aha ụmụ ya, Juwa na Olivia. Ngwaahịa mbụ ya, "The Nubian" anya, gosipụtara usoro na nkwakọba ihe na-acha odo odo nke Queen Nefertiti kpaliri. Palette ahụ rere ngwa ngwa ma nweta nlebara anya na ntanetị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Story: How Juvia's Place Got Started|url=https://www.juviasplace.com/blogs/tribe-talk/our-story-how-juvias-place-got-started|accessdate=2025-07-11|work=Juvia’s Place|language=en}}</ref> == Ọganihu azụmaahịa == N'ịgbaso ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ, Juvia's Place gbasaa usoro ngwaahịa ya iji tinye ntọala, egbugbere ọnụ, ihe na-eme ka ihe dị elu, Nlekọta akpụkpọ anụ na ihe ntecha ndị ọzọ. A maara akara ahụ maka inye akara ntọala 42 iji nye ụdị akpụkpọ ahụ dịgasị iche iche. Ọ nwetara ntinye na nn[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|UK]] ndị na-ere ahịa dịka Ulta Beauty na United States na Superdrug na UK ma mepụta nnukwu mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Williams|first=Audrey|title=What Power Means To The Founder Of This Popular Black-Owned Beauty Brand|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/chichi-eburu-juvias-place-power-diaries|accessdate=2025-07-11|work=www.refinery29.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-21|title=The Beauty of Inclusivity|url=https://wwd.com/business-news/business-features/feature/juviasplace-beauty-inclusivity-1234784006/|accessdate=2025-07-12|work=WWD|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nkà ihe ọmụma Brand == Eburu ekwuola na ọdịbendị Afrịka, gụnyere [[Omenkà|ndị na-ese ihe]] na ndị ọchịchị, bụ ihe na-akpali ya maka ọhụụ ya. Ọ na-ekwusi ike na ihe ntecha kwesịrị igosipụta akụ na ụba ọdịbendị, njirimara, na akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ọ na-agba ume igosipụta agba siri ike mgbe ọ na-akwado njikọta na Ikike onwe onye.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-05|title=Chichi Eburu's Black-Owned Cosmetics Company Is Taking Over The Industry|url=https://getuperica.com/58874/chichi-eburus-cosmetics/|accessdate=2025-07-11|work=Get Up! Mornings With Erica Campbell|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere na mmemme enyemaka == N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2020, Eburu malitere inye onyinye site na Juvia's Place na-enye onyinye isii nke $ 50,000 nke ọ bụla, nke ruru $ 300,000, na Azụmaahịa ndị isi ojii na United States. Ihe omume ahụ bu n'uche idozi ọdịiche ego nke ndị ọchụnta ego ojii na-eche ihu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-17|title=Cosmetics Brand Juvia's Place Creates Grant for Black-Owned Businesses {{!}} American Salon|url=https://www.americansalon.com/business/cosmetics-brand-juvia-s-place-creates-grant-for-black-owned-businesses|accessdate=2025-07-11|work=www.americansalon.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Black-Owned Brand Juvia's Place Launches $300K Grant Initiative For Black Entrepreneurs|url=https://afrotech.com/black-owned-brand-juvias-place-launches-300k-grant-initiative-for-black-entrepreneurs|accessdate=2025-07-12|work=AfroTech|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://afrotech.com/black-owned-brand-juvias-place-launches-300k-grant-initiative-for-black-entrepreneurs "Black-Owned Brand Juvia's Place Launches $300K Grant Initiative For Black Entrepreneurs"]. ''AfroTech''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Eburu bụ nne nke ụmụ abụọ, a gụrụ Juvia's Place aha iji sọpụrụ ụmụ ya Juwa na Olivia. Ọ na-ejikarị ndụ onwe ya eme ihe nzuzo, mana o kwenyere na nkwado ezinụlọ ya bụ isi ihe ịga nke ọma ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2022-11-08|title=How Chichi Eburu Found Success With Juvia's Place – Fashion Gone Rogue|url=https://www.fashiongonerogue.com/chichi-eburu-finds-success-juvias-place/|accessdate=2025-07-12|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edemsibia == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] 3g6911upfpd377v013xakl517c748o0 0 73488 692920 630910 2026-07-31T01:44:02Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692920 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ihe nkiri egwu nke onye na-abụ abụ na onye na-ede abụ Naịjirịa bụ́ Ayra Starr gụnyere abọm studio abụọ, otu EP, otu egwu 21 (13 dịka onye na-ese ihe) yana otu egwu 5 na-akwalite onwe ya na ngosipụta ndị ọbịa anọ. == Abọm studio == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke abọm studio, na nkọwa ndị a họọrọ ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Aha ya ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Nkọwa nke abọm ! colspan="5" scope="col" |Ọnọdụ chaatị kachasị elu |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:90%" |NGR<br /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:90%" |CAN<br /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |FRA<br /><ref name="fr">{{Cite web|url=https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?semaine=23|title=Classement semaine|work=snepmusique.com|accessdate=1 August 2024}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" |UK<br /><ref name="UK">{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/61088/ayra-starr/|title=Ayra Starr {{!}} full Official Chart History|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=17 March 2023}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:90%" |US<br /> |- ! scope="row" |''[[19 & Dangerous|19 & Ihe Dị Iche Iche]]'' | * A tọhapụrụ ya: 6 Ọgọstụ 2021 * Akara: [[Mavin Records|Mavin]] * Ụdị: Nbudata dijitalụ, na-asọ asọiyi |7 | - | - | - | - |- ! scope="row" |''[[The Year I Turned 21|Afọ M gbara afọ iri abụọ na otu]]'' | * A tọhapụrụ ya: 31 Mee 2024 * Akara: Mavin * Ụdị: Nbudata dijitalụ, na-asọ asọ |1 |89 |72 |80 |195 |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:90%;" |" - " na-egosi ihe ndị a na-ewepụtaghị na mba ahụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-enweghị chaatị. |} == Egwuregwu ndị gbasaa == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke egwuregwu ndị gbatịrị agbatị, na nkọwa ndị a họọrọ ! scope="col" |Aha ya ! scope="col" |Nkọwa nke EP |- ! scope="row" |''Ayra Starr'' | * A tọhapụrụ ya: 22 Jenụwarị 2021 * Akara: Mavin * Ụdị: Nbudata dijitalụ, na-asọ asọ |} == Ndị na-alụbeghị di == === Dị ka onye na-ese ihe === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke ndị na-edepụta egwu, na ọnọdụ chaatị ahọpụtara, na-egosi afọ a tọhapụrụ na aha abọm ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Aha ya ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Afọ ! colspan="10" scope="col" |Ọnọdụ chaatị kachasị elu ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |asambodo ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |NGR<br /><ref name="turntable">{{Cite web|title=TurnTable Nigeria Top 100|url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/charts/1|accessdate=25 June 2023|publisher=TurnTable Charts}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:90%" |CAN<br /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:90%" |FRA<br /><ref name="FRA">{{Cite web|url=https://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Ayra+Starr|title=Discographie Ayra Starr|work=lescharts.com|language=fr|accessdate=19 July 2023}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:90%" |IRE<br /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Singles|title=IRMA – Irish Charts|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|accessdate=25 March 2023}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:90%" |NLD<br /><ref name="charts">{{Cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Ayra+Starr&titel=Rush&cat=s|title=Ayra Starr – Rush|work=dutchcharts.nl|language=nl|accessdate=16 March 2024}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" |SUR<br /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:90%" |SWE<br /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41?dspy=2023&dspp=4|title=Veckolista Singlar, vecka 4|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|accessdate=28 January 2023}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:90%" |SWI<br /><ref name="charts" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:90%" |UK<br /><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:90%" |WW<br /> |- ! scope="row" |"Fashion Killa" | rowspan="3" |2021 |18 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - [a] | - | * TCSN: ọlaọcha | rowspan="4" |''19 & Ihe Dị Iche Iche'' |- ! scope="row" |"Away" |4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | * TCSN: ọlaọcha <ref name="TCSN" /> |- ! scope="row" |"Bloody Samaritan" (naanị ma ọ bụ remix nke Kelly Rowland gosipụtara) <br />(solo or remix featuring Kelly Rowland) |1 | - | - | - | - |34 | - | - | - [b] | - | * TCSN: 2× Platinum <ref name="TCSN">{{cite certification|region=Nigeria|access-date=September 28, 2025}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Rush]]" |2022 |1 |63 |5 |56 |17 |1 |56 |18 |24 |115 | * TCSN: 3× Platinum <ref name="TCSN" /> * BPI: Gold * MC: Platinum * SNEP: Diamond |- ! scope="row" |"Nchekwa" | rowspan="3" |2023 |1 | - | - | - | - |6 | - | - | - [c] | - | * TCSN: Platinum <ref name="TCSN" /> | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" |"Stamina" <small> (ya na [[Tiwa Savage]] na Young Jonn) </small> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-04-12|title=Tiwa Savage drops visuals for 'Stamina'|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/04/12/tiwa-savage-drops-visuals-for-stamina/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=P.M. News|language=en-US}}</ref><br /> |3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - [d] | - | * TCSN: Platinum <ref name="TCSN" /> |- ! scope="row" |"Rhythm &amp;amp; Blues" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/rhythm-blues-single/1706941813|title=Rhythm & Blues - Single by Ayra Starr|publisher=Apple Music|accessdate=12 September 2023}}</ref> |12 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - [e] | - | * TCSN: Gold <ref name="TCSN" /> | rowspan="3" |''Afọ M gbara afọ iri abụọ na otu'' |- ! scope="row" |"Onye na-eme ihe nkiri"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/commas-single/1727587385|title=Commas - Single by Ayra Starr|publisher=Apple Music|accessdate=1 February 2024|archivedate=1 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601122634/https://music.apple.com/us/album/commas-single/1727587385}}</ref> | rowspan="3" |2024 |2 | - | - | - |83 |5 | - | - | - [f] | - | * TCSN: 2× Platinum <ref name="TCSN" /> |- ! scope="row" |"Santa" (ya na Rvssian na Rauw Alejandro) <br />(with Rvssian and Rauw Alejandro) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |38 | - |24 | * PROMUSICAE: 5× Platinum<ref name="SPA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elportaldemusica.es/site/search?term=Rauw+Alejandro&filter=song|title=Search: Rauw Alejandro – Songs|work=El Portal de Música|publisher=[[Productores de Música de España]]|accessdate=May 4, 2024}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Pinacolada" (ya na Thisizlondon na 6lack) <br />(with Thisizlondon and 6lack) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - || rowspan="5" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" |"Ịhụnanya Nile" | rowspan="4" |2025 |10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |"Gimme Dat" (nke WizKid gosipụtara) <br />(featuring WizKid) |3 | - | - | - | - |6 | - | - | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |"Ọkpụkpụ dị ọkụ" |3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |"Who's Dat Girl" (nke Rema gosipụtara) <br />(featuring Rema) |2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- | colspan="14" style="font-size:90%;" |" - " na-egosi ihe ndị a na-ewepụtaghị na mba ahụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-enweghị chaatị. |} === Dị ka onye na-ese ihe === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke ndị na-alụbeghị di dị ka onye na-ese ihe, na ọnọdụ chaatị ahọpụtara ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Aha ya ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Afọ ! colspan="6" scope="col" |Ọnọdụ chaatị kachasị elu ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |asambodo ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |NGR<br /><ref name="turntable"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:90%" |FRA<br /><ref name="FRA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" |NZHot<nowiki><br id="mwAiI"></nowiki><br /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2022-12-09|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=12 December 2022|accessdate=10 December 2022}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" |SA<br /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theofficialsacharts.co.za/charts/local-international-streaming-chart-top-100-week-46-2022/|title=Local & International Streaming Chart Top 100 Week 46-2022|work=[[The Official South African Charts]]|publisher=[[Recording Industry of South Africa]]|accessdate=24 November 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |SUR<br /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:90%" |UK<br /><ref name="UK"/> |- ! scope="row" |"2 Sugar" (Wizkid na-egosi Ayra Starr) <br />(Wizkid featuring Ayra Starr) |2022 |5 | - |38 |70 | - |70 | * TCSN: Platinum |''Ịhụnanya Ka ukwuu, Ịdị Obere Ego'' |- ! scope="row" |"No Love" (Ninho na-egosi Ayra Starr) <br />(Ninho featuring Ayra Starr) | rowspan="5" |2023 | - |7 | - | - | - | - | * SNEP: Diamond * IFPI: Gold <ref>{{Cite web|title=Edelmetall - hitparade.ch|url=https://hitparade.ch/edelmetall|accessdate=2026-01-26|work=hitparade.ch}}</ref> |''NI'' |- ! scope="row" |"Girl Next Door" (Tyla na-egosi Ayra Starr) <br />(Tyla featuring Ayra Starr) | - | - | - | - | - | - || rowspan="5" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" |"Ịhụnanya M" (Leigh-Anne na Ayra Starr) <br />(Leigh-Anne featuring Ayra Starr) |64 | - | - | - |5 |28 | |- ! scope="row" |"A na-akwụ gị ụgwọ" (Nke na-egosi Ayra Starr) <br />(Neiked featuring Ayra Starr) | - | - | - | - |21 | - | |- ! scope="row" |"Big FU" (David Guetta gosipụtara Ayra Starr na Lil Durk) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/10/david-guetta-out-with-new-single-big-fu/|title=David Guetta out with new single 'Big Fu'|work=Vanguard|date=24 October 2023|accessdate=30 October 2023}}</ref><br /> | - | - |18 | - | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |"[[Hypé]]" (Aya Nakamura na Ayra Starr) <br />(Aya Nakamura featuring Ayra Starr) | rowspan="3" |2024 | - |7<ref>{{Cite web|title="Hypé" - Top Singles|url=https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?annee=2024&semaine=11&categorie=Top%20Singles|accessdate=2026-01-16|work=SNEP|language=fr-FR}}</ref> | - | - | - |17<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-23|title=HYPE|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/aya-nakamuraayra-starr-hype/|accessdate=2026-01-16|work=Official Charts|language=en}}</ref> | * SNEP: Diamond <ref name="SNEP"> |- ! scope="row" |"Good Feelings" (Coldplay featuring Ayra Starr) <br /> | - | - | - | - |17 | - | |''Egwú Ọnwa'' |- ! scope="row" |"Bora Bora" (AP Dhillon na-egosi Ayra Starr) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Yatamanyu|first=Narain|date=2024-10-24|title=AP Dhillon Collaborates With Ayra Starr For Latest Music Video Bora Bora|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ap-dhillon-collaborates-with-ayra-starr-for-latest-music-video-bora-bora-9097549.html|accessdate=2024-12-24|work=News18|language=en}}</ref><br />(AP Dhillon featuring Ayra Starr) | - | - | - | - |3 | - || {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Nwa m " (RnBoi [fr] na Ayra Starr) <br />(RnBoi [fr] featuring Ayra Starr) |2026 | | | | | | | | |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:90%;" |" - " na-egosi ihe ndị a na-ewepụtaghị na mba ahụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-enweghị chaatị. |} == Abụ ndị ọzọ e depụtara == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke egwu ndị ọzọ e depụtara, na ọnọdụ chaatị ahọpụtara ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Aha ya ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Afọ ! colspan="2" scope="col" |Ọnọdụ chaatị kachasị elu ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |NGR<br /><ref name="turntable"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" |NZHot<nowiki><br id="mwAv0"></nowiki><br /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2024-06-07|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=10 July 2024|accessdate=7 June 2024}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Goodbye (Warm Up) " (na Asake) <br />(with Asake) | rowspan="4" |2024 |9 | - | rowspan="4" |''Afọ M gbara afọ iri abụọ na otu'' |- ! scope="row" |"Bad Vibes" (ya na Seyi Vibez) <br />(with Seyi Vibez) |2 | - |- ! scope="row" |"Abụ Jazzy" |24 | - |- ! scope="row" |"Abụ ikpeazụ nke Obi na-agbawa" (ya na Giveon) <br />(with Giveon) |14 |36 |} == Mpụta ndị ọbịa == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke ndị ọbịa na-abụghị otu, na ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe nkiri, na-egosi afọ a tọhapụrụ na aha abọm ! scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Aha ya ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe ! scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="row" |"N'ìhè" | rowspan="3" |2021 |[[Johnny Drille]] |''Tupu Anyị Ehi Ụra'' |- ! scope="row" |"Ọ dị ize ndụ" |Cheek |''Obi dị mma'' |- ! scope="row" |"N'akụkụ ụzọ" (+234 Remix) |Malia, [[Rema (musician)|Rema]]| {{n/a}} |- ! scope="row" |"Ihe a na-apụghị ikwere ekwere" |2023 |Tori Kelly |''Tori'' |} == Ihe edeturu == == Edemsibia == <references /> luujkpdcwr1ams3gkpv2ioebkfyy09g 0 73513 692724 597475 2026-07-30T13:41:39Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Waris|region=[[Sandaun Province]], [[Papua New Guinea]]; <br>Waris District, [[Keerom Regency]], [[Papua (Indonesian province)|Papua province]], [[Indonesia]]|speakers=2,500|date=2008|familycolor=Papuan|fam1=[[Border languages (New Guinea)|Border]]|fam2=Bewani Range|fam3=Bapi River|script=[[Latin script|Latin]]|iso3=wrs|notice=IPA}} '''Waris''' ma ọ bụ '''Walsa''' bụ asụsụ Papua nke ugwu New Guinea. E nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ obodo 2,500. Ọ na-eji usoro ide ihe Latin. Asụsụ ahụ nwere ụdaume monophthong, diphthong, na triphthong. == Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == Ihe dị ka mmadụ 2,500 na-asụ Waris gburugburu Wasengla (<nowiki><span class="geo-inline">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-default{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</span></nowiki>3°17′41″S 141°04′23″E / 3.294675°S 141.073027°E / -3.294675; 141.073027 (Ọrụ Katọlik Wasengla)), Ngalaba Doponendi, Walsa Rural LLG, Mpaghara Sandaun, Papua New Guinea, nakwa ihe dị ka 1,500 gafee ókèala na Mpaghara Waris, Keerom Regency na mpaghara Papua nke Indonesia. <ref name="UN-PNG">{{Cite web|author=United Nations in Papua New Guinea|date=2018|title=Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup|url=https://data.humdata.org/dataset/village-coordinates-lookup|work=Humanitarian Data Exchange}}</ref> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụedemede === ==== Monophthongs ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ |i | |u |- !N'etiti etiti |e | | |- !N'etiti | |ə | |- !N'etiti oghere |ɛ | |ɔ |- !Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na-emeghe |æ | | |- !Emeghe | |a |ɒ |} ==== Diphthongs na triphthongs ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! !{{IPA|Vi}} !{{IPA|Vɛ}} !{{IPA|Vɑ}} !{{IPA|Vɒ}} !{{IPA|Vɔ}} !{{IPA|Vu}} |- !{{IPA|iV}} | | |{{IPA|iɑ}} | | | |- !{{IPA|ɛV}} | | | | |{{IPA|ɛɔ}} |{{IPA|ɛu}} |- !{{IPA|ɑV}} |{{IPA|ɑi}} | | | |{{IPA|ɑɔ}} | |- !{{IPA|ɒV}} |{{IPA|ɒi}} | | | | | |- !{{IPA|ɔV}} |{{IPA|ɔi}} | |{{IPA|ɔɑ}} | | | |- !{{IPA|uV}} |{{IPA|ui}} |{{IPA|uɛ}} |{{IPA|uɑ}} |{{IPA|uɒ}} | | |} E nwere triphthongs abụọ, {{IPA|/ɔɑi/}} na {{IPA|/uɛu/}}. === Mkpụrụ okwu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="2" | !Bilabial !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Kwụsị !<small>Enweghị olu</small> |p |t | |k |- !<small>Prenasalised</small> |ᵐb |ⁿd | |ᵑɡ |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike |β |s | |x |- ! rowspan="2" |Mmiri !<small>trill</small> | |r | | |- !<small>n'akụkụ</small> | |l | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ọkara ụdaolu |w | |j | |} == Ndị na-ekewa ihe == Classifier prefixes na Waris na-ejikọta na ngwaa, ma na-ekpebi site na njirimara anụ ahụ nke okwu aha a na-ezo aka. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere ihe yiri ngwaa kwụụrụ onwe ya, nke nwere ike ịbụ ebe ha si. Ihe atụ gụnyere: <ref name="Foley-Sepik">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=197–432|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>     Ọtụtụ n'ime prefixes ndị a nwere okwu yiri ngwaa. Ndepụta nke prefixes nke nhazi bụ: <ref name="Foley-Sepik"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} * {{Cite book|author=Brown|first=Robert|year=1981|chapter=Semantic aspects of some Waris predications|editor=Karl J. Franklin|title=Syntax and semantics in Papua New Guinea languages|pages=93–123|location=Ukarumpa|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics}} * {{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Robert|year=1988|title=Waris case system and verb classification|journal=Language and Linguistics in Melanesia|volume=19|pages=37–80}} * {{Cite book|author=Brown|first=Robert|year=1986|title=Diksenari: Walsana moa Pisinna moa Englisna moa (A short dictionary of the Walsa [Waris] language, Tok Pisin and English)|location=Ukarumpa|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics}} {{Languages of Papua New Guinea}} b7g3yz7fulvo26sdsgytoe5ll7rtq1d 0 73526 692707 597499 2026-07-30T13:19:45Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692707 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:Jesuit_Missions_of_the_Chiquitos-en.png|alt=Topographic map showing major towns and villages in the Chiquitania and the Jesuit missions. The Jesuit missions are in the highlands north-east of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, in eastern Bolivia, close to the Brazil border.|thumb|300x300px|Ebe ndị Jesuit Missions nke Chiquitos nwere ókèala mba ụwa ugbu a]] '''Otuke''' (Otuque, Otuqui) bụ asụsụ gbahapụrụ agbahapụ nke ezinụlọ Macro-Jê, nke metụtara Bororo. Ókèala Otuke gụnyere ihe a na-akpọ ugbu a Otuquis National Park na Integrated Management Natural Area na ọwụwa anyanwụ Bolivia. A maara ya naanị site na ndepụta okwu e dekọrọ na 1831. Asụsụ Kovareka (Covareca) na Kuruminaka (Curuminaca), ma ndị gbahapụrụ agbahapụ ma ndị a na-amaghị nke ọma, dị nso na Otuke, a na-ewerekwa ha mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka olumba. == Okwu mmalite == Combès (2012) na-atụ aro na -toki ~ -tuki ~ -tuke (nke dịkwa na ethynomy Gorgotoqui) nwere ike ịbụ njikọ na Bororo animate plural suffix -doge (ya bụ, nke e ji emepụta ọtụtụ aha maka agbụrụ). Ya mere, aha Otuqui (Otuke) nwere njikọ na aha Gorgotoqui n'ụzọ etymology. == Ụdị dị iche iche == === Loukotka (1968) === Ọtụtụ ụdị Bororoan a na-ahụ anya bụ ma ọ bụ olumba nke Otuke ma ọ bụ ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya: <ref name="Loukotka"/> * Covareca - Ọrụ Santa Ana, Bolivia * [[Asụsụ Kuruminaka|Curuminaca]] - Ọrụ Casalvasco, Bolivia * Coraveca (Curave, Ecorabe) - Santo Corazón mission, Bolivia (enweghị ihe akaebe) * Curucaneca (Curucane, Carruacane) - San Rafael mission, Bolivia (enweghị ihe akaebe) * Tapii - Santiago de Chiquitos mission, Bolivia (ma eleghị anya [[Asụsụ Zamucoan|Zamucoan]]) <ref name="Mason-1950">{{Cite book|author=Mason|first=John Alden|authorlink=John Alden Mason|date=1950|chapter=The languages of South America|editor=Steward|title=Handbook of South American Indians|pages=157–317|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Bureau of American Ethnology]] Bulletin 143|location=Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMason1950">[[John Alden Mason|Mason, John Alden]] (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). ''Handbook of South American Indians''. Vol.&nbsp;6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: [[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Bureau of American Ethnology]] Bulletin 143. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">157–</span>317.</cite></ref> Ndị na-asụ Chiquitano bikwa n'ọtụtụ n'ime ozi ala ọzọ. <ref name="Loukotka"/> Ndị niile edepụtara n'elu gbanwere Chiquitano site na narị afọ nke 19. (Lee Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos maka ebe.) Mason (1950) na-ekwu na anọ mbụ bụ "dị iche ma dị iche iche", mana Loukotka (1968) na-ekwu ete ọ dịghị ihe a maara banyere Curave ma ọ bụ Curucane (ma ọ bụ Tapii), na ọ bụ naanị okwu 14 nke Curumina na 19 nke Covare ka echekwara.<ref name="Loukotka">{{Cite book|author=Loukotka|first=Čestmír|authorlink=Čestmír Loukotka|title=Classification of South American Indian languages|url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk|publisher=UCLA Latin American Center|year=1968|location=Los Angeles}}</ref> Mason (1950) depụtara ụdị Otuke ndị a: <ref name="Mason-1950"/> ; Otuke * Okutuke * Ihe mkpuchi * Curuminaca * Coraveca (?); Curavé (?) * Curucaneca (?) * Tapii (?) Mason (1950) kwuru na Tapii nwere ike ịbụ Otukean ma ọ bụ [[Asụsụ Zamucoan|Zamucoan]]. == Asụsụ == A na-ahụ nsonaazụ {{Lang|mis|-ra}} na aha akụkụ ahụ. N'otu aka ahụ, a na-ahụ nsonaazụ {{Lang|mis|-ka}} na okwu maka mkpụrụ osisi dị gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=de Créqui-Montfort|first=Georges|date=1912|title=Linguistique Bolivienne: Le groupe Otuké|url=https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Acrequi-montfort-rivet-1912-otuke/crequi-montfort_rivet_1912_otuke.pdf|journal=Journal de la Société des Américanistes|volume=IX|pages=317–352}}</ref> == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * de Créqui-Montfort, Georges na Paul Rivet. 1912. Asụsụ Bolivia: Otu Otuké. Journal de la Société des Américanistes IX: 317-352. * de Créqui-Montfort, Georges na Paul Rivet. 1913. Asụsụ Bolivia: Mmekọrịta nke olumba Otuké. ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Society of Americanists'' X: 369-377. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2024. ''Otuke: na-enyocha naanị data fọdụrụ na asụsụ Bolivia.'' Thesis Master, Mahadum Leiden. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3763735 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 9gco0it1v9fqztg5mn1j5amvibplfdp 0 73557 692758 597557 2026-07-30T15:13:49Z Mbah Victor Chukwuemerie 16687 fixed reference error 692758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Devaneya Pavanar''' (nke a makwaara dị ka '''G. Devaneyan''', '''Ñanamuttan Tevaneyan'''; 7 Febụwarị 1902 - 15 Jenụwarị 1981) bụ onye ọkà mmụta India nke dere ihe karịrị mpịakọta nnyocha iri atọ na ise gbasara asụsụ na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Tamil. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ bụ onye na-akwadosi "Pure Tamil movement" ike ma malite imepụta akwụkwọ nkọwa okwu n'asụsụ Tamil iji wepụta mgbọrọgwụ nke okwu Tamil na njikọ ha na ákụkụ ha niile. N'akwụkwọ ya Primary Classical Language of the World nke afọ 1966, ọ na-ekwu na [[Tamil language|Asụsụ Tamil]] bụ "ihe okike kachasị dị n'ụdị chi si kee ya" (iyal-mońi) yana asụsụ proto-world, ịbụ asụsụ kachasị ochie (thon-moń) n'ụwa, nke asụsụ ndị ọzọ niile dị n'ụwa sitere na ya. O kwenyere na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ya, nke e mechara kpọọ Akwụkwọ Sangam nke a na-ewekarị na edere ya site na 200 BCE na 300 CE, nọrọ nnukwu oge site na 10,000 ruo 5,500 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Historical Heritage of the Tamils|author=Ca. Vē Cuppiramaṇiyan̲ and Ka. Ta Tirunāvukkaracu|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|year=1983}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ, ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịdị ala na ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme anaghị akwado echiche ya. Devaneya Pavanar dere ọtụtụ egwu (''Isaik kalambakam'') na ọtụtụ uri dị ịrịba ama, gụnyere nchịkọta ''Venpa''. Gọọmentị steeti Tamil Nadu nyere ya utu aha ''Senthamiḻ Selvar'' n'afọ 1979, a kpọkwara ya Dravida Mozhi nool Nayiru ("Anyanwụ nke asụsụ Dravidian"). == Akụkọ ndụ == Gnanamuthu Devaneyan Pavanar bụ onye ọkammụta Tamil na Municipal College, Salem, site na 1944 ruo 1956. Site n'afo 1956 ruo 1961, ọ bụ onye isi ngalaba Dravidian na Mahadum Annamalai.Ọ bụụrụonge òtù Kansụl Tamil maka Mmepe na Nnyocha, nke gọọmentị Nehru hiwere na 1959,nke e nyefere ọrụ imepụta akwụkwọ nkụzi ihe nke praịmarị na sekọndeị na Tamil. Site n'afọ 1974, ọ bụụrụ onye isi nduzi nke Tamil Etymological Project, ọ ma rụkwaa ọrụ dịka onye isi oche nke International Tamil League, Tamil Nadu. (U. Tha. Ka.). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Oba akwụkwọ mpaghara Chennai District ka a kpọrọ aha Devanaya Pavanar nke dị na Anna Salai, Chennai. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Echiche banyere Tamil na Sanskrit == [[Faịlụ:Kumari_Kandam_map.png|thumb|280x280px|"Lemuria" dị ka Pavanar si kwuo, na-ejikọ [[Madagascar]], South India na Australia (na-ekpuchi ihe ka ukwuu n'Oké Osimiri India). Ugwu Meru gbatịrị n'ebe ndịda site na Sri Lanka.]] ''Vadamoli Varalaru'' nke Pavanar na-ekwu na enwere ike ịchọta ọtụtụ narị okwu Sanskrit nwere mmalite si na Tamil, n'otu oge ahụ, o siri ọnwụ na e nwere ihe ndị yiri asụsụ Tamil kpọmkwem maka okwu mgbazinye Sanskrit. O kwuru na Tamil bụ asụsụ "dị elu ma dị nsọ" karịa Sanskrit. N'echiche ya, asụsụ Tamil malitere na "Lemuria" (''Ilemūriyā''), ebe mmepeanya si bido na ebe asụsụ si. O kwenyere na ndị Sanskrit na-egbochi ihe akaebe nke ịdị ochie nke Tamil. Usoro oge Pavanar maka mgbanwe nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ na Tamil dị ka ndị a: * ca. 500,000 BC: mmalite nke agbụrụ mmadụ, * ca. 200,000 ruo 50,000 BC: mgbanwe nke "Tamilian ma ọ bụ ''Homo Dravida'' ", * c. 200,000 ruo 100,000 BC, mmalite nke Tamil * c. 100,000 ruo 50,000 BC, uto na mmepe nke Tamil, * 50,000 BC: Mmepeanya Kumari Kandam * 20,000 BC: Omenala Tamil furu efu na Easter Islandk nke nwere mmepeanya dị elu * 16,000 BC: Mmiri mikpuru Lemuria * 6087 BC: Tamil Sangam nke abụọ nke eze Pandya guzobere * 3031 BC: Otu nwa eze Chera na-awagharị na Solomon Islands hụrụ okpete ọhịa wee malite ịkọ ugbo na Tamil Nadu. * 1780 BC: Tamil Sangam nke Atọ nke eze Pandya guzobere * Narị afọ nke asaa BC: ''Tolkappiyam'', ụtọ asụsụ Tamil kachasị ochie dị ugbu a N'okwu mmalite nke akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1966 The Primary Classical Language of the World o dere: Ọ dịghị asụsụ ọzọ dị ka Tamil n'ụwa niile, nke ndị mmadụ na ihe ndị ọzọe kere eke na-emejọ nke ukwuu, nke e kpekwarala ya ọtụtụ ikpe na-ezighị ezi site n'aka ndị mba ọzọ na ndị obodo na-aghọgbu. Echiche izugbe na nkà na sayensị niile na-aga n'ihu ka oge na-aga, bụ ụgha n'ihe gbasara nkà mmụta ihe ochie, n'ihi njehie dị mkpa nke ịchọta ebe obibi mbụ nke ndị Tamil na mpaghara Mediterenian, na iji Sanskrit, asụsụ akwụkwọ mejupụtara ihe mejupụtara Vedic, dịka a pụrụ isi kwuo ya, maka ihe nlereanya nke Ụdị Okwu Indo-European. Ndị si n'ọdịda anyanwụ amghịrị ruo ugbua, na Tamil bụ asụsụ ochie meperela nke ukwuu nke si na [[Kumari Kandam|Lemurian]] nke bụrị, ma bụrụkwa na-aga, nke a na-abịatu site na mgbalị a tụrụ atụmatụ ya ma hazie ya nke ọma site n'aka ndị Sanskritist ma na ngalaba gọọmentị ma nke onwe onye, kemgbe ndị Vedic mendicant kwagara na South, and wee na-ewere ohere na ha chakarịrị n'ọcha yana maka na ndị eze Tamil mgbe ochie nwere echiche di nta na-ahụtazi onwe ha dịka chi n'elu ụwa ([[Bhusura|Bhu-suras]]) wee napụ ndị Tamil nkwenye ha nwere, na asụsụ nna nna ha nyere ha maọbu asụsụ ọnatarachi ha bụ nke si n'igwe bịa. N'otu isi nke akwụkwọ ahụ isiokwu ya bụ ''Tamil more divine than Sanskrit'', Pavanar nyere ihe ndị mere o ji sị na Tamil "si n'igwe bịa" karịa Sanskrit, na-ekwu maka "Ịbụ ihe diwara ochie nke Tamil", ọ na-akọwa: {| class="wikitable" !Asụsụ [[Tamil language|Tamil]] !Asụsụ Sanskrit |- |Ọ bụ nke mbụ na nke mbụ. |Ihe ndị ọzọ e si na ya nweta. |- |Asụsụ a na-asụ na nke dị ndụ. |Asụsụ edemede nke ọkara aka mere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TVU|url=http://www.tamilvu.org/slet/lA100/lA100pd1.jsp?bookid=213&pno=109|accessdate=2023-04-20|work=www.tamilvu.org}}</ref> |- |Ọmụmụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ exoteric. |Ọmụmụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ esoteric. |- |Ịkwalite cosmopolitanism. |Nkewa nke ọha mmadụ n'ime ọtụtụ ọkwa dabere na ọmụmụ na nne na nna. |- |Nkwado nke onye ọ bụla na ịta ahụhụ. | |- |Inwe agụmakwụkwọ ka elu dị ka ihe niile na-ahụkarị. | |- |Ịgba ume inye ndị ogbenye na ndị nọ ná mkpa onyinye. |Nkwado maka ndị na-enye onyinye iji nye naanị ndị Sanskrit. |- |Ịhụnanya nke eziokwu. |Ịhụnanya nke aghụghọ na ịpụtaghachi ihe. |- |Ịkwado ịhụnanya, dị ka ụzọ isi nweta obi ụtọ ebighi ebi. |Ịkwado ihe ọmụma, dị ka ụzọ isi nweta njikọ na mkpụrụ obi zuru ụwa ọnụ. |- |Inwe usoro ịchụ àjà nye chi ndị pere mpe dị ka okpukpe. |Inwe otu chi Saivism Ndị Vaisnavism dị ka okpukpe. |- |Nkọwa edemede sitere n'okike. |Nkọwa edemede nke e chepụtara echepụta. |} == Akụkọ mbipụta == ''Central Plan Scheme maka Classical Tamil'' nke Centre of Excellence for Classical Tamil na-atụ aro : "Iji bipụta ''Adhibhasa'' nke Sattambi Swamigal nke a sụgharịrị mana e bipụtabeghị nke na-achọ igosi na Tamil bụ asụsụ kachasị ochie. Mgbe e bipụtara ya, ọ ga-enye ihe mkpali maka nchọpụta Pavanar. " Gọọmentị Tamil Nadu emeela ka ọrụ niile na akwụkwọ niile Pavanar dere bụrụ nke mba n'oge "Afọ ime ncheta iru afọ iri ise nke nnwere onwe mba" (2006). Nke a pụtara na ikike nwebisiinka maka ọrụ Pavanar bụ nke steeti Tamil Nadu ugbu a, ebe a kwụrụ ndị nketa ya ụgwọ ego. == Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù == * Efere ọlaọcha nke Tamil Peravai, Salem nyere ya na 1955 iji kelee ya maka ọrụ ya na Tamil. * Efere kọpa Gọvanọ nke Tamil Nadu nyere ya na 1960 iji kelee ya maka ntinye ya na nchịkọta okwu nchịkwa na Tamil.<ref name="pallar">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150322105338/http://www.pallar.org/pallar/artist.htm Dr.Mozhignayiru Devaneyap Pavanar]. pallar.org</ref> * Efere ọlaọcha South Indian Saiva Sinddhanta Works Publishing Society, Thirunelveli Ltd., nyere ya na 1970 ikele ya maka ọrụ nnyocha ya na Tamil philology na etymology.<ref name="pallar" /> * E mere emume ịgba otu narị afọ nke Pavanar na Sankarankoil (5 Febụwarị 2002) yana na Gomathimuthupuram (6 Febụwarị) nke mpaghara Tirunelveli na Chennai (8 Febụwarị), nke Minista na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ na Chief Minister O. Panneerselvam bịara. * N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2006, Ngalaba nzisa ozi dị na Chennai wepụtara stampụ ncheta Devaneya Pavanar. * N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2007, Gọọmentị Tamil Nadu wụnyere ihe ncheta na Madurai iji sọpụrụ Devaneya Pavanar. '''Tamil''' * Kaṭṭurai varaiviyal. , Tirucci: Sri Nilaiyam Accukkūṭam, 1940. * Cuṭṭu viḷakkam, allatu, Aṭippaṭai aintu. , Tirucci: Impīriyal Piras, 1943. * Tirāviṭattāy = Nne nke asụsụ Dravidian niile, Ceṉai: Purōkireciv Accumaṇi Patippakam, [1969] * Vērccoṟ kaṭṭuraikaḷ ("essay epymological"), Ceṉṉai:Saiva Siddantha Kazhagam Publisher, 1973. * Maṇil viṇ: allatu, Vaḷuvar kūṭṭūtamai, Kāṭṭuppāṭi Virivu, Va. Ā. Māvaṭṭam: N CESamaṇi Patippakam, 1978. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị: * Nāṅkaḷ kāṇum Pāvāṇar: Móiñāyiṟu Pāvā́ṇar avarkaḷiṉ mutalām niṉaivu nāḷ veḷiyīṭu. , Neyvēli, Tamińāṭu: Pāvāṇar Tamińk Kuṭumpam, 1982. * Pāvāṇar kaṭitaṅkaḷ, Ceṉai: Tirunelvēli Teṉintiya Caivacittānta Nūṟpatippuk Kažakam, 1985. * Centamilc Coṟpiṟappiyal PERKARAMUTA, Ceṉṉai: CentamiʹA CoṟPYAPPYAL Akara Mutalit Tiṭṭa Iyakkaka Veḷīṭu, 1985-2005 * Palantamilātsi aracial koṭpāṭukaḷ, Ceṉai: Maṇivācakar Patippakam, 1991. * Pāvāṇar mukavuraikaḷ, Tañcāvūr: Tamiʹmati Patippakam, 2001. * Tami ma Patippakam otu narị afọ mbipụta: Uyartarak kaṭṭurai ilakkaṇam, 2000. Ịma mma, 2000. Oppiyaṉ moī, Ceṉṉai Moīārāyccik kaṭṭuraikaḷ, 2001. Kaṭṭuraik etipu, eṉṉum, Viy Casino viḷakkam, 2001. ** Oppiyaṉ moī, Ceṉai ("asụ asụsụ tụnyere"), 2000-<2001 > ** Kaṭṭuraik etipu, eṉṉum, Viy Casino viḷakkam, 2001. ** Ilakkaṇak kaṭṭuraikaḷ, 20010 == Ihe nrite Devaneya Pavanar == Gọọmentị Tamil Nadu guzobere ihe nrite Devaneya Pavanar iji sọpụrụ ihe ncheta nke onye ọkà mmụta Tamil a a ma ama. == Hụkwa == * Kumari Kandam * Maraimalai Adigal * Tanittamil Iyakkam * Ọgba aghara na-emegide Hindi * Ndị Aryan * Echiche nke ịdị n'otu Paleolithic * Asụsụ Chineke * Ịhụ mba n'anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme oge ochie == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * {{Cite journal|author=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|authorlink=Iravatham Mahadevan|title=Aryan or Dravidian or Neither? A Study of Recent Attempts to Decipher the Indus Script (1995–2000)|journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies|issn=1084-7561|volume=8|date=2002-03-08|issue=1|url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0801/ejvs0801.txt}} * {{Cite book|first=Ñanamuttan|author=Tevaneyan|title=[[Nostratics]] – The Light From Tamil According to Devaneyan (1977–80 studies of G. Devaneyan on the spread in different Language families of the world of derivatives from 22 basic Tamil words)|location=Chennai|publisher=The Tirunelveli South India Saiva Siddhanta Works Publishing Society|year=2004}} * {{Cite book|first=Sumathi|author=Ramaswamy|title=Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970|series=Studies on the History of Society and Culture|publisher=University of California Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-520-20805-6}} * {{Cite book|first=Sumathi|author=Ramaswamy|title=The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous Geographies, Catastrophic Histories|publisher=University of California Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-520-24440-5}} * {{Cite book|author=Sahitya Akademi|title=Tevaneyap Pavanar|publisher=Cakittiya Akkatemi|year=2002|isbn=978-81-260-1499-6}} * {{Cite book|first=Mu|author=Tamilkkutimakan|title=Pavanarum tanittamilum, Moli ñayiru Tevaneyap Pavanar Arakkattalaic Corpolivu|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies, Ulakat Tamilaraycci Niruvanam|year=1985}} * {{Cite book|editor=Kaiwar|title=Antinomies of Modernity: Essays on Race, Orient, Nation|year=2003|chapter=Coining Words: Language and Politics in Late Colonial Tamilnadu|first=A. R.|author=Venkatachalapathy|pages=120–139|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.1515/9780822384564-006|isbn=978-0-8223-8456-4}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.devaneyapavanar.net/ Devaneya Pavanar (Website gọọmentị)] * [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/search?q=au%3AN%CC%83a%CC%84+Te%CC%84vane%CC%84yan%CC%B2&qt=hot_author mbipụta] (worldcatlibraries.org) {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7l00oi5bzqkii9b9ro4coktgs7jp7ew 0 73563 693036 597569 2026-07-31T07:56:20Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Lavukaleve|states=[[Solomon Islands]]|region=[[Russell Islands]]|speakers={{sigfig|1780|2}}|date=1999|familycolor=Papuan|fam1=[[Central Solomons languages|Central Solomons]] ?|iso3=lvk|map=Lang Status 99-NE.svg}} Lavukaleve bụ otu n'ime asụsụ anọ nke Central Solomons nke Solomon Islands. Ya mere, a na-eche na ọ bụ mkpụrụ nke asụsụ ndị a na-asụ na Solomon Islands tupu ọtụtụ asụsụ Austronesian gbasaa. Aha Lavukaleve sitere na ethnonym Lavukal. Ndị Lavukal bụ ndị Indigenous nke Russell Islands, akụkụ nke Solomon Islands Central Province. Onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Angela Terrill bipụtara nkọwa zuru oke nke Lavukaleve na 2003.. <ref name="Terrill-2003" /> A na-asụ Lavukaleve n'ihe dị ka obodo iri na otu. A na-asụkarị ya na Pavuvu, agwaetiti kachasị ukwuu, mana ndị Britain ji ike weghachite ndị na-asọ ya na obere agwaetiti iji mee ka ubi nwee ike.<ref name="Terrill-2003">{{Cite book|author=Terrill|first=Angela|year=2003|title=A Grammar of Lavukaleve|series=Mouton Grammar Library, 30|location=Berlin, New York|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter.}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTerrill2003">Terrill, Angela (2003). ''A Grammar of Lavukaleve''. Mouton Grammar Library, 30. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.</cite></ref> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n |ŋ | |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !<small>enweghị olu</small> | (p) |t |k | |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> |b ~ mbᵐb |~ ndⁿd | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike |f |s | |h |- ! colspan="2" |Rhotic | |r | | |- ! colspan="2" |N'akụkụ | |l | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ọkara ụdaolu |β̞ | |ɰ | |} * A na-eme ka ụda /b, d/ dị n'ihu [mb, nd] n'ọnọdụ intervocalic. * [p] na-apụta naanị na okwu ndị a gbazitere na Pijin. * /t, k/ nwekwara ike ịnụ dị ka aspirated [th, kh] na free variation. * A pụkwara ịnụ /r/ dị ka tap [ɾ] ma ọ bụ glide [ɹ] na ọdịiche n'efu. === Mkpụrụedemede === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ |i | |u |- !N'etiti |e | |o |- !Emeghe | |a | |} * Enwere ike ịnụ ụdaume /i, o/ dị ka [ɪ, ɔ] mgbe ọ dị na nkeji okwu a na-ejighị n'aka.<ref name="Terrill-2003">{{Cite book|author=Terrill|first=Angela|year=2003|title=A Grammar of Lavukaleve|series=Mouton Grammar Library, 30|location=Berlin, New York|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter.}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTerrill2003">Terrill, Angela (2003). ''A Grammar of Lavukaleve''. Mouton Grammar Library, 30. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.</cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Papua == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ekpere ụtụtụ Anglican, Ekpere mgbede, Ekpere Oriri Nsọ na Catechism na Lavukaleve site na Project Canterbury, nke Richard Mammana dere * [http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Melanesia/lavukaleve.html Hai-Foiae Sevo Lavu Kaleve Ena]: A Liturgy for Melanesia in Lavukaleve (1973) * A na-etinye ihe ndị dị na Lavukaleve na nchịkọta [[Arthur Capell]] ([http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/AC1 AC1] na [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/AC2 AC2]) nke Paradisec nwere. tk8cdl4qhawi9eu9p7pjevfb3o48ft8 0 73570 693014 642004 2026-07-31T05:54:01Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 693014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Nigerian academic and development economist}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}} {{Infobox person | name = Eka Ikpe | birth_name = Ekaette Ikpe | image = Eka Ikpe, at ECOWAS Abuja 2025.jpg | caption = Ikpe at ECOWAS 50th Anniversary Abuja 2025 | birth_date = <!-- Date of birth not publicly available --> | citizenship = Nigerian | education = PhD | alma_mater = [[University of Leeds]]; [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] | occupation = Academic, Development Economist | title = Professor of Development Economics in Africa | employer = [[King's College London]] | known_for = African development; [[Peacebuilding]]; [[Creative economies]] | website = [https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/eka-ikpe kcl.ac.uk/people/eka-ikpe] }} '''Eka Ikpe''' bụ onye agụmakwụkwọ Naijiria, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba na onye prọfesọ nke Development Economics na King's College London.<ref name="IkpeALC" /><ref name="IkpeKCL" /> Ọ bụkwa onye isi otu African Leadership Center na King's College London.<ref name="IkpeALC" /> Ọrụ ya na-elekwasị anya na mgbanwe nhazi, iwu udo, akụ na ụba okike na mmepe na Africa na Global South.<ref name="IkpeKCL" /> == Mmụta == Ikpe nwere BA na akụ na ụba site na Mahadum Leeds, MSc na akụ na ndụ (na-ezo aka na Africa) site na School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), Mahadum London na PhD na akụ na uche site na SOAS, Mahadum nke London.<ref name="IkpeALC">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Ekaette Ikpe — The African Leadership Centre|url=https://www.africanleadershipcentre.org/dr-ekaette-ikpe|publisher=African Leadership Centre|accessdate=27 October 2025}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.africanleadershipcentre.org/dr-ekaette-ikpe "Dr. Ekaette Ikpe — The African Leadership Centre"]. African Leadership Centre<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Ikpe bụ prọfesọ nke akụ na ụba ugbu a na onye nduzi nke African Leadership Centre na King's College London.<ref name="IkpeKCL">{{Cite web|title=Professor Eka Ikpe|date=2 July 2025|url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/eka-ikpe|publisher=King's College London|accessdate=27 October 2025}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/eka-ikpe "Professor Eka Ikpe"]. King's College London. 2 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na Development Economics ma bụrụkwa onye otu Global Board nke Overseas Development Institute (ODI). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ekaette Eka Ikpe|date=2 January 2025|url=https://odi.org/en/profile/ekaette-eka-ipke/|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|accessdate=27 October 2025}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi okwu na Mahadum Warwick's "Blood on the Leaves" conference on race, resistance, and memory.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Keynote Speakers – Blood on the Leaves|url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/english/research/conferences/bloodontheleaves/keynotespeakers/|publisher=University of Warwick|accessdate=27 October 2025}}</ref> Ihe nchọpụta ya gụnyere, Mgbanwe Ọdịdị na Mmepe Ụlọ Ọrụ na Africa, Iwu Udo na nrụzigharị mgbe esemokwu gasịrị, Akụ na ụba na usoro ahụike, Mmekọahụ, nchekwa, na Mmepe.<ref name="IkpeKCL">{{Cite web|title=Professor Eka Ikpe|date=2 July 2025|url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/eka-ikpe|publisher=King's College London|accessdate=27 October 2025}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/eka-ikpe "Professor Eka Ikpe"]. King's College London. 2 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> O nyela aka n'akwụkwọ ozi n'aka ndị omeiwu UK gbasara ọrụ m na iwulite udo n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Written evidence submitted by Dr Eka Ikpe and Dr Sarah Njeri (ZAF0023)|url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/681/pdf/|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=27 October 2025}}</ref> O meela ihe ngosi mgbasa ozi na BBC World News, Al Jazeera, na Radio France International, na-atụnye nkọwa ndị ọkachamara gbasara mmepe Africa, iwu udo na nchekwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eka Ikpe|url=https://iai.tv/home/speakers/eka-ikpe?ts=1726351878|publisher=IAI TV|accessdate=27 October 2025}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị ebipụtara == * "Ndị na-emepụta ejiji dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ndị isi site n'okpuru ebe a: Akụ na ụba okike, State Capitalism na Internationalization na Lagos na Nairobi". Asọmpi na Mgbanwe (2024). [[doi:10.1177/10245294231222658|DOI]] * Ikpe, Eka "Developmentalism na akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Peacebuilding in Africa". Africa Development, vol. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [[doi:10.1177/10245294231222658|DOI]]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ikpe|first=Eka|title=Developmentalism and the Political Economy of Peacebuilding in Africa|journal=Africa Development|volume=48|issue=3|year=2023|doi=10.1177/10245294231222658}}</ref> * "Nrụzigharị mmepe mgbe esemokwu gasịrị na postindependence Nigeria: Ihe mmụta sitere na steeti mmepe nke Eshia". Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, Vol. 16(3) (2021). [[doi:10.1177/1542316620969660|DOI]] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ikpe|first=Eka|title=Developmental Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Postindependence Nigeria|journal=Journal of Peacebuilding & Development|volume=16|issue=3|year=2021|doi=10.1177/1542316620969660}}</ref> * "Ịgafe Dichotomy nke Ahịa Steeti, Developmentalism na Mgbanwe Ụlọ Ọrụ: Ịmụta site na Ndị Ọkà mmụta Africa". Africa Development, Vol. XLVI (3), peeji nke 21-43 (2021). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/48630969 JSTOR]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ikpe|first=Eka|title=Transcending the State–Market Dichotomy, Developmentalism and Industrial Change|journal=Africa Development|volume=46|issue=3|year=2021|pages=21–43}}</ref>&nbsp; * "Africa Fashion Futures: Creative Economics, Global Networks and Local Development". [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 15(9) (2021). Ya na Lauren England, Roberta Comunian, na Ananya Jahanara Kabir dere ya. [[doi:10.1111/gec3.12589|DOI]] * "A Means to an Industrialisation End? Demand Side Management na Nigeria". Energy Policy, Vol. 115, peeji nke 207-215 (2018). [[doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.12.034|DOI]]&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mgbanwe Ọdịdị na Ọgbọ Ọrụ na Naịjirịa. Africa Development, 42 (4), 1-20. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/48651735 JSTOR]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ikpe|first=Eka|title=Structural Transformation and Employment Generation in Nigeria|journal=Africa Development|volume=42|issue=4|year=2017|pages=1–20}}</ref> * "Ịgụta mmepe mmefu nke esemokwu na North-East Nigeria: Mmetụta akụ na ụba nke ndị Boko Haram na-eduzi". [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 17 (5), peeji nke 381-409 (2017). [[doi:10.1080/14678802.2017.1371987|DOI]]&nbsp; * "The Development Planning Era and Developmental Statehood: The Pursuit of Structural Transformation in Nigeria". Nnyocha nke African Political Economy, Vol. 41 (142), peeji nke 545-560 (2014). [[doi:10.1080/03056244.2014.952275|DOI]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24858266 JSTOR]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ikpe|first=Eka|title=The Development Planning Era and Developmental Statehood|journal=Review of African Political Economy|volume=41|issue=142|year=2014|pages=545–560}}</ref>&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ụmụ nwanyị, Udo na Nchebe: Ịsụgharị Iwu n'ime Omume. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24858266 JSTOR] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ikpe|first=Eka|title=Women, Peace and Security: Translating Policy into Practice|journal=International Peacekeeping|volume=17|issue=2|year=2010|pages=188–203}}</ref> * Women, Peace and Security: Translating Policy into Practice, Routledge (2010). Ya na Funmi Olonisakin na Karen Barnes dere ya. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-415-58797-6</nowiki>. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41306020 JSTOR] * Picciotto, R., Ikpe, E., na ndị ọzọ (2005). Ịkwalite nguzozi ọhụrụ: Nkwekọrịta iwu na Nkwekọ mmepe na gburugburu ebe siri ike. OECD.<ref name="KCLPureBalance">{{Cite web|title=Striking a New Balance: Donor Policy Coherence and Development Cooperation in Difficult Environments|url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/striking-a-new-balance-donor-policy-coherence-and-development-coo/|work=King’s College London Research Portal|accessdate=29 December 2025}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Njoki Wamai - onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Kenya na ọkà mmụta nke udo na nchekwa n'Africa * [[Awino Okech]] - Prọfesọ nke Feminist na Nchebe Studies na SOAS, Mahadum nke London * Toyin Ajao - onye ọkà mmụta Naijiria na onye guzobere Ìmọ́lẹ̀ nke Afrika Center, lekwasịrị anya na ọgwụgwọ ọgwụgwọ nke mmerụ ahụ ọgbọ * [[Funmi Olonisakin]] - Onye guzobere Onye nduzi nke African Leadership Centre na ọkà mmụta nke idu ndú na iwu udo n'Africa == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/eka-ikpe King's College London profaịlụ] * [https://www.africanleadershipcentre.org/dr-ekaette-ikpe Akụkọ ndụ nke African Leadership Center] * [https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/681/pdf/ Ihe akaebe nke UK Parliament] * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/48651735 JSTOR - Ọganihu Africa] * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24858266 JSTOR - Nchebe Udo nke Mba Nile] * [https://odi.org/en/profile/ekaette-eka-ipke/ Profaịlụ ODI]  [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria gụrụ akwụkwọ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ikpe, Eka}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gg3ddandxq82r868ri1ie7219al09i4 0 73581 692719 670957 2026-07-30T13:30:18Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Funke Femi Adepoju''' (25 Septemba 1969) bụ onye nchịkwa ọha na eze na onye teknụzụ. Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke kọleji ndị ọrụ nchịkwa nke Naịjirịa (ASCON) ma bụrụkwa onye isi njikwa nke Lagos State Water Regulatory Commission (LASWARCO).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Funke Adepoju: Why Lagos Regulates Usage of Underground Water – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2020/06/13/funke-adepoju-why-lagos-regulates-usage-of-underground-water/|accessdate=2026-01-10|language=en-US|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Akinselure|first=Wale|date=2025-11-11|title=ASCON to expand digital learning for public servants|url=https://punchng.com/ascon-to-expand-digital-learning-for-public-servants/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Peter|first=Dansu|title=BREAKING: President Tinubu Appoints Funke Adepoju as Director-General of ASCON, Badagry|url=http://www.badagrytoday.com/2025/05/breaking-president-tinubu-appoints.html|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Badagry Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Olopade|first=Kayode|date=2025-05-02|title=President Tinubu Appoints Funke Adepoju as New Director-General of ASCON, Badagry|url=https://www.adtoknews.com.ng/2025/05/president-tinubu-appoints-funke-adepoju.html|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Adtok News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Saanyol|first=Tyavzua|date=2025-05-06|title=ASURI writes Tinubu over appointment of ASCON DG|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/asuri-writes-tinubu-over-appointment-of-ascon-dg/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ezugwu|first=Anayo|date=2025-08-16|title=100 Days In office: ASCON Not Just Refurbished, But Repositioned – DG|url=https://newtelegraphng.com/100-days-in-office-ascon-not-just-refurbished-but-repositioned-dg/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=New Telegraph|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Mmụta == Adepoju nwetara nzere nke mbụ na nke abụọ na Bekee na Njikwa Mmụta n'afọ 1989 na 1993 na Mahadum Steeti Lagos (LASU) na Mahadum Ilorin (UNILORIN). O nwetara nzere Master of Business Administration (MBA) na LASU na 1998 na nzere PhD na Njikwa Mmụta. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Opeseitan|first=Tunde|date=2020-09-25|title=Funke Adepoju at 51: Tribute to an Amazon revolutionizing Lagos Water Sector|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/09/25/funke-adepoju-at-51-tribute-to-an-amazon-revolutionizing-lagos-water-sector/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=PM News}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOpeseitan2020">Opeseitan, Tunde (2020-09-25). [https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/09/25/funke-adepoju-at-51-tribute-to-an-amazon-revolutionizing-lagos-water-sector/ "Funke Adepoju at 51: Tribute to an Amazon revolutionizing Lagos Water Sector"]. ''PM News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-01-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ Ọha na Eze nke Lagos === N'afọ 1991, Adepoju malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye enyemaka Project Officer (Education) n'okpuru Federal Government of Nigeria / European Economic Community Middle Belt Programme. O mechara sonye na Lagos State Public Service, ebe ọ ịgooro n'ọkwa onye nduzi. N'afọ 2019, Gọvanọ [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos Steeti]] [[Babajide Olusola Sanwo-Olu|Babajide Sanwo-Olu]] họpụtara Adepoju dị ka Onye isi njikwa nke Lagos State Water Regulatory Commission (LASWARCO). <ref>{{Cite news|author=Babatunde|first=Olaoluwakitan|date=2020-06-13|title=Funke Adepoju: Why Lagos Regulates Usage of Underground Water|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2020/06/13/funke-adepoju-why-lagos-regulates-usage-of-underground-water/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> === Onye isi nchịkwa nke ASCON === Na Mee 2025, Onye isi ala [[Bola Tinubu]] họpụtara Adepoju ka ọ bụrụ Onye isi nchịkwa nke ASCON. Ụlọ ọrụ ya na-ahụ maka ọzụzụ nke ndị isi ọrụ ọha na eze na nke onwe na mpaghara nchịkwa, idu ndú, na njikwa iji bulie ihe ọhụrụ na ịza ajụjụ na ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Akinselure|first=Wale|date=2025-10-23|title=FG harps on accountability in MDAs|url=https://punchng.com/fg-harps-on-accountability-in-mdas/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Punch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ugbodaga|first=Kazeem|date=2025-10-22|title=Akume charges CEOs to lead with integrity, accountability, vision|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2025/10/22/akume-charges-ceos-to-lead-with-integrity-accountability-vision/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=PM News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=TheCable|date=2025-10-22|title=Akume to agency heads: Uphold accountability, integrity in public service|url=https://www.thecable.ng/akume-to-agency-heads-uphold-accountability-integrity-in-public-service/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref> == Onyinye na mmata == Adepoju bụ onye otu nke Nigerian Institute of Water Engineers, Institute of Corporate Administration, Association of Human Resource Practitioners, na Chartered Institute of Local Government and Public Administration. Na 7 Nọvemba 2025, ASCON, n'okpuru idu ndú ya, meriri onye nkuzi kachasị mma nke afọ (Corporate Category - Public Sector) site na National Institute of Training and Development (NITAD). Na Septemba 2025, e nyere ya 2025/2026 AIG Visiting Fellowship na AIG-Blavatnik School of Government, Mahadum Oxford, United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Wahab|first=Adesina|date=2025-11-09|title=ASCON bags National Award for Excellence in pubic sector capacity building|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/11/ascon-bags-national-award-for-excellence-in-pubic-sector-capacity-building/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-10-08|title=ASCON Director-General, Mrs. Funke Adepoju, Named 2025/2026 AIG – University of Oxford|url=https://amdin.africa/ascon-director-general-mrs-funke-adepoju-named-2025-2026-aig-university-of-oxford/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=AMDIN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ogundare|first=Funmi|date=2025-10-01|title=ASCON DG Named 2025/2026 AIG-Blavatnik Visiting Fellow at Oxford – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/10/01/ascon-dg-named-2025-2026-aig-blavatnik-visiting-fellow-at-oxford/|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=[[This Day]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-09-29|title=Shaping Africa’s Future: The 2025 AIG Fellow|url=https://www.aigimoukhuedefoundation.org/latest-news/shaping-africas-future-the-2025-aig-fellow-lopl255|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=Aig-Imoukhuede Foundation|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-09-29|title=Introducing the new Aig-Imoukhuede Foundation Visiting Fellow: Funke Adepoju {{!}} Blavatnik School of Government|url=https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/news/introducing-new-aig-imoukhuede-foundation-visiting-fellow-funke-adepoju|accessdate=2026-01-10|work=www.bsg.ox.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adepoju, Funke Femi}} [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] my1uv7p7oryhg4ny9kqvvgd2azn3i1x 0 73616 692927 621543 2026-07-31T02:01:32Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Onge|nativename={{tlit|oon|Önge}} {{lang|oon|ॳङे}}|pronunciation={{IPA|oon|ˈəŋɡe|}}|states=[[India]]|region=South [[Andaman Islands]], Dugong Creek and South Bay islands.|speakers=94, 93% of ethnic population|date=2006|familycolor=Andamanese|fam1=[[Ongan languages|Ongan]]|iso3=oon|notice=IPA}} [[Ndia|Asụsụ Onge, nke a na-akpọkwa Önge (maọbụ Ongee, Eng, Ung), bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Ongan abụọ a ma ama, nke a na-asụ n'Agwaetiti Andaman na India. Ndị Onge na-asụ ya n'Agwaetiti Little Andaman.]] == Ọnọdụ == A na-asụ Onge n'oge gara aga n'obere Andaman nakwa n'obere agwaetiti dị n'ebe ugwu, ma eleghị anya n'ọnụ ọnụ ndịda nke Agwaetiti South Andaman. Kemgbe etiti narị afọ nke 19, ebe ndị Britain chịrị ala na nnukwu ndị India si n'ala mmiri na-abata, ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-asụ Onge ebelatala nke ukwuu, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla mmụba dị nta n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya.[1] Ugbu a, e nwere naanị ndị na-asụ Onge 94,[2] naanị n'otu obodo dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke agwaetiti Little Andaman (lee maapụ dị n'okpuru). Ọ bụ asụsụ dị n'ihe ize ndụ. [[Faịlụ:Distribution_of_different_Andamanese_peoples,_languages,_and_dialects_at_the_time_of_British_contact_compared_to_the_present_day.png|thumb|Nkesa nke ndị Andaman dị iche iche, asụsụ, na olumba n'oge njikọ ndị Britain ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke oge a. Ebe ndị Onge dị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; ndịda agwaetiti ahụ.]] == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Coronal !Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |kʷ |t |c |k | (ʔ) |- !voiced |b |d |ɟ |ɡ | |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n |ɲ |ŋ | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |w |l (/r/) |j | | |} * /ʔ/? (cf. Blevins (2007:161)) * Blevins (2007:160-161) na-ekwu na /c, ɟ/ bụ n'ezie affricates, nakwa na retroflexes nwere ike ma ọ bụ nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ phonemic. * /kw/ delabializes na /k/ tupu /u, o/. * Phonemic /d/ n'elu dị ka [r] intervocalically, ebe enwere ike ikwu na ụfọdụ okwu nwere phonemic /r/ nke na-agbanwe agbanwe na elu [r, l, j]. === Mkpụrụedemede === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !Elu |i | |u |- !N'etiti |e |ə |o |- !Ala Dị Ala | |a | |} Enwere ụfọdụ nkwekọrịta ụdaume: 1p pl. prefix et- na-aghọ [ot-] mgbe ụdaume dị na nkeji okwu na-esote bụ /u/, dịka ''et-eɟale'' 'ihu anyị' mana ''ot-oticule'' 'isi anyị'. === Phonotactics === Okwu nwere ike ịbụ otu mkpụrụ okwu ma ọ bụ ogologo, ọbụlagodi na okwu dị n'ime (dị iche na [[Asụsụ Jarawa (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]] nwere njikọ chiri anya). Okwu nwere ike ịmalite na ụdaume ma ọ bụ ụdaume, na mkpụrụedemede kachasị elu bụ ụdị CVC.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|p=161">{{Harvcoltxt|Blevins|2007|p=161}}</ref> Okwu Onge niile na-agwụ na ụdaume, ma e wezụga maka imperatives, dịka ''kaʔ'' 'inye'. Mkpụrụ okwu ''i'' <''i'' id="mwsg">''na'' Jarawa ''na''-enwekarị njikọ na e ikpeazụ na Onge, dịka Jarawa ''iŋ'', Onge i__hau____hau____hau__ 'mmiri'; Jarawa ''inen'', Onge ''inene'' 'onye mba ọzọ'; Jarawa ''dag'', Onge dage 'akị bekee'. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ụdaume ndị a ga-abụrịrị ndị na-adịghị mma, dịka okwu ikpeazụ na-adịghị apụta mgbe a na-etinye akara ọnụọgụ, na isiokwu doro anya (-''''gi'''' mgbe ụdaume etymological, -i mgbe ụdaume éymological, n'ihi lenition) na-apụta dị ka -i mgbe etymological e ma dị ka -gi mgbe excrescent e, dịka da__que____que____que__ da da da da → da da-gi 'osisi; dugout'; ''kue''-i 'ezì'. NC clusters mgbe ụfọdụ na-ahọrọ belata na otu C, dịka {{IPA|iɲɟo-}}~{{IPA|iɟo-}} 'ịṅụ' (cf. Jarawa {{IPA|-iɲɟo}}). Ihe mgbochi olu nwere ike ịhọrọ na mmalite syllable mgbe coda bụ imi, dịka ''ọkpụkpụ'' / mone 'resin, resin torch' (cf. Jarawa pone 'resin. resin, resine torch'). === Ọdịdị ụdaolu === Mkpokọta ndị dị n'ofe ókèala morpheme na-eme ka usoro homorganic dị mfe, gụnyere geminates, nke nwere ike ime mgbe okwu ikpeazụ -e dapụrụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ daŋe 'tree, dugout canoe' → dandena 'two canoes'; umuge 'pigeon' → umulle 'pigeons'.[1] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Andamanese languages}}{{Authority control}} a1gdf9hy9qijpy9a2f4wowucxidpiqp 0 73618 692728 621542 2026-07-30T13:43:33Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Udmurt|nativename={{lang|udm|Удмурт кыл}} {{lang|udm-Latn|Udmurt kyl}}|states=[[Russia]]|region=[[Udmurtia]]|speakers={{sigfig|271882|2}}|date=2020 census|familycolor=Uralic|fam2=[[Permic languages|Permic]]|nation={{flag|Russia}} *{{flag|Udmurtia}}|iso2=udm|iso3=udm|notice=IPA|map=5.2-Udmurt.png|script=[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]}} '''Udmurt''' (/ʊdˈmʊərt/; Cyrillic: Удмурт) bụ asụsụ Permic nke Ndị Udmurt bụ ndị obodo Udmurtia na-asụ. Dị ka asụsụ Uralic, ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ ndị dị ka Finnish, Estonian, [[Mansi]], Khanty, na Hungarian. Asụsụ Udmurt na Russian na-arụkọ ọrụ n'ime Udmurtia. A na-ede ya site na iji mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Cyrillic na mgbakwunye nke mkpụrụedemede ise a na-ejighị mee ihe na mkpụrụedemede Russian: ː́́́́, ː́, na ː́. Ya na asụsụ Komi na Permyak, ọ mejupụtara otu Permic nke ezinụlọ Uralic. Asụsụ Udmurt na onye ikwu ya kacha nso, asụsụ Komi, nwere usoro aglutinative yiri nke ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Edygarova|first=Svetlana|date=2022|title=The Udmurt language between 1920 and 1950|journal=Finnisch-ugrische Mitteilungen.|volume=46|pages=91–139}}</ref> N'etiti ndị si n'èzí, a na-akpọkarị ya aha Russian ya, '''Votyak'''. Udmurt gbaziri okwu site n'asụsụ ndị agbata obi, ọkachasị site na Tatar na Russian. N'afọ 2010, dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Russia si kwuo, e nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ ahụ 324,000 na mba ahụ, n'ime ndị agbụrụ dị ihe dị ka 554,000.<ref name="Endangered Languages">{{Cite web|title=Udmurt|work=[[Endangered Languages Project]]|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3010|accessdate=29 January 2022|archivedate=22 May 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522230800/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3010}}</ref> Ethnologue mere atụmatụ na e nwere ndị na-asụ asụsụ 550,000 (77%) n'ime ndị agbụrụ 750,000 na SFSR nke Russia (ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 1989), mbelata nke ihe dịka 41% n'ime afọ 21. == Asụsụ == Enwere ike ịhazi ụdị Udmurt n'ime ìgwè atọ sara mbara: * Northern Udmurt, nke a na-asụ n'akụkụ Osimiri Cheptsa * Southern Udmurt * Besermyan, nke Ndị Besermyans nwere ike ịsụ A na-achọta asụsụ dị n'etiti Northern na Southern Udmurt, na Udmurt edemede gụnyere atụmatụ sitere na mpaghara abụọ ahụ. Besermyan dị iche iche karịa. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ihe dị iche n'etiti olumba ndị a abụghị nke ukwu, ọ bụkwa ihe kpatara ọdịiche dị n'okwu, nke a na-ahụkarị n'ihi mmetụta siri ike nke Tatar na nsọtụ ndịda nke mpaghara ndị na-asụ Udmurt. Enwere obere ọdịiche dị na morphology na phonology; dịka ọmụmaatụ: * Southern Udmurt nwere njedebe -ыз {{IPA|/-ɨz/}}, dị iche na -ты /''-t''/ nke ugwu. * Ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Udmurt na-eme ka ụdaume nke asatọ {{IPA|/ʉ/}} dị iche. * Besermyan nwere {{IPA|/e/}} n'ọnọdụ ọkọlọtọ Udmurt {{IPA|/ə/}} (ya mere na-eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị naanị ụdaume isii), na {{IPA|/ɵ/}} n'ebe ọkọlọtọ udmurt {{IPA|/ɨ/}}. == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == N'adịghị ka asụsụ Uralic ndị ọzọ dị ka Finnish na Hungarian, Udmurt anaghị eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdaume ogologo na mkpirikpi ma ọ nweghị nkwekọrịta ụdaume. === Mkpụrụ okwu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Post-alveolar<nowiki><br id="mwbw"></nowiki> ! (Alveolo-) ire ụtọ<br /> !Velar |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n | |ɲ |ŋ |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !<small>enweghị olu</small> |p |t | |tʲ |k |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> |b |d | |dʲ |ɡ |- ! rowspan="2" |Africate !<small>enweghị olu</small> | | (t͡s) |t͡ʃ |t͡ɕ | |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> | | (d͡z) |d͡ʒ |d͡ʑ | |- ! rowspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike !<small>enweghị olu</small> | (f) |s |ʃ |ɕ | (x) |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> |v |z |ʒ |ʑ | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ | | | |j | |- ! colspan="2" |N'akụkụ | |l | |ʎ | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | |r | | | |} A na-ejedebe ụdaume {{IPA|/f x t͡s/}} na okwu ndị a gbazitere agbazitere, a na-ejikwa {{IPA|/p k t͡ɕ/}} dochie ya. Dị ka ọ dị na Hungarian, Udmurt na-egosipụta ụda olu na-agbadata na ntinye aka (ihe ikpeazụ na-ekpebi njikọta), mana na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ (karịsịa iji mee ka ndị dị obere abụọ dị iche iche dị iche iche site na ikwupụta). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://udmurt.info/udmurt/lekcii/02.htm|title=2. Фонетика.|work=Удмуртология|accessdate=3 April 2022}}</ref> === Mkpụrụedemede === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- class="small" ! colspan="2" |Enweghị gburugburu !Mgbasa |- ! colspan="2" |N'akụkụ |i |ɨ |u |- ! colspan="2" |N'etiti |e |ə |o |- ! colspan="2" |Emeghe | colspan="2" |a | |} == Orthography == A na-ede Udmurt site na iji nsụgharị gbanwere nke mkpụrụedemede Cyrillic nke Russia: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Cyrillic !Latin !IPA !Letter name !Notes |- |А а |A a |[a] |а | |- |Б б |B b |[b] |бэ | |- |В в |V v |[v] |вэ | |- |Г г |G g |[ɡ] |гэ | |- |Д д |D d<br /><br />Ď ď |[d]<br /><br />[dʲ~ɟ] before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |дэ | |- |Е е |JE je<br /><br />E e |{{IPA|[je]}}<br /><br />[ʲe] after [[Coronal consonant|coronals]] д, т, з, с, л, н |е | |- |Ё ё |JO jo<br /><br />O o |{{IPA|[jo]}}<br /><br />[ʲo] after д, т, з, с, л, н |ё | |- |Ж ж |Ž ž |[ʒ] |жэ | |- |Ӝ ӝ |DŽ dž |[d͡ʒ] |ӝэ |Д + Ж |- |З з |Z z<br /><br />Ź ź |[z]<br /><br />[ʑ] before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |зэ | |- |Ӟ ӟ |DŹ dź |[d͡ʑ] |ӟе |Дь + Зь |- |И и |I i |[i]<br /><br />[ʲi] after д, т, з, с, л, н |и | |- |Ӥ ӥ |I i |[i] when preceded by д, т, з, с, л, н |точкаен и, точкаосын и ("dotted i") |Like Komi і. Non-palatalizing form of и. |- |Й й |J j |[j] |вакчи и ("short i") | |- |К к |K k |[k] |ка | |- |Л л |Ł ł<br /><br />L l |[ɫ]<br /><br />[ʎ] before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |эл | |- |М м |M m |[m] |эм | |- |Н н |N n<br /><br />Ň ň |[n]<br /><br />[ɲ] before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |эн | |- |О о |O o |[o] |о | |- |Ӧ ӧ |Õ õ |[ɜ]~[ə] |ӧ | |- |П п |P p |[p] |пэ | |- |Р р |R r |[r] |эр | |- |С с |S s<br /><br />Ś ś |[s]<br /><br />[ɕ] before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |эс | |- |Т т |T t<br /><br />Ť ť |[t]<br /><br />[tʲ~c] before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |тэ | |- |У у |U u |[u] |у | |- |Ф ф |F f |[f] |эф |In loanwords. |- |Х х |H h |[x] |ха |In loanwords. |- |Ц ц |C c |[t͡s] |цэ |In loanwords. |- |Ч ч |Ć ć |[t͡ɕ] |чэ |Ть + Сь |- |Ӵ ӵ |Č č |[t͡ʃ] |ӵэ |Т + Ш |- |Ш ш |Š š |[ʃ] |ша | |- |Щ щ |ŠČ šč |[ɕ(ː)] |ща |In loanwords. |- |Ъ ъ |– |– |чурыт пус ("hard sign") |Distinguishes palatalized consonants (/dʲ/ /tʲ/ /zʲ/ /sʲ/ /lʲ/ /n/) from unpalatalized consonants followed by /j/ if followed by vowel; for example, /zʲo/ and {{IPA|/zjo/}} are written зё (''źo'') and зъё (''zjo''), respectively. |- |Ы ы |Y y |[ɨ]~[ɯ] |ы | |- |Ь ь |– |[ʲ] |небыт пус ("soft sign") | |- |Э э |E e |[e] |э | |- |Ю ю |JU ju |{{IPA|[ju]}}<br /><br />[ʲu] after д, т, з, с, л, н |ю | |- |Я я |JA ja |{{IPA|[ja]}}<br /><br />[ʲa] after д, т, з, с, л, н |я | |} == Asụsụ == Udmurt bụ asụsụ na-agbakọta ọnụ. Ọ na-eji affixes iji gosipụta ihe onwunwe, ịkọwa ọnọdụ, oge, na ihe ndị ọzọ. Enweghị ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị na aha ma ọ bụ nnọchiaha onwe onye. === Ikpe === Udmurt nwere ikpe iri na ise: ikpe asatọ nke asụsụ na ikpe asaa nke ebe obibi. Enweghị nkwekọrịta n'etiti adjectives na aha na ahịrịokwu aha Udmurt na-anọpụ iche; n'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ọ nweghị adjective declension dị ka na ahịrị okwu inessive badī Gurтын ("n'ime nnukwu obodo"; cf. ahịrịokwu inessive Finnish ''{{Lang|fi|iso}}'' kyl jim, nke a na-agbanwe "nnukwu" dịka aha isi). {| class="wikitable" |+Ọnọdụ Udmurt !Ihe omuma !Suffix !Ihe Nlereanya !Nsụgharị |- ! colspan="4" |Asụsụ |- |aha | - |{{Lang|udm|гурт}} {{IPA|/gurt/}}<br /> |Obodo nta |- |mkpụrụ ndụ | -En<br /> |Gurthlan / Gurthyan/<br /> |nke obodo / obodo |- |ebubo | -{{Lang|udm|эз}}/-{{Lang|udm|ез}}/-{{Lang|udm|ты}}/-{{Lang|udm|ыз}} {{IPA|/ez/jez/tɨ/ɨz/}}<br /> |Gurтэз {{IPA|/gurtez/}}<br /> |obodo (dị ka ihe) |- |ablative | -A na-ekwu okwu /<br /> |Gurtлэсь /gurtšh/<br /> |site n'obodo nta |- |dative | -s na-acha<br /> |{{IPA|/gurtɫɨ/}}<br /> |gaa n'obodo nta |- |ngwá ọrụ | -{{Lang|udm|эн}}/-{{Lang|udm|ен}}/-{{Lang|udm|ын}} {{IPA|/en/jen/ɨn/}}<br /> |{{Lang|udm|гуртэн}} {{IPA|/gurten/}}<br /> |site n'obodo nta |- |Abessive | -tek/<br /> |Gurttek {{IPA|/gurtːek/}}<br /> |na-enweghị obodo |- |adverbial | -m {{IPA|/jɑ/}}<br /> |Gurhtya {{IPA|/gurtjɑ/}}<br /> |n'ụzọ obodo |- ! colspan="4" style="background:#efefef" |Ọnọdụ ndị dị n'ebe ahụ* |- |inessive | -nwa {{IPA|/ɨn/}}<br /> |{{Lang|udm|гуртын}} {{IPA|/gurtɨn/}}<br /> |n'ime obodo |- |illative | -{{Lang|udm|э}}/-{{Lang|udm|е}}/-{{Lang|udm|ы}} {{IPA|/e/je/ɨ/}}<br /> |Gurтэ {{IPA|/gurte/}}<br /> |n'ime obodo (ma ọ bụ ụlọ) |- |eletrik | -sui {{IPA|/ɨɕ/}}<br /> |Gurtiсь {{IPA|/gurtɨɕ/}}<br /> |site n'obodo nta |- |na-agwụ agwụ | -{{Lang|udm|ысен}} {{IPA|/ɨɕen/}}<br /> |{{Lang|udm|гуртысен}} {{IPA|/gurtɨɕen/}}<br /> |malite n'obodo |- |okwu nkwụsị | -oz /oz/<br /> |{{IPA|/gurtoʑ/}} / Gurtozi/<br /> |mechie n'ime obodo |- |prolative |__ibo____ibo__ -Eti/jeti/ɨti/ti/<br /> |Gurtiʹa / Gurtiʹ<br /> |n'akụkụ obodo |- |nwa ara | -Anyaụ /<br /> |Gurthlanh /gurtlanh<br /> |gaa n'obodo nta |} <nowiki>*</nowiki>N'ime okwu mpaghara niile, nnọchiaha onwe onye nwere ike ịgbanwe naanị na allative (a na-akpọkwa ihe dị ka nso). === Ọtụtụ === E nwere ụdị ọnụọgụ abụọ na Udmurt. Otu bụ ọnụọgụ maka aha -ос/-ëс na nke ọzọ bụ ọnụọụọgụ maka adjectives -эсь/-есь. ==== Nchịkọta aha ==== Aha ahụ na-adịkarị n'ọtụtụ. N'ọtụtụ ahịrịokwu, a chọghị ka adjective dị n'ọtụtụ: {| class="wikitable" |+Nkọwapụta !Udmurt !Ntụgharị !Bekee |- |{{Lang|udm|чебер(есь) ''нылъ'''ёс'''''}} |ćeber (eś) nyljos''nyljos'''Jọshịa''''' | (''ụmụ agbọghọ'' mara mma) |} Ihe ịrịba ama nke ọtụtụ na-abịa mgbe niile n'ihu njedebe ndị ọzọ (ya bụ, ikpe na nsonaazụ possessive) na nhazi ọdịdị nke ọtụtụ aha. {| class="wikitable" |+Usoro ọdịdị !Udmurt !Ntụgharị !Bekee |- |{{Lang|udm|ныл'''ъёс'''лы}} |nyljosly |nye ụmụ agbọghọ |- |{{Lang|udm|гурт'''ъёс'''азы}} |gurtjosazy |gaa/n'ime obodo ha |} ==== Ọtụtụ n'ime ==== Dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Hungarian na Mordvinic, ọ bụrụ na isiokwu ahụ bụ ọtụtụ, adjective ahụ bụ ọtụtụ mgbe niile mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka predicative nke ahịrịokwu ahụ: {| class="wikitable" |+Nkọwapụta !Udmurt !Ntụgharị !Bekee |- |{{Lang|udm|нылъёс ''чебер'''есь'''''}} |nyljos ''ćeber'''eś''''' |ụmụ agbọghọ ''mara mma'' |- |{{Lang|udm|толъёс ''куз'''есь'''''}} |toljos ''kuź'''eś''''' |oge oyi dị ogologo''ogologo oge'' |} A na-agbanwe nnọchiaha Udmurt n'otu ụzọ ahụ aha ha na-ezo aka. Otú ọ dị, a na-agbanwe nnọchiaha onwe onye naanị n'ọnọdụ ụtọ asụsụ ma enweghị ike ịgbanwe ya n'ọnọdụ locative. === Aha nnọchiaha === ==== Aha nnọchiaha ==== A na-eji nn<nowiki><i id="mwA-Y">ọ</i></nowiki> onwe onye Udmurt eme ihe iji zoo aka na mmadụ naanị. Otú ọ dị, a pụrụ ịkpọ onye nke atọ dị ka ya. A na-edepụta okwu nnọchiaha onwe onye na tebụl na-esonụ: {| class="wikitable" |+Aha nnọchiaha ! !otu !ọtụtụ |- !Onye nke mbụ |Mon / Mon/ |m {{IPA|/mi/}} |- !Onye nke abụọ |ton {{IPA|/ton/}} |Nke a bụ {{IPA|/ti/}} |- !Onye nke atọ |na {{IPA|/so/}} |{{Lang|udm|соос}} {{IPA|/soːs/}} |} Nkọwa ndị ọzọ: * E nwere ụdị ndị na-eme ka onwe ha sie ike: 'M] onwe m', 'ị] onwe gị', 'ị/ya/ya/onwe ya', 'ị' onwe anyị', 'ị" onwe gị', "ị" onwe unu', 'ị', 'ị bụ onwe gị'.[you][we]<ref name="asm"/> * Onye nke mbụ nwere ụdị abụọ dịka clusivity si dị: asсьмеос bụ "gụnyere anyị" na "mi" bụ "naanị anyị". Ndị na-ekwu okwu na-eto eto yiri ka ha na-akwado mgbe niile iji "mi" (ma eleghị anya n'okpuru mmetụta nke Russian 'my' maka "anyị"), nke mere na maka ọgbọ ndị okenye amaokwu sitere na abụ a ma ama "Ойдо, нылаш ми тонэн пумиськом!" na-ada ụda: ihe ọ pụtara bụ "Hey nwa agbọghọ, ka anyị zute!", ebe na ntụgharị ọdịnala ọ na-agụ "Hey nwa nwanyị, ka anyị niile zute gị!" Okwu kwesịrị ekwesị a tụrụ anya ga-abụ: "Ойд, нылаш пусьмеськом" na "m" bụ okwu m - okwu "by you!" na "my-okwu m" bụ okwu Russian<ref name="asm">{{Cite web|url=http://udman.ru/ru/press-center/nauka-lyudyam/k-probleme-kategorii-inklyuzivnosti-mestoimeniy-v-udmurtskom-yazyke/|title=К проблеме категории инклюзивности местоимений в удмуртском языке|accessdate=2023-12-09|archivedate=2023-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209020835/http://udman.ru/ru/press-center/nauka-lyudyam/k-probleme-kategorii-inklyuzivnosti-mestoimeniy-v-udmurtskom-yazyke/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231209020835/http://udman.ru/ru/press-center/nauka-lyudyam/k-probleme-kategorii-inklyuzivnosti-mestoimeniy-v-udmurtskom-yazyke/ "К проблеме категории инклюзивности местоимений в удмуртском языке"]. Archived from [http://udman.ru/ru/press-center/nauka-lyudyam/k-probleme-kategorii-inklyuzivnosti-mestoimeniy-v-udmurtskom-yazyke/ the original] on 2023-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-09</span></span>.</cite></ref> ==== Ndị nnọchiaha na-ajụ ajụjụ ==== Ndị nnọchiaha na-ajụ ajụjụ na Udmurt na-agbanwe n'ọnọdụ niile. Otú ọ dị, nnọchiaha ajụjụ ndị na-adịghị ndụ 'ihe' n'okwu ndị a na-ahụkarị nwere ụdị isi ''ҡыт-''. A na-edepụta okwu nnọchiaha ajụjụ na tebụl na-esonụ: {| class="wikitable" |+Ndị nnọchiaha na-ajụ ajụjụ (nkọwa aha) !Udmurt !Bekee |- ! colspan="2" |Otu |- |ma {{IPA|/mɑ/}} |ihe |- |kin/<{{IPA|/kin/}} about="#mwt234" data-ve-ignore="" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Udmurt-language_text" id="mwBDo" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/> |onye |- ! colspan="2" |Ọtụtụ |- |Maos {{IPA|/mɑos/}} |ihe |- |kinъëс {{IPA|/kinjos/}} |onye |} === Ngwaa === A na-ekewa ngwaa Udmurt n'ime ìgwè abụọ, ha abụọ nwere akara -na. E nwere ọnọdụ okwu atọ na Udmurt: ihe ngosi, ihe gbasara ọnọdụ na ihe dị mkpa. E nwekwara ọnọdụ nhọrọ nke ejiri mee ihe n'asụsụ ụfọdụ. Ọnọdụ ihe ngosi nwere oge anọ: ugbu a, ọdịnihu, na oge gara aga abụọ. Na mgbakwunye, e nwere usoro oge anọ gara aga nke gụnyere ngwaa enyemaka. A na-eji ngwaa na-adịghị mma nke na-ejikọta ya na njedebe nkeonwe agbagha ngwaa. Ihe ịrịba ama ndị bụ isi na Udmurt bụ (ma e wezụga ụfọdụ): {| class="wikitable" |+Njedebe nke ngwaa !Onye !Njedebe |- ! colspan="2" |Otu |- |Nke Mbụ | -Ø |- |Nke abụọ | -d |- |Nke atọ | -z |- ! colspan="2" |Ọtụtụ |- |Nke Mbụ | -m |- |Nke abụọ | -da |- |Nke atọ | -Zee |} {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe atụ nke ijikọ: tọn (ijikọ I) !Onye !Udmurt !Ntụgharị !Bekee |- ! colspan="4" |Otu |- |Nke Mbụ |Ọdịdị dị nro* |tod'''Iśko'''* |Amaara m |- |Nke abụọ |Ọdịda Anyanwụ* |tod'''iśkod'''* |ị maara |- |Nke atọ |{{Lang|udm|тод'''э'''}} |tode'''na''' |ọ maara |- ! colspan="4" |Ọtụtụ |- |Nke Mbụ |{{Lang|udm|тод'''ӥськомы'''}} |tod'''iśkomy''' |anyị maara |- |Nke abụọ |{{Lang|udm|тод'''ӥськоды'''}} |tod'''Iśkody''' |ị maara |- |Nke atọ |{{Lang|udm|тод'''о'''}} |ihe niile'''o''' |ha maara |} <nowiki>*</nowiki>A na-eji - ([[[[[[[]]]]]]]) сько-/- (и) сько-. === Nchịkọta okwu === Udmurt bụ Asụsụ SOV. == Akwụkwọ Nsọ == Dabere n'ụdị okwu ahụ, ihe dị ka pasentị iri ruo iri atọ nke akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Udmurt nwere okwu mgbazinye ego. Ọtụtụ okwu mgbazinye ego sitere na asụsụ Tatar, nke metụtakwara usoro ụda olu Udmurt na nhazi okwu nke ukwuu. [[Faịlụ:Otiskom.jpg|thumb|210x210px|Ihe ịrịba ama asụsụ abụọ na Izhevsk na-akpọsa "na-anabata" na Russian ("nwere obi ụtọ") na Udmurt ("гажаса ➜") ]] Asụsụ Udmurt, tinyere asụsụ Tatar, metụtara asụsụ nke Ndị Juu Udmurt. == Mgbasa ozi == [[Faịlụ:Multilingual_tag_Petrova_street.jpg|thumb|Bọs na trolleybus na-akwụsị n'asụsụ Russian na Udmurt na Izhevsk]] Ndị na-esote Eurovision bụ Buranovskiye Babushki, otu egwu pop nke nne ochie Udmurt mejupụtara, na-abụkarị abụ na Udmurt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=48483&_t=buranovskiye_babushki_to_represent_russia_in_baku|title=Buranovskiye Babushki to represent Russia in Baku|date=7 March 2012|first=Olena|author=Omelyanchuk|publisher=European Broadcasting Union|accessdate=12 April 2015}}</ref> Ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke ịhụnanya ''[[Berry-Strawberry]]'', nke Polish-Udmurt jikọtara ọnụ, dị n'asụsụ Udmurt. N'afọ 2013, ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri "Inwis kinopottonni" mepụtara ihe nkiri n'asụsụ Udmurt a na-akpọ ''Puzkar'' ("ụlọ"). A sụgharịrị [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]] ahụ kpamkpam n'asụsụ Udmurt na 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|title=First Bible in Udmurt – arrives this week!|url=http://www.unitedbiblesocieties.org/news/first-bible-in-udmurt-arrives-this-week/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509154554/http://www.unitedbiblesocieties.org/news/first-bible-in-udmurt-arrives-this-week/|archivedate=9 May 2015|publisher=United Bible Societies}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Csúcs|first=Sándor|title=The Uralic Languages|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|editor=Abondolo|location=London|pages=276–304|chapter=Udmurt}} * {{Cite book|author=Kel'makov|first=Valentin|title=Udmurtin kielioppia ja harjoituksia|publisher=Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura|year=2008|isbn=978-952-5150-34-6|edition=2nd|location=Helsinki|language=fi}} * {{Cite book|author=Moreau|first=Jean-Luc|title=Parlons Oudmourte|publisher=L'Harmattan|year=2009|isbn=978-2-296-07951-9|location=Paris}} *   == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == *    * [http://udmurt.info Udmurtology: Asụsụ Udmurt, Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme na Ọdịbendị] (n'asụsụ Russian) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070224030915/http://library.finugor.ru/eng/?item=u&l=2 Akwụkwọ] * The First Udmurt Forum Archived 2017-04-21 at the Wayback Machine (n'asụsụ Russian) * [http://v4.udsu.ru/english/ Mahadum Udmurt State (nwere Udmurt Language Program maka ndị na-asụ Bekee)] * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/udmurt.htm Asụsụ Udmurt, mkpụrụ akwụkwọ na ịkpọpụta] * Vladimir Napolskikh [http://udmurt.info/pdf/library/napolskikh/winkler.pdf Nnyocha nke Eberhard Winkler, Udmurt, München 2001 (Asụsụ nke Ụwa. Materials 212)] * Udmurt - Finnish/Komi Zyrian dictionary E debere Wayback Machine (ọgwụgwụ siri ike, oghere) * [https://baltoslav.eu/hulnia/udm.php?mova=en Ịmụta okwu Udmurt] * [https://www.translitteration.com/transliteration/en/udmurt/bgn-pcgn/ BGN/PCGN Romanization ngwá ọrụ maka Udmurt] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 60jwly4vyt5guulyjytlt2lhzuhw62z 0 73623 692730 597733 2026-07-30T13:44:58Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Wiwa|nativename={{lang|mbp|Dʉmʉna}}|pronunciation=|states=[[Colombia]]|region=[[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta]]|speakers=1,850|date=2007|familycolor=American|fam1=[[Chibchan languages|Chibchan]]|fam2=Arwako–Chimila|fam3=Arwako|iso3=mbp|map=Wiwa ou Malayo.png}} '''Dʉmʉ''' (nke a makwaara dị ka '''Malay''' ma ọ bụ '''Wiwa''') <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanka|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mbp/|accessdate=4 November 2024|work=Ethnologue}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Malayo|url=https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=language_detail&key=mbp|accessdate=4 November 2024|work=Script Source}}</ref><ref name="ethnologue">{{Cite web|title=Malayo|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/mbp/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043446/https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/mbp/|archivedate=13 April 2018|accessdate=12 April 2018|work=Ethnologue}}</ref> bụ asụsụ Chibchan nke ndị Wiwa Indigenous na-asụ n'ugwu ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta na ugwu Colombia. Dịka Ethnologue si kwuo, mmadụ 1,850 na-asụ ya na 2007.agbanyeghị, dịka Ministry of Culture nke Colombia si kwuo, e nwere ndị Wiwa 13,627 na 2010, ihe dị ka 60% n'ime ha na-asụ Dʉmʉna nke ọma.. <ref name="ethnologue" /><ref name="Ministerio de Cultura">{{Cite web|title=Un poco más de la mitad de la población wiwa habla bien la lengua damana|language=Spanish|date=24 February 2010|accessdate=12 April 2018|work=Ministerio de Cultura, Colombia|url=http://www.mincultura.gov.co/index.php?idcategoria=34350|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327132330/http://www.mincultura.gov.co/index.php?idcategoria=34350|archivedate=27 March 2010}}</ref> == Aha ndị ọzọ == Aha ndị ọzọ gụnyere Damana, Malayo, Wiwa, Arosario, Arsario, Guamaca, Guamaka, Maracasero, Marocasero, Sancá, Sanja, Sanka, na Wamaka. == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == E nwere ụdaume asaa na Dʉmna: <ref name=":0"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Vowel phonemes ! !Front !Central !Back |- !Close |i |ɨ |u |- !Mid |e |ə |o |- !Open | |a | |} === Mkpụrụ okwu === Dʉmʉna nwere ụdaume iri na itoolu: <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Trillos Amaya|first=María|title=Sintesis descriptiva de los sistemas fonológico y morfosintático del Damana|publisher=Santafé de Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.|year=2000|location=In González de Pérez, María Stella and Rodríguez de Montes, María Luisa (eds.), Lenguas indígenas de Colombia: una visión descriptiva|pages=749–756}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTrillos_Amaya2000">Trillos Amaya, María (2000). ''Sintesis descriptiva de los sistemas fonológico y morfosintático del Damana''. In González de Pérez, María Stella and Rodríguez de Montes, María Luisa (eds.), Lenguas indígenas de Colombia: una visión descriptiva: Santafé de Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">749–</span>756.</cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Mkpụrụ okwu ndị na-esote ya ! ! colspan="2" |Akpụkpọ ahụ ! colspan="2" |Ezé / Alveolar<br /> ! colspan="2" |Palatal ! colspan="2" |Velar ! colspan="2" |Mkpịsị aka |- !Ụgbọ imi | style="border-right: 0; width: 25px;" | | style="border-left: 0; width: 25px;" |m | style="border-right: 0; width: 25px;" | | style="border-left: 0; width: 25px;" |n | style="border-right: 0; width: 25px;" | | style="border-left: 0; width: 25px;" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |- !Kwụsị | style="width: 25px;" |p | style="border-left: 0; width: 25px;" |b | style="width: 25px;" |t | style="width: 25px;" |d | style="width: 25px;" |tʃ | style="width: 25px;" |dʒ | style="width: 25px;" |k | style="width: 25px;" |g | colspan="2" | |- !Ihe na-esiri ike | colspan="2" | | style="width: 25px;" |s | style="width: 25px;" |z | style="width: 25px;" |ʃ | style="width: 25px;" |ʒ | colspan="2" | | style="border-right: 0; width: 25px;" |h | style="border-left: 0; width: 25px;" | |- !Flap | colspan="2" | | style="border-right: 0;" | | style="border-left: 0;" |ɾ | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |- !Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | colspan="2" | | style="border-right: 0;" | | style="border-left: 0;" |r | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |- !Na-aga n'ihu | style="border-right: 0; width: 25px;" | | style="border-left: 0; width: 25px;" |w | style="border-right: 0; width: 25px;" | | style="border-left: 0; width: 25px;" |l | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Wiwa na asụsụ ([https://www.wiwagago.com/es/idioma-d%CA%89m%CA%89na Spanish], [https://www.wiwagago.com/mbp/g%CA%89gian-d%CA%89m%CA%89na Dʉmʉ]) * [https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/72/49/65/72496545052610746526177574354757980024/mbpSwadesh.pdf Ndepụta okwu Dʉmna nke SIL Asụsụ na Ọdịbendị Archives] * [https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2545 Profaịlụ Asụsụ Ndị Nweta Nri] {{Languages of Colombia}} 526qjiibiminh4ue6i3lfg4537dfqf4 0 73641 692929 597778 2026-07-31T02:10:06Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Sinasina|nativename=|states=[[Papua New Guinea]]|region=[[Tabare Rural LLG]], [[Chimbu Province]]|speakers={{sigfig|21,000|2}}|date=2000 census|familycolor=Papuan|fam1=[[Trans–New Guinea]]|fam2=[[Chimbu–Wahgi languages|Chimbu–Wahgi]]|fam3=[[Chimbu languages|Chimbu]]|iso3=sst}} '''Sinasina''' bụ okwu e ji akọwa ọtụtụ asụsụ Chimbu–Wahgi nke Tabare Rural LLG (nke a na-akpọkwa Sinasina), Simbu Province, Papua New Guinea.<ref name=e25> Okwu ahụ bụ 'Sinasina' dị ka aha asụsụ bụ aha njirimara. Ndị na-asụ ụdị asụsụ dị iche iche nke mpaghara a na-ezo aka na asụsụ ha nwere aha njirimara asụsụ tok ples, gụnyere: Dinga, Gunangi, Kebai, Kere, Kondo, Nimai, Tabare.<ref>Rarrick, Samantha Carol. 2017. A tonal grammar of Kere (Papuan) in typological perspective. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa; 224pp.) http://hdl.handle.net/10125/62497<ref> Obodo Kere nwekwara asụsụ ntị chiri, Sinasina Ogbi Asụsụ.<ref>Rarrick, Samantha & Emmanuel Asonye. 2017. "Wellness & Linguistic Barriers in Deaf Communities in Nigeria & Papua New Guinea". 5th International Conference on Language Documentation & Conservation. Honolulu, HI. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/42056<ref> == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ Ogbi nke Sinasina == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Nchịkọta nke [[hdl:10125/29541|ndepụta okwu n'asụsụ Tabare nke Sinasina]] echekwara na Kaipuleohone 6v9k3ioo07zpghv51ihlzxupufynvap 0 73672 692733 621536 2026-07-30T13:46:07Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692733 wikitext text/x-wiki Asụsụ Yawa, nke a makwaara dịka asụsụ Yapen,[1] bụ obere ezinụlọ nke asụsụ Papua abụọ nwere njikọ chiri anya, Yawa (maọbụ Yava) na Saweru. N'ihi otú ha si yie nke ọma, a na-ewere ha mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka olumba dị iche iche nke otu asụsụ - n'ọnọdụ a, asụsụ ahụ ga-abụ nke dịpụrụ adịpụ. A na-asụ ha n'etiti Yapen Island na agwaetiti ndị dị nso, na Cenderawasih Bay, Indonesia Papua, nke ha na asụsụ Austronesian Yapen na-ekerịta. Yawa n'onwe ya nwere ndị ọkà okwu 6,000 na 1987. A kọọrọ Saweru n'ụzọ dịgasị iche iche: 1/ ka ọ bụrụ nke a na-aghọta na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Yawa na ndị na-asụ ya ga-ewere ya dị ka asụsụ Yawa, ma ọ bụ 2/ ka ọ dị iche iche maka nghọta na ka a ga-ahụ ya dị ka okwu dị iche. Saweru na-anwụ anwụ, ndị mmadụ 150 n'ime agbụrụ 300. == Nchịkọta == Onye na-ahụ maka asụsụ C. L. Voorhoeve jikọtara Yawa na Asụsụ East Geelvink Bay na atụmatụ Geelvink bay ya. Otú ọ dị, mmekọrịta ahụ ga-abụ nke dị anya ma ọ dị mma, na Mark Donohue chere na 2001 na egosighi Yawa na asụsụ ọ bụla ọzọ. Reesink (2005) na-ekwu na ya yiri asụsụ East Bird's Head. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, [[Malcolm Ross (linguist|Malcolm Ross]] mere atụmatụ na Yawa nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ nke asụsụ Extended West Papuan. Ọdịdị nnọchiaha pụtara ìhè mgbe ị na-eji proto-Yawa tụnyere asụsụ isi East Bird Meax: ''d~r, b~w, we~o, p~f'' bụ nkwekọrịta ụda niile. Ethnologue (2009, 2013) na-ewere nke a gaa n'ihu, ma tinye Yawa n'ime West Papuan n'onwe ya. Foley (2018) kewara Yawa iche iche dị ka ezinụlọ asụsụ nwere onwe ya.<ref name="Foley-NWNG"/> == Nchịkọta nke ụdị == Asụsụ Yawa bụ asụsụ intransitive kewara ekewa, nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe na ụdịdị na New Guinea.[1] N'adịghị ka asụsụ Sepik, Taiap, na asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị na ugwu New Guinea, nwoke kama ịbụ nwanyị bụ okike a na-anaghị ahụ anya, ebe asụsụ Taiap na Sepik na-ewere nwanyị dị ka okike a na-anaghị ahụ anya. N'asụsụ Yawa, a na-enye nwanyị ihe ka ukwuu maka aha ndụ nwere njirimara mmekọahụ nwanyị doro anya.[1] == Okwu ndị bụ isi == Okwu ndị bụ isi nke asụsụ Yapen Yawa na Saweru edepụtara na Foley (2018). Ha abụọ abụghị ndị ikwu.<ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoley2018">Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">433–</span>568. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|<bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ihe nlele a na-egosi na anya asụsụ dị n'etiti asụsụ abụọ ahụ karịrị anya dị n'agbata asụsụ abụọ nke otu asụsụ. Okwu ndị na-esonụ sitere na Voorhoeve (1975), dịka edepụtara na nchekwa data Trans-New Guinea: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transnewguinea.org/language/yawa|title=TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea|author=Greenhill|first=Simon|date=2016|accessdate=2020-11-05}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Gasser, Emily 2017. Mmekọrịta asụsụ Papuan-Austronesian na Yapen Island: Akụkọ mbido. ''NUSA: Nnyocha asụsụ nke asụsụ na gburugburu Indonesia'', nr. 62, p. 101-155. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.15026/89845|10.15026/89845]]&nbsp;  [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rrtopvcvmemra9qt91dyeb4wh21z121 0 73692 692737 597907 2026-07-30T13:50:56Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Tabla|nativename=Tanah Merah|states=[[Indonesia]]|region=[[Jayapura Regency]], [[Papua (Indonesian province)|Papua]]|speakers={{sigfig|3750|2}}|date=1990|familycolor=Papuan|fam1=[[Northwest Papuan languages|Northwest Papuan]]?|fam2=[[Demta–Sentani languages|Demta–Sentani]]|fam3=[[Sentani languages|Sentani]]|iso3=tnm}} Tabla (.<ref name="Ethnologue22-ID">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ID/languages|title=Indonesia languages|work=[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World|editor=Eberhard|date=2019|publisher=[[SIL International]]}}</ref> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Mkpụrụ okwu<ref name="Foley-NWNG"/> ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Velar |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n | |- ! rowspan="2" |Kwụsị !voiceless |p |t |k |- !voiced |b |d | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |s | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |w |j | |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Mkpụrụedemede<ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|authorlink=William A. Foley|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoley2018">[[William A. Foley|Foley, William A.]] (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">433–</span>568. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|<bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachiazụ |- !N'akụkụ |i | |u |- !N'etiti |e |ə |o |- !Ịlaghachi azụ | |a | |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} q5usin11c7d7ctcbtittzu4q8db0jlk 0 73768 693073 598098 2026-07-31T09:05:14Z Chinemeremprince 13026 693073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Malankuravan|states=India|region=[[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|speakers={{sigfig|18600|2}}|date=2001 census|familycolor=Dravidian|fam2=Southern|fam3=[[South Dravidian languages|Southern I]]|fam4=Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]|fam5=Tamil–[[Kota language (India)|Kota]]|fam6=Tamil–[[Toda language|Toda]]|fam7=Tamil–Irula|fam8=Tamil–[[Kodava language|Kodava]]–[[Urali language|Urali]]|fam9=[[Tamiloid languages|Tamil]]–[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalam]]|fam10=[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalamoid]]|iso3=mjo}} '''Malankuravan''' (Mala Koravan, Malakkuravan, [])bụ asụsụ Dravidian nke dị na ndịda India, n'ókèala ndịda nke Kerala na Tamil Nadu. Ọ nwere ike ịbụ olumba Malayalam nwere mmetụta Tamil ma ọ bụ asụsụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Malayalam . <ref>{{Cite web|year=2020|title=Malankuravan|work=[[Glottolog]] 4.3|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mala1459}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 0qu6rw3og03npzjn8tcswaur0cklmsw 0 73836 693134 628925 2026-07-31T11:52:16Z Epiphanus Jide 14249 Removed broken file and added databox 693134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Viswa Malayala Mahotsavam 2012''' (Great World Malayalam Festival 2012) bụ mmemme nke Kerala Sahitya Akademi na Ngalaba Ihe Omenala, Gọọmentị Kerala haziri na Thiruvananthapuram n'abalị iri atọ na otu nke ọnwa Ọktoba, ụbọchị mbụ nke ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2012. Pranab Mukherjee, Onyeisiala India, meghere mmemme ahụ na ụbọchị iri atọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2012 n'emume emere na Senate Hall nke Mahadum Kerala <ref>{{Cite web|title=Address by the President at inauguration of Viswa Malayalee Mahotsav at Thiruvananthapuram|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=88702|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Govt of India|accessdate=6 November 2012}}</ref> E nwere nzukọ ọmụmụ akwụkwọ na nnọkọ uri dịka akụkụ nke emume ụbọchị atọ ahụ. E nwekwara mkparịta ụka na ndị edemede si Kerala na ndị ọzọ, e tinyekwara nsọpụrụ maka ndị ukwu n'akwụkwọ Malayalam. Ememme ngosi akwụkwọ na ihe ngosi omenala bụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-adọrọ mmasị na Ememme ahụ. Onye ọbịa pụrụ iche a ma ama na mmemme ahụ bụ onye edemede akwụkwọ akụkọ Naịjirịa bụ́ Ben Okri meriri na Booker.. <ref>{{Cite news|author=K P Sai Kiran|title=Being in exile helps in seeing reality|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-01/thiruvananthapuram/34856374_1_exile-spirit-child-ben-okri|accessdate=6 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 November 2012}}</ref> Ndị na-ahazi ihe omume ahụ ji nlezianya hazie ya iji bulie ikpe Kerala maka inye asụsụ Malayalam ọnọdụ asụsụ oge ochie. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Joint effort for classical status for Malayalam: Chandy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/joint-effort-for-classical-status-for-malayalam-chandy/article4057002.ece|accessdate=6 November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oommen Chandy, Chief Minister of Kerala|title=Malayalam should be considered a classical language|url=http://www.keralacm.gov.in/index.php/component/blog_calendar/?year=2012&month=07&day=11&modid=134|publisher=Govt of Kerala|accessdate=6 November 2012}}</ref> == Nzukọ Malayalam nke Abụọ == A kọwawo Viswa Malayalam Mahotsavam 2012 dị ka Nzukọ Malayalam nke Abụọ nke Ụwa. Mahadum Kerala na Thiruvananthapuram haziri Nzukọ Malayalam mbụ n'afọ 1976. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ramachandran|first=Puthussery|title=Loka Malayala Sammelanam|url=http://viswamalayalam.com/news/?page_id=58|publisher=Organising Committee, Viswa Malayalam Sammelanam 2012|accessdate=6 November 2012|archivedate=19 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019142429/http://viswamalayalam.com/news/?page_id=58}}</ref> == Arụmụka == E nwere esemokwu ole na ole gbasara akụkụ ụfọdụ nk nhazi nke ememme ahụ: * Na-egosi bust nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị C V Raman kama bust nke onye edemede Malayalam a ma ama C V Raman Pillai.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Government studying lapses in ‘Viswa Malayala Mahotsavam’|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1326527.ece|accessdate=6 November 2012|work=The New Indian Express|date=4 November 2012}}</ref> * Mgbanwe ikpeazụ na onye isi oche nke nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na ịkagbu nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Viswa Malayala Mahotsavam: Sugathakumari’s removal triggers row|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1323608.ece|accessdate=6 November 2012|work=The New indian Express|date=2 November 2012}}</ref> == Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ == Viswa Malayala Mahotsavam: [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103103200/http://www.viswamalayalam.com/ Viswamalayalam] == Hụkwa == * Mahadum Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 6lc63dy4eiuftctpal31na70bov3lcj 0 73906 692683 598507 2026-07-30T12:58:00Z Chinemeremprince 13026 692683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Betta Kurumba|nativename={{unbulleted|ಬೆಟ್ಟ ಕುರುಬ | வேட்டை குறும்பர்}}|states=[[India]]|region=[[Nilgiri mountains]] ([[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]])|speakers=32,000|date=2003|familycolor=Dravidian|fam2=Southern|fam3=[[South Dravidian languages|Southern I]]|fam4=Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]|fam5=[[Kannada dialects|Badaga–Kannada]]|fam6=Kannadoid|script=[[Kannada script]]<br>[[Malayalam script]]<br>[[Tamil script]]|iso3=xub|notice=Indic}} Asụsụ '''Betta ''kurumba''''' (''Beṭṭa Kurumba'', IPA) , bụ asụsụ Dravidian asụsụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Asụsụ Kannada| na Tamil, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Language and Society in South Asia|last1=Shapiro|first1=Michael C.|last2=Schiffman|first2=Harold F.|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=1981|isbn=9788120826076|pages=101}}</ref> mmadụ 32,000 na-asụkwa ya n'ugwu Nilgir na n'ebe ndị dị ya nso na Tamil Nadu, Karnataka na Kerala. ''Beṭṭa'' pụtara "ugwu" n'asụsụ Kannada na ''kurumba'' pụtara "onye ọzụzụ atụrụ". == Hụkwa == * Kuruba * Asụsụ Kurumba * Asụsụ ndị Drvidiammadụ 32,000 na-asụkwa ya n'ugwu Nilgiri na n'ebe ndị dị ya nso na Tamil Nadu, Karnataka na Kerala. Beṭṭa (ಬೆಟ್ಟ) pụtara "ugwu" na Kannada na kurumba (ಕುರುಬ) pụtara "onye ọzụzụ atụrụ".n * Ndepụta asụsụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ ya na India * Asụsụ Ndịda Eshia == Ihe edeturu == <references /> == Edensibia == * Coelho, Gail Maria (2003): A Grammar of Betta Kurumba (PDF). * {{Cite book|author=Coelho|first=Gail Maria|date=2018|title=Annotated Texts in Betta Kurumba|location=Leiden, The Netherlands|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004378223}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0002 ELAR Open Access Archive] 230trd9l1c7hprjqtxuh3iqnw0xyr2t 0 73943 692923 674406 2026-07-31T01:52:05Z Sylvaline39 15355 fixed reference error 692923 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Portrait114.gif|thumb|Foto nke Jane Addams, site na eserese icheku ọkụ na 1892 nke Alice Kellogg Tyler. Ebe e si nweta ya: Addams: Twenty Years at Hull House (1910), p. 114]] '''[[W:ig:Laura Jane Addams|Laura Jane Addams]]''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jane Addams|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/addams/biographical/|work=The Nobel Prize|publisher=The Norwegian Nobel Institute|accessdate=September 10, 2021}}</ref> (September 6, 1860 - May 21, 1935) bụ onye America na-eme ngagharị iwe, onye na-eme mgbanwe, onye ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chambers|first=Clarke A.|date=March 1986|title=Women in the Creation of the Profession of Social Work|journal=[[Social Service Review]]|volume=60|issue=1|pages=1–33|doi=10.1086/644347}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Franklin|first=Donna L.|date=June 1986|title=Mary Richmond and Jane Addams: From Moral Certainty to Rational Inquiry in Social Work Practice|journal=[[Social Service Review]]|volume=60|issue=4|pages=504–525|doi=10.1086/644396}}</ref> onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmadụ, onye nchịkwa ọha na eze, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma, na onye edemede. Ọ bụ onye ndu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1889, Addams guzobere Hull House, otu n'ime ụlọ ndị a ma ama na America, na [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]], na-enye ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze dị ukwuu maka ndị ogbenye, ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị si mba ọzọ. N'ihe gbasara nkà ihe ọmụma, ọ bụ "onye na-eme ihe n'ụzọ siri ike", a na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na-ahụ maka ọkà ihe ọmụma ọha na eze na United States. N'oge Progressive Era, mgbe ọbụna ndị isi ala dị ka Theodore Roosevelt na Woodrow Wilson gosipụtara onwe ha dị ka ndị na-eme mgbanwe ma nwee ike ile ha anya dị ka ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, Addams bụ otu n'ime ndị na-emepụta mgbanwe a ma ama.  Onye na-akwado Udo ụwa, ma bụrụ onye a ma ama dị ka onye guzobere ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na United States, na 1931 Addams ghọrọ nwanyị America mbụ e nyere onyinye Nobel Peace Prize; <ref>{{Cite book|author=Stuart|first=Paul H.|title=Encyclopedia of Social Work|chapter=Social Work Profession: History|publisher=Oxford University Press and the National Association of Social Workers Press|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.623|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-997583-9}}</ref> ya na Nicholas Murray Butler kerịtara mmeri ahụ. Na mbido, e nyere Addams nzere Master of Arts na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]] na 1910, na-aghọ nwanyị mbụ natara nzere nsọpụrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yalealumnimagazine.org/articles/4881-women-of-honor|title=Women of honor|work=yalealumnimagazine.org}}</ref> N'afọ 1920, ọ bụ onye guzobere American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrating Women's History Month: The Fight for Women's Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU|work=American Civil Liberties Union of Virginia|url=http://acluva.org/11229/celebrating-womens-history-month-the-fight-for-womens-rights-and-the-aclu/|publisher=ACLU Virginia|date=March 28, 2013}}</ref> Addams nyeere America aka idozi ma lekwasị anya n'okwu ndị na-echegbu ndị nne, yana ọrụ ụlọ e kenyere ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka mkpa ụmụaka, ahụike ọha na eze, na udo ụwa. N'ime edemede ya "Utilization of Women in City Government", Addams kwuru njikọ dị n'etiti ọrụ gọọmentị na ezinụlọ, na-ekwu na ọtụtụ ngalaba gọọmentị, dị ka ịdị ọcha na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka, nwere ike ịlaghachi azụ na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ọdịnala na mpaghara onwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jane Addams on Women in Government|url=https://sageamericanhistory.net/progressive/docs/Addams.htm|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=sageamericanhistory.net.net}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1935, Addams bụ nwanyị a ma ama na United States.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|author=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|pages=8}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == [[Faịlụ:Jane_Addams.jpg|thumb|Jane Addams dị ka nwa agbọghọ, onyinyo studio na-enweghị ụbọchị site na Cox, Chicago]] [[Faịlụ:Jane_Addams_Birthplace.gif|thumb|Birthplace of Jane Addams in Cedarville, Illinois. ''Source'' Addams: ''Twenty Years at Hull House'' (1910), in the public domain.]] A amụrụ ya na Cedarville, Illinois, <ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000">{{Cite book|author=Kathryn Cullen-DuPont|title=Encyclopedia of women's history in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC&pg=PA374|year=2000|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-4100-8|pages=4–5}}</ref> Jane Addams bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya n'ebe ugwu Illinois nke sitere na ndị England na America nke laghachiri na Pennsylvania. N'afọ 1863, mgbe Addams dị afọ abụọ, nne ya, Sarah Addams (née Weber), nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị ime nwa ya nke itoolu. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ụmụnne ya nwanyị tọrọ ya lekọtara Addams. Ka ọ na-erule mgbe Addams dị afọ asatọ, anọ n'ime ụmụnne ya anwụọla: atọ n'oge ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ na otu mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii. <ref name="linn"> Linn, James Weber. ''Jane Addams: A Biography'', ([https://books.google.com/books?id=SXM_zMK3u4YC&dq=%22John+H.+Addams%22+Pennsylvania&pg=PA4 Google Books]), University of Illinois Press: 2000, p. 4, ({{ISBN|0252069048}}). Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Linn|first=James Weber|title=Jane Addams:Biography|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2000|origyear=1935|location=Urbana|isbn=0-252-06904-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen: Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam00knig|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2005|location=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam00knig/page/n48 32]–33}}</ref> Addams nọrọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata na-egwuri egwu n'èzí, na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ime ụlọ, ma na-aga Ụlọ akwụkwọ Sọnde. Mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, ọ butere ụkwara nta nke ọkpụkpụ azụ, nke a maara dị ka Ọrịa Potts, nke kpatara nkwonkwo azụ ya na nsogbu ahụike ogologo oge. Nke a mere ka o sie ike dị ka nwatakịrị iso ụmụaka ndị ọzọ rụọ ọrụ, na-atụle na ọ nwere nkwarụ ma ghara ịgba ọsọ nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jane Addams and Hull-House|url=http://www.teachspace.org/personal/research/addams/index.html|publisher=DeVry University|year=2001}}</ref> Dị ka nwatakịrị, o chere na ọ dị njọ ma mesịa cheta na ọ chọghị ime ihere nna ya, mgbe o yi uwe ya kachasị mma na Sọnde, site n'iso ya na-aga n'okporo ámá.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=36–37}}</ref> Jane Addams hụrụ nna ya n'anya, John H. Addams, mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ka ọ na-akọ na ncheta ya, Afọ iri abụọ na Hull House (1910). [1] Ọ bụ onye guzobere Illinois Republican Party, jere ozi dị ka onye Senator Illinois State (1855–1870), ma kwado enyi ya Abraham Lincoln na mkpọsa ya maka Congress (1854) na Onye isi ala (1860). O debere akwụkwọ ozi sitere na Lincoln na tebụl ya, na Addams nwere mmasị ile ya anya mgbe ọ bụ nwata. [2] Nna ya bụ onye ọchụnta ego bara ọgaranya nwere nnukwu ubi, ehi na ugbo; otu ntụ ọka na igwe osisi; na igwe igwe owu. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke abụọ National Bank of Freeport, Illinois. Ọ lụrụ ọzọ na 1868 mgbe Addams dị afọ asatọ. Nwunye ya nke abụọ bụ Anna Hostler Haldeman, nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri Freeport. [1] N'oge ọ bụ nwata, Addams nwere nnukwu nrọ ime ihe bara uru n'ụwa. Dị ka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nke ukwuu, ọ malitere inwe mmasị na ndị ogbenye site na ọgụgụ ya nke Charles Dickens. N'ịbụ onye ọrụ ya na obiọma nne ya nwere n'ebe ndị ogbenye nọ na Cedarville nọ kpaliri, Addams kpebiri ịghọ dọkịta ka o wee nwee ike ibi ma rụọ ọrụ n'etiti ndị ogbenye. Nna Addams gbara ya ume ka ọ gaa agụmakwụkwọ ka elu mana ọ dị nso n'ụlọ. Ọ chọsiri ike ịga kọleji ọhụrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, Smith College na Massachusetts, mana nna ya chọrọ ka ọ gaa Rockford Female Seminary (nke bụzi Mahadum Rockford), na Rockford, Illinois.<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /> Ahụmahụ ya na Rockford na-egosi ya n'iji teknụzụ US eme ihe. Ɔ Film na gburugburu ụmụaka anọ. Ọ deziri akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, bụ onye ikpeazụ ọkà okwu, isiokwu na onye ndú nke klas nke 1881. Addams akwụkwọ na ndị ọzọ na-etinye aka na post-secondary agụmakwụkwọ ga-enwe ọhụrụ ike na ihe ịma aka. O were nke a na ndị na-enye achịcha (1880), okwu o kwuru mgbe ọ bụ nwata.[1] O kwuru na "mgbanwe ahụ mere ... na ike nke ụmụaka gosipụtara." [2] Na usoro nke imetụta isi ha na ọrụ ha, ihe ọhụrụ na-eme.[3] "Ọ bụghị ịbụ ma ọ bụ ịdị ka ụmụ nwoke" mana ha kwuru "otu ike iche echiche na ime onwe ya." Nwanyị ya na mgba na-enweta "nkwado ọhụrụ na nhọrọ ya, LED na ngwaọrụ ya na-aga n'ihu." [2] [4] Mgbe ọ nọ na Rockford, ọgụgụ ya nke Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, [[Leo Tolstoy]] na ndị ọzọ ghọrọ mmetụta dị mkpa. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Rockford na 1881, na asambodo kọleji na onye otu na Phi Beta Kappa, ọ ka na-atụ anya ịga Smith iji nweta B.A. N'oge okpomọkụ ahụ, nna ya nwụrụ na mberede site na ọrịa appendicitis na mberede.<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /> Nwatakịrị ọ bụla ketara ihe dịka $ 50,000 (nke ya na $ 1.67 na 2016). N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ ahụ, Addams, nwanne ya nwanyị Alice, di Alice Harry, na nne nne ha, Anna Haldeman Addams, kwagara Philadelphia ka ndị ntorobịa atọ ahụ wee nwee ike ịchụso agụmakwụkwọ ahụike. Harry enwetala ọzụzụ na nkà mmụta ọgwụ ma gaa n'ihu na Mahadum Pennsylvania. Jane na Alice gụsịrị afọ mbụ ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike na Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania,<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /> mana nsogbu ahụike Jane, ịwa ahụ n'ọkpụkpụ azụ <ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" />na nkụchi akwara gbochiri ya ịmecha akara ugo mmụta ahụ. Obi gbawara ya maka ọdịda ya. Nne nne ya Anna na-arịa ọrịa, ya mere ezinụlọ ahụ dum kagburu atụmatụ ha ịnọ afọ abụọ wee laghachi Cedarville.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam0000knig/page/77 77–79, 109, 119–120]|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-44699-9|url=https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam0000knig/page/77}}</ref> Nwanne di ya Harry mere ịwa ahụ n'azụ ya, iji dozie ya. Mgbe ahụ, ọ dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ ghara ịga akwụkwọ kama, kama ọ ga-eme njem. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1883, ya na nne nne ya malitere njem afọ abụọ na Europe, na-eme njem ụfọdụ oge na ndị enyi na ndị ezinụlọ sonyeere ha. Addams kpebiri na ọ gaghị abụ dọkịta iji nwee ike inyere ndị ogbenye aka.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=124–25, 130–31, 138–39}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ na June 1887, ya na nne nne ya biri na Cedarville ma soro ya nọrọ n'oge oyi na Baltimore. Addams, ka jupụtara na oké ọchịchọ, dara n'ịda mbà n'obi, na-ejighị n'aka ọdịnihu ya ma na-eche na ọ baghị uru na-eduzi ndụ nkịtị a na-atụ anya na nwa agbọghọ bara ọgaranya. O degaara enyi ya si Rockford Seminary, Ellen Gates Starr, akwụkwọ ozi ogologo, karịsịa banyere Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na akwụkwọ mana mgbe ụfọdụ banyere obi nkoropụ ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=139–142}}</ref> Nwa nwanne ya nwoke bụ James Weber Linn (1876-1939) onye kụziri Bekee na Mahadum Chicago ma jee ozi na Illinois General Assembly. Linn dekwara akwụkwọ na akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ. Ka ọ dịgodị, Addams nwetara mkpali site n'ihe ọ gụrụ. Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ na akwụkwọ Tolstoy bụ My Religion masịrị ya, e mere ya baptizim dị ka Onye Kraịst na Cedarville Presbyterian Church n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1886. N'ịgụ akwụkwọ Giuseppe Mazzini's Duties of Man, echiche nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya dị ka ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya malitere ịkpali ya. Ma ọ nwere mgbagwoju anya banyere ọrụ ya dị ka nwanyị. Akwụkwọ John Stuart Mill's The Subjection of Women mere ka ọ jụọ nrụgide ọha na eze na nwanyị ịlụ di ma nyefee ndụ ya n'ezinụlọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=142–145, 147–48}}</ref> N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1887, Addams gụrụ na magazin banyere echiche ọhụrụ nke ịmalite ụlọ obibi. O kpebiri ileta nke mbụ n'ụwa, Toynbee Hall, na [[London]]. Ya na ọtụtụ ndị enyi, gụnyere Ellen Gates Starr, gara Europe site na Disemba 1887 ruo n'oge ọkọchị nke 1888. Mgbe ọ kiriri ọgụ ehi na Madrid, ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka omenala pụrụ iche masịrị ya, Addams katọrọ mmasị a na enweghị ike iwe ya maka ahụhụ nke ịnyịnya na ehi. Na mbụ, Addams agwaghị onye ọ bụla banyere nrọ ya ịmalite ụlọ obibi, mana, ọ na-enwe obi amamikpe maka ịghara ime ihe na nrọ ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=152–55, 157}}</ref> N'ikwere na ịkekọrịta nrọ ya nwere ike inyere ya aka ime ya, ọ gwara Ellen Gates Starr. Starr hụrụ echiche ahụ n'anya ma kweta isonyere Addams n'ịmalite ụlọ obibi.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=162–65}}</ref> Addams na enyi ọzọ gara London na-enweghị Starr, onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=166, 175–76}}</ref> N'ileta Toynbee Hall, Addams nwere obi ụtọ. Ọ kọwara ya dị ka "otu obodo nke ụmụ nwoke Mahadum bi n'ebe ahụ, nwere klọb ntụrụndụ ha na ọha mmadụ niile n'etiti ndị ogbenye, ma, n'otu ụdị ahụ ha ga-ebi n'etiti ha. Ọ bụ n'efu nke 'ị na-eme ihe ọma,' n'ụzọ na-enweghị mmetụta ma na-arụpụta ezigbo nsonaazụ na klas ya na ọbá akwụkwọ ya yiri ka ọ dị mma. "Ọraụ Addams nke klas ndị na-agwakọta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ha, dịka ha nwere na ndị Kraịst mbụ yiri ka ọ bụ n'ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen}}</ref> Ụlọ obibi dị ka Addams chọpụtara bụ oghere ebe enwere ike ịme njikọ ọdịbendị a na-atụghị anya ya na ebe enwere ike ịgbasa ókèala dị warara nke ọdịbendị, klas, na agụmakwụkwọ. Ha ji okpukpu abụọ dị ka ebe nka obodo na ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ha tọrọ ntọala maka ọha mmadụ America, oghere na-anọpụ iche ebe obodo dị iche iche na echiche dị iche iche nwere ike ịmụta ihe n'aka ibe ha ma chọọ otu ihe maka ọrụ ọnụ. Ọrụ ụlọ obibi ahụ bụ "mgbalị na-adịghị agwụ agwụ iji mee ka ọdịbendị na 'okwu nke ihe' gbakọọ ọnụ. " Mgbalị na'adịghị agwụ ike bụ akụkọ ndụ ya, ọgụ iji mee ka omenala nke ya dị ike site na ijikọ ya na ọdịiche na esemokwu nke obodo ndị mbịarambịa n'obodo America na mkpa nke mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bilton|first=Chris|title=Jane Addams Pragmatism and Cultural Policy|journal=International Journal of Cultural Policy|date=2006|volume=12|issue=2|pages=135–150<!--|access-date=2014-04-16-->|doi=10.1080/10286630600813644}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Hull_House_Entrance.gif|thumb|Ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke Hull House. Isi iyi Addams: Twenty Years at Hull House (1910), p.128]] [[Faịlụ:Doorway_at_Hull_House.gif|thumb|Ọnụ ụzọ n'ụlọ ikpe Hull. ''Ebe e si nweta ya'' bụ Addams: Twenty Years at Hull House (1910), p.149]] [[Faịlụ:Jane_Addams_in_a_car_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Jane Addams, 1915]] N'afọ 1889 Addams na enyi ya na kọleji na onye ọ hụrụ n'anya Ellen Gates Starr <ref>{{Cite book|author=Morrow|first=Deana F.|title=Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice: Working with Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender People|url=https://archive.org/details/sexualorientatio00phdd|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2005|location=New York|isbn=0-231-12728-6}}</ref> jikọrọ aka guzobe Hull House, ụlọ obibi na Chicago. Charles Hull wuru nnukwu ụlọ ahụ mebiri emebi na 1856 ma chọọ nrụzi na mmelite. Addams na mbụ kwụrụ ụgwọ maka mmefu ego niile (ịrụzi elu ụlọ ahụ, imezigharị ọnụ ụlọ, ịzụta oche) na ọtụtụ n'ime ụgwọ ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, onyinye sitere n'aka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu kwadoro ụlọ ahụ malite n'afọ mbụ ya ma Addams nwere ike belata oke onyinye ya, ọ bụ ezie na mmefu ego kwa afọ toro ngwa ngwa. Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị bara ọgaranya ghọrọ ndị na-enye onyinye ogologo oge na ụlọ ahụ, gụnyere Helen Culver, onye na-elekọta ala nwa nwanne nne ya Charles Hull, onye mechara kwe ka ndị na-inye onyinye jiri ụlọ ahụ mee ihe n'efu. Ndị ọzọ nyere aka bụ Louise DeKoven Bowen, Mary Rozet Smith, [[Mary Wilmarth]], na ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Brown|first=Victoria Bissell|title=Jane Addams|work=American National Biography online|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=February 2000|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00004.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Knight|first=Louise W.|title=Citizen|pages=195–96, 219, 224–25, 335, 378}}</ref> Addams na Starr bụ mmadụ abụọ mbụ bi na akụrụngwa ahụ, nke ga-emecha nwee ihe dị ka anụmanụ 25. N'ime ụbọchị ya, [1] ihe dị ka mmadụ 2,000 na-eleta Hull House kwa izu. Ụlọ Hull bụ ebe izu ike, ịdị ọcha, itinye uche na ọgwụgwọ, yana ebe obibi na maka imemma obodo. Otu n'ime ndị kacha nwee mmetụta na Hull House bụ onye nwere foto, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ndụ ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya.[2] Ndị bi na Hull House kere ebe obibi ezinụlọ, ụgbọ nwa, ike, ụkwara nta, typhoid, mkpofu ahịhịa, cocaine, na ọrụ. Ndị bi na Hull House bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma bụ ndị na-akwado ntọala ha na ndị ọrụ ọrụ, National Consumers League, na nhọpụta ntuli aka.[2] Dr. Harriett Alleyne Rice sonyeere Hull House iji nye ndị ogbenye ọrụ.[3] Ihe owuwu ya gụnyere ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ndị okenye, ụfọdụ maka ndị agadi, ụlọ nzukọ obodo, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, ụlọ mgbatị ahụ, ụfọdụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ịsa ahụ, ọbá akwụkwọ, ọbá akwụkwọ, ụlọ ihe nkiri, na ụlọ ihe nkiri. Usoro ide akwụkwọ ozi bụ ihe mmalite nke usoro na-aga n'ihu nke ọtụtụ mahadum na-enye taa. Na mgbakwunye na ịnye ohere mmekọrịta ọha na eze na omenala maka ọtụtụ ndị kwabatara bi na campus, Hull House nyere nhọrọ maka ndị ọrụ na-eto eto iji nweta ikike ha. N'ikpeazụ, Hull House nwere ụlọ obibi iri na atọ, ụlọ ihe nkiri, na ebe obibi okpomọkụ (nke a maara dị ka Bowen Country Club). Otu akwụkwọ nke Hull House nke dị ezigbo mkpa nye Jane Addams bụ Art Program. Ihe omume nka na Hull House nyere Addams ọhọpụta ikike ike ihe aka, nke "mmere" onye ahụ maka ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ a kapịrị ọnụ. Ọ ụlọ ka ụlọ ahụ nye eze, oge na ngwaọrụ iji gbaa ndị mmadụ ume iche echiche n'onwe ha. Ọ nka dị ka isi ihe iji ụdị obodo dị iche nke ahụ site na dị n'otu, onye onwe onye, ​​Flash na echiche. Ihe osise bụ ndị dị mkpa nke kaadị ya obodo, na-emebi echiche ndị a na-ejighị n'aka ma na- ndu na-ahụ dị iche iche nke ọha mmadụ nwere ike na-adabere na ya, dabere na idepụta site na na-adịghị.[1] Site na ego sitere n'aka Edward Butler, Addams mepere ebe ngosi nka na oghere studio dị ka otu n'ime mgbakwunye mbụ na Hull House. Ala mbụ nke mgbakwunye ọhụrụ ahụ nwere ngalaba nke Chicago Public Library, ụlọ nke abụọ nwere ụlọ Butler Art Gallery, bụ nke gosipụtara nchịkọta ọrụ nkà a ma ama yana ọrụ ndị na-ese ihe n'ógbè ahụ. Oghere ihe nkiri dị n'ime ụlọ ngosi ahụ nyere ma ndị bi na Hull House na ndị obodo ebe ha ga-amụ ihe nka ma ọ bụ ịbata ma nụchaa ọrụ ha mgbe ọ bụla ha chọrọ. Ka Hull House tolitere, na mmekọrịta ya na ndị agbata obi ya na-abawanye, ohere ahụ ghọrọ obere ihe nkasi obi maka ndị ogbenye na ụzọ isi gosipụta na ịgbanwe omenala na obodo dị iche iche. Nkà na omenala na-aghọ akụkụ buru ibu na nke dị mkpa nke ndụ ndị kwabatara na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya ụmụaka abanyela n'omume ahụ. Enyere ụmụaka ndị a nkuzi n'ụdị na ọkwa nka niile. Ebe dị ka Butler Art Gallery ma ọ bụ Bowen Country Club na-enwekarị klaasị ndị a, mana a na-akụzikarị klas ndị ọzọ n'èzí. Addams, site n'enyemaka nke Ellen Gates Starr, hiwere Chicago Public School Art Society (CPSAS) na nzaghachi dị mma na klaasị nka ụmụaka. CPSAS nyere ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha ihe osise nke ndị nka ama ama n'ụwa, goro ndị na-ese ihe ka ha kuziere ụmụaka ka e si emepụta nka, ma kpọga ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ gaa n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nka nke Chicago.[1] === Mpaghara dị nso n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ === [[Faịlụ:Polk_street_opposite_Hull_House.gif|thumb|Polk Street n'ihu Hull House. ''Ebe e si nweta ya'' bụ Addams: Afọ Iri Abụọ na Hull House (1910), p.95]] [[Faịlụ:South_Halsted_Street_Opposite_Hull_House.gif|thumb|South Halsted Street n'ihu Hull House. Isi iyi Addams: Afọ iri abụọ na Hull House. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]]] Mpaghara Hull House bụ ngwakọta nke agbụrụ Europe ndị kwagara Chicago na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20. Ngwakọta ahụ bụ ala ebe ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndị ọrụ ebere nke Hull House nwalere echiche ha ma maa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ aka. Bethlehem-Howard Neighborhood Center dekọrọ ngwakọta agbụrụ ahụ: "Ndị Germany na ndị Juu biri n'ebe ndịda nke etiti ahụ (n'ebe ndị ọzọ nke Twelfth Street)... Delta nke [[Greeks|Ndị Gris]] guzobere site na Harrison, Halsted Street, na Blue Island Streets jere ozi dị ka ihe mgbochi maka ndị Irish bi n'ebe ugwu na ndị French Canada bi n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ. " Ndị Ịtali bi n'ime etiti nke Hull House Neighborship ... site n'osimiri dị na nsọtụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, gaa na nsọtụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ihe a bịara mara dị ka Little Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.taylorstreetarchives.com|title=Stories from Chicago's Little Italy|publisher=Taylor Street Archives|accessdate=April 27, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228234400/http://taylorstreetarchives.com/|archivedate=December 28, 2018}}</ref> Ndị Gris na ndị Juu, tinyere ihe fọdụrụ n'ìgwè ndị ọzọ si mba ọzọ kwabata, malitere ọpụpụ ha site na agbata obi na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Naanị ndị Ịtali gara n'ihu dị ka obodo na-enweghị nsogbu ma na-aga nke ọma site na Great Depression, Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, na karịa "ụkpụrụ omume ọma" atọ kachasị mma maka ebe obibi ọha na eze: "ịkụzi site na ihe atụ, imekọ ihe ọnụ, na ime ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ya bụ, ịha nhata, ma ọ bụ ọchịchị onye kwuo okwu, mmekọrịta ọha na eze gafee klas. Ya mere, Hull House nyere usoro zuru oke nke ọrụ obodo, ọdịbendị, ntụrụndụ, na agụmakwụkwọ ma dọta ndị ọbịa na-adọrọ mmasị site n'akụkụ ụwa niile, gụnyere [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], onye mechara bụrụ nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard. N'afọ 1890, [[Julia Lathrop]], [[Florence Kelley]], na ndị ọzọ bi n'ụlọ ahụ mere ka ọ bụrụ ebe ọrụ mgbanwe ọha na eze n'ụwa. Hull House jiri usoro kachasị ọhụrụ (ịsụ ụzọ na eserese ọnụ ọgụgụ) mụọ oke mmadụ, enweghị ọrụ, ịba na typhoid, cocaine, ịgụ ụmụaka, ndị nta akụkọ, ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ, na ịmụ nwa. Malite na mgbalị iji melite agbata obi dị nso, otu Hull House tinyere aka na mkpọsa obodo na steeti niile maka ụlọ ka mma, mmelite na ọdịmma ọha na eze, iwu ụmụaka siri ike, na nchedo nke ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. Addams wetara ndị ọbịa a ma ama site na gburugburu ụwa ma nwee njikọ chiri anya na ndị isi Chicago na ndị ọrụ ebere. N'afọ 1912, o nyere aka malite Progressive Party ọhụrụ ma kwado mkpọsa onye isi ala nke [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. "Filosophy Adams jikọtara mmetụta ụmụ nwanyị na mkpebi siri ike maka imeziwanye mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site na mgbalị imekọ ihe ọnụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ọmịiko na ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị, ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze, na ndị na'udo, Addams jụrụ ka a kpọọ ya aha. Ọjụjụ a bụ nke bara uru karịa nke echiche. "<ref name="WWU">{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/addams-jane/|title=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy website|chapter=Jane Addams|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|year=2019}}</ref> === Mmetụta na ụmụaka === [[Faịlụ:In_the_Hull_House_Music_School.gif|thumb|Na Hull House Music School. ''Ebe e si nweta ya'' bụ Addams: Twenty Years at Hull House (1910), peeji nke 383]] [[Faịlụ:Sick_Mother_&_Children.gif|thumb|N'ụlọ obibi, Nne na-arịa ọrịa na Ụmụaka. ''Ebe e si nweta ya'' bụ Addams: Twenty Years at Hull House (1910), p. 164]] Ụlọ Hull kwusiri ike mkpa ọ dị ịrụ ọrụ ụmụaka na Americanization nke ndị mbata ọhụrụ. Nkà ihe ọmụma a kwalitekwara egwuregwu na nyocha na mpaghara ntụrụndụ, ntorobịa, na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Addams rụrụ ụka na Mmụọ nke Ntorobịa na okporo ụzọ Obodo (1909) na egwuregwu na ntụrụndụ dị mkpa n'ihi na obodo ahụ na-emebi mmụọ ntorobịa. Ụlọ Hull gosipụtara ọtụtụ mmemme na nka na ihe nkiri, klaasị ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, klọb ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, klaasị asụsụ, otu ịgụ akwụkwọ, mmemme ịgbatị kọleji, yana ebe ịsa ahụ ọha, ụlọ mgbatị ahụ, ụlọ nka, na ebe egwuregwu, niile dị n'ime gburugburu ebe enwere ike ikwu okwu. E mere ha nile iji kwalite nkwado onye kwuo uche ya, ịdị n'otu, na omume onye ọ bụla. O nyeere aka ịgafe koodu ụlọ mbụ na iwu ụlọ ọrụ mbụ. Ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya sitere na Hull House, na 1901 Jane Addams tọrọ ntọala ihe ga-abụ Òtù Na-echebe Ụmụaka. JPA nyere ndị otu nchekwa ụmụaka mbụ na United States ruo oge ahụ. Site na 1907 ruo 1940, JPA na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ihe gbasara ikpe ziri ezi nke ụmụaka, na-ekpuchi isiokwu ndị dị ka mmegbu, ọrụ na mmegbu, iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, na mpụ na nsogbu nke Chicago. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, otu ahụ rụrụ ọrụ iji meziwanye ndụ ndị nwere nkwarụ na iji ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ka ha wee nwee ike iru eru ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, n'obodo, na n'ógbè ha.[1] === Nchịkọta ọrịa ọha na eze === Addams na ndị ọrụ ibe ya dere akụkọ ọdịdị obodo nke ịba ahụ ma kọọ na ndị ọrụ dara ogbenye na-ebu ihe kachasị njọ nke ọrịa ahụ. Ọ chọpụtara nrụrụ aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na anyaukwu azụmaahịa nke mere ka ndị ọchịchị obodo leghara ahụike, ịdị ọcha, na iwu ụlọ anya. N'ịgwakọta [[Ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi]] na mgbanwe obodo, o mechara merie ndị isi ma kwalite nkesa ziri ezi nke ọrụ obodo na omume nyocha nke oge a. Addams kwuru banyere "ike a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha nke ntụrụndụ ọha na eze iji mee ka klas nke obodo dị iche iche dị iche iche". Addams sooro Chicago Board of Health rụọ ọrụ ma bụrụ osote onye isi oche mbụ nke Playground Association of America. === Mmetụta banyere ịgba akwụna === N'afọ 1912, Addams bipụtara A New Conscience and Ancient Evil, banyere ịgba akwụna. Akwụkwọ a bụ ihe a ma ama nke ukwuu. Addams kwenyere na ịgba akwụna bụ naanị n'ihi ịtọrọ mmadụ. Akwụkwọ ya mechara kpalie Stella Wynne Herron's 1916 short story Shoes, nke Lois Weber mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri na-emepe emepe nke 1916 nke otu aha ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://silentfilm.org/archive/shoes|title=Shoes|author=Byrne|first=Rob|work=San Francisco Silent Film Festival}}</ref> Addams na ndị ọrụ ibe ya bu n'obi na Hull House bụ ngwaọrụ nnyefe iji weta ụkpụrụ nke omenala dị elu gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji nye ndị mmadụ, gụnyere Efficiency Movement, nnukwu mmegharị na mba ndị na-emepụta ihe na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 nke chọrọ ịchọpụta na iwepụ ihe mkpofu na akụ na ụba na ọha mmadụ, yana ịzụlite ma tinye n'ọrụ omume kachasị mma. Otú ọ dị, ka oge na-aga, a gbanwere anya site n'iweta nka na ọdịbendị n'ógbè ahụ (dị ka e gosipụtara na iwu ụlọ Butler) iji meghachi omume na mkpa nke obodo site n'inye nlekọta ụmụaka, ohere agụmakwụkwọ, na nnukwu oghere nzukọ. Hull House ghọrọ ihe karịrị ebe nnwale maka ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji, ndị ọkachamara: ọ ghọkwara akụkụ nke obodo ebe a tọrọ ntọala ya, mmepe ya na-ekpughe akụkọ ihe mere eme. [[Faịlụ:Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Jane_Addams_and_Alva_Belmont_-_NPG.95.54.jpg|alt=A sketch of Jane Addams and Alva Belmont sitting side by side|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe osise 1912 nke Addams na Alva Vanderbilt Belmont, ndị otu National American Woman Suffrage Association. Addams bụ osote onye isi oche nke nzukọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Buell|first=Janet W.|date=1990|title=Alva Belmont: From Socialite to Feminist|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24447643|journal=The Historian|volume=52|issue=2|pages=219–241|doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1990.tb00779.x|issn=0018-2370}}</ref>]] Addams kpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'etiti nwere oge ntụrụndụ na ume yana ndị ọrụ ebere bara ọgaranya, ka ha rụọ ọrụ obodo ha itinye aka n'ihe omume obodo dị ka okwu nke "ịrụ ụlọ obodo". Addams si otú a gbasaa echiche nke ọrụ obodo iji tinye ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị karịa ịbụ nne (nke gụnyere ịzụlite ụmụaka). Ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agba gburugburu "ibu ọrụ, nlekọta, na ibu ọrụ", nke na-anọchite anya isi iyi nke ike ụmụ nwanyị. Echiche a nyere ntọala maka ọrụ ime obodo ma ọ bụ nke obodo nke Addams kọwara ma nyewanye ike na mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị nke Addams kwadoro. Addams kwuru na a zụrụ ụmụ nwanyị, n'adịghị ka ụmụ nwoke, n'ihe ndị dị nro nke ọdịmma mmadụ ma chọọ iwulite ọrụ ọdịnala ha nke ide ụlọ iji bụrụ ndị na-elekọta ụlọ. Ọrụ idebe ụlọ ka ukwuu gụnyere mgbalị mgbanwe gbasara nsị na-egbu egbu, mmiri ara ehi na-adịghị ọcha (nke na-ebu ụkwara nta), ikuku na-ese anwụrụ ọkụ, na ọnọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-adịghị mma. Addams duziri "agha mkpofu"; na 1894 ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara dị ka onye nyocha nke ịdị ọcha nke Chicago's 19th Ward. Site n'enyemaka nke Hull House Women's Club, n'ime otu afọ, a kọọrọ kansụl obodo ihe karịrị 1,000 mmebi iwu nke ngalaba ahụike na nchịkọta ihe mkpofu belatara ọnwụ na ọrịa. Addams na onye ọrụ ebere John Dewey nwere ike ịrụ ụka ogologo oge na ha kọwapụtara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'ihe gbasara pragmatism na localism, na-emesi ọrụ ike na oke ike.[1] Echiche nke abụọ nke na-eme ka Addams na mpaghara ya dị iche na ndị inyom nke oge a bụ mkpa ọ dị ịgbasa n'ime ndụ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na obodo na nchọpụta nke usoro ochichi onye kwuo uche ya na omume nke na-ejedebe na ngwá ọrụ ngwá ọrụ, dị ka na mmemme Addams maka otu oge ọrụ na nke abụọ, oku ha na-akpọ maka ike ka e nye echiche nke ndị na-achị 2] oge otu na [. Ọrụ Addams lekwasịrị anya na ụmụ nwanyị, mmekọahụ, ihe ngosi, na ịbụ nne. N'ime akụkọ ndụ ya abụọ, Afọ iri abụọ na Hull House (1910) na afọ iri abụọ na abụọ na Hull House (1930), ọrụ okike Addams kwekọrọ na echiche Progressive-Era ya. N'akwụkwọ ya A New Conscience and An Ancient Evil (1912), ọ na-akọwa ihe ụmụ mmadụ na nke ọha mmadụ na-esi na ịgba ohu, ịgba ohu, na ụdị nrigbu ndị ọzọ n'etiti ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ America site na 1890 ruo 1910. Addams' autobiography bụ ma nghọta ma na-enye ike, ọ bụkwa ihe akaebe na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ime ka ikike ya nwee ike. Ọ na-egosipụta onwe ya dị ka nwunye ma ọ bụ esi nri na-ejere ndị mkpọrọ Hull House ozi, dị ka a ga-asị na ha bụ ụmụ ya. N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị nne n'onwe ya, a na-ewere Addams dị ka "nne nke mba", n'ihi ọdịdị nne ya n'anya ndị ya.[1]. [[Faịlụ:Jane_Addams,_1906.jpg|thumb|Jane Addams, 1906, nke George de Forest Brush (1855-1941), National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution]] Addams nọgidere na-enwe usoro ihe omume ya dị arọ nke okwu ihu ọha gburugburu mba ahụ, ọkachasị na kọleji. Na mgbakwunye, ọ na-enye ọmụmụ kọleji site na Ngalaba Mgbasawanye nke Mahadum Chicago. Ọ jụrụ onyinye sitere na mahadum ka ọ bụrụ onye mmekọ ya, gụnyere onyinye sitere na Albion Small, onyeisi oche nke Ngalaba Sociology, nke ọnọdụ ngalaba gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ọ jụrụ iji nọgide na-arụ ọrụ onwe ya n'èzí agụmakwụkwọ. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịkụziri ndị okenye na-edebanyeghị aha na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ, n'ihi ịda ogbenye na / ma ọ bụ enweghị asambodo. Ọzọkwa, ọ chọghị ka mahadum chịkwaa ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. A họpụtara Addams ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na Chicago Board of Education . <ref>{{Cite web|author=FitzPatrick|first=Lauren|title=Who is your Chicago public school named for?|url=https://graphics.suntimes.com/education/school-names/|work=Chicago Sun-Times|accessdate=19 March 2023|language=en|date=December 30, 2020}}</ref> Addams bụ onye otu iwu nke American Sociological Society, nke e guzobere na 1905. O nyere ya akwụkwọ na 1912, 1915, na 1919. Ọ bụ nwanyị a ma ama n'oge ndụ ya. == Mmekọrịta == N'ozuzu, Addams nọ nso na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ ma dị ezigbo mma n'ịkpali ha itinye aka na klas dị iche iche na mmemme Hull House. Ka o sina dị, n'oge ndụ ya niile, Addams na ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole nwere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya, gụnyere Mary Rozet Smith na Ellen Starr. Mmekọrịta ya nyere ya oge na ume iji chụsoo ọrụ mmekọrịta ya mgbe a na-akwado ya n'ụzọ mmetụta uche na ịhụnanya. Site na mmekọrịta ịhụnanya ya na ụmụ nwanyị, a ga-akọwa ya dị ka nwanyị na-edina nwoke n'oge a, dịka ọtụtụ ndị isi na Women's International League for Peace and Freedom nke oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Faderman|first=Lilian|title=To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America – A History|date=June 8, 2000|publisher=Mariner Books}}</ref> Onye mbụ ya na ya na-ahụ n'anya bụ Ellen Starr, onye ya na ya guzobere Hull House, onye ọ zutere mgbe ha abụọ bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na Rockford Female Seminary. N'afọ 1889, ha abụọ gara Toynbee Hall ọnụ wee malite ọrụ ụlọ obibi ha, zụta ụlọ na Chicago.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Faderman|first=Lilian|title=To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America – A History|date=June 8, 2000|publisher=Mariner Books}}</ref> Onye mmekọ ịhụnanya nke abụọ ya bụ Mary Rozet Smith, onye bara ọgaranya ma kwado ọrụ Addams na Hull House, onye ya na ya nwekọrọ ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Aldrich|chapter=Addams, Jane|author=Holmes|first=Sarah|title=Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History Volume 1: From Antiquity to the Mid-Twentieth Century|publisher=Routledge|date=2001|isbn=978-0-415-15982-1}}</ref> Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Lilian Faderman dere na Jane hụrụ onwe ya n'anya ma ọ kpọrọ Mary "My Ever Dear", "Darling" na "Dearest One", wee kwubie na ha nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya nke di na nwunye. Ha nọgidere na-emekọ ihe ọnụ ruo 1934, mgbe Mary nwụrụ n'ọrịa oyi bara ya n'ahụ, mgbe afọ 40 gachara.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Faderman|first=Lilian|title=To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America – A History|date=June 8, 2000|publisher=Mariner Books}}</ref> E kwuru na, "Mary Smith ghọrọ ma nọgide na-abụ ihe kachasị elu na nke doro anya na egwu nke bụ ndụ onwe Jane Addams". <ref name="Brown">{{Cite book|author=Brown|first=Victoria Bissell|title=The Education of Jane Addams|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2003|location=Philadelphia, PA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=In0FyWy858gC&q=jane+addams+lesbian&pg=PP1|isbn=0-8122-3747-1}}</ref> Ha abụọ nwere ụlọ ezumike na Bar Harbor, Maine. Mgbe ha kewara, ha na-edegara ibe ha akwụkwọ ozi ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ugboro n'ụbọchị - mgbe ụfọdụ ugboro abụọ. Addams ga-edegara Smith akwụkwọ ozi, "M na-achọ gị n'ụzọ dị egwu ma bụrụkwa nke gị 'ruo ọnwụ'. <ref name="Loerzel">{{Cite news|author=Loerzel|first=Robert|title=Friends—With Benefits?|work=Chicago Magazine|date=June 2008|url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2008/Friends-With-Benefits/|accessdate=March 29, 2009}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na-egosikwa na ụmụ nwanyị ahụ lere onwe ha anya dị ka di na nwunye: "E nwere ihe kpatara ya n'omume nke ndị lụrụ di na nwunye na-anọkọ ọnụ", Addams degaara Smith akwụkwọ. == Okpukpe na ebumnuche okpukpe == Nkwenkwe okpukpe Addams sitere n'agụ akwụkwọ ya sara mbara na ahụmịhe ndụ ya. Ọ hụrụ ọrụ obibi ya dị ka akụkụ nke "Social Christian". Addams mụtara banyere Iso Ụzọ Kraịst nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site n'aka ndị guzobere Toynbee Hall, Samuel na Henrietta Barnett. Ndị Barnetts nwere mmasị dị ukwuu n'ịtọghata ndị ọzọ ka ha bụrụ Ndị Kraịst, mana ha kwenyere na Ndị Kraịst kwesịrị itinye aka n'ụwa ma, n'okwu otu n'ime ndị isi nke òtù ndị Kraịst na England, W. H. Fremantle, "na-etinye mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmụọ nke ịhụnanya nke Kraịst". According to Christie and Gauvreau (2001), while the Christian settlement houses sought to Christianize, Jane Addams "had come to epitomize the force of secular humanism." Her image was, however, "reinvented" by the Christian churches. Dị ka Joslin si kwuo (2004), "Nkwado ọhụrụ, dị ka [Addams] na-akọwa ya sitere na nke ụwa, ọ bụghị nke okpukpe, ụkpụrụ nkwenye". Dị ka Jane Addams Hull-House Museum si kwuo, "Ụfọdụ ebe obibi ọha na eze nwere njikọ na ụlọ ọrụ okpukpe. Ndị ọzọ, dị ka Hull- House [nke Addams guzobere], bụ ndị ụwa".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/_learn/_aboutjane/aboutjane.html|title=Jane Addams Hull-House Museum|accessdate=November 29, 2014}}</ref> Hilda Satt Polacheck, onye bibu na Hull House, kwuru na Addams kwenyesiri ike na nnwere onwe okpukpe ma na-eweta ndị mmadụ nke okwukwe niile n'ime ọha na eze, nke ụwa nke Hull House. Otu ihe dị iche, ka ọ na-ekwu, bụ oriri Krismas kwa afọ, ọ bụ ezie na Addams hapụrụ akụkụ okpukpe na chọọchị ahụ. Bible jere ozi Addams dị ka isi iyi nke mkpali maka ndụ ya nke ije ozi na akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ịchụso ọkpụkpọ ya. Mmetụta a na-ekwusi ike n'ịgbaso ihe nlereanya Jizọs na ịkwalite nguzobe nke Alaeze Chineke n'ụwa pụtakwara ìhè n'ọrụ Addams na Social Gospel movement. == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == [[Faịlụ:Jane_Addams_&_Mary_Rozet_Smith,_1923.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Jane Addams [n'aka ekpe] & Mary Rozet Smith, 1923 (Jane Addams Collection/Swarthmore College Peace Collection.) ]] [[Faịlụ:Jane_Addams_and_Miss_Elizabeth_Burke_(cropped).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|254x254px|Ndị nnọchiteanya na Women's Suffrage Legislature Jane Addams (n'aka ekpe) na Miss Elizabeth Burke nke Mahadum Chicago, 1911]] N'afọ 1898, Addams sonyeere Anti-Imperialist League, na-emegide US annexation nke Philippines. Onye na-akwado Progressive Party, ọ họpụtara Theodore Roosevelt maka onye isi ala n'oge Nzukọ nke Party, nke e mere na Chicago n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1912. Ọ debanyere aha na ikpo okwu, ọ bụ ezie na ọ chọrọ iwu Ụgbọ agha ndị ọzọ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwu okwu ma na-eme mkpọsa maka mkpọsa onye isi ala nke afọ 1912 nke Roosevelt. Na Jenụwarị 1915, ọ banyere na Women's Peace Party ma họpụta ya dịka onye isi oche mba.<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /><ref name="spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/USApeaceW.htm|title=Woman's Peace Party|publisher=Spartacus-Educational.com|accessdate=February 27, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727103823/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USApeaceW.htm|archivedate=July 27, 2009}}</ref> Ndị inyom Europe na-ahụ maka udo kpọrọ Addams ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke International Congress of Women na The Hague, Eprel 28-30, 1915,<ref name="Cullen-DuPont 2000" /> ma họrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi kọmitii iji chọta njedebe nke agha. Nke a gụnyere izute ndị isi iri na mba ndị na-anọpụ iche yana ndị nọ n'agha iji kwurịta banyere ogbugbo. Nke a bụ mgbalị mbụ dị ịrịba ama nke mba ụwa megide agha ahụ. Addams, tinyere ndị nnọchi anya [[Emily Greene Balch|Emily Balch]] na Alice Hamilton, dere ahụmahụ ha nke ọrụ a, bipụtara dị ka akwụkwọ, Women at The Hague (Mahadum Illinois). [[Faịlụ:Jane-Addams-by-Manuel-Rosenberg.jpg|thumb|Jane Addams bịanyere aka na eserese nke Manuel Rosenberg 1917]] [[Faịlụ:International_Congress_of_Women1915_(22785230005).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|320x320px|International Congress of Women na 1915. aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri:1. [[Lucy Thoumaian]] - Armenia, 2. Leopoldine Kulka, 3. [[Laura Hughes (activist)|Laura Hughes]] - Canada, 4. Rosika Schwimmer - Hungary, 5. Anita Augspurg - Germany, 6. Jane Addams - USA, 7. Eugenie Hanner, 8. Aletta Jacobs - Netherlands, 9. Chrystal Macmillan - UK, 10. Rosa Genoni - Ịtali, 11. Anna Kleman - Sweden, 12. Thora Daugaard - Denmark, 13. Louise Keilhau - Norway]] Na 1917, ọ ghọrọ onye so na Fellowship of Reconciliation USA (alaka America nke International Fellowship of Reconciliation, hiwere na 1919) wee jee ozi na Council Fellowship ruo 1933.[1] Mgbe US banyere agha na 1917, Addams katọrọ nke ukwuu. Abara ya ezigbo mba dị ka onye na-akwado udo. A na-agụ okwu ya na 1915 na pacifism na Carnegie Hall n'akwụkwọ akụkọ dị ka New York Times, nke mbụ ya dị ka onye mba.[2] [3] Dị ka e kwuru, n'oge njem ya, ọ na-eji oge na-ezute ọtụtụ ndị mba ụwa na ndị mba ma na-ekwughachi echiche Victorian ya na ọrụ ụmụ anụmanụ na-eme n'udo. Nkwado ọzọ bịara na ihe nrite nke Nrite Nobel Peace Prize to Addams na 1931; ya na Nicholas Murray Butler kesara ihe nrite ahụ. [4] Dị ka onye mbụ meriri nturu ugo US, a matara Addams maka "nkwupụta ọchịchị onye kwuo uche America". O nyefere òkè ya nke ego nrite n'aka otu Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. [5][6] === Pacifism === Addams bụ onye isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụlọ na nke mba ụwa, na-eje ozi dịka onye ndu na onye ndu echiche; Onye edemede Russia bụ Leo Tolstoy na pragmatism nke ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma John Dewey na George Herbert Mead metụtara ya.[1] Akwụkwọ ya, Newer Ideals of Peace and Peace and Bread in Time of War, na ọrụ udo ya nyere aka weta nghọta ọhụrụ banyere udo na agha.[2] Ọ hụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ikpe ziri ezi na udo dị ka ihe na-agbakọ aka; ha niile ga-agbakọ aka iji nweta ihe ọ hụrụ. Addams abụrụla onye na-akwado ọgụ siri ike kemgbe 1899, dị ka ọ dị na ngagharị iwe ime ihe ike sochiri Agha Spen na America. Akwụkwọ ya Newer Ideals of Peace (1907) bụ òtù udo zuru ụwa ọnụ nke chọrọ itinye echiche nke ikpe ziri ezi. Ọ kpọrọ ndị inyom na-akwado ikpe ziri ezi dịka Alice Hamilton, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley, na Emily Greene Balch ka ha sonyere ya na International Animal Welfare League mgbe 1914 Free Movement gasịrị. Ọrụ Addams rụpụtara mkpụrụ mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, mgbe nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi jikọtara udo na ikpe ziri ezi na ọnọdụ mmadụ na ọchịchọ nke agha. N'afọ 1899 na 1907, ndị isi ụwa choro udo site n'ịkpọkọta nzukọ udo ọhụrụ na nke nwere mmetụta na The Hague. Nzukọ ndị a mepụtara Nzukọ Hague nke 1899 na 1907. A kagburu nzukọ nke afọ 1914 n'ihi Agha Ụwa nke Mbụ. Nzukọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke ụmụ nwanyị na Hague kpọkọtara jupụtara na oghere ahụ. N'oge ahụ, ma US na Netherlands nọpụrụ iche. Jane Addams bụ onye isi oche nke International Congress of Women na Hague, nke gụnyere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị otu 1,200 sonyere site na mba 12 na-alụ agha na mba na-anọpụ iche. Ebumnuche ha bụ ịmepụta usoro iji kwụsị ime ihe ike nke agha. Ma usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba na nke mba ụwa ewepụghị olu ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị nnọchiteanya nwanyị ahụ kwuru na iwepụ ụmụ nwanyị na mkparịta ụka iwu na mkpebi gbasara agha na udo kpatara iwu na-ezighị ezi. Ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ nabatara usoro mkpebi na-edozi nsogbu ndị a ma kpọọ oku maka ịgbatị ikike na itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ime usoro udo mba ụwa na njedebe agha. Mgbe nzukọ ahụ gasịrị, Addams na ndị nnọchi anya ndị omeiwu gara Europe niile na-ezute ndị isi, ìgwè ụmụ amaala, na ndị agha merụrụ ahụ site n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. A kpọtụrụ idu ndú ya n'oge nnọkọ ahụ na njem ya gaa n'isi obodo nke mpaghara ndị agha mebiri emebi aha na nhọpụta maka Nobel Peace Prize.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1931|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/addams/nominations/|accessdate=2022-09-06|work=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> Addams megidere itinye aka na Mgbasawanye nke US ma mesịa megide ndị na-achọ ọchịchị America na mba ofesi. N'afọ 1915, o kwuru okwu na Carnegie Hall ma boo ya n'èzí maka imegide itinye aka US n'Agha Ụwa Mbụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2003/5/21/new_york_times_reporter_chris_hedges|title=New York Times Reporter, Chris Hedges was Booed off the Stage and had his Microphone Cut Twice as he Delivered a Graduation Speech on War and Empire at Rockford College in Illinois|work=[[Democracy Now!]]}}</ref> Addams katọrọ agha dị ka ọdachi nke mebiri obiọma mmadụ, ịdị n'otu, na ọbụbụenyi obodo, ma mee ka ezinụlọ dị iche iche n'ụwa niile lụọ ọgụ. N'aka nke ya, ndị otu na akwụkwọ akụkọ na-ahụ mba n'anya katọrọ echiche ya n'''Oge'' Agha Ụwa Mbụ (1917-18). Oswald Garrison Villard bịara chebe ya mgbe ọ tụrụ aro ka ndị agha nye ndị agha mmanya na-aba n'anya obere oge tupu nnukwu mwakpo ala. "Were ikpe Jane Addams maka otu. Site na mmegbu [New York] Times na-ekpuchi ya, otu n'ime ndị inyom anyị kachasị mma, n'ihi na ọ gwara eziokwu dị mfe na a na-enyekarị ndị agha Allied mmanya ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ọjọọ tupu ha agafee Ala Ọ dịghị Nwoke. Ma mgbe eziokwu ahụ pụtara n'aka Sir Philip Gibbs na ndị ọzọ, ọ dịghị otu okwu mgbaghara na-abịa. " Ọbụna mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ndị mmegide gosipụtara usoro udo na iwepụ ngwá agha dị ka ndị na ndị na ndị agha dị ka ihe siri ike, ndị Kọmunist, ndị na-enweghị mba. Ndị agha ochie na-eto eto na American Legion, nke ụfọdụ ndị otu Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) na League of Women Voters kwadoro, adịghị njikere ịlụso ndị agadi, ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ ka mma, ndị nwere ego na ndị ama ama nke WILPF ọgụ. Ka o sina dị, DAR nwere ike ma chụpụ Addams na ndị otu ha. Mgbalị ndị Legion na-eme iji gosipụta ndị otu WILPF dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-amaghị nke a na-akọ kpaliri ndị na-ege ntị na-arụ ọrụ, mana Onye isi ala Calvin Coolidge na ndị nọ n'etiti kwadoro Addams na mbọ WILPF ya na 1920s iji machibido gas na-egbu egbu na agha iwu. Otú ọ dị, mgbe 1920, a na-ewere ya dị ka nwanyị kachasị ukwuu nke Progressive Era. N'afọ 1931, onyinye Nobel Peace nye ya na Nicholas Murray Butler mere ka ọ bụrụ otu onye otuto.    [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i958ek1n8kmmyafbse0r2hkq15z2nap 0 74036 692790 598678 2026-07-30T18:12:00Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 692790 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Naiki''' (), or '''Southeastern Kolami''', bụ asụsụ Dravidian nke agbụrụ Central nke a na-asụ na steeti Maharashtra nke India. Asụsụ ndị a bụ Naiki kpọmkwem, ma ọ bụ Chanda, na Naikṛi (Krishnamurti 2003:57). == Phonology == === Vowels === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Mkpụrụedemede<ref name="bhk">{{Cite book|author=[[Bhadriraju Krishnamurti]]|title=The Dravidian Languages|date=16 January 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC&q=grantha+script|accessdate=2025-04-17|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-139-43533-8}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |N'ihu ! colspan="2" |Central ! colspan="2" |Ịlaghachi azụ |- !<small>dị mkpirikpi</small> !<small>ogologo oge</small> !<small>dị mkpirikpi</small> !<small>ogologo oge</small> !<small>dị mkpirikpi</small> !<small>ogologo oge</small> |- align="center" !Elu |i |iː | | |u |uː |- align="center" !N'etiti |e |eː | | |o |oː |- align="center" !Ala Dị Ala | | |a |aː | | |} === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Consonants<ref name="bhk" /> ! colspan="3" | !Labial !Alveolar !Retroflex !Palatal !Velar !Glottal |- ! colspan="3" |Nasal |m |n | | |ŋ | |- ! rowspan="4" |Plosive/<br /><br />Affricate ! rowspan="2" |voiceless !plain |p |t, ts |ʈ |tʃ |k | |- !aspirated |pʰ |tʰ |ʈʰ |tʃʰ |kʰ | |- ! rowspan="2" |voiced !plain |b |d, dz |ɖ |dʒ |ɡ | |- !aspirated |bʱ |dʱ |ɖʱ |dʒʱ |ɡʱ | |- ! colspan="3" |Fricative |v |s | | | |h |- ! colspan="3" |Rhotic | |r | | | | |- ! colspan="3" |Approximant | |l |ɭ |j | | |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} t5fdv2cu8q01arffdo3gvufobcobz5z 0 74045 693066 598691 2026-07-31T08:49:47Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693066 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen;" |Maria |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen;" |Madiya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[India]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" | (365,000 e depụtara na 2000) <ref name="e18">[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/mrr/ Garhchiroli Maria] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span><br />[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/daq/ Dandami Maria] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] * Asụsụ ndịda-CentralGondi-KuiGondiMaria ** Asụsụ Gondi-KuiGondiMaria *** [[Gondi languages|Asụsụ Gondi]] **** '''Maria''' </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Writing system|Usoro ide ihe]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Devanagari]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |Ma ọ bụ:<code>[[iso639-3:mrr|mrr]]</code> - Garhchiroli Maria<code>[[iso639-3:daq|daq]]</code> - Dandami Maria<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |di1414 Maria<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dand1238 dand1238]</code> Dandami Maria&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; |} '''Madiya''' ma ọ bụ '''Maria''' (IPA) bụ asụsụ Dravidian nke a na-asụ na India. A pụrụ iwere ya dị ka olumba nke Gondi, mana a na-enyo enyo na ọ bụ asụsụ na-enweghị nghọta na ọtụtụ ụdị Gondi ndị ọzọ..<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Dravidian languages|url=https://archive.org/details/dravidianlanguag00kris|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Bhadriraju Krishnamurti|year=2003|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dravidianlanguag00kris/page/n54 25]|isbn=9780521771115}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBhadriraju_Krishnamurti2003">Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[[iarchive:dravidianlanguag00kris|''The Dravidian languages'']]</span>. Oxford University Press. pp.&nbsp;[[iarchive:dravidianlanguag00kris/page/n54|25]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780521771115|<bdi>9780521771115</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == Phonology nke Abhuj Maria: <ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Consonants ! colspan="2" | !Bilabial !Alveolar !Retroflex !Palatal !Velar |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless |p |t |ʈ | |k |- !voiced |b |d |ɖ | |g |- ! rowspan="2" |Affricate !voiceless | | | |t͡ʃ | |- !voiced | | | |d͡ʒ | |- ! colspan="2" |Fricative | |s | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |m |n | |ɲ | |- ! colspan="2" |Approximant |w |l |ɽ |j | |- ! colspan="2" |Trill | |r | | | |} Hill Maria nwere ụdaume atọ ọzọ: nkwụsị glottal /ʔ/, retroflex nasal /ɳ/, na uvular fricative /ʁ/.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Dravidian languages|url=https://archive.org/details/dravidianlanguag00kris|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Bhadriraju Krishnamurti|year=2003|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dravidianlanguag00kris/page/n54 25]|isbn=9780521771115}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBhadriraju_Krishnamurti2003">Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[[iarchive:dravidianlanguag00kris|''The Dravidian languages'']]</span>. Oxford University Press. pp.&nbsp;[[iarchive:dravidianlanguag00kris/page/n54|25]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780521771115|<bdi>9780521771115</bdi>]].</cite></ref> N'afọ 2019, onye bụbu prọfesọ bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya n'asụsụ Madiya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/pune/first-book-madiya-language-released-city-37639|title=First book on Madiya language released in city|date=9 July 2019|accessdate=2023-07-04|archivedate=2021-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607080544/https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/pune/first-book-madiya-language-released-city-37639}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == *   * {{Cite book|title=A Grammar of Dandami Maria|author=Pandey|first=Keshinath|publisher=Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University|date=1979|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/29647}} ou4rtpyagv4ni8x1sf8v4fvydybt7s8 0 74048 693077 598694 2026-07-31T09:07:53Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 693077 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen;" |Iwu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[India]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Orissa, India|Orissa]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" | (4,000 e depụtara na 2000) <ref name="e18">[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/mha/ Manda] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] * South-CentralKonda-KuiManda-PengoManda ** Konda-KuiManda-PengoManda *** Manda-PengoManda **** '''Iwu''' </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:mha|mha]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mand1413 mand1413]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/4653 Manda (India)] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[File:Lang_Status_20-CR.svg|frameless]]<div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center"><span style="font-size: 85%;">A na-ahazi Manda dị ka nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na [[UNESCO]] Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas nke Asụsụ Ụwa Na-anọ n'Ihe Iche Ndụ]]''</span><ref><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMoseleyNicolas2010"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="106">Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexander, eds. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="107">(2010). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="108">[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026/PDF/187026eng.pdf.multi ''Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (3rd&nbsp;ed.). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="109">Paris: [[UNESCO]]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="111">pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">46–</span>47. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="112">[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104096-2|<bdi>978-92-3-104096-2</bdi>]]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="115">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220723042105/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026/PDF/187026eng.pdf.multi Archived] from the original on 23 July 2022.</span></cite></ref></div></div> |} Manda ( []) bụ asụsụ Dravidian nke Odisha, nke a na-asụ n'ugwu Thuamul Rampur nke mpaghara Kalahandi. Ndị ọkà mmụta Western malitere ịmara ya naanị na 1964. .<ref>{{Cite book|author=B.|first=Ramakrishna Reddy|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/926844057|title=Manda oral literature|date=2009|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|oclc=926844057}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Manda na 2009. <ref name="B. 2009" />{{Cite book|author=B.|first=Ramakrishna Reddy|title=Manda-English Dictionary|date=2009|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|isbn=8173421854}}</ref> == Okwu == Ihe na-esonụ bụ okwu nnwale: <ref name="B. 2009">{{Cite book|author=B.|first=Ramakrishna Reddy|title=Manda-English Dictionary|date=2009|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|isbn=8173421854}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFB.2009">B., Ramakrishna Reddy (2009). </cite></ref> * ''aku'' (n'ọtụtụ: ''akux'') - nna * ''aḍra'' (ọtụtụ: ''aḍraŋ'') - ehi * ''igaro'' - iri na otu * ''Uṭ'' - iji nye mmiri * ''Ugeri'' (n'ọtụtụ: ''Ugeriŋ'') - osikapa e siri esi * ''kat'' - ịkpụcha * ''kaṭ'' - ịta * ta:ŋg - ịga ije * ''beḍe'' - nnukwu * vendu:l (ọtụtụ: vndu:liŋ) - asụsụ == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\gku&limit=-1 Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu bụ isi na Global Lexicostatistical Database] fpfs8skd8qwdg1qv3yxkzlojue00y3t 0 74063 692676 598711 2026-07-30T12:41:05Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed reference with multiple tag 692676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Baropasi|region=Upper Waropen District, [[Mamberamo Raya Regency]], [[Papua (Indonesian province)|Papua]], [[Indonesia]]|speakers=2,500|date=1995|familycolor=Papuan|fam1=[[East Geelvink Bay languages|East Geelvink Bay]]|iso3=brp}} Asụsụ '''Baropasi''' ma ọ bụ '''Barapasi''' Asụsụ a bụ otu n'ime asụsụ East Geelvink Bay. A na-asụ ya na Upper Waropen District, Mamberamo Raya Regency, Papua, Indonesia. Ọ nwere ihe dị ka otu puku ndị na-asụ ya. == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụ okwu<ref name="Foley-NWNG" /> ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !<small>enweghị olu</small> |p |t |k |ʔ |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> |b |d |ɡọ | |- ! colspan="2" |Africate | |d͡z | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike |v |s | |h |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n | | |- ! colspan="2" |N'akụkụ | |l | | |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụedemede<ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|authorlink=William A. Foley|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoley2018">[[William A. Foley|Foley, William A.]] (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">433–</span>568. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|<bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !Elu |i | |u |- !N'etiti |na | |o |- !Ala Dị Ala | |a | |} Barapasi bụ ụda olu, nwere ụda dị elu na ụda dị ala.<ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|authorlink=William A. Foley|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoley2018">[[William A. Foley|Foley, William A.]] (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">433–</span>568. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|<bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 518 : 518  == Ebe e si nweta ya == * Moseley, Christopher na R. E. Asher, dezigharịrị. Atlas of the World's Languages (New York: Routelage, 1994) p.&nbsp; == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} chdmujm0vy57y7lbeny171biw9dn27w 0 74064 692679 598712 2026-07-30T12:43:56Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 692679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Bauzi|states=[[Indonesia]]|region=[[Papua (Indonesian province)|Papua]] ([[Mamberamo Raya Regency|Mamberamo Raya]])|speakers=1,500|date=1991|familycolor=Papuan|fam1=[[East Geelvink Bay languages|East Geelvink Bay]]|fam2=Bauzi–Demisa|iso3=bvz}} '''Bauzi''' (a na-edekwa Baudi, Baudji, Baudzi, Bauri) bụ asụsụ Papuan nke ezinụlọ East Geelvink Bay a na-asụ na mpaghara Indonesia nke Papua. Asụsụ ndị a bụ Gesda Dae, Neao, na Aumenefa. Obodo nta ndị a bụ Danau Bira, Itaba, Kustera, Neao, Noiadi, Solom, na Vakiadi.<ref name="Ethnologue22-ID">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ID/languages|title=Indonesia languages|work=[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World|editor=Eberhard|date=2019|publisher=[[SIL International]]}}</ref> A na-akọ na ọ na-eji usoro okwu na-afụ ụfụ. Bauzi bụ asụsụ kacha mma edere ede na East Geelvink Bay, mana ọ nwere ike ịbụ nke ezinụlọ Geelvink Bay dum maọbụ na ọ bụghị.<ref name="Foley-NWNG" /> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == Mkpụrụ okwu: <ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoley2018">Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">433–</span>568. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|<bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Mkpụrụedemede:<ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoley2018">Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">433–</span>568. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|<bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Aha nnọchiaha == Mgbọrọgwụ nnọchiaha Bauzi bụ: <ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoley2018">Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">433–</span>568. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|<bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Ọdịdị == Ntinye aka abụọ bụ: <ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoley2018">Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">433–</span>568. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|<bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> * -''ya'' 'n'ebe' * -ịga 'n'ebe dị ''na''<nowiki/>' Aspectal suffixes bụ: <ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoley2018">Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">433–</span>568. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|<bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> * ezughị oke -''da'' * zuru oke -''ho'' * atụmanya -lo (nke na-ejikọta ya na ngwaa 'nye") * inceptive -le (homophonous na ngwaa 'bịaru") * conative -so''ya mere'' * nsonaazụ / nkwụsị -de''nke'' * iterative -dete ~ -ia''Ya'' == Ngwaa == Bauzi ngwaa ndị nwere nkwekọrịta ọnụ ọgụgụ maka otu na ọtụtụ: <ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoley2018">Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">433–</span>568. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|<bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref>:: 521  * ''faito'' ‘cut down [SG.OBJ]’, ''fikboa'' ‘cut down [PL.OBJ]’ * ''valo'' ‘pull out [SG.OBJ]’, ''vaomoa'' ‘pull out [PL.OBJ]’ * ''esu'' ‘put [SG.OBJ]’, ''vahe'' ‘put [PL.OBJ]’ * ''ai'' ‘stay [SG.SBJ], ''esi'' ‘stay [PL.SBJ]’ * ''ita'' ‘flee [SG.SBJ]’, ''ili'' ‘flee [PL.OBJ]’ == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{East Geelvink Bay languages}} dcl2zta2it0tue0heq4zcftpkqrny1m 0 74135 692778 644636 2026-07-30T17:53:42Z Geraldine Kene 23189 Added Databox 692778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Esme Francis''' bụ onye na-ede egwu n'asusu Cornish, onye na-ede abụ, onye na-agụ abụ, onye nkuzi egwu, na onye na-agụ ụbọ akwara bụ onye nyere aka nke ukwuu na egwu ọdịnala Cornwall. == Akụkọ ndụ == Francis bụ onye na-ede abụ n'asụsụ Cornish. Otu n'ime mkpokọta ya gụnyere egwu "Black and Gold" Na 1978, e mere Francis ka ọ bụrụ Bard nke Gorsedh Kernow, na-ewere aha bardic Ylyades ma ọ bụ Ylades (onye na-ede abụ).Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akụ ụbọ akwara maka Gorsedh Kernow ihe karịrị afọ 40.Ọ lara ezumike nká na 2019.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Davey|first=Merv|url=https://www.academia.edu/1421019|title=Hengan: traditional folk songs, dances and broadside ballads collected in Cornwall|date=1983-01-01}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=The Celtic Spirit of Cornwall 90th anniversary year|url=https://gorsedhkernow.org.uk/2020/Documents/Newsletters/Aug%20Sept%20October%202019%20newsletter-3.pdf|work=Gorsedh Kernow}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Kresen Kernow|url=https://kresenkernow.org/SOAP/detail/790683|accessdate=2025-11-03|work=Kresen Kernow|language=en-CR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pyu us ow Kelwel?|url=https://cornishnationalmusicarchive.co.uk/content/pyu-us-ow-kelwel/|accessdate=2025-11-03|work=Cornish National Music Archive|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'afọ 2006, a họpụtara ya na asọmpi Gorsedd maka akwụkwọ ya Seny: Cornish Celtic Songs . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gorseth Kernow - The Gorseth of Cornwall: Award Winners, 2006|url=https://gorsedhkernow.org.uk/2020/archivedsite/english/competitions/awards06.htm|accessdate=2025-11-07|work=gorsedhkernow.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-08-07|title=Gorsedd competition results|url=https://www.falmouthpacket.co.uk/news/867338.gorsedd-competition-results/|accessdate=2025-11-03|work=Falmouth Packet|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, Holyer an Gof Publishers' Awards họpụtara ya maka ọrụ ya ''Trewarveneth'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Holyer an Gof|url=https://gorsedhkernow.org.uk/2020/HolyeranGof/publication_winners_2014.html|accessdate=2025-11-07|work=gorsedhkernow.org.uk}}</ref> Ọ natara onyinye Awen maka ọrụ ya na egwu Cornish na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Esme Francis - Ylyades|url=https://cornishnationalmusicarchive.co.uk/content/esme-francis-ylyades/|accessdate=2025-11-03|work=Cornish National Music Archive|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gorsedh Kernow - the Celtic Spirit of Cornwall|url=https://gorsedhkernow.org.uk/2020/AwardsInfo/awards2016.html|accessdate=2025-11-07|work=gorsedhkernow.org.uk}}</ref> Francis bi na St Just. == Ọrụ == === Akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo === * 1998 - Kan: Abụ Celtic nke Cornish''Kan: Abụ ndị Celt nke Cornish'' * 1999 - Rakka: abụ Celtic nke Cornish<ref name="rakka-kan">{{Cite web|author=<!-- not stated -->|date=2021-07-30|title=Rakka: Cornish Celtic Song|url=https://cornishnationalmusicarchive.co.uk/content/rakka-cornish-celtic-song/|work=Cornish National Music Archive|accessdate=2025-11-03}}</ref> === Ntinye aka === * 2005 - Seny: Abụ Celtic nke Cornish<ref name="seny">{{Cite web|author=Davey|first=Merv|date=2021-07-30|title=Seny: Cornish Celtic Songs|url=https://cornishnationalmusicarchive.co.uk/content/seny-cornish-celtic-songs/|work=Cornish National Music Archive|accessdate=2025-11-03}}</ref> * 2008 - ''Where Seagulls Cry: abụ isii maka soprano'' * 2009 - Where the Lark Rises: abụ isii maka tenor''Ebe Lark Rises: abụ isii maka tenor'' * 2010 - Trelawny: Celtic Cornwall na Song<ref name="trelawny">{{Cite web|author=Davey|first=Merv|date=2021-07-30|title=Trelawny: Celtic Cornwall in Song|url=https://cornishnationalmusicarchive.co.uk/content/keltek-kan-cornish-celtic-song/|work=Cornish National Music Archive|accessdate=2025-11-03}}</ref> * 2011 - Oge okpomọkụ abalị: abụ isii maka mezzo-soprano/contralto''Oge okpomọkụ: abụ isii maka mezzo-soprano/contralto '' * 2013 - ''Trewarveneth: abụ isii maka baritone na bass'' * 2013 - Keltek Kan: Cornish Celtic Song<ref name="keltek-kan">{{Cite web|author=Davey|first=Merv|date=2021-07-30|title=Keltek Kan: Cornish Celtic Song|url=https://cornishnationalmusicarchive.co.uk/content/keltek-kan-cornish-celtic-song/|work=Cornish National Music Archive|accessdate=2025-11-03}}</ref> * 2017 - ''Land's End Suite: maka ụbọ akwara'' === Akụkọ ifo === * 2007 - Southwest site na Southwest<ref name="bl-sw-by-sw">{{Cite web|author=<!-- not stated -->|date=2021-07-30|title=Rakka: Cornish Celtic Song|url=https://cornishnationalmusicarchive.co.uk/content/rakka-cornish-celtic-song/|work=Cornish National Music Archive|accessdate=2025-11-03}}</ref> * 2015 - ''Rialobran: egwuregwu'' == Nkọwapụta == * 2004 - ''Kernow: Abụ Cornish''<ref name="discogs-17043237">{{Cite web|author=<!-- not stated -->|title=Esme Francis – Kernow|url=https://www.discogs.com/release/17043237-Esme-Francis-Kernow|work=Discogs|accessdate=2025-11-03}}</ref> * 2004 - ''Keltek: Egwú Cornish''<ref name="discogs-14719504">{{Cite web|author=<!-- not stated -->|title=Esme Francis – Keltek - Cornish Music|url=https://www.discogs.com/release/14719504-Esme-Francis-Keltek-Cornish-Music|work=Discogs|accessdate=2025-11-03}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references /> {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Francis, Esme}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gey41h9rb19sc9pzog3o9nlyegw1naa 0 74337 692671 673622 2026-07-30T12:37:57Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 692671 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Sandra Benede.png|thumb|Sandra Benede na Ọgọstụ 2025]] '''Sandra Ebipade Benede''' (amụrụ na 22 June 1996), nke a maara dị ka '''Sandra Benede''', bụ onye Naịjiria-Amerịka a ma ama, onye ọchụnta ego ejiji, onye na-eme ihe ọchị, na onye na-emepụta ọdịnaya dijitalụ.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Naijiria site na ime ihe ngosi na ime ihe nlereanya tupu ọ banye na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, ebe ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri TikTok.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Sandra Benede na ụbọchị iri abụọ na abụọ nke ọnwa Juun afọ 1996 na Warri, Delta State, Naịjirịa, n'ezinụlọ Ijaw nke sitere n'aka ndị nna nna ya na Ojobo, Gọọmentị Burutu. Nna ya, Ebiegberi Benede, si Delta State, nne ya, Awoziere Benede, si Peretoru dị na Gọọmentị Ekeremo dị na Bayelsa State. Ọ gara Girls Model Enwerni, Delta Career College, na Royal School Ovwian tupu ọ mụọ ọrụ ugbo na Mahadum Port Harcourt. <ref name=":0" /> O mechara kwaga United States, ebe ọ gụrụ Psychology na Georgia State University na Atlanta, Georgia . <ref name=":0" /> Benede mechara bụrụ nwa amaala US.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == === Ihe ngosi na ihe ngosi === Benede malitere ọrụ ya na asọmpi ịma mma, merie Miss Minna na Miss Peace Day Bayelsa State . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Akinola|first=Ifeoluwa|date=2025-04-03|title=Sandra Benede: A unique blend of fashion and social advocacy|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/sandra-benede-a-unique-blend-of-fashion-and-social-advocacy/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkinola2025">Akinola, Ifeoluwa (2025-04-03). [https://tribuneonlineng.com/sandra-benede-a-unique-blend-of-fashion-and-social-advocacy/ "Sandra Benede: A unique blend of fashion and social advocacy"]. ''Tribune Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-08-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ rutekwara n'ọkwa ọkara nke asọmpi Miss Jetset na mba Amerịka. Na mgbakwunye na asọmpi ahụ, ọ pụtara dịka onye otu vidiyo na vidiyo egwu maka ndị egwu Naịjirịa bụ Phyno na Timaya.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2014, Benede dọtara uche ndị mgbasa ozi mgbe onye na-eme ihe nkiri Nollywood bụ [[Jim Iyke]] jikọtara ya na akụkọ ntụrụndụ na-esote mmekọrịta ya na onye na-ese ihe nkiri bụ [[Nadia Buari]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=25 July 2014|title=Who's that girl! Jim Iyke moves on from Nadia Buari to sexy model (PHOTOS)|url=https://ynaija.com/whos-that-girl-jim-iyke-moves-on-from-nadia-buari-to-sexy-model-photos/|work=YNaija|accessdate=26 August 2025}}</ref> === Mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta na TikTok === Benede gbanwere site na ime ihe ngosi gaa na ịmepụta ọdịnaya dijitalụ, na-ebu ụzọ guzobe onwe ya na Instagram ma mesịa na TikTok.<ref name="Michael">{{Cite web|author=Michael|first=Chisom|date=2025-08-19|title=Sandra Benede builds strong audience as TikTok highlights leading live streamers|url=https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/sandra-benede-builds-strong-audience-as-tiktok-highlights-leading-live-streamers/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2025, o nwere ihe karịrị nde 1.2 na-eso ụzọ TikTok ma ghọọ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na Naijiria.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Meshioye|first=David|date=2025-08-22|title=Sandra Benede bags LivePro badge, as TikTok highlights leading live streamers|url=https://guardian.ng/life/sandra-benede-bags-livepro-badge-as-tiktok-highlights-leading-live-streamers/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Aiyejina|first=Tana|date=2025-08-22|title=Live TikTok streaming keeps me relevant, says Influencer Sandra Benede|url=https://punchng.com/live-tiktok-streaming-keeps-me-relevant-says-influencer-sandra-benede/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> E nyere ya baajị LivePro nke TikTok iji kwado mmekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide ma nweta ọkwa 44 na usoro onyinye nke ikpo okwu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nkiri ya na-adị ndụ adọtawo n'etiti nde mmadụ 3 na nde mmadụ 4.7, dị ka nyocha TikTok nke Pulse Nigeria kọrọ.<ref name="Michael" /> Ihe dị n'ime ya jikọtara ọchị na mmekọrịta, o kwukwara na mmekọrịta dị ndụ na-enye ya ohere ijikọ ya na ndị na-ege ntị.<ref name=":2" /> Ndị na-akọwa mgbasa ozi akọwaala ihe ịga nke ọma ya dị ka ihe na-egosipụta usoro sara mbara nke ndị Naijiria na-enwe mmetụta na-ewu obodo dijitalụ site na ọdịnaya mmekọrịta.<ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ ebere == Benede ejirila ikpo okwu ya kwado ndị mmadụ na ezinụlọ ndị nwere nsogbu, gụnyere ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, ikpuchi ụgwọ, na ịkwụ ụgwọ obere azụmaahịa.<ref name=":0" /> O kwuru na mbọ ọ na-agba iji nyere ndị mmadụ ọrụ ebere sitere na ahụmịhe nke nsogbu ego ya mgbe ọ na-etolite.<ref name=":0" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Benede ekwuola maka ihe nketa Ijaw ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ naghị asụ asụsụ ahụ nke ọma. O depụtara onye mgbasa ozi America bụ [[Kim Kardashian]] dị ka ihe nlereanya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Live TikTok streaming keeps me relevant, says Influencer Sandra Benede|url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/nigeria/live-tiktok-streaming-keeps-me-relevant-says-influencer-sandra-benede/ar-AA1L3kq3?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1|accessdate=2025-08-26|publisher=MSN}}</ref> A na-ejikọta ya na onye na-agụ egwu Naijiria [[Naira Marley]] na mgbasa ozi, mgbe ya na ya kerịtara vidiyo na foto ụbọchị ọmụmụ na 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=11 May 2022|title=Excitement as Naira Marley reportedly falls in love|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/excitement-as-naira-marley-reportedly-falls-in-love/|accessdate=26 August 2025|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2025, asịrị gbasara na ọ bụ nne ụmụ ejima Marley, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gọnahụrụ nkwupụta ahụ n'ihu ọha, na-eme ka o doo anya na a na-eme ihe ọchị n'oge ndụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=23 April 2025|title=I'm not the mother of Naira Marley's children – Sandra Benede|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/im-not-the-mother-of-naira-marleys-children-sandra-benede/|accessdate=26 August 2025|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=23 April 2025|title=I'm not mother of Naira Marley's twins – Sandra Benede U-turns|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/04/23/im-not-mother-of-naira-marleys-twins-sandra-benede-u-turns/|accessdate=26 August 2025|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru == Benede enwetala nkwado na TikTok, gụnyere baajị LivePro nke enyere na 2025 maka ọrụ ya na ndụ. <ref name=":1" /> Ọ na-ele ihe ndị ọ rụzuru ọ bụghị naanị n'ihe gbasara ọnụọgụ ịntanetị kamakwa site na ọrụ ebere ya.<ref name=":0" />. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-08-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> O kwupụtara atụmatụ ịgbasawanye na mgbasa ozi ma guzobe ntọala iji jikọta ntụrụndụ na mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Benede, Sandra}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cltyjilhu6g4dram8lg2wccpjxivecc 692672 692671 2026-07-30T12:38:28Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru */ 692672 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Sandra Benede.png|thumb|Sandra Benede na Ọgọstụ 2025]] '''Sandra Ebipade Benede''' (amụrụ na 22 June 1996), nke a maara dị ka '''Sandra Benede''', bụ onye Naịjiria-Amerịka a ma ama, onye ọchụnta ego ejiji, onye na-eme ihe ọchị, na onye na-emepụta ọdịnaya dijitalụ.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Naijiria site na ime ihe ngosi na ime ihe nlereanya tupu ọ banye na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, ebe ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri TikTok.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Sandra Benede na ụbọchị iri abụọ na abụọ nke ọnwa Juun afọ 1996 na Warri, Delta State, Naịjirịa, n'ezinụlọ Ijaw nke sitere n'aka ndị nna nna ya na Ojobo, Gọọmentị Burutu. Nna ya, Ebiegberi Benede, si Delta State, nne ya, Awoziere Benede, si Peretoru dị na Gọọmentị Ekeremo dị na Bayelsa State. Ọ gara Girls Model Enwerni, Delta Career College, na Royal School Ovwian tupu ọ mụọ ọrụ ugbo na Mahadum Port Harcourt. <ref name=":0" /> O mechara kwaga United States, ebe ọ gụrụ Psychology na Georgia State University na Atlanta, Georgia . <ref name=":0" /> Benede mechara bụrụ nwa amaala US.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == === Ihe ngosi na ihe ngosi === Benede malitere ọrụ ya na asọmpi ịma mma, merie Miss Minna na Miss Peace Day Bayelsa State . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Akinola|first=Ifeoluwa|date=2025-04-03|title=Sandra Benede: A unique blend of fashion and social advocacy|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/sandra-benede-a-unique-blend-of-fashion-and-social-advocacy/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkinola2025">Akinola, Ifeoluwa (2025-04-03). [https://tribuneonlineng.com/sandra-benede-a-unique-blend-of-fashion-and-social-advocacy/ "Sandra Benede: A unique blend of fashion and social advocacy"]. ''Tribune Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-08-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ rutekwara n'ọkwa ọkara nke asọmpi Miss Jetset na mba Amerịka. Na mgbakwunye na asọmpi ahụ, ọ pụtara dịka onye otu vidiyo na vidiyo egwu maka ndị egwu Naịjirịa bụ Phyno na Timaya.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2014, Benede dọtara uche ndị mgbasa ozi mgbe onye na-eme ihe nkiri Nollywood bụ [[Jim Iyke]] jikọtara ya na akụkọ ntụrụndụ na-esote mmekọrịta ya na onye na-ese ihe nkiri bụ [[Nadia Buari]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=25 July 2014|title=Who's that girl! Jim Iyke moves on from Nadia Buari to sexy model (PHOTOS)|url=https://ynaija.com/whos-that-girl-jim-iyke-moves-on-from-nadia-buari-to-sexy-model-photos/|work=YNaija|accessdate=26 August 2025}}</ref> === Mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta na TikTok === Benede gbanwere site na ime ihe ngosi gaa na ịmepụta ọdịnaya dijitalụ, na-ebu ụzọ guzobe onwe ya na Instagram ma mesịa na TikTok.<ref name="Michael">{{Cite web|author=Michael|first=Chisom|date=2025-08-19|title=Sandra Benede builds strong audience as TikTok highlights leading live streamers|url=https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/sandra-benede-builds-strong-audience-as-tiktok-highlights-leading-live-streamers/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2025, o nwere ihe karịrị nde 1.2 na-eso ụzọ TikTok ma ghọọ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na Naijiria.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Meshioye|first=David|date=2025-08-22|title=Sandra Benede bags LivePro badge, as TikTok highlights leading live streamers|url=https://guardian.ng/life/sandra-benede-bags-livepro-badge-as-tiktok-highlights-leading-live-streamers/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Aiyejina|first=Tana|date=2025-08-22|title=Live TikTok streaming keeps me relevant, says Influencer Sandra Benede|url=https://punchng.com/live-tiktok-streaming-keeps-me-relevant-says-influencer-sandra-benede/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> E nyere ya baajị LivePro nke TikTok iji kwado mmekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide ma nweta ọkwa 44 na usoro onyinye nke ikpo okwu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nkiri ya na-adị ndụ adọtawo n'etiti nde mmadụ 3 na nde mmadụ 4.7, dị ka nyocha TikTok nke Pulse Nigeria kọrọ.<ref name="Michael" /> Ihe dị n'ime ya jikọtara ọchị na mmekọrịta, o kwukwara na mmekọrịta dị ndụ na-enye ya ohere ijikọ ya na ndị na-ege ntị.<ref name=":2" /> Ndị na-akọwa mgbasa ozi akọwaala ihe ịga nke ọma ya dị ka ihe na-egosipụta usoro sara mbara nke ndị Naijiria na-enwe mmetụta na-ewu obodo dijitalụ site na ọdịnaya mmekọrịta.<ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ ebere == Benede ejirila ikpo okwu ya kwado ndị mmadụ na ezinụlọ ndị nwere nsogbu, gụnyere ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, ikpuchi ụgwọ, na ịkwụ ụgwọ obere azụmaahịa.<ref name=":0" /> O kwuru na mbọ ọ na-agba iji nyere ndị mmadụ ọrụ ebere sitere na ahụmịhe nke nsogbu ego ya mgbe ọ na-etolite.<ref name=":0" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Benede ekwuola maka ihe nketa Ijaw ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ naghị asụ asụsụ ahụ nke ọma. O depụtara onye mgbasa ozi America bụ [[Kim Kardashian]] dị ka ihe nlereanya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Live TikTok streaming keeps me relevant, says Influencer Sandra Benede|url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/nigeria/live-tiktok-streaming-keeps-me-relevant-says-influencer-sandra-benede/ar-AA1L3kq3?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1|accessdate=2025-08-26|publisher=MSN}}</ref> A na-ejikọta ya na onye na-agụ egwu Naijiria [[Naira Marley]] na mgbasa ozi, mgbe ya na ya kerịtara vidiyo na foto ụbọchị ọmụmụ na 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=11 May 2022|title=Excitement as Naira Marley reportedly falls in love|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/excitement-as-naira-marley-reportedly-falls-in-love/|accessdate=26 August 2025|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2025, asịrị gbasara na ọ bụ nne ụmụ ejima Marley, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gọnahụrụ nkwupụta ahụ n'ihu ọha, na-eme ka o doo anya na a na-eme ihe ọchị n'oge ndụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=23 April 2025|title=I'm not the mother of Naira Marley's children – Sandra Benede|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/im-not-the-mother-of-naira-marleys-children-sandra-benede/|accessdate=26 August 2025|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=23 April 2025|title=I'm not mother of Naira Marley's twins – Sandra Benede U-turns|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/04/23/im-not-mother-of-naira-marleys-twins-sandra-benede-u-turns/|accessdate=26 August 2025|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru == Benede enwetala nkwado na TikTok, gụnyere baajị LivePro nke enyere na 2025 maka ọrụ ya na ndụ. <ref name=":1" /> Ọ na-ele ihe ndị ọ rụzuru ọ bụghị naanị n'ihe gbasara ọnụọgụ ịntanetị kamakwa site na ọrụ ebere ya.<ref name=":0" />. O kwupụtara atụmatụ ịgbasawanye na mgbasa ozi ma guzobe ntọala iji jikọta ntụrụndụ na mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Benede, Sandra}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] p6fx2j6g37mf0uegl2oincp7w6as29i 692677 692672 2026-07-30T12:42:29Z Sayvhior 13464 Added databox 692677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Faịlụ:Sandra Benede.png|thumb|Sandra Benede na Ọgọstụ 2025]] '''Sandra Ebipade Benede''' (amụrụ na 22 June 1996), nke a maara dị ka '''Sandra Benede''', bụ onye Naịjiria-Amerịka a ma ama, onye ọchụnta ego ejiji, onye na-eme ihe ọchị, na onye na-emepụta ọdịnaya dijitalụ.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Naijiria site na ime ihe ngosi na ime ihe nlereanya tupu ọ banye na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, ebe ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri TikTok.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Sandra Benede na ụbọchị iri abụọ na abụọ nke ọnwa Juun afọ 1996 na Warri, Delta State, Naịjirịa, n'ezinụlọ Ijaw nke sitere n'aka ndị nna nna ya na Ojobo, Gọọmentị Burutu. Nna ya, Ebiegberi Benede, si Delta State, nne ya, Awoziere Benede, si Peretoru dị na Gọọmentị Ekeremo dị na Bayelsa State. Ọ gara Girls Model Enwerni, Delta Career College, na Royal School Ovwian tupu ọ mụọ ọrụ ugbo na Mahadum Port Harcourt. <ref name=":0" /> O mechara kwaga United States, ebe ọ gụrụ Psychology na Georgia State University na Atlanta, Georgia . <ref name=":0" /> Benede mechara bụrụ nwa amaala US.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == === Ihe ngosi na ihe ngosi === Benede malitere ọrụ ya na asọmpi ịma mma, merie Miss Minna na Miss Peace Day Bayelsa State . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Akinola|first=Ifeoluwa|date=2025-04-03|title=Sandra Benede: A unique blend of fashion and social advocacy|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/sandra-benede-a-unique-blend-of-fashion-and-social-advocacy/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkinola2025">Akinola, Ifeoluwa (2025-04-03). [https://tribuneonlineng.com/sandra-benede-a-unique-blend-of-fashion-and-social-advocacy/ "Sandra Benede: A unique blend of fashion and social advocacy"]. ''Tribune Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-08-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ rutekwara n'ọkwa ọkara nke asọmpi Miss Jetset na mba Amerịka. Na mgbakwunye na asọmpi ahụ, ọ pụtara dịka onye otu vidiyo na vidiyo egwu maka ndị egwu Naịjirịa bụ Phyno na Timaya.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2014, Benede dọtara uche ndị mgbasa ozi mgbe onye na-eme ihe nkiri Nollywood bụ [[Jim Iyke]] jikọtara ya na akụkọ ntụrụndụ na-esote mmekọrịta ya na onye na-ese ihe nkiri bụ [[Nadia Buari]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=25 July 2014|title=Who's that girl! Jim Iyke moves on from Nadia Buari to sexy model (PHOTOS)|url=https://ynaija.com/whos-that-girl-jim-iyke-moves-on-from-nadia-buari-to-sexy-model-photos/|work=YNaija|accessdate=26 August 2025}}</ref> === Mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta na TikTok === Benede gbanwere site na ime ihe ngosi gaa na ịmepụta ọdịnaya dijitalụ, na-ebu ụzọ guzobe onwe ya na Instagram ma mesịa na TikTok.<ref name="Michael">{{Cite web|author=Michael|first=Chisom|date=2025-08-19|title=Sandra Benede builds strong audience as TikTok highlights leading live streamers|url=https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/sandra-benede-builds-strong-audience-as-tiktok-highlights-leading-live-streamers/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2025, o nwere ihe karịrị nde 1.2 na-eso ụzọ TikTok ma ghọọ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na Naijiria.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Meshioye|first=David|date=2025-08-22|title=Sandra Benede bags LivePro badge, as TikTok highlights leading live streamers|url=https://guardian.ng/life/sandra-benede-bags-livepro-badge-as-tiktok-highlights-leading-live-streamers/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Aiyejina|first=Tana|date=2025-08-22|title=Live TikTok streaming keeps me relevant, says Influencer Sandra Benede|url=https://punchng.com/live-tiktok-streaming-keeps-me-relevant-says-influencer-sandra-benede/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> E nyere ya baajị LivePro nke TikTok iji kwado mmekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide ma nweta ọkwa 44 na usoro onyinye nke ikpo okwu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nkiri ya na-adị ndụ adọtawo n'etiti nde mmadụ 3 na nde mmadụ 4.7, dị ka nyocha TikTok nke Pulse Nigeria kọrọ.<ref name="Michael" /> Ihe dị n'ime ya jikọtara ọchị na mmekọrịta, o kwukwara na mmekọrịta dị ndụ na-enye ya ohere ijikọ ya na ndị na-ege ntị.<ref name=":2" /> Ndị na-akọwa mgbasa ozi akọwaala ihe ịga nke ọma ya dị ka ihe na-egosipụta usoro sara mbara nke ndị Naijiria na-enwe mmetụta na-ewu obodo dijitalụ site na ọdịnaya mmekọrịta.<ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ ebere == Benede ejirila ikpo okwu ya kwado ndị mmadụ na ezinụlọ ndị nwere nsogbu, gụnyere ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, ikpuchi ụgwọ, na ịkwụ ụgwọ obere azụmaahịa.<ref name=":0" /> O kwuru na mbọ ọ na-agba iji nyere ndị mmadụ ọrụ ebere sitere na ahụmịhe nke nsogbu ego ya mgbe ọ na-etolite.<ref name=":0" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Benede ekwuola maka ihe nketa Ijaw ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ naghị asụ asụsụ ahụ nke ọma. O depụtara onye mgbasa ozi America bụ [[Kim Kardashian]] dị ka ihe nlereanya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Live TikTok streaming keeps me relevant, says Influencer Sandra Benede|url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/nigeria/live-tiktok-streaming-keeps-me-relevant-says-influencer-sandra-benede/ar-AA1L3kq3?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1|accessdate=2025-08-26|publisher=MSN}}</ref> A na-ejikọta ya na onye na-agụ egwu Naijiria [[Naira Marley]] na mgbasa ozi, mgbe ya na ya kerịtara vidiyo na foto ụbọchị ọmụmụ na 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=11 May 2022|title=Excitement as Naira Marley reportedly falls in love|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/excitement-as-naira-marley-reportedly-falls-in-love/|accessdate=26 August 2025|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2025, asịrị gbasara na ọ bụ nne ụmụ ejima Marley, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gọnahụrụ nkwupụta ahụ n'ihu ọha, na-eme ka o doo anya na a na-eme ihe ọchị n'oge ndụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=23 April 2025|title=I'm not the mother of Naira Marley's children – Sandra Benede|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/im-not-the-mother-of-naira-marleys-children-sandra-benede/|accessdate=26 August 2025|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=23 April 2025|title=I'm not mother of Naira Marley's twins – Sandra Benede U-turns|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/04/23/im-not-mother-of-naira-marleys-twins-sandra-benede-u-turns/|accessdate=26 August 2025|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru == Benede enwetala nkwado na TikTok, gụnyere baajị LivePro nke enyere na 2025 maka ọrụ ya na ndụ. <ref name=":1" /> Ọ na-ele ihe ndị ọ rụzuru ọ bụghị naanị n'ihe gbasara ọnụọgụ ịntanetị kamakwa site na ọrụ ebere ya.<ref name=":0" />. O kwupụtara atụmatụ ịgbasawanye na mgbasa ozi ma guzobe ntọala iji jikọta ntụrụndụ na mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Benede, Sandra}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3vmeimsfvkx761jac0nmx51510fc470 692678 692677 2026-07-30T12:43:07Z Sayvhior 13464 692678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sandra Ebipade Benede''' (amụrụ na 22 June 1996), nke a maara dị ka '''Sandra Benede''', bụ onye Naịjiria-Amerịka a ma ama, onye ọchụnta ego ejiji, onye na-eme ihe ọchị, na onye na-emepụta ọdịnaya dijitalụ.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Naijiria site na ime ihe ngosi na ime ihe nlereanya tupu ọ banye na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, ebe ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri TikTok.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Sandra Benede na ụbọchị iri abụọ na abụọ nke ọnwa Juun afọ 1996 na Warri, Delta State, Naịjirịa, n'ezinụlọ Ijaw nke sitere n'aka ndị nna nna ya na Ojobo, Gọọmentị Burutu. Nna ya, Ebiegberi Benede, si Delta State, nne ya, Awoziere Benede, si Peretoru dị na Gọọmentị Ekeremo dị na Bayelsa State. Ọ gara Girls Model Enwerni, Delta Career College, na Royal School Ovwian tupu ọ mụọ ọrụ ugbo na Mahadum Port Harcourt. <ref name=":0" /> O mechara kwaga United States, ebe ọ gụrụ Psychology na Georgia State University na Atlanta, Georgia . <ref name=":0" /> Benede mechara bụrụ nwa amaala US.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == === Ihe ngosi na ihe ngosi === Benede malitere ọrụ ya na asọmpi ịma mma, merie Miss Minna na Miss Peace Day Bayelsa State . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Akinola|first=Ifeoluwa|date=2025-04-03|title=Sandra Benede: A unique blend of fashion and social advocacy|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/sandra-benede-a-unique-blend-of-fashion-and-social-advocacy/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkinola2025">Akinola, Ifeoluwa (2025-04-03). [https://tribuneonlineng.com/sandra-benede-a-unique-blend-of-fashion-and-social-advocacy/ "Sandra Benede: A unique blend of fashion and social advocacy"]. ''Tribune Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-08-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ rutekwara n'ọkwa ọkara nke asọmpi Miss Jetset na mba Amerịka. Na mgbakwunye na asọmpi ahụ, ọ pụtara dịka onye otu vidiyo na vidiyo egwu maka ndị egwu Naịjirịa bụ Phyno na Timaya.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2014, Benede dọtara uche ndị mgbasa ozi mgbe onye na-eme ihe nkiri Nollywood bụ [[Jim Iyke]] jikọtara ya na akụkọ ntụrụndụ na-esote mmekọrịta ya na onye na-ese ihe nkiri bụ [[Nadia Buari]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=25 July 2014|title=Who's that girl! Jim Iyke moves on from Nadia Buari to sexy model (PHOTOS)|url=https://ynaija.com/whos-that-girl-jim-iyke-moves-on-from-nadia-buari-to-sexy-model-photos/|work=YNaija|accessdate=26 August 2025}}</ref> === Mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta na TikTok === Benede gbanwere site na ime ihe ngosi gaa na ịmepụta ọdịnaya dijitalụ, na-ebu ụzọ guzobe onwe ya na Instagram ma mesịa na TikTok.<ref name="Michael">{{Cite web|author=Michael|first=Chisom|date=2025-08-19|title=Sandra Benede builds strong audience as TikTok highlights leading live streamers|url=https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/sandra-benede-builds-strong-audience-as-tiktok-highlights-leading-live-streamers/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2025, o nwere ihe karịrị nde 1.2 na-eso ụzọ TikTok ma ghọọ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na Naijiria.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Meshioye|first=David|date=2025-08-22|title=Sandra Benede bags LivePro badge, as TikTok highlights leading live streamers|url=https://guardian.ng/life/sandra-benede-bags-livepro-badge-as-tiktok-highlights-leading-live-streamers/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Aiyejina|first=Tana|date=2025-08-22|title=Live TikTok streaming keeps me relevant, says Influencer Sandra Benede|url=https://punchng.com/live-tiktok-streaming-keeps-me-relevant-says-influencer-sandra-benede/|accessdate=2025-08-26|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> E nyere ya baajị LivePro nke TikTok iji kwado mmekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide ma nweta ọkwa 44 na usoro onyinye nke ikpo okwu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nkiri ya na-adị ndụ adọtawo n'etiti nde mmadụ 3 na nde mmadụ 4.7, dị ka nyocha TikTok nke Pulse Nigeria kọrọ.<ref name="Michael" /> Ihe dị n'ime ya jikọtara ọchị na mmekọrịta, o kwukwara na mmekọrịta dị ndụ na-enye ya ohere ijikọ ya na ndị na-ege ntị.<ref name=":2" /> Ndị na-akọwa mgbasa ozi akọwaala ihe ịga nke ọma ya dị ka ihe na-egosipụta usoro sara mbara nke ndị Naijiria na-enwe mmetụta na-ewu obodo dijitalụ site na ọdịnaya mmekọrịta.<ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ ebere == Benede ejirila ikpo okwu ya kwado ndị mmadụ na ezinụlọ ndị nwere nsogbu, gụnyere ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, ikpuchi ụgwọ, na ịkwụ ụgwọ obere azụmaahịa.<ref name=":0" /> O kwuru na mbọ ọ na-agba iji nyere ndị mmadụ ọrụ ebere sitere na ahụmịhe nke nsogbu ego ya mgbe ọ na-etolite.<ref name=":0" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Benede ekwuola maka ihe nketa Ijaw ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ naghị asụ asụsụ ahụ nke ọma. O depụtara onye mgbasa ozi America bụ [[Kim Kardashian]] dị ka ihe nlereanya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Live TikTok streaming keeps me relevant, says Influencer Sandra Benede|url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/nigeria/live-tiktok-streaming-keeps-me-relevant-says-influencer-sandra-benede/ar-AA1L3kq3?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1|accessdate=2025-08-26|publisher=MSN}}</ref> A na-ejikọta ya na onye na-agụ egwu Naijiria [[Naira Marley]] na mgbasa ozi, mgbe ya na ya kerịtara vidiyo na foto ụbọchị ọmụmụ na 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=11 May 2022|title=Excitement as Naira Marley reportedly falls in love|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/excitement-as-naira-marley-reportedly-falls-in-love/|accessdate=26 August 2025|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2025, asịrị gbasara na ọ bụ nne ụmụ ejima Marley, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gọnahụrụ nkwupụta ahụ n'ihu ọha, na-eme ka o doo anya na a na-eme ihe ọchị n'oge ndụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=23 April 2025|title=I'm not the mother of Naira Marley's children – Sandra Benede|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/im-not-the-mother-of-naira-marleys-children-sandra-benede/|accessdate=26 August 2025|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=23 April 2025|title=I'm not mother of Naira Marley's twins – Sandra Benede U-turns|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/04/23/im-not-mother-of-naira-marleys-twins-sandra-benede-u-turns/|accessdate=26 August 2025|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru == Benede enwetala nkwado na TikTok, gụnyere baajị LivePro nke enyere na 2025 maka ọrụ ya na ndụ. <ref name=":1" /> Ọ na-ele ihe ndị ọ rụzuru ọ bụghị naanị n'ihe gbasara ọnụọgụ ịntanetị kamakwa site na ọrụ ebere ya.<ref name=":0" />. O kwupụtara atụmatụ ịgbasawanye na mgbasa ozi ma guzobe ntọala iji jikọta ntụrụndụ na mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Benede, Sandra}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8y1eu8cqheb29xttvrabc6i1jkgagix 0 74419 692735 638000 2026-07-30T13:47:51Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Added defaultsort 692735 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Fumi Kaneko''' (金子 扶生, ''Kaneko Fumi'', amụrụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1991 ) bụ onye na-agba egwú ballet na Japan. Ọ sonyeere Royal Ballet na London n'afọ 2011, a kpọkwara ya onye isi na-agba egwú n'afọ 2021. A mụrụ Kaneko ma zụlite ya na Osaka. Ọ malitere ịgba egwú mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ, <ref name="Kyodo">{{Cite news|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2021/05/997ae75c5bc7-japans-kaneko-says-pick-as-royal-ballet-principal-like-a-dream.html|title=Japan's Fumi Kaneko says pick as Royal Ballet principal "like a dream"|work=[[Kyodo News]]|date=20 May 2021|accessdate=25 March 2025}}</ref> mgbe ọ dị asatọ, ọ malitere ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ Jinushi Kaoru Ballet ruo elekere iri na otu nke ehihie. Ọzụzụ ya bụ n'Ụdị Russian.<ref name="times">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/theatre-dance/article/fumi-kaneko-reece-clarke-on-being-royal-ballet-star-couple-xl3sbr692|title=Fumi Kaneko and Reece Clarke on being the Royal Ballet's star couple|work=[[The Times]]|author=Craine|first=Debra|date=26 October 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCraine2019">Craine, Debra (26 October 2019). </cite></ref><ref name="T&C">{{Cite news|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/uk/culture/arts/a29823773/royal-opera-house-sleeping-beauty/|title=Watch the Royal Opera House's The Sleeping Beauty from home|work=Town & Country|author=Swinson Reid|first=Ella|date=17 July 2020}}</ref>&nbsp; N'ihi enweghị ohere maka ndị na-agba egwú na Japan, ọ sonyeere asọmpi mba ụwa dị iche iche, merie ihe dị iche iche na Varna International Ballet Competition na 2008, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://varna-ibc.org/history/twenty-third-international-ballet-competition-varna-2008/|title=XXIII International Ballet Competition – Varna 2008|work=Varna International Ballet Competition|date=18 April 2018|accessdate=25 March 2025}}</ref> na ọlaọcha na Moscow International Ballet Contition na 2009 <ref name="times"/> na USA International Ballet competition na 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaibc.com/about-us/the-competition/legacy-previous-competitions/2010-2/|title=2010|work=USA International Ballet Competition|accessdate=25 March 2025|archivedate=25 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425130243/https://www.usaibc.com/about-us/the-competition/legacy-previous-competitions/2010-2/}}</ref><ref name="RBO">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbo.org.uk/people/fumi-kaneko|title=Fumi Kaneko|publisher=[[Royal Ballet and Opera]]|accessdate=25 March 2025}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Fumi_Kaneko_The_Sleeping_Beauty.png|thumb|Fumi Kaneko, Onye Mara Mma Na-ehi Ụra]] [[Faịlụ:Gina_Storm-Jensen_e_Fumi_Kamiko_ROH.png|thumb|Gina Storm-Jensen na Fumi Kaneko, The Sleeping Beauty]] Kaneko sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ Ballet Jinushi Kaoru [Wikidata] na 2010,[1] tupu ọ banye Royal Ballet na London na Eprel 2011, [2] n'agbanyeghị na n'oge ahụ ọ naghị asụ Bekee.[3] Akpọrọ ya aha onye isi ịgba egwu na 2012, [4] onye soloist na 2013, [5] na onye isi soloist na 2018.[6] Ọrụ ya bụ isi gụnyere Kitri na Don Quixote, Sugar Plum Fairy na The Nutcracker na Aurora na The Sleeping Beauty, yana na MacMillan's Concerto na Balanchine's Symphony na C.[3] Ọ chọkwara ịwa ahụ abụọ mgbe ọ nwesịrị mmerụ ahụ siri ike, nke mere ka ọ kwụsị ọzụzụ ruo oge ụfọdụ.[2] Na Jenụwarị 2020, Kaneko gbara egwu na mmepụta nke The Sleeping Beauty dị ka Lilac Fairy, mana a tụbara ya dị ka Aurora iji dochie Lauren Cuthbertson.[1][2] Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, arụrụ ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka Odette/Odile na Swan Lake ebigharịrị n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19.[3] Na Mee 2021, a kwalitere ya ịbụ onye isi ịgba egwu.[1] Ọrụ mbụ ya mgbe nkwalite ahụ gasịrị bụ Wheeldon's In the Golden Hour. [2] Kemgbe nkwalite ya, o meela mpụta mbụ ya dị ka Juliet na MacMillan Romeo na Juliet, na Odette / Odile na Swan Lake. [3] [4] Ọ kọwakwara ọrụ Setan na McGregor's The Dante Project na Abraham Weathering. [5] [6] Na Machị 2022, Kaneko pụtara na Kọmitii Mberede Ọdachi (DEC) Ukraine enyemaka enyemaka mmadụ na London Coliseum, na-eme white swan pas de deux si Swan Lake ya na William Bracewell.[6] == Ndụ onwe onye == Ka ọ na-erule 2019, Kaneko bi na Chiswick, West London.<ref name="times"/> Ọ lụrụ onye isi Royal Ballet Vadim Muntagirov na Febụwarị 11, 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Walters|first=Isolde|date=10 June 2025|title=Meet Fumi Kaneko and Vadim Muntagirov, the new gilded couple of ballet|url=https://www.tatler.com/article/fumi-kaneko-vadim-muntagirov-couple-ballet|work=Tatler}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2026|title=🤍 11/02/2026 🤍 Our hearts are full of happiness, gratitude and love, becoming Mr&Mrs!❤️ この度、金子扶生とワディム・ムンタギロフは結婚しました。今後ともどうぞよろしくお願いします🙏💕|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DUvg9nijc3v/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==|work=Instagram}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.rbo.org.uk/people/fumi-kaneko Fumi Kaneko] na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Royal Opera House {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaneko, Fumi}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tfxj0l6qimovttbi7jx1852n1ahdrq9 0 74501 692942 621213 2026-07-31T02:35:03Z Philip Emeka 16124 fixed reference errors 692942 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:Blank_Venn_diagram_purple_green_orange_01.svg|thumb|300x300px|Nnyocha intersectional na-atụle nchịkọta nke ihe ndị na-emetụta onye ọ bụla na njikọta, kama ịtụle ihe ọ bụla na-anọpụ iche, dịka egosiri ebe a site na iji eserese Venn.]] '''Intersectionality''' bụ [[Social class|klas]]="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="7" href="./Analytic_frame" id="mwDw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Analytic frame">usoro nyocha maka ịghọta etu otu ndị otu na ndị mmadụ si eme ka njikọta pụrụ iche nke ịkpa ókè na ihe ùgwù. Ihe atụ nke ihe ndị a na-agwakọta ma na-agbakọta gụnyere okike, ọkwá, okike, Agbụrụ, ọkwa, mmekọahụ, Okpukpe, nkwarụ, ọdịdị anụ ahụ, na afọ.<ref name="Academia.edu">{{Cite journal|author=Deckha, M.|date=November 2008|url=https://wjlgs.law.wisc.edu/2008/volume-xxiii-no-2/|title=Intersectionality and posthumanist visions of equality|journal=Wisconsin Journal of Law, Gender & Society|volume=XXIII|issue=2}}</ref> Ihe ndị a nwere ike iduga ma ike ma mmegbu.<ref name="Holley 2016">{{Cite journal|author=Holley|first=Lynn C.|title=Heterosexism, racism, and mental illness discrimination: Experiences of people with mental health conditions and their families|journal=Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services|date=2016|volume=28|issue=2|pages=93–116|doi=10.1080/10538720.2016.1155520}}</ref><ref name="Zinn 1996">{{Cite journal|author=Zinn|first=Maxine Baca|title=Theorizing Difference from Multiracial Feminism|journal=Feminist Studies|date=1996|volume=22|issue=2|pages=321–331|id={{ProQuest|233181156}} {{Gale|A18800342}}|doi=10.2307/3178416|url=https://philarchive.org/rec/ZINTDF}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Intersectionality bilitere na mmeghachi omume na ụmụ nwanyị [[Ndi ocha|ọcha]] na ndị ikom na-achịkwa Black liberation movement, na-ekwu maka "mmegbu mgbochi" nke Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, sexism, na heteronormativity. Ọ na-agbasawanye oke [[Ugboro mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị|nke mbụ]] na nke abụọ nke ụmụ nwanyị, nke lekwasịrị anya na ahụmịhe nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọcha, cisgender, na ndị nọ n'etiti, <ref>{{Cite book|author=bell hooks|title=Ain't I a woman: Black women and feminism|date=2015|isbn=978-1-138-82148-4|edition=2nd|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|oclc=886381091}}</ref> iji tinye ahụmịhe dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị na-acha, [[Ịha nhatanha nwoke na nwanyị|ụmụ nwanyị dara ogbenye]], Ụmụ nwanyị si mba ọzọ, ma na-achọ ikewapụ onwe ya na ụmụ nwanyị ọcha site n'ịnakwere ahụmịhe na njirimara dị iche iche iche nke ndị inyom. <ref name="IWDA">{{Cite web|url=https://iwda.org.au/what-does-intersectional-feminism-actually-mean/|title=What Does Intersectional Feminism Actually Mean?|date=11 May 2018|publisher=International Women's Development Agency|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423154503/https://iwda.org.au/what-does-intersectional-feminism-actually-mean/|archivedate=23 April 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ [[Kimberlé Crenshaw]] chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ ''intersectionality'' na 1989. {{R|Cooper 2016}} :<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 385">&#x3A;&#x200A;385&#x200A;</span></sup> Ọ na-akọwa etu usoro [[Ike (mmekọrịta na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị)|ike]] na-ejikọta ọnụ si emetụta ndị a na-akparaghị ókè na ọha mmadụ.{{R|Cooper 2016}} Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na ndị ọkà mmụta na-eji usoro ahụ akwalite ịha nhata na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref name="IWDA">{{Cite web|url=https://iwda.org.au/what-does-intersectional-feminism-actually-mean/|title=What Does Intersectional Feminism Actually Mean?|date=11 May 2018|publisher=International Women's Development Agency|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423154503/https://iwda.org.au/what-does-intersectional-feminism-actually-mean/|archivedate=23 April 2019}}</ref> Intersectionality na-emegide usoro nyocha nke na-emeso axis ọ bụla nke mmegbu n'otu n'otu. N'ime usoro a, dịka ọmụmaatụ, a pụghị ịkọwa ịkpa ókè megide Ụmụ nwanyị ojii dị ka ngwakọta dị mfe nke misogyny na Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, mana dị ka ihe dị mgbagwoju anya. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-aghọta intersectionality dị ka mkpuchi nke ọtụtụ njirimara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (dịka, agbụrụ, okike, na klas), ebumnuche mbụ bụ inye usoro dị n'ime maka nyochaa usoro mmegbu na ihe ùgwù nke na-ejikọta. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị, ịkpa àgwà, ịkpa iche iche, na ịkwado itinye echiche n'ọrụ maka ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze kama ịdepụta njirimara mmadụ.<ref name="raar">{{Cite journal|author=Aguayo-Romero|first=R. A.|title=(Re)centering Black Feminism into intersectionality research|journal=American Journal of Public Health|date=2021|volume=111|issue=1|pages=101–103|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2020.306005|pmid=33326278}}</ref> Intersectionality enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a na ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị. Ndị na-akwado ya na-atụ aro na ọ na-akwalite ụzọ dị mgbagwoju anya na mgbagwoju eme iji dozie ike na mmegbu, kama inye azịza dị mfe. <ref name="Davis 2008">{{Cite journal|author=Davis|first=Kathy|date=2008|title=Intersectionality as buzzword: A sociology of science perspective on what makes a feminist theory successful|journal=Feminist Theory|volume=9|pages=67–85|doi=10.1177/1464700108086364}}</ref> Ndị na-akatọ ya na-atụ aro na echiche ahụ sara mbara ma ọ bụ dị mgbagwoju anya, na-ebelata ndị mmadụ na ihe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ, a na-eji ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ echiche, <ref name="intersectionality993">{{Cite journal|author=Tomlinson|first=Barbara|title=To Tell the Truth and Not Get Trapped: Desire, Distance, and Intersectionality at the Scene of Argument|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=38|issue=4|pages=993–1017|doi=10.1086/669571|date=2013}}</ref> <ref name="Bauer2021">{{Cite journal|author=Bauer|first=Greta R.|date=June 2021|title=Intersectionality in quantitative research: A systematic review of its emergence and applications of theory and methods|journal=SSM - Population Health|language=en|volume=14|doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100798|pmid=33997247}}</ref> ma sie ike itinye ya n'ọrụ na nyocha. [5] <ref name="Bright 2015">{{Cite journal|author=Bright|first=Liam Kofi|date=2015|title=Causally Interpreting Intersectionality Theory|journal=Philosophy of Science|volume=83|issue=1|pages=60–81|doi=10.1086/684173}}</ref> <ref name="Guan 2021">{{Cite journal|author=Guan|first=Alice|title=An investigation of quantitative methods for assessing intersectionality in health research: A systematic review|journal=SSM - Population Health|date=December 2021|volume=16|doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100977|pmid=34869821}}</ref>{{R|Coaston 2019}} Ndị ọkà mmụta nke postcolonial na transnational feminist ọmụmụ arụrịta ụka banyere itinye n'ọrụ intersectionality n'ụwa niile <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Peretz|first=Tal|date=November 2021|title=Locally specific matrices of domination: Towards a global theory of Intersectionalities|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277539521001035|journal=Women's Studies International Forum|language=en|volume=89|doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2021.102540}}</ref> == Echiche ndị dị mkpa == === Matrik interlocking nke mmegbu === [[Patricia Hill Collins]], onye dere Intersectionality as Critical Social Theory (2019), <ref name="j830">{{Cite book|author=Hill Collins|first=Patricia|title=Intersectionality as critical social theory|publisher=Duke University Press|date=2019|isbn=978-1-4780-0646-6}}</ref> na-ezo aka na njikọ dị iche iche nke enweghị nhata nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka "ihe na-emetụta mmegbu na ihe ùgwù" nke jikọtara ọnụ mepụta matrik nke ịchịkwa. Echiche ndị a na-akọwa etu ahụmịhe ndị mmadụ banyere ihe ùgwù na nchụpụ si bụrụ nke a na-akpụzi ọ bụghị naanị site na ọdịiche dị iche iche (dịka, mmasị mmekọahụ, ọkwa, agbụrụ, afọ, wdg), kamakwa site na mmetụta nke mkpakọ na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọdịiche ndị a. Mmetụta nke otu ihe, dị ka agbụrụ, nwere ike ịdịgasị iche dabere na ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị ihe ndị ọzọ, dị ka okike ma ọ bụ klas.<ref name="Ritzer 2013">{{Cite book|author=Ritzer|first=George|title=Contemporary sociological theory and its classical roots: the basics|pages=204–207|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|edition=4th|year=2013|isbn=978-0-07-802678-2}}</ref> : 204 : 204  === Ịkpa ókè n'ọtụtụ === [[Faịlụ:Dyke*Line_auf_dem_Jungfernstieg_und_neuen_Jungfernstieg_und_auf_Booten_auf_der_Binnenalster_002.jpg|thumb|Intersectionality na Dyke March na Hamburg, Germany, 2020]] Na European Union (EU) na UK, "ọtụtụ ịkpa ókè" na-ezo aka na ịkpa ókè nke na-agụnye ihe karịrị otu nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (dịka, okike, agbụrụ, ọkwa, okpukpe, mmekọahụ, wdg). Ụdị ndị a, nke a na-ewere n'oge gara aga dị iche iche dị ka ndị na-akọwa n'onwe ha, a na-abịakwute ugbu a dị ka akụkụ dị iche iche nke njirimara mmadụ, nke a weere dị ka ihe dị iche iche. === QEchiche Standpoint === Patricia Collins na Dorothy E. Smith akọwaala Echiche Standpoint. Echiche bụ echiche ụwa nke mmadụ. Echiche Standpoint na-atụ aro na ihe ọmụma ọha na eze bụ nke uche, na-adị n'ime ọnọdụ ala nke onye ọ bụla na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke e mepụtara ya.<ref name="Mann 1997">{{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=Susan A.|title=Standing at the crossroads of modernist thought: Collins, Smith, and the new feminist epistemologies|journal=[[Gender & Society]]|volume=11|issue=4|pages=391–408|doi=10.1177/089124397011004002|date=1997}}</ref> : 392 : 392  == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Black feminist scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw introduced the concept of intersectionality in two articles published in 1989 and 1991 in the field of legal studies. [1][2][3][1] Intersectionality originated in critical race studies and considers how different forms of oppression (such as racism, sexism, discrimination, homophobia, and so on) can combine and interact to create systems of oppression and privilege that shape the experiences of individuals. Crenshaw used intersectionality to demonstrate how these systems of oppression marginalize minorities in the workplace and society.[1][4] Ọ bụ ezie na Crenshaw chepụtara okwu ahụ Intersectionality na 1989, ndị ọkà mmụta na-adịbeghị anya ekwuola na intersectionality abụghị echiche kwụ ọtọ kama ọ bụ nke gara n'ihu na-etolite ma tupu ma mgbe iwebata ya gasịrị. Na nyocha 2023 nke mmepe nke echiche ahụ, T. Batista na-arụ ụka na intersectionality enweela mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta tinyeworo ya n'ime ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, iwu na mmekọrịta ọha na eze ọhụrụ. Akụkọ ahụ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na ụzọ mbụ Crenshaw si na Black Feminist tiori iwu kwadoro iji gosi otú ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmekọahụ si arụ ọrụ n'otu oge, ndị ọkà mmụta nke oge a na-arụ ụka na ọ dị mkpa ilekwasị anya na ike nke ike kama ibelata echiche na njirimara.[1] Arụmụka agụmakwụkwọ a na-aga n'ihu agbaghawo ma ogologo ndụ nke nghọta ntọala Crenshaw na ịgbasawanye okwu ndị a na-ekwu ugbu a.[1] === Ndị na-ebu ụzọ na intersectionality === Ịchụpụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na United States mere ka ọtụtụ ndị Black na narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20 - gụnyere Sojourner Truth, Anna J. Cooper, Maria W. Stewart, Ida B. Wells, na ndị ọzọ - na-ama nchụpụ ha n'akụkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme site na òtù ụmụ nwanyị mbụ, nke ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'etiti <ref name="Collins 2015">{{Cite journal|author=Collins|first=Patricia Hill|title=Intersectionality's definitional dilemmas|journal=[[Annual Review of Sociology]]|volume=41|pages=1–20|doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142|date=2015}}</ref> duziri bụ ndị inyom na-acha ọcha bụ otu ụdị ndụ. <ref name="Davis 1983">{{Cite book|author=Davis|first=Angela Y.|authorlink=Angela Davis|title=Women, Race & Class|publisher=Vintage Books|location=New York|year=1983|isbn=978-0-394-71351-9}}</ref><ref name="Cooper 2016">{{Cite book|author=Cooper|first=Brittney|editor=Disch|chapter=Intersectionality|title=The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory|year=2016|pages=385–406|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932858-1|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.20}}</ref> N'okwu 1851 ya "Ọ bụghị m nwanyị?" Onye ọbịa Eziokwu kwuru site n'echiche agbụrụ ya dị ka onye bụbu ohu na-akatọ echiche ndị dị mkpa gbasara ịlụ nwanyị.[1] Ọ kọwapụtara ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmeso a na-emeso ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ndị ojii n'ime ọha mmadụ, na-arụ ụka na a na-elekarị ụmụ nwanyị ọcha anya dị ka ndị na-emetụ n'ahụ na ndị dị nro, ebe a na-ele ụmụ nwanyị ojii anya dị ka ndị obi ọjọọ na ndị a na-emegbu ma na-erigbu ha. Ọtụtụ ndị inyom na-acha ọcha n'oge ahụ jụrụ nzọrọ ndị a, nke butere nkwutọ na-arịwanye elu nke mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii chere ihu.[2] Ndị edemede na ndị na-eche echiche dị ka Cooper, Stewart, Wells, Stuart Hall, na Nira Yuval-Davis kwusiri ike na njikọ dị n'etiti agbụrụ agbụrụ na mmegbu nwoke na nwanyị, na-egosipụta mmekọrịta.[1][2] N'edemede ya na 1892 "Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Agba", Cooper gosipụtara ụmụ nwanyị ojii dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na-emesi nghọta pụrụ iche ha nwere banyere ọtụtụ ụdị mmegbu.[1][3] N'akwụkwọ ya A Voice from the South (1892), Cooper kwusiri ike mkpa ọ dị ịtụle "agbụrụ dum" site n'ilekwasị anya na ahụmahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Cooper rụrụ ụka na mmegbu ha abụghị agbụrụ ma ọ bụ okike kama ọ bụ ngwakọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke abụọ ahụ.[1][4] W. E. B. Du Bois kwuru na usoro agbụrụ, klas, na mba nwere ike ịkọwa akụkụ ụfọdụ nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Black. [[Patricia Hill Collins]] dere, sị: "Du Bois hụrụ agbụrụ, ọkwa, na mba ọ bụghị n'ụzọ bụ isi dị ka ụdị njirimara onwe onye kama dị ka usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke kpụrụ ndị Africa America ohere ịnweta ọnọdụ, ịda ogbenye, na ike". <ref name="Cooper 2016">{{Cite book|author=Cooper|first=Brittney|editor=Disch|chapter=Intersectionality|title=The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory|year=2016|pages=385–406|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932858-1|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.20}}</ref> Du Bois hapụrụ okike site na echiche ya ma were ya dị ka ụdị ọdịdị onwe onye.[34] N'afọ 1947, Pauli Murray jiri ahịrịokwu "Jane Crow" kọwaa ihe ịma aka ndị inyom ojii na-eche ihu na Jim Crow South.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Azaransky|first=Sarah|date=2013|title=Jane Crow: Pauli Murray's Intersections and Antidiscrimination Law|journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion|volume=29|issue=1|pages=155–160|id={{gale|A333448072}}|doi=10.2979/jfemistudreli.29.1.155}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> === Ugboro nke Abụọ nke Ụmụ nwanyị === [[Patricia Hill Collins]] na-akọwa ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado Black, Asian American, Latina, Indigenous, na Chicana feminism na-arụsi ọrụ ike na North America n'etiti afọ 1960 na 1980 dị ka ngwá ọrụ na mmepe nke intersectionality.<ref name="Collins 2015">{{Cite journal|author=Collins|first=Patricia Hill|title=Intersectionality's definitional dilemmas|journal=[[Annual Review of Sociology]]|volume=41|pages=1–20|doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142|date=2015}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1970 na 1980, ọtụtụ ndị na-abụghị ndị ọdịda anyanwụ na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara kwupụtakwara echiche yiri nke intersectionality, dị ka Awa Thiam, Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Chela Sandoval, na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Mays 2018">{{Cite book|author=Mays|first=V. M.|date=2018|chapter=History, Aspirations, and Transformations of Intersectionality: Focusing on Gender|editor=Travis|title=APA Handbook of the Psychology of Women: History, Theory, and Battlegrounds|pages=541–566|publisher=American Psychological Association|isbn=|doi=10.1037/0000059-028}}</ref> N'afọ 1974, otu ìgwè ndị Black na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị haziri Combahee River Collective na Boston, Massachusetts, na nzaghachi maka ihe ha chere na ọ bụ nkewapụ site na ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ndị nwoke na-achịkwa Black liberation movement, na-ekwu maka "mmegbu mgbochi" nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na heteronormativity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Roots of Intersectionality {{!}} University of Rochester School of Nursing|url=https://son.rochester.edu/newsroom/2022/intersectionality.html|work=son.rochester.edu}}</ref> Ìgwè ahụ mepụtara echiche nke "n'otu oge": mmetụta nke agbụrụ, ọkwa, okike, na mmekọahụ n'otu oge, nke mere ka ndụ ndị otu ahụ na nguzogide ha megide mmegbu.<ref name="Johnson 2017">{{Cite journal|author=Johnson|first=Amanda Walker|title=Resituating the Crossroads: Theoretical Innovations in Black Feminist Ethnography|journal=Souls|date=2017|volume=19|issue=4|pages=401–415|doi=10.1080/10999949.2018.1434350}}</ref> The Combahee River Collective kwalitere nghọta nke ahụmịhe ndị Africa na America nke na-ama nyocha ndị na-apụta site na ndị isi ojii na ndị nwoke na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, yana ndị sitere na cisgender, ndị ọcha, ndị nọ n'etiti, ndị inyom heterosexual.<ref name="Norman 2007">{{Cite journal|author=Norman|first=Brian|title='We' in Redux: The Combahee River Collective's ''black Feminist Statement''|journal=[[differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies]]|volume=18|issue=2|doi=10.1215/10407391-2007-004|date=2007}}</ref> In ''DeGraffenreid v. General Motors'' (1976), Emma DeGraffenreid and four other Black female auto workers alleged compound employment discrimination as Black women resulting from General Motors' seniority-based system of layoffs. The courts weighed the allegations of race and gender discrimination separately, finding that the employment of African-American men in the factory disproved racial discrimination, and the employment of white women in the offices disproved gender discrimination. The court declined to consider compound discrimination, and dismissed the case.<ref name="HoSang">{{Cite book|author=HoSang|first=Daniel M.|editor=Burgett|title=Keywords for American cultural studies|date=2020|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=978-1-4798-6745-5|pages=142–144|edition=3rd|chapter=Intersectionality|doi=10.18574/9781479867455-038|chapterurl=https://keywords.nyupress.org/american-cultural-studies/essay/intersectionality/}}</ref>{{R|Adewunmi}} Crenshaw said that in cases such as this, the courts have tended to ignore Black women's unique experiences by treating them as only women or only Black.<ref name="Coaston 2019">{{Cite news|author=Coaston|first=Jane|title=The intersectionality wars|url=https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/5/20/18542843/intersectionality-conservatism-law-race-gender-discrimination|work=Vox|date=28 May 2019}}</ref>{{R|Crenshaw 1989}} N'afọ 1988, Deborah K. King bipụtara edemede "Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology". N'ime ya, King na-ekwu maka ihe ghọrọ ntọala maka intersectionality n'oge na-adịghị anya, na-ekwu, "Ndị inyom ojii amatala ọnọdụ pụrụ iche nke ndụ anyị na United States: ihe anyị na ụmụ nwanyị niile, yana njikọ ndị jikọtara anyị na ụmụ nwoke nke agbụrụ anyị".<ref name="King1988">{{Cite journal|author=King|first=Deborah K.|title=Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|date=1988|volume=14|issue=1|pages=42–72|doi=10.1086/494491}}</ref> === ''Ịkwụsị njikọ agbụrụ na mmekọahụ'' === N'afọ 1989, [[Kimberlé Crenshaw]] chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ ''intersectionality'' dị ka ụzọ isi nyere aka kọwaa mmegbu Ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America na edemede ya bụ Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Anti-discrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics . <ref name="Cooper 2016">{{Cite book|author=Cooper|first=Brittney|editor=Disch|chapter=Intersectionality|title=The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory|year=2016|pages=385–406|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932858-1|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.20}}</ref><ref name="Crenshaw 1989">{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|title=Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics|journal=University of Chicago Legal Forum|date=1989|volume=1989|issue=1|pages=139–167|url=http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8|issn=0892-5593}} [https://archive.org/details/DemarginalizingTheIntersectionOfRaceAndSexABlackFeminis/mode/1up?view=theater Full text at Archive.org]</ref> Okwu Crenshaw arịgoola n'ihu mkparịta ụka mba banyere ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara, na ndị uwe ojii - ma kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ enyerela aka ịkpụzi mkparịta ụka iwu.<ref name="Two Decades">{{Cite web|author=<!--anonymous author; no byline-->|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw on Intersectionality, More than Two Decades Later|date=8 June 2017|publisher=Columbia Law School|url=https://www.law.columbia.edu/news/archive/kimberle-crenshaw-intersectionality-more-two-decades-later|accessdate=14 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Adewunmi">{{Cite news|author=Adewunmi|first=Bim|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2014/04/kimberl-crenshaw-intersectionality-i-wanted-come-everyday-metaphor-anyone-could|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw on intersectionality: 'I wanted to come up with an everyday metaphor that anyone could use'|date=2 April 2014|work=[[New Statesman]]}}</ref> N'ọrụ ya, Crenshaw na-atụle [[Black feminism|Ụmụ nwanyị ojii]], na-arụ ụka na ahụmịhe nke ịbụ nwanyị ojii enweghị ike ịghọta n'okwu na-adabere na ịbụ onye ojii ma ọ bụ nwanyị. Kama nke ahụ, ọ ga-agụnye mmekọrịta dị n'etiti njirimara abụọ ahụ, nke, ọ na-agbakwụnye, kwesịrị ime ka ibe ya sikwuo ike.<ref name="Thomas 2004">{{Cite news|author=Thomas|first=Sheila|title=Intersectionality: the double bind of race and gender|work=Perspectives Magazine|date=Spring 2004|page=2|publisher=[[American Bar Association]]|url=http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publishing/perspectives_magazine/women_perspectives_Spring2004CrenshawPSP.authcheckdam.pdf}}</ref> Iji gosi na ụmụ nwanyị nwere agba nwere ahụmahụ dị iche iche site n'aka ndị inyom ọcha, Crenshaw na-enyocha ime ihe ike n'ime ụlọ na mmeko nwoke na-eme n'ime ụmụ nwoke, nke ụmụ nwanyị na-acha agba na-enweta na nchikota nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmekọahụ. Ọ na-arụ ụka na n'ihi na okwu ndị e mere iji na-ekwu banyere agbụrụ ma ọ bụ mmekọahụ anaghị ekwu okwu abụọ n'otu oge, n'ihi ya, a na-ewepụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere agba na ha abụọ.[1] Edemede " Mmekọahụ, ikpe ziri ezi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya "nke Jeff Hearn, Sofia Aboim, na Tamara Shefer jikọtara ya na echiche Crenshaw nke intersectionality.[2] Crenshaw na-arụ ụka na ihe owuwu ike na-eleghara ụzọ agbụrụ na okike si jikọta ọnụ. Nke a na-emepụta ụdị pụrụ iche nke mwepu maka ụmụ nwanyị agba. N'otu aka ahụ, ibe ahụ na-akatọ mbọ ikpe ziri ezi maka mmekọahụ zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ịba ụba agbụrụ na ahaghị nwoke na nwanyị, ọkachasị mgbe ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Global Northern na-egosi ndị ogbenye, ụmụ nwanyị ojii bi na Global South dị ka "enweghị enyemaka." Okwu abụọ a na-emetụta otu esi ekwu otu ndị a kpapụrụ iche, kama ikwu maka ha. <ref name="Crenshaw 1991">{{cite journal |last1=Crenshaw |first1=Kimberle |title=Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color |journal=Stanford Law Review |date=1991 |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1241–1299 |doi=10.2307/1229039 |jstor=1229039 |citeseerx=10.1.1.695.5934 |s2cid=24661090}} {{block indent |left=2 |Reprinted in: {{cite book |editor1-last=Crenshaw |editor1-first=Kimberlé |editor2-last=Gotanda |editor2-first=Neil |editor3-last=Peller |editor3-first=Gary |editor4-last=Thomas |editor4-first=Kendall |title=Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings that Formed the Movement |year=1995 |location=New York |publisher=The New Press |isbn=978-1-56584-271-7 |pages=357–384 |url=https://archive.org/details/critica_xxx_1995_00_1144/page/357/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration |ref=none}} }}</ref> Crenshaw na-enyocha ọtụtụ ikpe ndị na-egosipụta echiche nke intersectionality ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na otú iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè siri bụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị ka DeGraffenreid v. General Motors, Moore v. Hughes Helicopter Inc., na Payne na Travenol. Ihe abụọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, n'okwu ndị a: nke mbụ, enweghị ike nke ụlọ ikpe ọ bụla iji ghọta nke ọma njirimara nke onye na-agba akwụkwọ, na ikike dị nta nke ndị na-ekpe ikpe na-arụrịta ụka n'ihi ihe mgbochi iwu kere site na iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè, dị ka Title VII nke Civil Rights Act nke 1964.[1] == Ọganihu ==   Ebumnuche nke ''intersectionality'' bụ iji mee ka ihe dị iche iche na-elegharakarị anya site na echiche ụmụ nwanyị na mmegharị ahụ.<ref name="McCall 2005">{{Cite journal|author=McCall|first=Leslie|title=The Complexity of Intersectionality|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|date=2005|volume=30|issue=3|pages=1771–1800|doi=10.1086/426800}}</ref><ref name="Thompson 2002">{{Cite journal|author=Thompson|first=Becky|title=Multiracial Feminism: Recasting the Chronology of Second Wave Feminism|journal=Feminist Studies|date=2002|volume=28|issue=2|pages=337–360|doi=10.2307/3178747}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is Intersectionality? {{!}} Intersections of Gender|url=https://www.ualberta.ca/intersections-gender/about/about-intersectionality.html#:~:text=Intersectional%20research%20design%20understands%20that,,%20ability,%20indigeneity%20and%20income.|accessdate=11 May 2023|work=www.ualberta.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Rummery|first=Kirstein|chapter=Gender Equality and Social Justice|date=2018|editor=Craig|title=Handbook on Global Social Justice|location=Cheltenham, UK|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|pages=187–200|isbn=978-1-78643-142-4|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187}}</ref> A na-eleghara ahaghị nhata agbụrụ anya n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na ụmụ nwanyị nke mbụ, nke na-echegbu onwe ya banyere inweta nha nhata ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti ndị ọcha na ụmụ nwanyị ọcha, : 59-60 na nke abụọ, nke chọrọ iwepụ ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị metụtara ebumnuche ụlọ nke ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="Fixmer-Oraiz">{{Cite book|title=Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, & Culture|author=Fixmer-Oraiz|first=Natalie|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2015|isbn=978-1-305-28027-4|location=Boston, Mass.}}</ref><ref name="Grady">{{Cite web|title=The waves of feminism, and why people keep fighting over them, explained|author=Grady|first=Constance|date=20 March 2018|work=Vox|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/3/20/16955588/feminism-waves-explained-first-second-third-fourth|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405172242/https://www.vox.com/2018/3/20/16955588/feminism-waves-explained-first-second-third-fourth|archivedate=5 April 2019}}</ref> Ugboro atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị - nke pụtara n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe e chepụtara okwu intersectionality - gbalịrị idozi enweghị nlebara anya e nyere agbụrụ, ọkwa, mmasị mmekọahụ, na njirimara nwoke na nwanyị n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị mbụ.{{R|Fixmer-Oraiz}} : 72–73 <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 72–73">&#x3A;&#x200A;72–73&#x200A;</span></sup> A malitere iji okwu ahụ mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'afọ ndị 1990, ọkachasị mgbe ọ na-esote mmepe nke ọrụ Crenshaw site n'aka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya [[Patricia Hill Collins]]. Collins na-ekwu na okwu Crenshaw dochiri ihe mbụ ya "echiche ụmụ nwanyị ojii", ma "bawanye uru nke echiche ya site na ụmụ nwanyị Africa America na ụmụ nwanyị niile".<ref name="Mann 2005">{{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=Susan A.|title=The decentering of second wave feminism and the rise of the third wave|journal=[[Science & Society]]|volume=69|issue=1|pages=56–91|date=2005|doi=10.1521/siso.69.1.56.56799}}</ref> : 61 Collins chọrọ ịmepụta usoro iji chee echiche banyere intersectionality, kama ịgbasawanye na echiche ahụ n'onwe ya. Ọ chọpụtara ngalaba atọ dị mkpa nke ọmụmụ ihe n'ime intersectionality: otu na-emeso ndabere, echiche, okwu, esemokwu, na arụmụka n'ime Intersectionalité; nke ọzọ na-achọ itinye intersectionnality dị ka atụmatụ nyocha iji nyochaa otu ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta dị iche iche nwere ike isi mee ka enweghị nhata mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya; na otu nke na-eji intersectionility eweta mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze site na atụmatụ ikpe ziri ezi.<ref name="Collins 2015">{{Cite journal|author=Collins|first=Patricia Hill|title=Intersectionality's definitional dilemmas|journal=[[Annual Review of Sociology]]|volume=41|pages=1–20|doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142|date=2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2023|title=$1 Million Berggruen Philosophy Prize Awarded to Patricia Hill Collins – Berggruen Institute|url=https://www.berggruen.org/news/usd1-million-berggruen-philosophy-prize-awarded-to-patricia-hill-collins|accessdate=19 July 2024|work=www.berggruen.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Sayer|first=Andrew|editor=Craig|date=2018|chapter=Income, Work and Justice*|title=Handbook on Global Social Justice|pages=42–45|location=Cheltenham, UK|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-78643-142-4|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na intersectionality malitere site na nyocha nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmegbu nwoke na nwanyị na mmegbu agbụrụ, na mmegbu nke classist na homophobic / biphobic mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere, echiche ahụ agbasawo iji kpuchie ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Davis|first=Kathy|title=Writing academic texts differently: intersectional feminist methodologies and the playful art of writing|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-50225-2|editor=Lykke|series=Routledge Advances in Feminist Studies and Intersectionality|location=London|chapter=Intersectionality as Critical Methodology}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, a na-eji intersectionality eme ihe iji dozie ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara ọbụna gbasara ahụmịhe ha na-emekọ ihe dịka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụmụ nwanyị Eshia America kọrọ ahụmahụ intersectional nke mere ka ha dị iche na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-acha ọbara ọbara yana ụmụ nwoke Eshia.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Choi|first=Jin Young|title=Minoritized Women Reading Race and Ethnicity: Intersectional Approaches to Constructed Identity and Early Christian Texts|date=24 September 2020|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4985-9159-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mwD6DwAAQBAJ&dq=asian+american&pg=PA112|language=en}}</ref> Gloria Wekker na-ekwu na ọrụ Chicana nke Gloria E. Anzaldúa dị mkpa n'ihi na "ụdị ndị dị adị maka njirimara anaghị emeso ya n'ụzọ dị iche ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ pụrụ iche, mana a na-ezo aka mgbe niile n'ihe gbasara ibe ha".<ref name="Buikema 2009">{{Cite book|title=Doing Gender in Media, Art and Culture: A Comprehensive Guide to Gender Studies|editor=Buikema, Rosemarie|publisher=Routeledge|location=London|year=2009|isbn=978-0-415-49383-3|pages=63–65}}</ref> === Ọkwá dị iche iche === N'ebe ndịda Eshia, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị Dalit ejirila nyocha intersectional mee ka ọ pụta ìhè na ụmụ nwanyị Dalis na-eche ihu, ndị na'ahụ ma ịkpa ókè dabere na ịkpa ókè na ịkpa oke. Ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Thenmozhi Soundararajan na-arụ ụka n'ọrụ ha dị ka The Trauma of Caste na usoro ụmụ nwanyị na-elegharakarị mmegbu ndị a na-agbakọta anya, na-akpọ maka nyocha dị iche iche nke na-amata ọkwa dị ka isi axis nke enweghị nhata.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Soundararajan|first=Thenmozhi|title=The Trauma of Caste|publisher=North Atlantic Books|year=2022|isbn=978-1-62317-766-9|location=United States of America|language=English}}</ref> === Klas === Collins ejirila usoro ụmụ nwanyị Marxist tinye ụkpụrụ intersectional n'ọrụ iji mụọ ịda ogbenye nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ihe ọ na-akpọ "ọrụ / ezinụlọ". N'isiokwu ya nke afọ 2000 "Black Political Economy", ọ na-atụ aro na njikọ nke [[Consumer racism|niile="Consumer racism">Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ]], ọkwa nwoke na nwanyị, na ọghọm n'ahịa ọrụ nwere ike ịdabere na ahụmịhe pụrụ iche nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii - dị ka mgbochi nke mgbanwe akụ na ụba nke ụmụ nwanyị Black n'ihi ihe nketa na iwu mgbochi ngwakọta.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hill Collins|first=Patricia|title=Black Feminist Thought|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96014-8|edition=0|language=en|doi=10.4324/9780203900055|pages=45–46|ref={{harvid|Collins|2000}}}}</ref><ref name="Browne & Misra 2003">{{Cite journal|author=Browne|first=Irene|title=The Intersection of Gender and Race in the Labor Market|journal=Annual Review of Sociology|date=2003|volume=29|issue=1|pages=487–513|doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100016}}</ref> :: 506  Chiara Bottici etinyewokwa akụkụ nke anarcha-feminism iji gbochie nkatọ na intersectionality ezughi oke ma ọ bụ ghara ịmata ''kpọmkwem'' nke mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị, na-ekwu "na enwere ihe a kapịrị ọnụ banyere mmegbu ụmụ agbọghọ nakwa na iji lụso ya ọgụ ị ga-alụso ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ ọgụ".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bottici|first=Chiara|authorlink=Chiara Bottici|title=Bodies in Plural: Towards an Anarcha-feminist Manifesto|journal=[[Thesis Eleven]]|volume=142|issue=1|year=2017|doi=10.1177/0725513617727793}}</ref> === Ọchịchị ndị mmadụ na-achị mba ọzọ === Na Latin America, Maria Lugones webatara echiche nke "nchịkwa nke okike" iji chọpụta otú akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okike si jikọta agbụrụ, okike, na klas, na-emepụta ụdị mmegbu pụrụ iche maka ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala na ụmụ Afrịka. Ọrụ ya na-ekpughe ịmanye ụkpụrụ okike nke Eurocentric n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị, nke na-eme ka njirimara okike na usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ghara ịdị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lugones|first=María|date=2007|title=Heterosexualism and the Colonial / Modern Gender System|journal=Hypatia|volume=22|issue=1|pages=186–209|issn=0887-5367}}</ref> Mara Viveros Vigoya na-enyekwa echiche Latin America nke na-atụle mkpa ọ dị idozi ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị dị ka akụkụ nke usoro intersectional.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Viveros Vigoya|first=Mara|date=2016|title=La interseccionalidad: una aproximación situada a la dominación|journal=Debate Feminista|volume=52|pages=1–17|doi=10.1016/j.df.2016.09.005|issn=0188-9478}}</ref> == Ụdị ya == Na "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color", Kimberlé Crenshaw depụtara ụdị atọ nke intersectionalidad iji kọwaa ihe ike ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ: nhazi, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na nnọchiteanya. A ka na-eji usoro ndị a eme ihe taa.<ref name="Cho 2013">{{Cite journal|author=Cho|first=Sumi|date=2013|title=Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=38|issue=4|pages=785–810|doi=10.1086/669608|issn=0097-9740}}</ref> === Njikọ nke ihe owuwu === Intersectionality nke ihe owuwu na-atụle otú ndị mmadụ si bụrụ ndị a na-ewepụ site na mmetụta jikọtara ọnụ nke ụdị dị iche iche na-ekpuchi ma na-eme ka ụdị nke usoro, ụlọ ọrụ, na enweghị nhata nke ihe owuwe ihe ubi sie ike. <ref name="Homan 2021">{{Cite journal|author=Homan|first=Patricia|date=2021|title=Structural Intersectionality as a New Direction for Health Disparities Research|journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior|language=EN|volume=62|issue=3|pages=350–370|doi=10.1177/00221465211032947|issn=0022-1465|pmid=34355603}}</ref>{{R|Cho 2013}} :<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 797">&#x3A;&#x200A;797&#x200A;</span></sup> : Crenshaw na-eji usoro a nyochaa nhazi nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị nke jikọtara iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara bụrụ ndị na-adịghị ike maka ime ihe ike n'ụlọ na ndina n'ike, yana otu ọdịda ịnakwere mkpuchi nke ihe ndị a si mee ka ụmụ agbọghọ dị otú ahụ tinye aka na-ezughị ezu. <ref name="Pedulla2014">{{Cite journal|author=Pedulla|first=David S.|title=The Positive Consequences of Negative Stereotypes: Race, Sexual Orientation, and the Job Application Process|journal=Social Psychology Quarterly|date=2014|volume=77|issue=1|pages=75–94|doi=10.1177/0190272513506229}}</ref>{{R|Crenshaw 1991}}{{R|Cho 2013}} : 797  N'afọ 2020, Alesha Durfee jiri usoro nhazi intersectional nyochaa enweghị ike nke ndị "na-enweghị ọtụtụ ndị a na-achụpụrụ", dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara, itinye akwụkwọ, nweta, ije ozi, ma mee ka iwu nchebe n'ọnọdụ ime ihe ike n'ụlọ, ma tụọ aro na usoro ndị dị n'ebe ahụ mepụtara enweghị nhata nke ọha na eze. Durfee kwuru na ihe ndabere maka enweghị nhata dị otú ahụ bụ "iwu na usoro dabere na echiche na-ekwesịghị ekwesị banyere ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu" nke na-adịghị akọwa mgbagwoju anya nke ahụmịhe ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Durfee|first=Alesha|date=2021|title=The Use of Structural Intersectionality as a Method to Analyze How the Domestic Violence Civil Protective Order Process Replicates Inequality|journal=Violence Against Women|language=EN|volume=27|issue=5|pages=639–665|doi=10.1177/1077801220958495|pmid=32965175|issn=1077-8012}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, otu ìgwè ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-eji usoro nhazi nke intersectional chọpụtara na mmetụta nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị, na enweghị nhata ego na nlekọta ahụike US dịgasị iche iche n'ofe mba ahụ mana a na-ejikọta ya na ahụike na-adịghị mma na ụmụ nwanyị ojii.<ref name="Homan 2021">{{Cite journal|author=Homan|first=Patricia|date=2021|title=Structural Intersectionality as a New Direction for Health Disparities Research|journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior|language=EN|volume=62|issue=3|pages=350–370|doi=10.1177/00221465211032947|issn=0022-1465|pmid=34355603}}</ref> Intersectionality ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-atụle otu ndị na-eme ihe ma ọ bụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere ike isi wepụ ndị nwere ọtụtụ njirimara na-agwakọta site na ilekwasị anya na "ihe a na-ekwu na ọ bụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, otu ụzọ" nke na-ewepu ha ma ọ bụ na-eleghara ma ọ bụ belata mgbagwoju anya nke ahụmịhe ha.{{R|Cho 2013}} :<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 800">&#x3A;&#x200A;800&#x200A;</span></sup><ref name="Evans2022">{{Cite journal |last=Evans |first=Elizabeth |date=2022 |title=Political intersectionality and disability activism: Approaching and understanding difference and unity |journal=The Sociological Review |language=en |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=986–1004 |doi=10.1177/00380261221111231 |doi-access=free |issn=0038-0261}} {{cc-notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> Ndị inyom ojii dị ka Crenshaw na Deborah K. King ejirila mmekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nyochaa nkewa nke okwu agbụrụ na nke metụtara okike n'ime òtù ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ụmụ nwanyị, nke chọrọ ka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara buru ihe gbasara ha ụzọ dị ka "ndị na-acha odo odo" ma ọ bụ "ụmụ nwanyị", kama igosipụta na ha abụọ bụ<ref name="King1988">{{Cite journal|author=King|first=Deborah K.|title=Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|date=1988|volume=14|issue=1|pages=42–72|doi=10.1086/494491}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, a na-etinye usoro a n'ọrụ iji tụlee njikọ ndị ọzọ, dị ka klas, mmekọahụ, na nkwarụ. <ref name="Evans2022" /><ref name="Pedulla2014">{{Cite journal|author=Pedulla|first=David S.|title=The Positive Consequences of Negative Stereotypes: Race, Sexual Orientation, and the Job Application Process|journal=Social Psychology Quarterly|date=2014|volume=77|issue=1|pages=75–94|doi=10.1177/0190272513506229}}</ref> Sameena Azhar et al. akọwawo na ndị Asia America nọ n'okpuru echiche ụgha na ha 'nwere onwe ha pụọ n'agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ha na-atụ aro na àgwà ndị a, nke na-arụ ọrụ na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-eme ka ahụmahụ ndị Asia America nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ghara ịbụ nke ziri ezi. Ha na-atụ aro na echiche stereotypes nke ndị Eshia America bụ ndị na-emepụta mmekọahụ ha "n'ụzọ na-emebi ụkpụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ọha mmadụ" na-emetụta ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị America Asia n'ụzọ dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ahụkarị ụmụ nwanyị Asia America dị ka ndị a na-achọsi ike na inwe mmekọahụ gabigara ókè, ebe a na-ele ndị ogbo ha anya dị ka nwoke na-enwe mmekọahụ.[1][2] Nnọchite anya n'etiti bụ ọmụmụ ka e si egosipụta njirimara ndị na-emekọrịta ihe (dịka, agbụrụ, okike, klaasị, mmekọahụ) n'okwu ọdịnala na mgbasa ozi, yana otu nke a si emepụta ma ọ bụ na-ewusi usoro mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwaanyị ike.[1] Crenshaw ji usoro a wee nyochaa ka e si wezuga ihe nnọchianya nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na omenala a ma ama.[2] Nnyocha e mere na-esote na nnọchite anya na omenala ndị a ma ama ejirila usoro mba ụwa.[3][4] N'inyocha ihe nkiri na telivishọn, a na-atụ aro na a na-egosipụtakarị ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-acha agba dị ka ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ, "ndị na-egbu mmadụ," ma ọ bụ ndị na-edo onwe ha n'okpuru - dị ka "Latinas na-ekpo ọkụ," "ndị Asians na-ekpo ọkụ," "ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-ewe iwe" - nke na-ehichapụ ihe mgbagwoju anya zuru oke nke njirimara ọha mmadụ na ụkpụrụ (dị ka okike, agbụrụ, na klas), na ọbụna ndị a na-eme ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị. [1] Dị ka ọ dị na mkpọsa ndị ọzọ, "ịgba nwanyị na ime ihe ike" na-emezu nzube dị ike.[2] [Ibe achọrọ] [ibe achọrọ] Na nyocha ha gbasara mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, gụnyere ihe karịrị nde akụkọ abụọ Fox News na New York Times bipụtara n'etiti 2000 na 2022, Elliot Ash na ndị ọzọ chọpụtara na akụkọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị nwere agba, ndị LGBTQ + na ndị otu ndị ọzọ na-eji ihe anya na-akpali akpali ma ọ bụ stereotypical lens, na-eleghara ọnọdụ ọha mmadụ ma ọ bụ ahaghị nhata, na ịkọ nkọ. Ha chọpụtara na mpụ, ịsa ọcha, na mwakpo megide ndị kwabatara, ndị nne na nna nanị ha na-azụ ụmụ, na ndị transgender bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, bụ́ nke ha chọpụtara na o nyere aka mee ka echiche sara mbara banyere obodo ndị a dịpụrụ adịpụ.[1] N’ihe banyere ime ihe ike n’ezinụlọ, Timothy Laurie na Hannah Stark kwukwara ihe dị iche n’ihe nnọchianya nke ndị a na-emegbu na ndị na-eme ihe ọjọọ, sị: “A na-ahụkarị ụmụ nwanyị ọcha, ndị nọ n’etiti, na ndị ọcha ka ha na-emeghachi omume n’usoro mmegbu, ebe a na-ahụkarị ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ụmụ amaala, na ndị na-arụ ọrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-akpagbu.” [2] === Ụdị ndị ọzọ === ==== Njikọ atụmatụ ==== Marie-Claire Belleau akpọọla oku maka "intersectionality" iji kwalite mmekọrịta n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị si n'agbụrụ dị iche iche.[1] : 51 Ọ na-ezo aka na omenala dị iche iche na ọha mmadụ na-emepụta ụdị dị iche iche. N'iji Québécois nat-cult mee ihe dị ka ihe atụ, Belleau na-arụ ụka na ọtụtụ òtù nzuzo na-enwe ọnụ ọgụgụ na-enweghị njedebe nke njirimara n'ime onwe ha, na-arụ ụka na e nwere ụzọ na-adịghị agwụ agwụ nke ndị inyom si n'agbụrụ dị iche iche nwere ike isi na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ site na intersectionality, nakwa na mmekọrịta ndị a nwere ike inye aka mee ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti "ndị ọchịchị" pụta.[1] : 54 Belleau na-arụ ụka na, site na intersectionality echiche, ndịiche dị n'ime nat-ofufe feminism bụchaghị eluigwe na ala ma ọ bụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, kama ka a ga-aghọta n'ihi na-elekọta mmadụ ọnọdụ. Ọzọkwa, arụmọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị a abụghị ihe pụrụ iche. Kama, ha bụ atụmatụ.[1] ==== Mmekọrịta mba dị iche iche ==== Feminists na feminists akatọla intersectionality dị ka Western, gụrụ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ọgaranya, na onye kwuo uche (WEIRD) [1] echiche nke na-ewepụ ahụmahụ ụmụ nwanyị.[2][3] Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ iji chegharịa echiche Western nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nke na-eche na ụmụ nwanyị niile na-ekerịta mmegbu nwoke na nwanyị na agbụrụ.[2][4] Shelly Grabe chepụtara okwu intersectionality iji kọwaa echiche sara mbara nke intersectionality. Grabe na-ede, "Intersectionality na-etinye ego na njikọ dị n'etiti okike, agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, mmegbu akụ na ụba, na usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze n'ihe gbasara ọchịchị alaeze ukwu ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụwa."[5] Ma ụmụ nwanyị nọ na mba ndị ọzọ dị njikere ilebara "mkpagbu mgbagwoju anya na ọtụtụ ụdị nke nguzogide". [1] [2] Vrushali Patil rụrụ ụka na intersectionality kwesịrị ịnakwere owuwu nke agbụrụ na omenala. Banyere mmetụta nke steeti ahụ na-ewu njirimara, Patil na-arụ ụka, sị: "Ọ bụrụ na anyị anọgide na-eleghara ihe omume ndị na-agafe agafe anya ma ghara itinye mba ahụ na mpụta ya n'ime usoro mba, nchọpụta anyị ga-anọgide na-ejikọta ya na ọnọdụ dị ugbu a na oge." [3] N'ịgbasawanye echiche ndị a zuru ụwa ọnụ na nke colonialist, ọkà ihe ọmụma Charles W. Mills ekwuola na nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọdịda anyanwụ ewepụla agbụrụ na colonialism, na-akpọ maka "mchụpụ" nke echiche libertarian iji lebara ọchịchị ụwa anya.[1] N'otu aka ahụ, ndị na-enye aka na Gary Craig's Handbook on Global Social Justice na-arụ ụka na ụzọ dị n'etiti etiti ga-edozi usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ahaghị nhata dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme, agbụrụ, na klas, iji nweta ikpe ziri ezi.[2] N'ịkọwapụta echiche a, Marc Aziz Michael egosila, na-adọta ụmụ nwanyị STEM ndebanye aha na data nkà na mba Arab, na ọbụna mgbe a na-etinye axes nke echiche na echiche Western, a na-ahụkarị ha dị ka nchịkọta mmegbu, kama ịbụ ụzọ nke nnwere onwe na nguzogide.[3]. A kwalitela ma katọọ ntinye nke intersectionality na esemokwu Israel na Palestine. Otu ụmụ nwanyị akwadola mkpebi "Boycott, Divest, Sanction" (BDS) dabere na nrụrụ aka. National Women's Studies Association iji tụlee mkpebi BDS na ogbako na-abịanụ \"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-91" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Na 2015, National Women's Studies Association kwalitere mkpebi nke na-akpọ maka "mkparịta ụka na-aga n'ihu na nzaghachi nke mba ụwa, nke na-elekwasị anya na nzaghachi nke mba ụwa, nke na-emegide B. nyocha na njikọ dị n'etiti ndị ọchịchị na òtù zuru ụwa ọnụ kpebisiri ike ịkwatu ha ". [1] Otú ọ dị, ndị ọzọ na-agbagha iji mba ụwa na-emekọrịta ihe, na-arụ ụka na ọ bụ usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kama ịbụ ngwá ọrụ nyocha na-anọpụ iche.[1] Na 2016, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Inside Higher Ed Cary Nelson dere na ikpe na-ezighị ezi "na-eme n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche n'okpuru usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị iche iche," ebe ọ bụ na "mmekọrịta ọ bụla na-abụkarị naanị n'uche onye na-ekiri ma ọ bụ n'okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị." Na 2019, intersectionality bụ "karịa echiche nyocha nke na-enyere aka ijide eziokwu mmekọrịta na ụba na mgbagwoju anya ya; ọ bụkwa usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-atụ aro na ọ na-akwado ohere nke "ụlọ ahịa otu nkwụsị maka Israel" dịka ngwọta ikpeazụ.[2][3] == Europe == Ihe akaebe na-egosi na n'ime Europe enwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-acha ọcha na ndị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, na ọkwa ha na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndị ikom na-acha ọcha na-egosi ọkwa kachasị elu nke itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ebe n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke ụdị ahụ bụ ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọcha.[1]. A na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Europe ka ndị nwere ntụkwasị obi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ala, karịsịa ndị na-enweghị ike inweta ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ dị elu ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ.[1] Akụkụ dị mkpa nke intersectionality Europe na-emetụta ọnọdụ mbata na ọpụpụ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. Ndị Europe na-esi n'akụkụ ụwa nile kwaga n'ọnọdụ dịgasị iche iche nke nwere ike ma ọ bụ ghara ịmanye ha ịgbapụ n'ụlọ ha n'ihi alụmdi na nwunye haziri ahazi ma ọ bụ esemokwu n'ime.[1] Ọnọdụ ndị a site n'okike na-eme ka ndị a bụrụ ndị na-adịghị ike n'ihi na ha nọ n'ebe a na-amaghị ama na ha enweghị obere ihe iji kwado onwe ha. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na-adịgasị iche site n'afọ ruo n'afọ, n'ihi na enwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụmụaka na-akwaga mba ọzọ.[1] Nke a bụ n'elu akụkọ banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, Islamophobia na izugbe mgbochi mbata mba n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụla larịị nke European ọha mmadụ.[2] Nnyocha na Europe nke jiri intersectionality mee ihe dị ka usoro nduzi enyewo aka n'ịghọta nke ọma banyere ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke na nwanyị, na-egosi na ọ naghị eme na iche iche nakwa na enwere ike ịtụ anya ma dozie usoro ya.<ref name="rolofi">{{Cite journal|author=Humbert|first=Anne Laure|date=May 2025|title=The Role of Intersectionality and Context in Measuring Gender-Based Violence in Universities and Research-Performing Organizations in Europe for the Development of Inclusive Structural Interventions|journal=Violence Against Women|language=en|volume=31|issue=6–7|pages=1688–1711|doi=10.1177/10778012241231773|issn=1077-8012|pmid=38374665}}</ref> Ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke na nwanyị anaghị emetụta ndị otu niile n'otu ụzọ ahụ. Ndị mmadụ ụfọdụ na-enwekwu nsogbu ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi ọnọdụ ha n'otu n'otu kamakwa n'ihi ihe ndị metụtara ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ.<ref name="rolofi" /> == Ngwa ==   A na-etinye intersectionality n'ọtụtụ ngalaba site na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, <ref name="Hancock 2007">{{Cite journal|author=Hancock|first=Ange-Marie|title=Intersectionality as a normative and empirical paradigm|journal=[[Politics & Gender]]|volume=3|issue=2|pages=248–254|doi=10.1017/S1743923X07000062|date=June 2007}}</ref> <ref name="Holvino 2010">{{Cite journal|author=Holvino|first=Evangelina|title=Intersections: The simultaneity of race, gender and class in organization studies|journal=[[Gender, Work & Organization]]|volume=17|issue=3|pages=248–277|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008.00400.x|date=May 2010}}</ref> agụmakwụkwọ <ref name="McCall 2005">{{Cite journal|author=McCall|first=Leslie|title=The Complexity of Intersectionality|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|date=2005|volume=30|issue=3|pages=1771–1800|doi=10.1086/426800}}</ref> <ref name="Cooper 1892">{{Cite book|author=Cooper|first=Anna Julia|title=Social theory: the multicultural, global, and classic readings|publisher=Westview Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-8133-5044-8|editor=Lemert|edition=6th|location=Boulder, Colo.|chapter=The colored woman's office|origdate=1892}}</ref> nlekọta ahụike, [4] <ref name="Jones 2003">{{Cite journal|author=Jones|first=Sandra J.|title=Complex subjectivities: class, ethnicity, and race in women's narratives of upward mobility|journal=[[Journal of Social Issues]]|volume=59|issue=4|pages=803–820|doi=10.1046/j.0022-4537.2003.00091.x|date=December 2003}}</ref> na ọrụ, na akụ na ụba. [5]<ref name="Kelly 2009">{{Cite journal|author=Kelly|first=Ursula A.|title=Integrating intersectionality and biomedicine in health disparities research|journal=Advances in Nursing Science|volume=32|issue=2|pages=E42–E56|doi=10.1097/ANS.0b013e3181a3b3fc|pmid=19461221|date=April–June 2009}}</ref><ref name="Viruell-Fuentes et al 2012">{{Cite journal|author=Viruell-Fuentes|first=Edna A.|title=More than culture: Structural racism, intersectionality theory, and immigrant health|journal=Social Science & Medicine|date=December 2012|volume=75|issue=12|pages=2099–2106|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.12.037|pmid=22386617}}</ref><ref name="Ladson-Billings Tate 1995">{{Cite book|doi=10.4324/9781315709796-2|chapter=Toward a Critical Race Theory of Education|title=Critical Race Theory in Education|year=2016|author=Ladson-Billings|first=Gloria|pages=10–31|isbn=978-1-315-70979-6|chapterurl=https://www.unco.edu/education-behavioral-sciences/pdf/TowardaCRTEduca.pdf|accessdate=15 March 2021}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta nke intersectionality akwadowokwa maka iji ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe. <ref name="Cho 2013">{{Cite journal|author=Cho|first=Sumi|date=2013|title=Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=38|issue=4|pages=785–810|doi=10.1086/669608|issn=0097-9740}}</ref><ref name="Levine-Rasky 2011">{{Cite journal|author=Levine-Rasky|first=Cynthia|title=Intersectionality theory applied to whiteness and middle-classness|journal=Social Identities|date=March 2011|volume=17|issue=2|pages=239–253|doi=10.1080/13504630.2011.558377}}</ref> E meela obere nnyocha dị mma iji kwado ma ọ bụ mebie ojiji nke intersectionality, n'ihi itinye echiche na nsogbu na usoro.<ref name="Bauer2021">{{Cite journal|author=Bauer|first=Greta R.|date=June 2021|title=Intersectionality in quantitative research: A systematic review of its emergence and applications of theory and methods|journal=SSM - Population Health|language=en|volume=14|doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100798|pmid=33997247}}</ref> A na-ejikarị intersectionality eme ihe na nyocha nke ụmụ nwanyị na nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya iji nyochaa otu njirimara ndị dị ka agbụrụ, okike, klas, na mmekọahụ si eme ka ahụmịhe nke ịkpa ókè na ihe ùgwù na ọha mmadụ. Ụmụ nwanyị nwere nkwarụ na-enweta ime ihe ike n'ụlọ ugboro ugboro na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu karịa ndị na-emegbu ha. Ndị ọrụ nlekọta ahụike na ndị nlekọta na-eme mmegbu na-emekarị, na ụmụ nwanyị nwere nkwarụ nwere nhọrọ ole na ole maka ịgbanarị ọnọdụ mkparị ahụ.[1] Enwere omenala "ịgbachi nkịtị" gburugburu ụmụ nwanyị na nkwarụ, nke na-egbochi ọha na eze ịghọta na mmegbu a na-enwe n'etiti ndị nwere nkwarụ na-eduga na-eleghara mmegbu anya mgbe ha zutere ya.[2]. Nke a nwere ike bute ike na-enweghị isi na mwepu nke ndị nwere nkwarụ, na-etinyekwa ụmụ nwanyị nwere nkwarụ n'ọnọdụ ebe enwere ike ime n'ihu ma ọ bụ karịa.[1] === Mmụta === Mkpakọrịta na agụmakwụkwọ gụnyere ịtụle ọtụtụ akụkụ nke njirimara ndị mmadụ iji bulie ohere, dị ka asụsụ, ụdị mmụta, na nkwarụ. Laura Gonzales na Janine Butler na-arụ ụka na ụzọ njikọ aka nwere ike inye aka belata mmetụta nke adịghị ike na gburugburu ebe mmụta.[1] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nyocha nke Gonzales na Butler nwetara uru site n'itinye asụsụ abụọ, mgbanwe maka nkwarụ, na itinye isiokwu ndị na-abụghị omenala n'ọrụ ederede ha.[1] Ndị ode akwụkwọ Collin Lamout Craig na Staci Maree na-atụ aro na enwere uru dị na intersectionality na-enyere aka ịkwalite nnabata na nghọta na agụmakwụkwọ.[2] N'ime ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, nyocha Sandra Jones banyere ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ na-atụle meritocracy n'ime ọha mmadụ niile, mana ọ na-ekwu na agbụrụ na ike ndị ọzọ na-emegbu ya na-eme ka ọ dị mgbagwoju anya.<ref name="Jones 2003">{{Cite journal|author=Jones|first=Sandra J.|title=Complex subjectivities: class, ethnicity, and race in women's narratives of upward mobility|journal=[[Journal of Social Issues]]|volume=59|issue=4|pages=803–820|doi=10.1046/j.0022-4537.2003.00091.x|date=December 2003}}</ref> Enwere ike itinye usoro ahụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche n'ofe otu. Na ngalaba ọrụ ebere UK, Ashlee Christoffersen chọpụtara echiche ise dị iche iche gbasara njikọta. A na-achọta "Intersectionality" na mpaghara iwu, ebe a na-eche na intersectionality dị ka iwu nke na-emeghe maka uru nke dum karịa otu otu. "Ịha nhata" na-emetụta okwu ndị na-emetụta ọtụtụ mmadụ. "Multi-strand intersectionality" na-anwa ịtụle otu dị iche iche mgbe ị na-eme mkpebi, mana ọ naghị ele otu ahụ anya dị ka otu ihe ma ọ bụ otu ihe na-elekwasị anya maka okwu maka otu otu. "Intersectionality" na-ahụ otu ụdị njirimara, dị ka okike, dị ka ihe kachasị mkpa, ebe a na-atụle akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke njirimara mgbe ụfọdụ, na ụdị njirimara dị iche iche na-ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ na-emebi njirimara. "Mpaghara nke njirimara" na-atụle njikọ nke njirimara, ma ọ dịghị njirimara akọwapụtara dị ka ihe dị mkpa. N'ụzọ dị otú a, a na-eche mgbe ụfọdụ na ọ bụrụ na mmadụ na-emeso àgwà ndị kachasị njọ, usoro ahụ ga-arụ ọrụ maka mmadụ niile. Christoffersen akpọtụla ụfọdụ n'ime nkọwa ndị a nke intersectionality dị ka "mgbakwunye" ebe a na-eche na ahaghị nhata dị ka agbakwunyere na wepụ.[1] Na United States, nyocha ahịa ọrụ na-egosi na enwere ahaghị nhata akụ na ụba n'ihi agbụrụ na okike, gụnyere maka ụmụ nwanyị America America.[1] : 506-507 N’akwụkwọ nke Esther Chow et al., bụ́ onye dere, sị: “Mmetụta nke ndị nna ochie na echiche ọdịnala banyere okike na ezinụlọ pụtara ìhè na ndụ ndị ọrụ China na-akwaga mba ọzọ, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na ndị ahịa ha na South Korea, na ndị inyom India di ha nwụrụ, kamakwa ndị Ukraine na ndị ikom Australia nọ n’ụwa ọhụrụ.” [2] === Nlekọta ahụike === A na-eji mmekọrịta dị ka usoro dị oke egwu na nlekọta ahụike, dị ka n'ịgbasa okwu gbasara ikpe ziri ezi ịmụ nwa, ebe njikọ nke agbụrụ, klaasị, na okike na-emetụta ịnweta nlekọta ahụike na atụmatụ ezinụlọ maka ụmụ nwanyị agba. Nleba anya nke ọma na-ekpughe ọnụ ọgụgụ na-enweghị oke nke ọnwụ nne n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ojii na United States. Ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-enweta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ metụtara afọ ime, n'agbanyeghị njikwa maka mkpuchi, ego, na ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ. Nnyocha ejikọtala ọdịiche ndị a na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mkparị n'ime usoro nlekọta ahụike. E gosiputara ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike ka ha ghara ịkọ akụkọ mgbu na igbu oge ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ọkachasị na nlekọta nne na njikwa mgbu.[1][2] Ndị na-agba agba, n'ozuzu, na-enwekarị ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche na usoro nlekọta ahụike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ngwa ngwa nke 9/11 gasịrị, ndị nchọpụta kwuru na ịdị arọ nwa dị ala na nsonaazụ ahụike ndị ọzọ dị njọ n'etiti ndị Alakụba na ndị Arab America, nchọpụta ha jikọtara ya na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na okpukpe na-abawanye n'oge ahụ.[1]. Ụfọdụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta atụwo aro na atumatu mbata na ọpụpụ nwere ike imetụta nsonaazụ ahụike site na usoro dịka nrụgide, ihe mgbochi na ịnweta nlekọta ahụike, na ndị na-achọpụta ahụike.[2]. Ihe ndị na-ekpebi ahụike, dị ka nchekwa nri, ịnweta ikuku na mmiri dị ọcha, nkwụsi ike ụlọ, na ọnọdụ ọrụ, nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na nsonaazụ ahụike, ọkachasị maka obodo ndị a na-akparaghị ókè. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Williams|first=David R.|date=19 February 2019|title=Reducing Racial Inequities in Health: Using What We Already Know to Take Action|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=16|issue=4|doi=10.3390/ijerph16040606|issn=1660-4601|pmid=30791452}}</ref> Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ụdị ịkpa ókè agbamakwụkwọ usoro ebe obodo ndị na-acha uhie uhie na-ebu ibu nke ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, na-enye aka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ụkwara ume ọkụ, ọrịa kansa, na ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ala ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beard|first=Sharon|date=22 January 2024|title=Racism as a public health issue in environmental health disparities and environmental justice: working toward solutions|journal=Environmental Health|volume=23|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12940-024-01052-8|issn=1476-069X|pmid=38254105}}</ref> Okpomọkụ na-arị elu na ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụtakwa ndị mmadụ nwere obere akụ na ụba na ohere nlekọta ahụike. Usoro ọgwụgwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta ọdịiche ahụike taa. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ Tuskegee Syphilis, nke gọnarịrị ọgwụgwọ nye ndị ikom ojii na-enweghị nkwenye ma ọ bụ ihe ọmụma ha, mmeso mmanye nke ụmụ amaala America na ụmụ nwanyị Latina, òtù eugenics, [1] ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na agbụrụ, na ntinye nke mmemme ahụike na ahụike ọha na eze, [2] bụ ihe atụ niile nke ọdịiche ahụike. Omume ndị a emewo ka enweghị ntụkwasị obi na ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike n'etiti obodo ndị kewapụrụ iche. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, nchọpụta ahụike ewepụla ndị nwere agba, ndị inyom, na ndị nwere nkwarụ na ule nlekọta ahụike, na-eme ka ọdịiche dị na ihe ọmụma banyere otú ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche si emetụta ndị a.[3] Ụkpụrụ a na-aga n'ihu na-egosipụta n'ọtụtụ nyocha nyocha ma na-enye aka na enweghị nha anya ahụike na-adị taa. === Ịkwaga mba ọzọ === Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Amụma Africa America (AAPF) akwadola maka ụzọ njikọ aka maka iwu mbata na ọpụpụ, na-atụle ihe ndị dị ka agbụrụ, ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye, na okike. AAPF na-arụ ụka na ụmụ nwanyị na-akwaga mba ọzọ na-abụkarị ndị mmekọ nke ndị di na nwunye bụbu ụmụ amaala, ma ndị inyom dị otú ahụ enweghị ike ịgba alụkwaghịm maka afọ abụọ ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-achọ ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide. Dị ka AAPF si kwuo, iwu dị ugbu a gụnyere "ọ dịghị ndokwa ọzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị a na-eti ihe bụ ndị na-echekarị ihe ize ndụ nke mmerụ ahụ dị njọ na ọnwụ n'otu aka, ma ọ bụ nchụpụ n'aka nke ọzọ".[1] === Nkà na ụbụrụ === Ndị na-eme nchọpụta nọ n'ihe gbasara akparamaagwa na-amụ gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya kemgbe 1950. [1] Mmetụta ndị a jikọtara ọnụ dabere na ọmụmụ nke ajọ mbunobi, heuristics, stereotypes, na ikpe. Ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ agbatịwo ọmụmụ banyere ajọ mbunobi nke uche na akụkụ nke ọgụgụ isi na akparamàgwà omume. Nchọpụta ahụ bụ na uche onye ọ bụla nwere echiche nke ya n'ime mkpebi na mkpebi ndị na-echebe ọnọdụ ahụ site n'izere mgbanwe na ịṅa ntị na echiche ndị na-abụghị nke ha. [1] Mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-emetụta ọtụtụ mgbanwe, ọ bụ ezie na mmetụta onye ọ bụla sitere na ọnọdụ bụ nke a kacha mụọ. N'ihi ya, ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ anaghị akọwa mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze dị ka okike na agbụrụ dị ka ihe ọ bụla na-erughị ma ọ bụ na-erughị mmetụta ọ bụla ọzọ. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a pụrụ ịtụle mmegbu mgbe a na-ele ya anya n'ozuzu ya. Ọ bụrụgodị na a kọwapụtara mmegbu kpọmkwem, echiche ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ga-eme ka o sie ike ile ụfọdụ ndị ma ọ bụ ìgwè mmadụ anya dị ka ndị a na-emegbu emegbu. Dị ka ihe atụ, a na-ele ndị isi ojii anya dị ka ndị omekome, na-eme ka ọ na-esiri ha ike inweta ọrụ karịa ndị ọcha. Otú ọ dị, a na-ele ndị ikom ojii na ndị ikom na-enwe mmekọahụ anya dị ka ndị na-adịghị emerụ ahụ, nke na-eme ka ohere ha nwere nweta ọrụ na ịkpata ego, ọ bụ ezie na ndị ikom na-enwe mmekọahụ na-enweghị ọganihu ọha na eze. Echiche nke ndị ikom na-enwe mmekọahụ na ụmụ nwoke dị ka ndị na-adịghị njọ na-enyere ndị isi ojii aka izere ebubo mpụ.[1] Ọtụtụ nchọpụta omume egosila na inwe ọtụtụ njirimara akpọchiri ma ọ bụ mebiri emebi nwere mmetụta ndị na-abụghị mgbakwunye, ma ọ bụ ọbụna mkpokọta, kama, na-emekọrịta ihe n'ụzọ dị mgbagwoju anya.[2][3] Otu n'ime isi okwu na-emetụta nyocha nke intersectionality bụ nsogbu iwu. Ihe owuwu bụ ihe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eji ewu blọk nghọta n'ime ngalaba ọmụmụ ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Construct {{!}} Psychology, Measurement & Testing {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/construct|accessdate=7 December 2023|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Ọ dị mkpa n'ihi na ọ na-enye anyị ihe ị ga-atụle. Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, ọ na-esiri ike ịkọwa mmegbu na, kpọmkwem, mmetụta nke ịbụ onye a na-emegbu emegbu na ụzọ ụdị mmegbu dị iche iche nwere ike isi na-emekọrịta ihe dị ka ihe owuwu.<ref name="GA">{{Cite journal|author=Grabe|first=Shelly|date=2020|title=Research Methods in the Study of Intersectionality in Psychology: Examples Informed by a Decade of Collaborative Work With Majority World Women's Grassroots Activism|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=11|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2020.494309|pmid=33192755|issn=1664-1078}}</ref> Ka nkà mmụta uche na-eto ma na-agbanwe ikike ya ịkọwa ihe owuwu, nyocha a ga-emeziwanye.<ref name="GA" /> === Mgbanwe === Iji nye ọgwụ mgbochi zuru oke, redressive, na ihe mgbochi, ndị ọkàikpe n'ụlọ ikpe na ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ na usoro Ngwọta esemokwu na-eburu n'uche akụkụ dị iche iche.<ref name="Nissen 2023">{{Cite journal|author=Nissen|first=A.|title=Gender-Transformative Remedies for Women Human Rights Defenders|date=2023|journal=Business and Human Rights Journal|volume=8|issue=3|pages=381–384|doi=10.1017/bhj.2023.41|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-and-human-rights-journal/article/gendertransformative-remedies-for-women-human-rights-defenders/2A05A3CBAA5C62794AE194565813CD25}}</ref> === Ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya === N'ọhịa nke ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndị na-akwado intersectionality na-ekwu na ọ gwụla ma ndị na-enye ọrụ na-eburu intersectionnality n'uche, ha ga-abachaghị uru maka akụkụ dị iche iche nke ndị mmadụ, dị ka ndị na-akọ ihe ike n'ụlọ ma ọ bụ ndị nwere nkwarụ nke mmegbu. Dabere na echiche intersectional, omume nke ndị ndụmọdụ Ime ihe ike n'ụlọ na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na-agba ụmụ nwanyị niile ume ka ha kọọrọ ndị na-emegbu ha na ndị uwe ojii abaghị uru n'ihi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii na-akpali agbụrụ, ndị ndụmọdụ ahụ kwesịrị ime ka ndụmọdụ ha nye ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara.<ref name="Bent-Goodley et al">{{Cite book|author=Bent-Goodley, Tricia B.|chapter=Our survival, our strengths: understanding the experiences of African American women in abusive relationships|editor=Lockhart|title=Domestic violence: intersectionality and culturally competent practice|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-14027-0|year=2010|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/domesticviolence0000unse_e7x2/page/77/mode/1up}}</ref> === Akụkụ ndị ọzọ === A na-ejikwa intersectionality mee ihe na ọmụmụ anụmanụ na akwụkwọ ecofeminist, ọkachasị n'ịtụle etu mmeso anyị na-emeso ụmụ anụmanụ na gburugburu ebe obibi si emetụta ndị mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Falcón|first=Sylvanna M.|chapter=Intersectionality, Global Patriarchy, and the Power of Feminist Performance|editor=Davis|date=2023|title=The Routledge International Handbook of Intersectionality Studies|pages=113–121|location=London|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781003089520-11|isbn=978-1-003-08952-0}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Salter|first=Colin|date=2015|title=The animal question and condition: intersectionality and Critical Animal Studies in the Asia-Pacific|url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/asj/vol4/iss1/2|journal=Animal Studies Journal|volume=4|issue=1|pages=1–11|issn=2201-3008}}</ref><ref name="Fox 2024">{{Cite journal |last=Fox |first=Laura |date=2024 |title=The Intersectionality of Environmental Injustice, Other Societal Harms, and Farmed Animal Welfare |journal=Environmental Justice |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=101–109 |doi=10.1089/env.2021.0125 |issn=1939-4071 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024EnvJ...17..101F}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a pụrụ ịghọta ọrụ ugbo ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụghị naanị dị ka nsogbu nke ọdịmma anụmanụ kamakwa dị ka nsogbu ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi, ikike ndị ọrụ, na ahụike ọha na eze nke nwere ike imetụta obodo na ndị a na-akparaghị ókè.<ref name="Fox 2024" /> == Nzaghachi == === Nkà mmụta === [[Faịlụ:Black_women_leading_the_way.jpg|thumb|Ìgwè mmadụ na-eme ngagharị iwe Black Lives Matter na 2015. Isi ihe a na-elekwasị anya bụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii anọ, otu na-ejide ihe ịrịba ama.]] Ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị enyela nnukwu onyinye na echiche nke intersectionality. Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị ojii, karịsịa, ekwuola na ịghọta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti dị mkpa iji nweta ikpe ziri ezi nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ọha na eze na imeziwanye usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-emegbu ndị mmadụ.[1]. Beverly Guy-Sheftall na-arụ ụka na "ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-enweta ụdị mmegbu na nhụjuanya pụrụ iche na mba a, nke bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, na ịkpa ókè dabeere na agbụrụ na njirimara nwoke na nwanyị na ohere ha nwere ohere akụ na ụba"[2]. Stephanie A. Shields na-arụ ụka na akụkụ ọ bụla nke njirimara mmadụ "na-eje ozi dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze, na-ewusi ike, na-agba ume, na-eme onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ nwa amaala". Ọta na-arụ ụka na otu akụkụ enweghị ike ịdị iche, kama "na-ewere ihe ọ pụtara dịka otu n'ihe gbasara nke ọzọ"[3]. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na a na-ejikarị njikọ aka megide ụdị ndị ọzọ nke nwanyị.[1][2] Barbara Tomlinson, nke ngalaba mmụta ụmụ nwanyị na Mahadum California, Santa Barbara, akatọọla iji echiche nke etiti alụso ụdị echiche ndị ọzọ ọgụ.[1] Downing na-arụ ụka na intersectionality, dị ka a na-ahụ site na oghere nke Andrea Dworkin's class based radical feminism, na-elekwasị anya nke ukwuu na njirimara na ọdịmma nke otu kama na onye ọ bụla, na-eduga n'echiche dị mfe na nke enweghị mmasị na otu esi ekpebi ụkpụrụ na omume.[2] Iris Marion Young na-atụ aro na a ghaghị ịnakwere ọdịiche dị iche iche iji chọta okwu ikpe ziri ezi nke na-akwalite mmekorita nke na-enyere aka ịgbanwe ọha mmadụ ka mma.[3] Nke a bụ eziokwu karịsịa maka echiche nke National Council of Negro Women (NCNW). [4] Ọkà mmụta Jennifer Nash na-ekwu na, site na iji usoro Afropessimist, intersectionality nwere ike ime ka ahụmịhe pụrụ iche nke ojii na okike dị larịị site n'imeso ụdị njirimara dị iche iche dị ka otu.<ref name="Nash 2018">{{Cite book|author=Nash|first=Jennifer C.|title=Black Feminism Reimagined: After Intersectionality|date=6 December 2018|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-1-4780-0225-3|doi=10.2307/j.ctv111jhd0}}</ref> [peeji dị mkpa] Nash na-akatọkwa ojiji elu nke intersectionality site na ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị idozi ahaghị nhata.<ref name="Nash 2018" /> [A chọrọ peeji]   === Uru === N'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta, ndị na-akwado intersectionality na-arụ ụka maka ntinye ya na nnabata nke nuance, ebe ndị nkatọ ya na-arụ ụka na ọ dị mgbagwoju anya ma ọ bụ sara mbara. [1] [2] Ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze Kathy Davis na-arụ ụka na intersectionality gụnyere ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ngwá ọrụ bara uru na nke bara uru: "Ọ na-akwado mgbagwoju anya, na-akpali mmepụta ihe, ma na-ezere nkwubi okwu ngwa ngwa, na-agba ndị ọkà mmụta nwanyị ume ka ha jụọ ajụjụ ọhụrụ na ịchọpụta ókèala a na-adịghị edozi." [1] Rekia Jibrin na Sara Salem na-atụ aro na n'ihi na echiche intersectional na-emepụta echiche dị n'otu ma dị mgbagwoju anya nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide mmegbu, nke a na-emepụta ihe isi ike iji nweta praxis ma na-ebute nnukwu mgbagwoju ụzọ n'otú a ga-esi tinye usoro ahụ n'ọrụ. Dị ka ọ dabeere na Echiche echiche, Lisa Downing na-ekwu na ilekwasị anya na ahụmịhe nwere ike iduga na mgbagha na enweghị ike ịchọpụta ihe kpatara mmegbu.<ref name="Downing2018">{{Cite journal|author=Downing|first=Lisa|title=The body politic: Gender, the right wing and 'identity category violations'|journal=French Cultural Studies|date=2018|volume=29|issue=4|pages=367–377|doi=10.1177/0957155818791075|url=http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/53670526/Downing_August_Pre_Pub_Body_politic_article.pdf}}</ref> Brittney Cooper na-arụ ụka na "intersectionality abụghị omume okpukpe anyị" kama na "dị ka ngwá ọrụ echiche na nyocha maka iche echiche banyere ike, intersectionality na-anọgide na-otu n'ime ndị kasị baa uru na ndị dabeere na ngwá ọrụ anyị nwere".[1] N'ịzaghachi ndị nkatọ nke intersectionality bụ ndị na-achọpụta na ọ ezughị ezu, ma ọ bụ ndị na-ekwu na ọ naghị ekwu kpọmkwem mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị, Chiara Bottici na-arụ ụka na "enwere ihe kpọmkwem banyere mmegbu nke ụmụ agbọghọ na na iji luso ya ọgụ, ị ghaghị ịlụso "ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ niile".[2] Cheryl Townsend Gilkes na Joy James na-arụ ụka na ọ bara uru n'ilekwasị anya na ahụmahụ 4. Patricia Hill Collins na-ekwukwa na-enweghị Echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, intersectionality na-ada. Ọ na-ekwu na ebumnuche nke intersectionality ugbu a n'ime agụmakwụkwọ sara mbara dị ka ọrụ nkuzi, na-eduga na nkọwa ya site n'aka ekpe na aka nri.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Collins|first=Patricia Hill|title=Intersectionality as Critical Social Theory|date=23 August 2019|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-1-4780-0709-8|doi=10.2307/j.ctv11hpkdj}}</ref> N'ihi ya, intersectionality kwesịrị iwere ọnọdụ dị ka echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya iji kwalite ya dị ka ọzụzụ na dị ka echiche nke enwere ike iji kpochapụ mmegbu usoro.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Collins|first=Patricia Hill|title=Intersectionality as Critical Social Theory|date=23 August 2019|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-1-4780-0709-8|doi=10.2307/j.ctv11hpkdj}}</ref> === Nnyocha === Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-adịbeghị anya, dị ka Leslie McCall, ekwuola na iwebata echiche intersectionality dị mkpa na nkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nakwa na tupu mmepe nke echiche ahụ, e nwere obere nnyocha nke lekwasịrị anya na ahụmịhe nke ndị mmadụ na-anọ n'okpuru ọtụtụ ụdị mmegbu n'ime ọha mmadụ.<ref name="McCall 2005">{{Cite journal|author=McCall|first=Leslie|title=The Complexity of Intersectionality|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|date=2005|volume=30|issue=3|pages=1771–1800|doi=10.1086/426800}}</ref> Enweela mbọ na nso nso a itinye njikọ n'etiti n'ime nyocha gbasara nkwarụ, okike, na ịda ogbenye. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Jacqueline Moodley na Lauren Graham [1] lekwasịrị anya na njikọ nke ndị nwere nkwarụ, ndị ogbenye, ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị South Africa ịchọta mmetụta dị iche iche nke njirimara na njirimara na agụmakwụkwọ, ego, na nsonaazụ ọrụ. Ọzọkwa, ndị nchọpụta ejirila data sitere na National Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, EEOC, na Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Research Project iji nyochaa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nkwarụ, okike, afọ, agbụrụ, na njirimara onye ọrụ na mkpakọrịta ha nwere nsonaazụ mmegbu n'ebe ọrụ.[2] Ndị ọzọ na-atụ aro na ịmepụta amụma a na-anwale site na echiche intersectionality nwere ike ịdị mgbagwoju anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bowleg|first=Lisa|date=1 September 2008|title=When Black + Lesbian + Woman ≠ Black Lesbian Woman: The Methodological Challenges of Qualitative and Quantitative Intersectionality Research|journal=Sex Roles|language=en|volume=59|issue=5|pages=312–325|doi=10.1007/s11199-008-9400-z|issn=1573-2762}}</ref><ref name="Bauer2021">{{Cite journal|author=Bauer|first=Greta R.|date=June 2021|title=Intersectionality in quantitative research: A systematic review of its emergence and applications of theory and methods|journal=SSM - Population Health|language=en|volume=14|doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100798|pmid=33997247}}</ref> Liam Kofi Bright, Daniel Malinsky, na Morgan Thompson na-atụ aro usoro nke eserese ihe kpatara ya iji nye "nkọwa a na-anwale nke intersectional theory" iji dozie nchegbu dị otú ahụ.<ref name="Bright 2015">{{Cite journal|author=Bright|first=Liam Kofi|date=2015|title=Causally Interpreting Intersectionality Theory|journal=Philosophy of Science|volume=83|issue=1|pages=60–81|doi=10.1086/684173}}</ref>   Ndị Conservative dị ka onye na-akọwa ihe na-agbaso omenala nke America Ben Shapiro na-atụ aro na intersectionality na-emepụta "usoro nke mmegbu", ebe a na-ahazi ndị mmadụ dị ka "ndị otu onye mmegbu site na ịbụ onye otu otu".{{R|Coaston 2019}} Na mba ụwa, a naghị etinye anya anya intersectional n'isiokwu nke iwu ikike mmadụ. Gauthier de Beco chọpụtara na site na iji oghere intersectional na ndị nwere nkwarụ bụ ndị agbụrụ ma ọ bụ agbụrụ, okike, na afọ ole na ole enweghị ikike mmadụ kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=de Beco|first=Gauthier|date=27 May 2020|title=Intersectionality and disability in international human rights law|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13642987.2019.1661241|journal=The International Journal of Human Rights|volume=24|issue=5|pages=593–614|doi=10.1080/13642987.2019.1661241|issn=1364-2987}}</ref> Ọkà ihe ọmụma Tommy J. Curry ebipụtawo ọtụtụ ọrụ na-atụ aro na ụmụ nwanyị na-emetụta n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, ma si otú ahụ na-adịgide adịgide, echiche ọjọọ nke ndị ikom ojii.[1] Curry na-arụ ụka na Crenshaw's intersectional model dabeere n'echiche nke mmekọahụ nke abụọ, nke sitere na subculture nke ndị na-ekwu banyere mmekọahụ na-arụ ụka na ndị ikom ojii bụ ndị na-edo onwe ha n'okpuru ma na-erigbu mmekọahụ. Na nke a, Curry na-arụ ụka na ozizi nwanyị nke "Double Jeopardy" adịghị mma n'ihi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị na-ekpebi oke. Curry na-arụkwa ụka na nkwubi okwu Crenshaw na Mapping the Margins gbadoro ụkwụ na nkwenye nke nwoke na nwanyị na-eme ihe ike, mmegide mmekọahụ, na ime ihe ike na-egbu egbu.[2] == Hụkwa ==   == Edensibia == == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Carastathis|first=Anna|title=Basements and Intersections|journal=Hypatia|date=2013|volume=28|issue=4|pages=698–715|doi=10.1111/hypa.12044|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259550036|issn=0887-5367}} * {{Cite journal|author=Carastathis|first=Anna|title=The Concept of Intersectionality in Feminist Theory|journal=Philosophy Compass|date=2014|volume=9|issue=5|pages=304–314|doi=10.1111/phc3.12129|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263725959}} * {{Cite web|author=Collins|first=Patricia Hill|title=Defining Black Feminist Thought|publisher=Women of Color Web|year=1990|url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/Organizations/healthnet/WoC/feminisms/collins2.html|archivedate=11 December 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211050851/http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/Organizations/healthnet/WoC/feminisms/collins2.html}} * {{Cite book|editor=Bernroider|title=Intersectionality and the City: Exploring Violence and Inequality in Urban Space|isbn=978-1-003-52972-9|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2025|doi=10.4324/9781003529729}} * {{Cite book|author=Collins|first=Patricia Hill|title=Intersectionality|date=2020|publisher=Polity Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-1-5095-3967-3|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|author=Hankivsky|first=Olena|title=Intersectionality 101|url=https://www.sfu.ca/iirp/documents/resources/101_Final.pdf|publisher=Institute for Intersectionality Research & Policy, Simon Fraser University|location=Vancouver, B.C.|year=2014|isbn=978-0-86491-355-5}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   *   * {{Cite web|title=Justice Rising: moving intersectionally in the age of post-everything|publisher=London School of Economics|date=26 March 2014|url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/lse-player?id=2360}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5ks63bjsrtx2wy21zypn7xmncip8elo 0 74702 693119 628317 2026-07-31T11:28:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ana Vitória Angélica Kliemaschewsk de Araújo''' (amụrụ na Machị 6, 2000) bụ ọkachamara [[Footbọl|n'ịgba bọọlụ]] na Brazil nke na-agba bọọlụ dịka [[:en:Midfielder_(association_football)|onye etiti]] na klọb Brazil [[:en:SC_Corinthians_Paulista_(women)|Corinthians]] na [[:en:Brazil_women's_national_football_team|otu mba Brazil]]. == Ọrụ klọb == Ana Vitória ghọrọ onye na-agba bọọlụ kachasị nta na [[:en:Campeonato_Brasileiro_de_Futebol_Feminino_Série_A1|Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol Feminino Serie A1]] na Septemba 2015 mgbe ọ gbara bọọlụ maka Mixto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mixtonet.com/2015/09/historico-jogadora-do-mixto-ana-vitoria.html|title=Histórico: Jogadora do Mixto, Ana Vitória, é a mais jovem a marcar um gol em Brasileiro|publisher=Mixtonet|date=16 September 2015|accessdate=20 July 2021|language=Portuguese}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2019, ọ hapụrụ Corinthians mgbe oge abụọ gasịrị ma mara ọkwa na ọ ga-esonyere [[:en:S.L._Benfica_(women)|Benfica]] ma bụrụ onye ọkpụkpọ mbụ na-eyi uwe 10 maka klọb Portuguese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/corinthians/noticia/jogadora-de-18-anos-deixa-o-corinthians-para-ser-a-primeira-camisa-10-do-benfica.ghtml|title=Jogadora de 18 anos deixa o Corinthians para ser a primeira camisa 10 do Benfica|publisher=[[Grupo Globo]]|date=10 January 2019|accessdate=20 July 2021|author=Braga|first=Marcelo|language=Portuguese}}</ref> Na 3 Julaị 2023, a mara ọkwa Ana Vitória na PSG na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ ruo 30 June 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psg.fr/equipes/football-feminin/content/ana-vitoria-sengage-avec-le-paris-saint-germain-jusquen-2026|title=Ana Vitoria s'engage avec le Paris Saint-Germain jusqu'en 2026|language=French|work=www.psg.fr|accessdate=2026-03-31|archivedate=2024-10-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241014072604/https://www.psg.fr/equipes/football-feminin/content/ana-vitoria-sengage-avec-le-paris-saint-germain-jusquen-2026}}</ref> Na 25 Jenụwarị 2024, a mara ọkwa Ana Vitória na Atlético Madrid na mgbazinye ruo na ngwụcha oge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/acuerdo-con-el-psg-para-la-cesion-de-ana-vitoria|title=Acuerdo con el PSG para la cesión de Ana Vitória|language=Spanish|work=www.atleticodemadrid.com}}</ref> Na 28 June 2024, a mara ọkwa Ana Vitória na mbufe na-adịgide adịgide, na-etinye aka na nkwekọrịta ruo 30 June 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/ana-vitoria-rojiblanca-hasta-2026|title=Ana Vitória, rojiblanca hasta 2026|language=Spanish|work=www.atleticodemadrid.com}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba Brazil == Ana Vitória mere nke mbụ ya maka ndị otu mba Brazil na 2 Disemba 2020 megide Ecuador.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2020-12-02/brazil-vs-ecuador/2224039/|title=Brazil vs Ecuador|publisher=Global Sports Archive|accessdate=20 July 2021}}</ref> A kpọrọ Ana Vitória ka ọ bịa soro na ndị otu Brazil maka asọmpi FIFA Women's World Cup nke afọ 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbf.com.br/selecao-brasileira/noticias/selecao-feminina/selecao-brasileira-e-convocada-para-a-copa-do-mundo-feminina-fifa-2023|title=Seleção Brasileira é convocada para a Copa do Mundo Feminina FIFA 2023|language=pt|publisher=[[Brazilian Football Confederation]]|date=27 June 2023}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2024, a kpọrọ Ana Vitória ka ọ bịa soro na ndị otu Brazil maka asọmpi Olimpik nke oge okpomọkụ nke afọ 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbf.com.br/selecao-brasileira/noticias/selecao-feminina/selecao-principal-feminina-esta-convocada-para-os-jogos-olimpicos-de-p|title=Seleção Principal Feminina está convocada para os Jogos Olímpicos de Paris|accessdate=4 July 2024|date=4 July 2024|work=cbf.com.br|publisher=[[Brazilian Football Confederation]]|language=pt-BR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cbf.com.br/selecao-brasileira/noticias/selecao-feminina/selecao-principal-feminina-esta-convocada-para-os-jogos-olimpicos-de-p "Seleção Principal Feminina está convocada para os Jogos Olímpicos de Paris"] &#x5B;Main women's team is called up for the Olympic Games in Paris&#x5D;. ''cbf.com.br'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). [[Brazilian Football Confederation]]. 4 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)]]</ref> ==Ntụaka== <References/> bpiityj9t2vbrt4isk9b8c2zyrmyat7 0 74705 693107 673649 2026-07-31T10:52:57Z Chikerenma Ndubuka 8900 Fixed ref error 693107 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Andrea Balladares Letelier Subsecretaria (2021).jpg|thumb|Andrea Balladares]] '''Andrea Paz Balladares Letelier''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1987) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Chile. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-pm/noticia/andrea-balladares-la-nueva-mujer-clave-en-rn/YEWDYSRQ5NCNDCS35RPCRPUEPU/|title=Andrea Balladares, la nueva mujer clave en RN|publisher=[[La Tercera]]|date=14 September 2023|accessdate=23 January 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.df.cl/economia-y-politica/gobierno/presidente-designa-a-andrea-balladares-como-nueva-subsecretaria-de|title=Presidente designa a Andrea Balladares como nueva subsecretaria de Servicios Sociales|publisher=[[Diario Financiero]]|date=6 May 2021|accessdate=23 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://puranoticia.pnt.cl/nacional/andrea-balladares-enfatiza-que-rn-y-el-partido-republicano-son|title=Andrea Balladares enfatiza que RN y el Partido Republicano son proyectos políticos distintos|publisher=Pura Noticia|date=30 December 2023|accessdate=23 January 2021}}</ref> == Ezinụlọ na Agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya na obodo Chanco, <ref name="emol">{{Cite web|url=https://segreader.emol.cl/2020/04/09/A/JU3PMFDR/light?gt=134501|work=[[Emol]]|title=Entrevista; Andrea Balladares, delegada presidencial en La Araucanía|author=Giselle Crouchett|accessdate=12 August 2021|date=9 April 2020}}</ref> ọ bụ nwa nwanyị Oscar Armando Balladares Sánchez, onye ahịa (osisi), na Andrea de las Mercedes Letelier González. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị ya na Liceo Antonio Varas (nke bụbu Liceo de Hombres) na Cauquenes. O nwere akara ugo mmụta na Sociology na Universidad Mayor ma mụọ iwu na Mahadum nke Chile . <ref name="mds" /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ọ bụbu onye otu National Renewal (RN) kemgbe afọ 2005,[1] ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye isi oche otu nku ntorobịa site na 2012 ruo 2014.[1] N'oge ọchịchị mbụ nke Sebastián Piñera, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ọfịs nke First Lady, na-eje ozi dị ka Director of Programming site na 2012 ruo 2014, na n'oge gara aga dị ka onye ndụmọdụ nchịkwa mpaghara na General Secretariat of Government.<ref name="mds">{{Cite web|url=http://www.desarrollosocialyfamilia.gob.cl/autoridades/sebastian-villarreal-bardet|work=www.desarrollosocialyfamilia.gob.cl|title=Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia; Subsecretaria de Servicios Sociales|accessdate=6 July 2021|date=6 May 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.desarrollosocialyfamilia.gob.cl/autoridades/sebastian-villarreal-bardet "Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia; Subsecretaria de Servicios Sociales"]. ''www.desarrollosocialyfamilia.gob.cl''. 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> N'okwu nke abụọ nke Piñera, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nke Ngalaba Internal Affairs nke Ministry of Interior and Public Security site na Machị 2018 ruo Jenụwarị 2020 yana, [1] dị ka onye nnọchi anya onye isi ala na mpaghara La Araucanía, [2] site na Eprel ruo Mee 2021.[3] Na 6 Mee 2021, Onye isi ala Piñera họpụtara ya dị ka osote odeakwụkwọ nke ọrụ ọha na eze, mgbe [[Sebastián Villarreal]] gbara arụkwaghịm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmostrador.cl/dia/2021/05/06/presidente-pinera-designa-a-andrea-balladares-como-nueva-subsecretaria-de-servicios-sociales-tras-renuncia-de-sebastian-villarreal/|work=[[El Mostrador]]|date=6 May 2021|accessdate=12 August 2021|title=Presidente Piñera designa a Andrea Balladares como nueva Subsecretaria de Servicios Sociales tras renuncia de Sebastián Villarreal}}</ref> Na Septemba 9, 2023, a họpụtara ya onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke National Renewal ya na Senator Rodrigo Galili, onye ya na ha chịkọtara otu ahụ. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1u04nejca5eswq8o492szn7zjvvj15t 0 74765 692864 670933 2026-07-30T20:48:49Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}}+Databox 692864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} | honorific_prefix = [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] | name = Frank Mba | image = DIG Frank Mba.jpg | caption = DIG Frank Mba meeting with IGP | birth_name = | office = Deputy [[Inspector General of Police (Nigeria)|Inspector General of Police]]<br>Department of Training and Development | president = | term_start = 20 June 2023 | term_end = | predecessor = | successor = | birth_date = <!--{{birth date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} reliable source needed for [[WP:DOB]] --> | birth_place = [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]] | occupation = [[Police officer]] <br>[[Lawyer]] | alma_mater = [[University of Lagos]]<br>[[Nigerian Law School]]<br>[[University of Dundee]] }} Frank Mba bụ onye uwe ojii na onye ọka iwu Naijiria. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka osote onye na-ahụ maka ndị uwe ojii Nigeria na-ahụ maka Ngalaba Ọzụzụ na mmepe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ndị uweojii na-ahụ maka ndị uweojii na Nigeria.[1][2][3][4] == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Mba na Lagos steeti. O sonyeere ndị uweojii na Naịjirịa n'afọ 1992 ka ọ bụ onye ọrụ kadet wee zụọ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa dị na Kano, ebe ọ gụchara dịka ọkaibe kacha mma. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke iwu (LLB) na Mahadum Lagos, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu gbasara iwu Naijiria wee kpọọ ya na Nigerian Bar na 2002. Ọ gara n'ihu nweta akara ugo mmụta Master na Law (LLM) na Mahadum Dundee dị na Scotland, United Kingdom, wee gụchaa na Distinction.<ref name="auto1" /> == Ọrụ == Mba malitere ọrụ uwe ojii ya dịka onye nyocha wee gbagoro n'ọkwa. N'afọ 1999, a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP), sochiri osote onye isi ndị uwe ojii (DSP) na 2003. A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ Superintendent of Police (SP) na 2008, Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP) na 2012, Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) na 2012, Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) na 2001D. 2018, na Kọmishọna ndị uwe ojii (CP) na Disemba 2020. Na Machị 2023, e mere ya mma dị ka Assistant Inspector-General of Police (AIG). Mba bụ ọnụ na-ekwuchitere ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa ugboro atọ wee nweta nrite UN maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye otu ndị uwe ojii Nigeria Contingent na United Nations Mission na Liberia site na 2006 ruo 2007.[1]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|date=2023-06-20|title=10 Facts You Need To Know About DIG Frank Mba|url=https://businesspost.ng/featureoped/10-facts-you-need-to-know-about-dig-frank-mba/|accessdate=2023-11-23|work=Business Post|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://businesspost.ng/featureoped/10-facts-you-need-to-know-about-dig-frank-mba/ "10 Facts You Need To Know About DIG Frank Mba"]. ''Business Post''. Lagos, Nigeria. 2023-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-23</span></span>.</cite> </ref> == Mmekọrịta ọkachamara == Mba bụ onye otu ụlọ ọrụ Nigerian Institute of Public Relations (NIPR), Chattered Institute of Local Government and Public Administration nke Nigeria (CILGPAN), na Chattered Examiners of Criminology and Forensic Investigation Inc., USA (FCECFI). Ọ bụkwa onye otu International Institute of Certified Forensic Investigation Professionals, USA (CFIP), FBI National Academy Associates Inc. (FBINAA), na International Emergency Management Society (TIEMS).[1]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|date=2023-06-20|title=10 Facts You Need To Know About DIG Frank Mba|url=https://businesspost.ng/featureoped/10-facts-you-need-to-know-about-dig-frank-mba/|accessdate=2023-11-23|work=Business Post|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://businesspost.ng/featureoped/10-facts-you-need-to-know-about-dig-frank-mba/ "10 Facts You Need To Know About DIG Frank Mba"]. ''Business Post''. Lagos, Nigeria. 2023-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-23</span></span>.</cite> </ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mba, Frank}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] b9thaf80o99nrgawf41o7lan0jr5a8k 0 74836 693080 629321 2026-07-31T09:13:11Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 693080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Fort Dike | office = Member of the [[House of Representatives of Nigeria]] | constituency = [[Ihiala]] Federal Constituency | term_start = May 2011 | term_end = May 2015 | party = [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] | occupation = Politician, engineer | honorific_prefix = The Honourable }} Fort Ifeanyi Dike bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria bụ onye jere ozi dịka onye otu ụlọ omebe iwu, na-anọchite anya ọgbakọ Ihiala Federal Constituency nke Anambra steeti site na 2011 ruo 2015.[1][2] == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == A họpụtara Dike ka ọ bụrụ ọgbakọ omebe iwu mba na ntuli aka izugbe nke afọ 2011 ka ọ nọchite anya otu Ihiala Federal Constituency n'ụlọ omebe iwu n'elu ikpo okwu nke Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). Mgbe ọ na-eje ozi na Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya, a họpụtara ya onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Ụlọ na Inter na Intra Party Relations. Dike durukwa otu kọmitii na-ahụ maka okporo ụzọ na akụrụngwa gọọmenti etiti, ebe ọ tụlere mkpa ọ dị maka usoro ego ọhụrụ dị ka ọnụ ụzọ ụtụ dị ka akụkụ nke arụmụka maka nhọpụta ego mba na nhazi okporo ụzọ.[1]. Chukwuemeka Anohu nọchiri ya [2] Fort so na otu Senator Andy Uba mkpọsa maka ntuliaka gọvanọ nke afọ 2021 na steeti Anambra.[1] Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ gbasara ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị maka ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị All Progressives Congress (APC) maka ntuliaka ọkwa gọvanọ na steeti Anambra n’afọ 2025, Paul Chukwuma,[1] Ọ bụbu onye isi oche ọchịchị ime obodo nke Ihiala local government.[1] == Hụkwa == * Ụlọ ndị nnọchi anya Naịjirịa * Ndepụta nke ndị otu House of Representatives nke Naijiria, 2007-2011 == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dike,Fort}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] k6dm9ubklkiu672r9rk0jo23rndv9l3 0 74924 693141 676061 2026-07-31T11:58:39Z Epiphanus Jide 14249 Removed broken file and added databox 693141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Musimbi Kanyoro''' bụ [[Human rights defender|Onye na-akwado ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ]], onye ọrụ ebere, na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 lessons for funding innovation for social change|url=https://www.devex.com/news/5-lessons-for-funding-innovation-for-social-change-84741|work=Devex|language=en|date=10 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Musimbi Kanyoro {{!}} Women's Learning Partnership|url=https://learningpartnership.org/people/musimbi-kanyoro}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke International Board nke [[United World Colleges]] na onye otu onwe ya na London School of Economics and Political Science . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Cheney|first=Catherine|date=2024-11-01|title=Collective leadership is key to lasting impact, in education and beyond|url=https://www.devex.com/news/collective-leadership-is-key-to-lasting-impact-in-education-and-beyond-108630|accessdate=2024-12-04|work=Devex|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Musimbi Kanyoro « The Uprising of Women in Philanthropy|url=https://uprisingofwomeninphilanthropy.com/the-author/dr-musimbi-kanyoro/|accessdate=2024-12-04}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians ("Circle") na onye nhazi mbụ ya (1996-2002). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Labeodan|first=Helen A.|date=2016-07-08|title=Revisiting the legacy of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians today: A lesson in strength and perseverance|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v37i2.1586|journal=Verbum et Ecclesia|volume=37|issue=2|doi=10.4102/ve.v37i2.1586|issn=2074-7705}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Musimbi Kanyoro na Migori County, Kenya, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị tupu ọ banye Alliance Girls School na Nairobi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Musimbi Kanyoro (Kenya) {{!}} WikiPeaceWomen – English|url=https://wikipeacewomen.org/wpworg/en/?page_id=3038|accessdate=2024-07-16|work=wikipeacewomen.org}}</ref> Dị ka nwa akwụkwọ n'afọ ndị 1970, ọ kwadoro mmegide megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rendezvous.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/03/star-power-at-a-global-womens-conference/?_r=0|title=Star Power at a Global Women's Conference|date=3 May 2013|accessdate=21 October 2013|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="KRA" /> Kanyoro nwetara nzere bachelọ na Mahadum Nairobi na PhD na Linguistics na Mahadum Texas dị na Austin. Kanyoro mechara nweta nzere doctorate na nkà mmụta okpukpe ụmụ nwanyị na San Francisco Theological Seminary.. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lowery|first=Stephanie A.|date=2020-05-22|title=9 African Women Theologians You Should Know About|url=https://theglobalchurchproject.com/african-women-theologians-you-should-know-about/|accessdate=2020-10-25|work=The GlobalChurch Project|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye ọkà mmụta nleta nke Hibru na Agba Ochie na Harvard Divinity School . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Musimbi Kanyoro|url=https://unglobalcompact.org.au/speakers/dr-musimbi-kanyoro/|accessdate=2024-07-16|work=UN Global Compact Network Australia|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Kanyoro bụ onye isi odeakwụkwọ, Desk for Women in Church and Society na Lutheran World Federation site na 1982 ruo 1997. <ref>{{Cite web|author=GU|date=20 June 2011|title=A Discussion with Musimbi Kanyoro, CEO and President of the Global Fund for Women|url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/interviews/a-discussion-with-musimbi-kanyoro-ceo-and-president-of-the-global-fund-for-women|accessdate=27 July 2022}}</ref> O dezigharịrị akwụkwọ In Search of a Round Table: Gender, Theology and Church Leadership, na 1998. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Molloy|first=Cathy|date=Winter 1998|title=Review: [Untitled] in Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30113966|accessdate=27 July 2022}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ nsụgharị maka United Bible Societies. Site na 1998 ruo 2007, Kanyoro ghọrọ odeakwụkwọ ukwu mbụ na-abụghị onye ọcha nke World YWCA . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Salzman|first=Marian|title=10 Power Women Brands|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mariansalzman/2015/09/08/10-power-women-brands/|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref name="KRA">{{Cite news|url=http://www.kra.go.ke/pdf/news/BIOGRAPHY%20OF%20THOSE%20AWARDED.pdf|title=Biography of those awarded|publisher=Kenya Revenue Agency|accessdate=18 October 2013}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110719014748/http://www.kra.go.ke/pdf/news/BIOGRAPHY%20OF%20THOSE%20AWARDED.pdf "Biography of those awarded"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kenya Revenue Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Kanyoro bụ onye nduzi nke Population and Reproductive Health Program nke David na Lucile Packard Foundation site na 2007 ruo 2011.<ref name="Berkley">{{Cite news|date=20 June 2011|title=A Discussion with Musimbi Kanyoro, CEO and President of the Global Fund for Women|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/interviews/a-discussion-with-musimbi-kanyoro-ceo-and-president-of-the-global-fund-for-women|accessdate=18 October 2013|publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Mgbakọ Mba Nile nke Beijing ma duru ndị nnọchiteanya gaa Mgbakọ Mba Nile ise nke UN n'afọ 1990. Site na 2018 ruo 2019, ọ jere ozi na Kọmishọna Nnọọrọ Onwe Ya maka Omume Ọjọọ Mmekọahụ, Ibu Ọrụ na Mgbanwe Omenala na Oxfam, nke Zainab Bangura na Katherine Sierra so bụrụ ndị isi oche.. Musimbi Kanyoro bụ onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke Global Fund for Women site na 2011 ruo 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lieberman|first=Amy|date=13 August 2019|title=Some gender equality progress 'slipping away,' says former Global Fund for Women CEO|url=https://www.devex.com/news/some-gender-equality-progress-slipping-away-says-former-global-fund-for-women-ceo-95440}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ bọọdụ, gụnyere Aspen Leaders Council, CARE Board, UN High Level Taskforce for Reproductive Health, UN Women Civil Society Advisory Board, U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) "s Scientific Advisory board <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-07-14|title=Dr Musimbi Kanyoro - Homeward Bound|url=https://homewardboundprojects.com.au/profile/dr-musimbi-kanyoro/|accessdate=2024-07-16|language=en-AU}}</ref> na International Board of the [[United World Colleges]] . <ref name=":2" /> Kanyoro esorola onye bụbu onyeisiala mba Ireland rụọ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ, gụnyere Board of Directors of Reaching Rights: the Ethical Globalization Initiative. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye otu Family Planning 2020 (FP2020) Reference Group. Ọ bụkwa onye otu Global Philanthropy Committee nke Council of Foundations . <ref>{{Cite web|date=January 2012|title=Global Philanthropy|url=http://www.cof.org/whoweserve/international/committee/index.cfm?navItemNumber=15638|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019231902/http://www.cof.org/whoweserve/international/committee/index.cfm?navItemNumber=15638|archivedate=19 October 2013|accessdate=19 October 2013|publisher=[[Council on Foundations]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=November 2018|title=Musimbi Kanyoro Appointed Chair of UWC International Board|url=https://www.uwc.org/musimbiappointment|accessdate=16 January 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.uwc.org/musimbiappointment "Musimbi Kanyoro Appointed Chair of UWC International Board"]. November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Kanyoro jere ozi dị ka onye otu ndị nduzi nke African Population and Health Research Centre, ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ISIS Work ruo afọ asaa. Ọ na-ejekwa ozi na bọọdụ nke CARE, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.care.org/newsroom/articles/2012/10/care-new-board-members-kanyoro-janah-20121009.asp|title=CARE Announces Board Member Musimbi Kanyoro|date=October 2011|accessdate=19 October 2013}}</ref> Intra Health, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.intrahealth.org/page/musimbi-kanyoro-joins-intrahealth-internationals-board-of-directors|title=Musimbi Kanyoro Joins Intra Health International Board of Directors|date=September 2010|accessdate=19 October 2013}}</ref> CHANGE na Legacy Memory Bank, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legacymemorybank.org/index.php?view=article&catid=36%3Abiography&id=69%3Amusimbi+kanyoro&option=com_content&Itemid=60|title=Musimbi Kanyoro Joins Board of Legacy Memory Bank|date=November 2007|accessdate=19 October 2013|archivedate=12 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512041040/http://www.legacymemorybank.org/index.php?view=article&catid=36%3Abiography&id=69%3Amusimbi+kanyoro&option=com_content&Itemid=60}}</ref> ma bụrụkwa onye otu World Health Organization. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Nkwado na nsọpụrụ == * 1999 - Ihe nrite nke ikike mmadụ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interpretermagazine.org/umns/usnews_archive.asp?ptid=2&story=%7BE510D330-9DC3-4E68-BAD0-D9C4B7837AD9%7D&mid=883|title=presented by Church Women United, USA, in recognition of commitment and dedication to global human rights of women|date=September 1999|accessdate=21 October 2013}}</ref> * 1999 - Doctor of Divinity (honorary), Trinity Lutheran Seminary, (TLS) USA, maka enyemaka dị mkpa na nkà mmụta okpukpe Ndị Kraịst * 2000 - Ihe nrite Wittenberg<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elca.org/Who-We-Are/Our-Three-Expressions/Churchwide-Organization/Communication-Services/News/Releases.aspx?a=3673|title=presented by the Luther Institute, USA in recognition of outstanding service to church and society|date=September 2000|accessdate=21 October 2013}}</ref> * 2005 - a họpụtara ya dị ka State Commendations of Kenya Moran nke Order of the Burning Spear (MBS) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.law.co.ke/KenyaGazette/view_gazette.php?title=1145|title=Selected Gazette Notices From Vol. CVII-No.85|publisher=Republic of Kenya|date=9 December 2005|accessdate=18 October 2013|archivedate=24 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424172059/http://www.law.co.ke/KenyaGazette/view_gazette.php?title=1145}}</ref> * 2005 - Onyinye ụmụ nwanyị nke ihe oriri <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200510241020.html|title=African Women's Development Fund, Accra, Ghana|date=April 2005|accessdate=21 October 2013}}</ref> * 2005 - Global Leadership Award, World Vision na International AIDS Trust, USA<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abeingo.org/profiles/musimbi%20kanyoro.pdf|title=World Vision and International AIDS Trust, USA|date=March 2005|accessdate=21 October 2013}}</ref> * 2005 - Onye a họpụtara, 1000 Women for the Nobel Peace Prize, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldywca.org/YWCA-News/World-YWCA-and-Member-Associations-News/World-YWCA-General-Secretary-Nominated-for-Nobel-Peace-Prize|title=Nominee, 1000 Women for the Nobel Peace Prize|date=September 2005|accessdate=21 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021225504/http://www.worldywca.org/YWCA-News/World-YWCA-and-Member-Associations-News/World-YWCA-General-Secretary-Nominated-for-Nobel-Peace-Prize|archivedate=21 October 2013}}</ref> * 2006 - Onyinye Ụmụ nwanyị, idu ndú na nkwanye ùgwù mmadụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bsc.edu/communications/southern/summer06/summer-06.pdf|title=for significant contribution to advancement of human dignity, presented by Birmingham-South College, Birmingham, Alabama, USA|date=April 2006|accessdate=21 October 2013|archivedate=3 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210201/http://www.bsc.edu/communications/southern/summer06/summer-06.pdf}}</ref> * 2008 - Okwu mmeghe: Nelson Mandela Lecture Series na Mahadum nke South Australia <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://w3.unisa.edu.au/hawkecentre/nml/default.asp|title=presented by the University of South Australia and the Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Centre, Adelaide, Australia|date=14 October 2008|accessdate=21 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021225422/http://w3.unisa.edu.au/hawkecentre/nml/default.asp|archivedate=21 October 2013}}</ref> * 2011 - Ịgbanwe ihu nke Philanthropy <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.womensfundingnetwork.org/sites/wfnet.org/files/cfp-awards-presentation.pdf|title=presented by the Women's Funding Network, San Francisco, California, USA|date=7–9 April 2011|accessdate=21 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021222737/http://www.womensfundingnetwork.org/sites/wfnet.org/files/cfp-awards-presentation.pdf|archivedate=21 October 2013}}</ref> * 2012 - National Council for Research on Women 2012 == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * {{Cite book|ref=none|author=Bofu-Tawamba|first=Ndana|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Uprising-of-Women-in-Philanthropy/Bofu-Tawamba-Bright-Clohesy-Grumm-Kanyoro-LaKellyHunt-Oliveira-Risimini-Sloane-Tomlin/p/book/9781032361468?utm_medium=email&utm_source=EmailStudio&utm_campaign=U7597454184_Books+Author+Post-Publication+Support_5035855&utm_id=|title=The uprising of women in philanthropy|date=2025|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-032-36146-8|location=Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY}} * Dube, Musa na Musimbi R.A. Kanyoro, eds. ''Nye m ikpe ziri ezi! : HIV/AIDS na ọgụgụ nwoke na nwanyị nke Bible.'' [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1570756009|<bdi>978-1570756009</bdi>]] &nbsp; * Kanyoro, Musimbi R.A. na Nyambura J. Njoroge, eds. ''Groaning in Faith: Ụmụ nwanyị Africa n'ụlọ Chineke.'' Nairobi: Acton Publishers. Akwụkwọ sitere na Interfaith Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians, 1996. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-9966888242|<bdi>978-9966888242</bdi>]] &nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''N'ịchọ tebụl gburugburu: okike, nkà mmụta okpukpe & idu ndú ụka.'' Geneva: WCC Publications, 1997. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/2-8254-1209-0|<bdi>2-8254-1209-0</bdi>]] &nbsp; * Kanyoro, Musimbi R.A. na Nyambura J. Njoroge, eds. ''Afọ iri nke ịdị n'otu na Bible: emume afọ iri: ọhụụ karịa 1998. '' Geneva: WCC Publications, 1998. * Kanyoro, Musimbi R.A., Nkwupụta Ọdịbendị Ụmụ nwanyị: Echiche Africa. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0829814996|<bdi>978-0829814996</bdi>]] &nbsp; * Kanyoro, Musimbi R.A., Forward to The alternative Luther: Lutheran theology from the subaltern, nke Else Marie Wiberg Pedersen dezigharịrị. Minneapolis: Fortress Academic, 2019. * Oduyoye, Mercy Amba na Musimbi R.A. Kanyoro, eds. ''The Will to Uto: Women, Tradition, na Church in Africa.'' [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1597524742|<bdi>978-1597524742</bdi>]]. &nbsp; == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.globalfundforwomen.org/ Global Fund for Women] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121217034129/http://www.legacymemorybank.org/ Legacy Memory Bank Advisory Board] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rkkfail82e37wip6b02l6spv3dfqzpb 0 75207 693086 631898 2026-07-31T09:33:09Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 693086 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>'''Donna Pollach''' (1949 – Ọktoba 7, 2002) bụ onye America na-ese foto, onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ, na onye nkuzi a maara maka idekọ obodo ndị inyom nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na Portland, Oregon, site na mmalite afọ 1970 ruo na mmalite afọ 2000. Foto ya na-enye ihe ndekọ dị mkpa nke ndụ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na netwọk obodo na Pacific Northwest n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Ọrụ ya gụnyere foto, foto ihe nkiri nke ngagharị iwe na nhazi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, yana onyonyo nke ndụ obodo kwa ụbọchị n'ime netwọk mmekọrịta nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị. == Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Pollach na Boston, Massachusetts, ma tolite na [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]] na ejima ya bụ Karen. N'afọ 1969 ọ lụrụ Cameron Suttles wee kwaga Portland, Oregon, ebe ọ gara Mahadum Steeti Portland. Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ banyere na ngagharị nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị na-apụta ma sonyere na mmepe nke mmemme Ọmụmụ Ụmụ Nwanyị nke mahadum ahụ.<ref name="archiveswest">[https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv967452]</ref> Pollach mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ na obodo ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị na ụmụnwaanyị nwanyị na Portland, nke ghọrọ isi ihe dị mkpa n'ọrụ foto ya. == Ọrụ == Malite na mbido afọ 1970, Pollach sere foto n'obodo ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ibe ha na Portland. Ọrụ ya dekọrọ ọtụtụ ihe omume mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere nzukọ nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, ngagharị iwe mpako, ngagharị iwe megide agha, na ngagharị iwe na-emegide nuklia. Na mgbakwunye na idekọ ihe gbasara ngagharị iwe, Pollach sere foto ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke ndị otu ndị nwanyị ibe ha, gụnyere ọbụbụenyi, mmekọrịta, ezinụlọ, na nnọkọ mmekọrịta. Foto ndị a nyere ihe ndekọ anya nke nhazi obodo ndị nwanyị ibe ha n'oge mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ukwuu na United States. Pollach mekwara foto na foto nkwalite maka ndị na-ese ihe, ndị egwu, na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na obodo ihe nkiri Portland == Isiokwu na ụdị == Foto Pollach jikọtara omenala akwụkwọ akụkọ na eserese. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya n'ịkọpụta ahụmịhe kwa ụbọchị nke obodo ndị inyom nwere mmasị nwanyị karịa onyonyo a na-eme n'usoro ma ọ bụ nke azụmahịa. Foto ya na-egosikarị isiokwu obodo, ngagharị iwe, ezinụlọ ahọpụtara, na nkọwa ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe nke mmekọrịta na ịbụ nne n'ime obodo ndị nwere mmasị nwoke na nwanyị. Ọtụtụ n'ime foto ya na-egosi ndị enyi na ndị obodo nọ n'ime obodo ma ọ bụ n'ime ezinụlọ, na-egosipụta njikọ mmekọrịta chiri anya nke e ji mara obodo ndị inyom nwere mmasị nwanyị na Portland na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ. == Ihe ngosi == Ọrụ Pollach egosila na Oregon Historical Society Museum na Portland. E gosipụtara nnukwu ihe ngosi nke foto ya, We Were All Living a Dream: Reflections on Twentieth-Century Lesbian Feminism through the Photography of Donna Pollach, site na Eprel 4 n'afọ 2025, ruo Machị 29 n'afọ 2026. Ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara foto ndị na-edekọ nhazi ụmụ nwanyị, njem mpako, ngosipụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndụ kwa ụbọchị n'ime obodo ụmụ nwanyị Portland site na mmalite afọ 1970 ruo mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu. == Ebe nchekwa na ihe nketa == E chekwara ebe nchekwa foto Pollach n'ọbá akwụkwọ nyocha Oregon Historical Society . Nchịkọta ahụ nwere ihe dị ka mbipụta foto 1,450, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 2,000 ihe na-adịghị mma, ọtụtụ narị mpempe akwụkwọ kọntaktị, ihe ngosi slide, na ihe onyonyo ọdịyo na-egosi obodo ndị nwanyị na-edina nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti afọ 1970 n'afọ 2002. Ihe ncheta ahụ gụnyere foto, foto nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na foto nke ndụ ọdịbendị n'ime obodo ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị Portland. Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme achọpụtala na nchịkọta ahụ dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mmegharị ndị inyom nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, akụkọ ihe mere eme LGBTQ, na ndụ obodo na Pacific Northwest n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ. == Mbipụta == * ''Foto nke Donna Pollach''. Nke Sue St. Michael dezigharịrị. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pmvg99sk0qqzgf396qfc681t4vip4fx 693088 693086 2026-07-31T09:34:06Z Mirah50 16972 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 693088 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>'''Donna Pollach''' (1949 – Ọktoba 7, 2002) bụ onye America na-ese foto, onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ, na onye nkuzi a maara maka idekọ obodo ndị inyom nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na Portland, Oregon, site na mmalite afọ 1970 ruo na mmalite afọ 2000. Foto ya na-enye ihe ndekọ dị mkpa nke ndụ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na netwọk obodo na Pacific Northwest n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Ọrụ ya gụnyere foto, foto ihe nkiri nke ngagharị iwe na nhazi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, yana onyonyo nke ndụ obodo kwa ụbọchị n'ime netwọk mmekọrịta nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị. == Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Pollach na Boston, Massachusetts, ma tolite na [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]] na ejima ya bụ Karen. N'afọ 1969 ọ lụrụ Cameron Suttles wee kwaga Portland, Oregon, ebe ọ gara Mahadum Steeti Portland. Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ banyere na ngagharị nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị na-apụta ma sonyere na mmepe nke mmemme Ọmụmụ Ụmụ Nwanyị nke mahadum ahụ.<ref name="archiveswest">[https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv967452]</ref> Pollach mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ na obodo ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị na ụmụnwaanyị nwanyị na Portland, nke ghọrọ isi ihe dị mkpa n'ọrụ foto ya. == Ọrụ == Malite na mbido afọ 1970, Pollach sere foto n'obodo ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ibe ha na Portland. Ọrụ ya dekọrọ ọtụtụ ihe omume mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere nzukọ nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, ngagharị iwe mpako, ngagharị iwe megide agha, na ngagharị iwe na-emegide nuklia. Na mgbakwunye na idekọ ihe gbasara ngagharị iwe, Pollach sere foto ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke ndị otu ndị nwanyị ibe ha, gụnyere ọbụbụenyi, mmekọrịta, ezinụlọ, na nnọkọ mmekọrịta. Foto ndị a nyere ihe ndekọ anya nke nhazi obodo ndị nwanyị ibe ha n'oge mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ukwuu na United States. Pollach mekwara foto na foto nkwalite maka ndị na-ese ihe, ndị egwu, na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na obodo ihe nkiri Portland == Isiokwu na ụdị == Foto Pollach jikọtara omenala akwụkwọ akụkọ na eserese. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya n'ịkọpụta ahụmịhe kwa ụbọchị nke obodo ndị inyom nwere mmasị nwanyị karịa onyonyo a na-eme n'usoro ma ọ bụ nke azụmahịa. Foto ya na-egosikarị isiokwu obodo, ngagharị iwe, ezinụlọ ahọpụtara, na nkọwa ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe nke mmekọrịta na ịbụ nne n'ime obodo ndị nwere mmasị nwoke na nwanyị. Ọtụtụ n'ime foto ya na-egosi ndị enyi na ndị obodo nọ n'ime obodo ma ọ bụ n'ime ezinụlọ, na-egosipụta njikọ mmekọrịta chiri anya nke e ji mara obodo ndị inyom nwere mmasị nwanyị na Portland na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ. == Ihe ngosi == Ọrụ Pollach egosila na Oregon Historical Society Museum na Portland. E gosipụtara nnukwu ihe ngosi nke foto ya, We Were All Living a Dream: Reflections on Twentieth-Century Lesbian Feminism through the Photography of Donna Pollach, site na Eprel 4 n'afọ 2025, ruo Machị 29 n'afọ 2026. Ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara foto ndị na-edekọ nhazi ụmụ nwanyị, njem mpako, ngosipụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndụ kwa ụbọchị n'ime obodo ụmụ nwanyị Portland site na mmalite afọ 1970 ruo mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu. == Ebe nchekwa na ihe nketa == E chekwara ebe nchekwa foto Pollach n'ọbá akwụkwọ nyocha Oregon Historical Society . Nchịkọta ahụ nwere ihe dị ka mbipụta foto 1,450, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 2,000 ihe na-adịghị mma, ọtụtụ narị mpempe akwụkwọ kọntaktị, ihe ngosi slide, na ihe onyonyo ọdịyo na-egosi obodo ndị nwanyị na-edina nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti afọ 1970 n'afọ 2002. Ihe ncheta ahụ gụnyere foto, foto nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na foto nke ndụ ọdịbendị n'ime obodo ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị Portland. Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme achọpụtala na nchịkọta ahụ dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mmegharị ndị inyom nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, akụkọ ihe mere eme LGBTQ, na ndụ obodo na Pacific Northwest n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ. == Mbipụta == * ''Foto nke Donna Pollach''. Nke Sue St. Michael dezigharịrị. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pollach, Donna}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ks36yftz6dasn1yx0i56txxvswckrjy 0 75235 693005 673671 2026-07-31T05:26:46Z Philip Emeka 16124 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 693005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}  <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.werder.de/teams/profis/spieler/felix-agu/ |title=Felix Agu |publisher=SV Werder Bremen |access-date=1 September 2022 |accessdate=24 May 2026 |archivedate=25 September 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925061316/https://www.werder.de/teams/profis/spieler/felix-agu/ }}</ref> '''Felix Agu''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Obefelix-Felix Agu.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 27 Septemba 1999) bụ [[Footbọl|onye okachamara na bọọlụ]], nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye nnona-azụ maka Werder Bremen . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe415089/felix-agu/|title=Felix Agu|work=worldfootball.net|publisher=HEIM:SPIEL|accessdate=29 April 2018}}</ref> A mụrụ ya na Germany, ọ na-egwuri egwu maka otu egwuregwu mba Naịjirịa. == Ọrụ klọb == Na ngwụcha Jenụwarị 2020, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi kọrọ na Agu ga-aga n'akụkụ Bundesliga Werder Bremen maka oge 2020-21 ebe ọ kwenyere na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ na klọb ahụ. Site na VfL Osnabrück ya, n'ihi na ọ ga-agba ọsọ, ọ ga-esonye na nnyefe n'efu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sonnenberg|first=Christoph|title=4-Jahresvertrag für Osnabrücks Agu|url=https://www.weser-kurier.de/werder/werder-bundesliga_artikel,-4jahresvertrag-fuer-osnabruecks-agu-_arid,1892270.html|accessdate=5 February 2020|work=Weser Kurier|date=24 January 2019|language=German}}</ref> Na mbido ọnwa Febụwarị, a mara ọkwa ọpụpụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Werder Bremen verpflichtet Felix Agu|url=https://www.werder.de/aktuell/news/profis/20192020/agu-verpflichtung-06022020/|work=SV Werder Bremen|accessdate=6 February 2020|language=German|date=6 February 2020|archivedate=4 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904002305/https://www.werder.de/aktuell/news/profis/20192020/agu-verpflichtung-06022020/}}</ref><ref name="goal">{{Cite web|author=Adewoye|first=Gbenga|title=Felix Agu: Werder Bremen sign Nigerian starlet from Osnabruck|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/felix-agu-werder-bremen-sign-nigerian-prospect-from/1nccxz64qarpd1c4f2z2pvzs3m|work=Goal|accessdate=17 May 2020|date=6 February 2020}}</ref> Agu mere mmalite ya na Bundesliga na Werder Bremen nke 1–1 mgbaru ọsọ megide Bayern Munich na 21 November 2020, nke e mere ka ọ banye dị ka onye nnọchi anya na nkeji nke 66. Ọ gụrụ na etiti kama ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye na-azọ azụ.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Knips |first1=Björn |title=Werder Bremen in Noten: Ömer Toprak stellt Bayerns Lewandowski kalt! |url=https://www.kreiszeitung.de/werder-bremen/werder-bremen-noten-fc-bayern-muenchen-oemer-toprak-stellt-robert-lewandowski-kalt-einzelkritik-christian-gross-unentschieden-bundesliga-zr-90107384.html |accessdate=21 November 2020 |work=Kreiszeitung |date=21 November 2020 |language=German}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Knips |first1=Björn |title=Werder: Verteidiger Agu trifft bei Startelf-Debüt |url=https://www.weser-kurier.de/werder/werder-bundesliga_artikel,-werderheld-agu-muss-ueber-sein-tor-lachen-_arid,1954252.html |access-date=17 January 2021 |work=Weser Kurier |date=16 January 2021 |language=German}}</ref>. N'ihi na onye mbụ họọrọ ịlụ azụ n'aka ekpe Ludwig Augustinsson anaghị adị site na mmerụ ahụ, Agu mere mbipụta mbụ ya na Bundesliga dị ka onye malitere egwuregwu na mmeri 2–0 megide FC Augsburg na 16 January 2021. Ọ nyere aka na nkwekọrịta mbụ ya na ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya na ọgbọ egwuregwu ahụ.[2] Agu kwetara ịgbatị nkwekọrịta ya na Werder Bremen na ọnwa Febụwarị 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Felix Agu verlängert beim SV Werder Bremen|url=https://www.kicker.de/spielt-aktuell-sehr-konstant-agu-verlaengert-bei-werder-889034/artikel|work=kicker|accessdate=6 February 2022|language=de|date=6 February 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == A mụrụ Agu na Germany, o sitere na Nigeria.[1] Ọ bụ ọkwa egwuregwu ntorobịa maka Germany, ebe ọ pụtara maka ndị otu U21.[2] Akpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa na ndị otu mba Nigeria maka asọmpi enyi na enyi Unity Cup nke 2025 n'ọnwa Mee 2025.<ref>{{cite tweet|author=🇳🇬 Super Eagles|title=Roster for the #UnityCup2025 and the International Friendly vs Russia |number=1925145885723238506|user=NGSuperEagles|date=21 May 2025|access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === {{updated|match played 12 April 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |DFB-Pokal ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta ! rowspan="2" |  |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="4" |VfL Osnabrück |2017–18 |3. Njikọ |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |<ref name="wf">{{Cite web|title=Felix Agu » Club matches|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe415089/felix-agu/club-matches/|work=worldfootball.net|accessdate=23 December 2020}}</ref> |- |2018–19 |3. Njikọ |15 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |15 |2 |<ref name="wf" /> |- |2019–20 |2. Bundesliga |28 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |29 |0 |<ref name="wf" /> |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !45 !2 !1 !0 !0 !0 !46 !2 !- |- | rowspan="7" |Werder Bremen |2020–21 |Bundesliga |15 |1 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - |18 |2 |<ref name="wf" /> |- |2021–22 |2. Bundesliga |26 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |27 |0 |<ref name="wf" /> |- |2022–23 |Bundesliga |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |<ref name="wf" /> |- |2023–24 |Bundesliga |24 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |24 |0 |<ref name="wf" /> |- |2024–25 |Bundesliga |22 |3 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |24 |3 |<ref name="wf" /> |- |2025–26 |Bundesliga |11 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |12 |0 |<ref name="wf" /> |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !101 !4 !7 !1 !0 !0 !108 !5 !- |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !146 !6 !8 !1 !0 !0 !154 !7 !- |} === Mba Nile === {{updated|match played 31 May 2025}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{SV Werder Bremen squad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Agu, Felix}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3cdbtj1xyi680ntrgj5pyt739g9ogwi 0 75236 693099 638877 2026-07-31T10:20:57Z Nachi kim 20090 693099 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Festus Agu''' // i (amụrụ na 13 Machị 1975) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-aga n'ihu. == Ọrụ bọọlụ == === Mmalite === A mụrụ Agu na Enugu, ma malite ọrụ ya na obodo ya na Nitel Vasco Dagama FC Enugu, African Continental Bank FC Lagos, Bendel United, Enugu Rangers na Bendel Insurance FC. N'oge mmepe ya, a na-ewere ya dị ka onye kacha nwee nkwa ịgba bọọlụ na mba ahụ..<ref name="AGU" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, Agu kwagara mba ọzọ wee sonye na Klọb Bolívar na Bolivia, na-enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla n'otu oge. === Spain === Agu gara mba Spen n'afọ 1995, wee sonyere otu egwuregwu La Liga SD Compostela. Onyeisi oche otu egwuregwu ahụ bụ José María Caneda kọwara ya dị ka "...ngwakọta dị n'etiti Ronaldo na Bent Christensen" (onye nke ikpeazụ bụ onye egwuregwu n'otu egwuregwu ahụ). <ref name="AGU">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elcorreogallego.es/deportes/futbol/ecg/fue-festus-agu/idEdicion-2009-06-12/idNoticia-436792/|title=¿Qué fue de... Festus Agu?|date=12 June 2009|language=es|accessdate=21 October 2009|archivedate=2018-05-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511215457/http://www.elcorreogallego.es/deportes/futbol/ecg/fue-festus-agu/idEdicion-2009-06-12/idNoticia-436792/}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore=""> &#x5B;Whatever happened to... Festus Agu?&#x5D;. ''[[El Correo Gallego]]'' (in Spanish). 12 June 2009. Archived from on 11 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> N'oge ọ nọ n'ọrụ, ya na onye obodo ya bụ Christopher Ohen na-arụkọ ọrụ mana ọ gbara naanị ugboro asatọ n'oge ahụ, na-enweghị akara na usoro ahụ. Na mkpọsa na-esonụ, a gbazinyere Agu ndị agbata obi [[Galisa|Galician]] CD Ourense na Segunda División, ebe ọ zutere otu ọdịnihu ahụ.<ref name="AGU"/> === Germany === Agu gbara bọọlụ afọ asatọ sochirinụ na Germany, malite na FSV Optik Rathenow na NOFV-Oberliga. <ref name="AGU"/> N'otu oge ọ gbara goolu iri na anọ n'asọmpi ahụ, ọ rụkwara ọrụ ya mere ka ọ gaa na SC Fortuna Köln na [[2. Bundesliga|Bundesliga]]" id="mwPg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="2. Bundesliga">2. Bundesliga. Na mkpọsa na-esote, mgbe ọ na-achọtaghị net, ọ bịanyere aka na otu egwuregwu ibe ya FC Gütersloh; aghụghọ ya ga-adị mkpụmkpụ, Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na klọb ahụ ga-agbasa nwa oge n'ihi ụgwọ. N'afọ 2000, Agu sonyeere [[1. FC Schweinfurt 05|FC Schweinfurt 05]]">1. FC Schweinfurt 05 na Regionalliga Süd, na-agba goolu iri na otu n'afọ mbụ ya ka klọb ahụ na-aga n'ihu na ọkwa nke abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/regionalliga/sued/regionalliga-sued-37/2000-01/34/0/spieltag.html|title=RL Süd – Spieltag / Tabelle 2000/01|publisher=[[Kicker (sports magazine)|kicker]]|language=de|accessdate=27 October 2011}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, a bịanyere ya aka ọzọ, ma mesịa nọrọ n'òtù ahụ iji kpọọ VfR Aalen, na-agba bọọlụ ugboro iri na anọ ka ndị otu Baden-Württemberg mechara n'ọnọdụ nke anọ, ihe atọ na-eme ihere maka nkwalite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/regionalliga/sued/regionalliga-sued-37/2001-02/0/0/spieltag.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009172828/http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/regionalliga/sued/regionalliga-sued-37/2001-02/0/0/spieltag.html|archivedate=9 October 2009|title=RL Süd – Spieltag / Tabelle 2001/02|publisher=kicker|language=de|accessdate=27 October 2011}}</ref> N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2002, Agu laghachiri na nkwekọrịta nke abụọ maka SV Wacker Burghausen. Agbanyeghị, ọ meghị ihe ndekọ goolu mbụ ya, e mechara tọhapụ ya na njedebe nke oge ahụ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbara bọọlụ na FC St. Pauli na Regionalliga Nord, wee nye goolu isii n'afọ mbụ ya mana naanị abụọ n'ime ha sochiri. === Ịla ezumike nká === Mgbe ọ dị afọ 30, Agu lara ezumike nká n'ihi ọtụtụ mmerụ ahụ wee kwaga United Kingdom iji malite ọrụ ọhụrụ na iwu. Agu bụzi onye ọka iwu ruru eru na-arụ ọrụ na England na Wales.<ref name="AGU"/> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Festus Agunafussballdaten.de (n'asụsụ German) * Festus Aguna BDFutbol * Festus Aguna WorldFootball.net {{DEFAULTSORT:Agu, Festus}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6y9hbv34q40s8pqfd44bev0m6kyl6kc 0 75256 692826 672064 2026-07-30T20:18:05Z Chigozirim2005 19722 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692826 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fuad Adepapo Adeniyi''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Tunmise123-Fuad Adeniyi.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 15 Nọvemba 1994) bụ onye bọọlụ bọọlụ nke England nke na-agba bọọlụ dị ka onye na-agbachitere. == Ọrụ == === Ntorobịa === Adeniyi so ndị otu ntorobịa dị iche iche gbaa bọọlụ, gụnyere Harrow St. Mary's, Dorset RFC, Shaftesbury, na The Football CV Academy . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucsbgauchos.com/sports/m-soccer/2015-16/bios/adeniyi_fuad_v7sl|title=Fuad Adeniyi|work=UC Santa Barbara|accessdate=2026-05-06|archivedate=2019-04-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421043402/http://www.ucsbgauchos.com/sports/m-soccer/2015-16/bios/adeniyi_fuad_v7sl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplayersagent.com/profile/249184/player/fuad_adedapo_adeniyi|title=FUAD ADEDAPO ADENIYI - The Players' Agent|work=www.theplayersagent.com|accessdate=2026-05-06|archivedate=2024-12-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214074326/http://www.theplayersagent.com/profile/249184/player/fuad_adedapo_adeniyi}}</ref> === Kọleji na onye na-amụrụ ihe === Na 2012, Adeniyi kwagara United States ka ọ gbaa bọọlụ kọleji na Mahadum Mobile. Mgbe ọ gbasịrị egwu maka Rams, ebe ọ nwetara nsọpụrụ mbụ Team All-League na 2014, Adeniyi gafere na Mahadum California, Santa Barbara na 2015, ebe ọ pụtara ugboro 15. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji, Adeniyi nọrọ oge na FC London na 2015, ma mesịa nọrọ oge abụọ na AFC Ann Arbor. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afcannarbor.com/latestnews/2016/9/19/adeniyi-continues-to-press-for-pro-contract|title=Adeniyi Continues to Press for Pro Contract|work=AFC Ann Arbor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://npsl.bonzidev.com/sam/standings/ss/schedule.php?v=3&containerID=MTU3MzUxMA==|title=National Premier Soccer League|work=npsl.bonzidev.com|accessdate=2026-05-06|archivedate=2023-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712032607/http://npsl.bonzidev.com/sam/standings/ss/schedule.php?containerID=MTU3MzUxMA==&v=3}}</ref> Na ngwụcha afọ 2016, Adeniyi kwagara Finland, na-egwuri egwu na Sporting Kristina.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tormentafc.com/news/2022/06/08/tormenta-fc-adds-defender-fuad-adeniyi-to-2022-roster/|title=Tormenta FC Adds Defender Fuad Adeniyi to 2022 Roster}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị na 2019, Adeniyi pụtara ugboro asaa maka USL League Two club Dalton Red Wolves, gbara ihe mgbaru ọsọ isii wee gbakọọ otu enyemaka.[1] 2021 hụrụ Adeniyi ka ya na ọgbakọ ATLetic nke ADASL na-egwu egwuregwu Atlanta. === Ọkachamara === N'afọ 2019, Adeniyi pụtara ugboro abụọ na NISA na Atlanta SC. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nisasoccer.com/roster/fuad-adedapo-adeniyi|title=Player Details &#124; National Independent Soccer Association|work=nisasoccer.com}}</ref> Na 8 June 2022, Adeniyi bịanyere aka na USL League One club . <ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1228793-tormenta-fc-adds-defender-fuad-adeniyi-to-2022-roster|title=Tormenta FC Adds Defender Fuad Adeniyi to 2022 Roster|author=USLLeagueOne com Staff|date=9 June 2022|work=USL League One}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọ pụtara ugboro asaa maka klọb NISA Georgia FC. == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * Fuad Adeniyin'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ {{DEFAULTSORT:Adeniyi, Fuad}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2dt8dsogipz5kcbxu9f70rbnzd222yr 0 75350 692836 675161 2026-07-30T20:23:25Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 692836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Ogochukwu Franklin Onyeka''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578_(ibo)-Goodymeraj-Ogochukwu_Franklin_Onyeka.wav|Listen}}<sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable">[[:File:LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Goodymeraj-Ogochukwu Franklin Onyeka.wav|ⓘ]]</sup> MON (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 1998) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agbachitere ndị na-agba ọsọ n'etiti etiti maka otu egwuregwu EFL Championship Coventry City, na mgbazinye site na Brentford, na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ogochukwu-onyeka-frank/434897/|title=O. Frank|work=Soccerway}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Onyeka na 1 Jenụwarị 1998 na Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, nke abụọ kasị okenye n'ime ụmụnne ise. O kwuru na nne ya anaghị akwado ya ka ọ na-egwu bọọlụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata: "Ọ chọrọ ka anyị m mụọ, n'ihi na ohere nke ịghọ onye na-agba bọọlụ na oge ahụ dị obere. Ọ ga-ahọrọ ka m gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ karịa igwu bọọlụ. "<ref name="longroad" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, mgbe ọ na-egwuri egwu maka klọb Faith Motors Academy, Churchill Oliseh, onye nwe ya na onye njikwa Ebedei - klọb nwere njikọ na Midtjylland na Danish Superliga - na nwoke a na-eto maka ịchọpụta mba Naijiria [[Obafemi Martins]].<ref name="longroad">{{Cite web|title=Frank Onyeka: I used to play barefoot on concrete; now I can put on any shoes I want|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-frank-onyeka-brentford-nigeria-interview|work=Brentford F.C.|accessdate=13 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411064325/https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/the-long-read-frank-onyeka-brentford-nigeria-interview|archivedate=11 April 2024|date=8 February 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. </cite></ref> Tupu ọ banye Ebedei, Onyeka kwadoro ezinụlọ ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ n'elu ụlọ. Ọ kwagara Ebedei, nke dị na [[Sagamu]], Ogun State, ihe karịrị kilomita 250 site na Benin City, bụ oge mbụ ọ hapụrụ ụlọ, ma chọọ mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama. N'agbanyeghị ebe dị anya na ọrụ ya n'oge gara aga, Onyeka nọgidere na-etinye aka n'ịchụso nrọ ya, ihe o mechara ghọta dị ka ihe enyemaka n'ịzụlite echiche siri ike.<ref name="longroad" /> == Ọrụ klọb == === Midtjylland === Mgbe ọ si na Ebedei nke Naijiria kwaga na ụlọ ọrụ imekọ ihe ọnụ Midtjylland na Denmark na January 2016, Onyeka guzobe onwe ya dị ka akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, na 20 September 2017, o mere egwuregwu mbụ ya na Danish Cup na 7-0 meriri Greve, bụ ebe o meriri. Onyeka gara n'ihu mee egwuregwu Danish Superliga nke mbụ maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị na mgbasa ozi 2017-18 nke ụlọ ọgbakọ na egwuregwu megide Horsens na 9 February 2018. N'ebe ahụ, ọ gbakwara akara, ma bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa na mmeri 2-0. Onyeka mere onwe ya ọzọ na egwuregwu na-esote, na 18 February, megide otu Superliga na-eduga na Copenhagen, bụ ebe o meriri goolu nke abụọ ya maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ n'ọnọdụ aka nri ka Midtjylland meriri isi obodo 3-Onye isi nchịkwa Jess Thorup toro ya maka ngbanwe ọnọdụ ya na ntozu oke ya. Onyeka mere nke mbụ ya na UEFA Champions League n'oge na-esote, na Midtjylland's qualifier megide Astana na 24 July 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2018/07/24/europe/uefa-champions-league/fk-lokomotiv-astana/fc-midtjylland/2843858/|title=Astana vs. Midtjylland - 24 July 2018 - Soccerway|work=us.soccerway.com}}</ref> Onyeka bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ maka Brentford Premier League ọhụrụ emelitere na 20 Julaị 2021 maka ego akọwapụtaghị. O mere asọmpi mpụta mbụ ya maka ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ na 13 Ọgọst, ụbọchị egwuregwu mbụ nke oge, malite na mmeri 2-0 megide Arsenal; mmeri Premier League mbụ nke Bees nwetara. N'ime oge izizi ya na Brentford, ọ gbara mgba na ịchebe ebe ọ bụla n'otu egwuregwu mbụ, mmerụ ahụ na-anọkarị ya, na-egosipụtakwa dị ka onye nnọchi. Na 7 Ọgọst 2023, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ ọhụrụ, na-edebe ya na ọdịda anyanwụ London ruo 2027. Ọ gbara ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 13 Eprel 2024, na-enyere Brentford aka ka ọ merie Sheffield United 2 – 0 iji nweta mmeri mbụ ha na egwuregwu Premier League iri na-esochi. N'oge a na-akpọpụta vidio Premier League, ọ kpọrọ onwe ya "Frank the Tank". ==== Ịgbazinye FC Augsburg ==== ==== Ịgbazinye ego na Coventry City ==== Na 2 Febụwarị 2026, Onyeka bịanyere aka na EFL Championship club Coventry City na mgbazinye ruo na ngwụcha oge. Nkwekọrịta ahụ gụnyere ibu ọrụ ịzụta Onyeka ma ọ bụrụ na e buliri Coventry na Premier League.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Frank Onyeka: Brentford midfielder joins Coventry City on loan|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cy7mzzn3dg6o|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=BBC Sport|date=2 February 2026}}</ref> Onyeka mere nke mbụ ya, malite na esemokwu dị n'elu tebụl megide Middlesbrough, Coventry meriri 3-1 iji gaa n'elu nke Championship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coventry City 3-1 Middlesbrough: Haji Wright hat-trick takes Sky Blues top|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cze03ypy54et|accessdate=2026-02-17|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Team News: Coventry City v Middlesbrough|url=https://www.ccfc.co.uk/news/2026/february/16/team-news--coventry-city-v-middlesbrough/|accessdate=2026-02-17|work=www.ccfc.co.uk}}</ref> Onyeka natara oku mbụ ya maka [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]] na 22 Septemba 2020 maka egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Algeria na Tunisia na [[Austria]] na 5 na 9 Ọktoba 2020, n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/full-list-of-super-eagles-invitees-for-friendlies/|title=Full list of Super Eagles invitees for friendlies|date=21 September 2020|accessdate=21 September 2020|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Dalgård|first=Jonas|title=Frank Onyeka kan få landsholdsdebut|url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/frank-onyeka-kan-faa-landsholdsdebut/|work=bold.dk|accessdate=24 September 2020|language=Danish|date=22 September 2020}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya maka ndị otu mba ahụ na mmeri enyi na enyi 1-0 na Algeria na 9 Ọktoba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/09/world/friendlies/nigeria/algeria/3365306/|title=Nigeria vs. Algeria – 9 October 2020 – Soccerway|work=uk.soccerway.com}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka mba ya na 16 Ọktoba 2023, na mmeri 3-2 na Mozambique.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/international-frank-onyeka-mozambique-2-nigeria-3-friendly|work=Brentfordfc|accessdate=19 October 2023|title=ONYEKA SCORES FIRST NIGERIA GOAL|date=18 October 2023}}</ref> Onyeka bụ otu n'ime ndị otu Naijiria nke pụtara na-esote na 2023 African Cup of Nations . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwachukwu|first=John Owen|date=29 December 2023|title=AFCON 2023: Jose Peseiro releases 25-man squad [FULL LIST]|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/12/29/afcon-2023-jose-peseiro-releases-25-man-squad-full-list/|accessdate=17 February 2024|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge asọmpi ahụ, ọ malitere egwuregwu asaa niile nke Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Edward|first=Johnny|date=12 February 2024|title=Brentford hail Onyeka|url=https://punchng.com/brentford-hail-onyeka/|accessdate=17 February 2024|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2025, a kpọrọ Onyeka ka ọ bịa soro na ndị otu Naịjirịa maka asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/nigeria-name-star-packed-afcon-squad-as-osimhen-and-lookman-lead-super-eagles-challenge/|title=Nigeria name star-packed AFCON squad as Osimhen and Lookman lead Super Eagles challenge|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|date=11 December 2025|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref> A mụrụ Onyeka ma zụlite ya na Benin City. A na-akpọ ya "The Tank".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soccernet.ng/2023/06/from-the-streets-of-benin-to-brentford-super-eagles-star-shares-his-emotional-story.html/amp|accessdate=29 June 2023|work=soccernet.ng|title=From the streets of Benin to Brentford: Super Eagles star shares his Emotional story|date=28 June 2023}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="5" |Midtjylland |2017–18 |Superliga Danish |15 |4 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |5 |- |2018–19 |Superliga Danish |21 |4 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5[c] |0 |29 |4 |- |2019–20 |Superliga Danish |32 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2[d] |1 |35 |4 |- |2020–21 |Superliga Danish |27 |3 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |10[e] |1 |41 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !95 !14 !11 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !17 !2 !123 !17 |- | rowspan="6" |Brentford |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |20 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |24 |0 |- |2022–23 |Njikọ Premier |21 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |23 |0 |- |2023–24 |Njikọ Premier |26 |1 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |28 |1 |- |2024–25<ref name="sb2425" /> |Njikọ Premier |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- |2025–26<ref name=sb2526>{{soccerbase season|104025|2025|access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> |Njikọ Premier |6 |0 |0 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !75 !1 !0 !0 !12 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !87 !1 |- |FC Augsburg (onye a gbazinyere) |2024–25<ref name="sb2425">{{soccerbase season|104025|2024|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref> |Bundesliga |31 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |34 |0 |- |Obodo Coventry (nke a gbazitere) |2025–26<ref name="sb2526" /> |Mmeri |14 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !215 !17 !14 !1 !12 !0 !17 !2 !258 !20 |}   === Mba Nile === [[w:updated|match played 31 March 2026]]<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="7" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2020 |1 |0 |- |2021 |3 |0 |- |2022 |5 |0 |- |2023 |7 |1 |- |2024 |13 |0 |- |2025 |9 |2 |- |2026 |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !43 !3 |} : ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe ihe mgbaru ndụ Onyeka ọ bụla gasịrị.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke Frank Onyeka gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |16 Ọktoba 2023 |[[Portimão]]" id="mwAkE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Estádio Municipal de Portimão">Estádio Municipal de Portimão, Portimão | Mozambique | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |3–2 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |2 |14 Ọktoba 2025 |Godswill Akpabio International Stadium, [[Uyo]], Nigeria | Benin | align="center" |4–0 | align="center" |4–0 |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |3 |16 Nọvemba 2025 |Moulay Hassan Stadium, Rabat, Morocco | DR Congo | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1-1 (e.g.) |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |} * Onye nke abụọ na Africa Cup of Nations: 2023; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=11 February 2024|title=Nigeria 1–2 Ivory Coast|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> ebe nke atọ: 2025 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=17 January 2026|title=Afcon 2025: Egypt 0-0 Nigeria (2-4 pens) - Super Eagles finish third|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpqyvje5de8t|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=BBC Sport|language=}}</ref> == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == {{DEFAULTSORT:Onyeka,Frank}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] r2ay1uu0523it9msi5vtchwf5za5mb0 0 75402 692722 673742 2026-07-30T13:40:16Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 692722 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:MaryseConde2006.jpg|thumb|Maryse Conde]]   '''Maryse Condé''' (née '''Marise Liliane Appoline Boucolon'''; 11 Febụwarị 1934 – 2 Eprel 2024) bụ onye edemede akụkọ, onye nkatọ, na onye na-ede egwuregwu na French si ngalaba French Overseas na mpaghara Guadeloupe. Ọ bụkwa onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, onye ọrụ nkuzi ya kpọgara ya na West Africa na North America, yana Caribbean na Europe. Dịka onye edemede, Condé kacha mara amara maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Ségou (1984–1985).. Ihe odide Condé na-enyocha ndị Afrịka bi na mba ọzọ nke sitere na [[Caribbean]]" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Slavery in the Caribbean">Ịgba ohu na ọchịchị ndị na-achị Caribbean. A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, nke e dere na French, n'asụsụ Bekee, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, na Japanese.<ref name=":0" /> O ritere ihe nrite dị iche iche, dị ka Grand Prix Littéraire de la Femme (1986), Prix de l'Académie française (1988), Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe (1997) na New Academy Prize in Literature (2018) maka ọrụ ya. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-asọ mpi maka onyinye Nobel na edemede. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya na Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, na 11 Febụwarị 1934, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Eaton|first=Kalenda|title=Maryse Condé (1937– ) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/|work=blackpast.org|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 October 2007|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402185254/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/}}</ref>ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ. Ndị mụrụ ya so n'ime ndị nkuzi ojii mbụ na Guadeloupe. Nne ya, Jeanne Quidal (onye si Marie-Galante, agwaetiti nke a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe Condé).<ref name="Barbara Lewis interview" /> Nna ya, Auguste Boucolon - onye bụbu onye nkuzi - guzobere obere ụlọ akụ "La Caisse Coopérative des prêts", nke e mechara kpọwa "La Banque Antillaise".<ref name=":4" /> Nna Condé, Auguste Boucolon, nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya: Serge na Albert. Ụmụnne nwanyị atọ nke Condé bụ Ena, Jeanne, na Gillette, ụmụnne ya bụ Auguste, Jean, René, na Guy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> A mụrụ Condé afọ iri na otu mgbe Guy nwụsịrị, mgbe nne ya dị afọ iri anọ na atọ, nna ya dịkwa afọ iri isii na atọ. Condé kọwara onwe ya dị ka "nwatakịrị a na-emebi emebi", nke o kwuru na ọ bụ n'ihi afọ ndụ nne na nna ya, yana oge dị n'etiti ya na ụmụnne ya.<ref name=":4" /> Condé malitere ide ihe mgbe ọ dị obere. Tupu ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, o dere otu ihe nkiri, otu onye. E dere egwuregwu ahụ dị ka onyinye maka ụbọchị ọmụmụ nne ya. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClarkCecile_Daheny1989">Clark, VèVè A.; Cecile Daheny (1989). "'I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé". ''[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]'' (38): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>133. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2931145|10.2307/2931145]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-2492 0161-2492]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2931145 2931145].</cite></ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Condé gara Lycée Fénelon site na 1953 ruo 1955, a chụpụrụ ya mgbe afọ abụọ gachara. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Paris III (Sorbonne Nouvelle) na Paris. N'oge ọ gara, ya na ndị ọzọ West Indians, Condé guzobere klọb Luis-Carlos Prestes.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClarkCecile_Daheny1989">Clark, VèVè A.; Cecile Daheny (1989). "'I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé". ''[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]'' (38): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>133. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2931145|10.2307/2931145]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-2492 0161-2492]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2931145 2931145].</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1958, Condé gara mmemme na Paris nke Les Nègres/The Blacks nke Jean Genet, ebe ọ zutere onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Guinea]] Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClarkCecile_Daheny1989">Clark, VèVè A.; Cecile Daheny (1989). "'I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé". ''[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]'' (38): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>133. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2931145|10.2307/2931145]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-2492 0161-2492]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2931145 2931145].</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1958, ọ lụrụ Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4" /> Ha mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ tupu ha kewaa na 1969 (Condé enweela otu nwa site n'aka onye nta akụkọ Haiti bụ Jean Dominique). Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1959, mmekọrịta di na nwunye ahụ adịlarị njọ, Condé kpebiri ịga naanị ya na [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]], ebe ọ kụziri ihe otu afọ na Bingerville.<ref name=":4" /> N'oge ọ laghachiri Guinea maka ezumike, ọ ghọrọ onye maara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site n'aka otu ndị enyi Marxist, ndị ga-emetụta ya ịkwaga [[Ghana]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClarkCecile_Daheny1989">Clark, VèVè A.; Cecile Daheny (1989). "'I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé". ''[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]'' (38): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>133. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2931145|10.2307/2931145]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-2492 0161-2492]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2931145 2931145].</cite></ref> Ọ bụ oge ọgba aghara mana ọ bụ oge mmepe ka o mechara dee akụkọ ya n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2012 bụ́ La Vie sans fards (Gịnị Bụ Afrịka Nye M? Akụkụ Akwụkwọ Akụkọ Ndụ Eziokwu), dịka ọ dị na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nọọrọ onwe ha n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, o so ndị dịka Malcolm X, Che Guevara, Julius Nyerere na Maya Angelou kparịta ụka.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.seagullbooks.org/what-is-africa-to-me/|title=What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography|publisher=Seagull Books|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1960 na 1972, ọ kụziri na Guinea, Ghana na [[Senegal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Ghana, o dezigharịrị nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ edemede ndị Afrịka na-asụ French, Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française (Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps">{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1|title=Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403181325/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bịara nwee nkụda mmụọ na ọ bụ "onye akaebe nke ọtụtụ ihe na-emegiderịta onwe ya", na ebubo a na-ebo ya maka ọrụ a na-enyo enyo mere ka a chụpụ Condé na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/06/books/maryse-conde-books.html|title=Maryse Condé, at Home in the World|work=The New York Times|first=Anderson|author=Tepper|date=6 March 2023|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị West Africa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na London dị ka onye na-emepụta BBC ruo afọ abụọ.<ref name="Cain">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/02/maryse-conde-guadelopean-grand-storyteller-dies-aged-90|title=Maryse Condé, Guadeloupean 'grand storyteller' dies aged 90|first=Sian|author=Cain|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ na 1973, ọ laghachiri Paris ma kụzie akwụkwọ Francophone na Paris VII (Jussieu), X (Nanterre) , na Ill (Sorbonne Nouvelle). <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1975, ọ gụsịrị M.A. na Ph.D. ya na Sorbonne Nouvelle na Paris na akwụkwọ ntụnyere, na-enyocha stereotypes ojii na Akwụkwọ Caribbean. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="CV">{{Cite web|url=https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891|title=Curriculum Vitae {{!}} Maryse Condé|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402190337/https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ nkatọ nke gụnyere Le profil d'une oeuvre (Hatier, 1978), La Civilisation du Bossale (L'Harmattan, 1978), na La Parole des femmes (L'Rarmattan, 1979). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> N'afọ 1981, ya na Condé gbara alụkwaghịm, ebe ha kewara kemgbe. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ lụrụ Richard Philcox, Onye Bekee na onye ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Conversing on Paper: Richard Philcox on the Living Art of Translation – Asymptote Blog|url=https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/|accessdate=4 April 2024|language=en|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404115346/https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/}}</ref> O bipụtaghị akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon,'', ruo mgbe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 40, n'ihi na " enweghị obi ike na ma ghara anwa igosi ederede na ụwa dị n'èzí. " <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/books/maryse-conde-alternative-lobel-literature.html|title=Maryse Condé Wins an Alternative to the Literature Nobel in a Scandal-Plagued Year|author=Quinn|first=Annalisa|date=12 October 2018|work=The New York Times|accessdate=16 March 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ, Une saison à Rihata, na 1981; Otú ọ dị, Condé agaghị abụ onye a ma ama dị ka onye edemede Caribbean nke oge a ruo mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke atọ, ''Ségou'' (1984). <ref name=":0" />[she][her] N'ịgbaso ihe ịga nke ọma nke ''Ségou'', na 1985, e nyere Condé agụmakwụkwọ Fulbright na United States iji kụzie "Akwụkwọ na Ọdịbendị nke Caribbean" na Occidental College, [[Los Angeles]] (September 1985-May 1986). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fulbrightscholars.org/node/1246516|title=Literature and Culture of the Caribbean|work=Fulbright Scholar Program|accessdate=10 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1987, ọ bụ onye edemede Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio, e nyekwara ya Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship.<ref name="CV" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/|title=Maryse Condé|work=www.gf.org|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=2 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002041301/https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, e mere egwuregwu ya The Hills of Massabielle na New York na Ubu Repertory Theater . <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Barbara Lewis interview">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299141|title=No Silence: An Interview with Maryse Condé|first=Barbara|author=Lewis|journal=Callaloo|volume=18|date=Summer 1995|pages=543–550|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0093|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> A gụnyere ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ 1992 Daughters of Africa, nke [[Margaret Busby]] dezigharịrị.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.librarything.com/work/271737|title=Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present|date=1994|editor=Busby|publisher=[[LibraryThing]]|isbn=978-0-345-38268-9|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1995, Condé ghọrọ prọfesọ nke akwụkwọ French na Francophone na Mahadum Columbia dị na New York City, ebe o mechara bụrụ prọfesụ emerita. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/04/maryse-conde-an-english-author-can-reach-the-heart-of-a-caribbean-child|title=Interview {{!}} Maryse Condé: 'An English author can reach the heart of a Caribbean child'|first=Anita|author=Sethi|authorlink=Anita Sethi|work=The Guardian|date=4 July 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> Condé kụziri na mahadum dị iche iche, gụnyere Mahadum California, Berkeley; UCLA, Sorbonne, Mahadum Virginia, na Mahadum Nanterre. Ọ lara ezumike nká na nkuzi n'afọ 2005.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri akụkọ 2011 Maryse Condé, une voix singulière, nke Jérôme Sesquin duziri, nke na-akọ akụkọ ndụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/|title=Film: U.S. Premiere of 'Maryse Condé, une voix singulière'|work=Repeating Islands|date=29 January 2012|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=3 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203135437/https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo|title=Maryse Condé : Une voix singulière|date=15 June 2013|publisher=Ile en île|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=15 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415174729/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, e meghere Collège Maryse-Condé na agwaetiti La Désirade iji sọpụrụ ya. <ref name="CV" /> == Ọnwụ == Condé nwụrụ na Apt, Vaucluse, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ France, na 2 Eprel 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 90. <ref name="Humanite">{{Cite news|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, grande dame de la littérature et de la pensée anticoloniale – L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/maryse-conde/mort-de-maryse-conde-grande-dame-de-la-litterature-et-de-la-pensee-anticoloniale|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=humanite.fr|date=3 September 2021|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name="Marivat 2024">{{Cite news|author=Marivat|first=Gladys|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé est morte|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/04/02/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-est-morte_6225557_3382.html|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=Le Monde.fr|date=2 April 2024|language=fr}}</ref> == Ihe odide ya pụtara == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na-enyocha okwu agbụrụ, okike, na omenala n'ọtụtụ oge na ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche, gụnyere ikpe ndị amoosu Salem na I, Tituba: Amoosu Ojii nke Salem (1986); Alaeze Ukwu Bambara nke Mali nke narị afọ nke 19 na Ségou (1984–1985); na owuwu nke Panama Canal nke narị afọ nke 20 na mmetụta ya na mmụba nke ndị West Indian etiti na Tree of Life (1987). Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-achọpụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Africa na ndị si mba ọzọ bịa, karịsịa ndị Caribbean. Dị ka Louise Hardwick si kwuo, "Cosmopolitan na ọdịdị, akwụkwọ Condé na-ekwu maka mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa zuru ụwa ọnụ n'olu doro anya. Ọ jụrụ mgbalị iji mee ka ụdị ya dị, ma ọ bụ akara na-akọwa ya dị ka onye edemede French ma ọ bụ Creole, " a na-ekwukarị ya ka ọ na-ekwu: "M na-ede na Maryse Condé".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/12/maryse-conde-obituary|title=Maryse Condé obituary|work=The Guardian|date=12 April 2024|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.londonreviewbookshop.co.uk/blog/2020/november/for-a-writer-there-is-no-mother-tongue-he-forges-his-own-language-according-to-his-or-her-needs-a-q-a-with-maryse-conde|title='For a writer there is no mother tongue: he forges his own language according to his or her needs': A Q&A with Maryse Condé|work=[[London Review Bookshop]]|date=25 August 2020|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/|title=Lost Paradise: A Brief Interview with Maryse Condé|first=George|author=Salis|work=The Collidescope|date=27 December 2022|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602214215/https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon'' (n'[[Asụsụ Maninka|Asụsụ Malinke]], aha ahụ pụtara "ichere maka obi ụtọ"), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276|title=Maryse Condé: Author who won 'alternative Nobel Literature Prize' dies at 90|first=Ian|author=Youngs|publisher=BBC News|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=6 April 2024|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404205039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276}}</ref> na 1976. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde "Maryse Condé | Columbia | French"]. ''french.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde Archived] from the original on 20 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ihe na-ese okwu nke ukwuu nke na e wepụrụ ya na shelf mgbe ọnwa isii gasịrị n'ihi nkatọ ya banyere ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'Africa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/|title=Giving Voice to Guadeloupe|author=Condé|first=Maryse|date=6 February 2019|work=The New York Review of Books|language=en|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=6 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206151501/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ahụ yiri ndụ nke Condé n'oge mbụ ọ nọrọ na Guinea, a na-edekwa ya dị ka akụkọ onye mbụ, o kwusiri ike na ọ bụghị akụkọ ndụ onwe onye. Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ akụkọ, dị ka ọ kọwara ya, nke "'anti-moi', onye na-edoghị anya nke ọchụchọ maka njirimara na mmalite ya bụ ụdị nnupụisi nke omume rụrụ arụ. "<ref name=":3">Lionnet, F. (1989). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 "Happiness Deferred: Maryse Condé's ''Heremakhonon'' and the Failure of Enunciation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621134617/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 |date=21 June 2022 }}. In ''Autobiographical Voices: Race, Gender, Self-Portraiture'' (pp. 167–190). Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press.</ref> Condé nọpụrụ iche nke ukwuu site n'ọtụtụ mmegharị akwụkwọ Caribbean, dịka Négritude na Creolité, ma na-elekwasịkarị anya n'isiokwu ndị nwere nchegbu siri ike gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka onye na-akwado ikike ọchịchị n'ọrụ ya nakwa ná ndụ ya, Condé kwetara, sị: "Enweghị m ike ide ihe ọ bụla... ọ gwụla ma ọ nwere ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụfọdụ. Enweghị m ihe ọzọ m ga-enye nke ka dị mkpa. " Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke afọ 1995 bụ Windward Heights bụ reworking nke Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights (1847), nke Condé gụrụ na mbụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 14. Ọ dịla anya ọ chọrọ ịmepụta ọrụ nke ya gburugburu ya, dị ka omume "nkwanye ùgwù". A na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na Guadeloupe, a na-egosikwa agbụrụ na ọdịbendị dị ka nsogbu na-ekewa ndị mmadụ. N'ịtụgharị uche n'otú o si nweta ihe ndabere Caribbean ya n'ide akwụkwọ a, o kwuru, sị:<blockquote>"Ịbụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ ụwa - akụkụ nke ụwa Afrịka n'ihi ndị ohu Afrịka, akụkụ nke ụwa Europe n'ihi agụmakwụkwọ Europe - bụ ụdị echiche abụọ. Ị nwere ike iji nke ahụ n'ụzọ nke gị ma nye ahịrịokwu ihe ọzọ. Obi dị m ụtọ mgbe m na-arụ ọrụ ahụ, n'ihi na ọ bụ egwuregwu, ụdị egwuregwu rụrụ arụ ma na-atọ ụtọ. "    </blockquote>Ihe odide ndị Condé mechara dee gụnyere Tales From the Heart: True Stories From My Childhood (1999), nchịkọta edemede banyere oge ọ bụ nwata, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1|title=''Tales from the Heart'' by Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409235143/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> na Victoire (2006), akụkọ ndụ nke nne nne ya n'oge ndị isi ojii nke Guadeloupe kwupụtara ikike ha maka agụmakwụkwọ na ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nottingham French Studies|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/nfs.2014.0094?journalCode=nfs|title=Maryse Condé's ''Victoire:'' Thinking Back through Her Mothers|date=2014|volume=53|issue=3|doi=10.3366/nfs.2014.0094|author=Green|first=Mary Jean|pages=297–313|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> Who Slashed Celanire's Throat (2000) sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ezigbo akụkọ ma jiri ngwakọta nke Ime Anwansi na nrọ efu na akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere nwanyị chọrọ ịchọpụta eziokwu nke oge gara aga ma bọọ ọbọ maka nkwarụ ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurstonwright.org/books/who-slashed-celanires-throat/|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat|publisher=[[Hurston/Wright Foundation]]}}</ref> Nsụgharị nke afọ 2017 nke Richard Philcox nke Condé dere bụ What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography, Noo Saro-Wiwa kọwara ya na nyocha maka The Times Literary Supplement dị ka "ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma na-atọ ọchị mgbe ụfọdụ banyere afọ iri na abụọ onye edemede ahụ nọrọ n'Africa n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 na 60s. ... ma site na njedebe akwụkwọ ahụ, onye edemede ahụ kwetara na ọ ka maghị ihe Afrịka pụtara nye ya - nkwenye obi ike n'ụwa nke na-achọ akụkọ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. " N'afọ 2018, e nyere Condé New Academy Prize in Literature, nke e guzobere dị ka ihe ọzọ na Nobel Prize in Literation (nke a na-ewere ya dịka onye ọkacha mmasị mana enyeghị ya n'afọ ahụ, n'ihi mmetọ mmekọahụ n'etiti kọmitii onyinye), <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/02/books/maryse-conde-dead.html|title=Maryse Condé, 'Grande Dame' of Francophone Literature, Dies at 90|first=Clay|author=Risen|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> na ndị ọka ikpe na-eto Condé dị ka "onye na-akọ akụkọ ukwu nke edemede ya bụ nke akwụkwọ ụwa, na-akọwa mbibi nke ọchịchị na ọgba aghara postcolonial n'asụsụ nke ziri ezi ma na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ. N'afọ 2022, a kwanyeere ya ugwu dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede 12 nke Royal Society of Literature International, n'akụkụ Anne Carson, [[Tsitsi Dangarembga]], Cornelia Funke, Mary Gaitskill, Faïza Guène, Saidiya Hartman, Kim Hyesoon, Yōko Ogawa, Raja Shehadeh, Juan Gabriel Vásquez na Samar Yazbek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130|title=Twelve Writers Appointed in the Second Year of the RSL International Writers Programme|work=[[Broadway World]]|first=Stephi|author=Wild|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403203559/https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé nke afọ 2023, The Gospel According to the New World, edepụtara maka International Booker Prize ma, mgbe ọ dị afọ 86, ọ bụ onye edemede kacha okenye e depụtara maka ihe nrite ahụ.<ref name="shaffi">{{Cite web|url=https://theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache|title=International Booker prize announces longlist to celebrate 'ambition and panache'|date=14 March 2023|accessdate=14 March 2023|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314091040/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache}}</ref> E ji okwu gwa di ya na onye ntụgharị okwu bụ́ Richard Philcox ka o mepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na o nwere nsogbu akwara ozi nke mere ka o siere ya ike ikwu okwu na ịhụ ihe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-french-caribbean-new-england-new-world-b2522180.html|title=Maryse Condé, prolific 'grande dame' of Caribbean literature, dead at age 90|first=Hillel|author=Italie|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Ha abụọ bụ ndị otu onye edemede-onye ntụgharị nke nwunye na di mbụ a ga-edepụta ogologo oge, ma mesịa depụta, <ref name="shaffi" /> maka onyinye ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB|title=See who's on the 2023 International Booker Prize shortlist|publisher=[[Southbank Centre]]|date=18 April 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524063903/https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé|accessdate=14 March 2023|work=thebookerprizes.com|date=11 February 1934|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314151037/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/may/22/international-booker-prize-2023-cheon-myeong-kwan-gauz-eva-baltasar-georgi-gospodinov-guadalupe-nettel-maryse-conde#:~:text=Maryse%20Cond%C3%A9%2C%20who%20was%20born,will%20be%20her%20final%20novel.|title=The 2023 International Booker prize shortlist – review|first=John|author=Self|work=[[The Observer]]|date=22 May 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> === Ebe ndebe ihe ochie === A na-edebe ihe ndekọ akwụkwọ Maryse Condé (akwụkwọ Maryse Condés, 1979-2012) na Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary|title=Maryse Condé papers, 1979–2012|work=Archival Collections|publisher=Columbia University Libraries|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=22 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622122933/https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |'''Original publication''' ! colspan="5" |'''English publication''' |- ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Translator ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Publisher ! scope="col" |Notes/References |- |''Hérémakhonon'' |1976 |''Heremakhonon'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1982 |Three Continents Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Hérémakhonon|date=1982|publisher=Three Continents Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780894102325|oclc=8646556|edition=1st English language}}</ref> |- |''Une saison à Rihata'' |1981 |''A Season in Rihata'' |1988 |Heinemann |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=A Season in Rihata|date=1988|publisher=Heinemann Educational|isbn=978-0-435-98832-6|oclc=8106613884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IFcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |''Ségou: les murailles de terre''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earthen Wall") | rowspan="3" |1984 | rowspan="3" |''Segu'' | rowspan="3" |Barbara Bray |1987 |Viking Press | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Segu|date=1987|publisher=Viking|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=978-0-670-80728-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zZIAAAAYAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Segu|year=1996|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-14-025949-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhbIMpWGgFQC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1988 |Ballantine Books |- |1998 |Penguin Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Ségou: la terre en miettes''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earth in Pieces") | rowspan="2" |1985 | rowspan="2" |''The Children of Segu'' | rowspan="2" |Linda Coverdale |1989 |Viking Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1989|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-82981-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjdIAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1990|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-36634-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbLpAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1990 |Ballantine Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Moi, Tituba, Sorcière…Noire de Salem'' | rowspan="2" |1986 | rowspan="2" |''I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1992, <br /><br />2009 |University of Virginia Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, black witch of Salem|date=2009|publisher=Univ. of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=9780813927671|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLxAPgAACAAJ|edition=1st paperback|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem|date=1994|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-38420-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uPBhEIKP7kC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1994 |Ballantine Books |- |''La Vie scélérate [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Wicked Life") |1987 |''Tree of Life: A Novel of the Caribbean'' |Victoria Reiter |1992 |Ballantine Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tree of Life|date=1992|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-345-36074-8|edition=1st American|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYJcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tree of Life by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 August 1992|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409040752/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8}}</ref> |- |''Traversée de la mangrove'' |1989 |''Crossing the Mangrove'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1995 |Anchor Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Crossing the Mangrove|date=1995|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-385-47633-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZRkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Self|first=John|title=Crossing the Mangrove by Maryse Condé – a village united by a vagabond|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/sep/26/crossing-the-mangrove-by-maryse-conde-a-village-united-by-a-vagabond|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=The Observer|date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Moudileno & Higginson">{{Cite journal|author=Moudileno|first=Lydie|title=Portrait of the Artist as Dreamer: Maryse Condé's 'Traversée de la Mangrove' and 'Les Derniers Rois Mages'|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=626–640|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0104|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299149|accessdate=9 April 2024|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> |- |''Les Derniers rois mages''<br /><br />(lit: "The Last Magi") |1992 |''The Last of the African Kings'' |1997 |University of Nebraska Press |<ref name="Moudileno & Higginson" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=The Last of the African Kings|year=1997|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1489-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTNLR8PX9asC|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- |''La Colonie du nouveau monde''<br /><br />(lit: "The New World Colony") |1993 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La colonie du nouveau monde: roman|date=1993|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-05903-6|oclc=29239656|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFWgQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''La Migration des cœurs [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Migration of Hearts") |1995 |''Windward Heights'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |1998 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Windward Heights|date=1998|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-161-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d017kQEACAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tepper|first=Anderson|title=Windward Heights|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/09/05/bib/990905.rv103554.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 September 1999}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Wolff|first=Rebecca|authorlink=Rebecca Wolff|title=Maryse Condé|url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|work=[[Bomb (magazine)|BOMB Magazine]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223085419/http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|archivedate=23 December 2015|format=web.archive.org|date=Summer 1999}}</ref> |- |''Desirada'' |1997 |''Desirada'' |2000 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Desirada: roman|date=1997|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221084663|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeh-zwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schwerdtner|first=Karin|title=Wandering, Women and Writing: Maryse Condé's Desirada|journal=Dalhousie French Studies|date=2005|volume=73|pages=129–137|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40837654|issn=0711-8813|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Célanire cou-coupé [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "Slashed-Throat Célanire") |2000 |''Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?'' |2004 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Célanire cou-coupé: roman fantastique|date=2000|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-08629-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBGSQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?: A Fantastical Tale|date=2004|publisher=Atria Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-7434-8260-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz1lAAAAMAAJ|oclc=254224954|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Bailey Nurse|first=Donna|title=Unkindest Cut|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2004/09/26/unkindest-cut/20f98b7b-f5cd-44e8-9baf-9fe4f327c005/|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=Washington Post|date=25 September 2004}}</ref> |- |''La Belle créole''<br /><br />(lit: "The Beautiful Créole") |2001 |''The Belle Créole'' |Nicole Simek |2020 |University of Virginia Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La belle créole: roman|date=2001|publisher=Mercure de France|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7152-1810-9|oclc=47597710|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VZwQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Belle Créole|date=2020|publisher=University of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=978-0-8139-4423-4|oclc=1126348970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRy1DwAAQBAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Histoire de la femme cannibale [fr]'' |2003 |''The Story of the Cannibal Woman'' |Richard Philcox |2007 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Story of the Cannibal Woman|date=2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-7129-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2HEyAYo7iQC|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Maryse|first=Condé|title=Excerpt: 'The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel'|url=https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|date=4 June 2007|quote=The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel, Copyright 2007, by Maryse Conde. Reprinted by permission of Atria Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Inc.|archivedate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408221012/https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Schmidt|first=Elizabeth|title=Magical Thinking|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/books/review/Schmidt.t.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=15 April 2007}}</ref> |- |''Les Belles ténébreuses''<br /><br />(lit: "The Dark Beauties") |2008 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Les belles ténébreuses: roman|date=2008|publisher=Mercure de France|isbn=978-2-7152-2832-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6tpAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''En attendant la montée des eaux [fr]'' |2010 |''Waiting for the Waters to Rise'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |2021 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Waiting for the Waters to Rise|date=2021|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-64286-073-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNyWzQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Iglesias|first=Gabino|title=Having A Conversation With Loss And Grief In 'Waiting For The Waters To Rise'|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 August 2021|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407053430/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise}}</ref> |- |''Le Fabuleux et triste destin d'Ivan et d'Ivana'' |2017 |''The Wondrous and Tragic Life <br /><br />of Ivan and Ivana'' |2020 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana|date=2020|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-912987-09-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcoYzAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Jaggi|first=Maya|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana by Maryse Condé review – a scurrilous picaresque|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/16/the-wondrous-and-tragic-life-of-ivan-and-ivana-by-maryse-conde-review-a-scurrilous-picaresque|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The Guardian|date=16 July 2020}}</ref> |- |''L'Évangile du nouveau monde'' |2021 |''The Gospel According to the New World'' |2023 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World by undefined|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|date=14 October 2022|accessdate=7 April 2024|archivedate=21 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135148/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World: Shortlisted for the International Booker Prize 2023|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world|work=thebookerprizes.com|publisher=The Booker Prizes|accessdate=7 April 2024|language=en|date=7 March 2023|archivedate=25 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925130237/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world}}</ref> |} === Egwuregwu === * An Tan Révolisyion, <ref name="Makward1995">{{Cite journal|author=Makward|first=Christiane P.|title=Reading Maryse Conde's Theatre|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=Summer 1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=681–689|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0094|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299153|accessdate=8 April 2024}}</ref> nke e bipụtara na 1991, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1989 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Makward|first=Christiane|title=Petite histoire de An Tan Révolisyon, elle court, elle court la Liberté|url=https://www.cairn.info/sans-fards-melanges-en-l-honneur-de-maryse-conde--9791095177029-page-135.htm|date=2024|publisher=Presses universitaires des Antilles|isbn=979-10-95177-02-9|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Comédie d'Amour, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1993 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maryse Condé|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/|work=Île en île|date=17 November 1998|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=28 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/}}</ref><ref name="Kazaconde">{{Cite web|title=Biographie & bibliographie|url=https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/|work=Kazaconde|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409165832/https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/}}</ref> * Dieu nous l'a donné, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1972, nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1973 * La Mort d'Oluwémi d'Ajumako, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1973, nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na [[Gabon]] * Le Morne de Massabielle, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na Puteaux, France, e mechara mee ya na Bekee na New York dị ka The Hills of Massabielle na Ubu Repertory Theater (1991) <ref name="CV" /> * Les Sept voyages de Ti-Noël (nke ya na José Jernidier jikọrọ aka dee), nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1987 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè|title='Je Me Suis Réconciliée Avec Mon Île': Une Interview de Maryse Condé|journal=Callaloo|issue=38}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=José Jernidier|url=https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles|title=Analyse dramaturgique et mise en jeu de textes dramatiques de langue et culture créole et autres textes composites français/créoles|work=chantiersnomades.com|date=2024|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409201316/https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=José Jernidier|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/|work=Île en île|date=3 January 2021|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=1 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601085752/http://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/}}</ref> * Pension les Alizés, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1988, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe ma mesịa mee na New York dị ka Tropical Breeze Hotel (1995) <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bruckner|first=D. J. R.|title=In Performance; Theater|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/22/theater/in-performance-theater-892495.html|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=22 February 1995}}</ref> * ''''Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ'''' (2007). Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Play : Comme deux frères|url=https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html|work=Siyaj at UVa Caribbean Theater Company at the University of Virginia|publisher=Dept. of French Language and Literature, University of Virginia|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=2009|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407054940/https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html}}</ref> === Nkatọ na akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ === * "Ndị edemede nwanyị atọ n'Africa nke oge a: [[Flora Nwapa]], Ama Ata Aidoo na [[Grace Emily Akinyi Ogot|Grace Ogot]]" (1972), Presence Africaine, 82:132-143.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Three Female Writers in Modern Africa : Flora Nwapa, Ama Ata Aidoo and Grace Ogot|journal=[[Présence Africaine]]|date=1972|issue=82|pages=132–143|doi=10.3917/presa.082.0132|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350338|issn=0032-7638|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Akụkọ banyere otu ọrụ, Hatier, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> * Mmepeanya nke Bossale: Echiche banyere akwụkwọ a na-ekwu n'ọnụ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, Paris: L'Harmattan, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi">{{Cite web|author=Mekkawi|first=Mohamed|url=http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|title=Maryse Condé: Novelist, Playwright, Critic, Teacher: An Introductory Bio-bibliography|publisher=Howard University Libraries|date=1990|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|accessdate=11 April 2024|archivedate=31 March 2013}}</ref> * ''Okwu ụmụ nwanyị: Essai sur des romancières des Antilles de langue française.'' , Paris: L'Harmattan, 1979<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi" /> * Ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé (1993). ''Mkparịta ụka na Maryse Condé'' (1996). Ajụjụ ọnụ na Françoise Pfaff. Nsụgharị Bekee gụnyere isi ọhụrụ dabere na ajụjụ ọnụ 1994. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Entretiens avec Maryse Condé: suivis d'une bibliographie complète|date=1993|publisher=Editions Karthala|isbn=978-2-86537-435-9|oclc=30739196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JcAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=Conversations with Maryse Condä|date=1 January 1996|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=978-0-8032-3713-1|oclc=34243864|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64LQXH9dTnYC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Pfaff|first=Françoise|title=Nouveaux entretiens avec Maryse Condé: écrivain et témoin de son temps|date=2016|publisher=Éditions Karthala|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-8111-1707-8|oclc=960463375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Gk9vgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "The Role of the Writer" (1993), World Literature Today, 67 (4): 697-699.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Role of the Writer|journal=[[World Literature Today]]|date=1993|volume=67|issue=4|pages=697–699|doi=10.2307/40149563|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40149563|issn=0196-3570|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Obi na-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá: ihe ncheta nke nwata m (1999). Akụkọ sitere n'obi: Akụkọ Ezi Akụkọ sitere na nwata m, trans. Richard Philcox (2001). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Le coeur à rire et à pleurer: contes vrais de mon enfance|date=1999|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-266-09868-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugA-HQAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tales from the Heart: True Stories from My Childhood|date=2001|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-264-4|oclc=46422017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t35cAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer" (2000), ''Yale French Studies'' 97: 151.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer|journal=[[Yale French Studies]]|date=2000|issue=97|pages=151–165|doi=10.2307/2903218|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2903218|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * ''Mmeri, ụtọ na okwu'' (2006). ''Mmeri: Nne M'', trans. Richard Philcox (2006). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother|year=2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-0058-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8t2ktvTuHQC|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 October 2009|archivedate=5 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405005814/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761}}</ref> * La Vie sans fards (2012). Gịnị bụ Africa nye m? Iberibe nke True-to-Life Autobiography, trans. Richard Philcox (2017). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La vie sans fards|date=2012|publisher=Le Grand livre du mois|isbn=978-2-286-09075-3|oclc=826769208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlhrmAEACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=What Is Africa to Me?: Fragments of a True-to-life Autobiography|date=2017|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-0-85742-376-4|oclc=964730164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE6ODAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * The Journey of a Caribbean Writer (2013). Nchịkọta nke edemede, trans. Richard Philcox.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Journey of a Caribbean Writer|date=2014|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London New York Calcutta|isbn=978-0-85742-097-8|oclc=846745180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta2PMQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Mets na ihe ịtụnanya (2015). N'ime Morsels na Marvels, trans. Richard Philcox (2015). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Mets et merveilles|date=2015|publisher=JC Lattès|location=Paris|isbn=9782709644792|oclc=907643787|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7VGrgEACAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Of Morsels and Marvels|date=2020|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London; New York|isbn=978-0-85742-693-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lh2wwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> === Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ === * Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française. Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /<ref name="CV" /> * ''Abụ Ndị Caribbean''. Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * Ebe ndị Rom si Caribbean Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * ''Akara olu maka Guy Tirolien'' (onye na-enyekwa aka). Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1990.<ref name="CV" /> * Caliban's Legacy, mbipụta pụrụ iche nke ''Callaloo'' na akwụkwọ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, 1992. <ref name="CV" /> * L'Heritage de Caliban (onye nchịkọta akụkọ), edemede na akwụkwọ Francophone Caribbean. Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1992.<ref name="CV" /> * ''Chee echiche nke Creole''. Paris: mbipụta Karthala, 1995.<ref name="CV" /> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1986: Nnukwu Ihe Nrite Akwụkwọ nke Nwaanyị<ref>{{Cite book|author=Carruggi|first=Noëlle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UT4CBVBfPB8C&pg=PA17|title=Maryse Condé: rébellion et transgressions|date=2010|publisher=Karthala Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-0362-0|pages=17|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html|title=Auteur: Maryse Condé -|work=Guadeloupe le Guide|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402202749/https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html}}</ref> * 1987: Prix de l'Académie française (La vie scélérate) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, plusieurs vies de combat|first=Muriel|author=Steinmetz|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[L'Humanité]]|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403092909/https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat}}</ref> * 1988: Liberatur Prize (''Ségou'') <ref>{{Cite web|date=3 April 2024|title=Guadeloupe's Maryse Condé remembered as a fearless explorer of the complexities of Caribbean history and identity|url=https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Global Voices|first=Janine|author=Mendes-Franco|language=en|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403232752/https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Forsdick|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|title=Postcolonial Thought in the French Speaking World|date=2022|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-80207-934-0|pages=43|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> * 1993: Ihe nrite Puterbaugh <ref>{{Cite news|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé, prolific Guadeloupean writer, dies aged 90|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/obituaries/article/2024/04/02/maryse-conde-prolific-guadeloupean-writer-dies-aged-90_6667137_15.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[Le Monde]]|first=Gladys|author=Marivat|language=en}}</ref> * 1997: Prix Carbet de la Caraibe (Desirada) * 1999: Marguerite Yourcenar Prize (Obi ị ga-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá) <ref name=":2">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1 "Author Profile: Maryse Condé"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219221020/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1|jstor=40158493 |date=19 February 2022 }}. ''World Literature Today'' (September–December 2004), 78 (3/4), p. 27.</ref> * 1999: Lifetime Achievement Award site na mmemme Africana Studies nke Mahadum New York <ref name=":2" /> * 2001: Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres site na Gọọmentị France <ref name=":2" /> * 2005: Hurston/Wright Legacy Award (Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/11/02/writers-conde-de-veaux-win-hurstonwright-prizes/e2d706ed-4f46-431d-9abf-475129c4ccf2/|title=Writers Conde, De Veaux Win Hurston/Wright Prizes|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=1 November 2005}}</ref> * 2007: Prix Tropiques de l'Agence française de développement (Victoire, les saveurs et les mots) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé : mort d'une autrice à l'oeuvre humaniste et universelle {{!}} TV5Monde – Informations|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366|author=Terriennes|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=information.tv5monde.com|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 April 2007|title=La semaine (du 14 au 20 avril)|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/|work=[[Jeune Afrique]]|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/}}</ref> * 2008: Ihe nrite nke nka Afro-Caribbean maka Les Belles Ténèbres. Paris <ref name="CV" /> * 2009: Ihe nrite nke Afro-Caribbean Arts for Lifetime Achievement. Paris <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Île en île">[https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ Maryse Condé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ |date=28 October 2023 }} at Île en île.</ref> * 2010: Grand prix du roman métis (Ka ọ na-echere ịrị elu nke mmiri) <ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2010|title=Maryse Condé, Grand prix du roman métis|url=https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Bibliobs|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html}}</ref> * 2018: New Academy Prize in Literature <ref name=":5" /> * 2020: PEN Translates award for Waiting for the Waters to Rise <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/|title=Nineteen PEN Translates awards go to titles from fifteen countries and thirteen languages|work=[[English PEN]]|date=10 June 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=29 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829215207/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/}}</ref> * 2021: Ihe nrite ụwa Cino Del Duca<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 June 2021|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé reçoit le prix de la Fondation Cino del Duca pour son oeuvre 'portée sur l'humanisme'|first=Lauriane|author=Nembrot|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Outre-mer la 1ère|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html}}</ref> * 2021: PEN Translates award from English PEN for The Gospel According to the New World <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/|title=PEN Translates awards announced|work=English PEN|date=21 December 2021|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=5 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605194631/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/}}</ref> * 2022: Royal Society of Literature International Writer <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/30/tsitsi-dangarembga-royal-society-of-literature-international-writers-award|title=Tsitsi Dangarembga, Anne Carson and Mary Gaitskill honoured by Royal Society of Literature|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|work=The Guardian|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/|title=RSL International Writers|date=3 September 2023|publisher=Royal Society of Literature|accessdate=3 December 2023|archivedate=20 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120181559/https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Akwụkwọ Caribbean * Akwụkwọ ndị e dere mgbe ha nwụsịrị * Ọchịchịrị == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Lee, Vanessa, ụmụ nwanyị anọ Caribbean na-ede ihe nkiri: Ina Césaire, Maryse Condé, Gerty Dambury na Suzanne Dracius (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021). * Perisic, Alexandra Mgbagwoju anya: Immigration, Neoliberalism, na Atlantic (na Maryse Condé, Roberto Bolaño, Giannina Braschi, Caryl Phillips), 2019. * Small, Audrey H., [https://theconversation.com/five-books-by-maryse-conde-to-introduce-you-to-the-award-winning-guadeloupian-writer-228443 "Akwụkwọ ise nke Maryse Condé iji mee ka ị mata onye edemede Guadeloupian meriri ihe nrite"], The Conversation, 26 Eprel 2024. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879 Ịchọta enyemaka maka akwụkwọ Maryse Condé na Mahadum Columbia]. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Onye edemede French Guadeloupe Maryse Condé na-agụ site na ọrụ ya na Recording Laboratory], 24 Septemba 1999 (Library of Congress). * Works by Maryse CondénaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ mepere emepe * Mekkawi, Mohamed [https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm "Maryse Condé: Onye edemede, onye na-ede egwuregwu, onye nkatọ, onye nkuzi: Akụkọ ndụ"]. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Libraries, 1990 (rev. 1992). * Petri Liukkonen. "Maryse Condé". Akwụkwọ na ndị edemede. * [http://fr.calameo.com/read/00429924444e06fb891de Nkwupụta nke Maryse Condé Fund nke Médiathèque Caribbean (laméca), akwụkwọ ndị sitere na ọbá akwụkwọ onwe onye nke Maryse condé] * [http://www.webguinee.net/bibliotheque/literature/maryse-conde/index.html webGuinée - Maryse Condé] * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Maryse Condé dekọrọ maka Archive of Literature site na Hispanic Division na Library of Congress, Washington, D.D.], na 24 Septemba 1999. * {{IMDb name|2268887}} * Maryse Condédiski naDiscogs * Mason Street, [https://thethornfieldreview.org/2017/07/31/an-interview-with-maryse-conde/ "N'ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé"], The Thornfield Review, 31 Julaị 2017. * Leïla Slimani (nke Kim Willsher sụgharịrị), "'An extraordinary role model': Maryse Condé remembered by Leïlalimani", ''The Guardian'', 3 April 2024. {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Conde, Maryse}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bm1eddpkw64g7y23q9ei4newa2c34i2 692726 692722 2026-07-30T13:42:27Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 692726 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:MaryseConde2006.jpg|thumb|Maryse Conde]]   '''Maryse Condé''' (née '''Marise Liliane Appoline Boucolon'''; 11 Febụwarị 1934 – 2 Eprel 2024) bụ onye edemede akụkọ, onye nkatọ, na onye na-ede egwuregwu na French si ngalaba French Overseas na mpaghara Guadeloupe. Ọ bụkwa onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, onye ọrụ nkuzi ya kpọgara ya na West Africa na North America, yana Caribbean na Europe. Dịka onye edemede, Condé kacha mara amara maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Ségou (1984–1985).. Ihe odide Condé na-enyocha ndị Afrịka bi na mba ọzọ nke sitere na [[Caribbean]]" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Slavery in the Caribbean">Ịgba ohu na ọchịchị ndị na-achị Caribbean. A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, nke e dere na French, n'asụsụ Bekee, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, na Japanese.<ref name=":0" /> O ritere ihe nrite dị iche iche, dị ka Grand Prix Littéraire de la Femme (1986), Prix de l'Académie française (1988), Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe (1997) na New Academy Prize in Literature (2018) maka ọrụ ya. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-asọ mpi maka onyinye Nobel na edemede. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya na Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, na 11 Febụwarị 1934, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Eaton|first=Kalenda|title=Maryse Condé (1937– ) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/|work=blackpast.org|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 October 2007|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402185254/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/}}</ref>ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ. Ndị mụrụ ya so n'ime ndị nkuzi ojii mbụ na Guadeloupe. Nne ya, Jeanne Quidal (onye si Marie-Galante, agwaetiti nke a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe Condé).<ref name="Barbara Lewis interview" /> Nna ya, Auguste Boucolon - onye bụbu onye nkuzi - guzobere obere ụlọ akụ "La Caisse Coopérative des prêts", nke e mechara kpọwa "La Banque Antillaise".<ref name=":4" /> Nna Condé, Auguste Boucolon, nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya: Serge na Albert. Ụmụnne nwanyị atọ nke Condé bụ Ena, Jeanne, na Gillette, ụmụnne ya bụ Auguste, Jean, René, na Guy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> A mụrụ Condé afọ iri na otu mgbe Guy nwụsịrị, mgbe nne ya dị afọ iri anọ na atọ, nna ya dịkwa afọ iri isii na atọ. Condé kọwara onwe ya dị ka "nwatakịrị a na-emebi emebi", nke o kwuru na ọ bụ n'ihi afọ ndụ nne na nna ya, yana oge dị n'etiti ya na ụmụnne ya.<ref name=":4" /> Condé malitere ide ihe mgbe ọ dị obere. Tupu ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, o dere otu ihe nkiri, otu onye. E dere egwuregwu ahụ dị ka onyinye maka ụbọchị ọmụmụ nne ya. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClarkCecile_Daheny1989">Clark, VèVè A.; Cecile Daheny (1989). "'I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé". ''[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]'' (38): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>133. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2931145|10.2307/2931145]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-2492 0161-2492]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2931145 2931145].</cite></ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Condé gara Lycée Fénelon site na 1953 ruo 1955, a chụpụrụ ya mgbe afọ abụọ gachara. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Paris III (Sorbonne Nouvelle) na Paris. N'oge ọ gara, ya na ndị ọzọ West Indians, Condé guzobere klọb Luis-Carlos Prestes.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClarkCecile_Daheny1989">Clark, VèVè A.; Cecile Daheny (1989). "'I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé". ''[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]'' (38): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>133. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2931145|10.2307/2931145]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-2492 0161-2492]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2931145 2931145].</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1958, Condé gara mmemme na Paris nke Les Nègres/The Blacks nke Jean Genet, ebe ọ zutere onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Guinea]] Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClarkCecile_Daheny1989">Clark, VèVè A.; Cecile Daheny (1989). "'I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé". ''[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]'' (38): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>133. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2931145|10.2307/2931145]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-2492 0161-2492]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2931145 2931145].</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1958, ọ lụrụ Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4" /> Ha mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ tupu ha kewaa na 1969 (Condé enweela otu nwa site n'aka onye nta akụkọ Haiti bụ Jean Dominique). Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1959, mmekọrịta di na nwunye ahụ adịlarị njọ, Condé kpebiri ịga naanị ya na [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]], ebe ọ kụziri ihe otu afọ na Bingerville.<ref name=":4" /> N'oge ọ laghachiri Guinea maka ezumike, ọ ghọrọ onye maara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site n'aka otu ndị enyi Marxist, ndị ga-emetụta ya ịkwaga [[Ghana]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClarkCecile_Daheny1989">Clark, VèVè A.; Cecile Daheny (1989). "'I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé". ''[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]'' (38): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>133. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2931145|10.2307/2931145]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-2492 0161-2492]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2931145 2931145].</cite></ref> Ọ bụ oge ọgba aghara mana ọ bụ oge mmepe ka o mechara dee akụkọ ya n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2012 bụ́ La Vie sans fards (Gịnị Bụ Afrịka Nye M? Akụkụ Akwụkwọ Akụkọ Ndụ Eziokwu), dịka ọ dị na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nọọrọ onwe ha n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, o so ndị dịka Malcolm X, Che Guevara, Julius Nyerere na Maya Angelou kparịta ụka.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.seagullbooks.org/what-is-africa-to-me/|title=What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography|publisher=Seagull Books|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1960 na 1972, ọ kụziri na Guinea, Ghana na [[Senegal]].<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ na Ghana, o dezigharịrị nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ edemede ndị Afrịka na-asụ French, Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française (Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps">{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1|title=Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403181325/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bịara nwee nkụda mmụọ na ọ bụ "onye akaebe nke ọtụtụ ihe na-emegiderịta onwe ya", na ebubo a na-ebo ya maka ọrụ a na-enyo enyo mere ka a chụpụ Condé na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/06/books/maryse-conde-books.html|title=Maryse Condé, at Home in the World|work=The New York Times|first=Anderson|author=Tepper|date=6 March 2023|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị West Africa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na London dị ka onye na-emepụta BBC ruo afọ abụọ.<ref name="Cain">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/02/maryse-conde-guadelopean-grand-storyteller-dies-aged-90|title=Maryse Condé, Guadeloupean 'grand storyteller' dies aged 90|first=Sian|author=Cain|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ na 1973, ọ laghachiri Paris ma kụzie akwụkwọ Francophone na Paris VII (Jussieu), X (Nanterre) , na Ill (Sorbonne Nouvelle). <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1975, ọ gụsịrị M.A. na Ph.D. ya na Sorbonne Nouvelle na Paris na akwụkwọ ntụnyere, na-enyocha stereotypes ojii na Akwụkwọ Caribbean. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="CV">{{Cite web|url=https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891|title=Curriculum Vitae {{!}} Maryse Condé|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402190337/https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ nkatọ nke gụnyere Le profil d'une oeuvre (Hatier, 1978), La Civilisation du Bossale (L'Harmattan, 1978), na La Parole des femmes (L'Rarmattan, 1979). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> N'afọ 1981, ya na Condé gbara alụkwaghịm, ebe ha kewara kemgbe. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ lụrụ Richard Philcox, Onye Bekee na onye ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Conversing on Paper: Richard Philcox on the Living Art of Translation – Asymptote Blog|url=https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/|accessdate=4 April 2024|language=en|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404115346/https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/}}</ref> O bipụtaghị akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon,'', ruo mgbe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 40, n'ihi na " enweghị obi ike na ma ghara anwa igosi ederede na ụwa dị n'èzí. " <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/books/maryse-conde-alternative-lobel-literature.html|title=Maryse Condé Wins an Alternative to the Literature Nobel in a Scandal-Plagued Year|author=Quinn|first=Annalisa|date=12 October 2018|work=The New York Times|accessdate=16 March 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ, Une saison à Rihata, na 1981; Otú ọ dị, Condé agaghị abụ onye a ma ama dị ka onye edemede Caribbean nke oge a ruo mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke atọ, ''Ségou'' (1984). <ref name=":0" />[she][her] N'ịgbaso ihe ịga nke ọma nke ''Ségou'', na 1985, e nyere Condé agụmakwụkwọ Fulbright na United States iji kụzie "Akwụkwọ na Ọdịbendị nke Caribbean" na Occidental College, [[Los Angeles]] (September 1985-May 1986). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fulbrightscholars.org/node/1246516|title=Literature and Culture of the Caribbean|work=Fulbright Scholar Program|accessdate=10 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1987, ọ bụ onye edemede Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio, e nyekwara ya Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship.<ref name="CV" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/|title=Maryse Condé|work=www.gf.org|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=2 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002041301/https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, e mere egwuregwu ya The Hills of Massabielle na New York na Ubu Repertory Theater . <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Barbara Lewis interview">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299141|title=No Silence: An Interview with Maryse Condé|first=Barbara|author=Lewis|journal=Callaloo|volume=18|date=Summer 1995|pages=543–550|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0093|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> A gụnyere ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ 1992 Daughters of Africa, nke [[Margaret Busby]] dezigharịrị.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.librarything.com/work/271737|title=Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present|date=1994|editor=Busby|publisher=[[LibraryThing]]|isbn=978-0-345-38268-9|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1995, Condé ghọrọ prọfesọ nke akwụkwọ French na Francophone na Mahadum Columbia dị na New York City, ebe o mechara bụrụ prọfesụ emerita. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/04/maryse-conde-an-english-author-can-reach-the-heart-of-a-caribbean-child|title=Interview {{!}} Maryse Condé: 'An English author can reach the heart of a Caribbean child'|first=Anita|author=Sethi|authorlink=Anita Sethi|work=The Guardian|date=4 July 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> Condé kụziri na mahadum dị iche iche, gụnyere Mahadum California, Berkeley; UCLA, Sorbonne, Mahadum Virginia, na Mahadum Nanterre. Ọ lara ezumike nká na nkuzi n'afọ 2005.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri akụkọ 2011 Maryse Condé, une voix singulière, nke Jérôme Sesquin duziri, nke na-akọ akụkọ ndụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/|title=Film: U.S. Premiere of 'Maryse Condé, une voix singulière'|work=Repeating Islands|date=29 January 2012|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=3 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203135437/https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo|title=Maryse Condé : Une voix singulière|date=15 June 2013|publisher=Ile en île|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=15 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415174729/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, e meghere Collège Maryse-Condé na agwaetiti La Désirade iji sọpụrụ ya. <ref name="CV" /> == Ọnwụ == Condé nwụrụ na Apt, Vaucluse, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ France, na 2 Eprel 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 90. <ref name="Humanite">{{Cite news|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, grande dame de la littérature et de la pensée anticoloniale – L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/maryse-conde/mort-de-maryse-conde-grande-dame-de-la-litterature-et-de-la-pensee-anticoloniale|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=humanite.fr|date=3 September 2021|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name="Marivat 2024">{{Cite news|author=Marivat|first=Gladys|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé est morte|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/04/02/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-est-morte_6225557_3382.html|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=Le Monde.fr|date=2 April 2024|language=fr}}</ref> == Ihe odide ya pụtara == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na-enyocha okwu agbụrụ, okike, na omenala n'ọtụtụ oge na ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche, gụnyere ikpe ndị amoosu Salem na I, Tituba: Amoosu Ojii nke Salem (1986); Alaeze Ukwu Bambara nke Mali nke narị afọ nke 19 na Ségou (1984–1985); na owuwu nke Panama Canal nke narị afọ nke 20 na mmetụta ya na mmụba nke ndị West Indian etiti na Tree of Life (1987). Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-achọpụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Africa na ndị si mba ọzọ bịa, karịsịa ndị Caribbean. Dị ka Louise Hardwick si kwuo, "Cosmopolitan na ọdịdị, akwụkwọ Condé na-ekwu maka mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa zuru ụwa ọnụ n'olu doro anya. Ọ jụrụ mgbalị iji mee ka ụdị ya dị, ma ọ bụ akara na-akọwa ya dị ka onye edemede French ma ọ bụ Creole, " a na-ekwukarị ya ka ọ na-ekwu: "M na-ede na Maryse Condé".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/12/maryse-conde-obituary|title=Maryse Condé obituary|work=The Guardian|date=12 April 2024|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.londonreviewbookshop.co.uk/blog/2020/november/for-a-writer-there-is-no-mother-tongue-he-forges-his-own-language-according-to-his-or-her-needs-a-q-a-with-maryse-conde|title='For a writer there is no mother tongue: he forges his own language according to his or her needs': A Q&A with Maryse Condé|work=[[London Review Bookshop]]|date=25 August 2020|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/|title=Lost Paradise: A Brief Interview with Maryse Condé|first=George|author=Salis|work=The Collidescope|date=27 December 2022|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602214215/https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon'' (n'[[Asụsụ Maninka|Asụsụ Malinke]], aha ahụ pụtara "ichere maka obi ụtọ"), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276|title=Maryse Condé: Author who won 'alternative Nobel Literature Prize' dies at 90|first=Ian|author=Youngs|publisher=BBC News|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=6 April 2024|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404205039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276}}</ref> na 1976. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde "Maryse Condé | Columbia | French"]. ''french.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde Archived] from the original on 20 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ihe na-ese okwu nke ukwuu nke na e wepụrụ ya na shelf mgbe ọnwa isii gasịrị n'ihi nkatọ ya banyere ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'Africa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/|title=Giving Voice to Guadeloupe|author=Condé|first=Maryse|date=6 February 2019|work=The New York Review of Books|language=en|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=6 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206151501/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ahụ yiri ndụ nke Condé n'oge mbụ ọ nọrọ na Guinea, a na-edekwa ya dị ka akụkọ onye mbụ, o kwusiri ike na ọ bụghị akụkọ ndụ onwe onye. Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ akụkọ, dị ka ọ kọwara ya, nke "'anti-moi', onye na-edoghị anya nke ọchụchọ maka njirimara na mmalite ya bụ ụdị nnupụisi nke omume rụrụ arụ. "<ref name=":3">Lionnet, F. (1989). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 "Happiness Deferred: Maryse Condé's ''Heremakhonon'' and the Failure of Enunciation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621134617/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 |date=21 June 2022 }}. In ''Autobiographical Voices: Race, Gender, Self-Portraiture'' (pp. 167–190). Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press.</ref> Condé nọpụrụ iche nke ukwuu site n'ọtụtụ mmegharị akwụkwọ Caribbean, dịka Négritude na Creolité, ma na-elekwasịkarị anya n'isiokwu ndị nwere nchegbu siri ike gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka onye na-akwado ikike ọchịchị n'ọrụ ya nakwa ná ndụ ya, Condé kwetara, sị: "Enweghị m ike ide ihe ọ bụla... ọ gwụla ma ọ nwere ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụfọdụ. Enweghị m ihe ọzọ m ga-enye nke ka dị mkpa. " Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke afọ 1995 bụ Windward Heights bụ reworking nke Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights (1847), nke Condé gụrụ na mbụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 14. Ọ dịla anya ọ chọrọ ịmepụta ọrụ nke ya gburugburu ya, dị ka omume "nkwanye ùgwù". A na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na Guadeloupe, a na-egosikwa agbụrụ na ọdịbendị dị ka nsogbu na-ekewa ndị mmadụ. N'ịtụgharị uche n'otú o si nweta ihe ndabere Caribbean ya n'ide akwụkwọ a, o kwuru, sị:<blockquote>"Ịbụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ ụwa - akụkụ nke ụwa Afrịka n'ihi ndị ohu Afrịka, akụkụ nke ụwa Europe n'ihi agụmakwụkwọ Europe - bụ ụdị echiche abụọ. Ị nwere ike iji nke ahụ n'ụzọ nke gị ma nye ahịrịokwu ihe ọzọ. Obi dị m ụtọ mgbe m na-arụ ọrụ ahụ, n'ihi na ọ bụ egwuregwu, ụdị egwuregwu rụrụ arụ ma na-atọ ụtọ. "    </blockquote>Ihe odide ndị Condé mechara dee gụnyere Tales From the Heart: True Stories From My Childhood (1999), nchịkọta edemede banyere oge ọ bụ nwata, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1|title=''Tales from the Heart'' by Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409235143/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> na Victoire (2006), akụkọ ndụ nke nne nne ya n'oge ndị isi ojii nke Guadeloupe kwupụtara ikike ha maka agụmakwụkwọ na ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nottingham French Studies|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/nfs.2014.0094?journalCode=nfs|title=Maryse Condé's ''Victoire:'' Thinking Back through Her Mothers|date=2014|volume=53|issue=3|doi=10.3366/nfs.2014.0094|author=Green|first=Mary Jean|pages=297–313|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> Who Slashed Celanire's Throat (2000) sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ezigbo akụkọ ma jiri ngwakọta nke Ime Anwansi na nrọ efu na akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere nwanyị chọrọ ịchọpụta eziokwu nke oge gara aga ma bọọ ọbọ maka nkwarụ ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurstonwright.org/books/who-slashed-celanires-throat/|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat|publisher=[[Hurston/Wright Foundation]]}}</ref> Nsụgharị nke afọ 2017 nke Richard Philcox nke Condé dere bụ What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography, Noo Saro-Wiwa kọwara ya na nyocha maka The Times Literary Supplement dị ka "ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma na-atọ ọchị mgbe ụfọdụ banyere afọ iri na abụọ onye edemede ahụ nọrọ n'Africa n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 na 60s. ... ma site na njedebe akwụkwọ ahụ, onye edemede ahụ kwetara na ọ ka maghị ihe Afrịka pụtara nye ya - nkwenye obi ike n'ụwa nke na-achọ akụkọ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. " N'afọ 2018, e nyere Condé New Academy Prize in Literature, nke e guzobere dị ka ihe ọzọ na Nobel Prize in Literation (nke a na-ewere ya dịka onye ọkacha mmasị mana enyeghị ya n'afọ ahụ, n'ihi mmetọ mmekọahụ n'etiti kọmitii onyinye), <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/02/books/maryse-conde-dead.html|title=Maryse Condé, 'Grande Dame' of Francophone Literature, Dies at 90|first=Clay|author=Risen|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> na ndị ọka ikpe na-eto Condé dị ka "onye na-akọ akụkọ ukwu nke edemede ya bụ nke akwụkwọ ụwa, na-akọwa mbibi nke ọchịchị na ọgba aghara postcolonial n'asụsụ nke ziri ezi ma na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ. N'afọ 2022, a kwanyeere ya ugwu dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede 12 nke Royal Society of Literature International, n'akụkụ Anne Carson, [[Tsitsi Dangarembga]], Cornelia Funke, Mary Gaitskill, Faïza Guène, Saidiya Hartman, Kim Hyesoon, Yōko Ogawa, Raja Shehadeh, Juan Gabriel Vásquez na Samar Yazbek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130|title=Twelve Writers Appointed in the Second Year of the RSL International Writers Programme|work=[[Broadway World]]|first=Stephi|author=Wild|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403203559/https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé nke afọ 2023, The Gospel According to the New World, edepụtara maka International Booker Prize ma, mgbe ọ dị afọ 86, ọ bụ onye edemede kacha okenye e depụtara maka ihe nrite ahụ.<ref name="shaffi">{{Cite web|url=https://theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache|title=International Booker prize announces longlist to celebrate 'ambition and panache'|date=14 March 2023|accessdate=14 March 2023|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314091040/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache}}</ref> E ji okwu gwa di ya na onye ntụgharị okwu bụ́ Richard Philcox ka o mepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na o nwere nsogbu akwara ozi nke mere ka o siere ya ike ikwu okwu na ịhụ ihe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-french-caribbean-new-england-new-world-b2522180.html|title=Maryse Condé, prolific 'grande dame' of Caribbean literature, dead at age 90|first=Hillel|author=Italie|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Ha abụọ bụ ndị otu onye edemede-onye ntụgharị nke nwunye na di mbụ a ga-edepụta ogologo oge, ma mesịa depụta, <ref name="shaffi" /> maka onyinye ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB|title=See who's on the 2023 International Booker Prize shortlist|publisher=[[Southbank Centre]]|date=18 April 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524063903/https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé|accessdate=14 March 2023|work=thebookerprizes.com|date=11 February 1934|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314151037/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/may/22/international-booker-prize-2023-cheon-myeong-kwan-gauz-eva-baltasar-georgi-gospodinov-guadalupe-nettel-maryse-conde#:~:text=Maryse%20Cond%C3%A9%2C%20who%20was%20born,will%20be%20her%20final%20novel.|title=The 2023 International Booker prize shortlist – review|first=John|author=Self|work=[[The Observer]]|date=22 May 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> === Ebe ndebe ihe ochie === A na-edebe ihe ndekọ akwụkwọ Maryse Condé (akwụkwọ Maryse Condés, 1979-2012) na Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary|title=Maryse Condé papers, 1979–2012|work=Archival Collections|publisher=Columbia University Libraries|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=22 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622122933/https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |'''Original publication''' ! colspan="5" |'''English publication''' |- ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Translator ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Publisher ! scope="col" |Notes/References |- |''Hérémakhonon'' |1976 |''Heremakhonon'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1982 |Three Continents Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Hérémakhonon|date=1982|publisher=Three Continents Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780894102325|oclc=8646556|edition=1st English language}}</ref> |- |''Une saison à Rihata'' |1981 |''A Season in Rihata'' |1988 |Heinemann |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=A Season in Rihata|date=1988|publisher=Heinemann Educational|isbn=978-0-435-98832-6|oclc=8106613884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IFcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |''Ségou: les murailles de terre''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earthen Wall") | rowspan="3" |1984 | rowspan="3" |''Segu'' | rowspan="3" |Barbara Bray |1987 |Viking Press | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Segu|date=1987|publisher=Viking|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=978-0-670-80728-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zZIAAAAYAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Segu|year=1996|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-14-025949-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhbIMpWGgFQC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1988 |Ballantine Books |- |1998 |Penguin Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Ségou: la terre en miettes''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earth in Pieces") | rowspan="2" |1985 | rowspan="2" |''The Children of Segu'' | rowspan="2" |Linda Coverdale |1989 |Viking Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1989|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-82981-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjdIAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1990|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-36634-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbLpAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1990 |Ballantine Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Moi, Tituba, Sorcière…Noire de Salem'' | rowspan="2" |1986 | rowspan="2" |''I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1992, <br /><br />2009 |University of Virginia Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, black witch of Salem|date=2009|publisher=Univ. of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=9780813927671|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLxAPgAACAAJ|edition=1st paperback|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem|date=1994|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-38420-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uPBhEIKP7kC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1994 |Ballantine Books |- |''La Vie scélérate [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Wicked Life") |1987 |''Tree of Life: A Novel of the Caribbean'' |Victoria Reiter |1992 |Ballantine Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tree of Life|date=1992|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-345-36074-8|edition=1st American|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYJcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tree of Life by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 August 1992|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409040752/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8}}</ref> |- |''Traversée de la mangrove'' |1989 |''Crossing the Mangrove'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1995 |Anchor Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Crossing the Mangrove|date=1995|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-385-47633-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZRkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Self|first=John|title=Crossing the Mangrove by Maryse Condé – a village united by a vagabond|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/sep/26/crossing-the-mangrove-by-maryse-conde-a-village-united-by-a-vagabond|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=The Observer|date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Moudileno & Higginson">{{Cite journal|author=Moudileno|first=Lydie|title=Portrait of the Artist as Dreamer: Maryse Condé's 'Traversée de la Mangrove' and 'Les Derniers Rois Mages'|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=626–640|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0104|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299149|accessdate=9 April 2024|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> |- |''Les Derniers rois mages''<br /><br />(lit: "The Last Magi") |1992 |''The Last of the African Kings'' |1997 |University of Nebraska Press |<ref name="Moudileno & Higginson" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=The Last of the African Kings|year=1997|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1489-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTNLR8PX9asC|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- |''La Colonie du nouveau monde''<br /><br />(lit: "The New World Colony") |1993 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La colonie du nouveau monde: roman|date=1993|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-05903-6|oclc=29239656|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFWgQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''La Migration des cœurs [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Migration of Hearts") |1995 |''Windward Heights'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |1998 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Windward Heights|date=1998|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-161-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d017kQEACAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tepper|first=Anderson|title=Windward Heights|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/09/05/bib/990905.rv103554.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 September 1999}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Wolff|first=Rebecca|authorlink=Rebecca Wolff|title=Maryse Condé|url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|work=[[Bomb (magazine)|BOMB Magazine]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223085419/http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|archivedate=23 December 2015|format=web.archive.org|date=Summer 1999}}</ref> |- |''Desirada'' |1997 |''Desirada'' |2000 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Desirada: roman|date=1997|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221084663|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeh-zwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schwerdtner|first=Karin|title=Wandering, Women and Writing: Maryse Condé's Desirada|journal=Dalhousie French Studies|date=2005|volume=73|pages=129–137|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40837654|issn=0711-8813|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Célanire cou-coupé [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "Slashed-Throat Célanire") |2000 |''Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?'' |2004 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Célanire cou-coupé: roman fantastique|date=2000|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-08629-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBGSQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?: A Fantastical Tale|date=2004|publisher=Atria Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-7434-8260-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz1lAAAAMAAJ|oclc=254224954|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Bailey Nurse|first=Donna|title=Unkindest Cut|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2004/09/26/unkindest-cut/20f98b7b-f5cd-44e8-9baf-9fe4f327c005/|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=Washington Post|date=25 September 2004}}</ref> |- |''La Belle créole''<br /><br />(lit: "The Beautiful Créole") |2001 |''The Belle Créole'' |Nicole Simek |2020 |University of Virginia Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La belle créole: roman|date=2001|publisher=Mercure de France|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7152-1810-9|oclc=47597710|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VZwQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Belle Créole|date=2020|publisher=University of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=978-0-8139-4423-4|oclc=1126348970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRy1DwAAQBAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Histoire de la femme cannibale [fr]'' |2003 |''The Story of the Cannibal Woman'' |Richard Philcox |2007 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Story of the Cannibal Woman|date=2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-7129-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2HEyAYo7iQC|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Maryse|first=Condé|title=Excerpt: 'The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel'|url=https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|date=4 June 2007|quote=The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel, Copyright 2007, by Maryse Conde. Reprinted by permission of Atria Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Inc.|archivedate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408221012/https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Schmidt|first=Elizabeth|title=Magical Thinking|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/books/review/Schmidt.t.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=15 April 2007}}</ref> |- |''Les Belles ténébreuses''<br /><br />(lit: "The Dark Beauties") |2008 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Les belles ténébreuses: roman|date=2008|publisher=Mercure de France|isbn=978-2-7152-2832-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6tpAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''En attendant la montée des eaux [fr]'' |2010 |''Waiting for the Waters to Rise'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |2021 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Waiting for the Waters to Rise|date=2021|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-64286-073-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNyWzQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Iglesias|first=Gabino|title=Having A Conversation With Loss And Grief In 'Waiting For The Waters To Rise'|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 August 2021|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407053430/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise}}</ref> |- |''Le Fabuleux et triste destin d'Ivan et d'Ivana'' |2017 |''The Wondrous and Tragic Life <br /><br />of Ivan and Ivana'' |2020 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana|date=2020|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-912987-09-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcoYzAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Jaggi|first=Maya|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana by Maryse Condé review – a scurrilous picaresque|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/16/the-wondrous-and-tragic-life-of-ivan-and-ivana-by-maryse-conde-review-a-scurrilous-picaresque|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The Guardian|date=16 July 2020}}</ref> |- |''L'Évangile du nouveau monde'' |2021 |''The Gospel According to the New World'' |2023 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World by undefined|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|date=14 October 2022|accessdate=7 April 2024|archivedate=21 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135148/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World: Shortlisted for the International Booker Prize 2023|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world|work=thebookerprizes.com|publisher=The Booker Prizes|accessdate=7 April 2024|language=en|date=7 March 2023|archivedate=25 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925130237/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world}}</ref> |} === Egwuregwu === * An Tan Révolisyion, <ref name="Makward1995">{{Cite journal|author=Makward|first=Christiane P.|title=Reading Maryse Conde's Theatre|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=Summer 1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=681–689|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0094|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299153|accessdate=8 April 2024}}</ref> nke e bipụtara na 1991, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1989 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Makward|first=Christiane|title=Petite histoire de An Tan Révolisyon, elle court, elle court la Liberté|url=https://www.cairn.info/sans-fards-melanges-en-l-honneur-de-maryse-conde--9791095177029-page-135.htm|date=2024|publisher=Presses universitaires des Antilles|isbn=979-10-95177-02-9|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Comédie d'Amour, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1993 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maryse Condé|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/|work=Île en île|date=17 November 1998|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=28 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/}}</ref><ref name="Kazaconde">{{Cite web|title=Biographie & bibliographie|url=https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/|work=Kazaconde|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409165832/https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/}}</ref> * Dieu nous l'a donné, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1972, nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1973 * La Mort d'Oluwémi d'Ajumako, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1973, nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na [[Gabon]] * Le Morne de Massabielle, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na Puteaux, France, e mechara mee ya na Bekee na New York dị ka The Hills of Massabielle na Ubu Repertory Theater (1991) <ref name="CV" /> * Les Sept voyages de Ti-Noël (nke ya na José Jernidier jikọrọ aka dee), nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1987 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè|title='Je Me Suis Réconciliée Avec Mon Île': Une Interview de Maryse Condé|journal=Callaloo|issue=38}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=José Jernidier|url=https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles|title=Analyse dramaturgique et mise en jeu de textes dramatiques de langue et culture créole et autres textes composites français/créoles|work=chantiersnomades.com|date=2024|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409201316/https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=José Jernidier|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/|work=Île en île|date=3 January 2021|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=1 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601085752/http://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/}}</ref> * Pension les Alizés, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1988, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe ma mesịa mee na New York dị ka Tropical Breeze Hotel (1995) <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bruckner|first=D. J. R.|title=In Performance; Theater|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/22/theater/in-performance-theater-892495.html|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=22 February 1995}}</ref> * ''''Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ'''' (2007). Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Play : Comme deux frères|url=https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html|work=Siyaj at UVa Caribbean Theater Company at the University of Virginia|publisher=Dept. of French Language and Literature, University of Virginia|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=2009|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407054940/https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html}}</ref> === Nkatọ na akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ === * "Ndị edemede nwanyị atọ n'Africa nke oge a: [[Flora Nwapa]], Ama Ata Aidoo na [[Grace Emily Akinyi Ogot|Grace Ogot]]" (1972), Presence Africaine, 82:132-143.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Three Female Writers in Modern Africa : Flora Nwapa, Ama Ata Aidoo and Grace Ogot|journal=[[Présence Africaine]]|date=1972|issue=82|pages=132–143|doi=10.3917/presa.082.0132|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350338|issn=0032-7638|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Akụkọ banyere otu ọrụ, Hatier, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> * Mmepeanya nke Bossale: Echiche banyere akwụkwọ a na-ekwu n'ọnụ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, Paris: L'Harmattan, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi">{{Cite web|author=Mekkawi|first=Mohamed|url=http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|title=Maryse Condé: Novelist, Playwright, Critic, Teacher: An Introductory Bio-bibliography|publisher=Howard University Libraries|date=1990|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|accessdate=11 April 2024|archivedate=31 March 2013}}</ref> * ''Okwu ụmụ nwanyị: Essai sur des romancières des Antilles de langue française.'' , Paris: L'Harmattan, 1979<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi" /> * Ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé (1993). ''Mkparịta ụka na Maryse Condé'' (1996). Ajụjụ ọnụ na Françoise Pfaff. Nsụgharị Bekee gụnyere isi ọhụrụ dabere na ajụjụ ọnụ 1994. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Entretiens avec Maryse Condé: suivis d'une bibliographie complète|date=1993|publisher=Editions Karthala|isbn=978-2-86537-435-9|oclc=30739196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JcAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=Conversations with Maryse Condä|date=1 January 1996|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=978-0-8032-3713-1|oclc=34243864|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64LQXH9dTnYC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Pfaff|first=Françoise|title=Nouveaux entretiens avec Maryse Condé: écrivain et témoin de son temps|date=2016|publisher=Éditions Karthala|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-8111-1707-8|oclc=960463375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Gk9vgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "The Role of the Writer" (1993), World Literature Today, 67 (4): 697-699.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Role of the Writer|journal=[[World Literature Today]]|date=1993|volume=67|issue=4|pages=697–699|doi=10.2307/40149563|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40149563|issn=0196-3570|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Obi na-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá: ihe ncheta nke nwata m (1999). Akụkọ sitere n'obi: Akụkọ Ezi Akụkọ sitere na nwata m, trans. Richard Philcox (2001). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Le coeur à rire et à pleurer: contes vrais de mon enfance|date=1999|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-266-09868-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugA-HQAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tales from the Heart: True Stories from My Childhood|date=2001|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-264-4|oclc=46422017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t35cAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer" (2000), ''Yale French Studies'' 97: 151.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer|journal=[[Yale French Studies]]|date=2000|issue=97|pages=151–165|doi=10.2307/2903218|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2903218|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * ''Mmeri, ụtọ na okwu'' (2006). ''Mmeri: Nne M'', trans. Richard Philcox (2006). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother|year=2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-0058-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8t2ktvTuHQC|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 October 2009|archivedate=5 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405005814/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761}}</ref> * La Vie sans fards (2012). Gịnị bụ Africa nye m? Iberibe nke True-to-Life Autobiography, trans. Richard Philcox (2017). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La vie sans fards|date=2012|publisher=Le Grand livre du mois|isbn=978-2-286-09075-3|oclc=826769208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlhrmAEACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=What Is Africa to Me?: Fragments of a True-to-life Autobiography|date=2017|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-0-85742-376-4|oclc=964730164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE6ODAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * The Journey of a Caribbean Writer (2013). Nchịkọta nke edemede, trans. Richard Philcox.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Journey of a Caribbean Writer|date=2014|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London New York Calcutta|isbn=978-0-85742-097-8|oclc=846745180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta2PMQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Mets na ihe ịtụnanya (2015). N'ime Morsels na Marvels, trans. Richard Philcox (2015). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Mets et merveilles|date=2015|publisher=JC Lattès|location=Paris|isbn=9782709644792|oclc=907643787|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7VGrgEACAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Of Morsels and Marvels|date=2020|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London; New York|isbn=978-0-85742-693-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lh2wwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> === Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ === * Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française. Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /<ref name="CV" /> * ''Abụ Ndị Caribbean''. Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * Ebe ndị Rom si Caribbean Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * ''Akara olu maka Guy Tirolien'' (onye na-enyekwa aka). Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1990.<ref name="CV" /> * Caliban's Legacy, mbipụta pụrụ iche nke ''Callaloo'' na akwụkwọ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, 1992. <ref name="CV" /> * L'Heritage de Caliban (onye nchịkọta akụkọ), edemede na akwụkwọ Francophone Caribbean. Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1992.<ref name="CV" /> * ''Chee echiche nke Creole''. Paris: mbipụta Karthala, 1995.<ref name="CV" /> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1986: Nnukwu Ihe Nrite Akwụkwọ nke Nwaanyị<ref>{{Cite book|author=Carruggi|first=Noëlle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UT4CBVBfPB8C&pg=PA17|title=Maryse Condé: rébellion et transgressions|date=2010|publisher=Karthala Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-0362-0|pages=17|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html|title=Auteur: Maryse Condé -|work=Guadeloupe le Guide|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402202749/https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html}}</ref> * 1987: Prix de l'Académie française (La vie scélérate) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, plusieurs vies de combat|first=Muriel|author=Steinmetz|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[L'Humanité]]|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403092909/https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat}}</ref> * 1988: Liberatur Prize (''Ségou'') <ref>{{Cite web|date=3 April 2024|title=Guadeloupe's Maryse Condé remembered as a fearless explorer of the complexities of Caribbean history and identity|url=https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Global Voices|first=Janine|author=Mendes-Franco|language=en|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403232752/https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Forsdick|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|title=Postcolonial Thought in the French Speaking World|date=2022|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-80207-934-0|pages=43|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> * 1993: Ihe nrite Puterbaugh <ref>{{Cite news|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé, prolific Guadeloupean writer, dies aged 90|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/obituaries/article/2024/04/02/maryse-conde-prolific-guadeloupean-writer-dies-aged-90_6667137_15.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[Le Monde]]|first=Gladys|author=Marivat|language=en}}</ref> * 1997: Prix Carbet de la Caraibe (Desirada) * 1999: Marguerite Yourcenar Prize (Obi ị ga-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá) <ref name=":2">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1 "Author Profile: Maryse Condé"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219221020/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1|jstor=40158493 |date=19 February 2022 }}. ''World Literature Today'' (September–December 2004), 78 (3/4), p. 27.</ref> * 1999: Lifetime Achievement Award site na mmemme Africana Studies nke Mahadum New York <ref name=":2" /> * 2001: Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres site na Gọọmentị France <ref name=":2" /> * 2005: Hurston/Wright Legacy Award (Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/11/02/writers-conde-de-veaux-win-hurstonwright-prizes/e2d706ed-4f46-431d-9abf-475129c4ccf2/|title=Writers Conde, De Veaux Win Hurston/Wright Prizes|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=1 November 2005}}</ref> * 2007: Prix Tropiques de l'Agence française de développement (Victoire, les saveurs et les mots) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé : mort d'une autrice à l'oeuvre humaniste et universelle {{!}} TV5Monde – Informations|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366|author=Terriennes|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=information.tv5monde.com|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 April 2007|title=La semaine (du 14 au 20 avril)|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/|work=[[Jeune Afrique]]|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/}}</ref> * 2008: Ihe nrite nke nka Afro-Caribbean maka Les Belles Ténèbres. Paris <ref name="CV" /> * 2009: Ihe nrite nke Afro-Caribbean Arts for Lifetime Achievement. Paris <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Île en île">[https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ Maryse Condé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ |date=28 October 2023 }} at Île en île.</ref> * 2010: Grand prix du roman métis (Ka ọ na-echere ịrị elu nke mmiri) <ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2010|title=Maryse Condé, Grand prix du roman métis|url=https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Bibliobs|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html}}</ref> * 2018: New Academy Prize in Literature <ref name=":5" /> * 2020: PEN Translates award for Waiting for the Waters to Rise <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/|title=Nineteen PEN Translates awards go to titles from fifteen countries and thirteen languages|work=[[English PEN]]|date=10 June 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=29 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829215207/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/}}</ref> * 2021: Ihe nrite ụwa Cino Del Duca<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 June 2021|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé reçoit le prix de la Fondation Cino del Duca pour son oeuvre 'portée sur l'humanisme'|first=Lauriane|author=Nembrot|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Outre-mer la 1ère|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html}}</ref> * 2021: PEN Translates award from English PEN for The Gospel According to the New World <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/|title=PEN Translates awards announced|work=English PEN|date=21 December 2021|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=5 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605194631/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/}}</ref> * 2022: Royal Society of Literature International Writer <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/30/tsitsi-dangarembga-royal-society-of-literature-international-writers-award|title=Tsitsi Dangarembga, Anne Carson and Mary Gaitskill honoured by Royal Society of Literature|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|work=The Guardian|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/|title=RSL International Writers|date=3 September 2023|publisher=Royal Society of Literature|accessdate=3 December 2023|archivedate=20 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120181559/https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Akwụkwọ Caribbean * Akwụkwọ ndị e dere mgbe ha nwụsịrị * Ọchịchịrị == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Lee, Vanessa, ụmụ nwanyị anọ Caribbean na-ede ihe nkiri: Ina Césaire, Maryse Condé, Gerty Dambury na Suzanne Dracius (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021). * Perisic, Alexandra Mgbagwoju anya: Immigration, Neoliberalism, na Atlantic (na Maryse Condé, Roberto Bolaño, Giannina Braschi, Caryl Phillips), 2019. * Small, Audrey H., [https://theconversation.com/five-books-by-maryse-conde-to-introduce-you-to-the-award-winning-guadeloupian-writer-228443 "Akwụkwọ ise nke Maryse Condé iji mee ka ị mata onye edemede Guadeloupian meriri ihe nrite"], The Conversation, 26 Eprel 2024. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879 Ịchọta enyemaka maka akwụkwọ Maryse Condé na Mahadum Columbia]. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Onye edemede French Guadeloupe Maryse Condé na-agụ site na ọrụ ya na Recording Laboratory], 24 Septemba 1999 (Library of Congress). * Works by Maryse CondénaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ mepere emepe * Mekkawi, Mohamed [https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm "Maryse Condé: Onye edemede, onye na-ede egwuregwu, onye nkatọ, onye nkuzi: Akụkọ ndụ"]. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Libraries, 1990 (rev. 1992). * Petri Liukkonen. "Maryse Condé". Akwụkwọ na ndị edemede. * [http://fr.calameo.com/read/00429924444e06fb891de Nkwupụta nke Maryse Condé Fund nke Médiathèque Caribbean (laméca), akwụkwọ ndị sitere na ọbá akwụkwọ onwe onye nke Maryse condé] * [http://www.webguinee.net/bibliotheque/literature/maryse-conde/index.html webGuinée - Maryse Condé] * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Maryse Condé dekọrọ maka Archive of Literature site na Hispanic Division na Library of Congress, Washington, D.D.], na 24 Septemba 1999. * {{IMDb name|2268887}} * Maryse Condédiski naDiscogs * Mason Street, [https://thethornfieldreview.org/2017/07/31/an-interview-with-maryse-conde/ "N'ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé"], The Thornfield Review, 31 Julaị 2017. * Leïla Slimani (nke Kim Willsher sụgharịrị), "'An extraordinary role model': Maryse Condé remembered by Leïlalimani", ''The Guardian'', 3 April 2024. {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Conde, Maryse}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] c0htgsychnoux8eyip6zdu618f56awk 692734 692726 2026-07-30T13:46:10Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 692734 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:MaryseConde2006.jpg|thumb|Maryse Conde]]   '''Maryse Condé''' (née '''Marise Liliane Appoline Boucolon'''; 11 Febụwarị 1934 – 2 Eprel 2024) bụ onye edemede akụkọ, onye nkatọ, na onye na-ede egwuregwu na French si ngalaba French Overseas na mpaghara Guadeloupe. Ọ bụkwa onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, onye ọrụ nkuzi ya kpọgara ya na West Africa na North America, yana Caribbean na Europe. Dịka onye edemede, Condé kacha mara amara maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Ségou (1984–1985).. Ihe odide Condé na-enyocha ndị Afrịka bi na mba ọzọ nke sitere na [[Caribbean]]" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Slavery in the Caribbean">Ịgba ohu na ọchịchị ndị na-achị Caribbean. A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, nke e dere na French, n'asụsụ Bekee, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, na Japanese.<ref name=":0" /> O ritere ihe nrite dị iche iche, dị ka Grand Prix Littéraire de la Femme (1986), Prix de l'Académie française (1988), Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe (1997) na New Academy Prize in Literature (2018) maka ọrụ ya. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-asọ mpi maka onyinye Nobel na edemede. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya na Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, na 11 Febụwarị 1934, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Eaton|first=Kalenda|title=Maryse Condé (1937– ) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/|work=blackpast.org|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 October 2007|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402185254/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/}}</ref>ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ. Ndị mụrụ ya so n'ime ndị nkuzi ojii mbụ na Guadeloupe. Nne ya, Jeanne Quidal (onye si Marie-Galante, agwaetiti nke a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe Condé).<ref name="Barbara Lewis interview" /> Nna ya, Auguste Boucolon - onye bụbu onye nkuzi - guzobere obere ụlọ akụ "La Caisse Coopérative des prêts", nke e mechara kpọwa "La Banque Antillaise".<ref name=":4" /> Nna Condé, Auguste Boucolon, nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya: Serge na Albert. Ụmụnne nwanyị atọ nke Condé bụ Ena, Jeanne, na Gillette, ụmụnne ya bụ Auguste, Jean, René, na Guy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> A mụrụ Condé afọ iri na otu mgbe Guy nwụsịrị, mgbe nne ya dị afọ iri anọ na atọ, nna ya dịkwa afọ iri isii na atọ. Condé kọwara onwe ya dị ka "nwatakịrị a na-emebi emebi", nke o kwuru na ọ bụ n'ihi afọ ndụ nne na nna ya, yana oge dị n'etiti ya na ụmụnne ya.<ref name=":4" /> Condé malitere ide ihe mgbe ọ dị obere. Tupu ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, o dere otu ihe nkiri, otu onye. E dere egwuregwu ahụ dị ka onyinye maka ụbọchị ọmụmụ nne ya. <ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Condé gara Lycée Fénelon site na 1953 ruo 1955, a chụpụrụ ya mgbe afọ abụọ gachara. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Paris III (Sorbonne Nouvelle) na Paris. N'oge ọ gara, ya na ndị ọzọ West Indians, Condé guzobere klọb Luis-Carlos Prestes.<ref name=":4" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1958, Condé gara mmemme na Paris nke Les Nègres/The Blacks nke Jean Genet, ebe ọ zutere onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Guinea]] Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4" /> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1958, ọ lụrụ Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4" /> Ha mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ tupu ha kewaa na 1969 (Condé enweela otu nwa site n'aka onye nta akụkọ Haiti bụ Jean Dominique). Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1959, mmekọrịta di na nwunye ahụ adịlarị njọ, Condé kpebiri ịga naanị ya na [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]], ebe ọ kụziri ihe otu afọ na Bingerville.<ref name=":4" /> N'oge ọ laghachiri Guinea maka ezumike, ọ ghọrọ onye maara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site n'aka otu ndị enyi Marxist, ndị ga-emetụta ya ịkwaga [[Ghana]].<ref name=":4" /> Ọ bụ oge ọgba aghara mana ọ bụ oge mmepe ka o mechara dee akụkọ ya n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2012 bụ́ La Vie sans fards (Gịnị Bụ Afrịka Nye M? Akụkụ Akwụkwọ Akụkọ Ndụ Eziokwu), dịka ọ dị na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nọọrọ onwe ha n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, o so ndị dịka Malcolm X, Che Guevara, Julius Nyerere na Maya Angelou kparịta ụka.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.seagullbooks.org/what-is-africa-to-me/|title=What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography|publisher=Seagull Books|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1960 na 1972, ọ kụziri na Guinea, Ghana na [[Senegal]].<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ na Ghana, o dezigharịrị nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ edemede ndị Afrịka na-asụ French, Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française (Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps">{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1|title=Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403181325/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bịara nwee nkụda mmụọ na ọ bụ "onye akaebe nke ọtụtụ ihe na-emegiderịta onwe ya", na ebubo a na-ebo ya maka ọrụ a na-enyo enyo mere ka a chụpụ Condé na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/06/books/maryse-conde-books.html|title=Maryse Condé, at Home in the World|work=The New York Times|first=Anderson|author=Tepper|date=6 March 2023|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị West Africa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na London dị ka onye na-emepụta BBC ruo afọ abụọ.<ref name="Cain">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/02/maryse-conde-guadelopean-grand-storyteller-dies-aged-90|title=Maryse Condé, Guadeloupean 'grand storyteller' dies aged 90|first=Sian|author=Cain|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ na 1973, ọ laghachiri Paris ma kụzie akwụkwọ Francophone na Paris VII (Jussieu), X (Nanterre) , na Ill (Sorbonne Nouvelle). <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1975, ọ gụsịrị M.A. na Ph.D. ya na Sorbonne Nouvelle na Paris na akwụkwọ ntụnyere, na-enyocha stereotypes ojii na Akwụkwọ Caribbean. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="CV">{{Cite web|url=https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891|title=Curriculum Vitae {{!}} Maryse Condé|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402190337/https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ nkatọ nke gụnyere Le profil d'une oeuvre (Hatier, 1978), La Civilisation du Bossale (L'Harmattan, 1978), na La Parole des femmes (L'Rarmattan, 1979). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> N'afọ 1981, ya na Condé gbara alụkwaghịm, ebe ha kewara kemgbe. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ lụrụ Richard Philcox, Onye Bekee na onye ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Conversing on Paper: Richard Philcox on the Living Art of Translation – Asymptote Blog|url=https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/|accessdate=4 April 2024|language=en|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404115346/https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/}}</ref> O bipụtaghị akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon,'', ruo mgbe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 40, n'ihi na " enweghị obi ike na ma ghara anwa igosi ederede na ụwa dị n'èzí. " <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/books/maryse-conde-alternative-lobel-literature.html|title=Maryse Condé Wins an Alternative to the Literature Nobel in a Scandal-Plagued Year|author=Quinn|first=Annalisa|date=12 October 2018|work=The New York Times|accessdate=16 March 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ, Une saison à Rihata, na 1981; Otú ọ dị, Condé agaghị abụ onye a ma ama dị ka onye edemede Caribbean nke oge a ruo mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke atọ, ''Ségou'' (1984). <ref name=":0" />[she][her] N'ịgbaso ihe ịga nke ọma nke ''Ségou'', na 1985, e nyere Condé agụmakwụkwọ Fulbright na United States iji kụzie "Akwụkwọ na Ọdịbendị nke Caribbean" na Occidental College, [[Los Angeles]] (September 1985-May 1986). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fulbrightscholars.org/node/1246516|title=Literature and Culture of the Caribbean|work=Fulbright Scholar Program|accessdate=10 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1987, ọ bụ onye edemede Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio, e nyekwara ya Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship.<ref name="CV" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/|title=Maryse Condé|work=www.gf.org|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=2 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002041301/https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, e mere egwuregwu ya The Hills of Massabielle na New York na Ubu Repertory Theater . <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Barbara Lewis interview">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299141|title=No Silence: An Interview with Maryse Condé|first=Barbara|author=Lewis|journal=Callaloo|volume=18|date=Summer 1995|pages=543–550|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0093|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> A gụnyere ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ 1992 Daughters of Africa, nke [[Margaret Busby]] dezigharịrị.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.librarything.com/work/271737|title=Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present|date=1994|editor=Busby|publisher=[[LibraryThing]]|isbn=978-0-345-38268-9|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1995, Condé ghọrọ prọfesọ nke akwụkwọ French na Francophone na Mahadum Columbia dị na New York City, ebe o mechara bụrụ prọfesụ emerita. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/04/maryse-conde-an-english-author-can-reach-the-heart-of-a-caribbean-child|title=Interview {{!}} Maryse Condé: 'An English author can reach the heart of a Caribbean child'|first=Anita|author=Sethi|authorlink=Anita Sethi|work=The Guardian|date=4 July 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> Condé kụziri na mahadum dị iche iche, gụnyere Mahadum California, Berkeley; UCLA, Sorbonne, Mahadum Virginia, na Mahadum Nanterre. Ọ lara ezumike nká na nkuzi n'afọ 2005.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri akụkọ 2011 Maryse Condé, une voix singulière, nke Jérôme Sesquin duziri, nke na-akọ akụkọ ndụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/|title=Film: U.S. Premiere of 'Maryse Condé, une voix singulière'|work=Repeating Islands|date=29 January 2012|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=3 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203135437/https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo|title=Maryse Condé : Une voix singulière|date=15 June 2013|publisher=Ile en île|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=15 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415174729/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, e meghere Collège Maryse-Condé na agwaetiti La Désirade iji sọpụrụ ya. <ref name="CV" /> == Ọnwụ == Condé nwụrụ na Apt, Vaucluse, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ France, na 2 Eprel 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 90. <ref name="Humanite">{{Cite news|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, grande dame de la littérature et de la pensée anticoloniale – L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/maryse-conde/mort-de-maryse-conde-grande-dame-de-la-litterature-et-de-la-pensee-anticoloniale|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=humanite.fr|date=3 September 2021|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name="Marivat 2024">{{Cite news|author=Marivat|first=Gladys|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé est morte|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/04/02/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-est-morte_6225557_3382.html|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=Le Monde.fr|date=2 April 2024|language=fr}}</ref> == Ihe odide ya pụtara == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na-enyocha okwu agbụrụ, okike, na omenala n'ọtụtụ oge na ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche, gụnyere ikpe ndị amoosu Salem na I, Tituba: Amoosu Ojii nke Salem (1986); Alaeze Ukwu Bambara nke Mali nke narị afọ nke 19 na Ségou (1984–1985); na owuwu nke Panama Canal nke narị afọ nke 20 na mmetụta ya na mmụba nke ndị West Indian etiti na Tree of Life (1987). Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-achọpụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Africa na ndị si mba ọzọ bịa, karịsịa ndị Caribbean. Dị ka Louise Hardwick si kwuo, "Cosmopolitan na ọdịdị, akwụkwọ Condé na-ekwu maka mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa zuru ụwa ọnụ n'olu doro anya. Ọ jụrụ mgbalị iji mee ka ụdị ya dị, ma ọ bụ akara na-akọwa ya dị ka onye edemede French ma ọ bụ Creole, " a na-ekwukarị ya ka ọ na-ekwu: "M na-ede na Maryse Condé".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/12/maryse-conde-obituary|title=Maryse Condé obituary|work=The Guardian|date=12 April 2024|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.londonreviewbookshop.co.uk/blog/2020/november/for-a-writer-there-is-no-mother-tongue-he-forges-his-own-language-according-to-his-or-her-needs-a-q-a-with-maryse-conde|title='For a writer there is no mother tongue: he forges his own language according to his or her needs': A Q&A with Maryse Condé|work=[[London Review Bookshop]]|date=25 August 2020|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/|title=Lost Paradise: A Brief Interview with Maryse Condé|first=George|author=Salis|work=The Collidescope|date=27 December 2022|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602214215/https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon'' (n'[[Asụsụ Maninka|Asụsụ Malinke]], aha ahụ pụtara "ichere maka obi ụtọ"), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276|title=Maryse Condé: Author who won 'alternative Nobel Literature Prize' dies at 90|first=Ian|author=Youngs|publisher=BBC News|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=6 April 2024|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404205039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276}}</ref> na 1976. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde "Maryse Condé | Columbia | French"]. ''french.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde Archived] from the original on 20 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ihe na-ese okwu nke ukwuu nke na e wepụrụ ya na shelf mgbe ọnwa isii gasịrị n'ihi nkatọ ya banyere ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'Africa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/|title=Giving Voice to Guadeloupe|author=Condé|first=Maryse|date=6 February 2019|work=The New York Review of Books|language=en|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=6 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206151501/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ahụ yiri ndụ nke Condé n'oge mbụ ọ nọrọ na Guinea, a na-edekwa ya dị ka akụkọ onye mbụ, o kwusiri ike na ọ bụghị akụkọ ndụ onwe onye. Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ akụkọ, dị ka ọ kọwara ya, nke "'anti-moi', onye na-edoghị anya nke ọchụchọ maka njirimara na mmalite ya bụ ụdị nnupụisi nke omume rụrụ arụ. "<ref name=":3">Lionnet, F. (1989). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 "Happiness Deferred: Maryse Condé's ''Heremakhonon'' and the Failure of Enunciation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621134617/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 |date=21 June 2022 }}. In ''Autobiographical Voices: Race, Gender, Self-Portraiture'' (pp. 167–190). Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press.</ref> Condé nọpụrụ iche nke ukwuu site n'ọtụtụ mmegharị akwụkwọ Caribbean, dịka Négritude na Creolité, ma na-elekwasịkarị anya n'isiokwu ndị nwere nchegbu siri ike gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka onye na-akwado ikike ọchịchị n'ọrụ ya nakwa ná ndụ ya, Condé kwetara, sị: "Enweghị m ike ide ihe ọ bụla... ọ gwụla ma ọ nwere ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụfọdụ. Enweghị m ihe ọzọ m ga-enye nke ka dị mkpa. " Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke afọ 1995 bụ Windward Heights bụ reworking nke Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights (1847), nke Condé gụrụ na mbụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 14. Ọ dịla anya ọ chọrọ ịmepụta ọrụ nke ya gburugburu ya, dị ka omume "nkwanye ùgwù". A na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na Guadeloupe, a na-egosikwa agbụrụ na ọdịbendị dị ka nsogbu na-ekewa ndị mmadụ. N'ịtụgharị uche n'otú o si nweta ihe ndabere Caribbean ya n'ide akwụkwọ a, o kwuru, sị:<blockquote>"Ịbụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ ụwa - akụkụ nke ụwa Afrịka n'ihi ndị ohu Afrịka, akụkụ nke ụwa Europe n'ihi agụmakwụkwọ Europe - bụ ụdị echiche abụọ. Ị nwere ike iji nke ahụ n'ụzọ nke gị ma nye ahịrịokwu ihe ọzọ. Obi dị m ụtọ mgbe m na-arụ ọrụ ahụ, n'ihi na ọ bụ egwuregwu, ụdị egwuregwu rụrụ arụ ma na-atọ ụtọ. "    </blockquote>Ihe odide ndị Condé mechara dee gụnyere Tales From the Heart: True Stories From My Childhood (1999), nchịkọta edemede banyere oge ọ bụ nwata, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1|title=''Tales from the Heart'' by Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409235143/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> na Victoire (2006), akụkọ ndụ nke nne nne ya n'oge ndị isi ojii nke Guadeloupe kwupụtara ikike ha maka agụmakwụkwọ na ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nottingham French Studies|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/nfs.2014.0094?journalCode=nfs|title=Maryse Condé's ''Victoire:'' Thinking Back through Her Mothers|date=2014|volume=53|issue=3|doi=10.3366/nfs.2014.0094|author=Green|first=Mary Jean|pages=297–313|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> Who Slashed Celanire's Throat (2000) sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ezigbo akụkọ ma jiri ngwakọta nke Ime Anwansi na nrọ efu na akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere nwanyị chọrọ ịchọpụta eziokwu nke oge gara aga ma bọọ ọbọ maka nkwarụ ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurstonwright.org/books/who-slashed-celanires-throat/|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat|publisher=[[Hurston/Wright Foundation]]}}</ref> Nsụgharị nke afọ 2017 nke Richard Philcox nke Condé dere bụ What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography, Noo Saro-Wiwa kọwara ya na nyocha maka The Times Literary Supplement dị ka "ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma na-atọ ọchị mgbe ụfọdụ banyere afọ iri na abụọ onye edemede ahụ nọrọ n'Africa n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 na 60s. ... ma site na njedebe akwụkwọ ahụ, onye edemede ahụ kwetara na ọ ka maghị ihe Afrịka pụtara nye ya - nkwenye obi ike n'ụwa nke na-achọ akụkọ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. " N'afọ 2018, e nyere Condé New Academy Prize in Literature, nke e guzobere dị ka ihe ọzọ na Nobel Prize in Literation (nke a na-ewere ya dịka onye ọkacha mmasị mana enyeghị ya n'afọ ahụ, n'ihi mmetọ mmekọahụ n'etiti kọmitii onyinye), <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/02/books/maryse-conde-dead.html|title=Maryse Condé, 'Grande Dame' of Francophone Literature, Dies at 90|first=Clay|author=Risen|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> na ndị ọka ikpe na-eto Condé dị ka "onye na-akọ akụkọ ukwu nke edemede ya bụ nke akwụkwọ ụwa, na-akọwa mbibi nke ọchịchị na ọgba aghara postcolonial n'asụsụ nke ziri ezi ma na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ. N'afọ 2022, a kwanyeere ya ugwu dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede 12 nke Royal Society of Literature International, n'akụkụ Anne Carson, [[Tsitsi Dangarembga]], Cornelia Funke, Mary Gaitskill, Faïza Guène, Saidiya Hartman, Kim Hyesoon, Yōko Ogawa, Raja Shehadeh, Juan Gabriel Vásquez na Samar Yazbek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130|title=Twelve Writers Appointed in the Second Year of the RSL International Writers Programme|work=[[Broadway World]]|first=Stephi|author=Wild|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403203559/https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé nke afọ 2023, The Gospel According to the New World, edepụtara maka International Booker Prize ma, mgbe ọ dị afọ 86, ọ bụ onye edemede kacha okenye e depụtara maka ihe nrite ahụ.<ref name="shaffi">{{Cite web|url=https://theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache|title=International Booker prize announces longlist to celebrate 'ambition and panache'|date=14 March 2023|accessdate=14 March 2023|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314091040/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache}}</ref> E ji okwu gwa di ya na onye ntụgharị okwu bụ́ Richard Philcox ka o mepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na o nwere nsogbu akwara ozi nke mere ka o siere ya ike ikwu okwu na ịhụ ihe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-french-caribbean-new-england-new-world-b2522180.html|title=Maryse Condé, prolific 'grande dame' of Caribbean literature, dead at age 90|first=Hillel|author=Italie|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Ha abụọ bụ ndị otu onye edemede-onye ntụgharị nke nwunye na di mbụ a ga-edepụta ogologo oge, ma mesịa depụta, <ref name="shaffi" /> maka onyinye ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB|title=See who's on the 2023 International Booker Prize shortlist|publisher=[[Southbank Centre]]|date=18 April 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524063903/https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé|accessdate=14 March 2023|work=thebookerprizes.com|date=11 February 1934|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314151037/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/may/22/international-booker-prize-2023-cheon-myeong-kwan-gauz-eva-baltasar-georgi-gospodinov-guadalupe-nettel-maryse-conde#:~:text=Maryse%20Cond%C3%A9%2C%20who%20was%20born,will%20be%20her%20final%20novel.|title=The 2023 International Booker prize shortlist – review|first=John|author=Self|work=[[The Observer]]|date=22 May 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> === Ebe ndebe ihe ochie === A na-edebe ihe ndekọ akwụkwọ Maryse Condé (akwụkwọ Maryse Condés, 1979-2012) na Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary|title=Maryse Condé papers, 1979–2012|work=Archival Collections|publisher=Columbia University Libraries|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=22 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622122933/https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |'''Original publication''' ! colspan="5" |'''English publication''' |- ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Translator ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Publisher ! scope="col" |Notes/References |- |''Hérémakhonon'' |1976 |''Heremakhonon'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1982 |Three Continents Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Hérémakhonon|date=1982|publisher=Three Continents Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780894102325|oclc=8646556|edition=1st English language}}</ref> |- |''Une saison à Rihata'' |1981 |''A Season in Rihata'' |1988 |Heinemann |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=A Season in Rihata|date=1988|publisher=Heinemann Educational|isbn=978-0-435-98832-6|oclc=8106613884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IFcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |''Ségou: les murailles de terre''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earthen Wall") | rowspan="3" |1984 | rowspan="3" |''Segu'' | rowspan="3" |Barbara Bray |1987 |Viking Press | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Segu|date=1987|publisher=Viking|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=978-0-670-80728-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zZIAAAAYAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Segu|year=1996|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-14-025949-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhbIMpWGgFQC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1988 |Ballantine Books |- |1998 |Penguin Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Ségou: la terre en miettes''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earth in Pieces") | rowspan="2" |1985 | rowspan="2" |''The Children of Segu'' | rowspan="2" |Linda Coverdale |1989 |Viking Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1989|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-82981-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjdIAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1990|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-36634-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbLpAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1990 |Ballantine Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Moi, Tituba, Sorcière…Noire de Salem'' | rowspan="2" |1986 | rowspan="2" |''I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1992, <br /><br />2009 |University of Virginia Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, black witch of Salem|date=2009|publisher=Univ. of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=9780813927671|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLxAPgAACAAJ|edition=1st paperback|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem|date=1994|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-38420-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uPBhEIKP7kC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1994 |Ballantine Books |- |''La Vie scélérate [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Wicked Life") |1987 |''Tree of Life: A Novel of the Caribbean'' |Victoria Reiter |1992 |Ballantine Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tree of Life|date=1992|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-345-36074-8|edition=1st American|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYJcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tree of Life by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 August 1992|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409040752/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8}}</ref> |- |''Traversée de la mangrove'' |1989 |''Crossing the Mangrove'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1995 |Anchor Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Crossing the Mangrove|date=1995|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-385-47633-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZRkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Self|first=John|title=Crossing the Mangrove by Maryse Condé – a village united by a vagabond|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/sep/26/crossing-the-mangrove-by-maryse-conde-a-village-united-by-a-vagabond|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=The Observer|date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Moudileno & Higginson">{{Cite journal|author=Moudileno|first=Lydie|title=Portrait of the Artist as Dreamer: Maryse Condé's 'Traversée de la Mangrove' and 'Les Derniers Rois Mages'|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=626–640|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0104|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299149|accessdate=9 April 2024|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> |- |''Les Derniers rois mages''<br /><br />(lit: "The Last Magi") |1992 |''The Last of the African Kings'' |1997 |University of Nebraska Press |<ref name="Moudileno & Higginson" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=The Last of the African Kings|year=1997|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1489-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTNLR8PX9asC|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- |''La Colonie du nouveau monde''<br /><br />(lit: "The New World Colony") |1993 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La colonie du nouveau monde: roman|date=1993|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-05903-6|oclc=29239656|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFWgQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''La Migration des cœurs [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Migration of Hearts") |1995 |''Windward Heights'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |1998 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Windward Heights|date=1998|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-161-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d017kQEACAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tepper|first=Anderson|title=Windward Heights|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/09/05/bib/990905.rv103554.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 September 1999}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Wolff|first=Rebecca|authorlink=Rebecca Wolff|title=Maryse Condé|url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|work=[[Bomb (magazine)|BOMB Magazine]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223085419/http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|archivedate=23 December 2015|format=web.archive.org|date=Summer 1999}}</ref> |- |''Desirada'' |1997 |''Desirada'' |2000 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Desirada: roman|date=1997|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221084663|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeh-zwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schwerdtner|first=Karin|title=Wandering, Women and Writing: Maryse Condé's Desirada|journal=Dalhousie French Studies|date=2005|volume=73|pages=129–137|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40837654|issn=0711-8813|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Célanire cou-coupé [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "Slashed-Throat Célanire") |2000 |''Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?'' |2004 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Célanire cou-coupé: roman fantastique|date=2000|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-08629-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBGSQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?: A Fantastical Tale|date=2004|publisher=Atria Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-7434-8260-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz1lAAAAMAAJ|oclc=254224954|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Bailey Nurse|first=Donna|title=Unkindest Cut|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2004/09/26/unkindest-cut/20f98b7b-f5cd-44e8-9baf-9fe4f327c005/|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=Washington Post|date=25 September 2004}}</ref> |- |''La Belle créole''<br /><br />(lit: "The Beautiful Créole") |2001 |''The Belle Créole'' |Nicole Simek |2020 |University of Virginia Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La belle créole: roman|date=2001|publisher=Mercure de France|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7152-1810-9|oclc=47597710|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VZwQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Belle Créole|date=2020|publisher=University of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=978-0-8139-4423-4|oclc=1126348970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRy1DwAAQBAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Histoire de la femme cannibale [fr]'' |2003 |''The Story of the Cannibal Woman'' |Richard Philcox |2007 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Story of the Cannibal Woman|date=2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-7129-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2HEyAYo7iQC|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Maryse|first=Condé|title=Excerpt: 'The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel'|url=https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|date=4 June 2007|quote=The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel, Copyright 2007, by Maryse Conde. Reprinted by permission of Atria Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Inc.|archivedate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408221012/https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Schmidt|first=Elizabeth|title=Magical Thinking|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/books/review/Schmidt.t.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=15 April 2007}}</ref> |- |''Les Belles ténébreuses''<br /><br />(lit: "The Dark Beauties") |2008 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Les belles ténébreuses: roman|date=2008|publisher=Mercure de France|isbn=978-2-7152-2832-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6tpAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''En attendant la montée des eaux [fr]'' |2010 |''Waiting for the Waters to Rise'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |2021 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Waiting for the Waters to Rise|date=2021|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-64286-073-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNyWzQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Iglesias|first=Gabino|title=Having A Conversation With Loss And Grief In 'Waiting For The Waters To Rise'|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 August 2021|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407053430/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise}}</ref> |- |''Le Fabuleux et triste destin d'Ivan et d'Ivana'' |2017 |''The Wondrous and Tragic Life <br /><br />of Ivan and Ivana'' |2020 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana|date=2020|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-912987-09-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcoYzAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Jaggi|first=Maya|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana by Maryse Condé review – a scurrilous picaresque|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/16/the-wondrous-and-tragic-life-of-ivan-and-ivana-by-maryse-conde-review-a-scurrilous-picaresque|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The Guardian|date=16 July 2020}}</ref> |- |''L'Évangile du nouveau monde'' |2021 |''The Gospel According to the New World'' |2023 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World by undefined|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|date=14 October 2022|accessdate=7 April 2024|archivedate=21 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135148/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World: Shortlisted for the International Booker Prize 2023|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world|work=thebookerprizes.com|publisher=The Booker Prizes|accessdate=7 April 2024|language=en|date=7 March 2023|archivedate=25 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925130237/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world}}</ref> |} === Egwuregwu === * An Tan Révolisyion, <ref name="Makward1995">{{Cite journal|author=Makward|first=Christiane P.|title=Reading Maryse Conde's Theatre|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=Summer 1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=681–689|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0094|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299153|accessdate=8 April 2024}}</ref> nke e bipụtara na 1991, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1989 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Makward|first=Christiane|title=Petite histoire de An Tan Révolisyon, elle court, elle court la Liberté|url=https://www.cairn.info/sans-fards-melanges-en-l-honneur-de-maryse-conde--9791095177029-page-135.htm|date=2024|publisher=Presses universitaires des Antilles|isbn=979-10-95177-02-9|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Comédie d'Amour, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1993 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maryse Condé|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/|work=Île en île|date=17 November 1998|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=28 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/}}</ref><ref name="Kazaconde">{{Cite web|title=Biographie & bibliographie|url=https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/|work=Kazaconde|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409165832/https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/}}</ref> * Dieu nous l'a donné, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1972, nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1973 * La Mort d'Oluwémi d'Ajumako, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1973, nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na [[Gabon]] * Le Morne de Massabielle, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na Puteaux, France, e mechara mee ya na Bekee na New York dị ka The Hills of Massabielle na Ubu Repertory Theater (1991) <ref name="CV" /> * Les Sept voyages de Ti-Noël (nke ya na José Jernidier jikọrọ aka dee), nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1987 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè|title='Je Me Suis Réconciliée Avec Mon Île': Une Interview de Maryse Condé|journal=Callaloo|issue=38}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=José Jernidier|url=https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles|title=Analyse dramaturgique et mise en jeu de textes dramatiques de langue et culture créole et autres textes composites français/créoles|work=chantiersnomades.com|date=2024|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409201316/https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=José Jernidier|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/|work=Île en île|date=3 January 2021|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=1 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601085752/http://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/}}</ref> * Pension les Alizés, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1988, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe ma mesịa mee na New York dị ka Tropical Breeze Hotel (1995) <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bruckner|first=D. J. R.|title=In Performance; Theater|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/22/theater/in-performance-theater-892495.html|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=22 February 1995}}</ref> * ''''Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ'''' (2007). Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Play : Comme deux frères|url=https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html|work=Siyaj at UVa Caribbean Theater Company at the University of Virginia|publisher=Dept. of French Language and Literature, University of Virginia|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=2009|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407054940/https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html}}</ref> === Nkatọ na akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ === * "Ndị edemede nwanyị atọ n'Africa nke oge a: [[Flora Nwapa]], Ama Ata Aidoo na [[Grace Emily Akinyi Ogot|Grace Ogot]]" (1972), Presence Africaine, 82:132-143.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Three Female Writers in Modern Africa : Flora Nwapa, Ama Ata Aidoo and Grace Ogot|journal=[[Présence Africaine]]|date=1972|issue=82|pages=132–143|doi=10.3917/presa.082.0132|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350338|issn=0032-7638|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Akụkọ banyere otu ọrụ, Hatier, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> * Mmepeanya nke Bossale: Echiche banyere akwụkwọ a na-ekwu n'ọnụ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, Paris: L'Harmattan, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi">{{Cite web|author=Mekkawi|first=Mohamed|url=http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|title=Maryse Condé: Novelist, Playwright, Critic, Teacher: An Introductory Bio-bibliography|publisher=Howard University Libraries|date=1990|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|accessdate=11 April 2024|archivedate=31 March 2013}}</ref> * ''Okwu ụmụ nwanyị: Essai sur des romancières des Antilles de langue française.'' , Paris: L'Harmattan, 1979<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi" /> * Ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé (1993). ''Mkparịta ụka na Maryse Condé'' (1996). Ajụjụ ọnụ na Françoise Pfaff. Nsụgharị Bekee gụnyere isi ọhụrụ dabere na ajụjụ ọnụ 1994. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Entretiens avec Maryse Condé: suivis d'une bibliographie complète|date=1993|publisher=Editions Karthala|isbn=978-2-86537-435-9|oclc=30739196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JcAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=Conversations with Maryse Condä|date=1 January 1996|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=978-0-8032-3713-1|oclc=34243864|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64LQXH9dTnYC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Pfaff|first=Françoise|title=Nouveaux entretiens avec Maryse Condé: écrivain et témoin de son temps|date=2016|publisher=Éditions Karthala|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-8111-1707-8|oclc=960463375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Gk9vgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "The Role of the Writer" (1993), World Literature Today, 67 (4): 697-699.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Role of the Writer|journal=[[World Literature Today]]|date=1993|volume=67|issue=4|pages=697–699|doi=10.2307/40149563|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40149563|issn=0196-3570|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Obi na-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá: ihe ncheta nke nwata m (1999). Akụkọ sitere n'obi: Akụkọ Ezi Akụkọ sitere na nwata m, trans. Richard Philcox (2001). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Le coeur à rire et à pleurer: contes vrais de mon enfance|date=1999|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-266-09868-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugA-HQAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tales from the Heart: True Stories from My Childhood|date=2001|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-264-4|oclc=46422017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t35cAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer" (2000), ''Yale French Studies'' 97: 151.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer|journal=[[Yale French Studies]]|date=2000|issue=97|pages=151–165|doi=10.2307/2903218|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2903218|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * ''Mmeri, ụtọ na okwu'' (2006). ''Mmeri: Nne M'', trans. Richard Philcox (2006). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother|year=2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-0058-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8t2ktvTuHQC|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 October 2009|archivedate=5 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405005814/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761}}</ref> * La Vie sans fards (2012). Gịnị bụ Africa nye m? Iberibe nke True-to-Life Autobiography, trans. Richard Philcox (2017). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La vie sans fards|date=2012|publisher=Le Grand livre du mois|isbn=978-2-286-09075-3|oclc=826769208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlhrmAEACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=What Is Africa to Me?: Fragments of a True-to-life Autobiography|date=2017|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-0-85742-376-4|oclc=964730164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE6ODAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * The Journey of a Caribbean Writer (2013). Nchịkọta nke edemede, trans. Richard Philcox.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Journey of a Caribbean Writer|date=2014|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London New York Calcutta|isbn=978-0-85742-097-8|oclc=846745180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta2PMQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Mets na ihe ịtụnanya (2015). N'ime Morsels na Marvels, trans. Richard Philcox (2015). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Mets et merveilles|date=2015|publisher=JC Lattès|location=Paris|isbn=9782709644792|oclc=907643787|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7VGrgEACAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Of Morsels and Marvels|date=2020|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London; New York|isbn=978-0-85742-693-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lh2wwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> === Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ === * Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française. Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /<ref name="CV" /> * ''Abụ Ndị Caribbean''. Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * Ebe ndị Rom si Caribbean Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * ''Akara olu maka Guy Tirolien'' (onye na-enyekwa aka). Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1990.<ref name="CV" /> * Caliban's Legacy, mbipụta pụrụ iche nke ''Callaloo'' na akwụkwọ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, 1992. <ref name="CV" /> * L'Heritage de Caliban (onye nchịkọta akụkọ), edemede na akwụkwọ Francophone Caribbean. Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1992.<ref name="CV" /> * ''Chee echiche nke Creole''. Paris: mbipụta Karthala, 1995.<ref name="CV" /> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1986: Nnukwu Ihe Nrite Akwụkwọ nke Nwaanyị<ref>{{Cite book|author=Carruggi|first=Noëlle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UT4CBVBfPB8C&pg=PA17|title=Maryse Condé: rébellion et transgressions|date=2010|publisher=Karthala Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-0362-0|pages=17|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html|title=Auteur: Maryse Condé -|work=Guadeloupe le Guide|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402202749/https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html}}</ref> * 1987: Prix de l'Académie française (La vie scélérate) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, plusieurs vies de combat|first=Muriel|author=Steinmetz|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[L'Humanité]]|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403092909/https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat}}</ref> * 1988: Liberatur Prize (''Ségou'') <ref>{{Cite web|date=3 April 2024|title=Guadeloupe's Maryse Condé remembered as a fearless explorer of the complexities of Caribbean history and identity|url=https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Global Voices|first=Janine|author=Mendes-Franco|language=en|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403232752/https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Forsdick|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|title=Postcolonial Thought in the French Speaking World|date=2022|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-80207-934-0|pages=43|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> * 1993: Ihe nrite Puterbaugh <ref>{{Cite news|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé, prolific Guadeloupean writer, dies aged 90|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/obituaries/article/2024/04/02/maryse-conde-prolific-guadeloupean-writer-dies-aged-90_6667137_15.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[Le Monde]]|first=Gladys|author=Marivat|language=en}}</ref> * 1997: Prix Carbet de la Caraibe (Desirada) * 1999: Marguerite Yourcenar Prize (Obi ị ga-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá) <ref name=":2">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1 "Author Profile: Maryse Condé"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219221020/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1|jstor=40158493 |date=19 February 2022 }}. ''World Literature Today'' (September–December 2004), 78 (3/4), p. 27.</ref> * 1999: Lifetime Achievement Award site na mmemme Africana Studies nke Mahadum New York <ref name=":2" /> * 2001: Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres site na Gọọmentị France <ref name=":2" /> * 2005: Hurston/Wright Legacy Award (Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/11/02/writers-conde-de-veaux-win-hurstonwright-prizes/e2d706ed-4f46-431d-9abf-475129c4ccf2/|title=Writers Conde, De Veaux Win Hurston/Wright Prizes|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=1 November 2005}}</ref> * 2007: Prix Tropiques de l'Agence française de développement (Victoire, les saveurs et les mots) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé : mort d'une autrice à l'oeuvre humaniste et universelle {{!}} TV5Monde – Informations|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366|author=Terriennes|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=information.tv5monde.com|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 April 2007|title=La semaine (du 14 au 20 avril)|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/|work=[[Jeune Afrique]]|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/}}</ref> * 2008: Ihe nrite nke nka Afro-Caribbean maka Les Belles Ténèbres. Paris <ref name="CV" /> * 2009: Ihe nrite nke Afro-Caribbean Arts for Lifetime Achievement. Paris <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Île en île">[https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ Maryse Condé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ |date=28 October 2023 }} at Île en île.</ref> * 2010: Grand prix du roman métis (Ka ọ na-echere ịrị elu nke mmiri) <ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2010|title=Maryse Condé, Grand prix du roman métis|url=https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Bibliobs|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html}}</ref> * 2018: New Academy Prize in Literature <ref name=":5" /> * 2020: PEN Translates award for Waiting for the Waters to Rise <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/|title=Nineteen PEN Translates awards go to titles from fifteen countries and thirteen languages|work=[[English PEN]]|date=10 June 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=29 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829215207/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/}}</ref> * 2021: Ihe nrite ụwa Cino Del Duca<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 June 2021|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé reçoit le prix de la Fondation Cino del Duca pour son oeuvre 'portée sur l'humanisme'|first=Lauriane|author=Nembrot|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Outre-mer la 1ère|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html}}</ref> * 2021: PEN Translates award from English PEN for The Gospel According to the New World <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/|title=PEN Translates awards announced|work=English PEN|date=21 December 2021|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=5 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605194631/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/}}</ref> * 2022: Royal Society of Literature International Writer <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/30/tsitsi-dangarembga-royal-society-of-literature-international-writers-award|title=Tsitsi Dangarembga, Anne Carson and Mary Gaitskill honoured by Royal Society of Literature|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|work=The Guardian|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/|title=RSL International Writers|date=3 September 2023|publisher=Royal Society of Literature|accessdate=3 December 2023|archivedate=20 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120181559/https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Akwụkwọ Caribbean * Akwụkwọ ndị e dere mgbe ha nwụsịrị * Ọchịchịrị == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Lee, Vanessa, ụmụ nwanyị anọ Caribbean na-ede ihe nkiri: Ina Césaire, Maryse Condé, Gerty Dambury na Suzanne Dracius (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021). * Perisic, Alexandra Mgbagwoju anya: Immigration, Neoliberalism, na Atlantic (na Maryse Condé, Roberto Bolaño, Giannina Braschi, Caryl Phillips), 2019. * Small, Audrey H., [https://theconversation.com/five-books-by-maryse-conde-to-introduce-you-to-the-award-winning-guadeloupian-writer-228443 "Akwụkwọ ise nke Maryse Condé iji mee ka ị mata onye edemede Guadeloupian meriri ihe nrite"], The Conversation, 26 Eprel 2024. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879 Ịchọta enyemaka maka akwụkwọ Maryse Condé na Mahadum Columbia]. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Onye edemede French Guadeloupe Maryse Condé na-agụ site na ọrụ ya na Recording Laboratory], 24 Septemba 1999 (Library of Congress). * Works by Maryse CondénaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ mepere emepe * Mekkawi, Mohamed [https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm "Maryse Condé: Onye edemede, onye na-ede egwuregwu, onye nkatọ, onye nkuzi: Akụkọ ndụ"]. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Libraries, 1990 (rev. 1992). * Petri Liukkonen. "Maryse Condé". Akwụkwọ na ndị edemede. * [http://fr.calameo.com/read/00429924444e06fb891de Nkwupụta nke Maryse Condé Fund nke Médiathèque Caribbean (laméca), akwụkwọ ndị sitere na ọbá akwụkwọ onwe onye nke Maryse condé] * [http://www.webguinee.net/bibliotheque/literature/maryse-conde/index.html webGuinée - Maryse Condé] * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Maryse Condé dekọrọ maka Archive of Literature site na Hispanic Division na Library of Congress, Washington, D.D.], na 24 Septemba 1999. * {{IMDb name|2268887}} * Maryse Condédiski naDiscogs * Mason Street, [https://thethornfieldreview.org/2017/07/31/an-interview-with-maryse-conde/ "N'ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé"], The Thornfield Review, 31 Julaị 2017. * Leïla Slimani (nke Kim Willsher sụgharịrị), "'An extraordinary role model': Maryse Condé remembered by Leïlalimani", ''The Guardian'', 3 April 2024. {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Conde, Maryse}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0mofdv6n5f7dvwtmabicn9to4p0fo1z 692736 692734 2026-07-30T13:50:00Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ọrụ */ fixed reference errors 692736 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:MaryseConde2006.jpg|thumb|Maryse Conde]]   '''Maryse Condé''' (née '''Marise Liliane Appoline Boucolon'''; 11 Febụwarị 1934 – 2 Eprel 2024) bụ onye edemede akụkọ, onye nkatọ, na onye na-ede egwuregwu na French si ngalaba French Overseas na mpaghara Guadeloupe. Ọ bụkwa onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, onye ọrụ nkuzi ya kpọgara ya na West Africa na North America, yana Caribbean na Europe. Dịka onye edemede, Condé kacha mara amara maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Ségou (1984–1985).. Ihe odide Condé na-enyocha ndị Afrịka bi na mba ọzọ nke sitere na [[Caribbean]]" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Slavery in the Caribbean">Ịgba ohu na ọchịchị ndị na-achị Caribbean. A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, nke e dere na French, n'asụsụ Bekee, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, na Japanese.<ref name=":0" /> O ritere ihe nrite dị iche iche, dị ka Grand Prix Littéraire de la Femme (1986), Prix de l'Académie française (1988), Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe (1997) na New Academy Prize in Literature (2018) maka ọrụ ya. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-asọ mpi maka onyinye Nobel na edemede. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya na Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, na 11 Febụwarị 1934, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Eaton|first=Kalenda|title=Maryse Condé (1937– ) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/|work=blackpast.org|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 October 2007|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402185254/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/}}</ref>ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ. Ndị mụrụ ya so n'ime ndị nkuzi ojii mbụ na Guadeloupe. Nne ya, Jeanne Quidal (onye si Marie-Galante, agwaetiti nke a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe Condé).<ref name="Barbara Lewis interview" /> Nna ya, Auguste Boucolon - onye bụbu onye nkuzi - guzobere obere ụlọ akụ "La Caisse Coopérative des prêts", nke e mechara kpọwa "La Banque Antillaise".<ref name=":4" /> Nna Condé, Auguste Boucolon, nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya: Serge na Albert. Ụmụnne nwanyị atọ nke Condé bụ Ena, Jeanne, na Gillette, ụmụnne ya bụ Auguste, Jean, René, na Guy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> A mụrụ Condé afọ iri na otu mgbe Guy nwụsịrị, mgbe nne ya dị afọ iri anọ na atọ, nna ya dịkwa afọ iri isii na atọ. Condé kọwara onwe ya dị ka "nwatakịrị a na-emebi emebi", nke o kwuru na ọ bụ n'ihi afọ ndụ nne na nna ya, yana oge dị n'etiti ya na ụmụnne ya.<ref name=":4" /> Condé malitere ide ihe mgbe ọ dị obere. Tupu ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, o dere otu ihe nkiri, otu onye. E dere egwuregwu ahụ dị ka onyinye maka ụbọchị ọmụmụ nne ya. <ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Condé gara Lycée Fénelon site na 1953 ruo 1955, a chụpụrụ ya mgbe afọ abụọ gachara. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Paris III (Sorbonne Nouvelle) na Paris. N'oge ọ gara, ya na ndị ọzọ West Indians, Condé guzobere klọb Luis-Carlos Prestes.<ref name=":4" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1958, Condé gara mmemme na Paris nke Les Nègres/The Blacks nke Jean Genet, ebe ọ zutere onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Guinea]] Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4" /> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1958, ọ lụrụ Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4" /> Ha mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ tupu ha kewaa na 1969 (Condé enweela otu nwa site n'aka onye nta akụkọ Haiti bụ Jean Dominique). Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1959, mmekọrịta di na nwunye ahụ adịlarị njọ, Condé kpebiri ịga naanị ya na [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]], ebe ọ kụziri ihe otu afọ na Bingerville.<ref name=":4" /> N'oge ọ laghachiri Guinea maka ezumike, ọ ghọrọ onye maara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site n'aka otu ndị enyi Marxist, ndị ga-emetụta ya ịkwaga [[Ghana]].<ref name=":4" /> Ọ bụ oge ọgba aghara mana ọ bụ oge mmepe ka o mechara dee akụkọ ya n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2012 bụ́ La Vie sans fards (Gịnị Bụ Afrịka Nye M? Akụkụ Akwụkwọ Akụkọ Ndụ Eziokwu), dịka ọ dị na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nọọrọ onwe ha n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, o so ndị dịka Malcolm X, Che Guevara, Julius Nyerere na Maya Angelou kparịta ụka.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.seagullbooks.org/what-is-africa-to-me/|title=What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography|publisher=Seagull Books|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1960 na 1972, ọ kụziri na Guinea, Ghana na [[Senegal]].<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ na Ghana, o dezigharịrị nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ edemede ndị Afrịka na-asụ French, Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française (Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps">{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1|title=Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403181325/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bịara nwee nkụda mmụọ na ọ bụ "onye akaebe nke ọtụtụ ihe na-emegiderịta onwe ya", na ebubo a na-ebo ya maka ọrụ a na-enyo enyo mere ka a chụpụ Condé na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/06/books/maryse-conde-books.html|title=Maryse Condé, at Home in the World|work=The New York Times|first=Anderson|author=Tepper|date=6 March 2023|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị West Africa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na London dị ka onye na-emepụta BBC ruo afọ abụọ.<ref name="Cain">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/02/maryse-conde-guadelopean-grand-storyteller-dies-aged-90|title=Maryse Condé, Guadeloupean 'grand storyteller' dies aged 90|first=Sian|author=Cain|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ na 1973, ọ laghachiri Paris ma kụzie akwụkwọ Francophone na Paris VII (Jussieu), X (Nanterre) , na Ill (Sorbonne Nouvelle). <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1975, ọ gụsịrị M.A. na Ph.D. ya na Sorbonne Nouvelle na Paris na akwụkwọ ntụnyere, na-enyocha stereotypes ojii na Akwụkwọ Caribbean. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="CV">{{Cite web|url=https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ nkatọ nke gụnyere Le profil d'une oeuvre (Hatier, 1978), La Civilisation du Bossale (L'Harmattan, 1978), na La Parole des femmes (L'Rarmattan, 1979). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> N'afọ 1981, ya na Condé gbara alụkwaghịm, ebe ha kewara kemgbe. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ lụrụ Richard Philcox, Onye Bekee na onye ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Conversing on Paper: Richard Philcox on the Living Art of Translation – Asymptote Blog|url=https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/|accessdate=4 April 2024|language=en|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404115346/https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/}}</ref> O bipụtaghị akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon,'', ruo mgbe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 40, n'ihi na " enweghị obi ike na ma ghara anwa igosi ederede na ụwa dị n'èzí. " <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/books/maryse-conde-alternative-lobel-literature.html|title=Maryse Condé Wins an Alternative to the Literature Nobel in a Scandal-Plagued Year|author=Quinn|first=Annalisa|date=12 October 2018|work=The New York Times|accessdate=16 March 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ, Une saison à Rihata, na 1981; Otú ọ dị, Condé agaghị abụ onye a ma ama dị ka onye edemede Caribbean nke oge a ruo mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke atọ, ''Ségou'' (1984). <ref name=":0" />[she][her] N'ịgbaso ihe ịga nke ọma nke ''Ségou'', na 1985, e nyere Condé agụmakwụkwọ Fulbright na United States iji kụzie "Akwụkwọ na Ọdịbendị nke Caribbean" na Occidental College, [[Los Angeles]] (September 1985-May 1986). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fulbrightscholars.org/node/1246516|title=Literature and Culture of the Caribbean|work=Fulbright Scholar Program|accessdate=10 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1987, ọ bụ onye edemede Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio, e nyekwara ya Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship.<ref name="CV" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/|title=Maryse Condé|work=www.gf.org|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=2 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002041301/https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, e mere egwuregwu ya The Hills of Massabielle na New York na Ubu Repertory Theater . <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Barbara Lewis interview">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299141|title=No Silence: An Interview with Maryse Condé|first=Barbara|author=Lewis|journal=Callaloo|volume=18|date=Summer 1995|pages=543–550|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0093|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> A gụnyere ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ 1992 Daughters of Africa, nke [[Margaret Busby]] dezigharịrị.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.librarything.com/work/271737|title=Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present|date=1994|editor=Busby|publisher=[[LibraryThing]]|isbn=978-0-345-38268-9|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1995, Condé ghọrọ prọfesọ nke akwụkwọ French na Francophone na Mahadum Columbia dị na New York City, ebe o mechara bụrụ prọfesụ emerita. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/04/maryse-conde-an-english-author-can-reach-the-heart-of-a-caribbean-child|title=Interview {{!}} Maryse Condé: 'An English author can reach the heart of a Caribbean child'|first=Anita|author=Sethi|authorlink=Anita Sethi|work=The Guardian|date=4 July 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> Condé kụziri na mahadum dị iche iche, gụnyere Mahadum California, Berkeley; UCLA, Sorbonne, Mahadum Virginia, na Mahadum Nanterre. Ọ lara ezumike nká na nkuzi n'afọ 2005.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri akụkọ 2011 Maryse Condé, une voix singulière, nke Jérôme Sesquin duziri, nke na-akọ akụkọ ndụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/|title=Film: U.S. Premiere of 'Maryse Condé, une voix singulière'|work=Repeating Islands|date=29 January 2012|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=3 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203135437/https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo|title=Maryse Condé : Une voix singulière|date=15 June 2013|publisher=Ile en île|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=15 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415174729/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, e meghere Collège Maryse-Condé na agwaetiti La Désirade iji sọpụrụ ya. <ref name="CV" /> == Ọnwụ == Condé nwụrụ na Apt, Vaucluse, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ France, na 2 Eprel 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 90. <ref name="Humanite">{{Cite news|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, grande dame de la littérature et de la pensée anticoloniale – L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/maryse-conde/mort-de-maryse-conde-grande-dame-de-la-litterature-et-de-la-pensee-anticoloniale|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=humanite.fr|date=3 September 2021|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name="Marivat 2024">{{Cite news|author=Marivat|first=Gladys|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé est morte|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/04/02/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-est-morte_6225557_3382.html|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=Le Monde.fr|date=2 April 2024|language=fr}}</ref> == Ihe odide ya pụtara == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na-enyocha okwu agbụrụ, okike, na omenala n'ọtụtụ oge na ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche, gụnyere ikpe ndị amoosu Salem na I, Tituba: Amoosu Ojii nke Salem (1986); Alaeze Ukwu Bambara nke Mali nke narị afọ nke 19 na Ségou (1984–1985); na owuwu nke Panama Canal nke narị afọ nke 20 na mmetụta ya na mmụba nke ndị West Indian etiti na Tree of Life (1987). Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-achọpụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Africa na ndị si mba ọzọ bịa, karịsịa ndị Caribbean. Dị ka Louise Hardwick si kwuo, "Cosmopolitan na ọdịdị, akwụkwọ Condé na-ekwu maka mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa zuru ụwa ọnụ n'olu doro anya. Ọ jụrụ mgbalị iji mee ka ụdị ya dị, ma ọ bụ akara na-akọwa ya dị ka onye edemede French ma ọ bụ Creole, " a na-ekwukarị ya ka ọ na-ekwu: "M na-ede na Maryse Condé".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/12/maryse-conde-obituary|title=Maryse Condé obituary|work=The Guardian|date=12 April 2024|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.londonreviewbookshop.co.uk/blog/2020/november/for-a-writer-there-is-no-mother-tongue-he-forges-his-own-language-according-to-his-or-her-needs-a-q-a-with-maryse-conde|title='For a writer there is no mother tongue: he forges his own language according to his or her needs': A Q&A with Maryse Condé|work=[[London Review Bookshop]]|date=25 August 2020|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/|title=Lost Paradise: A Brief Interview with Maryse Condé|first=George|author=Salis|work=The Collidescope|date=27 December 2022|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602214215/https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon'' (n'[[Asụsụ Maninka|Asụsụ Malinke]], aha ahụ pụtara "ichere maka obi ụtọ"), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276|title=Maryse Condé: Author who won 'alternative Nobel Literature Prize' dies at 90|first=Ian|author=Youngs|publisher=BBC News|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=6 April 2024|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404205039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276}}</ref> na 1976. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde "Maryse Condé | Columbia | French"]. ''french.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde Archived] from the original on 20 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ihe na-ese okwu nke ukwuu nke na e wepụrụ ya na shelf mgbe ọnwa isii gasịrị n'ihi nkatọ ya banyere ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'Africa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/|title=Giving Voice to Guadeloupe|author=Condé|first=Maryse|date=6 February 2019|work=The New York Review of Books|language=en|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=6 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206151501/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ahụ yiri ndụ nke Condé n'oge mbụ ọ nọrọ na Guinea, a na-edekwa ya dị ka akụkọ onye mbụ, o kwusiri ike na ọ bụghị akụkọ ndụ onwe onye. Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ akụkọ, dị ka ọ kọwara ya, nke "'anti-moi', onye na-edoghị anya nke ọchụchọ maka njirimara na mmalite ya bụ ụdị nnupụisi nke omume rụrụ arụ. "<ref name=":3">Lionnet, F. (1989). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 "Happiness Deferred: Maryse Condé's ''Heremakhonon'' and the Failure of Enunciation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621134617/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 |date=21 June 2022 }}. In ''Autobiographical Voices: Race, Gender, Self-Portraiture'' (pp. 167–190). Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press.</ref> Condé nọpụrụ iche nke ukwuu site n'ọtụtụ mmegharị akwụkwọ Caribbean, dịka Négritude na Creolité, ma na-elekwasịkarị anya n'isiokwu ndị nwere nchegbu siri ike gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka onye na-akwado ikike ọchịchị n'ọrụ ya nakwa ná ndụ ya, Condé kwetara, sị: "Enweghị m ike ide ihe ọ bụla... ọ gwụla ma ọ nwere ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụfọdụ. Enweghị m ihe ọzọ m ga-enye nke ka dị mkpa. " Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke afọ 1995 bụ Windward Heights bụ reworking nke Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights (1847), nke Condé gụrụ na mbụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 14. Ọ dịla anya ọ chọrọ ịmepụta ọrụ nke ya gburugburu ya, dị ka omume "nkwanye ùgwù". A na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na Guadeloupe, a na-egosikwa agbụrụ na ọdịbendị dị ka nsogbu na-ekewa ndị mmadụ. N'ịtụgharị uche n'otú o si nweta ihe ndabere Caribbean ya n'ide akwụkwọ a, o kwuru, sị:<blockquote>"Ịbụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ ụwa - akụkụ nke ụwa Afrịka n'ihi ndị ohu Afrịka, akụkụ nke ụwa Europe n'ihi agụmakwụkwọ Europe - bụ ụdị echiche abụọ. Ị nwere ike iji nke ahụ n'ụzọ nke gị ma nye ahịrịokwu ihe ọzọ. Obi dị m ụtọ mgbe m na-arụ ọrụ ahụ, n'ihi na ọ bụ egwuregwu, ụdị egwuregwu rụrụ arụ ma na-atọ ụtọ. "    </blockquote>Ihe odide ndị Condé mechara dee gụnyere Tales From the Heart: True Stories From My Childhood (1999), nchịkọta edemede banyere oge ọ bụ nwata, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1|title=''Tales from the Heart'' by Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409235143/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> na Victoire (2006), akụkọ ndụ nke nne nne ya n'oge ndị isi ojii nke Guadeloupe kwupụtara ikike ha maka agụmakwụkwọ na ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nottingham French Studies|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/nfs.2014.0094?journalCode=nfs|title=Maryse Condé's ''Victoire:'' Thinking Back through Her Mothers|date=2014|volume=53|issue=3|doi=10.3366/nfs.2014.0094|author=Green|first=Mary Jean|pages=297–313|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> Who Slashed Celanire's Throat (2000) sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ezigbo akụkọ ma jiri ngwakọta nke Ime Anwansi na nrọ efu na akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere nwanyị chọrọ ịchọpụta eziokwu nke oge gara aga ma bọọ ọbọ maka nkwarụ ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurstonwright.org/books/who-slashed-celanires-throat/|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat|publisher=[[Hurston/Wright Foundation]]}}</ref> Nsụgharị nke afọ 2017 nke Richard Philcox nke Condé dere bụ What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography, Noo Saro-Wiwa kọwara ya na nyocha maka The Times Literary Supplement dị ka "ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma na-atọ ọchị mgbe ụfọdụ banyere afọ iri na abụọ onye edemede ahụ nọrọ n'Africa n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 na 60s. ... ma site na njedebe akwụkwọ ahụ, onye edemede ahụ kwetara na ọ ka maghị ihe Afrịka pụtara nye ya - nkwenye obi ike n'ụwa nke na-achọ akụkọ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. " N'afọ 2018, e nyere Condé New Academy Prize in Literature, nke e guzobere dị ka ihe ọzọ na Nobel Prize in Literation (nke a na-ewere ya dịka onye ọkacha mmasị mana enyeghị ya n'afọ ahụ, n'ihi mmetọ mmekọahụ n'etiti kọmitii onyinye), <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/02/books/maryse-conde-dead.html|title=Maryse Condé, 'Grande Dame' of Francophone Literature, Dies at 90|first=Clay|author=Risen|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> na ndị ọka ikpe na-eto Condé dị ka "onye na-akọ akụkọ ukwu nke edemede ya bụ nke akwụkwọ ụwa, na-akọwa mbibi nke ọchịchị na ọgba aghara postcolonial n'asụsụ nke ziri ezi ma na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ. N'afọ 2022, a kwanyeere ya ugwu dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede 12 nke Royal Society of Literature International, n'akụkụ Anne Carson, [[Tsitsi Dangarembga]], Cornelia Funke, Mary Gaitskill, Faïza Guène, Saidiya Hartman, Kim Hyesoon, Yōko Ogawa, Raja Shehadeh, Juan Gabriel Vásquez na Samar Yazbek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130|title=Twelve Writers Appointed in the Second Year of the RSL International Writers Programme|work=[[Broadway World]]|first=Stephi|author=Wild|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403203559/https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé nke afọ 2023, The Gospel According to the New World, edepụtara maka International Booker Prize ma, mgbe ọ dị afọ 86, ọ bụ onye edemede kacha okenye e depụtara maka ihe nrite ahụ.<ref name="shaffi">{{Cite web|url=https://theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache|title=International Booker prize announces longlist to celebrate 'ambition and panache'|date=14 March 2023|accessdate=14 March 2023|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314091040/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache}}</ref> E ji okwu gwa di ya na onye ntụgharị okwu bụ́ Richard Philcox ka o mepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na o nwere nsogbu akwara ozi nke mere ka o siere ya ike ikwu okwu na ịhụ ihe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-french-caribbean-new-england-new-world-b2522180.html|title=Maryse Condé, prolific 'grande dame' of Caribbean literature, dead at age 90|first=Hillel|author=Italie|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Ha abụọ bụ ndị otu onye edemede-onye ntụgharị nke nwunye na di mbụ a ga-edepụta ogologo oge, ma mesịa depụta, <ref name="shaffi" /> maka onyinye ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB|title=See who's on the 2023 International Booker Prize shortlist|publisher=[[Southbank Centre]]|date=18 April 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524063903/https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé|accessdate=14 March 2023|work=thebookerprizes.com|date=11 February 1934|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314151037/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/may/22/international-booker-prize-2023-cheon-myeong-kwan-gauz-eva-baltasar-georgi-gospodinov-guadalupe-nettel-maryse-conde#:~:text=Maryse%20Cond%C3%A9%2C%20who%20was%20born,will%20be%20her%20final%20novel.|title=The 2023 International Booker prize shortlist – review|first=John|author=Self|work=[[The Observer]]|date=22 May 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> === Ebe ndebe ihe ochie === A na-edebe ihe ndekọ akwụkwọ Maryse Condé (akwụkwọ Maryse Condés, 1979-2012) na Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary|title=Maryse Condé papers, 1979–2012|work=Archival Collections|publisher=Columbia University Libraries|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=22 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622122933/https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |'''Original publication''' ! colspan="5" |'''English publication''' |- ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Translator ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Publisher ! scope="col" |Notes/References |- |''Hérémakhonon'' |1976 |''Heremakhonon'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1982 |Three Continents Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Hérémakhonon|date=1982|publisher=Three Continents Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780894102325|oclc=8646556|edition=1st English language}}</ref> |- |''Une saison à Rihata'' |1981 |''A Season in Rihata'' |1988 |Heinemann |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=A Season in Rihata|date=1988|publisher=Heinemann Educational|isbn=978-0-435-98832-6|oclc=8106613884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IFcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |''Ségou: les murailles de terre''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earthen Wall") | rowspan="3" |1984 | rowspan="3" |''Segu'' | rowspan="3" |Barbara Bray |1987 |Viking Press | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Segu|date=1987|publisher=Viking|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=978-0-670-80728-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zZIAAAAYAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Segu|year=1996|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-14-025949-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhbIMpWGgFQC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1988 |Ballantine Books |- |1998 |Penguin Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Ségou: la terre en miettes''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earth in Pieces") | rowspan="2" |1985 | rowspan="2" |''The Children of Segu'' | rowspan="2" |Linda Coverdale |1989 |Viking Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1989|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-82981-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjdIAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1990|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-36634-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbLpAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1990 |Ballantine Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Moi, Tituba, Sorcière…Noire de Salem'' | rowspan="2" |1986 | rowspan="2" |''I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1992, <br /><br />2009 |University of Virginia Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, black witch of Salem|date=2009|publisher=Univ. of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=9780813927671|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLxAPgAACAAJ|edition=1st paperback|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem|date=1994|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-38420-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uPBhEIKP7kC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1994 |Ballantine Books |- |''La Vie scélérate [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Wicked Life") |1987 |''Tree of Life: A Novel of the Caribbean'' |Victoria Reiter |1992 |Ballantine Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tree of Life|date=1992|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-345-36074-8|edition=1st American|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYJcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tree of Life by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 August 1992|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409040752/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8}}</ref> |- |''Traversée de la mangrove'' |1989 |''Crossing the Mangrove'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1995 |Anchor Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Crossing the Mangrove|date=1995|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-385-47633-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZRkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Self|first=John|title=Crossing the Mangrove by Maryse Condé – a village united by a vagabond|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/sep/26/crossing-the-mangrove-by-maryse-conde-a-village-united-by-a-vagabond|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=The Observer|date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Moudileno & Higginson">{{Cite journal|author=Moudileno|first=Lydie|title=Portrait of the Artist as Dreamer: Maryse Condé's 'Traversée de la Mangrove' and 'Les Derniers Rois Mages'|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=626–640|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0104|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299149|accessdate=9 April 2024|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> |- |''Les Derniers rois mages''<br /><br />(lit: "The Last Magi") |1992 |''The Last of the African Kings'' |1997 |University of Nebraska Press |<ref name="Moudileno & Higginson" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=The Last of the African Kings|year=1997|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1489-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTNLR8PX9asC|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- |''La Colonie du nouveau monde''<br /><br />(lit: "The New World Colony") |1993 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La colonie du nouveau monde: roman|date=1993|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-05903-6|oclc=29239656|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFWgQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''La Migration des cœurs [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Migration of Hearts") |1995 |''Windward Heights'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |1998 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Windward Heights|date=1998|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-161-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d017kQEACAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tepper|first=Anderson|title=Windward Heights|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/09/05/bib/990905.rv103554.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 September 1999}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Wolff|first=Rebecca|authorlink=Rebecca Wolff|title=Maryse Condé|url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|work=[[Bomb (magazine)|BOMB Magazine]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223085419/http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|archivedate=23 December 2015|format=web.archive.org|date=Summer 1999}}</ref> |- |''Desirada'' |1997 |''Desirada'' |2000 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Desirada: roman|date=1997|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221084663|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeh-zwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schwerdtner|first=Karin|title=Wandering, Women and Writing: Maryse Condé's Desirada|journal=Dalhousie French Studies|date=2005|volume=73|pages=129–137|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40837654|issn=0711-8813|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Célanire cou-coupé [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "Slashed-Throat Célanire") |2000 |''Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?'' |2004 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Célanire cou-coupé: roman fantastique|date=2000|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-08629-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBGSQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?: A Fantastical Tale|date=2004|publisher=Atria Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-7434-8260-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz1lAAAAMAAJ|oclc=254224954|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Bailey Nurse|first=Donna|title=Unkindest Cut|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2004/09/26/unkindest-cut/20f98b7b-f5cd-44e8-9baf-9fe4f327c005/|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=Washington Post|date=25 September 2004}}</ref> |- |''La Belle créole''<br /><br />(lit: "The Beautiful Créole") |2001 |''The Belle Créole'' |Nicole Simek |2020 |University of Virginia Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La belle créole: roman|date=2001|publisher=Mercure de France|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7152-1810-9|oclc=47597710|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VZwQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Belle Créole|date=2020|publisher=University of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=978-0-8139-4423-4|oclc=1126348970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRy1DwAAQBAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Histoire de la femme cannibale [fr]'' |2003 |''The Story of the Cannibal Woman'' |Richard Philcox |2007 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Story of the Cannibal Woman|date=2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-7129-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2HEyAYo7iQC|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Maryse|first=Condé|title=Excerpt: 'The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel'|url=https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|date=4 June 2007|quote=The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel, Copyright 2007, by Maryse Conde. Reprinted by permission of Atria Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Inc.|archivedate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408221012/https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Schmidt|first=Elizabeth|title=Magical Thinking|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/books/review/Schmidt.t.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=15 April 2007}}</ref> |- |''Les Belles ténébreuses''<br /><br />(lit: "The Dark Beauties") |2008 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Les belles ténébreuses: roman|date=2008|publisher=Mercure de France|isbn=978-2-7152-2832-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6tpAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''En attendant la montée des eaux [fr]'' |2010 |''Waiting for the Waters to Rise'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |2021 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Waiting for the Waters to Rise|date=2021|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-64286-073-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNyWzQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Iglesias|first=Gabino|title=Having A Conversation With Loss And Grief In 'Waiting For The Waters To Rise'|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 August 2021|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407053430/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise}}</ref> |- |''Le Fabuleux et triste destin d'Ivan et d'Ivana'' |2017 |''The Wondrous and Tragic Life <br /><br />of Ivan and Ivana'' |2020 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana|date=2020|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-912987-09-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcoYzAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Jaggi|first=Maya|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana by Maryse Condé review – a scurrilous picaresque|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/16/the-wondrous-and-tragic-life-of-ivan-and-ivana-by-maryse-conde-review-a-scurrilous-picaresque|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The Guardian|date=16 July 2020}}</ref> |- |''L'Évangile du nouveau monde'' |2021 |''The Gospel According to the New World'' |2023 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World by undefined|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|date=14 October 2022|accessdate=7 April 2024|archivedate=21 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135148/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World: Shortlisted for the International Booker Prize 2023|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world|work=thebookerprizes.com|publisher=The Booker Prizes|accessdate=7 April 2024|language=en|date=7 March 2023|archivedate=25 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925130237/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world}}</ref> |} === Egwuregwu === * An Tan Révolisyion, <ref name="Makward1995">{{Cite journal|author=Makward|first=Christiane P.|title=Reading Maryse Conde's Theatre|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=Summer 1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=681–689|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0094|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299153|accessdate=8 April 2024}}</ref> nke e bipụtara na 1991, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1989 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Makward|first=Christiane|title=Petite histoire de An Tan Révolisyon, elle court, elle court la Liberté|url=https://www.cairn.info/sans-fards-melanges-en-l-honneur-de-maryse-conde--9791095177029-page-135.htm|date=2024|publisher=Presses universitaires des Antilles|isbn=979-10-95177-02-9|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Comédie d'Amour, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1993 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maryse Condé|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/|work=Île en île|date=17 November 1998|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=28 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/}}</ref><ref name="Kazaconde">{{Cite web|title=Biographie & bibliographie|url=https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/|work=Kazaconde|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409165832/https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/}}</ref> * Dieu nous l'a donné, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1972, nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1973 * La Mort d'Oluwémi d'Ajumako, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1973, nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na [[Gabon]] * Le Morne de Massabielle, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na Puteaux, France, e mechara mee ya na Bekee na New York dị ka The Hills of Massabielle na Ubu Repertory Theater (1991) <ref name="CV" /> * Les Sept voyages de Ti-Noël (nke ya na José Jernidier jikọrọ aka dee), nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1987 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè|title='Je Me Suis Réconciliée Avec Mon Île': Une Interview de Maryse Condé|journal=Callaloo|issue=38}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=José Jernidier|url=https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles|title=Analyse dramaturgique et mise en jeu de textes dramatiques de langue et culture créole et autres textes composites français/créoles|work=chantiersnomades.com|date=2024|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409201316/https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=José Jernidier|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/|work=Île en île|date=3 January 2021|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=1 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601085752/http://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/}}</ref> * Pension les Alizés, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1988, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe ma mesịa mee na New York dị ka Tropical Breeze Hotel (1995) <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bruckner|first=D. J. R.|title=In Performance; Theater|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/22/theater/in-performance-theater-892495.html|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=22 February 1995}}</ref> * ''''Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ'''' (2007). Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Play : Comme deux frères|url=https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html|work=Siyaj at UVa Caribbean Theater Company at the University of Virginia|publisher=Dept. of French Language and Literature, University of Virginia|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=2009|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407054940/https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html}}</ref> === Nkatọ na akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ === * "Ndị edemede nwanyị atọ n'Africa nke oge a: [[Flora Nwapa]], Ama Ata Aidoo na [[Grace Emily Akinyi Ogot|Grace Ogot]]" (1972), Presence Africaine, 82:132-143.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Three Female Writers in Modern Africa : Flora Nwapa, Ama Ata Aidoo and Grace Ogot|journal=[[Présence Africaine]]|date=1972|issue=82|pages=132–143|doi=10.3917/presa.082.0132|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350338|issn=0032-7638|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Akụkọ banyere otu ọrụ, Hatier, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> * Mmepeanya nke Bossale: Echiche banyere akwụkwọ a na-ekwu n'ọnụ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, Paris: L'Harmattan, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi">{{Cite web|author=Mekkawi|first=Mohamed|url=http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|title=Maryse Condé: Novelist, Playwright, Critic, Teacher: An Introductory Bio-bibliography|publisher=Howard University Libraries|date=1990|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|accessdate=11 April 2024|archivedate=31 March 2013}}</ref> * ''Okwu ụmụ nwanyị: Essai sur des romancières des Antilles de langue française.'' , Paris: L'Harmattan, 1979<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi" /> * Ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé (1993). ''Mkparịta ụka na Maryse Condé'' (1996). Ajụjụ ọnụ na Françoise Pfaff. Nsụgharị Bekee gụnyere isi ọhụrụ dabere na ajụjụ ọnụ 1994. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Entretiens avec Maryse Condé: suivis d'une bibliographie complète|date=1993|publisher=Editions Karthala|isbn=978-2-86537-435-9|oclc=30739196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JcAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=Conversations with Maryse Condä|date=1 January 1996|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=978-0-8032-3713-1|oclc=34243864|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64LQXH9dTnYC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Pfaff|first=Françoise|title=Nouveaux entretiens avec Maryse Condé: écrivain et témoin de son temps|date=2016|publisher=Éditions Karthala|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-8111-1707-8|oclc=960463375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Gk9vgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "The Role of the Writer" (1993), World Literature Today, 67 (4): 697-699.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Role of the Writer|journal=[[World Literature Today]]|date=1993|volume=67|issue=4|pages=697–699|doi=10.2307/40149563|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40149563|issn=0196-3570|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Obi na-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá: ihe ncheta nke nwata m (1999). Akụkọ sitere n'obi: Akụkọ Ezi Akụkọ sitere na nwata m, trans. Richard Philcox (2001). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Le coeur à rire et à pleurer: contes vrais de mon enfance|date=1999|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-266-09868-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugA-HQAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tales from the Heart: True Stories from My Childhood|date=2001|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-264-4|oclc=46422017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t35cAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer" (2000), ''Yale French Studies'' 97: 151.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer|journal=[[Yale French Studies]]|date=2000|issue=97|pages=151–165|doi=10.2307/2903218|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2903218|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * ''Mmeri, ụtọ na okwu'' (2006). ''Mmeri: Nne M'', trans. Richard Philcox (2006). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother|year=2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-0058-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8t2ktvTuHQC|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 October 2009|archivedate=5 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405005814/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761}}</ref> * La Vie sans fards (2012). Gịnị bụ Africa nye m? Iberibe nke True-to-Life Autobiography, trans. Richard Philcox (2017). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La vie sans fards|date=2012|publisher=Le Grand livre du mois|isbn=978-2-286-09075-3|oclc=826769208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlhrmAEACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=What Is Africa to Me?: Fragments of a True-to-life Autobiography|date=2017|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-0-85742-376-4|oclc=964730164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE6ODAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * The Journey of a Caribbean Writer (2013). Nchịkọta nke edemede, trans. Richard Philcox.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Journey of a Caribbean Writer|date=2014|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London New York Calcutta|isbn=978-0-85742-097-8|oclc=846745180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta2PMQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Mets na ihe ịtụnanya (2015). N'ime Morsels na Marvels, trans. Richard Philcox (2015). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Mets et merveilles|date=2015|publisher=JC Lattès|location=Paris|isbn=9782709644792|oclc=907643787|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7VGrgEACAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Of Morsels and Marvels|date=2020|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London; New York|isbn=978-0-85742-693-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lh2wwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> === Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ === * Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française. Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /<ref name="CV" /> * ''Abụ Ndị Caribbean''. Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * Ebe ndị Rom si Caribbean Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * ''Akara olu maka Guy Tirolien'' (onye na-enyekwa aka). Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1990.<ref name="CV" /> * Caliban's Legacy, mbipụta pụrụ iche nke ''Callaloo'' na akwụkwọ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, 1992. <ref name="CV" /> * L'Heritage de Caliban (onye nchịkọta akụkọ), edemede na akwụkwọ Francophone Caribbean. Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1992.<ref name="CV" /> * ''Chee echiche nke Creole''. Paris: mbipụta Karthala, 1995.<ref name="CV" /> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1986: Nnukwu Ihe Nrite Akwụkwọ nke Nwaanyị<ref>{{Cite book|author=Carruggi|first=Noëlle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UT4CBVBfPB8C&pg=PA17|title=Maryse Condé: rébellion et transgressions|date=2010|publisher=Karthala Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-0362-0|pages=17|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html|title=Auteur: Maryse Condé -|work=Guadeloupe le Guide|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402202749/https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html}}</ref> * 1987: Prix de l'Académie française (La vie scélérate) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, plusieurs vies de combat|first=Muriel|author=Steinmetz|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[L'Humanité]]|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403092909/https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat}}</ref> * 1988: Liberatur Prize (''Ségou'') <ref>{{Cite web|date=3 April 2024|title=Guadeloupe's Maryse Condé remembered as a fearless explorer of the complexities of Caribbean history and identity|url=https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Global Voices|first=Janine|author=Mendes-Franco|language=en|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403232752/https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Forsdick|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|title=Postcolonial Thought in the French Speaking World|date=2022|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-80207-934-0|pages=43|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> * 1993: Ihe nrite Puterbaugh <ref>{{Cite news|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé, prolific Guadeloupean writer, dies aged 90|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/obituaries/article/2024/04/02/maryse-conde-prolific-guadeloupean-writer-dies-aged-90_6667137_15.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[Le Monde]]|first=Gladys|author=Marivat|language=en}}</ref> * 1997: Prix Carbet de la Caraibe (Desirada) * 1999: Marguerite Yourcenar Prize (Obi ị ga-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá) <ref name=":2">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1 "Author Profile: Maryse Condé"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219221020/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1|jstor=40158493 |date=19 February 2022 }}. ''World Literature Today'' (September–December 2004), 78 (3/4), p. 27.</ref> * 1999: Lifetime Achievement Award site na mmemme Africana Studies nke Mahadum New York <ref name=":2" /> * 2001: Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres site na Gọọmentị France <ref name=":2" /> * 2005: Hurston/Wright Legacy Award (Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/11/02/writers-conde-de-veaux-win-hurstonwright-prizes/e2d706ed-4f46-431d-9abf-475129c4ccf2/|title=Writers Conde, De Veaux Win Hurston/Wright Prizes|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=1 November 2005}}</ref> * 2007: Prix Tropiques de l'Agence française de développement (Victoire, les saveurs et les mots) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé : mort d'une autrice à l'oeuvre humaniste et universelle {{!}} TV5Monde – Informations|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366|author=Terriennes|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=information.tv5monde.com|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 April 2007|title=La semaine (du 14 au 20 avril)|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/|work=[[Jeune Afrique]]|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/}}</ref> * 2008: Ihe nrite nke nka Afro-Caribbean maka Les Belles Ténèbres. Paris <ref name="CV" /> * 2009: Ihe nrite nke Afro-Caribbean Arts for Lifetime Achievement. Paris <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Île en île">[https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ Maryse Condé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ |date=28 October 2023 }} at Île en île.</ref> * 2010: Grand prix du roman métis (Ka ọ na-echere ịrị elu nke mmiri) <ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2010|title=Maryse Condé, Grand prix du roman métis|url=https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Bibliobs|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html}}</ref> * 2018: New Academy Prize in Literature <ref name=":5" /> * 2020: PEN Translates award for Waiting for the Waters to Rise <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/|title=Nineteen PEN Translates awards go to titles from fifteen countries and thirteen languages|work=[[English PEN]]|date=10 June 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=29 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829215207/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/}}</ref> * 2021: Ihe nrite ụwa Cino Del Duca<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 June 2021|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé reçoit le prix de la Fondation Cino del Duca pour son oeuvre 'portée sur l'humanisme'|first=Lauriane|author=Nembrot|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Outre-mer la 1ère|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html}}</ref> * 2021: PEN Translates award from English PEN for The Gospel According to the New World <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/|title=PEN Translates awards announced|work=English PEN|date=21 December 2021|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=5 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605194631/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/}}</ref> * 2022: Royal Society of Literature International Writer <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/30/tsitsi-dangarembga-royal-society-of-literature-international-writers-award|title=Tsitsi Dangarembga, Anne Carson and Mary Gaitskill honoured by Royal Society of Literature|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|work=The Guardian|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/|title=RSL International Writers|date=3 September 2023|publisher=Royal Society of Literature|accessdate=3 December 2023|archivedate=20 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120181559/https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Akwụkwọ Caribbean * Akwụkwọ ndị e dere mgbe ha nwụsịrị * Ọchịchịrị == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Lee, Vanessa, ụmụ nwanyị anọ Caribbean na-ede ihe nkiri: Ina Césaire, Maryse Condé, Gerty Dambury na Suzanne Dracius (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021). * Perisic, Alexandra Mgbagwoju anya: Immigration, Neoliberalism, na Atlantic (na Maryse Condé, Roberto Bolaño, Giannina Braschi, Caryl Phillips), 2019. * Small, Audrey H., [https://theconversation.com/five-books-by-maryse-conde-to-introduce-you-to-the-award-winning-guadeloupian-writer-228443 "Akwụkwọ ise nke Maryse Condé iji mee ka ị mata onye edemede Guadeloupian meriri ihe nrite"], The Conversation, 26 Eprel 2024. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879 Ịchọta enyemaka maka akwụkwọ Maryse Condé na Mahadum Columbia]. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Onye edemede French Guadeloupe Maryse Condé na-agụ site na ọrụ ya na Recording Laboratory], 24 Septemba 1999 (Library of Congress). * Works by Maryse CondénaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ mepere emepe * Mekkawi, Mohamed [https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm "Maryse Condé: Onye edemede, onye na-ede egwuregwu, onye nkatọ, onye nkuzi: Akụkọ ndụ"]. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Libraries, 1990 (rev. 1992). * Petri Liukkonen. "Maryse Condé". Akwụkwọ na ndị edemede. * [http://fr.calameo.com/read/00429924444e06fb891de Nkwupụta nke Maryse Condé Fund nke Médiathèque Caribbean (laméca), akwụkwọ ndị sitere na ọbá akwụkwọ onwe onye nke Maryse condé] * [http://www.webguinee.net/bibliotheque/literature/maryse-conde/index.html webGuinée - Maryse Condé] * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Maryse Condé dekọrọ maka Archive of Literature site na Hispanic Division na Library of Congress, Washington, D.D.], na 24 Septemba 1999. * {{IMDb name|2268887}} * Maryse Condédiski naDiscogs * Mason Street, [https://thethornfieldreview.org/2017/07/31/an-interview-with-maryse-conde/ "N'ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé"], The Thornfield Review, 31 Julaị 2017. * Leïla Slimani (nke Kim Willsher sụgharịrị), "'An extraordinary role model': Maryse Condé remembered by Leïlalimani", ''The Guardian'', 3 April 2024. {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Conde, Maryse}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mqqijon5v9vgbnklhzrgvbgvhbyxyek 692738 692736 2026-07-30T13:51:50Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ọrụ */ fixed reference errors 692738 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:MaryseConde2006.jpg|thumb|Maryse Conde]]   '''Maryse Condé''' (née '''Marise Liliane Appoline Boucolon'''; 11 Febụwarị 1934 – 2 Eprel 2024) bụ onye edemede akụkọ, onye nkatọ, na onye na-ede egwuregwu na French si ngalaba French Overseas na mpaghara Guadeloupe. Ọ bụkwa onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, onye ọrụ nkuzi ya kpọgara ya na West Africa na North America, yana Caribbean na Europe. Dịka onye edemede, Condé kacha mara amara maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Ségou (1984–1985).. Ihe odide Condé na-enyocha ndị Afrịka bi na mba ọzọ nke sitere na [[Caribbean]]" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Slavery in the Caribbean">Ịgba ohu na ọchịchị ndị na-achị Caribbean. A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, nke e dere na French, n'asụsụ Bekee, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, na Japanese.<ref name=":0" /> O ritere ihe nrite dị iche iche, dị ka Grand Prix Littéraire de la Femme (1986), Prix de l'Académie française (1988), Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe (1997) na New Academy Prize in Literature (2018) maka ọrụ ya. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-asọ mpi maka onyinye Nobel na edemede. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya na Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, na 11 Febụwarị 1934, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Eaton|first=Kalenda|title=Maryse Condé (1937– ) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/|work=blackpast.org|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 October 2007|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402185254/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/}}</ref>ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ. Ndị mụrụ ya so n'ime ndị nkuzi ojii mbụ na Guadeloupe. Nne ya, Jeanne Quidal (onye si Marie-Galante, agwaetiti nke a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe Condé).<ref name="Barbara Lewis interview" /> Nna ya, Auguste Boucolon - onye bụbu onye nkuzi - guzobere obere ụlọ akụ "La Caisse Coopérative des prêts", nke e mechara kpọwa "La Banque Antillaise".<ref name=":4" /> Nna Condé, Auguste Boucolon, nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya: Serge na Albert. Ụmụnne nwanyị atọ nke Condé bụ Ena, Jeanne, na Gillette, ụmụnne ya bụ Auguste, Jean, René, na Guy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> A mụrụ Condé afọ iri na otu mgbe Guy nwụsịrị, mgbe nne ya dị afọ iri anọ na atọ, nna ya dịkwa afọ iri isii na atọ. Condé kọwara onwe ya dị ka "nwatakịrị a na-emebi emebi", nke o kwuru na ọ bụ n'ihi afọ ndụ nne na nna ya, yana oge dị n'etiti ya na ụmụnne ya.<ref name=":4" /> Condé malitere ide ihe mgbe ọ dị obere. Tupu ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, o dere otu ihe nkiri, otu onye. E dere egwuregwu ahụ dị ka onyinye maka ụbọchị ọmụmụ nne ya. <ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Condé gara Lycée Fénelon site na 1953 ruo 1955, a chụpụrụ ya mgbe afọ abụọ gachara. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Paris III (Sorbonne Nouvelle) na Paris. N'oge ọ gara, ya na ndị ọzọ West Indians, Condé guzobere klọb Luis-Carlos Prestes.<ref name=":4" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1958, Condé gara mmemme na Paris nke Les Nègres/The Blacks nke Jean Genet, ebe ọ zutere onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Guinea]] Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4" /> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1958, ọ lụrụ Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4" /> Ha mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ tupu ha kewaa na 1969 (Condé enweela otu nwa site n'aka onye nta akụkọ Haiti bụ Jean Dominique). Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1959, mmekọrịta di na nwunye ahụ adịlarị njọ, Condé kpebiri ịga naanị ya na [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]], ebe ọ kụziri ihe otu afọ na Bingerville.<ref name=":4" /> N'oge ọ laghachiri Guinea maka ezumike, ọ ghọrọ onye maara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site n'aka otu ndị enyi Marxist, ndị ga-emetụta ya ịkwaga [[Ghana]].<ref name=":4" /> Ọ bụ oge ọgba aghara mana ọ bụ oge mmepe ka o mechara dee akụkọ ya n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2012 bụ́ La Vie sans fards (Gịnị Bụ Afrịka Nye M? Akụkụ Akwụkwọ Akụkọ Ndụ Eziokwu), dịka ọ dị na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nọọrọ onwe ha n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, o so ndị dịka Malcolm X, Che Guevara, Julius Nyerere na Maya Angelou kparịta ụka.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.seagullbooks.org/what-is-africa-to-me/|title=What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography|publisher=Seagull Books|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1960 na 1972, ọ kụziri na Guinea, Ghana na [[Senegal]].<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ na Ghana, o dezigharịrị nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ edemede ndị Afrịka na-asụ French, Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française (Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps">{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1|title=Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403181325/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bịara nwee nkụda mmụọ na ọ bụ "onye akaebe nke ọtụtụ ihe na-emegiderịta onwe ya", na ebubo a na-ebo ya maka ọrụ a na-enyo enyo mere ka a chụpụ Condé na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/06/books/maryse-conde-books.html|title=Maryse Condé, at Home in the World|work=The New York Times|first=Anderson|author=Tepper|date=6 March 2023|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị West Africa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na London dị ka onye na-emepụta BBC ruo afọ abụọ.<ref name="Cain">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/02/maryse-conde-guadelopean-grand-storyteller-dies-aged-90|title=Maryse Condé, Guadeloupean 'grand storyteller' dies aged 90|first=Sian|author=Cain|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ na 1973, ọ laghachiri Paris ma kụzie akwụkwọ Francophone na Paris VII (Jussieu), X (Nanterre) , na Ill (Sorbonne Nouvelle). <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1975, ọ gụsịrị M.A. na Ph.D. ya na Sorbonne Nouvelle na Paris na akwụkwọ ntụnyere, na-enyocha stereotypes ojii na Akwụkwọ Caribbean. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="CV">{{Cite web|url=https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891|title=Curriculum Vitae {{!}} Maryse Condé}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ nkatọ nke gụnyere Le profil d'une oeuvre (Hatier, 1978), La Civilisation du Bossale (L'Harmattan, 1978), na La Parole des femmes (L'Rarmattan, 1979). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> N'afọ 1981, ya na Condé gbara alụkwaghịm, ebe ha kewara kemgbe. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ lụrụ Richard Philcox, Onye Bekee na onye ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Conversing on Paper: Richard Philcox on the Living Art of Translation – Asymptote Blog|url=https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/|accessdate=4 April 2024|language=en|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404115346/https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/}}</ref> O bipụtaghị akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon,'', ruo mgbe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 40, n'ihi na " enweghị obi ike na ma ghara anwa igosi ederede na ụwa dị n'èzí. " <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/books/maryse-conde-alternative-lobel-literature.html|title=Maryse Condé Wins an Alternative to the Literature Nobel in a Scandal-Plagued Year|author=Quinn|first=Annalisa|date=12 October 2018|work=The New York Times|accessdate=16 March 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ, Une saison à Rihata, na 1981; Otú ọ dị, Condé agaghị abụ onye a ma ama dị ka onye edemede Caribbean nke oge a ruo mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke atọ, ''Ségou'' (1984). <ref name=":0" />[she][her] N'ịgbaso ihe ịga nke ọma nke ''Ségou'', na 1985, e nyere Condé agụmakwụkwọ Fulbright na United States iji kụzie "Akwụkwọ na Ọdịbendị nke Caribbean" na Occidental College, [[Los Angeles]] (September 1985-May 1986). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fulbrightscholars.org/node/1246516|title=Literature and Culture of the Caribbean|work=Fulbright Scholar Program|accessdate=10 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1987, ọ bụ onye edemede Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio, e nyekwara ya Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship.<ref name="CV" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/|title=Maryse Condé|work=www.gf.org|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=2 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002041301/https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, e mere egwuregwu ya The Hills of Massabielle na New York na Ubu Repertory Theater . <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Barbara Lewis interview">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299141|title=No Silence: An Interview with Maryse Condé|first=Barbara|author=Lewis|journal=Callaloo|volume=18|date=Summer 1995|pages=543–550|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0093|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> A gụnyere ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ 1992 Daughters of Africa, nke [[Margaret Busby]] dezigharịrị.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.librarything.com/work/271737|title=Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present|date=1994|editor=Busby|publisher=[[LibraryThing]]|isbn=978-0-345-38268-9|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1995, Condé ghọrọ prọfesọ nke akwụkwọ French na Francophone na Mahadum Columbia dị na New York City, ebe o mechara bụrụ prọfesụ emerita. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/04/maryse-conde-an-english-author-can-reach-the-heart-of-a-caribbean-child|title=Interview {{!}} Maryse Condé: 'An English author can reach the heart of a Caribbean child'|first=Anita|author=Sethi|authorlink=Anita Sethi|work=The Guardian|date=4 July 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> Condé kụziri na mahadum dị iche iche, gụnyere Mahadum California, Berkeley; UCLA, Sorbonne, Mahadum Virginia, na Mahadum Nanterre. Ọ lara ezumike nká na nkuzi n'afọ 2005.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri akụkọ 2011 Maryse Condé, une voix singulière, nke Jérôme Sesquin duziri, nke na-akọ akụkọ ndụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/|title=Film: U.S. Premiere of 'Maryse Condé, une voix singulière'|work=Repeating Islands|date=29 January 2012|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=3 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203135437/https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo|title=Maryse Condé : Une voix singulière|date=15 June 2013|publisher=Ile en île|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=15 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415174729/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, e meghere Collège Maryse-Condé na agwaetiti La Désirade iji sọpụrụ ya. <ref name="CV" /> == Ọnwụ == Condé nwụrụ na Apt, Vaucluse, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ France, na 2 Eprel 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 90. <ref name="Humanite">{{Cite news|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, grande dame de la littérature et de la pensée anticoloniale – L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/maryse-conde/mort-de-maryse-conde-grande-dame-de-la-litterature-et-de-la-pensee-anticoloniale|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=humanite.fr|date=3 September 2021|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name="Marivat 2024">{{Cite news|author=Marivat|first=Gladys|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé est morte|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/04/02/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-est-morte_6225557_3382.html|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=Le Monde.fr|date=2 April 2024|language=fr}}</ref> == Ihe odide ya pụtara == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na-enyocha okwu agbụrụ, okike, na omenala n'ọtụtụ oge na ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche, gụnyere ikpe ndị amoosu Salem na I, Tituba: Amoosu Ojii nke Salem (1986); Alaeze Ukwu Bambara nke Mali nke narị afọ nke 19 na Ségou (1984–1985); na owuwu nke Panama Canal nke narị afọ nke 20 na mmetụta ya na mmụba nke ndị West Indian etiti na Tree of Life (1987). Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-achọpụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Africa na ndị si mba ọzọ bịa, karịsịa ndị Caribbean. Dị ka Louise Hardwick si kwuo, "Cosmopolitan na ọdịdị, akwụkwọ Condé na-ekwu maka mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa zuru ụwa ọnụ n'olu doro anya. Ọ jụrụ mgbalị iji mee ka ụdị ya dị, ma ọ bụ akara na-akọwa ya dị ka onye edemede French ma ọ bụ Creole, " a na-ekwukarị ya ka ọ na-ekwu: "M na-ede na Maryse Condé".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/12/maryse-conde-obituary|title=Maryse Condé obituary|work=The Guardian|date=12 April 2024|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.londonreviewbookshop.co.uk/blog/2020/november/for-a-writer-there-is-no-mother-tongue-he-forges-his-own-language-according-to-his-or-her-needs-a-q-a-with-maryse-conde|title='For a writer there is no mother tongue: he forges his own language according to his or her needs': A Q&A with Maryse Condé|work=[[London Review Bookshop]]|date=25 August 2020|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/|title=Lost Paradise: A Brief Interview with Maryse Condé|first=George|author=Salis|work=The Collidescope|date=27 December 2022|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602214215/https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon'' (n'[[Asụsụ Maninka|Asụsụ Malinke]], aha ahụ pụtara "ichere maka obi ụtọ"), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276|title=Maryse Condé: Author who won 'alternative Nobel Literature Prize' dies at 90|first=Ian|author=Youngs|publisher=BBC News|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=6 April 2024|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404205039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276}}</ref> na 1976. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde "Maryse Condé | Columbia | French"]. ''french.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde Archived] from the original on 20 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ihe na-ese okwu nke ukwuu nke na e wepụrụ ya na shelf mgbe ọnwa isii gasịrị n'ihi nkatọ ya banyere ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'Africa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/|title=Giving Voice to Guadeloupe|author=Condé|first=Maryse|date=6 February 2019|work=The New York Review of Books|language=en|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=6 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206151501/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ahụ yiri ndụ nke Condé n'oge mbụ ọ nọrọ na Guinea, a na-edekwa ya dị ka akụkọ onye mbụ, o kwusiri ike na ọ bụghị akụkọ ndụ onwe onye. Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ akụkọ, dị ka ọ kọwara ya, nke "'anti-moi', onye na-edoghị anya nke ọchụchọ maka njirimara na mmalite ya bụ ụdị nnupụisi nke omume rụrụ arụ. "<ref name=":3">Lionnet, F. (1989). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 "Happiness Deferred: Maryse Condé's ''Heremakhonon'' and the Failure of Enunciation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621134617/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 |date=21 June 2022 }}. In ''Autobiographical Voices: Race, Gender, Self-Portraiture'' (pp. 167–190). Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press.</ref> Condé nọpụrụ iche nke ukwuu site n'ọtụtụ mmegharị akwụkwọ Caribbean, dịka Négritude na Creolité, ma na-elekwasịkarị anya n'isiokwu ndị nwere nchegbu siri ike gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka onye na-akwado ikike ọchịchị n'ọrụ ya nakwa ná ndụ ya, Condé kwetara, sị: "Enweghị m ike ide ihe ọ bụla... ọ gwụla ma ọ nwere ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụfọdụ. Enweghị m ihe ọzọ m ga-enye nke ka dị mkpa. " Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke afọ 1995 bụ Windward Heights bụ reworking nke Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights (1847), nke Condé gụrụ na mbụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 14. Ọ dịla anya ọ chọrọ ịmepụta ọrụ nke ya gburugburu ya, dị ka omume "nkwanye ùgwù". A na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na Guadeloupe, a na-egosikwa agbụrụ na ọdịbendị dị ka nsogbu na-ekewa ndị mmadụ. N'ịtụgharị uche n'otú o si nweta ihe ndabere Caribbean ya n'ide akwụkwọ a, o kwuru, sị:<blockquote>"Ịbụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ ụwa - akụkụ nke ụwa Afrịka n'ihi ndị ohu Afrịka, akụkụ nke ụwa Europe n'ihi agụmakwụkwọ Europe - bụ ụdị echiche abụọ. Ị nwere ike iji nke ahụ n'ụzọ nke gị ma nye ahịrịokwu ihe ọzọ. Obi dị m ụtọ mgbe m na-arụ ọrụ ahụ, n'ihi na ọ bụ egwuregwu, ụdị egwuregwu rụrụ arụ ma na-atọ ụtọ. "    </blockquote>Ihe odide ndị Condé mechara dee gụnyere Tales From the Heart: True Stories From My Childhood (1999), nchịkọta edemede banyere oge ọ bụ nwata, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1|title=''Tales from the Heart'' by Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409235143/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> na Victoire (2006), akụkọ ndụ nke nne nne ya n'oge ndị isi ojii nke Guadeloupe kwupụtara ikike ha maka agụmakwụkwọ na ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nottingham French Studies|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/nfs.2014.0094?journalCode=nfs|title=Maryse Condé's ''Victoire:'' Thinking Back through Her Mothers|date=2014|volume=53|issue=3|doi=10.3366/nfs.2014.0094|author=Green|first=Mary Jean|pages=297–313|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> Who Slashed Celanire's Throat (2000) sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ezigbo akụkọ ma jiri ngwakọta nke Ime Anwansi na nrọ efu na akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere nwanyị chọrọ ịchọpụta eziokwu nke oge gara aga ma bọọ ọbọ maka nkwarụ ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurstonwright.org/books/who-slashed-celanires-throat/|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat|publisher=[[Hurston/Wright Foundation]]}}</ref> Nsụgharị nke afọ 2017 nke Richard Philcox nke Condé dere bụ What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography, Noo Saro-Wiwa kọwara ya na nyocha maka The Times Literary Supplement dị ka "ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma na-atọ ọchị mgbe ụfọdụ banyere afọ iri na abụọ onye edemede ahụ nọrọ n'Africa n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 na 60s. ... ma site na njedebe akwụkwọ ahụ, onye edemede ahụ kwetara na ọ ka maghị ihe Afrịka pụtara nye ya - nkwenye obi ike n'ụwa nke na-achọ akụkọ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. " N'afọ 2018, e nyere Condé New Academy Prize in Literature, nke e guzobere dị ka ihe ọzọ na Nobel Prize in Literation (nke a na-ewere ya dịka onye ọkacha mmasị mana enyeghị ya n'afọ ahụ, n'ihi mmetọ mmekọahụ n'etiti kọmitii onyinye), <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/02/books/maryse-conde-dead.html|title=Maryse Condé, 'Grande Dame' of Francophone Literature, Dies at 90|first=Clay|author=Risen|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> na ndị ọka ikpe na-eto Condé dị ka "onye na-akọ akụkọ ukwu nke edemede ya bụ nke akwụkwọ ụwa, na-akọwa mbibi nke ọchịchị na ọgba aghara postcolonial n'asụsụ nke ziri ezi ma na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ. N'afọ 2022, a kwanyeere ya ugwu dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede 12 nke Royal Society of Literature International, n'akụkụ Anne Carson, [[Tsitsi Dangarembga]], Cornelia Funke, Mary Gaitskill, Faïza Guène, Saidiya Hartman, Kim Hyesoon, Yōko Ogawa, Raja Shehadeh, Juan Gabriel Vásquez na Samar Yazbek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130|title=Twelve Writers Appointed in the Second Year of the RSL International Writers Programme|work=[[Broadway World]]|first=Stephi|author=Wild|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403203559/https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé nke afọ 2023, The Gospel According to the New World, edepụtara maka International Booker Prize ma, mgbe ọ dị afọ 86, ọ bụ onye edemede kacha okenye e depụtara maka ihe nrite ahụ.<ref name="shaffi">{{Cite web|url=https://theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache|title=International Booker prize announces longlist to celebrate 'ambition and panache'|date=14 March 2023|accessdate=14 March 2023|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314091040/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache}}</ref> E ji okwu gwa di ya na onye ntụgharị okwu bụ́ Richard Philcox ka o mepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na o nwere nsogbu akwara ozi nke mere ka o siere ya ike ikwu okwu na ịhụ ihe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-french-caribbean-new-england-new-world-b2522180.html|title=Maryse Condé, prolific 'grande dame' of Caribbean literature, dead at age 90|first=Hillel|author=Italie|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Ha abụọ bụ ndị otu onye edemede-onye ntụgharị nke nwunye na di mbụ a ga-edepụta ogologo oge, ma mesịa depụta, <ref name="shaffi" /> maka onyinye ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB|title=See who's on the 2023 International Booker Prize shortlist|publisher=[[Southbank Centre]]|date=18 April 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524063903/https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé|accessdate=14 March 2023|work=thebookerprizes.com|date=11 February 1934|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314151037/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/may/22/international-booker-prize-2023-cheon-myeong-kwan-gauz-eva-baltasar-georgi-gospodinov-guadalupe-nettel-maryse-conde#:~:text=Maryse%20Cond%C3%A9%2C%20who%20was%20born,will%20be%20her%20final%20novel.|title=The 2023 International Booker prize shortlist – review|first=John|author=Self|work=[[The Observer]]|date=22 May 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> === Ebe ndebe ihe ochie === A na-edebe ihe ndekọ akwụkwọ Maryse Condé (akwụkwọ Maryse Condés, 1979-2012) na Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary|title=Maryse Condé papers, 1979–2012|work=Archival Collections|publisher=Columbia University Libraries|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=22 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622122933/https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |'''Original publication''' ! colspan="5" |'''English publication''' |- ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Translator ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Publisher ! scope="col" |Notes/References |- |''Hérémakhonon'' |1976 |''Heremakhonon'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1982 |Three Continents Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Hérémakhonon|date=1982|publisher=Three Continents Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780894102325|oclc=8646556|edition=1st English language}}</ref> |- |''Une saison à Rihata'' |1981 |''A Season in Rihata'' |1988 |Heinemann |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=A Season in Rihata|date=1988|publisher=Heinemann Educational|isbn=978-0-435-98832-6|oclc=8106613884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IFcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |''Ségou: les murailles de terre''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earthen Wall") | rowspan="3" |1984 | rowspan="3" |''Segu'' | rowspan="3" |Barbara Bray |1987 |Viking Press | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Segu|date=1987|publisher=Viking|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=978-0-670-80728-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zZIAAAAYAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Segu|year=1996|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-14-025949-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhbIMpWGgFQC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1988 |Ballantine Books |- |1998 |Penguin Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Ségou: la terre en miettes''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earth in Pieces") | rowspan="2" |1985 | rowspan="2" |''The Children of Segu'' | rowspan="2" |Linda Coverdale |1989 |Viking Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1989|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-82981-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjdIAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1990|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-36634-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbLpAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1990 |Ballantine Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Moi, Tituba, Sorcière…Noire de Salem'' | rowspan="2" |1986 | rowspan="2" |''I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1992, <br /><br />2009 |University of Virginia Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, black witch of Salem|date=2009|publisher=Univ. of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=9780813927671|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLxAPgAACAAJ|edition=1st paperback|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem|date=1994|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-38420-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uPBhEIKP7kC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1994 |Ballantine Books |- |''La Vie scélérate [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Wicked Life") |1987 |''Tree of Life: A Novel of the Caribbean'' |Victoria Reiter |1992 |Ballantine Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tree of Life|date=1992|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-345-36074-8|edition=1st American|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYJcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tree of Life by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 August 1992|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409040752/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8}}</ref> |- |''Traversée de la mangrove'' |1989 |''Crossing the Mangrove'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1995 |Anchor Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Crossing the Mangrove|date=1995|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-385-47633-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZRkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Self|first=John|title=Crossing the Mangrove by Maryse Condé – a village united by a vagabond|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/sep/26/crossing-the-mangrove-by-maryse-conde-a-village-united-by-a-vagabond|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=The Observer|date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Moudileno & Higginson">{{Cite journal|author=Moudileno|first=Lydie|title=Portrait of the Artist as Dreamer: Maryse Condé's 'Traversée de la Mangrove' and 'Les Derniers Rois Mages'|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=626–640|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0104|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299149|accessdate=9 April 2024|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> |- |''Les Derniers rois mages''<br /><br />(lit: "The Last Magi") |1992 |''The Last of the African Kings'' |1997 |University of Nebraska Press |<ref name="Moudileno & Higginson" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=The Last of the African Kings|year=1997|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1489-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTNLR8PX9asC|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- |''La Colonie du nouveau monde''<br /><br />(lit: "The New World Colony") |1993 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La colonie du nouveau monde: roman|date=1993|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-05903-6|oclc=29239656|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFWgQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''La Migration des cœurs [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Migration of Hearts") |1995 |''Windward Heights'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |1998 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Windward Heights|date=1998|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-161-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d017kQEACAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tepper|first=Anderson|title=Windward Heights|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/09/05/bib/990905.rv103554.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 September 1999}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Wolff|first=Rebecca|authorlink=Rebecca Wolff|title=Maryse Condé|url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|work=[[Bomb (magazine)|BOMB Magazine]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223085419/http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|archivedate=23 December 2015|format=web.archive.org|date=Summer 1999}}</ref> |- |''Desirada'' |1997 |''Desirada'' |2000 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Desirada: roman|date=1997|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221084663|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeh-zwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schwerdtner|first=Karin|title=Wandering, Women and Writing: Maryse Condé's Desirada|journal=Dalhousie French Studies|date=2005|volume=73|pages=129–137|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40837654|issn=0711-8813|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Célanire cou-coupé [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "Slashed-Throat Célanire") |2000 |''Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?'' |2004 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Célanire cou-coupé: roman fantastique|date=2000|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-08629-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBGSQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?: A Fantastical Tale|date=2004|publisher=Atria Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-7434-8260-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz1lAAAAMAAJ|oclc=254224954|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Bailey Nurse|first=Donna|title=Unkindest Cut|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2004/09/26/unkindest-cut/20f98b7b-f5cd-44e8-9baf-9fe4f327c005/|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=Washington Post|date=25 September 2004}}</ref> |- |''La Belle créole''<br /><br />(lit: "The Beautiful Créole") |2001 |''The Belle Créole'' |Nicole Simek |2020 |University of Virginia Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La belle créole: roman|date=2001|publisher=Mercure de France|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7152-1810-9|oclc=47597710|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VZwQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Belle Créole|date=2020|publisher=University of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=978-0-8139-4423-4|oclc=1126348970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRy1DwAAQBAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Histoire de la femme cannibale [fr]'' |2003 |''The Story of the Cannibal Woman'' |Richard Philcox |2007 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Story of the Cannibal Woman|date=2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-7129-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2HEyAYo7iQC|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Maryse|first=Condé|title=Excerpt: 'The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel'|url=https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|date=4 June 2007|quote=The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel, Copyright 2007, by Maryse Conde. Reprinted by permission of Atria Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Inc.|archivedate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408221012/https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Schmidt|first=Elizabeth|title=Magical Thinking|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/books/review/Schmidt.t.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=15 April 2007}}</ref> |- |''Les Belles ténébreuses''<br /><br />(lit: "The Dark Beauties") |2008 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Les belles ténébreuses: roman|date=2008|publisher=Mercure de France|isbn=978-2-7152-2832-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6tpAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''En attendant la montée des eaux [fr]'' |2010 |''Waiting for the Waters to Rise'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |2021 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Waiting for the Waters to Rise|date=2021|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-64286-073-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNyWzQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Iglesias|first=Gabino|title=Having A Conversation With Loss And Grief In 'Waiting For The Waters To Rise'|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 August 2021|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407053430/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise}}</ref> |- |''Le Fabuleux et triste destin d'Ivan et d'Ivana'' |2017 |''The Wondrous and Tragic Life <br /><br />of Ivan and Ivana'' |2020 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana|date=2020|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-912987-09-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcoYzAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Jaggi|first=Maya|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana by Maryse Condé review – a scurrilous picaresque|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/16/the-wondrous-and-tragic-life-of-ivan-and-ivana-by-maryse-conde-review-a-scurrilous-picaresque|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The Guardian|date=16 July 2020}}</ref> |- |''L'Évangile du nouveau monde'' |2021 |''The Gospel According to the New World'' |2023 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World by undefined|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|date=14 October 2022|accessdate=7 April 2024|archivedate=21 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135148/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World: Shortlisted for the International Booker Prize 2023|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world|work=thebookerprizes.com|publisher=The Booker Prizes|accessdate=7 April 2024|language=en|date=7 March 2023|archivedate=25 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925130237/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world}}</ref> |} === Egwuregwu === * An Tan Révolisyion, <ref name="Makward1995">{{Cite journal|author=Makward|first=Christiane P.|title=Reading Maryse Conde's Theatre|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=Summer 1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=681–689|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0094|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299153|accessdate=8 April 2024}}</ref> nke e bipụtara na 1991, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1989 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Makward|first=Christiane|title=Petite histoire de An Tan Révolisyon, elle court, elle court la Liberté|url=https://www.cairn.info/sans-fards-melanges-en-l-honneur-de-maryse-conde--9791095177029-page-135.htm|date=2024|publisher=Presses universitaires des Antilles|isbn=979-10-95177-02-9|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Comédie d'Amour, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1993 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maryse Condé|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/|work=Île en île|date=17 November 1998|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=28 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/}}</ref><ref name="Kazaconde">{{Cite web|title=Biographie & bibliographie|url=https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/|work=Kazaconde|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409165832/https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/}}</ref> * Dieu nous l'a donné, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1972, nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1973 * La Mort d'Oluwémi d'Ajumako, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1973, nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na [[Gabon]] * Le Morne de Massabielle, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na Puteaux, France, e mechara mee ya na Bekee na New York dị ka The Hills of Massabielle na Ubu Repertory Theater (1991) <ref name="CV" /> * Les Sept voyages de Ti-Noël (nke ya na José Jernidier jikọrọ aka dee), nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1987 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè|title='Je Me Suis Réconciliée Avec Mon Île': Une Interview de Maryse Condé|journal=Callaloo|issue=38}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=José Jernidier|url=https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles|title=Analyse dramaturgique et mise en jeu de textes dramatiques de langue et culture créole et autres textes composites français/créoles|work=chantiersnomades.com|date=2024|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409201316/https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=José Jernidier|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/|work=Île en île|date=3 January 2021|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=1 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601085752/http://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/}}</ref> * Pension les Alizés, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1988, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe ma mesịa mee na New York dị ka Tropical Breeze Hotel (1995) <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bruckner|first=D. J. R.|title=In Performance; Theater|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/22/theater/in-performance-theater-892495.html|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=22 February 1995}}</ref> * ''''Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ'''' (2007). Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Play : Comme deux frères|url=https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html|work=Siyaj at UVa Caribbean Theater Company at the University of Virginia|publisher=Dept. of French Language and Literature, University of Virginia|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=2009|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407054940/https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html}}</ref> === Nkatọ na akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ === * "Ndị edemede nwanyị atọ n'Africa nke oge a: [[Flora Nwapa]], Ama Ata Aidoo na [[Grace Emily Akinyi Ogot|Grace Ogot]]" (1972), Presence Africaine, 82:132-143.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Three Female Writers in Modern Africa : Flora Nwapa, Ama Ata Aidoo and Grace Ogot|journal=[[Présence Africaine]]|date=1972|issue=82|pages=132–143|doi=10.3917/presa.082.0132|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350338|issn=0032-7638|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Akụkọ banyere otu ọrụ, Hatier, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> * Mmepeanya nke Bossale: Echiche banyere akwụkwọ a na-ekwu n'ọnụ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, Paris: L'Harmattan, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi">{{Cite web|author=Mekkawi|first=Mohamed|url=http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|title=Maryse Condé: Novelist, Playwright, Critic, Teacher: An Introductory Bio-bibliography|publisher=Howard University Libraries|date=1990|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|accessdate=11 April 2024|archivedate=31 March 2013}}</ref> * ''Okwu ụmụ nwanyị: Essai sur des romancières des Antilles de langue française.'' , Paris: L'Harmattan, 1979<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi" /> * Ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé (1993). ''Mkparịta ụka na Maryse Condé'' (1996). Ajụjụ ọnụ na Françoise Pfaff. Nsụgharị Bekee gụnyere isi ọhụrụ dabere na ajụjụ ọnụ 1994. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Entretiens avec Maryse Condé: suivis d'une bibliographie complète|date=1993|publisher=Editions Karthala|isbn=978-2-86537-435-9|oclc=30739196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JcAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=Conversations with Maryse Condä|date=1 January 1996|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=978-0-8032-3713-1|oclc=34243864|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64LQXH9dTnYC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Pfaff|first=Françoise|title=Nouveaux entretiens avec Maryse Condé: écrivain et témoin de son temps|date=2016|publisher=Éditions Karthala|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-8111-1707-8|oclc=960463375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Gk9vgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "The Role of the Writer" (1993), World Literature Today, 67 (4): 697-699.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Role of the Writer|journal=[[World Literature Today]]|date=1993|volume=67|issue=4|pages=697–699|doi=10.2307/40149563|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40149563|issn=0196-3570|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Obi na-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá: ihe ncheta nke nwata m (1999). Akụkọ sitere n'obi: Akụkọ Ezi Akụkọ sitere na nwata m, trans. Richard Philcox (2001). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Le coeur à rire et à pleurer: contes vrais de mon enfance|date=1999|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-266-09868-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugA-HQAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tales from the Heart: True Stories from My Childhood|date=2001|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-264-4|oclc=46422017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t35cAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer" (2000), ''Yale French Studies'' 97: 151.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer|journal=[[Yale French Studies]]|date=2000|issue=97|pages=151–165|doi=10.2307/2903218|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2903218|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * ''Mmeri, ụtọ na okwu'' (2006). ''Mmeri: Nne M'', trans. Richard Philcox (2006). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother|year=2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-0058-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8t2ktvTuHQC|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 October 2009|archivedate=5 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405005814/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761}}</ref> * La Vie sans fards (2012). Gịnị bụ Africa nye m? Iberibe nke True-to-Life Autobiography, trans. Richard Philcox (2017). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La vie sans fards|date=2012|publisher=Le Grand livre du mois|isbn=978-2-286-09075-3|oclc=826769208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlhrmAEACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=What Is Africa to Me?: Fragments of a True-to-life Autobiography|date=2017|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-0-85742-376-4|oclc=964730164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE6ODAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * The Journey of a Caribbean Writer (2013). Nchịkọta nke edemede, trans. Richard Philcox.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Journey of a Caribbean Writer|date=2014|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London New York Calcutta|isbn=978-0-85742-097-8|oclc=846745180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta2PMQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Mets na ihe ịtụnanya (2015). N'ime Morsels na Marvels, trans. Richard Philcox (2015). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Mets et merveilles|date=2015|publisher=JC Lattès|location=Paris|isbn=9782709644792|oclc=907643787|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7VGrgEACAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Of Morsels and Marvels|date=2020|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London; New York|isbn=978-0-85742-693-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lh2wwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> === Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ === * Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française. Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /<ref name="CV" /> * ''Abụ Ndị Caribbean''. Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * Ebe ndị Rom si Caribbean Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * ''Akara olu maka Guy Tirolien'' (onye na-enyekwa aka). Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1990.<ref name="CV" /> * Caliban's Legacy, mbipụta pụrụ iche nke ''Callaloo'' na akwụkwọ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, 1992. <ref name="CV" /> * L'Heritage de Caliban (onye nchịkọta akụkọ), edemede na akwụkwọ Francophone Caribbean. Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1992.<ref name="CV" /> * ''Chee echiche nke Creole''. Paris: mbipụta Karthala, 1995.<ref name="CV" /> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1986: Nnukwu Ihe Nrite Akwụkwọ nke Nwaanyị<ref>{{Cite book|author=Carruggi|first=Noëlle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UT4CBVBfPB8C&pg=PA17|title=Maryse Condé: rébellion et transgressions|date=2010|publisher=Karthala Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-0362-0|pages=17|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html|title=Auteur: Maryse Condé -|work=Guadeloupe le Guide|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402202749/https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html}}</ref> * 1987: Prix de l'Académie française (La vie scélérate) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, plusieurs vies de combat|first=Muriel|author=Steinmetz|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[L'Humanité]]|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403092909/https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat}}</ref> * 1988: Liberatur Prize (''Ségou'') <ref>{{Cite web|date=3 April 2024|title=Guadeloupe's Maryse Condé remembered as a fearless explorer of the complexities of Caribbean history and identity|url=https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Global Voices|first=Janine|author=Mendes-Franco|language=en|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403232752/https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Forsdick|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|title=Postcolonial Thought in the French Speaking World|date=2022|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-80207-934-0|pages=43|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> * 1993: Ihe nrite Puterbaugh <ref>{{Cite news|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé, prolific Guadeloupean writer, dies aged 90|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/obituaries/article/2024/04/02/maryse-conde-prolific-guadeloupean-writer-dies-aged-90_6667137_15.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[Le Monde]]|first=Gladys|author=Marivat|language=en}}</ref> * 1997: Prix Carbet de la Caraibe (Desirada) * 1999: Marguerite Yourcenar Prize (Obi ị ga-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá) <ref name=":2">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1 "Author Profile: Maryse Condé"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219221020/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1|jstor=40158493 |date=19 February 2022 }}. ''World Literature Today'' (September–December 2004), 78 (3/4), p. 27.</ref> * 1999: Lifetime Achievement Award site na mmemme Africana Studies nke Mahadum New York <ref name=":2" /> * 2001: Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres site na Gọọmentị France <ref name=":2" /> * 2005: Hurston/Wright Legacy Award (Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/11/02/writers-conde-de-veaux-win-hurstonwright-prizes/e2d706ed-4f46-431d-9abf-475129c4ccf2/|title=Writers Conde, De Veaux Win Hurston/Wright Prizes|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=1 November 2005}}</ref> * 2007: Prix Tropiques de l'Agence française de développement (Victoire, les saveurs et les mots) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé : mort d'une autrice à l'oeuvre humaniste et universelle {{!}} TV5Monde – Informations|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366|author=Terriennes|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=information.tv5monde.com|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 April 2007|title=La semaine (du 14 au 20 avril)|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/|work=[[Jeune Afrique]]|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/}}</ref> * 2008: Ihe nrite nke nka Afro-Caribbean maka Les Belles Ténèbres. Paris <ref name="CV" /> * 2009: Ihe nrite nke Afro-Caribbean Arts for Lifetime Achievement. Paris <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Île en île">[https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ Maryse Condé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ |date=28 October 2023 }} at Île en île.</ref> * 2010: Grand prix du roman métis (Ka ọ na-echere ịrị elu nke mmiri) <ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2010|title=Maryse Condé, Grand prix du roman métis|url=https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Bibliobs|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html}}</ref> * 2018: New Academy Prize in Literature <ref name=":5" /> * 2020: PEN Translates award for Waiting for the Waters to Rise <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/|title=Nineteen PEN Translates awards go to titles from fifteen countries and thirteen languages|work=[[English PEN]]|date=10 June 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=29 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829215207/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/}}</ref> * 2021: Ihe nrite ụwa Cino Del Duca<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 June 2021|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé reçoit le prix de la Fondation Cino del Duca pour son oeuvre 'portée sur l'humanisme'|first=Lauriane|author=Nembrot|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Outre-mer la 1ère|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html}}</ref> * 2021: PEN Translates award from English PEN for The Gospel According to the New World <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/|title=PEN Translates awards announced|work=English PEN|date=21 December 2021|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=5 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605194631/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/}}</ref> * 2022: Royal Society of Literature International Writer <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/30/tsitsi-dangarembga-royal-society-of-literature-international-writers-award|title=Tsitsi Dangarembga, Anne Carson and Mary Gaitskill honoured by Royal Society of Literature|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|work=The Guardian|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/|title=RSL International Writers|date=3 September 2023|publisher=Royal Society of Literature|accessdate=3 December 2023|archivedate=20 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120181559/https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Akwụkwọ Caribbean * Akwụkwọ ndị e dere mgbe ha nwụsịrị * Ọchịchịrị == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Lee, Vanessa, ụmụ nwanyị anọ Caribbean na-ede ihe nkiri: Ina Césaire, Maryse Condé, Gerty Dambury na Suzanne Dracius (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021). * Perisic, Alexandra Mgbagwoju anya: Immigration, Neoliberalism, na Atlantic (na Maryse Condé, Roberto Bolaño, Giannina Braschi, Caryl Phillips), 2019. * Small, Audrey H., [https://theconversation.com/five-books-by-maryse-conde-to-introduce-you-to-the-award-winning-guadeloupian-writer-228443 "Akwụkwọ ise nke Maryse Condé iji mee ka ị mata onye edemede Guadeloupian meriri ihe nrite"], The Conversation, 26 Eprel 2024. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879 Ịchọta enyemaka maka akwụkwọ Maryse Condé na Mahadum Columbia]. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Onye edemede French Guadeloupe Maryse Condé na-agụ site na ọrụ ya na Recording Laboratory], 24 Septemba 1999 (Library of Congress). * Works by Maryse CondénaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ mepere emepe * Mekkawi, Mohamed [https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm "Maryse Condé: Onye edemede, onye na-ede egwuregwu, onye nkatọ, onye nkuzi: Akụkọ ndụ"]. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Libraries, 1990 (rev. 1992). * Petri Liukkonen. "Maryse Condé". Akwụkwọ na ndị edemede. * [http://fr.calameo.com/read/00429924444e06fb891de Nkwupụta nke Maryse Condé Fund nke Médiathèque Caribbean (laméca), akwụkwọ ndị sitere na ọbá akwụkwọ onwe onye nke Maryse condé] * [http://www.webguinee.net/bibliotheque/literature/maryse-conde/index.html webGuinée - Maryse Condé] * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Maryse Condé dekọrọ maka Archive of Literature site na Hispanic Division na Library of Congress, Washington, D.D.], na 24 Septemba 1999. * {{IMDb name|2268887}} * Maryse Condédiski naDiscogs * Mason Street, [https://thethornfieldreview.org/2017/07/31/an-interview-with-maryse-conde/ "N'ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé"], The Thornfield Review, 31 Julaị 2017. * Leïla Slimani (nke Kim Willsher sụgharịrị), "'An extraordinary role model': Maryse Condé remembered by Leïlalimani", ''The Guardian'', 3 April 2024. {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Conde, Maryse}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gcuvhybih21e3khq8ef07ip69zkd9gx 692739 692738 2026-07-30T13:53:39Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ọrụ */ 692739 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:MaryseConde2006.jpg|thumb|Maryse Conde]]   '''Maryse Condé''' (née '''Marise Liliane Appoline Boucolon'''; 11 Febụwarị 1934 – 2 Eprel 2024) bụ onye edemede akụkọ, onye nkatọ, na onye na-ede egwuregwu na French si ngalaba French Overseas na mpaghara Guadeloupe. Ọ bụkwa onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, onye ọrụ nkuzi ya kpọgara ya na West Africa na North America, yana Caribbean na Europe. Dịka onye edemede, Condé kacha mara amara maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Ségou (1984–1985).. Ihe odide Condé na-enyocha ndị Afrịka bi na mba ọzọ nke sitere na [[Caribbean]]" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Slavery in the Caribbean">Ịgba ohu na ọchịchị ndị na-achị Caribbean. A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, nke e dere na French, n'asụsụ Bekee, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, na Japanese.<ref name=":0" /> O ritere ihe nrite dị iche iche, dị ka Grand Prix Littéraire de la Femme (1986), Prix de l'Académie française (1988), Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe (1997) na New Academy Prize in Literature (2018) maka ọrụ ya. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-asọ mpi maka onyinye Nobel na edemede. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya na Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, na 11 Febụwarị 1934, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Eaton|first=Kalenda|title=Maryse Condé (1937– ) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/|work=blackpast.org|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 October 2007|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402185254/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/}}</ref>ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ. Ndị mụrụ ya so n'ime ndị nkuzi ojii mbụ na Guadeloupe. Nne ya, Jeanne Quidal (onye si Marie-Galante, agwaetiti nke a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe Condé).<ref name="Barbara Lewis interview" /> Nna ya, Auguste Boucolon - onye bụbu onye nkuzi - guzobere obere ụlọ akụ "La Caisse Coopérative des prêts", nke e mechara kpọwa "La Banque Antillaise".<ref name=":4" /> Nna Condé, Auguste Boucolon, nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya: Serge na Albert. Ụmụnne nwanyị atọ nke Condé bụ Ena, Jeanne, na Gillette, ụmụnne ya bụ Auguste, Jean, René, na Guy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> A mụrụ Condé afọ iri na otu mgbe Guy nwụsịrị, mgbe nne ya dị afọ iri anọ na atọ, nna ya dịkwa afọ iri isii na atọ. Condé kọwara onwe ya dị ka "nwatakịrị a na-emebi emebi", nke o kwuru na ọ bụ n'ihi afọ ndụ nne na nna ya, yana oge dị n'etiti ya na ụmụnne ya.<ref name=":4" /> Condé malitere ide ihe mgbe ọ dị obere. Tupu ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, o dere otu ihe nkiri, otu onye. E dere egwuregwu ahụ dị ka onyinye maka ụbọchị ọmụmụ nne ya. <ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Condé gara Lycée Fénelon site na 1953 ruo 1955, a chụpụrụ ya mgbe afọ abụọ gachara. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Paris III (Sorbonne Nouvelle) na Paris. N'oge ọ gara, ya na ndị ọzọ West Indians, Condé guzobere klọb Luis-Carlos Prestes.<ref name=":4" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1958, Condé gara mmemme na Paris nke Les Nègres/The Blacks nke Jean Genet, ebe ọ zutere onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Guinea]] Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4" /> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1958, ọ lụrụ Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4" /> Ha mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ tupu ha kewaa na 1969 (Condé enweela otu nwa site n'aka onye nta akụkọ Haiti bụ Jean Dominique). Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1959, mmekọrịta di na nwunye ahụ adịlarị njọ, Condé kpebiri ịga naanị ya na [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]], ebe ọ kụziri ihe otu afọ na Bingerville.<ref name=":4" /> N'oge ọ laghachiri Guinea maka ezumike, ọ ghọrọ onye maara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site n'aka otu ndị enyi Marxist, ndị ga-emetụta ya ịkwaga [[Ghana]].<ref name=":4" /> Ọ bụ oge ọgba aghara mana ọ bụ oge mmepe ka o mechara dee akụkọ ya n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2012 bụ́ La Vie sans fards (Gịnị Bụ Afrịka Nye M? Akụkụ Akwụkwọ Akụkọ Ndụ Eziokwu), dịka ọ dị na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nọọrọ onwe ha n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, o so ndị dịka Malcolm X, Che Guevara, Julius Nyerere na Maya Angelou kparịta ụka.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.seagullbooks.org/what-is-africa-to-me/|title=What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography|publisher=Seagull Books|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1960 na 1972, ọ kụziri na Guinea, Ghana na [[Senegal]].<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ na Ghana, o dezigharịrị nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ edemede ndị Afrịka na-asụ French, Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française (Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps">{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1|title=Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403181325/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bịara nwee nkụda mmụọ na ọ bụ "onye akaebe nke ọtụtụ ihe na-emegiderịta onwe ya", na ebubo a na-ebo ya maka ọrụ a na-enyo enyo mere ka a chụpụ Condé na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/06/books/maryse-conde-books.html|title=Maryse Condé, at Home in the World|work=The New York Times|first=Anderson|author=Tepper|date=6 March 2023|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị West Africa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na London dị ka onye na-emepụta BBC ruo afọ abụọ.<ref name="Cain">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/02/maryse-conde-guadelopean-grand-storyteller-dies-aged-90|title=Maryse Condé, Guadeloupean 'grand storyteller' dies aged 90|first=Sian|author=Cain|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ na 1973, ọ laghachiri Paris ma kụzie akwụkwọ Francophone na Paris VII (Jussieu), X (Nanterre) , na Ill (Sorbonne Nouvelle). <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1975, ọ gụsịrị M.A. na Ph.D. ya na Sorbonne Nouvelle na Paris na akwụkwọ ntụnyere, na-enyocha stereotypes ojii na Akwụkwọ Caribbean. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="CV">{{Cite web|url=https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891|title=Curriculum Vitae Maryse Condé}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ nkatọ nke gụnyere Le profil d'une oeuvre (Hatier, 1978), La Civilisation du Bossale (L'Harmattan, 1978), na La Parole des femmes (L'Rarmattan, 1979). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> N'afọ 1981, ya na Condé gbara alụkwaghịm, ebe ha kewara kemgbe. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ lụrụ Richard Philcox, Onye Bekee na onye ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Conversing on Paper: Richard Philcox on the Living Art of Translation – Asymptote Blog|url=https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/|accessdate=4 April 2024|language=en|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404115346/https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/}}</ref> O bipụtaghị akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon,'', ruo mgbe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 40, n'ihi na " enweghị obi ike na ma ghara anwa igosi ederede na ụwa dị n'èzí. " <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/books/maryse-conde-alternative-lobel-literature.html|title=Maryse Condé Wins an Alternative to the Literature Nobel in a Scandal-Plagued Year|author=Quinn|first=Annalisa|date=12 October 2018|work=The New York Times|accessdate=16 March 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ, Une saison à Rihata, na 1981; Otú ọ dị, Condé agaghị abụ onye a ma ama dị ka onye edemede Caribbean nke oge a ruo mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke atọ, ''Ségou'' (1984). <ref name=":0" />[she][her] N'ịgbaso ihe ịga nke ọma nke ''Ségou'', na 1985, e nyere Condé agụmakwụkwọ Fulbright na United States iji kụzie "Akwụkwọ na Ọdịbendị nke Caribbean" na Occidental College, [[Los Angeles]] (September 1985-May 1986). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fulbrightscholars.org/node/1246516|title=Literature and Culture of the Caribbean|work=Fulbright Scholar Program|accessdate=10 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1987, ọ bụ onye edemede Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio, e nyekwara ya Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship.<ref name="CV" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/|title=Maryse Condé|work=www.gf.org|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=2 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002041301/https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, e mere egwuregwu ya The Hills of Massabielle na New York na Ubu Repertory Theater . <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Barbara Lewis interview">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299141|title=No Silence: An Interview with Maryse Condé|first=Barbara|author=Lewis|journal=Callaloo|volume=18|date=Summer 1995|pages=543–550|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0093|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> A gụnyere ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ 1992 Daughters of Africa, nke [[Margaret Busby]] dezigharịrị.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.librarything.com/work/271737|title=Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present|date=1994|editor=Busby|publisher=[[LibraryThing]]|isbn=978-0-345-38268-9|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1995, Condé ghọrọ prọfesọ nke akwụkwọ French na Francophone na Mahadum Columbia dị na New York City, ebe o mechara bụrụ prọfesụ emerita. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/04/maryse-conde-an-english-author-can-reach-the-heart-of-a-caribbean-child|title=Interview {{!}} Maryse Condé: 'An English author can reach the heart of a Caribbean child'|first=Anita|author=Sethi|authorlink=Anita Sethi|work=The Guardian|date=4 July 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> Condé kụziri na mahadum dị iche iche, gụnyere Mahadum California, Berkeley; UCLA, Sorbonne, Mahadum Virginia, na Mahadum Nanterre. Ọ lara ezumike nká na nkuzi n'afọ 2005.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri akụkọ 2011 Maryse Condé, une voix singulière, nke Jérôme Sesquin duziri, nke na-akọ akụkọ ndụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/|title=Film: U.S. Premiere of 'Maryse Condé, une voix singulière'|work=Repeating Islands|date=29 January 2012|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=3 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203135437/https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo|title=Maryse Condé : Une voix singulière|date=15 June 2013|publisher=Ile en île|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=15 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415174729/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, e meghere Collège Maryse-Condé na agwaetiti La Désirade iji sọpụrụ ya. <ref name="CV" /> == Ọnwụ == Condé nwụrụ na Apt, Vaucluse, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ France, na 2 Eprel 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 90. <ref name="Humanite">{{Cite news|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, grande dame de la littérature et de la pensée anticoloniale – L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/maryse-conde/mort-de-maryse-conde-grande-dame-de-la-litterature-et-de-la-pensee-anticoloniale|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=humanite.fr|date=3 September 2021|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name="Marivat 2024">{{Cite news|author=Marivat|first=Gladys|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé est morte|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/04/02/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-est-morte_6225557_3382.html|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=Le Monde.fr|date=2 April 2024|language=fr}}</ref> == Ihe odide ya pụtara == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na-enyocha okwu agbụrụ, okike, na omenala n'ọtụtụ oge na ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche, gụnyere ikpe ndị amoosu Salem na I, Tituba: Amoosu Ojii nke Salem (1986); Alaeze Ukwu Bambara nke Mali nke narị afọ nke 19 na Ségou (1984–1985); na owuwu nke Panama Canal nke narị afọ nke 20 na mmetụta ya na mmụba nke ndị West Indian etiti na Tree of Life (1987). Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-achọpụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Africa na ndị si mba ọzọ bịa, karịsịa ndị Caribbean. Dị ka Louise Hardwick si kwuo, "Cosmopolitan na ọdịdị, akwụkwọ Condé na-ekwu maka mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa zuru ụwa ọnụ n'olu doro anya. Ọ jụrụ mgbalị iji mee ka ụdị ya dị, ma ọ bụ akara na-akọwa ya dị ka onye edemede French ma ọ bụ Creole, " a na-ekwukarị ya ka ọ na-ekwu: "M na-ede na Maryse Condé".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/12/maryse-conde-obituary|title=Maryse Condé obituary|work=The Guardian|date=12 April 2024|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.londonreviewbookshop.co.uk/blog/2020/november/for-a-writer-there-is-no-mother-tongue-he-forges-his-own-language-according-to-his-or-her-needs-a-q-a-with-maryse-conde|title='For a writer there is no mother tongue: he forges his own language according to his or her needs': A Q&A with Maryse Condé|work=[[London Review Bookshop]]|date=25 August 2020|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/|title=Lost Paradise: A Brief Interview with Maryse Condé|first=George|author=Salis|work=The Collidescope|date=27 December 2022|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602214215/https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon'' (n'[[Asụsụ Maninka|Asụsụ Malinke]], aha ahụ pụtara "ichere maka obi ụtọ"), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276|title=Maryse Condé: Author who won 'alternative Nobel Literature Prize' dies at 90|first=Ian|author=Youngs|publisher=BBC News|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=6 April 2024|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404205039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276}}</ref> na 1976. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde "Maryse Condé | Columbia | French"]. ''french.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde Archived] from the original on 20 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ihe na-ese okwu nke ukwuu nke na e wepụrụ ya na shelf mgbe ọnwa isii gasịrị n'ihi nkatọ ya banyere ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'Africa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/|title=Giving Voice to Guadeloupe|author=Condé|first=Maryse|date=6 February 2019|work=The New York Review of Books|language=en|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=6 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206151501/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ahụ yiri ndụ nke Condé n'oge mbụ ọ nọrọ na Guinea, a na-edekwa ya dị ka akụkọ onye mbụ, o kwusiri ike na ọ bụghị akụkọ ndụ onwe onye. Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ akụkọ, dị ka ọ kọwara ya, nke "'anti-moi', onye na-edoghị anya nke ọchụchọ maka njirimara na mmalite ya bụ ụdị nnupụisi nke omume rụrụ arụ. "<ref name=":3">Lionnet, F. (1989). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 "Happiness Deferred: Maryse Condé's ''Heremakhonon'' and the Failure of Enunciation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621134617/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 |date=21 June 2022 }}. In ''Autobiographical Voices: Race, Gender, Self-Portraiture'' (pp. 167–190). Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press.</ref> Condé nọpụrụ iche nke ukwuu site n'ọtụtụ mmegharị akwụkwọ Caribbean, dịka Négritude na Creolité, ma na-elekwasịkarị anya n'isiokwu ndị nwere nchegbu siri ike gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka onye na-akwado ikike ọchịchị n'ọrụ ya nakwa ná ndụ ya, Condé kwetara, sị: "Enweghị m ike ide ihe ọ bụla... ọ gwụla ma ọ nwere ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụfọdụ. Enweghị m ihe ọzọ m ga-enye nke ka dị mkpa. " Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke afọ 1995 bụ Windward Heights bụ reworking nke Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights (1847), nke Condé gụrụ na mbụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 14. Ọ dịla anya ọ chọrọ ịmepụta ọrụ nke ya gburugburu ya, dị ka omume "nkwanye ùgwù". A na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na Guadeloupe, a na-egosikwa agbụrụ na ọdịbendị dị ka nsogbu na-ekewa ndị mmadụ. N'ịtụgharị uche n'otú o si nweta ihe ndabere Caribbean ya n'ide akwụkwọ a, o kwuru, sị:<blockquote>"Ịbụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ ụwa - akụkụ nke ụwa Afrịka n'ihi ndị ohu Afrịka, akụkụ nke ụwa Europe n'ihi agụmakwụkwọ Europe - bụ ụdị echiche abụọ. Ị nwere ike iji nke ahụ n'ụzọ nke gị ma nye ahịrịokwu ihe ọzọ. Obi dị m ụtọ mgbe m na-arụ ọrụ ahụ, n'ihi na ọ bụ egwuregwu, ụdị egwuregwu rụrụ arụ ma na-atọ ụtọ. "    </blockquote>Ihe odide ndị Condé mechara dee gụnyere Tales From the Heart: True Stories From My Childhood (1999), nchịkọta edemede banyere oge ọ bụ nwata, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1|title=''Tales from the Heart'' by Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409235143/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> na Victoire (2006), akụkọ ndụ nke nne nne ya n'oge ndị isi ojii nke Guadeloupe kwupụtara ikike ha maka agụmakwụkwọ na ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nottingham French Studies|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/nfs.2014.0094?journalCode=nfs|title=Maryse Condé's ''Victoire:'' Thinking Back through Her Mothers|date=2014|volume=53|issue=3|doi=10.3366/nfs.2014.0094|author=Green|first=Mary Jean|pages=297–313|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> Who Slashed Celanire's Throat (2000) sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ezigbo akụkọ ma jiri ngwakọta nke Ime Anwansi na nrọ efu na akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere nwanyị chọrọ ịchọpụta eziokwu nke oge gara aga ma bọọ ọbọ maka nkwarụ ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurstonwright.org/books/who-slashed-celanires-throat/|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat|publisher=[[Hurston/Wright Foundation]]}}</ref> Nsụgharị nke afọ 2017 nke Richard Philcox nke Condé dere bụ What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography, Noo Saro-Wiwa kọwara ya na nyocha maka The Times Literary Supplement dị ka "ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma na-atọ ọchị mgbe ụfọdụ banyere afọ iri na abụọ onye edemede ahụ nọrọ n'Africa n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 na 60s. ... ma site na njedebe akwụkwọ ahụ, onye edemede ahụ kwetara na ọ ka maghị ihe Afrịka pụtara nye ya - nkwenye obi ike n'ụwa nke na-achọ akụkọ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. " N'afọ 2018, e nyere Condé New Academy Prize in Literature, nke e guzobere dị ka ihe ọzọ na Nobel Prize in Literation (nke a na-ewere ya dịka onye ọkacha mmasị mana enyeghị ya n'afọ ahụ, n'ihi mmetọ mmekọahụ n'etiti kọmitii onyinye), <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/02/books/maryse-conde-dead.html|title=Maryse Condé, 'Grande Dame' of Francophone Literature, Dies at 90|first=Clay|author=Risen|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> na ndị ọka ikpe na-eto Condé dị ka "onye na-akọ akụkọ ukwu nke edemede ya bụ nke akwụkwọ ụwa, na-akọwa mbibi nke ọchịchị na ọgba aghara postcolonial n'asụsụ nke ziri ezi ma na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ. N'afọ 2022, a kwanyeere ya ugwu dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede 12 nke Royal Society of Literature International, n'akụkụ Anne Carson, [[Tsitsi Dangarembga]], Cornelia Funke, Mary Gaitskill, Faïza Guène, Saidiya Hartman, Kim Hyesoon, Yōko Ogawa, Raja Shehadeh, Juan Gabriel Vásquez na Samar Yazbek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130|title=Twelve Writers Appointed in the Second Year of the RSL International Writers Programme|work=[[Broadway World]]|first=Stephi|author=Wild|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403203559/https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé nke afọ 2023, The Gospel According to the New World, edepụtara maka International Booker Prize ma, mgbe ọ dị afọ 86, ọ bụ onye edemede kacha okenye e depụtara maka ihe nrite ahụ.<ref name="shaffi">{{Cite web|url=https://theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache|title=International Booker prize announces longlist to celebrate 'ambition and panache'|date=14 March 2023|accessdate=14 March 2023|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314091040/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache}}</ref> E ji okwu gwa di ya na onye ntụgharị okwu bụ́ Richard Philcox ka o mepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na o nwere nsogbu akwara ozi nke mere ka o siere ya ike ikwu okwu na ịhụ ihe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-french-caribbean-new-england-new-world-b2522180.html|title=Maryse Condé, prolific 'grande dame' of Caribbean literature, dead at age 90|first=Hillel|author=Italie|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Ha abụọ bụ ndị otu onye edemede-onye ntụgharị nke nwunye na di mbụ a ga-edepụta ogologo oge, ma mesịa depụta, <ref name="shaffi" /> maka onyinye ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB|title=See who's on the 2023 International Booker Prize shortlist|publisher=[[Southbank Centre]]|date=18 April 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524063903/https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé|accessdate=14 March 2023|work=thebookerprizes.com|date=11 February 1934|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314151037/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/may/22/international-booker-prize-2023-cheon-myeong-kwan-gauz-eva-baltasar-georgi-gospodinov-guadalupe-nettel-maryse-conde#:~:text=Maryse%20Cond%C3%A9%2C%20who%20was%20born,will%20be%20her%20final%20novel.|title=The 2023 International Booker prize shortlist – review|first=John|author=Self|work=[[The Observer]]|date=22 May 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> === Ebe ndebe ihe ochie === A na-edebe ihe ndekọ akwụkwọ Maryse Condé (akwụkwọ Maryse Condés, 1979-2012) na Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary|title=Maryse Condé papers, 1979–2012|work=Archival Collections|publisher=Columbia University Libraries|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=22 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622122933/https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |'''Original publication''' ! colspan="5" |'''English publication''' |- ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Translator ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Publisher ! scope="col" |Notes/References |- |''Hérémakhonon'' |1976 |''Heremakhonon'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1982 |Three Continents Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Hérémakhonon|date=1982|publisher=Three Continents Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780894102325|oclc=8646556|edition=1st English language}}</ref> |- |''Une saison à Rihata'' |1981 |''A Season in Rihata'' |1988 |Heinemann |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=A Season in Rihata|date=1988|publisher=Heinemann Educational|isbn=978-0-435-98832-6|oclc=8106613884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IFcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |''Ségou: les murailles de terre''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earthen Wall") | rowspan="3" |1984 | rowspan="3" |''Segu'' | rowspan="3" |Barbara Bray |1987 |Viking Press | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Segu|date=1987|publisher=Viking|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=978-0-670-80728-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zZIAAAAYAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Segu|year=1996|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-14-025949-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhbIMpWGgFQC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1988 |Ballantine Books |- |1998 |Penguin Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Ségou: la terre en miettes''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earth in Pieces") | rowspan="2" |1985 | rowspan="2" |''The Children of Segu'' | rowspan="2" |Linda Coverdale |1989 |Viking Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1989|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-82981-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjdIAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1990|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-36634-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbLpAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1990 |Ballantine Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Moi, Tituba, Sorcière…Noire de Salem'' | rowspan="2" |1986 | rowspan="2" |''I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1992, <br /><br />2009 |University of Virginia Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, black witch of Salem|date=2009|publisher=Univ. of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=9780813927671|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLxAPgAACAAJ|edition=1st paperback|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem|date=1994|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-38420-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uPBhEIKP7kC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1994 |Ballantine Books |- |''La Vie scélérate [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Wicked Life") |1987 |''Tree of Life: A Novel of the Caribbean'' |Victoria Reiter |1992 |Ballantine Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tree of Life|date=1992|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-345-36074-8|edition=1st American|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYJcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tree of Life by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 August 1992|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409040752/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8}}</ref> |- |''Traversée de la mangrove'' |1989 |''Crossing the Mangrove'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1995 |Anchor Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Crossing the Mangrove|date=1995|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-385-47633-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZRkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Self|first=John|title=Crossing the Mangrove by Maryse Condé – a village united by a vagabond|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/sep/26/crossing-the-mangrove-by-maryse-conde-a-village-united-by-a-vagabond|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=The Observer|date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Moudileno & Higginson">{{Cite journal|author=Moudileno|first=Lydie|title=Portrait of the Artist as Dreamer: Maryse Condé's 'Traversée de la Mangrove' and 'Les Derniers Rois Mages'|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=626–640|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0104|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299149|accessdate=9 April 2024|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> |- |''Les Derniers rois mages''<br /><br />(lit: "The Last Magi") |1992 |''The Last of the African Kings'' |1997 |University of Nebraska Press |<ref name="Moudileno & Higginson" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=The Last of the African Kings|year=1997|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1489-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTNLR8PX9asC|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- |''La Colonie du nouveau monde''<br /><br />(lit: "The New World Colony") |1993 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La colonie du nouveau monde: roman|date=1993|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-05903-6|oclc=29239656|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFWgQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''La Migration des cœurs [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Migration of Hearts") |1995 |''Windward Heights'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |1998 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Windward Heights|date=1998|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-161-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d017kQEACAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tepper|first=Anderson|title=Windward Heights|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/09/05/bib/990905.rv103554.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 September 1999}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Wolff|first=Rebecca|authorlink=Rebecca Wolff|title=Maryse Condé|url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|work=[[Bomb (magazine)|BOMB Magazine]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223085419/http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|archivedate=23 December 2015|format=web.archive.org|date=Summer 1999}}</ref> |- |''Desirada'' |1997 |''Desirada'' |2000 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Desirada: roman|date=1997|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221084663|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeh-zwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schwerdtner|first=Karin|title=Wandering, Women and Writing: Maryse Condé's Desirada|journal=Dalhousie French Studies|date=2005|volume=73|pages=129–137|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40837654|issn=0711-8813|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Célanire cou-coupé [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "Slashed-Throat Célanire") |2000 |''Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?'' |2004 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Célanire cou-coupé: roman fantastique|date=2000|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-08629-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBGSQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?: A Fantastical Tale|date=2004|publisher=Atria Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-7434-8260-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz1lAAAAMAAJ|oclc=254224954|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Bailey Nurse|first=Donna|title=Unkindest Cut|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2004/09/26/unkindest-cut/20f98b7b-f5cd-44e8-9baf-9fe4f327c005/|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=Washington Post|date=25 September 2004}}</ref> |- |''La Belle créole''<br /><br />(lit: "The Beautiful Créole") |2001 |''The Belle Créole'' |Nicole Simek |2020 |University of Virginia Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La belle créole: roman|date=2001|publisher=Mercure de France|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7152-1810-9|oclc=47597710|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VZwQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Belle Créole|date=2020|publisher=University of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=978-0-8139-4423-4|oclc=1126348970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRy1DwAAQBAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Histoire de la femme cannibale [fr]'' |2003 |''The Story of the Cannibal Woman'' |Richard Philcox |2007 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Story of the Cannibal Woman|date=2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-7129-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2HEyAYo7iQC|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Maryse|first=Condé|title=Excerpt: 'The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel'|url=https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|date=4 June 2007|quote=The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel, Copyright 2007, by Maryse Conde. Reprinted by permission of Atria Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Inc.|archivedate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408221012/https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Schmidt|first=Elizabeth|title=Magical Thinking|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/books/review/Schmidt.t.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=15 April 2007}}</ref> |- |''Les Belles ténébreuses''<br /><br />(lit: "The Dark Beauties") |2008 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Les belles ténébreuses: roman|date=2008|publisher=Mercure de France|isbn=978-2-7152-2832-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6tpAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''En attendant la montée des eaux [fr]'' |2010 |''Waiting for the Waters to Rise'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |2021 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Waiting for the Waters to Rise|date=2021|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-64286-073-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNyWzQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Iglesias|first=Gabino|title=Having A Conversation With Loss And Grief In 'Waiting For The Waters To Rise'|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 August 2021|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407053430/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise}}</ref> |- |''Le Fabuleux et triste destin d'Ivan et d'Ivana'' |2017 |''The Wondrous and Tragic Life <br /><br />of Ivan and Ivana'' |2020 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana|date=2020|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-912987-09-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcoYzAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Jaggi|first=Maya|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana by Maryse Condé review – a scurrilous picaresque|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/16/the-wondrous-and-tragic-life-of-ivan-and-ivana-by-maryse-conde-review-a-scurrilous-picaresque|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The Guardian|date=16 July 2020}}</ref> |- |''L'Évangile du nouveau monde'' |2021 |''The Gospel According to the New World'' |2023 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World by undefined|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|date=14 October 2022|accessdate=7 April 2024|archivedate=21 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135148/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World: Shortlisted for the International Booker Prize 2023|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world|work=thebookerprizes.com|publisher=The Booker Prizes|accessdate=7 April 2024|language=en|date=7 March 2023|archivedate=25 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925130237/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world}}</ref> |} === Egwuregwu === * An Tan Révolisyion, <ref name="Makward1995">{{Cite journal|author=Makward|first=Christiane P.|title=Reading Maryse Conde's Theatre|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=Summer 1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=681–689|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0094|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299153|accessdate=8 April 2024}}</ref> nke e bipụtara na 1991, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1989 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Makward|first=Christiane|title=Petite histoire de An Tan Révolisyon, elle court, elle court la Liberté|url=https://www.cairn.info/sans-fards-melanges-en-l-honneur-de-maryse-conde--9791095177029-page-135.htm|date=2024|publisher=Presses universitaires des Antilles|isbn=979-10-95177-02-9|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Comédie d'Amour, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1993 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maryse Condé|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/|work=Île en île|date=17 November 1998|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=28 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/}}</ref><ref name="Kazaconde">{{Cite web|title=Biographie & bibliographie|url=https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/|work=Kazaconde|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409165832/https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/}}</ref> * Dieu nous l'a donné, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1972, nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1973 * La Mort d'Oluwémi d'Ajumako, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1973, nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na [[Gabon]] * Le Morne de Massabielle, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na Puteaux, France, e mechara mee ya na Bekee na New York dị ka The Hills of Massabielle na Ubu Repertory Theater (1991) <ref name="CV" /> * Les Sept voyages de Ti-Noël (nke ya na José Jernidier jikọrọ aka dee), nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1987 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè|title='Je Me Suis Réconciliée Avec Mon Île': Une Interview de Maryse Condé|journal=Callaloo|issue=38}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=José Jernidier|url=https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles|title=Analyse dramaturgique et mise en jeu de textes dramatiques de langue et culture créole et autres textes composites français/créoles|work=chantiersnomades.com|date=2024|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409201316/https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=José Jernidier|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/|work=Île en île|date=3 January 2021|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=1 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601085752/http://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/}}</ref> * Pension les Alizés, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1988, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe ma mesịa mee na New York dị ka Tropical Breeze Hotel (1995) <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bruckner|first=D. J. R.|title=In Performance; Theater|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/22/theater/in-performance-theater-892495.html|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=22 February 1995}}</ref> * ''''Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ'''' (2007). Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Play : Comme deux frères|url=https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html|work=Siyaj at UVa Caribbean Theater Company at the University of Virginia|publisher=Dept. of French Language and Literature, University of Virginia|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=2009|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407054940/https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html}}</ref> === Nkatọ na akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ === * "Ndị edemede nwanyị atọ n'Africa nke oge a: [[Flora Nwapa]], Ama Ata Aidoo na [[Grace Emily Akinyi Ogot|Grace Ogot]]" (1972), Presence Africaine, 82:132-143.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Three Female Writers in Modern Africa : Flora Nwapa, Ama Ata Aidoo and Grace Ogot|journal=[[Présence Africaine]]|date=1972|issue=82|pages=132–143|doi=10.3917/presa.082.0132|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350338|issn=0032-7638|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Akụkọ banyere otu ọrụ, Hatier, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> * Mmepeanya nke Bossale: Echiche banyere akwụkwọ a na-ekwu n'ọnụ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, Paris: L'Harmattan, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi">{{Cite web|author=Mekkawi|first=Mohamed|url=http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|title=Maryse Condé: Novelist, Playwright, Critic, Teacher: An Introductory Bio-bibliography|publisher=Howard University Libraries|date=1990|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|accessdate=11 April 2024|archivedate=31 March 2013}}</ref> * ''Okwu ụmụ nwanyị: Essai sur des romancières des Antilles de langue française.'' , Paris: L'Harmattan, 1979<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi" /> * Ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé (1993). ''Mkparịta ụka na Maryse Condé'' (1996). Ajụjụ ọnụ na Françoise Pfaff. Nsụgharị Bekee gụnyere isi ọhụrụ dabere na ajụjụ ọnụ 1994. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Entretiens avec Maryse Condé: suivis d'une bibliographie complète|date=1993|publisher=Editions Karthala|isbn=978-2-86537-435-9|oclc=30739196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JcAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=Conversations with Maryse Condä|date=1 January 1996|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=978-0-8032-3713-1|oclc=34243864|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64LQXH9dTnYC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Pfaff|first=Françoise|title=Nouveaux entretiens avec Maryse Condé: écrivain et témoin de son temps|date=2016|publisher=Éditions Karthala|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-8111-1707-8|oclc=960463375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Gk9vgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "The Role of the Writer" (1993), World Literature Today, 67 (4): 697-699.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Role of the Writer|journal=[[World Literature Today]]|date=1993|volume=67|issue=4|pages=697–699|doi=10.2307/40149563|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40149563|issn=0196-3570|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Obi na-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá: ihe ncheta nke nwata m (1999). Akụkọ sitere n'obi: Akụkọ Ezi Akụkọ sitere na nwata m, trans. Richard Philcox (2001). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Le coeur à rire et à pleurer: contes vrais de mon enfance|date=1999|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-266-09868-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugA-HQAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tales from the Heart: True Stories from My Childhood|date=2001|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-264-4|oclc=46422017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t35cAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer" (2000), ''Yale French Studies'' 97: 151.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer|journal=[[Yale French Studies]]|date=2000|issue=97|pages=151–165|doi=10.2307/2903218|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2903218|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * ''Mmeri, ụtọ na okwu'' (2006). ''Mmeri: Nne M'', trans. Richard Philcox (2006). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother|year=2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-0058-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8t2ktvTuHQC|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 October 2009|archivedate=5 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405005814/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761}}</ref> * La Vie sans fards (2012). Gịnị bụ Africa nye m? Iberibe nke True-to-Life Autobiography, trans. Richard Philcox (2017). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La vie sans fards|date=2012|publisher=Le Grand livre du mois|isbn=978-2-286-09075-3|oclc=826769208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlhrmAEACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=What Is Africa to Me?: Fragments of a True-to-life Autobiography|date=2017|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-0-85742-376-4|oclc=964730164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE6ODAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * The Journey of a Caribbean Writer (2013). Nchịkọta nke edemede, trans. Richard Philcox.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Journey of a Caribbean Writer|date=2014|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London New York Calcutta|isbn=978-0-85742-097-8|oclc=846745180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta2PMQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Mets na ihe ịtụnanya (2015). N'ime Morsels na Marvels, trans. Richard Philcox (2015). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Mets et merveilles|date=2015|publisher=JC Lattès|location=Paris|isbn=9782709644792|oclc=907643787|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7VGrgEACAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Of Morsels and Marvels|date=2020|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London; New York|isbn=978-0-85742-693-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lh2wwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> === Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ === * Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française. Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /<ref name="CV" /> * ''Abụ Ndị Caribbean''. Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * Ebe ndị Rom si Caribbean Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * ''Akara olu maka Guy Tirolien'' (onye na-enyekwa aka). Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1990.<ref name="CV" /> * Caliban's Legacy, mbipụta pụrụ iche nke ''Callaloo'' na akwụkwọ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, 1992. <ref name="CV" /> * L'Heritage de Caliban (onye nchịkọta akụkọ), edemede na akwụkwọ Francophone Caribbean. Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1992.<ref name="CV" /> * ''Chee echiche nke Creole''. Paris: mbipụta Karthala, 1995.<ref name="CV" /> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1986: Nnukwu Ihe Nrite Akwụkwọ nke Nwaanyị<ref>{{Cite book|author=Carruggi|first=Noëlle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UT4CBVBfPB8C&pg=PA17|title=Maryse Condé: rébellion et transgressions|date=2010|publisher=Karthala Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-0362-0|pages=17|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html|title=Auteur: Maryse Condé -|work=Guadeloupe le Guide|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402202749/https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html}}</ref> * 1987: Prix de l'Académie française (La vie scélérate) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, plusieurs vies de combat|first=Muriel|author=Steinmetz|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[L'Humanité]]|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403092909/https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat}}</ref> * 1988: Liberatur Prize (''Ségou'') <ref>{{Cite web|date=3 April 2024|title=Guadeloupe's Maryse Condé remembered as a fearless explorer of the complexities of Caribbean history and identity|url=https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Global Voices|first=Janine|author=Mendes-Franco|language=en|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403232752/https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Forsdick|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|title=Postcolonial Thought in the French Speaking World|date=2022|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-80207-934-0|pages=43|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> * 1993: Ihe nrite Puterbaugh <ref>{{Cite news|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé, prolific Guadeloupean writer, dies aged 90|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/obituaries/article/2024/04/02/maryse-conde-prolific-guadeloupean-writer-dies-aged-90_6667137_15.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[Le Monde]]|first=Gladys|author=Marivat|language=en}}</ref> * 1997: Prix Carbet de la Caraibe (Desirada) * 1999: Marguerite Yourcenar Prize (Obi ị ga-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá) <ref name=":2">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1 "Author Profile: Maryse Condé"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219221020/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1|jstor=40158493 |date=19 February 2022 }}. ''World Literature Today'' (September–December 2004), 78 (3/4), p. 27.</ref> * 1999: Lifetime Achievement Award site na mmemme Africana Studies nke Mahadum New York <ref name=":2" /> * 2001: Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres site na Gọọmentị France <ref name=":2" /> * 2005: Hurston/Wright Legacy Award (Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/11/02/writers-conde-de-veaux-win-hurstonwright-prizes/e2d706ed-4f46-431d-9abf-475129c4ccf2/|title=Writers Conde, De Veaux Win Hurston/Wright Prizes|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=1 November 2005}}</ref> * 2007: Prix Tropiques de l'Agence française de développement (Victoire, les saveurs et les mots) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé : mort d'une autrice à l'oeuvre humaniste et universelle {{!}} TV5Monde – Informations|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366|author=Terriennes|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=information.tv5monde.com|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 April 2007|title=La semaine (du 14 au 20 avril)|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/|work=[[Jeune Afrique]]|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/}}</ref> * 2008: Ihe nrite nke nka Afro-Caribbean maka Les Belles Ténèbres. Paris <ref name="CV" /> * 2009: Ihe nrite nke Afro-Caribbean Arts for Lifetime Achievement. Paris <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Île en île">[https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ Maryse Condé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ |date=28 October 2023 }} at Île en île.</ref> * 2010: Grand prix du roman métis (Ka ọ na-echere ịrị elu nke mmiri) <ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2010|title=Maryse Condé, Grand prix du roman métis|url=https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Bibliobs|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html}}</ref> * 2018: New Academy Prize in Literature <ref name=":5" /> * 2020: PEN Translates award for Waiting for the Waters to Rise <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/|title=Nineteen PEN Translates awards go to titles from fifteen countries and thirteen languages|work=[[English PEN]]|date=10 June 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=29 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829215207/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/}}</ref> * 2021: Ihe nrite ụwa Cino Del Duca<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 June 2021|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé reçoit le prix de la Fondation Cino del Duca pour son oeuvre 'portée sur l'humanisme'|first=Lauriane|author=Nembrot|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Outre-mer la 1ère|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html}}</ref> * 2021: PEN Translates award from English PEN for The Gospel According to the New World <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/|title=PEN Translates awards announced|work=English PEN|date=21 December 2021|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=5 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605194631/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/}}</ref> * 2022: Royal Society of Literature International Writer <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/30/tsitsi-dangarembga-royal-society-of-literature-international-writers-award|title=Tsitsi Dangarembga, Anne Carson and Mary Gaitskill honoured by Royal Society of Literature|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|work=The Guardian|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/|title=RSL International Writers|date=3 September 2023|publisher=Royal Society of Literature|accessdate=3 December 2023|archivedate=20 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120181559/https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Akwụkwọ Caribbean * Akwụkwọ ndị e dere mgbe ha nwụsịrị * Ọchịchịrị == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Lee, Vanessa, ụmụ nwanyị anọ Caribbean na-ede ihe nkiri: Ina Césaire, Maryse Condé, Gerty Dambury na Suzanne Dracius (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021). * Perisic, Alexandra Mgbagwoju anya: Immigration, Neoliberalism, na Atlantic (na Maryse Condé, Roberto Bolaño, Giannina Braschi, Caryl Phillips), 2019. * Small, Audrey H., [https://theconversation.com/five-books-by-maryse-conde-to-introduce-you-to-the-award-winning-guadeloupian-writer-228443 "Akwụkwọ ise nke Maryse Condé iji mee ka ị mata onye edemede Guadeloupian meriri ihe nrite"], The Conversation, 26 Eprel 2024. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879 Ịchọta enyemaka maka akwụkwọ Maryse Condé na Mahadum Columbia]. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Onye edemede French Guadeloupe Maryse Condé na-agụ site na ọrụ ya na Recording Laboratory], 24 Septemba 1999 (Library of Congress). * Works by Maryse CondénaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ mepere emepe * Mekkawi, Mohamed [https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm "Maryse Condé: Onye edemede, onye na-ede egwuregwu, onye nkatọ, onye nkuzi: Akụkọ ndụ"]. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Libraries, 1990 (rev. 1992). * Petri Liukkonen. "Maryse Condé". Akwụkwọ na ndị edemede. * [http://fr.calameo.com/read/00429924444e06fb891de Nkwupụta nke Maryse Condé Fund nke Médiathèque Caribbean (laméca), akwụkwọ ndị sitere na ọbá akwụkwọ onwe onye nke Maryse condé] * [http://www.webguinee.net/bibliotheque/literature/maryse-conde/index.html webGuinée - Maryse Condé] * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Maryse Condé dekọrọ maka Archive of Literature site na Hispanic Division na Library of Congress, Washington, D.D.], na 24 Septemba 1999. * {{IMDb name|2268887}} * Maryse Condédiski naDiscogs * Mason Street, [https://thethornfieldreview.org/2017/07/31/an-interview-with-maryse-conde/ "N'ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé"], The Thornfield Review, 31 Julaị 2017. * Leïla Slimani (nke Kim Willsher sụgharịrị), "'An extraordinary role model': Maryse Condé remembered by Leïlalimani", ''The Guardian'', 3 April 2024. {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Conde, Maryse}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sm0xyzbalh40x2byumxkd9m1c3ulf5d 692740 692739 2026-07-30T14:03:16Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ọrụ */ fixed reference errors 692740 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:MaryseConde2006.jpg|thumb|Maryse Conde]]   '''Maryse Condé''' (née '''Marise Liliane Appoline Boucolon'''; 11 Febụwarị 1934 – 2 Eprel 2024) bụ onye edemede akụkọ, onye nkatọ, na onye na-ede egwuregwu na French si ngalaba French Overseas na mpaghara Guadeloupe. Ọ bụkwa onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, onye ọrụ nkuzi ya kpọgara ya na West Africa na North America, yana Caribbean na Europe. Dịka onye edemede, Condé kacha mara amara maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Ségou (1984–1985).. Ihe odide Condé na-enyocha ndị Afrịka bi na mba ọzọ nke sitere na [[Caribbean]]" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Slavery in the Caribbean">Ịgba ohu na ọchịchị ndị na-achị Caribbean. A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, nke e dere na French, n'asụsụ Bekee, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, na Japanese.<ref name=":0" /> O ritere ihe nrite dị iche iche, dị ka Grand Prix Littéraire de la Femme (1986), Prix de l'Académie française (1988), Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe (1997) na New Academy Prize in Literature (2018) maka ọrụ ya. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-asọ mpi maka onyinye Nobel na edemede. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya na Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, na 11 Febụwarị 1934, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Eaton|first=Kalenda|title=Maryse Condé (1937– ) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/|work=blackpast.org|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 October 2007|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402185254/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/}}</ref>ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ. Ndị mụrụ ya so n'ime ndị nkuzi ojii mbụ na Guadeloupe. Nne ya, Jeanne Quidal (onye si Marie-Galante, agwaetiti nke a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe Condé).<ref name="Barbara Lewis interview" /> Nna ya, Auguste Boucolon - onye bụbu onye nkuzi - guzobere obere ụlọ akụ "La Caisse Coopérative des prêts", nke e mechara kpọwa "La Banque Antillaise".<ref name=":4" /> Nna Condé, Auguste Boucolon, nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya: Serge na Albert. Ụmụnne nwanyị atọ nke Condé bụ Ena, Jeanne, na Gillette, ụmụnne ya bụ Auguste, Jean, René, na Guy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> A mụrụ Condé afọ iri na otu mgbe Guy nwụsịrị, mgbe nne ya dị afọ iri anọ na atọ, nna ya dịkwa afọ iri isii na atọ. Condé kọwara onwe ya dị ka "nwatakịrị a na-emebi emebi", nke o kwuru na ọ bụ n'ihi afọ ndụ nne na nna ya, yana oge dị n'etiti ya na ụmụnne ya.<ref name=":4" /> Condé malitere ide ihe mgbe ọ dị obere. Tupu ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, o dere otu ihe nkiri, otu onye. E dere egwuregwu ahụ dị ka onyinye maka ụbọchị ọmụmụ nne ya. <ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Condé gara Lycée Fénelon site na 1953 ruo 1955, a chụpụrụ ya mgbe afọ abụọ gachara. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Paris III (Sorbonne Nouvelle) na Paris. N'oge ọ gara, ya na ndị ọzọ West Indians, Condé guzobere klọb Luis-Carlos Prestes.<ref name=":4" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1958, Condé gara mmemme na Paris nke Les Nègres/The Blacks nke Jean Genet, ebe ọ zutere onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Guinea]] Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4" /> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1958, ọ lụrụ Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4" /> Ha mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ tupu ha kewaa na 1969 (Condé enweela otu nwa site n'aka onye nta akụkọ Haiti bụ Jean Dominique). Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1959, mmekọrịta di na nwunye ahụ adịlarị njọ, Condé kpebiri ịga naanị ya na [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]], ebe ọ kụziri ihe otu afọ na Bingerville.<ref name=":4" /> N'oge ọ laghachiri Guinea maka ezumike, ọ ghọrọ onye maara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site n'aka otu ndị enyi Marxist, ndị ga-emetụta ya ịkwaga [[Ghana]].<ref name=":4" /> Ọ bụ oge ọgba aghara mana ọ bụ oge mmepe ka o mechara dee akụkọ ya n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2012 bụ́ La Vie sans fards (Gịnị Bụ Afrịka Nye M? Akụkụ Akwụkwọ Akụkọ Ndụ Eziokwu), dịka ọ dị na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nọọrọ onwe ha n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, o so ndị dịka Malcolm X, Che Guevara, Julius Nyerere na Maya Angelou kparịta ụka.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.seagullbooks.org/what-is-africa-to-me/|title=What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography|publisher=Seagull Books|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1960 na 1972, ọ kụziri na Guinea, Ghana na [[Senegal]].<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ na Ghana, o dezigharịrị nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ edemede ndị Afrịka na-asụ French, Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française (Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps">{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1|title=Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403181325/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bịara nwee nkụda mmụọ na ọ bụ "onye akaebe nke ọtụtụ ihe na-emegiderịta onwe ya", na ebubo a na-ebo ya maka ọrụ a na-enyo enyo mere ka a chụpụ Condé na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/06/books/maryse-conde-books.html|title=Maryse Condé, at Home in the World|work=The New York Times|first=Anderson|author=Tepper|date=6 March 2023|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị West Africa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na London dị ka onye na-emepụta BBC ruo afọ abụọ.<ref name="Cain">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/02/maryse-conde-guadelopean-grand-storyteller-dies-aged-90|title=Maryse Condé, Guadeloupean 'grand storyteller' dies aged 90|first=Sian|author=Cain|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ na 1973, ọ laghachiri Paris ma kụzie akwụkwọ Francophone na Paris VII (Jussieu), X (Nanterre) , na Ill (Sorbonne Nouvelle). <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1975, ọ gụsịrị M.A. na Ph.D. ya na Sorbonne Nouvelle na Paris na akwụkwọ ntụnyere, na-enyocha stereotypes ojii na Akwụkwọ Caribbean. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="CV">{{cite web|url=https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891|title=Curriculum Vitae {{!}} Maryse Condé|access-date=10 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402190337/https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891|url-status=live}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ nkatọ nke gụnyere Le profil d'une oeuvre (Hatier, 1978), La Civilisation du Bossale (L'Harmattan, 1978), na La Parole des femmes (L'Rarmattan, 1979). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> N'afọ 1981, ya na Condé gbara alụkwaghịm, ebe ha kewara kemgbe. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ lụrụ Richard Philcox, Onye Bekee na onye ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Conversing on Paper: Richard Philcox on the Living Art of Translation – Asymptote Blog|url=https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/|accessdate=4 April 2024|language=en|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404115346/https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/}}</ref> O bipụtaghị akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon,'', ruo mgbe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 40, n'ihi na " enweghị obi ike na ma ghara anwa igosi ederede na ụwa dị n'èzí. " <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/books/maryse-conde-alternative-lobel-literature.html|title=Maryse Condé Wins an Alternative to the Literature Nobel in a Scandal-Plagued Year|author=Quinn|first=Annalisa|date=12 October 2018|work=The New York Times|accessdate=16 March 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ, Une saison à Rihata, na 1981; Otú ọ dị, Condé agaghị abụ onye a ma ama dị ka onye edemede Caribbean nke oge a ruo mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke atọ, ''Ségou'' (1984). <ref name=":0" />[she][her] N'ịgbaso ihe ịga nke ọma nke ''Ségou'', na 1985, e nyere Condé agụmakwụkwọ Fulbright na United States iji kụzie "Akwụkwọ na Ọdịbendị nke Caribbean" na Occidental College, [[Los Angeles]] (September 1985-May 1986). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fulbrightscholars.org/node/1246516|title=Literature and Culture of the Caribbean|work=Fulbright Scholar Program|accessdate=10 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1987, ọ bụ onye edemede Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio, e nyekwara ya Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship.<ref name="CV" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/|title=Maryse Condé|work=www.gf.org|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=2 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002041301/https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, e mere egwuregwu ya The Hills of Massabielle na New York na Ubu Repertory Theater . <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Barbara Lewis interview">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299141|title=No Silence: An Interview with Maryse Condé|first=Barbara|author=Lewis|journal=Callaloo|volume=18|date=Summer 1995|pages=543–550|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0093|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> A gụnyere ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ 1992 Daughters of Africa, nke [[Margaret Busby]] dezigharịrị.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.librarything.com/work/271737|title=Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present|date=1994|editor=Busby|publisher=[[LibraryThing]]|isbn=978-0-345-38268-9|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1995, Condé ghọrọ prọfesọ nke akwụkwọ French na Francophone na Mahadum Columbia dị na New York City, ebe o mechara bụrụ prọfesụ emerita. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/04/maryse-conde-an-english-author-can-reach-the-heart-of-a-caribbean-child|title=Interview {{!}} Maryse Condé: 'An English author can reach the heart of a Caribbean child'|first=Anita|author=Sethi|authorlink=Anita Sethi|work=The Guardian|date=4 July 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> Condé kụziri na mahadum dị iche iche, gụnyere Mahadum California, Berkeley; UCLA, Sorbonne, Mahadum Virginia, na Mahadum Nanterre. Ọ lara ezumike nká na nkuzi n'afọ 2005.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri akụkọ 2011 Maryse Condé, une voix singulière, nke Jérôme Sesquin duziri, nke na-akọ akụkọ ndụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/|title=Film: U.S. Premiere of 'Maryse Condé, une voix singulière'|work=Repeating Islands|date=29 January 2012|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=3 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203135437/https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo|title=Maryse Condé : Une voix singulière|date=15 June 2013|publisher=Ile en île|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=15 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415174729/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, e meghere Collège Maryse-Condé na agwaetiti La Désirade iji sọpụrụ ya. <ref name="CV" /> == Ọnwụ == Condé nwụrụ na Apt, Vaucluse, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ France, na 2 Eprel 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 90. <ref name="Humanite">{{Cite news|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, grande dame de la littérature et de la pensée anticoloniale – L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/maryse-conde/mort-de-maryse-conde-grande-dame-de-la-litterature-et-de-la-pensee-anticoloniale|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=humanite.fr|date=3 September 2021|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name="Marivat 2024">{{Cite news|author=Marivat|first=Gladys|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé est morte|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/04/02/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-est-morte_6225557_3382.html|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=Le Monde.fr|date=2 April 2024|language=fr}}</ref> == Ihe odide ya pụtara == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na-enyocha okwu agbụrụ, okike, na omenala n'ọtụtụ oge na ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche, gụnyere ikpe ndị amoosu Salem na I, Tituba: Amoosu Ojii nke Salem (1986); Alaeze Ukwu Bambara nke Mali nke narị afọ nke 19 na Ségou (1984–1985); na owuwu nke Panama Canal nke narị afọ nke 20 na mmetụta ya na mmụba nke ndị West Indian etiti na Tree of Life (1987). Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-achọpụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Africa na ndị si mba ọzọ bịa, karịsịa ndị Caribbean. Dị ka Louise Hardwick si kwuo, "Cosmopolitan na ọdịdị, akwụkwọ Condé na-ekwu maka mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa zuru ụwa ọnụ n'olu doro anya. Ọ jụrụ mgbalị iji mee ka ụdị ya dị, ma ọ bụ akara na-akọwa ya dị ka onye edemede French ma ọ bụ Creole, " a na-ekwukarị ya ka ọ na-ekwu: "M na-ede na Maryse Condé".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/12/maryse-conde-obituary|title=Maryse Condé obituary|work=The Guardian|date=12 April 2024|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.londonreviewbookshop.co.uk/blog/2020/november/for-a-writer-there-is-no-mother-tongue-he-forges-his-own-language-according-to-his-or-her-needs-a-q-a-with-maryse-conde|title='For a writer there is no mother tongue: he forges his own language according to his or her needs': A Q&A with Maryse Condé|work=[[London Review Bookshop]]|date=25 August 2020|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/|title=Lost Paradise: A Brief Interview with Maryse Condé|first=George|author=Salis|work=The Collidescope|date=27 December 2022|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602214215/https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon'' (n'[[Asụsụ Maninka|Asụsụ Malinke]], aha ahụ pụtara "ichere maka obi ụtọ"), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276|title=Maryse Condé: Author who won 'alternative Nobel Literature Prize' dies at 90|first=Ian|author=Youngs|publisher=BBC News|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=6 April 2024|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404205039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276}}</ref> na 1976. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde "Maryse Condé | Columbia | French"]. ''french.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde Archived] from the original on 20 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ihe na-ese okwu nke ukwuu nke na e wepụrụ ya na shelf mgbe ọnwa isii gasịrị n'ihi nkatọ ya banyere ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'Africa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/|title=Giving Voice to Guadeloupe|author=Condé|first=Maryse|date=6 February 2019|work=The New York Review of Books|language=en|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=6 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206151501/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ahụ yiri ndụ nke Condé n'oge mbụ ọ nọrọ na Guinea, a na-edekwa ya dị ka akụkọ onye mbụ, o kwusiri ike na ọ bụghị akụkọ ndụ onwe onye. Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ akụkọ, dị ka ọ kọwara ya, nke "'anti-moi', onye na-edoghị anya nke ọchụchọ maka njirimara na mmalite ya bụ ụdị nnupụisi nke omume rụrụ arụ. "<ref name=":3">Lionnet, F. (1989). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 "Happiness Deferred: Maryse Condé's ''Heremakhonon'' and the Failure of Enunciation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621134617/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 |date=21 June 2022 }}. In ''Autobiographical Voices: Race, Gender, Self-Portraiture'' (pp. 167–190). Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press.</ref> Condé nọpụrụ iche nke ukwuu site n'ọtụtụ mmegharị akwụkwọ Caribbean, dịka Négritude na Creolité, ma na-elekwasịkarị anya n'isiokwu ndị nwere nchegbu siri ike gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka onye na-akwado ikike ọchịchị n'ọrụ ya nakwa ná ndụ ya, Condé kwetara, sị: "Enweghị m ike ide ihe ọ bụla... ọ gwụla ma ọ nwere ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụfọdụ. Enweghị m ihe ọzọ m ga-enye nke ka dị mkpa. " Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke afọ 1995 bụ Windward Heights bụ reworking nke Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights (1847), nke Condé gụrụ na mbụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 14. Ọ dịla anya ọ chọrọ ịmepụta ọrụ nke ya gburugburu ya, dị ka omume "nkwanye ùgwù". A na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na Guadeloupe, a na-egosikwa agbụrụ na ọdịbendị dị ka nsogbu na-ekewa ndị mmadụ. N'ịtụgharị uche n'otú o si nweta ihe ndabere Caribbean ya n'ide akwụkwọ a, o kwuru, sị:<blockquote>"Ịbụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ ụwa - akụkụ nke ụwa Afrịka n'ihi ndị ohu Afrịka, akụkụ nke ụwa Europe n'ihi agụmakwụkwọ Europe - bụ ụdị echiche abụọ. Ị nwere ike iji nke ahụ n'ụzọ nke gị ma nye ahịrịokwu ihe ọzọ. Obi dị m ụtọ mgbe m na-arụ ọrụ ahụ, n'ihi na ọ bụ egwuregwu, ụdị egwuregwu rụrụ arụ ma na-atọ ụtọ. "    </blockquote>Ihe odide ndị Condé mechara dee gụnyere Tales From the Heart: True Stories From My Childhood (1999), nchịkọta edemede banyere oge ọ bụ nwata, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1|title=''Tales from the Heart'' by Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409235143/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> na Victoire (2006), akụkọ ndụ nke nne nne ya n'oge ndị isi ojii nke Guadeloupe kwupụtara ikike ha maka agụmakwụkwọ na ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nottingham French Studies|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/nfs.2014.0094?journalCode=nfs|title=Maryse Condé's ''Victoire:'' Thinking Back through Her Mothers|date=2014|volume=53|issue=3|doi=10.3366/nfs.2014.0094|author=Green|first=Mary Jean|pages=297–313|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> Who Slashed Celanire's Throat (2000) sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ezigbo akụkọ ma jiri ngwakọta nke Ime Anwansi na nrọ efu na akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere nwanyị chọrọ ịchọpụta eziokwu nke oge gara aga ma bọọ ọbọ maka nkwarụ ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurstonwright.org/books/who-slashed-celanires-throat/|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat|publisher=[[Hurston/Wright Foundation]]}}</ref> Nsụgharị nke afọ 2017 nke Richard Philcox nke Condé dere bụ What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography, Noo Saro-Wiwa kọwara ya na nyocha maka The Times Literary Supplement dị ka "ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma na-atọ ọchị mgbe ụfọdụ banyere afọ iri na abụọ onye edemede ahụ nọrọ n'Africa n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 na 60s. ... ma site na njedebe akwụkwọ ahụ, onye edemede ahụ kwetara na ọ ka maghị ihe Afrịka pụtara nye ya - nkwenye obi ike n'ụwa nke na-achọ akụkọ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. " N'afọ 2018, e nyere Condé New Academy Prize in Literature, nke e guzobere dị ka ihe ọzọ na Nobel Prize in Literation (nke a na-ewere ya dịka onye ọkacha mmasị mana enyeghị ya n'afọ ahụ, n'ihi mmetọ mmekọahụ n'etiti kọmitii onyinye), <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/02/books/maryse-conde-dead.html|title=Maryse Condé, 'Grande Dame' of Francophone Literature, Dies at 90|first=Clay|author=Risen|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> na ndị ọka ikpe na-eto Condé dị ka "onye na-akọ akụkọ ukwu nke edemede ya bụ nke akwụkwọ ụwa, na-akọwa mbibi nke ọchịchị na ọgba aghara postcolonial n'asụsụ nke ziri ezi ma na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ. N'afọ 2022, a kwanyeere ya ugwu dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede 12 nke Royal Society of Literature International, n'akụkụ Anne Carson, [[Tsitsi Dangarembga]], Cornelia Funke, Mary Gaitskill, Faïza Guène, Saidiya Hartman, Kim Hyesoon, Yōko Ogawa, Raja Shehadeh, Juan Gabriel Vásquez na Samar Yazbek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130|title=Twelve Writers Appointed in the Second Year of the RSL International Writers Programme|work=[[Broadway World]]|first=Stephi|author=Wild|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403203559/https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé nke afọ 2023, The Gospel According to the New World, edepụtara maka International Booker Prize ma, mgbe ọ dị afọ 86, ọ bụ onye edemede kacha okenye e depụtara maka ihe nrite ahụ.<ref name="shaffi">{{Cite web|url=https://theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache|title=International Booker prize announces longlist to celebrate 'ambition and panache'|date=14 March 2023|accessdate=14 March 2023|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314091040/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache}}</ref> E ji okwu gwa di ya na onye ntụgharị okwu bụ́ Richard Philcox ka o mepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na o nwere nsogbu akwara ozi nke mere ka o siere ya ike ikwu okwu na ịhụ ihe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-french-caribbean-new-england-new-world-b2522180.html|title=Maryse Condé, prolific 'grande dame' of Caribbean literature, dead at age 90|first=Hillel|author=Italie|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Ha abụọ bụ ndị otu onye edemede-onye ntụgharị nke nwunye na di mbụ a ga-edepụta ogologo oge, ma mesịa depụta, <ref name="shaffi" /> maka onyinye ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB|title=See who's on the 2023 International Booker Prize shortlist|publisher=[[Southbank Centre]]|date=18 April 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524063903/https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé|accessdate=14 March 2023|work=thebookerprizes.com|date=11 February 1934|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314151037/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/may/22/international-booker-prize-2023-cheon-myeong-kwan-gauz-eva-baltasar-georgi-gospodinov-guadalupe-nettel-maryse-conde#:~:text=Maryse%20Cond%C3%A9%2C%20who%20was%20born,will%20be%20her%20final%20novel.|title=The 2023 International Booker prize shortlist – review|first=John|author=Self|work=[[The Observer]]|date=22 May 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> === Ebe ndebe ihe ochie === A na-edebe ihe ndekọ akwụkwọ Maryse Condé (akwụkwọ Maryse Condés, 1979-2012) na Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary|title=Maryse Condé papers, 1979–2012|work=Archival Collections|publisher=Columbia University Libraries|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=22 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622122933/https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |'''Original publication''' ! colspan="5" |'''English publication''' |- ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Translator ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Publisher ! scope="col" |Notes/References |- |''Hérémakhonon'' |1976 |''Heremakhonon'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1982 |Three Continents Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Hérémakhonon|date=1982|publisher=Three Continents Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780894102325|oclc=8646556|edition=1st English language}}</ref> |- |''Une saison à Rihata'' |1981 |''A Season in Rihata'' |1988 |Heinemann |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=A Season in Rihata|date=1988|publisher=Heinemann Educational|isbn=978-0-435-98832-6|oclc=8106613884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IFcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |''Ségou: les murailles de terre''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earthen Wall") | rowspan="3" |1984 | rowspan="3" |''Segu'' | rowspan="3" |Barbara Bray |1987 |Viking Press | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Segu|date=1987|publisher=Viking|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=978-0-670-80728-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zZIAAAAYAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Segu|year=1996|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-14-025949-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhbIMpWGgFQC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1988 |Ballantine Books |- |1998 |Penguin Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Ségou: la terre en miettes''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earth in Pieces") | rowspan="2" |1985 | rowspan="2" |''The Children of Segu'' | rowspan="2" |Linda Coverdale |1989 |Viking Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1989|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-82981-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjdIAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1990|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-36634-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbLpAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1990 |Ballantine Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Moi, Tituba, Sorcière…Noire de Salem'' | rowspan="2" |1986 | rowspan="2" |''I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1992, <br /><br />2009 |University of Virginia Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, black witch of Salem|date=2009|publisher=Univ. of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=9780813927671|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLxAPgAACAAJ|edition=1st paperback|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem|date=1994|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-38420-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uPBhEIKP7kC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1994 |Ballantine Books |- |''La Vie scélérate [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Wicked Life") |1987 |''Tree of Life: A Novel of the Caribbean'' |Victoria Reiter |1992 |Ballantine Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tree of Life|date=1992|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-345-36074-8|edition=1st American|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYJcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tree of Life by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 August 1992|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409040752/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8}}</ref> |- |''Traversée de la mangrove'' |1989 |''Crossing the Mangrove'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1995 |Anchor Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Crossing the Mangrove|date=1995|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-385-47633-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZRkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Self|first=John|title=Crossing the Mangrove by Maryse Condé – a village united by a vagabond|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/sep/26/crossing-the-mangrove-by-maryse-conde-a-village-united-by-a-vagabond|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=The Observer|date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Moudileno & Higginson">{{Cite journal|author=Moudileno|first=Lydie|title=Portrait of the Artist as Dreamer: Maryse Condé's 'Traversée de la Mangrove' and 'Les Derniers Rois Mages'|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=626–640|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0104|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299149|accessdate=9 April 2024|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> |- |''Les Derniers rois mages''<br /><br />(lit: "The Last Magi") |1992 |''The Last of the African Kings'' |1997 |University of Nebraska Press |<ref name="Moudileno & Higginson" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=The Last of the African Kings|year=1997|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1489-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTNLR8PX9asC|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- |''La Colonie du nouveau monde''<br /><br />(lit: "The New World Colony") |1993 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La colonie du nouveau monde: roman|date=1993|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-05903-6|oclc=29239656|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFWgQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''La Migration des cœurs [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Migration of Hearts") |1995 |''Windward Heights'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |1998 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Windward Heights|date=1998|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-161-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d017kQEACAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tepper|first=Anderson|title=Windward Heights|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/09/05/bib/990905.rv103554.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 September 1999}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Wolff|first=Rebecca|authorlink=Rebecca Wolff|title=Maryse Condé|url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|work=[[Bomb (magazine)|BOMB Magazine]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223085419/http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|archivedate=23 December 2015|format=web.archive.org|date=Summer 1999}}</ref> |- |''Desirada'' |1997 |''Desirada'' |2000 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Desirada: roman|date=1997|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221084663|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeh-zwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schwerdtner|first=Karin|title=Wandering, Women and Writing: Maryse Condé's Desirada|journal=Dalhousie French Studies|date=2005|volume=73|pages=129–137|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40837654|issn=0711-8813|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Célanire cou-coupé [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "Slashed-Throat Célanire") |2000 |''Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?'' |2004 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Célanire cou-coupé: roman fantastique|date=2000|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-08629-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBGSQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?: A Fantastical Tale|date=2004|publisher=Atria Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-7434-8260-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz1lAAAAMAAJ|oclc=254224954|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Bailey Nurse|first=Donna|title=Unkindest Cut|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2004/09/26/unkindest-cut/20f98b7b-f5cd-44e8-9baf-9fe4f327c005/|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=Washington Post|date=25 September 2004}}</ref> |- |''La Belle créole''<br /><br />(lit: "The Beautiful Créole") |2001 |''The Belle Créole'' |Nicole Simek |2020 |University of Virginia Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La belle créole: roman|date=2001|publisher=Mercure de France|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7152-1810-9|oclc=47597710|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VZwQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Belle Créole|date=2020|publisher=University of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=978-0-8139-4423-4|oclc=1126348970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRy1DwAAQBAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Histoire de la femme cannibale [fr]'' |2003 |''The Story of the Cannibal Woman'' |Richard Philcox |2007 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Story of the Cannibal Woman|date=2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-7129-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2HEyAYo7iQC|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Maryse|first=Condé|title=Excerpt: 'The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel'|url=https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|date=4 June 2007|quote=The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel, Copyright 2007, by Maryse Conde. Reprinted by permission of Atria Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Inc.|archivedate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408221012/https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Schmidt|first=Elizabeth|title=Magical Thinking|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/books/review/Schmidt.t.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=15 April 2007}}</ref> |- |''Les Belles ténébreuses''<br /><br />(lit: "The Dark Beauties") |2008 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Les belles ténébreuses: roman|date=2008|publisher=Mercure de France|isbn=978-2-7152-2832-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6tpAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''En attendant la montée des eaux [fr]'' |2010 |''Waiting for the Waters to Rise'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |2021 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Waiting for the Waters to Rise|date=2021|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-64286-073-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNyWzQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Iglesias|first=Gabino|title=Having A Conversation With Loss And Grief In 'Waiting For The Waters To Rise'|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 August 2021|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407053430/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise}}</ref> |- |''Le Fabuleux et triste destin d'Ivan et d'Ivana'' |2017 |''The Wondrous and Tragic Life <br /><br />of Ivan and Ivana'' |2020 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana|date=2020|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-912987-09-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcoYzAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Jaggi|first=Maya|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana by Maryse Condé review – a scurrilous picaresque|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/16/the-wondrous-and-tragic-life-of-ivan-and-ivana-by-maryse-conde-review-a-scurrilous-picaresque|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The Guardian|date=16 July 2020}}</ref> |- |''L'Évangile du nouveau monde'' |2021 |''The Gospel According to the New World'' |2023 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World by undefined|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|date=14 October 2022|accessdate=7 April 2024|archivedate=21 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135148/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World: Shortlisted for the International Booker Prize 2023|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world|work=thebookerprizes.com|publisher=The Booker Prizes|accessdate=7 April 2024|language=en|date=7 March 2023|archivedate=25 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925130237/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world}}</ref> |} === Egwuregwu === * An Tan Révolisyion, <ref name="Makward1995">{{Cite journal|author=Makward|first=Christiane P.|title=Reading Maryse Conde's Theatre|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=Summer 1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=681–689|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0094|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299153|accessdate=8 April 2024}}</ref> nke e bipụtara na 1991, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1989 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Makward|first=Christiane|title=Petite histoire de An Tan Révolisyon, elle court, elle court la Liberté|url=https://www.cairn.info/sans-fards-melanges-en-l-honneur-de-maryse-conde--9791095177029-page-135.htm|date=2024|publisher=Presses universitaires des Antilles|isbn=979-10-95177-02-9|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Comédie d'Amour, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1993 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maryse Condé|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/|work=Île en île|date=17 November 1998|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=28 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/}}</ref><ref name="Kazaconde">{{Cite web|title=Biographie & bibliographie|url=https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/|work=Kazaconde|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409165832/https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/}}</ref> * Dieu nous l'a donné, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1972, nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1973 * La Mort d'Oluwémi d'Ajumako, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1973, nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na [[Gabon]] * Le Morne de Massabielle, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na Puteaux, France, e mechara mee ya na Bekee na New York dị ka The Hills of Massabielle na Ubu Repertory Theater (1991) <ref name="CV" /> * Les Sept voyages de Ti-Noël (nke ya na José Jernidier jikọrọ aka dee), nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1987 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè|title='Je Me Suis Réconciliée Avec Mon Île': Une Interview de Maryse Condé|journal=Callaloo|issue=38}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=José Jernidier|url=https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles|title=Analyse dramaturgique et mise en jeu de textes dramatiques de langue et culture créole et autres textes composites français/créoles|work=chantiersnomades.com|date=2024|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409201316/https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=José Jernidier|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/|work=Île en île|date=3 January 2021|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=1 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601085752/http://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/}}</ref> * Pension les Alizés, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1988, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe ma mesịa mee na New York dị ka Tropical Breeze Hotel (1995) <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bruckner|first=D. J. R.|title=In Performance; Theater|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/22/theater/in-performance-theater-892495.html|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=22 February 1995}}</ref> * ''''Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ'''' (2007). Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Play : Comme deux frères|url=https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html|work=Siyaj at UVa Caribbean Theater Company at the University of Virginia|publisher=Dept. of French Language and Literature, University of Virginia|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=2009|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407054940/https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html}}</ref> === Nkatọ na akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ === * "Ndị edemede nwanyị atọ n'Africa nke oge a: [[Flora Nwapa]], Ama Ata Aidoo na [[Grace Emily Akinyi Ogot|Grace Ogot]]" (1972), Presence Africaine, 82:132-143.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Three Female Writers in Modern Africa : Flora Nwapa, Ama Ata Aidoo and Grace Ogot|journal=[[Présence Africaine]]|date=1972|issue=82|pages=132–143|doi=10.3917/presa.082.0132|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350338|issn=0032-7638|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Akụkọ banyere otu ọrụ, Hatier, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> * Mmepeanya nke Bossale: Echiche banyere akwụkwọ a na-ekwu n'ọnụ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, Paris: L'Harmattan, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi">{{Cite web|author=Mekkawi|first=Mohamed|url=http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|title=Maryse Condé: Novelist, Playwright, Critic, Teacher: An Introductory Bio-bibliography|publisher=Howard University Libraries|date=1990|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|accessdate=11 April 2024|archivedate=31 March 2013}}</ref> * ''Okwu ụmụ nwanyị: Essai sur des romancières des Antilles de langue française.'' , Paris: L'Harmattan, 1979<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi" /> * Ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé (1993). ''Mkparịta ụka na Maryse Condé'' (1996). Ajụjụ ọnụ na Françoise Pfaff. Nsụgharị Bekee gụnyere isi ọhụrụ dabere na ajụjụ ọnụ 1994. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Entretiens avec Maryse Condé: suivis d'une bibliographie complète|date=1993|publisher=Editions Karthala|isbn=978-2-86537-435-9|oclc=30739196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JcAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=Conversations with Maryse Condä|date=1 January 1996|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=978-0-8032-3713-1|oclc=34243864|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64LQXH9dTnYC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Pfaff|first=Françoise|title=Nouveaux entretiens avec Maryse Condé: écrivain et témoin de son temps|date=2016|publisher=Éditions Karthala|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-8111-1707-8|oclc=960463375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Gk9vgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "The Role of the Writer" (1993), World Literature Today, 67 (4): 697-699.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Role of the Writer|journal=[[World Literature Today]]|date=1993|volume=67|issue=4|pages=697–699|doi=10.2307/40149563|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40149563|issn=0196-3570|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Obi na-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá: ihe ncheta nke nwata m (1999). Akụkọ sitere n'obi: Akụkọ Ezi Akụkọ sitere na nwata m, trans. Richard Philcox (2001). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Le coeur à rire et à pleurer: contes vrais de mon enfance|date=1999|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-266-09868-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugA-HQAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tales from the Heart: True Stories from My Childhood|date=2001|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-264-4|oclc=46422017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t35cAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer" (2000), ''Yale French Studies'' 97: 151.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer|journal=[[Yale French Studies]]|date=2000|issue=97|pages=151–165|doi=10.2307/2903218|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2903218|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * ''Mmeri, ụtọ na okwu'' (2006). ''Mmeri: Nne M'', trans. Richard Philcox (2006). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother|year=2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-0058-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8t2ktvTuHQC|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 October 2009|archivedate=5 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405005814/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761}}</ref> * La Vie sans fards (2012). Gịnị bụ Africa nye m? Iberibe nke True-to-Life Autobiography, trans. Richard Philcox (2017). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La vie sans fards|date=2012|publisher=Le Grand livre du mois|isbn=978-2-286-09075-3|oclc=826769208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlhrmAEACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=What Is Africa to Me?: Fragments of a True-to-life Autobiography|date=2017|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-0-85742-376-4|oclc=964730164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE6ODAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * The Journey of a Caribbean Writer (2013). Nchịkọta nke edemede, trans. Richard Philcox.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Journey of a Caribbean Writer|date=2014|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London New York Calcutta|isbn=978-0-85742-097-8|oclc=846745180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta2PMQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Mets na ihe ịtụnanya (2015). N'ime Morsels na Marvels, trans. Richard Philcox (2015). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Mets et merveilles|date=2015|publisher=JC Lattès|location=Paris|isbn=9782709644792|oclc=907643787|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7VGrgEACAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Of Morsels and Marvels|date=2020|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London; New York|isbn=978-0-85742-693-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lh2wwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> === Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ === * Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française. Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /<ref name="CV" /> * ''Abụ Ndị Caribbean''. Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * Ebe ndị Rom si Caribbean Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * ''Akara olu maka Guy Tirolien'' (onye na-enyekwa aka). Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1990.<ref name="CV" /> * Caliban's Legacy, mbipụta pụrụ iche nke ''Callaloo'' na akwụkwọ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, 1992. <ref name="CV" /> * L'Heritage de Caliban (onye nchịkọta akụkọ), edemede na akwụkwọ Francophone Caribbean. Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1992.<ref name="CV" /> * ''Chee echiche nke Creole''. Paris: mbipụta Karthala, 1995.<ref name="CV" /> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1986: Nnukwu Ihe Nrite Akwụkwọ nke Nwaanyị<ref>{{Cite book|author=Carruggi|first=Noëlle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UT4CBVBfPB8C&pg=PA17|title=Maryse Condé: rébellion et transgressions|date=2010|publisher=Karthala Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-0362-0|pages=17|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html|title=Auteur: Maryse Condé -|work=Guadeloupe le Guide|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402202749/https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html}}</ref> * 1987: Prix de l'Académie française (La vie scélérate) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, plusieurs vies de combat|first=Muriel|author=Steinmetz|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[L'Humanité]]|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403092909/https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat}}</ref> * 1988: Liberatur Prize (''Ségou'') <ref>{{Cite web|date=3 April 2024|title=Guadeloupe's Maryse Condé remembered as a fearless explorer of the complexities of Caribbean history and identity|url=https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Global Voices|first=Janine|author=Mendes-Franco|language=en|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403232752/https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Forsdick|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|title=Postcolonial Thought in the French Speaking World|date=2022|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-80207-934-0|pages=43|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> * 1993: Ihe nrite Puterbaugh <ref>{{Cite news|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé, prolific Guadeloupean writer, dies aged 90|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/obituaries/article/2024/04/02/maryse-conde-prolific-guadeloupean-writer-dies-aged-90_6667137_15.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[Le Monde]]|first=Gladys|author=Marivat|language=en}}</ref> * 1997: Prix Carbet de la Caraibe (Desirada) * 1999: Marguerite Yourcenar Prize (Obi ị ga-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá) <ref name=":2">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1 "Author Profile: Maryse Condé"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219221020/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1|jstor=40158493 |date=19 February 2022 }}. ''World Literature Today'' (September–December 2004), 78 (3/4), p. 27.</ref> * 1999: Lifetime Achievement Award site na mmemme Africana Studies nke Mahadum New York <ref name=":2" /> * 2001: Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres site na Gọọmentị France <ref name=":2" /> * 2005: Hurston/Wright Legacy Award (Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/11/02/writers-conde-de-veaux-win-hurstonwright-prizes/e2d706ed-4f46-431d-9abf-475129c4ccf2/|title=Writers Conde, De Veaux Win Hurston/Wright Prizes|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=1 November 2005}}</ref> * 2007: Prix Tropiques de l'Agence française de développement (Victoire, les saveurs et les mots) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé : mort d'une autrice à l'oeuvre humaniste et universelle {{!}} TV5Monde – Informations|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366|author=Terriennes|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=information.tv5monde.com|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 April 2007|title=La semaine (du 14 au 20 avril)|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/|work=[[Jeune Afrique]]|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/}}</ref> * 2008: Ihe nrite nke nka Afro-Caribbean maka Les Belles Ténèbres. Paris <ref name="CV" /> * 2009: Ihe nrite nke Afro-Caribbean Arts for Lifetime Achievement. Paris <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Île en île">[https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ Maryse Condé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ |date=28 October 2023 }} at Île en île.</ref> * 2010: Grand prix du roman métis (Ka ọ na-echere ịrị elu nke mmiri) <ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2010|title=Maryse Condé, Grand prix du roman métis|url=https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Bibliobs|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html}}</ref> * 2018: New Academy Prize in Literature <ref name=":5" /> * 2020: PEN Translates award for Waiting for the Waters to Rise <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/|title=Nineteen PEN Translates awards go to titles from fifteen countries and thirteen languages|work=[[English PEN]]|date=10 June 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=29 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829215207/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/}}</ref> * 2021: Ihe nrite ụwa Cino Del Duca<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 June 2021|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé reçoit le prix de la Fondation Cino del Duca pour son oeuvre 'portée sur l'humanisme'|first=Lauriane|author=Nembrot|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Outre-mer la 1ère|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html}}</ref> * 2021: PEN Translates award from English PEN for The Gospel According to the New World <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/|title=PEN Translates awards announced|work=English PEN|date=21 December 2021|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=5 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605194631/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/}}</ref> * 2022: Royal Society of Literature International Writer <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/30/tsitsi-dangarembga-royal-society-of-literature-international-writers-award|title=Tsitsi Dangarembga, Anne Carson and Mary Gaitskill honoured by Royal Society of Literature|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|work=The Guardian|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/|title=RSL International Writers|date=3 September 2023|publisher=Royal Society of Literature|accessdate=3 December 2023|archivedate=20 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120181559/https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Akwụkwọ Caribbean * Akwụkwọ ndị e dere mgbe ha nwụsịrị * Ọchịchịrị == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Lee, Vanessa, ụmụ nwanyị anọ Caribbean na-ede ihe nkiri: Ina Césaire, Maryse Condé, Gerty Dambury na Suzanne Dracius (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021). * Perisic, Alexandra Mgbagwoju anya: Immigration, Neoliberalism, na Atlantic (na Maryse Condé, Roberto Bolaño, Giannina Braschi, Caryl Phillips), 2019. * Small, Audrey H., [https://theconversation.com/five-books-by-maryse-conde-to-introduce-you-to-the-award-winning-guadeloupian-writer-228443 "Akwụkwọ ise nke Maryse Condé iji mee ka ị mata onye edemede Guadeloupian meriri ihe nrite"], The Conversation, 26 Eprel 2024. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879 Ịchọta enyemaka maka akwụkwọ Maryse Condé na Mahadum Columbia]. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Onye edemede French Guadeloupe Maryse Condé na-agụ site na ọrụ ya na Recording Laboratory], 24 Septemba 1999 (Library of Congress). * Works by Maryse CondénaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ mepere emepe * Mekkawi, Mohamed [https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm "Maryse Condé: Onye edemede, onye na-ede egwuregwu, onye nkatọ, onye nkuzi: Akụkọ ndụ"]. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Libraries, 1990 (rev. 1992). * Petri Liukkonen. "Maryse Condé". Akwụkwọ na ndị edemede. * [http://fr.calameo.com/read/00429924444e06fb891de Nkwupụta nke Maryse Condé Fund nke Médiathèque Caribbean (laméca), akwụkwọ ndị sitere na ọbá akwụkwọ onwe onye nke Maryse condé] * [http://www.webguinee.net/bibliotheque/literature/maryse-conde/index.html webGuinée - Maryse Condé] * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Maryse Condé dekọrọ maka Archive of Literature site na Hispanic Division na Library of Congress, Washington, D.D.], na 24 Septemba 1999. * {{IMDb name|2268887}} * Maryse Condédiski naDiscogs * Mason Street, [https://thethornfieldreview.org/2017/07/31/an-interview-with-maryse-conde/ "N'ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé"], The Thornfield Review, 31 Julaị 2017. * Leïla Slimani (nke Kim Willsher sụgharịrị), "'An extraordinary role model': Maryse Condé remembered by Leïlalimani", ''The Guardian'', 3 April 2024. {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Conde, Maryse}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mvbndb7whustzo2xywfzb0wlnueoe26 692748 692740 2026-07-30T14:24:01Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Ọrụ */ 692748 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:MaryseConde2006.jpg|thumb|Maryse Conde]]   '''Maryse Condé''' (née '''Marise Liliane Appoline Boucolon'''; 11 Febụwarị 1934 – 2 Eprel 2024) bụ onye edemede akụkọ, onye nkatọ, na onye na-ede egwuregwu na French si ngalaba French Overseas na mpaghara Guadeloupe. Ọ bụkwa onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, onye ọrụ nkuzi ya kpọgara ya na West Africa na North America, yana Caribbean na Europe. Dịka onye edemede, Condé kacha mara amara maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Ségou (1984–1985).. Ihe odide Condé na-enyocha ndị Afrịka bi na mba ọzọ nke sitere na [[Caribbean]]" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Slavery in the Caribbean">Ịgba ohu na ọchịchị ndị na-achị Caribbean. A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, nke e dere na French, n'asụsụ Bekee, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, na Japanese.<ref name=":0" /> O ritere ihe nrite dị iche iche, dị ka Grand Prix Littéraire de la Femme (1986), Prix de l'Académie française (1988), Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe (1997) na New Academy Prize in Literature (2018) maka ọrụ ya. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-asọ mpi maka onyinye Nobel na edemede. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya na Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, na 11 Febụwarị 1934, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Eaton|first=Kalenda|title=Maryse Condé (1937– ) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/|work=blackpast.org|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 October 2007|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402185254/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/}}</ref>ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ. Ndị mụrụ ya so n'ime ndị nkuzi ojii mbụ na Guadeloupe. Nne ya, Jeanne Quidal (onye si Marie-Galante, agwaetiti nke a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe Condé).<ref name="Barbara Lewis interview" /> Nna ya, Auguste Boucolon - onye bụbu onye nkuzi - guzobere obere ụlọ akụ "La Caisse Coopérative des prêts", nke e mechara kpọwa "La Banque Antillaise".<ref name=":4" /> Nna Condé, Auguste Boucolon, nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya: Serge na Albert. Ụmụnne nwanyị atọ nke Condé bụ Ena, Jeanne, na Gillette, ụmụnne ya bụ Auguste, Jean, René, na Guy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> A mụrụ Condé afọ iri na otu mgbe Guy nwụsịrị, mgbe nne ya dị afọ iri anọ na atọ, nna ya dịkwa afọ iri isii na atọ. Condé kọwara onwe ya dị ka "nwatakịrị a na-emebi emebi", nke o kwuru na ọ bụ n'ihi afọ ndụ nne na nna ya, yana oge dị n'etiti ya na ụmụnne ya.<ref name=":4" /> Condé malitere ide ihe mgbe ọ dị obere. Tupu ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, o dere otu ihe nkiri, otu onye. E dere egwuregwu ahụ dị ka onyinye maka ụbọchị ọmụmụ nne ya. <ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Condé gara Lycée Fénelon site na 1953 ruo 1955, a chụpụrụ ya mgbe afọ abụọ gachara. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Paris III (Sorbonne Nouvelle) na Paris. N'oge ọ gara, ya na ndị ọzọ West Indians, Condé guzobere klọb Luis-Carlos Prestes.<ref name=":4" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1958, Condé gara mmemme na Paris nke Les Nègres/The Blacks nke Jean Genet, ebe ọ zutere onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Guinea]] Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4" /> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1958, ọ lụrụ Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4" /> Ha mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ tupu ha kewaa na 1969 (Condé enweela otu nwa site n'aka onye nta akụkọ Haiti bụ Jean Dominique). Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1959, mmekọrịta di na nwunye ahụ adịlarị njọ, Condé kpebiri ịga naanị ya na [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]], ebe ọ kụziri ihe otu afọ na Bingerville.<ref name=":4" /> N'oge ọ laghachiri Guinea maka ezumike, ọ ghọrọ onye maara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site n'aka otu ndị enyi Marxist, ndị ga-emetụta ya ịkwaga [[Ghana]].<ref name=":4" /> Ọ bụ oge ọgba aghara mana ọ bụ oge mmepe ka o mechara dee akụkọ ya n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2012 bụ́ La Vie sans fards (Gịnị Bụ Afrịka Nye M? Akụkụ Akwụkwọ Akụkọ Ndụ Eziokwu), dịka ọ dị na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nọọrọ onwe ha n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, o so ndị dịka Malcolm X, Che Guevara, Julius Nyerere na Maya Angelou kparịta ụka.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.seagullbooks.org/what-is-africa-to-me/|title=What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography|publisher=Seagull Books|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1960 na 1972, ọ kụziri na Guinea, Ghana na [[Senegal]].<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ na Ghana, o dezigharịrị nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ edemede ndị Afrịka na-asụ French, Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française (Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps">{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1|title=Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403181325/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bịara nwee nkụda mmụọ na ọ bụ "onye akaebe nke ọtụtụ ihe na-emegiderịta onwe ya", na ebubo a na-ebo ya maka ọrụ a na-enyo enyo mere ka a chụpụ Condé na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/06/books/maryse-conde-books.html|title=Maryse Condé, at Home in the World|work=The New York Times|first=Anderson|author=Tepper|date=6 March 2023|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị West Africa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na London dị ka onye na-emepụta BBC ruo afọ abụọ.<ref name="Cain">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/02/maryse-conde-guadelopean-grand-storyteller-dies-aged-90|title=Maryse Condé, Guadeloupean 'grand storyteller' dies aged 90|first=Sian|author=Cain|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ na 1973, ọ laghachiri Paris ma kụzie akwụkwọ Francophone na Paris VII (Jussieu), X (Nanterre) , na Ill (Sorbonne Nouvelle). <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1975, ọ gụsịrị M.A. na Ph.D. ya na Sorbonne Nouvelle na Paris na akwụkwọ ntụnyere, na-enyocha stereotypes ojii na Akwụkwọ Caribbean. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="CV" />Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ nkatọ nke gụnyere Le profil d'une oeuvre (Hatier, 1978), La Civilisation du Bossale (L'Harmattan, 1978), na La Parole des femmes (L'Rarmattan, 1979). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> N'afọ 1981, ya na Condé gbara alụkwaghịm, ebe ha kewara kemgbe. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ lụrụ Richard Philcox, Onye Bekee na onye ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Conversing on Paper: Richard Philcox on the Living Art of Translation – Asymptote Blog|url=https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/|accessdate=4 April 2024|language=en|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404115346/https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/}}</ref> O bipụtaghị akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon,'', ruo mgbe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 40, n'ihi na " enweghị obi ike na ma ghara anwa igosi ederede na ụwa dị n'èzí. " <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/books/maryse-conde-alternative-lobel-literature.html|title=Maryse Condé Wins an Alternative to the Literature Nobel in a Scandal-Plagued Year|author=Quinn|first=Annalisa|date=12 October 2018|work=The New York Times|accessdate=16 March 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ, Une saison à Rihata, na 1981; Otú ọ dị, Condé agaghị abụ onye a ma ama dị ka onye edemede Caribbean nke oge a ruo mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke atọ, ''Ségou'' (1984). <ref name=":0" />[she][her] N'ịgbaso ihe ịga nke ọma nke ''Ségou'', na 1985, e nyere Condé agụmakwụkwọ Fulbright na United States iji kụzie "Akwụkwọ na Ọdịbendị nke Caribbean" na Occidental College, [[Los Angeles]] (September 1985-May 1986). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fulbrightscholars.org/node/1246516|title=Literature and Culture of the Caribbean|work=Fulbright Scholar Program|accessdate=10 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1987, ọ bụ onye edemede Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio, e nyekwara ya Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship.<ref name="CV">{{cite web|url=https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891|title=Curriculum Vitae {{!}} Maryse Condé|access-date=10 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402190337/https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/|title=Maryse Condé|work=www.gf.org|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=2 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002041301/https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, e mere egwuregwu ya The Hills of Massabielle na New York na Ubu Repertory Theater . <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Barbara Lewis interview">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299141|title=No Silence: An Interview with Maryse Condé|first=Barbara|author=Lewis|journal=Callaloo|volume=18|date=Summer 1995|pages=543–550|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0093|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> A gụnyere ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ 1992 Daughters of Africa, nke [[Margaret Busby]] dezigharịrị.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.librarything.com/work/271737|title=Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present|date=1994|editor=Busby|publisher=[[LibraryThing]]|isbn=978-0-345-38268-9|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1995, Condé ghọrọ prọfesọ nke akwụkwọ French na Francophone na Mahadum Columbia dị na New York City, ebe o mechara bụrụ prọfesụ emerita. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/04/maryse-conde-an-english-author-can-reach-the-heart-of-a-caribbean-child|title=Interview {{!}} Maryse Condé: 'An English author can reach the heart of a Caribbean child'|first=Anita|author=Sethi|authorlink=Anita Sethi|work=The Guardian|date=4 July 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> Condé kụziri na mahadum dị iche iche, gụnyere Mahadum California, Berkeley; UCLA, Sorbonne, Mahadum Virginia, na Mahadum Nanterre. Ọ lara ezumike nká na nkuzi n'afọ 2005.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri akụkọ 2011 Maryse Condé, une voix singulière, nke Jérôme Sesquin duziri, nke na-akọ akụkọ ndụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/|title=Film: U.S. Premiere of 'Maryse Condé, une voix singulière'|work=Repeating Islands|date=29 January 2012|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=3 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203135437/https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo|title=Maryse Condé : Une voix singulière|date=15 June 2013|publisher=Ile en île|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=15 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415174729/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, e meghere Collège Maryse-Condé na agwaetiti La Désirade iji sọpụrụ ya. <ref name="CV" /> == Ọnwụ == Condé nwụrụ na Apt, Vaucluse, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ France, na 2 Eprel 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 90. <ref name="Humanite">{{Cite news|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, grande dame de la littérature et de la pensée anticoloniale – L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/maryse-conde/mort-de-maryse-conde-grande-dame-de-la-litterature-et-de-la-pensee-anticoloniale|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=humanite.fr|date=3 September 2021|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name="Marivat 2024">{{Cite news|author=Marivat|first=Gladys|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé est morte|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/04/02/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-est-morte_6225557_3382.html|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=Le Monde.fr|date=2 April 2024|language=fr}}</ref> == Ihe odide ya pụtara == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na-enyocha okwu agbụrụ, okike, na omenala n'ọtụtụ oge na ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche, gụnyere ikpe ndị amoosu Salem na I, Tituba: Amoosu Ojii nke Salem (1986); Alaeze Ukwu Bambara nke Mali nke narị afọ nke 19 na Ségou (1984–1985); na owuwu nke Panama Canal nke narị afọ nke 20 na mmetụta ya na mmụba nke ndị West Indian etiti na Tree of Life (1987). Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-achọpụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Africa na ndị si mba ọzọ bịa, karịsịa ndị Caribbean. Dị ka Louise Hardwick si kwuo, "Cosmopolitan na ọdịdị, akwụkwọ Condé na-ekwu maka mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa zuru ụwa ọnụ n'olu doro anya. Ọ jụrụ mgbalị iji mee ka ụdị ya dị, ma ọ bụ akara na-akọwa ya dị ka onye edemede French ma ọ bụ Creole, " a na-ekwukarị ya ka ọ na-ekwu: "M na-ede na Maryse Condé".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/12/maryse-conde-obituary|title=Maryse Condé obituary|work=The Guardian|date=12 April 2024|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.londonreviewbookshop.co.uk/blog/2020/november/for-a-writer-there-is-no-mother-tongue-he-forges-his-own-language-according-to-his-or-her-needs-a-q-a-with-maryse-conde|title='For a writer there is no mother tongue: he forges his own language according to his or her needs': A Q&A with Maryse Condé|work=[[London Review Bookshop]]|date=25 August 2020|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/|title=Lost Paradise: A Brief Interview with Maryse Condé|first=George|author=Salis|work=The Collidescope|date=27 December 2022|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602214215/https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon'' (n'[[Asụsụ Maninka|Asụsụ Malinke]], aha ahụ pụtara "ichere maka obi ụtọ"), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276|title=Maryse Condé: Author who won 'alternative Nobel Literature Prize' dies at 90|first=Ian|author=Youngs|publisher=BBC News|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=6 April 2024|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404205039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276}}</ref> na 1976. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde "Maryse Condé | Columbia | French"]. ''french.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde Archived] from the original on 20 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ihe na-ese okwu nke ukwuu nke na e wepụrụ ya na shelf mgbe ọnwa isii gasịrị n'ihi nkatọ ya banyere ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'Africa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/|title=Giving Voice to Guadeloupe|author=Condé|first=Maryse|date=6 February 2019|work=The New York Review of Books|language=en|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=6 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206151501/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ahụ yiri ndụ nke Condé n'oge mbụ ọ nọrọ na Guinea, a na-edekwa ya dị ka akụkọ onye mbụ, o kwusiri ike na ọ bụghị akụkọ ndụ onwe onye. Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ akụkọ, dị ka ọ kọwara ya, nke "'anti-moi', onye na-edoghị anya nke ọchụchọ maka njirimara na mmalite ya bụ ụdị nnupụisi nke omume rụrụ arụ. "<ref name=":3">Lionnet, F. (1989). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 "Happiness Deferred: Maryse Condé's ''Heremakhonon'' and the Failure of Enunciation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621134617/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 |date=21 June 2022 }}. In ''Autobiographical Voices: Race, Gender, Self-Portraiture'' (pp. 167–190). Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press.</ref> Condé nọpụrụ iche nke ukwuu site n'ọtụtụ mmegharị akwụkwọ Caribbean, dịka Négritude na Creolité, ma na-elekwasịkarị anya n'isiokwu ndị nwere nchegbu siri ike gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka onye na-akwado ikike ọchịchị n'ọrụ ya nakwa ná ndụ ya, Condé kwetara, sị: "Enweghị m ike ide ihe ọ bụla... ọ gwụla ma ọ nwere ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụfọdụ. Enweghị m ihe ọzọ m ga-enye nke ka dị mkpa. " Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke afọ 1995 bụ Windward Heights bụ reworking nke Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights (1847), nke Condé gụrụ na mbụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 14. Ọ dịla anya ọ chọrọ ịmepụta ọrụ nke ya gburugburu ya, dị ka omume "nkwanye ùgwù". A na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na Guadeloupe, a na-egosikwa agbụrụ na ọdịbendị dị ka nsogbu na-ekewa ndị mmadụ. N'ịtụgharị uche n'otú o si nweta ihe ndabere Caribbean ya n'ide akwụkwọ a, o kwuru, sị:<blockquote>"Ịbụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ ụwa - akụkụ nke ụwa Afrịka n'ihi ndị ohu Afrịka, akụkụ nke ụwa Europe n'ihi agụmakwụkwọ Europe - bụ ụdị echiche abụọ. Ị nwere ike iji nke ahụ n'ụzọ nke gị ma nye ahịrịokwu ihe ọzọ. Obi dị m ụtọ mgbe m na-arụ ọrụ ahụ, n'ihi na ọ bụ egwuregwu, ụdị egwuregwu rụrụ arụ ma na-atọ ụtọ. "    </blockquote>Ihe odide ndị Condé mechara dee gụnyere Tales From the Heart: True Stories From My Childhood (1999), nchịkọta edemede banyere oge ọ bụ nwata, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1|title=''Tales from the Heart'' by Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409235143/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> na Victoire (2006), akụkọ ndụ nke nne nne ya n'oge ndị isi ojii nke Guadeloupe kwupụtara ikike ha maka agụmakwụkwọ na ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nottingham French Studies|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/nfs.2014.0094?journalCode=nfs|title=Maryse Condé's ''Victoire:'' Thinking Back through Her Mothers|date=2014|volume=53|issue=3|doi=10.3366/nfs.2014.0094|author=Green|first=Mary Jean|pages=297–313|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> Who Slashed Celanire's Throat (2000) sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ezigbo akụkọ ma jiri ngwakọta nke Ime Anwansi na nrọ efu na akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere nwanyị chọrọ ịchọpụta eziokwu nke oge gara aga ma bọọ ọbọ maka nkwarụ ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurstonwright.org/books/who-slashed-celanires-throat/|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat|publisher=[[Hurston/Wright Foundation]]}}</ref> Nsụgharị nke afọ 2017 nke Richard Philcox nke Condé dere bụ What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography, Noo Saro-Wiwa kọwara ya na nyocha maka The Times Literary Supplement dị ka "ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma na-atọ ọchị mgbe ụfọdụ banyere afọ iri na abụọ onye edemede ahụ nọrọ n'Africa n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 na 60s. ... ma site na njedebe akwụkwọ ahụ, onye edemede ahụ kwetara na ọ ka maghị ihe Afrịka pụtara nye ya - nkwenye obi ike n'ụwa nke na-achọ akụkọ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. " N'afọ 2018, e nyere Condé New Academy Prize in Literature, nke e guzobere dị ka ihe ọzọ na Nobel Prize in Literation (nke a na-ewere ya dịka onye ọkacha mmasị mana enyeghị ya n'afọ ahụ, n'ihi mmetọ mmekọahụ n'etiti kọmitii onyinye), <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/02/books/maryse-conde-dead.html|title=Maryse Condé, 'Grande Dame' of Francophone Literature, Dies at 90|first=Clay|author=Risen|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> na ndị ọka ikpe na-eto Condé dị ka "onye na-akọ akụkọ ukwu nke edemede ya bụ nke akwụkwọ ụwa, na-akọwa mbibi nke ọchịchị na ọgba aghara postcolonial n'asụsụ nke ziri ezi ma na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ. N'afọ 2022, a kwanyeere ya ugwu dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede 12 nke Royal Society of Literature International, n'akụkụ Anne Carson, [[Tsitsi Dangarembga]], Cornelia Funke, Mary Gaitskill, Faïza Guène, Saidiya Hartman, Kim Hyesoon, Yōko Ogawa, Raja Shehadeh, Juan Gabriel Vásquez na Samar Yazbek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130|title=Twelve Writers Appointed in the Second Year of the RSL International Writers Programme|work=[[Broadway World]]|first=Stephi|author=Wild|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403203559/https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé nke afọ 2023, The Gospel According to the New World, edepụtara maka International Booker Prize ma, mgbe ọ dị afọ 86, ọ bụ onye edemede kacha okenye e depụtara maka ihe nrite ahụ.<ref name="shaffi">{{Cite web|url=https://theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache|title=International Booker prize announces longlist to celebrate 'ambition and panache'|date=14 March 2023|accessdate=14 March 2023|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314091040/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache}}</ref> E ji okwu gwa di ya na onye ntụgharị okwu bụ́ Richard Philcox ka o mepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na o nwere nsogbu akwara ozi nke mere ka o siere ya ike ikwu okwu na ịhụ ihe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-french-caribbean-new-england-new-world-b2522180.html|title=Maryse Condé, prolific 'grande dame' of Caribbean literature, dead at age 90|first=Hillel|author=Italie|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Ha abụọ bụ ndị otu onye edemede-onye ntụgharị nke nwunye na di mbụ a ga-edepụta ogologo oge, ma mesịa depụta, <ref name="shaffi" /> maka onyinye ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB|title=See who's on the 2023 International Booker Prize shortlist|publisher=[[Southbank Centre]]|date=18 April 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524063903/https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé|accessdate=14 March 2023|work=thebookerprizes.com|date=11 February 1934|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314151037/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/may/22/international-booker-prize-2023-cheon-myeong-kwan-gauz-eva-baltasar-georgi-gospodinov-guadalupe-nettel-maryse-conde#:~:text=Maryse%20Cond%C3%A9%2C%20who%20was%20born,will%20be%20her%20final%20novel.|title=The 2023 International Booker prize shortlist – review|first=John|author=Self|work=[[The Observer]]|date=22 May 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> === Ebe ndebe ihe ochie === A na-edebe ihe ndekọ akwụkwọ Maryse Condé (akwụkwọ Maryse Condés, 1979-2012) na Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary|title=Maryse Condé papers, 1979–2012|work=Archival Collections|publisher=Columbia University Libraries|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=22 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622122933/https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |'''Original publication''' ! colspan="5" |'''English publication''' |- ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Translator ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Publisher ! scope="col" |Notes/References |- |''Hérémakhonon'' |1976 |''Heremakhonon'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1982 |Three Continents Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Hérémakhonon|date=1982|publisher=Three Continents Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780894102325|oclc=8646556|edition=1st English language}}</ref> |- |''Une saison à Rihata'' |1981 |''A Season in Rihata'' |1988 |Heinemann |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=A Season in Rihata|date=1988|publisher=Heinemann Educational|isbn=978-0-435-98832-6|oclc=8106613884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IFcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |''Ségou: les murailles de terre''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earthen Wall") | rowspan="3" |1984 | rowspan="3" |''Segu'' | rowspan="3" |Barbara Bray |1987 |Viking Press | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Segu|date=1987|publisher=Viking|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=978-0-670-80728-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zZIAAAAYAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Segu|year=1996|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-14-025949-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhbIMpWGgFQC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1988 |Ballantine Books |- |1998 |Penguin Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Ségou: la terre en miettes''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earth in Pieces") | rowspan="2" |1985 | rowspan="2" |''The Children of Segu'' | rowspan="2" |Linda Coverdale |1989 |Viking Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1989|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-82981-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjdIAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1990|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-36634-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbLpAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1990 |Ballantine Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Moi, Tituba, Sorcière…Noire de Salem'' | rowspan="2" |1986 | rowspan="2" |''I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1992, <br /><br />2009 |University of Virginia Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, black witch of Salem|date=2009|publisher=Univ. of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=9780813927671|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLxAPgAACAAJ|edition=1st paperback|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem|date=1994|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-38420-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uPBhEIKP7kC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1994 |Ballantine Books |- |''La Vie scélérate [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Wicked Life") |1987 |''Tree of Life: A Novel of the Caribbean'' |Victoria Reiter |1992 |Ballantine Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tree of Life|date=1992|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-345-36074-8|edition=1st American|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYJcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tree of Life by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 August 1992|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409040752/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8}}</ref> |- |''Traversée de la mangrove'' |1989 |''Crossing the Mangrove'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1995 |Anchor Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Crossing the Mangrove|date=1995|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-385-47633-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZRkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Self|first=John|title=Crossing the Mangrove by Maryse Condé – a village united by a vagabond|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/sep/26/crossing-the-mangrove-by-maryse-conde-a-village-united-by-a-vagabond|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=The Observer|date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Moudileno & Higginson">{{Cite journal|author=Moudileno|first=Lydie|title=Portrait of the Artist as Dreamer: Maryse Condé's 'Traversée de la Mangrove' and 'Les Derniers Rois Mages'|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=626–640|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0104|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299149|accessdate=9 April 2024|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> |- |''Les Derniers rois mages''<br /><br />(lit: "The Last Magi") |1992 |''The Last of the African Kings'' |1997 |University of Nebraska Press |<ref name="Moudileno & Higginson" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=The Last of the African Kings|year=1997|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1489-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTNLR8PX9asC|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- |''La Colonie du nouveau monde''<br /><br />(lit: "The New World Colony") |1993 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La colonie du nouveau monde: roman|date=1993|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-05903-6|oclc=29239656|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFWgQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''La Migration des cœurs [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Migration of Hearts") |1995 |''Windward Heights'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |1998 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Windward Heights|date=1998|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-161-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d017kQEACAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tepper|first=Anderson|title=Windward Heights|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/09/05/bib/990905.rv103554.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 September 1999}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Wolff|first=Rebecca|authorlink=Rebecca Wolff|title=Maryse Condé|url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|work=[[Bomb (magazine)|BOMB Magazine]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223085419/http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|archivedate=23 December 2015|format=web.archive.org|date=Summer 1999}}</ref> |- |''Desirada'' |1997 |''Desirada'' |2000 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Desirada: roman|date=1997|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221084663|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeh-zwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schwerdtner|first=Karin|title=Wandering, Women and Writing: Maryse Condé's Desirada|journal=Dalhousie French Studies|date=2005|volume=73|pages=129–137|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40837654|issn=0711-8813|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Célanire cou-coupé [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "Slashed-Throat Célanire") |2000 |''Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?'' |2004 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Célanire cou-coupé: roman fantastique|date=2000|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-08629-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBGSQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?: A Fantastical Tale|date=2004|publisher=Atria Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-7434-8260-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz1lAAAAMAAJ|oclc=254224954|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Bailey Nurse|first=Donna|title=Unkindest Cut|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2004/09/26/unkindest-cut/20f98b7b-f5cd-44e8-9baf-9fe4f327c005/|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=Washington Post|date=25 September 2004}}</ref> |- |''La Belle créole''<br /><br />(lit: "The Beautiful Créole") |2001 |''The Belle Créole'' |Nicole Simek |2020 |University of Virginia Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La belle créole: roman|date=2001|publisher=Mercure de France|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7152-1810-9|oclc=47597710|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VZwQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Belle Créole|date=2020|publisher=University of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=978-0-8139-4423-4|oclc=1126348970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRy1DwAAQBAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Histoire de la femme cannibale [fr]'' |2003 |''The Story of the Cannibal Woman'' |Richard Philcox |2007 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Story of the Cannibal Woman|date=2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-7129-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2HEyAYo7iQC|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Maryse|first=Condé|title=Excerpt: 'The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel'|url=https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|date=4 June 2007|quote=The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel, Copyright 2007, by Maryse Conde. Reprinted by permission of Atria Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Inc.|archivedate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408221012/https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Schmidt|first=Elizabeth|title=Magical Thinking|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/books/review/Schmidt.t.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=15 April 2007}}</ref> |- |''Les Belles ténébreuses''<br /><br />(lit: "The Dark Beauties") |2008 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Les belles ténébreuses: roman|date=2008|publisher=Mercure de France|isbn=978-2-7152-2832-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6tpAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''En attendant la montée des eaux [fr]'' |2010 |''Waiting for the Waters to Rise'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |2021 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Waiting for the Waters to Rise|date=2021|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-64286-073-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNyWzQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Iglesias|first=Gabino|title=Having A Conversation With Loss And Grief In 'Waiting For The Waters To Rise'|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 August 2021|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407053430/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise}}</ref> |- |''Le Fabuleux et triste destin d'Ivan et d'Ivana'' |2017 |''The Wondrous and Tragic Life <br /><br />of Ivan and Ivana'' |2020 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana|date=2020|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-912987-09-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcoYzAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Jaggi|first=Maya|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana by Maryse Condé review – a scurrilous picaresque|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/16/the-wondrous-and-tragic-life-of-ivan-and-ivana-by-maryse-conde-review-a-scurrilous-picaresque|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The Guardian|date=16 July 2020}}</ref> |- |''L'Évangile du nouveau monde'' |2021 |''The Gospel According to the New World'' |2023 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World by undefined|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|date=14 October 2022|accessdate=7 April 2024|archivedate=21 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135148/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World: Shortlisted for the International Booker Prize 2023|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world|work=thebookerprizes.com|publisher=The Booker Prizes|accessdate=7 April 2024|language=en|date=7 March 2023|archivedate=25 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925130237/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world}}</ref> |} === Egwuregwu === * An Tan Révolisyion, <ref name="Makward1995">{{Cite journal|author=Makward|first=Christiane P.|title=Reading Maryse Conde's Theatre|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=Summer 1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=681–689|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0094|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299153|accessdate=8 April 2024}}</ref> nke e bipụtara na 1991, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1989 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Makward|first=Christiane|title=Petite histoire de An Tan Révolisyon, elle court, elle court la Liberté|url=https://www.cairn.info/sans-fards-melanges-en-l-honneur-de-maryse-conde--9791095177029-page-135.htm|date=2024|publisher=Presses universitaires des Antilles|isbn=979-10-95177-02-9|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Comédie d'Amour, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1993 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maryse Condé|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/|work=Île en île|date=17 November 1998|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=28 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/}}</ref><ref name="Kazaconde">{{Cite web|title=Biographie & bibliographie|url=https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/|work=Kazaconde|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409165832/https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/}}</ref> * Dieu nous l'a donné, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1972, nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1973 * La Mort d'Oluwémi d'Ajumako, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1973, nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na [[Gabon]] * Le Morne de Massabielle, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na Puteaux, France, e mechara mee ya na Bekee na New York dị ka The Hills of Massabielle na Ubu Repertory Theater (1991) <ref name="CV" /> * Les Sept voyages de Ti-Noël (nke ya na José Jernidier jikọrọ aka dee), nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1987 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè|title='Je Me Suis Réconciliée Avec Mon Île': Une Interview de Maryse Condé|journal=Callaloo|issue=38}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=José Jernidier|url=https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles|title=Analyse dramaturgique et mise en jeu de textes dramatiques de langue et culture créole et autres textes composites français/créoles|work=chantiersnomades.com|date=2024|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409201316/https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=José Jernidier|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/|work=Île en île|date=3 January 2021|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=1 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601085752/http://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/}}</ref> * Pension les Alizés, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1988, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe ma mesịa mee na New York dị ka Tropical Breeze Hotel (1995) <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bruckner|first=D. J. R.|title=In Performance; Theater|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/22/theater/in-performance-theater-892495.html|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=22 February 1995}}</ref> * ''''Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ'''' (2007). Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Play : Comme deux frères|url=https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html|work=Siyaj at UVa Caribbean Theater Company at the University of Virginia|publisher=Dept. of French Language and Literature, University of Virginia|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=2009|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407054940/https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html}}</ref> === Nkatọ na akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ === * "Ndị edemede nwanyị atọ n'Africa nke oge a: [[Flora Nwapa]], Ama Ata Aidoo na [[Grace Emily Akinyi Ogot|Grace Ogot]]" (1972), Presence Africaine, 82:132-143.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Three Female Writers in Modern Africa : Flora Nwapa, Ama Ata Aidoo and Grace Ogot|journal=[[Présence Africaine]]|date=1972|issue=82|pages=132–143|doi=10.3917/presa.082.0132|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350338|issn=0032-7638|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Akụkọ banyere otu ọrụ, Hatier, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> * Mmepeanya nke Bossale: Echiche banyere akwụkwọ a na-ekwu n'ọnụ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, Paris: L'Harmattan, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi">{{Cite web|author=Mekkawi|first=Mohamed|url=http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|title=Maryse Condé: Novelist, Playwright, Critic, Teacher: An Introductory Bio-bibliography|publisher=Howard University Libraries|date=1990|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|accessdate=11 April 2024|archivedate=31 March 2013}}</ref> * ''Okwu ụmụ nwanyị: Essai sur des romancières des Antilles de langue française.'' , Paris: L'Harmattan, 1979<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi" /> * Ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé (1993). ''Mkparịta ụka na Maryse Condé'' (1996). Ajụjụ ọnụ na Françoise Pfaff. Nsụgharị Bekee gụnyere isi ọhụrụ dabere na ajụjụ ọnụ 1994. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Entretiens avec Maryse Condé: suivis d'une bibliographie complète|date=1993|publisher=Editions Karthala|isbn=978-2-86537-435-9|oclc=30739196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JcAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=Conversations with Maryse Condä|date=1 January 1996|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=978-0-8032-3713-1|oclc=34243864|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64LQXH9dTnYC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Pfaff|first=Françoise|title=Nouveaux entretiens avec Maryse Condé: écrivain et témoin de son temps|date=2016|publisher=Éditions Karthala|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-8111-1707-8|oclc=960463375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Gk9vgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "The Role of the Writer" (1993), World Literature Today, 67 (4): 697-699.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Role of the Writer|journal=[[World Literature Today]]|date=1993|volume=67|issue=4|pages=697–699|doi=10.2307/40149563|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40149563|issn=0196-3570|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Obi na-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá: ihe ncheta nke nwata m (1999). Akụkọ sitere n'obi: Akụkọ Ezi Akụkọ sitere na nwata m, trans. Richard Philcox (2001). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Le coeur à rire et à pleurer: contes vrais de mon enfance|date=1999|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-266-09868-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugA-HQAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tales from the Heart: True Stories from My Childhood|date=2001|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-264-4|oclc=46422017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t35cAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer" (2000), ''Yale French Studies'' 97: 151.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer|journal=[[Yale French Studies]]|date=2000|issue=97|pages=151–165|doi=10.2307/2903218|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2903218|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * ''Mmeri, ụtọ na okwu'' (2006). ''Mmeri: Nne M'', trans. Richard Philcox (2006). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother|year=2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-0058-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8t2ktvTuHQC|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 October 2009|archivedate=5 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405005814/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761}}</ref> * La Vie sans fards (2012). Gịnị bụ Africa nye m? Iberibe nke True-to-Life Autobiography, trans. Richard Philcox (2017). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La vie sans fards|date=2012|publisher=Le Grand livre du mois|isbn=978-2-286-09075-3|oclc=826769208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlhrmAEACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=What Is Africa to Me?: Fragments of a True-to-life Autobiography|date=2017|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-0-85742-376-4|oclc=964730164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE6ODAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * The Journey of a Caribbean Writer (2013). Nchịkọta nke edemede, trans. Richard Philcox.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Journey of a Caribbean Writer|date=2014|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London New York Calcutta|isbn=978-0-85742-097-8|oclc=846745180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta2PMQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Mets na ihe ịtụnanya (2015). N'ime Morsels na Marvels, trans. Richard Philcox (2015). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Mets et merveilles|date=2015|publisher=JC Lattès|location=Paris|isbn=9782709644792|oclc=907643787|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7VGrgEACAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Of Morsels and Marvels|date=2020|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London; New York|isbn=978-0-85742-693-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lh2wwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> === Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ === * Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française. Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /<ref name="CV" /> * ''Abụ Ndị Caribbean''. Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * Ebe ndị Rom si Caribbean Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * ''Akara olu maka Guy Tirolien'' (onye na-enyekwa aka). Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1990.<ref name="CV" /> * Caliban's Legacy, mbipụta pụrụ iche nke ''Callaloo'' na akwụkwọ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, 1992. <ref name="CV" /> * L'Heritage de Caliban (onye nchịkọta akụkọ), edemede na akwụkwọ Francophone Caribbean. Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1992.<ref name="CV" /> * ''Chee echiche nke Creole''. Paris: mbipụta Karthala, 1995.<ref name="CV" /> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1986: Nnukwu Ihe Nrite Akwụkwọ nke Nwaanyị<ref>{{Cite book|author=Carruggi|first=Noëlle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UT4CBVBfPB8C&pg=PA17|title=Maryse Condé: rébellion et transgressions|date=2010|publisher=Karthala Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-0362-0|pages=17|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html|title=Auteur: Maryse Condé -|work=Guadeloupe le Guide|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402202749/https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html}}</ref> * 1987: Prix de l'Académie française (La vie scélérate) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, plusieurs vies de combat|first=Muriel|author=Steinmetz|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[L'Humanité]]|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403092909/https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat}}</ref> * 1988: Liberatur Prize (''Ségou'') <ref>{{Cite web|date=3 April 2024|title=Guadeloupe's Maryse Condé remembered as a fearless explorer of the complexities of Caribbean history and identity|url=https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Global Voices|first=Janine|author=Mendes-Franco|language=en|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403232752/https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Forsdick|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|title=Postcolonial Thought in the French Speaking World|date=2022|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-80207-934-0|pages=43|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> * 1993: Ihe nrite Puterbaugh <ref>{{Cite news|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé, prolific Guadeloupean writer, dies aged 90|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/obituaries/article/2024/04/02/maryse-conde-prolific-guadeloupean-writer-dies-aged-90_6667137_15.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[Le Monde]]|first=Gladys|author=Marivat|language=en}}</ref> * 1997: Prix Carbet de la Caraibe (Desirada) * 1999: Marguerite Yourcenar Prize (Obi ị ga-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá) <ref name=":2">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1 "Author Profile: Maryse Condé"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219221020/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1|jstor=40158493 |date=19 February 2022 }}. ''World Literature Today'' (September–December 2004), 78 (3/4), p. 27.</ref> * 1999: Lifetime Achievement Award site na mmemme Africana Studies nke Mahadum New York <ref name=":2" /> * 2001: Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres site na Gọọmentị France <ref name=":2" /> * 2005: Hurston/Wright Legacy Award (Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/11/02/writers-conde-de-veaux-win-hurstonwright-prizes/e2d706ed-4f46-431d-9abf-475129c4ccf2/|title=Writers Conde, De Veaux Win Hurston/Wright Prizes|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=1 November 2005}}</ref> * 2007: Prix Tropiques de l'Agence française de développement (Victoire, les saveurs et les mots) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé : mort d'une autrice à l'oeuvre humaniste et universelle {{!}} TV5Monde – Informations|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366|author=Terriennes|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=information.tv5monde.com|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 April 2007|title=La semaine (du 14 au 20 avril)|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/|work=[[Jeune Afrique]]|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/}}</ref> * 2008: Ihe nrite nke nka Afro-Caribbean maka Les Belles Ténèbres. Paris <ref name="CV" /> * 2009: Ihe nrite nke Afro-Caribbean Arts for Lifetime Achievement. Paris <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Île en île">[https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ Maryse Condé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ |date=28 October 2023 }} at Île en île.</ref> * 2010: Grand prix du roman métis (Ka ọ na-echere ịrị elu nke mmiri) <ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2010|title=Maryse Condé, Grand prix du roman métis|url=https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Bibliobs|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html}}</ref> * 2018: New Academy Prize in Literature <ref name=":5" /> * 2020: PEN Translates award for Waiting for the Waters to Rise <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/|title=Nineteen PEN Translates awards go to titles from fifteen countries and thirteen languages|work=[[English PEN]]|date=10 June 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=29 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829215207/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/}}</ref> * 2021: Ihe nrite ụwa Cino Del Duca<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 June 2021|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé reçoit le prix de la Fondation Cino del Duca pour son oeuvre 'portée sur l'humanisme'|first=Lauriane|author=Nembrot|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Outre-mer la 1ère|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html}}</ref> * 2021: PEN Translates award from English PEN for The Gospel According to the New World <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/|title=PEN Translates awards announced|work=English PEN|date=21 December 2021|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=5 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605194631/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/}}</ref> * 2022: Royal Society of Literature International Writer <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/30/tsitsi-dangarembga-royal-society-of-literature-international-writers-award|title=Tsitsi Dangarembga, Anne Carson and Mary Gaitskill honoured by Royal Society of Literature|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|work=The Guardian|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/|title=RSL International Writers|date=3 September 2023|publisher=Royal Society of Literature|accessdate=3 December 2023|archivedate=20 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120181559/https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Akwụkwọ Caribbean * Akwụkwọ ndị e dere mgbe ha nwụsịrị * Ọchịchịrị == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Lee, Vanessa, ụmụ nwanyị anọ Caribbean na-ede ihe nkiri: Ina Césaire, Maryse Condé, Gerty Dambury na Suzanne Dracius (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021). * Perisic, Alexandra Mgbagwoju anya: Immigration, Neoliberalism, na Atlantic (na Maryse Condé, Roberto Bolaño, Giannina Braschi, Caryl Phillips), 2019. * Small, Audrey H., [https://theconversation.com/five-books-by-maryse-conde-to-introduce-you-to-the-award-winning-guadeloupian-writer-228443 "Akwụkwọ ise nke Maryse Condé iji mee ka ị mata onye edemede Guadeloupian meriri ihe nrite"], The Conversation, 26 Eprel 2024. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879 Ịchọta enyemaka maka akwụkwọ Maryse Condé na Mahadum Columbia]. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Onye edemede French Guadeloupe Maryse Condé na-agụ site na ọrụ ya na Recording Laboratory], 24 Septemba 1999 (Library of Congress). * Works by Maryse CondénaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ mepere emepe * Mekkawi, Mohamed [https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm "Maryse Condé: Onye edemede, onye na-ede egwuregwu, onye nkatọ, onye nkuzi: Akụkọ ndụ"]. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Libraries, 1990 (rev. 1992). * Petri Liukkonen. "Maryse Condé". Akwụkwọ na ndị edemede. * [http://fr.calameo.com/read/00429924444e06fb891de Nkwupụta nke Maryse Condé Fund nke Médiathèque Caribbean (laméca), akwụkwọ ndị sitere na ọbá akwụkwọ onwe onye nke Maryse condé] * [http://www.webguinee.net/bibliotheque/literature/maryse-conde/index.html webGuinée - Maryse Condé] * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Maryse Condé dekọrọ maka Archive of Literature site na Hispanic Division na Library of Congress, Washington, D.D.], na 24 Septemba 1999. * {{IMDb name|2268887}} * Maryse Condédiski naDiscogs * Mason Street, [https://thethornfieldreview.org/2017/07/31/an-interview-with-maryse-conde/ "N'ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé"], The Thornfield Review, 31 Julaị 2017. * Leïla Slimani (nke Kim Willsher sụgharịrị), "'An extraordinary role model': Maryse Condé remembered by Leïlalimani", ''The Guardian'', 3 April 2024. {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Conde, Maryse}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tf5jh5n89pz3kavuprquomhwo1f1e2w 692752 692748 2026-07-30T14:35:29Z Sayvhior 13464 692752 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:MaryseConde2006.jpg|thumb|Maryse Conde]] '''Maryse Condé''' (née '''Marise Liliane Appoline Boucolon'''; 11 Febụwarị 1934 – 2 Eprel 2024) bụ onye edemede akụkọ, onye nkatọ, na onye na-ede egwuregwu na French si ngalaba French Overseas na mpaghara Guadeloupe. Ọ bụkwa onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, onye ọrụ nkuzi ya kpọgara ya na West Africa na North America, yana Caribbean na Europe. Dịka onye edemede, Condé kacha mara amara maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Ségou (1984–1985).. Ihe odide Condé na-enyocha ndị Afrịka bi na mba ọzọ nke sitere na [[Caribbean]]" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Slavery in the Caribbean">Ịgba ohu na ọchịchị ndị na-achị Caribbean. A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, nke e dere na French, n'asụsụ Bekee, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, na Japanese.<ref name=":0" /> O ritere ihe nrite dị iche iche, dị ka Grand Prix Littéraire de la Femme (1986), Prix de l'Académie française (1988), Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe (1997) na New Academy Prize in Literature (2018) maka ọrụ ya. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-asọ mpi maka onyinye Nobel na edemede. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya na Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, na 11 Febụwarị 1934, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Eaton|first=Kalenda|title=Maryse Condé (1937– ) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/|work=blackpast.org|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 October 2007|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402185254/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/}}</ref>ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ. Ndị mụrụ ya so n'ime ndị nkuzi ojii mbụ na Guadeloupe. Nne ya, Jeanne Quidal (onye si Marie-Galante, agwaetiti nke a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe Condé).<ref name="Barbara Lewis interview" /> Nna ya, Auguste Boucolon - onye bụbu onye nkuzi - guzobere obere ụlọ akụ "La Caisse Coopérative des prêts", nke e mechara kpọwa "La Banque Antillaise".<ref name=":4" /> Nna Condé, Auguste Boucolon, nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya: Serge na Albert. Ụmụnne nwanyị atọ nke Condé bụ Ena, Jeanne, na Gillette, ụmụnne ya bụ Auguste, Jean, René, na Guy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> A mụrụ Condé afọ iri na otu mgbe Guy nwụsịrị, mgbe nne ya dị afọ iri anọ na atọ, nna ya dịkwa afọ iri isii na atọ. Condé kọwara onwe ya dị ka "nwatakịrị a na-emebi emebi", nke o kwuru na ọ bụ n'ihi afọ ndụ nne na nna ya, yana oge dị n'etiti ya na ụmụnne ya.<ref name=":4" /> Condé malitere ide ihe mgbe ọ dị obere. Tupu ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, o dere otu ihe nkiri, otu onye. E dere egwuregwu ahụ dị ka onyinye maka ụbọchị ọmụmụ nne ya. <ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Condé gara Lycée Fénelon site na 1953 ruo 1955, a chụpụrụ ya mgbe afọ abụọ gachara. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Paris III (Sorbonne Nouvelle) na Paris. N'oge ọ gara, ya na ndị ọzọ West Indians, Condé guzobere klọb Luis-Carlos Prestes.<ref name=":4" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1958, Condé gara mmemme na Paris nke Les Nègres/The Blacks nke Jean Genet, ebe ọ zutere onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Guinea]] Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4" /> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1958, ọ lụrụ Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4" /> Ha mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ tupu ha kewaa na 1969 (Condé enweela otu nwa site n'aka onye nta akụkọ Haiti bụ Jean Dominique). Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1959, mmekọrịta di na nwunye ahụ adịlarị njọ, Condé kpebiri ịga naanị ya na [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]], ebe ọ kụziri ihe otu afọ na Bingerville.<ref name=":4" /> N'oge ọ laghachiri Guinea maka ezumike, ọ ghọrọ onye maara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site n'aka otu ndị enyi Marxist, ndị ga-emetụta ya ịkwaga [[Ghana]].<ref name=":4" /> Ọ bụ oge ọgba aghara mana ọ bụ oge mmepe ka o mechara dee akụkọ ya n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2012 bụ́ La Vie sans fards (Gịnị Bụ Afrịka Nye M? Akụkụ Akwụkwọ Akụkọ Ndụ Eziokwu), dịka ọ dị na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nọọrọ onwe ha n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, o so ndị dịka Malcolm X, Che Guevara, Julius Nyerere na Maya Angelou kparịta ụka.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.seagullbooks.org/what-is-africa-to-me/|title=What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography|publisher=Seagull Books|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1960 na 1972, ọ kụziri na Guinea, Ghana na [[Senegal]].<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ na Ghana, o dezigharịrị nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ edemede ndị Afrịka na-asụ French, Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française (Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps">{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1|title=Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403181325/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bịara nwee nkụda mmụọ na ọ bụ "onye akaebe nke ọtụtụ ihe na-emegiderịta onwe ya", na ebubo a na-ebo ya maka ọrụ a na-enyo enyo mere ka a chụpụ Condé na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/06/books/maryse-conde-books.html|title=Maryse Condé, at Home in the World|work=The New York Times|first=Anderson|author=Tepper|date=6 March 2023|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị West Africa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na London dị ka onye na-emepụta BBC ruo afọ abụọ.<ref name="Cain">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/02/maryse-conde-guadelopean-grand-storyteller-dies-aged-90|title=Maryse Condé, Guadeloupean 'grand storyteller' dies aged 90|first=Sian|author=Cain|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ na 1973, ọ laghachiri Paris ma kụzie akwụkwọ Francophone na Paris VII (Jussieu), X (Nanterre) , na Ill (Sorbonne Nouvelle). <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1975, ọ gụsịrị M.A. na Ph.D. ya na Sorbonne Nouvelle na Paris na akwụkwọ ntụnyere, na-enyocha stereotypes ojii na Akwụkwọ Caribbean. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="CV" />Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ nkatọ nke gụnyere Le profil d'une oeuvre (Hatier, 1978), La Civilisation du Bossale (L'Harmattan, 1978), na La Parole des femmes (L'Rarmattan, 1979). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> N'afọ 1981, ya na Condé gbara alụkwaghịm, ebe ha kewara kemgbe. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ lụrụ Richard Philcox, Onye Bekee na onye ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Conversing on Paper: Richard Philcox on the Living Art of Translation – Asymptote Blog|url=https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/|accessdate=4 April 2024|language=en|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404115346/https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/}}</ref> O bipụtaghị akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon,'', ruo mgbe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 40, n'ihi na " enweghị obi ike na ma ghara anwa igosi ederede na ụwa dị n'èzí. " <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/books/maryse-conde-alternative-lobel-literature.html|title=Maryse Condé Wins an Alternative to the Literature Nobel in a Scandal-Plagued Year|author=Quinn|first=Annalisa|date=12 October 2018|work=The New York Times|accessdate=16 March 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ, Une saison à Rihata, na 1981; Otú ọ dị, Condé agaghị abụ onye a ma ama dị ka onye edemede Caribbean nke oge a ruo mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke atọ, ''Ségou'' (1984). <ref name=":0" />[she][her] N'ịgbaso ihe ịga nke ọma nke ''Ségou'', na 1985, e nyere Condé agụmakwụkwọ Fulbright na United States iji kụzie "Akwụkwọ na Ọdịbendị nke Caribbean" na Occidental College, [[Los Angeles]] (September 1985-May 1986). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fulbrightscholars.org/node/1246516|title=Literature and Culture of the Caribbean|work=Fulbright Scholar Program|accessdate=10 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1987, ọ bụ onye edemede Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio, e nyekwara ya Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship.<ref name="CV">{{cite web|url=https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891|title=Curriculum Vitae Maryse Condé|access-date=10 April 2024|}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/|title=Maryse Condé|work=www.gf.org|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=2 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002041301/https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, e mere egwuregwu ya The Hills of Massabielle na New York na Ubu Repertory Theater . <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Barbara Lewis interview">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299141|title=No Silence: An Interview with Maryse Condé|first=Barbara|author=Lewis|journal=Callaloo|volume=18|date=Summer 1995|pages=543–550|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0093|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> A gụnyere ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ 1992 Daughters of Africa, nke [[Margaret Busby]] dezigharịrị.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.librarything.com/work/271737|title=Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present|date=1994|editor=Busby|publisher=[[LibraryThing]]|isbn=978-0-345-38268-9|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1995, Condé ghọrọ prọfesọ nke akwụkwọ French na Francophone na Mahadum Columbia dị na New York City, ebe o mechara bụrụ prọfesụ emerita. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/04/maryse-conde-an-english-author-can-reach-the-heart-of-a-caribbean-child|title=Interview {{!}} Maryse Condé: 'An English author can reach the heart of a Caribbean child'|first=Anita|author=Sethi|authorlink=Anita Sethi|work=The Guardian|date=4 July 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> Condé kụziri na mahadum dị iche iche, gụnyere Mahadum California, Berkeley; UCLA, Sorbonne, Mahadum Virginia, na Mahadum Nanterre. Ọ lara ezumike nká na nkuzi n'afọ 2005.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri akụkọ 2011 Maryse Condé, une voix singulière, nke Jérôme Sesquin duziri, nke na-akọ akụkọ ndụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/|title=Film: U.S. Premiere of 'Maryse Condé, une voix singulière'|work=Repeating Islands|date=29 January 2012|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=3 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203135437/https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo|title=Maryse Condé : Une voix singulière|date=15 June 2013|publisher=Ile en île|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=15 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415174729/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, e meghere Collège Maryse-Condé na agwaetiti La Désirade iji sọpụrụ ya. <ref name="CV" /> == Ọnwụ == Condé nwụrụ na Apt, Vaucluse, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ France, na 2 Eprel 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 90. <ref name="Humanite">{{Cite news|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, grande dame de la littérature et de la pensée anticoloniale – L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/maryse-conde/mort-de-maryse-conde-grande-dame-de-la-litterature-et-de-la-pensee-anticoloniale|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=humanite.fr|date=3 September 2021|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name="Marivat 2024">{{Cite news|author=Marivat|first=Gladys|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé est morte|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/04/02/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-est-morte_6225557_3382.html|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=Le Monde.fr|date=2 April 2024|language=fr}}</ref> == Ihe odide ya pụtara == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na-enyocha okwu agbụrụ, okike, na omenala n'ọtụtụ oge na ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche, gụnyere ikpe ndị amoosu Salem na I, Tituba: Amoosu Ojii nke Salem (1986); Alaeze Ukwu Bambara nke Mali nke narị afọ nke 19 na Ségou (1984–1985); na owuwu nke Panama Canal nke narị afọ nke 20 na mmetụta ya na mmụba nke ndị West Indian etiti na Tree of Life (1987). Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-achọpụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Africa na ndị si mba ọzọ bịa, karịsịa ndị Caribbean. Dị ka Louise Hardwick si kwuo, "Cosmopolitan na ọdịdị, akwụkwọ Condé na-ekwu maka mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa zuru ụwa ọnụ n'olu doro anya. Ọ jụrụ mgbalị iji mee ka ụdị ya dị, ma ọ bụ akara na-akọwa ya dị ka onye edemede French ma ọ bụ Creole, " a na-ekwukarị ya ka ọ na-ekwu: "M na-ede na Maryse Condé".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/12/maryse-conde-obituary|title=Maryse Condé obituary|work=The Guardian|date=12 April 2024|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.londonreviewbookshop.co.uk/blog/2020/november/for-a-writer-there-is-no-mother-tongue-he-forges-his-own-language-according-to-his-or-her-needs-a-q-a-with-maryse-conde|title='For a writer there is no mother tongue: he forges his own language according to his or her needs': A Q&A with Maryse Condé|work=[[London Review Bookshop]]|date=25 August 2020|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/|title=Lost Paradise: A Brief Interview with Maryse Condé|first=George|author=Salis|work=The Collidescope|date=27 December 2022|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602214215/https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon'' (n'[[Asụsụ Maninka|Asụsụ Malinke]], aha ahụ pụtara "ichere maka obi ụtọ"), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276|title=Maryse Condé: Author who won 'alternative Nobel Literature Prize' dies at 90|first=Ian|author=Youngs|publisher=BBC News|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=6 April 2024|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404205039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276}}</ref> na 1976. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde "Maryse Condé | Columbia | French"]. ''french.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde Archived] from the original on 20 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ihe na-ese okwu nke ukwuu nke na e wepụrụ ya na shelf mgbe ọnwa isii gasịrị n'ihi nkatọ ya banyere ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'Africa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/|title=Giving Voice to Guadeloupe|author=Condé|first=Maryse|date=6 February 2019|work=The New York Review of Books|language=en|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=6 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206151501/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ahụ yiri ndụ nke Condé n'oge mbụ ọ nọrọ na Guinea, a na-edekwa ya dị ka akụkọ onye mbụ, o kwusiri ike na ọ bụghị akụkọ ndụ onwe onye. Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ akụkọ, dị ka ọ kọwara ya, nke "'anti-moi', onye na-edoghị anya nke ọchụchọ maka njirimara na mmalite ya bụ ụdị nnupụisi nke omume rụrụ arụ. "<ref name=":3">Lionnet, F. (1989). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 "Happiness Deferred: Maryse Condé's ''Heremakhonon'' and the Failure of Enunciation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621134617/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 |date=21 June 2022 }}. In ''Autobiographical Voices: Race, Gender, Self-Portraiture'' (pp. 167–190). Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press.</ref> Condé nọpụrụ iche nke ukwuu site n'ọtụtụ mmegharị akwụkwọ Caribbean, dịka Négritude na Creolité, ma na-elekwasịkarị anya n'isiokwu ndị nwere nchegbu siri ike gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka onye na-akwado ikike ọchịchị n'ọrụ ya nakwa ná ndụ ya, Condé kwetara, sị: "Enweghị m ike ide ihe ọ bụla... ọ gwụla ma ọ nwere ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụfọdụ. Enweghị m ihe ọzọ m ga-enye nke ka dị mkpa. " Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke afọ 1995 bụ Windward Heights bụ reworking nke Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights (1847), nke Condé gụrụ na mbụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 14. Ọ dịla anya ọ chọrọ ịmepụta ọrụ nke ya gburugburu ya, dị ka omume "nkwanye ùgwù". A na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na Guadeloupe, a na-egosikwa agbụrụ na ọdịbendị dị ka nsogbu na-ekewa ndị mmadụ. N'ịtụgharị uche n'otú o si nweta ihe ndabere Caribbean ya n'ide akwụkwọ a, o kwuru, sị:<blockquote>"Ịbụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ ụwa - akụkụ nke ụwa Afrịka n'ihi ndị ohu Afrịka, akụkụ nke ụwa Europe n'ihi agụmakwụkwọ Europe - bụ ụdị echiche abụọ. Ị nwere ike iji nke ahụ n'ụzọ nke gị ma nye ahịrịokwu ihe ọzọ. Obi dị m ụtọ mgbe m na-arụ ọrụ ahụ, n'ihi na ọ bụ egwuregwu, ụdị egwuregwu rụrụ arụ ma na-atọ ụtọ. "    </blockquote>Ihe odide ndị Condé mechara dee gụnyere Tales From the Heart: True Stories From My Childhood (1999), nchịkọta edemede banyere oge ọ bụ nwata, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1|title=''Tales from the Heart'' by Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409235143/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> na Victoire (2006), akụkọ ndụ nke nne nne ya n'oge ndị isi ojii nke Guadeloupe kwupụtara ikike ha maka agụmakwụkwọ na ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nottingham French Studies|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/nfs.2014.0094?journalCode=nfs|title=Maryse Condé's ''Victoire:'' Thinking Back through Her Mothers|date=2014|volume=53|issue=3|doi=10.3366/nfs.2014.0094|author=Green|first=Mary Jean|pages=297–313|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> Who Slashed Celanire's Throat (2000) sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ezigbo akụkọ ma jiri ngwakọta nke Ime Anwansi na nrọ efu na akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere nwanyị chọrọ ịchọpụta eziokwu nke oge gara aga ma bọọ ọbọ maka nkwarụ ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurstonwright.org/books/who-slashed-celanires-throat/|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat|publisher=[[Hurston/Wright Foundation]]}}</ref> Nsụgharị nke afọ 2017 nke Richard Philcox nke Condé dere bụ What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography, Noo Saro-Wiwa kọwara ya na nyocha maka The Times Literary Supplement dị ka "ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma na-atọ ọchị mgbe ụfọdụ banyere afọ iri na abụọ onye edemede ahụ nọrọ n'Africa n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 na 60s. ... ma site na njedebe akwụkwọ ahụ, onye edemede ahụ kwetara na ọ ka maghị ihe Afrịka pụtara nye ya - nkwenye obi ike n'ụwa nke na-achọ akụkọ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. " N'afọ 2018, e nyere Condé New Academy Prize in Literature, nke e guzobere dị ka ihe ọzọ na Nobel Prize in Literation (nke a na-ewere ya dịka onye ọkacha mmasị mana enyeghị ya n'afọ ahụ, n'ihi mmetọ mmekọahụ n'etiti kọmitii onyinye), <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/02/books/maryse-conde-dead.html|title=Maryse Condé, 'Grande Dame' of Francophone Literature, Dies at 90|first=Clay|author=Risen|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> na ndị ọka ikpe na-eto Condé dị ka "onye na-akọ akụkọ ukwu nke edemede ya bụ nke akwụkwọ ụwa, na-akọwa mbibi nke ọchịchị na ọgba aghara postcolonial n'asụsụ nke ziri ezi ma na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ. N'afọ 2022, a kwanyeere ya ugwu dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede 12 nke Royal Society of Literature International, n'akụkụ Anne Carson, [[Tsitsi Dangarembga]], Cornelia Funke, Mary Gaitskill, Faïza Guène, Saidiya Hartman, Kim Hyesoon, Yōko Ogawa, Raja Shehadeh, Juan Gabriel Vásquez na Samar Yazbek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130|title=Twelve Writers Appointed in the Second Year of the RSL International Writers Programme|work=[[Broadway World]]|first=Stephi|author=Wild|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403203559/https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé nke afọ 2023, The Gospel According to the New World, edepụtara maka International Booker Prize ma, mgbe ọ dị afọ 86, ọ bụ onye edemede kacha okenye e depụtara maka ihe nrite ahụ.<ref name="shaffi">{{Cite web|url=https://theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache|title=International Booker prize announces longlist to celebrate 'ambition and panache'|date=14 March 2023|accessdate=14 March 2023|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314091040/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache}}</ref> E ji okwu gwa di ya na onye ntụgharị okwu bụ́ Richard Philcox ka o mepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na o nwere nsogbu akwara ozi nke mere ka o siere ya ike ikwu okwu na ịhụ ihe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-french-caribbean-new-england-new-world-b2522180.html|title=Maryse Condé, prolific 'grande dame' of Caribbean literature, dead at age 90|first=Hillel|author=Italie|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Ha abụọ bụ ndị otu onye edemede-onye ntụgharị nke nwunye na di mbụ a ga-edepụta ogologo oge, ma mesịa depụta, <ref name="shaffi" /> maka onyinye ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB|title=See who's on the 2023 International Booker Prize shortlist|publisher=[[Southbank Centre]]|date=18 April 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524063903/https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé|accessdate=14 March 2023|work=thebookerprizes.com|date=11 February 1934|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314151037/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/may/22/international-booker-prize-2023-cheon-myeong-kwan-gauz-eva-baltasar-georgi-gospodinov-guadalupe-nettel-maryse-conde#:~:text=Maryse%20Cond%C3%A9%2C%20who%20was%20born,will%20be%20her%20final%20novel.|title=The 2023 International Booker prize shortlist – review|first=John|author=Self|work=[[The Observer]]|date=22 May 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> === Ebe ndebe ihe ochie === A na-edebe ihe ndekọ akwụkwọ Maryse Condé (akwụkwọ Maryse Condés, 1979-2012) na Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary|title=Maryse Condé papers, 1979–2012|work=Archival Collections|publisher=Columbia University Libraries|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=22 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622122933/https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |'''Original publication''' ! colspan="5" |'''English publication''' |- ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Translator ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Publisher ! scope="col" |Notes/References |- |''Hérémakhonon'' |1976 |''Heremakhonon'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1982 |Three Continents Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Hérémakhonon|date=1982|publisher=Three Continents Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780894102325|oclc=8646556|edition=1st English language}}</ref> |- |''Une saison à Rihata'' |1981 |''A Season in Rihata'' |1988 |Heinemann |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=A Season in Rihata|date=1988|publisher=Heinemann Educational|isbn=978-0-435-98832-6|oclc=8106613884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IFcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |''Ségou: les murailles de terre''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earthen Wall") | rowspan="3" |1984 | rowspan="3" |''Segu'' | rowspan="3" |Barbara Bray |1987 |Viking Press | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Segu|date=1987|publisher=Viking|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=978-0-670-80728-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zZIAAAAYAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Segu|year=1996|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-14-025949-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhbIMpWGgFQC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1988 |Ballantine Books |- |1998 |Penguin Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Ségou: la terre en miettes''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earth in Pieces") | rowspan="2" |1985 | rowspan="2" |''The Children of Segu'' | rowspan="2" |Linda Coverdale |1989 |Viking Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1989|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-82981-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjdIAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1990|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-36634-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbLpAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1990 |Ballantine Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Moi, Tituba, Sorcière…Noire de Salem'' | rowspan="2" |1986 | rowspan="2" |''I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1992, <br /><br />2009 |University of Virginia Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, black witch of Salem|date=2009|publisher=Univ. of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=9780813927671|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLxAPgAACAAJ|edition=1st paperback|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem|date=1994|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-38420-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uPBhEIKP7kC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1994 |Ballantine Books |- |''La Vie scélérate [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Wicked Life") |1987 |''Tree of Life: A Novel of the Caribbean'' |Victoria Reiter |1992 |Ballantine Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tree of Life|date=1992|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-345-36074-8|edition=1st American|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYJcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tree of Life by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 August 1992|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409040752/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8}}</ref> |- |''Traversée de la mangrove'' |1989 |''Crossing the Mangrove'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1995 |Anchor Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Crossing the Mangrove|date=1995|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-385-47633-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZRkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Self|first=John|title=Crossing the Mangrove by Maryse Condé – a village united by a vagabond|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/sep/26/crossing-the-mangrove-by-maryse-conde-a-village-united-by-a-vagabond|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=The Observer|date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Moudileno & Higginson">{{Cite journal|author=Moudileno|first=Lydie|title=Portrait of the Artist as Dreamer: Maryse Condé's 'Traversée de la Mangrove' and 'Les Derniers Rois Mages'|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=626–640|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0104|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299149|accessdate=9 April 2024|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> |- |''Les Derniers rois mages''<br /><br />(lit: "The Last Magi") |1992 |''The Last of the African Kings'' |1997 |University of Nebraska Press |<ref name="Moudileno & Higginson" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=The Last of the African Kings|year=1997|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1489-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTNLR8PX9asC|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- |''La Colonie du nouveau monde''<br /><br />(lit: "The New World Colony") |1993 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La colonie du nouveau monde: roman|date=1993|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-05903-6|oclc=29239656|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFWgQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''La Migration des cœurs [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Migration of Hearts") |1995 |''Windward Heights'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |1998 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Windward Heights|date=1998|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-161-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d017kQEACAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tepper|first=Anderson|title=Windward Heights|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/09/05/bib/990905.rv103554.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 September 1999}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Wolff|first=Rebecca|authorlink=Rebecca Wolff|title=Maryse Condé|url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|work=[[Bomb (magazine)|BOMB Magazine]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223085419/http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|archivedate=23 December 2015|format=web.archive.org|date=Summer 1999}}</ref> |- |''Desirada'' |1997 |''Desirada'' |2000 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Desirada: roman|date=1997|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221084663|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeh-zwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schwerdtner|first=Karin|title=Wandering, Women and Writing: Maryse Condé's Desirada|journal=Dalhousie French Studies|date=2005|volume=73|pages=129–137|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40837654|issn=0711-8813|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Célanire cou-coupé [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "Slashed-Throat Célanire") |2000 |''Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?'' |2004 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Célanire cou-coupé: roman fantastique|date=2000|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-08629-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBGSQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?: A Fantastical Tale|date=2004|publisher=Atria Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-7434-8260-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz1lAAAAMAAJ|oclc=254224954|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Bailey Nurse|first=Donna|title=Unkindest Cut|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2004/09/26/unkindest-cut/20f98b7b-f5cd-44e8-9baf-9fe4f327c005/|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=Washington Post|date=25 September 2004}}</ref> |- |''La Belle créole''<br /><br />(lit: "The Beautiful Créole") |2001 |''The Belle Créole'' |Nicole Simek |2020 |University of Virginia Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La belle créole: roman|date=2001|publisher=Mercure de France|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7152-1810-9|oclc=47597710|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VZwQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Belle Créole|date=2020|publisher=University of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=978-0-8139-4423-4|oclc=1126348970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRy1DwAAQBAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Histoire de la femme cannibale [fr]'' |2003 |''The Story of the Cannibal Woman'' |Richard Philcox |2007 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Story of the Cannibal Woman|date=2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-7129-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2HEyAYo7iQC|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Maryse|first=Condé|title=Excerpt: 'The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel'|url=https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|date=4 June 2007|quote=The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel, Copyright 2007, by Maryse Conde. Reprinted by permission of Atria Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Inc.|archivedate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408221012/https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Schmidt|first=Elizabeth|title=Magical Thinking|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/books/review/Schmidt.t.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=15 April 2007}}</ref> |- |''Les Belles ténébreuses''<br /><br />(lit: "The Dark Beauties") |2008 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Les belles ténébreuses: roman|date=2008|publisher=Mercure de France|isbn=978-2-7152-2832-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6tpAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''En attendant la montée des eaux [fr]'' |2010 |''Waiting for the Waters to Rise'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |2021 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Waiting for the Waters to Rise|date=2021|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-64286-073-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNyWzQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Iglesias|first=Gabino|title=Having A Conversation With Loss And Grief In 'Waiting For The Waters To Rise'|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 August 2021|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407053430/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise}}</ref> |- |''Le Fabuleux et triste destin d'Ivan et d'Ivana'' |2017 |''The Wondrous and Tragic Life <br /><br />of Ivan and Ivana'' |2020 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana|date=2020|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-912987-09-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcoYzAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Jaggi|first=Maya|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana by Maryse Condé review – a scurrilous picaresque|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/16/the-wondrous-and-tragic-life-of-ivan-and-ivana-by-maryse-conde-review-a-scurrilous-picaresque|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The Guardian|date=16 July 2020}}</ref> |- |''L'Évangile du nouveau monde'' |2021 |''The Gospel According to the New World'' |2023 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World by undefined|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|date=14 October 2022|accessdate=7 April 2024|archivedate=21 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135148/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World: Shortlisted for the International Booker Prize 2023|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world|work=thebookerprizes.com|publisher=The Booker Prizes|accessdate=7 April 2024|language=en|date=7 March 2023|archivedate=25 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925130237/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world}}</ref> |} === Egwuregwu === * An Tan Révolisyion, <ref name="Makward1995">{{Cite journal|author=Makward|first=Christiane P.|title=Reading Maryse Conde's Theatre|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=Summer 1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=681–689|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0094|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299153|accessdate=8 April 2024}}</ref> nke e bipụtara na 1991, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1989 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Makward|first=Christiane|title=Petite histoire de An Tan Révolisyon, elle court, elle court la Liberté|url=https://www.cairn.info/sans-fards-melanges-en-l-honneur-de-maryse-conde--9791095177029-page-135.htm|date=2024|publisher=Presses universitaires des Antilles|isbn=979-10-95177-02-9|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Comédie d'Amour, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1993 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maryse Condé|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/|work=Île en île|date=17 November 1998|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=28 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/}}</ref><ref name="Kazaconde">{{Cite web|title=Biographie & bibliographie|url=https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/|work=Kazaconde|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409165832/https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/}}</ref> * Dieu nous l'a donné, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1972, nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1973 * La Mort d'Oluwémi d'Ajumako, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1973, nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na [[Gabon]] * Le Morne de Massabielle, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na Puteaux, France, e mechara mee ya na Bekee na New York dị ka The Hills of Massabielle na Ubu Repertory Theater (1991) <ref name="CV" /> * Les Sept voyages de Ti-Noël (nke ya na José Jernidier jikọrọ aka dee), nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1987 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè|title='Je Me Suis Réconciliée Avec Mon Île': Une Interview de Maryse Condé|journal=Callaloo|issue=38}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=José Jernidier|url=https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles|title=Analyse dramaturgique et mise en jeu de textes dramatiques de langue et culture créole et autres textes composites français/créoles|work=chantiersnomades.com|date=2024|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409201316/https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=José Jernidier|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/|work=Île en île|date=3 January 2021|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=1 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601085752/http://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/}}</ref> * Pension les Alizés, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1988, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe ma mesịa mee na New York dị ka Tropical Breeze Hotel (1995) <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bruckner|first=D. J. R.|title=In Performance; Theater|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/22/theater/in-performance-theater-892495.html|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=22 February 1995}}</ref> * ''''Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ'''' (2007). Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Play : Comme deux frères|url=https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html|work=Siyaj at UVa Caribbean Theater Company at the University of Virginia|publisher=Dept. of French Language and Literature, University of Virginia|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=2009|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407054940/https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html}}</ref> === Nkatọ na akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ === * "Ndị edemede nwanyị atọ n'Africa nke oge a: [[Flora Nwapa]], Ama Ata Aidoo na [[Grace Emily Akinyi Ogot|Grace Ogot]]" (1972), Presence Africaine, 82:132-143.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Three Female Writers in Modern Africa : Flora Nwapa, Ama Ata Aidoo and Grace Ogot|journal=[[Présence Africaine]]|date=1972|issue=82|pages=132–143|doi=10.3917/presa.082.0132|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350338|issn=0032-7638|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Akụkọ banyere otu ọrụ, Hatier, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> * Mmepeanya nke Bossale: Echiche banyere akwụkwọ a na-ekwu n'ọnụ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, Paris: L'Harmattan, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi">{{Cite web|author=Mekkawi|first=Mohamed|url=http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|title=Maryse Condé: Novelist, Playwright, Critic, Teacher: An Introductory Bio-bibliography|publisher=Howard University Libraries|date=1990|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|accessdate=11 April 2024|archivedate=31 March 2013}}</ref> * ''Okwu ụmụ nwanyị: Essai sur des romancières des Antilles de langue française.'' , Paris: L'Harmattan, 1979<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi" /> * Ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé (1993). ''Mkparịta ụka na Maryse Condé'' (1996). Ajụjụ ọnụ na Françoise Pfaff. Nsụgharị Bekee gụnyere isi ọhụrụ dabere na ajụjụ ọnụ 1994. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Entretiens avec Maryse Condé: suivis d'une bibliographie complète|date=1993|publisher=Editions Karthala|isbn=978-2-86537-435-9|oclc=30739196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JcAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=Conversations with Maryse Condä|date=1 January 1996|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=978-0-8032-3713-1|oclc=34243864|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64LQXH9dTnYC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Pfaff|first=Françoise|title=Nouveaux entretiens avec Maryse Condé: écrivain et témoin de son temps|date=2016|publisher=Éditions Karthala|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-8111-1707-8|oclc=960463375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Gk9vgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "The Role of the Writer" (1993), World Literature Today, 67 (4): 697-699.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Role of the Writer|journal=[[World Literature Today]]|date=1993|volume=67|issue=4|pages=697–699|doi=10.2307/40149563|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40149563|issn=0196-3570|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Obi na-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá: ihe ncheta nke nwata m (1999). Akụkọ sitere n'obi: Akụkọ Ezi Akụkọ sitere na nwata m, trans. Richard Philcox (2001). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Le coeur à rire et à pleurer: contes vrais de mon enfance|date=1999|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-266-09868-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugA-HQAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tales from the Heart: True Stories from My Childhood|date=2001|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-264-4|oclc=46422017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t35cAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer" (2000), ''Yale French Studies'' 97: 151.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer|journal=[[Yale French Studies]]|date=2000|issue=97|pages=151–165|doi=10.2307/2903218|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2903218|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * ''Mmeri, ụtọ na okwu'' (2006). ''Mmeri: Nne M'', trans. Richard Philcox (2006). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother|year=2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-0058-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8t2ktvTuHQC|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 October 2009|archivedate=5 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405005814/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761}}</ref> * La Vie sans fards (2012). Gịnị bụ Africa nye m? Iberibe nke True-to-Life Autobiography, trans. Richard Philcox (2017). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La vie sans fards|date=2012|publisher=Le Grand livre du mois|isbn=978-2-286-09075-3|oclc=826769208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlhrmAEACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=What Is Africa to Me?: Fragments of a True-to-life Autobiography|date=2017|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-0-85742-376-4|oclc=964730164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE6ODAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * The Journey of a Caribbean Writer (2013). Nchịkọta nke edemede, trans. Richard Philcox.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Journey of a Caribbean Writer|date=2014|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London New York Calcutta|isbn=978-0-85742-097-8|oclc=846745180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta2PMQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Mets na ihe ịtụnanya (2015). N'ime Morsels na Marvels, trans. Richard Philcox (2015). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Mets et merveilles|date=2015|publisher=JC Lattès|location=Paris|isbn=9782709644792|oclc=907643787|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7VGrgEACAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Of Morsels and Marvels|date=2020|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London; New York|isbn=978-0-85742-693-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lh2wwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> === Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ === * Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française. Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * ''Abụ Ndị Caribbean''. Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * Ebe ndị Rom si Caribbean Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * ''Akara olu maka Guy Tirolien'' (onye na-enyekwa aka). Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1990.<ref name="CV" /> * Caliban's Legacy, mbipụta pụrụ iche nke ''Callaloo'' na akwụkwọ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, 1992. <ref name="CV" /> * L'Heritage de Caliban (onye nchịkọta akụkọ), edemede na akwụkwọ Francophone Caribbean. Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1992.<ref name="CV" /> * ''Chee echiche nke Creole''. Paris: mbipụta Karthala, 1995.<ref name="CV" /> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1986: Nnukwu Ihe Nrite Akwụkwọ nke Nwaanyị<ref>{{Cite book|author=Carruggi|first=Noëlle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UT4CBVBfPB8C&pg=PA17|title=Maryse Condé: rébellion et transgressions|date=2010|publisher=Karthala Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-0362-0|pages=17|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html|title=Auteur: Maryse Condé -|work=Guadeloupe le Guide|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402202749/https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html}}</ref> * 1987: Prix de l'Académie française (La vie scélérate) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, plusieurs vies de combat|first=Muriel|author=Steinmetz|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[L'Humanité]]|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403092909/https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat}}</ref> * 1988: Liberatur Prize (''Ségou'') <ref>{{Cite web|date=3 April 2024|title=Guadeloupe's Maryse Condé remembered as a fearless explorer of the complexities of Caribbean history and identity|url=https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Global Voices|first=Janine|author=Mendes-Franco|language=en|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403232752/https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Forsdick|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|title=Postcolonial Thought in the French Speaking World|date=2022|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-80207-934-0|pages=43|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> * 1993: Ihe nrite Puterbaugh <ref>{{Cite news|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé, prolific Guadeloupean writer, dies aged 90|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/obituaries/article/2024/04/02/maryse-conde-prolific-guadeloupean-writer-dies-aged-90_6667137_15.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[Le Monde]]|first=Gladys|author=Marivat|language=en}}</ref> * 1997: Prix Carbet de la Caraibe (Desirada) * 1999: Marguerite Yourcenar Prize (Obi ị ga-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá) <ref name=":2">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1 "Author Profile: Maryse Condé"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219221020/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1|jstor=40158493 |date=19 February 2022 }}. ''World Literature Today'' (September–December 2004), 78 (3/4), p. 27.</ref> * 1999: Lifetime Achievement Award site na mmemme Africana Studies nke Mahadum New York <ref name=":2" /> * 2001: Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres site na Gọọmentị France <ref name=":2" /> * 2005: Hurston/Wright Legacy Award (Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/11/02/writers-conde-de-veaux-win-hurstonwright-prizes/e2d706ed-4f46-431d-9abf-475129c4ccf2/|title=Writers Conde, De Veaux Win Hurston/Wright Prizes|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=1 November 2005}}</ref> * 2007: Prix Tropiques de l'Agence française de développement (Victoire, les saveurs et les mots) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé : mort d'une autrice à l'oeuvre humaniste et universelle {{!}} TV5Monde – Informations|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366|author=Terriennes|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=information.tv5monde.com|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 April 2007|title=La semaine (du 14 au 20 avril)|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/|work=[[Jeune Afrique]]|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/}}</ref> * 2008: Ihe nrite nke nka Afro-Caribbean maka Les Belles Ténèbres. Paris <ref name="CV" /> * 2009: Ihe nrite nke Afro-Caribbean Arts for Lifetime Achievement. Paris <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Île en île">[https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ Maryse Condé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ |date=28 October 2023 }} at Île en île.</ref> * 2010: Grand prix du roman métis (Ka ọ na-echere ịrị elu nke mmiri) <ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2010|title=Maryse Condé, Grand prix du roman métis|url=https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Bibliobs|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html}}</ref> * 2018: New Academy Prize in Literature <ref name=":5" /> * 2020: PEN Translates award for Waiting for the Waters to Rise <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/|title=Nineteen PEN Translates awards go to titles from fifteen countries and thirteen languages|work=[[English PEN]]|date=10 June 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=29 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829215207/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/}}</ref> * 2021: Ihe nrite ụwa Cino Del Duca<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 June 2021|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé reçoit le prix de la Fondation Cino del Duca pour son oeuvre 'portée sur l'humanisme'|first=Lauriane|author=Nembrot|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Outre-mer la 1ère|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html}}</ref> * 2021: PEN Translates award from English PEN for The Gospel According to the New World <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/|title=PEN Translates awards announced|work=English PEN|date=21 December 2021|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=5 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605194631/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/}}</ref> * 2022: Royal Society of Literature International Writer <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/30/tsitsi-dangarembga-royal-society-of-literature-international-writers-award|title=Tsitsi Dangarembga, Anne Carson and Mary Gaitskill honoured by Royal Society of Literature|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|work=The Guardian|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/|title=RSL International Writers|date=3 September 2023|publisher=Royal Society of Literature|accessdate=3 December 2023|archivedate=20 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120181559/https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Akwụkwọ Caribbean * Akwụkwọ ndị e dere mgbe ha nwụsịrị * Ọchịchịrị == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Lee, Vanessa, ụmụ nwanyị anọ Caribbean na-ede ihe nkiri: Ina Césaire, Maryse Condé, Gerty Dambury na Suzanne Dracius (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021). * Perisic, Alexandra Mgbagwoju anya: Immigration, Neoliberalism, na Atlantic (na Maryse Condé, Roberto Bolaño, Giannina Braschi, Caryl Phillips), 2019. * Small, Audrey H., [https://theconversation.com/five-books-by-maryse-conde-to-introduce-you-to-the-award-winning-guadeloupian-writer-228443 "Akwụkwọ ise nke Maryse Condé iji mee ka ị mata onye edemede Guadeloupian meriri ihe nrite"], The Conversation, 26 Eprel 2024. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879 Ịchọta enyemaka maka akwụkwọ Maryse Condé na Mahadum Columbia]. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Onye edemede French Guadeloupe Maryse Condé na-agụ site na ọrụ ya na Recording Laboratory], 24 Septemba 1999 (Library of Congress). * Works by Maryse CondénaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ mepere emepe * Mekkawi, Mohamed [https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm "Maryse Condé: Onye edemede, onye na-ede egwuregwu, onye nkatọ, onye nkuzi: Akụkọ ndụ"]. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Libraries, 1990 (rev. 1992). * Petri Liukkonen. "Maryse Condé". Akwụkwọ na ndị edemede. * [http://fr.calameo.com/read/00429924444e06fb891de Nkwupụta nke Maryse Condé Fund nke Médiathèque Caribbean (laméca), akwụkwọ ndị sitere na ọbá akwụkwọ onwe onye nke Maryse condé] * [http://www.webguinee.net/bibliotheque/literature/maryse-conde/index.html webGuinée - Maryse Condé] * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Maryse Condé dekọrọ maka Archive of Literature site na Hispanic Division na Library of Congress, Washington, D.D.], na 24 Septemba 1999. * {{IMDb name|2268887}} * Maryse Condédiski naDiscogs * Mason Street, [https://thethornfieldreview.org/2017/07/31/an-interview-with-maryse-conde/ "N'ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé"], The Thornfield Review, 31 Julaị 2017. * Leïla Slimani (nke Kim Willsher sụgharịrị), "'An extraordinary role model': Maryse Condé remembered by Leïlalimani", ''The Guardian'', 3 April 2024. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Conde, Maryse}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 81dj3vdbfcyi6ey9y21csispuxdkeq9 692753 692752 2026-07-30T14:38:12Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 692753 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:MaryseConde2006.jpg|thumb|Maryse Conde]] '''Maryse Condé''' (née '''Marise Liliane Appoline Boucolon'''; 11 Febụwarị 1934 – 2 Eprel 2024) bụ onye edemede akụkọ, onye nkatọ, na onye na-ede egwuregwu na French si ngalaba French Overseas na mpaghara Guadeloupe. Ọ bụkwa onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, onye ọrụ nkuzi ya kpọgara ya na West Africa na North America, yana Caribbean na Europe. Dịka onye edemede, Condé kacha mara amara maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Ségou (1984–1985).. Ihe odide Condé na-enyocha ndị Afrịka bi na mba ọzọ nke sitere na [[Caribbean]]" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Slavery in the Caribbean">Ịgba ohu na ọchịchị ndị na-achị Caribbean. A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, nke e dere na French, n'asụsụ Bekee, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, na Japanese.<ref name=":0" /> O ritere ihe nrite dị iche iche, dị ka Grand Prix Littéraire de la Femme (1986), Prix de l'Académie française (1988), Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe (1997) na New Academy Prize in Literature (2018) maka ọrụ ya. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-asọ mpi maka onyinye Nobel na edemede. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya na Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, na 11 Febụwarị 1934, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Eaton|first=Kalenda|title=Maryse Condé (1937– ) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/|work=blackpast.org|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 October 2007|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402185254/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/}}</ref>ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ. Ndị mụrụ ya so n'ime ndị nkuzi ojii mbụ na Guadeloupe. Nne ya, Jeanne Quidal (onye si Marie-Galante, agwaetiti nke a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe Condé).<ref name="Barbara Lewis interview" /> Nna ya, Auguste Boucolon - onye bụbu onye nkuzi - guzobere obere ụlọ akụ "La Caisse Coopérative des prêts", nke e mechara kpọwa "La Banque Antillaise".<ref name=":4" /> Nna Condé, Auguste Boucolon, nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya: Serge na Albert. Ụmụnne nwanyị atọ nke Condé bụ Ena, Jeanne, na Gillette, ụmụnne ya bụ Auguste, Jean, René, na Guy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> A mụrụ Condé afọ iri na otu mgbe Guy nwụsịrị, mgbe nne ya dị afọ iri anọ na atọ, nna ya dịkwa afọ iri isii na atọ. Condé kọwara onwe ya dị ka "nwatakịrị a na-emebi emebi", nke o kwuru na ọ bụ n'ihi afọ ndụ nne na nna ya, yana oge dị n'etiti ya na ụmụnne ya.<ref name=":4" /> Condé malitere ide ihe mgbe ọ dị obere. Tupu ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, o dere otu ihe nkiri, otu onye. E dere egwuregwu ahụ dị ka onyinye maka ụbọchị ọmụmụ nne ya. <ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Condé gara Lycée Fénelon site na 1953 ruo 1955, a chụpụrụ ya mgbe afọ abụọ gachara. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Paris III (Sorbonne Nouvelle) na Paris. N'oge ọ gara, ya na ndị ọzọ West Indians, Condé guzobere klọb Luis-Carlos Prestes.<ref name=":4" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1958, Condé gara mmemme na Paris nke Les Nègres/The Blacks nke Jean Genet, ebe ọ zutere onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Guinea]] Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4" /> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1958, ọ lụrụ Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4" /> Ha mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ tupu ha kewaa na 1969 (Condé enweela otu nwa site n'aka onye nta akụkọ Haiti bụ Jean Dominique). Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1959, mmekọrịta di na nwunye ahụ adịlarị njọ, Condé kpebiri ịga naanị ya na [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]], ebe ọ kụziri ihe otu afọ na Bingerville.<ref name=":4" /> N'oge ọ laghachiri Guinea maka ezumike, ọ ghọrọ onye maara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site n'aka otu ndị enyi Marxist, ndị ga-emetụta ya ịkwaga [[Ghana]].<ref name=":4" /> Ọ bụ oge ọgba aghara mana ọ bụ oge mmepe ka o mechara dee akụkọ ya n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2012 bụ́ La Vie sans fards (Gịnị Bụ Afrịka Nye M? Akụkụ Akwụkwọ Akụkọ Ndụ Eziokwu), dịka ọ dị na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nọọrọ onwe ha n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, o so ndị dịka Malcolm X, Che Guevara, Julius Nyerere na Maya Angelou kparịta ụka.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.seagullbooks.org/what-is-africa-to-me/|title=What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography|publisher=Seagull Books|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1960 na 1972, ọ kụziri na Guinea, Ghana na [[Senegal]].<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọ na Ghana, o dezigharịrị nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ edemede ndị Afrịka na-asụ French, Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française (Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps">{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1|title=Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403181325/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bịara nwee nkụda mmụọ na ọ bụ "onye akaebe nke ọtụtụ ihe na-emegiderịta onwe ya", na ebubo a na-ebo ya maka ọrụ a na-enyo enyo mere ka a chụpụ Condé na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/06/books/maryse-conde-books.html|title=Maryse Condé, at Home in the World|work=The New York Times|first=Anderson|author=Tepper|date=6 March 2023|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị West Africa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na London dị ka onye na-emepụta BBC ruo afọ abụọ.<ref name="Cain">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/02/maryse-conde-guadelopean-grand-storyteller-dies-aged-90|title=Maryse Condé, Guadeloupean 'grand storyteller' dies aged 90|first=Sian|author=Cain|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ na 1973, ọ laghachiri Paris ma kụzie akwụkwọ Francophone na Paris VII (Jussieu), X (Nanterre) , na Ill (Sorbonne Nouvelle). <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1975, ọ gụsịrị M.A. na Ph.D. ya na Sorbonne Nouvelle na Paris na akwụkwọ ntụnyere, na-enyocha stereotypes ojii na Akwụkwọ Caribbean. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="CV" />Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ nkatọ nke gụnyere Le profil d'une oeuvre (Hatier, 1978), La Civilisation du Bossale (L'Harmattan, 1978), na La Parole des femmes (L'Rarmattan, 1979). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> N'afọ 1981, ya na Condé gbara alụkwaghịm, ebe ha kewara kemgbe. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ lụrụ Richard Philcox, Onye Bekee na onye ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Conversing on Paper: Richard Philcox on the Living Art of Translation – Asymptote Blog|url=https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/|accessdate=4 April 2024|language=en|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404115346/https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/}}</ref> O bipụtaghị akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon,'', ruo mgbe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 40, n'ihi na " enweghị obi ike na ma ghara anwa igosi ederede na ụwa dị n'èzí. " <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/books/maryse-conde-alternative-lobel-literature.html|title=Maryse Condé Wins an Alternative to the Literature Nobel in a Scandal-Plagued Year|author=Quinn|first=Annalisa|date=12 October 2018|work=The New York Times|accessdate=16 March 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ, Une saison à Rihata, na 1981; Otú ọ dị, Condé agaghị abụ onye a ma ama dị ka onye edemede Caribbean nke oge a ruo mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke atọ, ''Ségou'' (1984). <ref name=":0" />[she][her] N'ịgbaso ihe ịga nke ọma nke ''Ségou'', na 1985, e nyere Condé agụmakwụkwọ Fulbright na United States iji kụzie "Akwụkwọ na Ọdịbendị nke Caribbean" na Occidental College, [[Los Angeles]] (September 1985-May 1986). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fulbrightscholars.org/node/1246516|title=Literature and Culture of the Caribbean|work=Fulbright Scholar Program|accessdate=10 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1987, ọ bụ onye edemede Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio, e nyekwara ya Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship.<ref name="CV">{{cite web|url=https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891|title=Curriculum Vitae {{!}} Maryse Condé|access-date=10 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402190337/https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/|title=Maryse Condé|work=www.gf.org|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=2 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002041301/https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, e mere egwuregwu ya The Hills of Massabielle na New York na Ubu Repertory Theater . <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Barbara Lewis interview">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299141|title=No Silence: An Interview with Maryse Condé|first=Barbara|author=Lewis|journal=Callaloo|volume=18|date=Summer 1995|pages=543–550|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0093|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> A gụnyere ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ 1992 Daughters of Africa, nke [[Margaret Busby]] dezigharịrị.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.librarything.com/work/271737|title=Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present|date=1994|editor=Busby|publisher=[[LibraryThing]]|isbn=978-0-345-38268-9|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1995, Condé ghọrọ prọfesọ nke akwụkwọ French na Francophone na Mahadum Columbia dị na New York City, ebe o mechara bụrụ prọfesụ emerita. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/04/maryse-conde-an-english-author-can-reach-the-heart-of-a-caribbean-child|title=Interview {{!}} Maryse Condé: 'An English author can reach the heart of a Caribbean child'|first=Anita|author=Sethi|authorlink=Anita Sethi|work=The Guardian|date=4 July 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> Condé kụziri na mahadum dị iche iche, gụnyere Mahadum California, Berkeley; UCLA, Sorbonne, Mahadum Virginia, na Mahadum Nanterre. Ọ lara ezumike nká na nkuzi n'afọ 2005.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri akụkọ 2011 Maryse Condé, une voix singulière, nke Jérôme Sesquin duziri, nke na-akọ akụkọ ndụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/|title=Film: U.S. Premiere of 'Maryse Condé, une voix singulière'|work=Repeating Islands|date=29 January 2012|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=3 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203135437/https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo|title=Maryse Condé : Une voix singulière|date=15 June 2013|publisher=Ile en île|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=15 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415174729/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, e meghere Collège Maryse-Condé na agwaetiti La Désirade iji sọpụrụ ya. <ref name="CV" /> == Ọnwụ == Condé nwụrụ na Apt, Vaucluse, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ France, na 2 Eprel 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 90. <ref name="Humanite">{{Cite news|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, grande dame de la littérature et de la pensée anticoloniale – L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/maryse-conde/mort-de-maryse-conde-grande-dame-de-la-litterature-et-de-la-pensee-anticoloniale|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=humanite.fr|date=3 September 2021|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name="Marivat 2024">{{Cite news|author=Marivat|first=Gladys|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé est morte|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/04/02/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-est-morte_6225557_3382.html|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=Le Monde.fr|date=2 April 2024|language=fr}}</ref> == Ihe odide ya pụtara == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na-enyocha okwu agbụrụ, okike, na omenala n'ọtụtụ oge na ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche, gụnyere ikpe ndị amoosu Salem na I, Tituba: Amoosu Ojii nke Salem (1986); Alaeze Ukwu Bambara nke Mali nke narị afọ nke 19 na Ségou (1984–1985); na owuwu nke Panama Canal nke narị afọ nke 20 na mmetụta ya na mmụba nke ndị West Indian etiti na Tree of Life (1987). Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-achọpụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Africa na ndị si mba ọzọ bịa, karịsịa ndị Caribbean. Dị ka Louise Hardwick si kwuo, "Cosmopolitan na ọdịdị, akwụkwọ Condé na-ekwu maka mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa zuru ụwa ọnụ n'olu doro anya. Ọ jụrụ mgbalị iji mee ka ụdị ya dị, ma ọ bụ akara na-akọwa ya dị ka onye edemede French ma ọ bụ Creole, " a na-ekwukarị ya ka ọ na-ekwu: "M na-ede na Maryse Condé".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/12/maryse-conde-obituary|title=Maryse Condé obituary|work=The Guardian|date=12 April 2024|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.londonreviewbookshop.co.uk/blog/2020/november/for-a-writer-there-is-no-mother-tongue-he-forges-his-own-language-according-to-his-or-her-needs-a-q-a-with-maryse-conde|title='For a writer there is no mother tongue: he forges his own language according to his or her needs': A Q&A with Maryse Condé|work=[[London Review Bookshop]]|date=25 August 2020|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/|title=Lost Paradise: A Brief Interview with Maryse Condé|first=George|author=Salis|work=The Collidescope|date=27 December 2022|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602214215/https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon'' (n'[[Asụsụ Maninka|Asụsụ Malinke]], aha ahụ pụtara "ichere maka obi ụtọ"), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276|title=Maryse Condé: Author who won 'alternative Nobel Literature Prize' dies at 90|first=Ian|author=Youngs|publisher=BBC News|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=6 April 2024|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404205039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276}}</ref> na 1976. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde "Maryse Condé | Columbia | French"]. ''french.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde Archived] from the original on 20 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ihe na-ese okwu nke ukwuu nke na e wepụrụ ya na shelf mgbe ọnwa isii gasịrị n'ihi nkatọ ya banyere ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'Africa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/|title=Giving Voice to Guadeloupe|author=Condé|first=Maryse|date=6 February 2019|work=The New York Review of Books|language=en|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=6 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206151501/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ahụ yiri ndụ nke Condé n'oge mbụ ọ nọrọ na Guinea, a na-edekwa ya dị ka akụkọ onye mbụ, o kwusiri ike na ọ bụghị akụkọ ndụ onwe onye. Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ akụkọ, dị ka ọ kọwara ya, nke "'anti-moi', onye na-edoghị anya nke ọchụchọ maka njirimara na mmalite ya bụ ụdị nnupụisi nke omume rụrụ arụ. "<ref name=":3">Lionnet, F. (1989). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 "Happiness Deferred: Maryse Condé's ''Heremakhonon'' and the Failure of Enunciation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621134617/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 |date=21 June 2022 }}. In ''Autobiographical Voices: Race, Gender, Self-Portraiture'' (pp. 167–190). Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press.</ref> Condé nọpụrụ iche nke ukwuu site n'ọtụtụ mmegharị akwụkwọ Caribbean, dịka Négritude na Creolité, ma na-elekwasịkarị anya n'isiokwu ndị nwere nchegbu siri ike gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka onye na-akwado ikike ọchịchị n'ọrụ ya nakwa ná ndụ ya, Condé kwetara, sị: "Enweghị m ike ide ihe ọ bụla... ọ gwụla ma ọ nwere ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụfọdụ. Enweghị m ihe ọzọ m ga-enye nke ka dị mkpa. " Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke afọ 1995 bụ Windward Heights bụ reworking nke Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights (1847), nke Condé gụrụ na mbụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 14. Ọ dịla anya ọ chọrọ ịmepụta ọrụ nke ya gburugburu ya, dị ka omume "nkwanye ùgwù". A na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na Guadeloupe, a na-egosikwa agbụrụ na ọdịbendị dị ka nsogbu na-ekewa ndị mmadụ. N'ịtụgharị uche n'otú o si nweta ihe ndabere Caribbean ya n'ide akwụkwọ a, o kwuru, sị:<blockquote>"Ịbụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ ụwa - akụkụ nke ụwa Afrịka n'ihi ndị ohu Afrịka, akụkụ nke ụwa Europe n'ihi agụmakwụkwọ Europe - bụ ụdị echiche abụọ. Ị nwere ike iji nke ahụ n'ụzọ nke gị ma nye ahịrịokwu ihe ọzọ. Obi dị m ụtọ mgbe m na-arụ ọrụ ahụ, n'ihi na ọ bụ egwuregwu, ụdị egwuregwu rụrụ arụ ma na-atọ ụtọ. "    </blockquote>Ihe odide ndị Condé mechara dee gụnyere Tales From the Heart: True Stories From My Childhood (1999), nchịkọta edemede banyere oge ọ bụ nwata, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1|title=''Tales from the Heart'' by Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409235143/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> na Victoire (2006), akụkọ ndụ nke nne nne ya n'oge ndị isi ojii nke Guadeloupe kwupụtara ikike ha maka agụmakwụkwọ na ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nottingham French Studies|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/nfs.2014.0094?journalCode=nfs|title=Maryse Condé's ''Victoire:'' Thinking Back through Her Mothers|date=2014|volume=53|issue=3|doi=10.3366/nfs.2014.0094|author=Green|first=Mary Jean|pages=297–313|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> Who Slashed Celanire's Throat (2000) sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ezigbo akụkọ ma jiri ngwakọta nke Ime Anwansi na nrọ efu na akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere nwanyị chọrọ ịchọpụta eziokwu nke oge gara aga ma bọọ ọbọ maka nkwarụ ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurstonwright.org/books/who-slashed-celanires-throat/|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat|publisher=[[Hurston/Wright Foundation]]}}</ref> Nsụgharị nke afọ 2017 nke Richard Philcox nke Condé dere bụ What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography, Noo Saro-Wiwa kọwara ya na nyocha maka The Times Literary Supplement dị ka "ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma na-atọ ọchị mgbe ụfọdụ banyere afọ iri na abụọ onye edemede ahụ nọrọ n'Africa n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 na 60s. ... ma site na njedebe akwụkwọ ahụ, onye edemede ahụ kwetara na ọ ka maghị ihe Afrịka pụtara nye ya - nkwenye obi ike n'ụwa nke na-achọ akụkọ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. " N'afọ 2018, e nyere Condé New Academy Prize in Literature, nke e guzobere dị ka ihe ọzọ na Nobel Prize in Literation (nke a na-ewere ya dịka onye ọkacha mmasị mana enyeghị ya n'afọ ahụ, n'ihi mmetọ mmekọahụ n'etiti kọmitii onyinye), <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/02/books/maryse-conde-dead.html|title=Maryse Condé, 'Grande Dame' of Francophone Literature, Dies at 90|first=Clay|author=Risen|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> na ndị ọka ikpe na-eto Condé dị ka "onye na-akọ akụkọ ukwu nke edemede ya bụ nke akwụkwọ ụwa, na-akọwa mbibi nke ọchịchị na ọgba aghara postcolonial n'asụsụ nke ziri ezi ma na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ. N'afọ 2022, a kwanyeere ya ugwu dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede 12 nke Royal Society of Literature International, n'akụkụ Anne Carson, [[Tsitsi Dangarembga]], Cornelia Funke, Mary Gaitskill, Faïza Guène, Saidiya Hartman, Kim Hyesoon, Yōko Ogawa, Raja Shehadeh, Juan Gabriel Vásquez na Samar Yazbek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130|title=Twelve Writers Appointed in the Second Year of the RSL International Writers Programme|work=[[Broadway World]]|first=Stephi|author=Wild|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403203559/https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé nke afọ 2023, The Gospel According to the New World, edepụtara maka International Booker Prize ma, mgbe ọ dị afọ 86, ọ bụ onye edemede kacha okenye e depụtara maka ihe nrite ahụ.<ref name="shaffi">{{Cite web|url=https://theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache|title=International Booker prize announces longlist to celebrate 'ambition and panache'|date=14 March 2023|accessdate=14 March 2023|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314091040/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache}}</ref> E ji okwu gwa di ya na onye ntụgharị okwu bụ́ Richard Philcox ka o mepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na o nwere nsogbu akwara ozi nke mere ka o siere ya ike ikwu okwu na ịhụ ihe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-french-caribbean-new-england-new-world-b2522180.html|title=Maryse Condé, prolific 'grande dame' of Caribbean literature, dead at age 90|first=Hillel|author=Italie|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Ha abụọ bụ ndị otu onye edemede-onye ntụgharị nke nwunye na di mbụ a ga-edepụta ogologo oge, ma mesịa depụta, <ref name="shaffi" /> maka onyinye ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB|title=See who's on the 2023 International Booker Prize shortlist|publisher=[[Southbank Centre]]|date=18 April 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524063903/https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé|accessdate=14 March 2023|work=thebookerprizes.com|date=11 February 1934|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314151037/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/may/22/international-booker-prize-2023-cheon-myeong-kwan-gauz-eva-baltasar-georgi-gospodinov-guadalupe-nettel-maryse-conde#:~:text=Maryse%20Cond%C3%A9%2C%20who%20was%20born,will%20be%20her%20final%20novel.|title=The 2023 International Booker prize shortlist – review|first=John|author=Self|work=[[The Observer]]|date=22 May 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> === Ebe ndebe ihe ochie === A na-edebe ihe ndekọ akwụkwọ Maryse Condé (akwụkwọ Maryse Condés, 1979-2012) na Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary|title=Maryse Condé papers, 1979–2012|work=Archival Collections|publisher=Columbia University Libraries|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=22 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622122933/https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |'''Original publication''' ! colspan="5" |'''English publication''' |- ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Translator ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Publisher ! scope="col" |Notes/References |- |''Hérémakhonon'' |1976 |''Heremakhonon'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1982 |Three Continents Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Hérémakhonon|date=1982|publisher=Three Continents Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780894102325|oclc=8646556|edition=1st English language}}</ref> |- |''Une saison à Rihata'' |1981 |''A Season in Rihata'' |1988 |Heinemann |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=A Season in Rihata|date=1988|publisher=Heinemann Educational|isbn=978-0-435-98832-6|oclc=8106613884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IFcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |''Ségou: les murailles de terre''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earthen Wall") | rowspan="3" |1984 | rowspan="3" |''Segu'' | rowspan="3" |Barbara Bray |1987 |Viking Press | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Segu|date=1987|publisher=Viking|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=978-0-670-80728-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zZIAAAAYAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Segu|year=1996|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-14-025949-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhbIMpWGgFQC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1988 |Ballantine Books |- |1998 |Penguin Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Ségou: la terre en miettes''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earth in Pieces") | rowspan="2" |1985 | rowspan="2" |''The Children of Segu'' | rowspan="2" |Linda Coverdale |1989 |Viking Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1989|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-82981-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjdIAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1990|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-36634-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbLpAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1990 |Ballantine Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Moi, Tituba, Sorcière…Noire de Salem'' | rowspan="2" |1986 | rowspan="2" |''I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1992, <br /><br />2009 |University of Virginia Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, black witch of Salem|date=2009|publisher=Univ. of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=9780813927671|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLxAPgAACAAJ|edition=1st paperback|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem|date=1994|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-38420-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uPBhEIKP7kC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1994 |Ballantine Books |- |''La Vie scélérate [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Wicked Life") |1987 |''Tree of Life: A Novel of the Caribbean'' |Victoria Reiter |1992 |Ballantine Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tree of Life|date=1992|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-345-36074-8|edition=1st American|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYJcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tree of Life by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 August 1992|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409040752/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8}}</ref> |- |''Traversée de la mangrove'' |1989 |''Crossing the Mangrove'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1995 |Anchor Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Crossing the Mangrove|date=1995|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-385-47633-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZRkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Self|first=John|title=Crossing the Mangrove by Maryse Condé – a village united by a vagabond|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/sep/26/crossing-the-mangrove-by-maryse-conde-a-village-united-by-a-vagabond|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=The Observer|date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Moudileno & Higginson">{{Cite journal|author=Moudileno|first=Lydie|title=Portrait of the Artist as Dreamer: Maryse Condé's 'Traversée de la Mangrove' and 'Les Derniers Rois Mages'|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=626–640|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0104|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299149|accessdate=9 April 2024|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> |- |''Les Derniers rois mages''<br /><br />(lit: "The Last Magi") |1992 |''The Last of the African Kings'' |1997 |University of Nebraska Press |<ref name="Moudileno & Higginson" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=The Last of the African Kings|year=1997|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1489-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTNLR8PX9asC|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- |''La Colonie du nouveau monde''<br /><br />(lit: "The New World Colony") |1993 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La colonie du nouveau monde: roman|date=1993|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-05903-6|oclc=29239656|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFWgQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''La Migration des cœurs [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Migration of Hearts") |1995 |''Windward Heights'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |1998 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Windward Heights|date=1998|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-161-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d017kQEACAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tepper|first=Anderson|title=Windward Heights|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/09/05/bib/990905.rv103554.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 September 1999}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Wolff|first=Rebecca|authorlink=Rebecca Wolff|title=Maryse Condé|url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|work=[[Bomb (magazine)|BOMB Magazine]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223085419/http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|archivedate=23 December 2015|format=web.archive.org|date=Summer 1999}}</ref> |- |''Desirada'' |1997 |''Desirada'' |2000 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Desirada: roman|date=1997|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221084663|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeh-zwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schwerdtner|first=Karin|title=Wandering, Women and Writing: Maryse Condé's Desirada|journal=Dalhousie French Studies|date=2005|volume=73|pages=129–137|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40837654|issn=0711-8813|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Célanire cou-coupé [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "Slashed-Throat Célanire") |2000 |''Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?'' |2004 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Célanire cou-coupé: roman fantastique|date=2000|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-08629-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBGSQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?: A Fantastical Tale|date=2004|publisher=Atria Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-7434-8260-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz1lAAAAMAAJ|oclc=254224954|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Bailey Nurse|first=Donna|title=Unkindest Cut|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2004/09/26/unkindest-cut/20f98b7b-f5cd-44e8-9baf-9fe4f327c005/|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=Washington Post|date=25 September 2004}}</ref> |- |''La Belle créole''<br /><br />(lit: "The Beautiful Créole") |2001 |''The Belle Créole'' |Nicole Simek |2020 |University of Virginia Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La belle créole: roman|date=2001|publisher=Mercure de France|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7152-1810-9|oclc=47597710|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VZwQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Belle Créole|date=2020|publisher=University of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=978-0-8139-4423-4|oclc=1126348970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRy1DwAAQBAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Histoire de la femme cannibale [fr]'' |2003 |''The Story of the Cannibal Woman'' |Richard Philcox |2007 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Story of the Cannibal Woman|date=2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-7129-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2HEyAYo7iQC|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Maryse|first=Condé|title=Excerpt: 'The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel'|url=https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|date=4 June 2007|quote=The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel, Copyright 2007, by Maryse Conde. Reprinted by permission of Atria Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Inc.|archivedate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408221012/https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Schmidt|first=Elizabeth|title=Magical Thinking|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/books/review/Schmidt.t.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=15 April 2007}}</ref> |- |''Les Belles ténébreuses''<br /><br />(lit: "The Dark Beauties") |2008 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Les belles ténébreuses: roman|date=2008|publisher=Mercure de France|isbn=978-2-7152-2832-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6tpAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''En attendant la montée des eaux [fr]'' |2010 |''Waiting for the Waters to Rise'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |2021 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Waiting for the Waters to Rise|date=2021|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-64286-073-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNyWzQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Iglesias|first=Gabino|title=Having A Conversation With Loss And Grief In 'Waiting For The Waters To Rise'|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 August 2021|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407053430/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise}}</ref> |- |''Le Fabuleux et triste destin d'Ivan et d'Ivana'' |2017 |''The Wondrous and Tragic Life <br /><br />of Ivan and Ivana'' |2020 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana|date=2020|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-912987-09-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcoYzAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Jaggi|first=Maya|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana by Maryse Condé review – a scurrilous picaresque|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/16/the-wondrous-and-tragic-life-of-ivan-and-ivana-by-maryse-conde-review-a-scurrilous-picaresque|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The Guardian|date=16 July 2020}}</ref> |- |''L'Évangile du nouveau monde'' |2021 |''The Gospel According to the New World'' |2023 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World by undefined|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|date=14 October 2022|accessdate=7 April 2024|archivedate=21 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135148/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World: Shortlisted for the International Booker Prize 2023|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world|work=thebookerprizes.com|publisher=The Booker Prizes|accessdate=7 April 2024|language=en|date=7 March 2023|archivedate=25 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925130237/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world}}</ref> |} === Egwuregwu === * An Tan Révolisyion, <ref name="Makward1995">{{Cite journal|author=Makward|first=Christiane P.|title=Reading Maryse Conde's Theatre|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=Summer 1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=681–689|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0094|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299153|accessdate=8 April 2024}}</ref> nke e bipụtara na 1991, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1989 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Makward|first=Christiane|title=Petite histoire de An Tan Révolisyon, elle court, elle court la Liberté|url=https://www.cairn.info/sans-fards-melanges-en-l-honneur-de-maryse-conde--9791095177029-page-135.htm|date=2024|publisher=Presses universitaires des Antilles|isbn=979-10-95177-02-9|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Comédie d'Amour, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1993 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maryse Condé|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/|work=Île en île|date=17 November 1998|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=28 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/}}</ref><ref name="Kazaconde">{{Cite web|title=Biographie & bibliographie|url=https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/|work=Kazaconde|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409165832/https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/}}</ref> * Dieu nous l'a donné, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1972, nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1973 * La Mort d'Oluwémi d'Ajumako, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1973, nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na [[Gabon]] * Le Morne de Massabielle, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na Puteaux, France, e mechara mee ya na Bekee na New York dị ka The Hills of Massabielle na Ubu Repertory Theater (1991) <ref name="CV" /> * Les Sept voyages de Ti-Noël (nke ya na José Jernidier jikọrọ aka dee), nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1987 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè|title='Je Me Suis Réconciliée Avec Mon Île': Une Interview de Maryse Condé|journal=Callaloo|issue=38}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=José Jernidier|url=https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles|title=Analyse dramaturgique et mise en jeu de textes dramatiques de langue et culture créole et autres textes composites français/créoles|work=chantiersnomades.com|date=2024|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409201316/https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=José Jernidier|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/|work=Île en île|date=3 January 2021|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=1 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601085752/http://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/}}</ref> * Pension les Alizés, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1988, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe ma mesịa mee na New York dị ka Tropical Breeze Hotel (1995) <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bruckner|first=D. J. R.|title=In Performance; Theater|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/22/theater/in-performance-theater-892495.html|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=22 February 1995}}</ref> * ''''Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ'''' (2007). Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Play : Comme deux frères|url=https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html|work=Siyaj at UVa Caribbean Theater Company at the University of Virginia|publisher=Dept. of French Language and Literature, University of Virginia|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=2009|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407054940/https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html}}</ref> === Nkatọ na akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ === * "Ndị edemede nwanyị atọ n'Africa nke oge a: [[Flora Nwapa]], Ama Ata Aidoo na [[Grace Emily Akinyi Ogot|Grace Ogot]]" (1972), Presence Africaine, 82:132-143.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Three Female Writers in Modern Africa : Flora Nwapa, Ama Ata Aidoo and Grace Ogot|journal=[[Présence Africaine]]|date=1972|issue=82|pages=132–143|doi=10.3917/presa.082.0132|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350338|issn=0032-7638|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Akụkọ banyere otu ọrụ, Hatier, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> * Mmepeanya nke Bossale: Echiche banyere akwụkwọ a na-ekwu n'ọnụ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, Paris: L'Harmattan, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi">{{Cite web|author=Mekkawi|first=Mohamed|url=http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|title=Maryse Condé: Novelist, Playwright, Critic, Teacher: An Introductory Bio-bibliography|publisher=Howard University Libraries|date=1990|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|accessdate=11 April 2024|archivedate=31 March 2013}}</ref> * ''Okwu ụmụ nwanyị: Essai sur des romancières des Antilles de langue française.'' , Paris: L'Harmattan, 1979<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi" /> * Ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé (1993). ''Mkparịta ụka na Maryse Condé'' (1996). Ajụjụ ọnụ na Françoise Pfaff. Nsụgharị Bekee gụnyere isi ọhụrụ dabere na ajụjụ ọnụ 1994. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Entretiens avec Maryse Condé: suivis d'une bibliographie complète|date=1993|publisher=Editions Karthala|isbn=978-2-86537-435-9|oclc=30739196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JcAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=Conversations with Maryse Condä|date=1 January 1996|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=978-0-8032-3713-1|oclc=34243864|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64LQXH9dTnYC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Pfaff|first=Françoise|title=Nouveaux entretiens avec Maryse Condé: écrivain et témoin de son temps|date=2016|publisher=Éditions Karthala|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-8111-1707-8|oclc=960463375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Gk9vgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "The Role of the Writer" (1993), World Literature Today, 67 (4): 697-699.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Role of the Writer|journal=[[World Literature Today]]|date=1993|volume=67|issue=4|pages=697–699|doi=10.2307/40149563|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40149563|issn=0196-3570|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Obi na-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá: ihe ncheta nke nwata m (1999). Akụkọ sitere n'obi: Akụkọ Ezi Akụkọ sitere na nwata m, trans. Richard Philcox (2001). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Le coeur à rire et à pleurer: contes vrais de mon enfance|date=1999|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-266-09868-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugA-HQAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tales from the Heart: True Stories from My Childhood|date=2001|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-264-4|oclc=46422017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t35cAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer" (2000), ''Yale French Studies'' 97: 151.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer|journal=[[Yale French Studies]]|date=2000|issue=97|pages=151–165|doi=10.2307/2903218|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2903218|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * ''Mmeri, ụtọ na okwu'' (2006). ''Mmeri: Nne M'', trans. Richard Philcox (2006). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother|year=2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-0058-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8t2ktvTuHQC|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 October 2009|archivedate=5 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405005814/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761}}</ref> * La Vie sans fards (2012). Gịnị bụ Africa nye m? Iberibe nke True-to-Life Autobiography, trans. Richard Philcox (2017). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La vie sans fards|date=2012|publisher=Le Grand livre du mois|isbn=978-2-286-09075-3|oclc=826769208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlhrmAEACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=What Is Africa to Me?: Fragments of a True-to-life Autobiography|date=2017|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-0-85742-376-4|oclc=964730164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE6ODAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * The Journey of a Caribbean Writer (2013). Nchịkọta nke edemede, trans. Richard Philcox.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Journey of a Caribbean Writer|date=2014|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London New York Calcutta|isbn=978-0-85742-097-8|oclc=846745180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta2PMQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Mets na ihe ịtụnanya (2015). N'ime Morsels na Marvels, trans. Richard Philcox (2015). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Mets et merveilles|date=2015|publisher=JC Lattès|location=Paris|isbn=9782709644792|oclc=907643787|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7VGrgEACAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Of Morsels and Marvels|date=2020|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London; New York|isbn=978-0-85742-693-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lh2wwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> === Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ === * Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française. Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * ''Abụ Ndị Caribbean''. Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * Ebe ndị Rom si Caribbean Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * ''Akara olu maka Guy Tirolien'' (onye na-enyekwa aka). Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1990.<ref name="CV" /> * Caliban's Legacy, mbipụta pụrụ iche nke ''Callaloo'' na akwụkwọ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, 1992. <ref name="CV" /> * L'Heritage de Caliban (onye nchịkọta akụkọ), edemede na akwụkwọ Francophone Caribbean. Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1992.<ref name="CV" /> * ''Chee echiche nke Creole''. Paris: mbipụta Karthala, 1995.<ref name="CV" /> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1986: Nnukwu Ihe Nrite Akwụkwọ nke Nwaanyị<ref>{{Cite book|author=Carruggi|first=Noëlle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UT4CBVBfPB8C&pg=PA17|title=Maryse Condé: rébellion et transgressions|date=2010|publisher=Karthala Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-0362-0|pages=17|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html|title=Auteur: Maryse Condé -|work=Guadeloupe le Guide|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402202749/https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html}}</ref> * 1987: Prix de l'Académie française (La vie scélérate) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, plusieurs vies de combat|first=Muriel|author=Steinmetz|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[L'Humanité]]|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403092909/https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat}}</ref> * 1988: Liberatur Prize (''Ségou'') <ref>{{Cite web|date=3 April 2024|title=Guadeloupe's Maryse Condé remembered as a fearless explorer of the complexities of Caribbean history and identity|url=https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Global Voices|first=Janine|author=Mendes-Franco|language=en|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403232752/https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Forsdick|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|title=Postcolonial Thought in the French Speaking World|date=2022|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-80207-934-0|pages=43|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> * 1993: Ihe nrite Puterbaugh <ref>{{Cite news|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé, prolific Guadeloupean writer, dies aged 90|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/obituaries/article/2024/04/02/maryse-conde-prolific-guadeloupean-writer-dies-aged-90_6667137_15.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[Le Monde]]|first=Gladys|author=Marivat|language=en}}</ref> * 1997: Prix Carbet de la Caraibe (Desirada) * 1999: Marguerite Yourcenar Prize (Obi ị ga-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá) <ref name=":2">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1 "Author Profile: Maryse Condé"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219221020/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1|jstor=40158493 |date=19 February 2022 }}. ''World Literature Today'' (September–December 2004), 78 (3/4), p. 27.</ref> * 1999: Lifetime Achievement Award site na mmemme Africana Studies nke Mahadum New York <ref name=":2" /> * 2001: Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres site na Gọọmentị France <ref name=":2" /> * 2005: Hurston/Wright Legacy Award (Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/11/02/writers-conde-de-veaux-win-hurstonwright-prizes/e2d706ed-4f46-431d-9abf-475129c4ccf2/|title=Writers Conde, De Veaux Win Hurston/Wright Prizes|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=1 November 2005}}</ref> * 2007: Prix Tropiques de l'Agence française de développement (Victoire, les saveurs et les mots) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé : mort d'une autrice à l'oeuvre humaniste et universelle {{!}} TV5Monde – Informations|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366|author=Terriennes|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=information.tv5monde.com|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 April 2007|title=La semaine (du 14 au 20 avril)|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/|work=[[Jeune Afrique]]|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/}}</ref> * 2008: Ihe nrite nke nka Afro-Caribbean maka Les Belles Ténèbres. Paris <ref name="CV" /> * 2009: Ihe nrite nke Afro-Caribbean Arts for Lifetime Achievement. Paris <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Île en île">[https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ Maryse Condé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ |date=28 October 2023 }} at Île en île.</ref> * 2010: Grand prix du roman métis (Ka ọ na-echere ịrị elu nke mmiri) <ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2010|title=Maryse Condé, Grand prix du roman métis|url=https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Bibliobs|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html}}</ref> * 2018: New Academy Prize in Literature <ref name=":5" /> * 2020: PEN Translates award for Waiting for the Waters to Rise <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/|title=Nineteen PEN Translates awards go to titles from fifteen countries and thirteen languages|work=[[English PEN]]|date=10 June 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=29 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829215207/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/}}</ref> * 2021: Ihe nrite ụwa Cino Del Duca<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 June 2021|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé reçoit le prix de la Fondation Cino del Duca pour son oeuvre 'portée sur l'humanisme'|first=Lauriane|author=Nembrot|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Outre-mer la 1ère|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html}}</ref> * 2021: PEN Translates award from English PEN for The Gospel According to the New World <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/|title=PEN Translates awards announced|work=English PEN|date=21 December 2021|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=5 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605194631/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/}}</ref> * 2022: Royal Society of Literature International Writer <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/30/tsitsi-dangarembga-royal-society-of-literature-international-writers-award|title=Tsitsi Dangarembga, Anne Carson and Mary Gaitskill honoured by Royal Society of Literature|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|work=The Guardian|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/|title=RSL International Writers|date=3 September 2023|publisher=Royal Society of Literature|accessdate=3 December 2023|archivedate=20 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120181559/https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Akwụkwọ Caribbean * Akwụkwọ ndị e dere mgbe ha nwụsịrị * Ọchịchịrị == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Lee, Vanessa, ụmụ nwanyị anọ Caribbean na-ede ihe nkiri: Ina Césaire, Maryse Condé, Gerty Dambury na Suzanne Dracius (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021). * Perisic, Alexandra Mgbagwoju anya: Immigration, Neoliberalism, na Atlantic (na Maryse Condé, Roberto Bolaño, Giannina Braschi, Caryl Phillips), 2019. * Small, Audrey H., [https://theconversation.com/five-books-by-maryse-conde-to-introduce-you-to-the-award-winning-guadeloupian-writer-228443 "Akwụkwọ ise nke Maryse Condé iji mee ka ị mata onye edemede Guadeloupian meriri ihe nrite"], The Conversation, 26 Eprel 2024. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879 Ịchọta enyemaka maka akwụkwọ Maryse Condé na Mahadum Columbia]. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Onye edemede French Guadeloupe Maryse Condé na-agụ site na ọrụ ya na Recording Laboratory], 24 Septemba 1999 (Library of Congress). * Works by Maryse CondénaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ mepere emepe * Mekkawi, Mohamed [https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm "Maryse Condé: Onye edemede, onye na-ede egwuregwu, onye nkatọ, onye nkuzi: Akụkọ ndụ"]. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Libraries, 1990 (rev. 1992). * Petri Liukkonen. "Maryse Condé". Akwụkwọ na ndị edemede. * [http://fr.calameo.com/read/00429924444e06fb891de Nkwupụta nke Maryse Condé Fund nke Médiathèque Caribbean (laméca), akwụkwọ ndị sitere na ọbá akwụkwọ onwe onye nke Maryse condé] * [http://www.webguinee.net/bibliotheque/literature/maryse-conde/index.html webGuinée - Maryse Condé] * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Maryse Condé dekọrọ maka Archive of Literature site na Hispanic Division na Library of Congress, Washington, D.D.], na 24 Septemba 1999. * {{IMDb name|2268887}} * Maryse Condédiski naDiscogs * Mason Street, [https://thethornfieldreview.org/2017/07/31/an-interview-with-maryse-conde/ "N'ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé"], The Thornfield Review, 31 Julaị 2017. * Leïla Slimani (nke Kim Willsher sụgharịrị), "'An extraordinary role model': Maryse Condé remembered by Leïlalimani", ''The Guardian'', 3 April 2024. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Conde, Maryse}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jbmg1a9s9fk11yvtr98rqbq6i74apeq 0 75559 692639 632933 2026-07-30T12:15:47Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed refference with invalid ref tag 692639 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  '''Anthony Okpotu''' (amụrụ na 3 n'ọnwa Maachị afọ 1994) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ maka klọb Saudi Al-Jandal na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naijiria]]. == Ọrụ klọb == A mụrụ ya na [[Makurdi]], Okpotu nọrọ na Lobi Stars na Al-Ittihad Tripoli.<ref name="TGN">{{Cite news|title=Okpotu seeks for space among stars|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/okpotu-seeks-for-space-among-stars/|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|date=23 September 2017}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018 o nwere ikpe na klọb Danish Brøndby . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brondby.com/nyhed/2018/04/10/truppen-til-dagens-reserveligakamp-mod-fck|title=Truppen til dagens Reserveligakamp mod FCK|date=10 April 2018|accessdate=10 April 2018|language=Danish|publisher=Brøndby IF}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere otu Morocco Difaâ Hassani El Jadidi na July 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/soccer-transfers/story/3563617/anthony-okpotu-npfl-goal-king-moves-to-difaa-el-jadida|title=NPFL goal king Anthony Okpotu moves to Difaa El Jadida|date=12 July 2018|accessdate=10 August 2018|author=Ed Dove|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Na 31 Jenụwarị 2019, a gbazinyere Okpotu na klọb Albania KF Laçi. N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2020, ọ bịanyere aka na klọb Qatar SC.<ref>{{Cite web|author=القطرية|first=العرب|date=23 October 2020|title=نادي قطر يتعاقد مع المهاجم النيجيري انتوني اوكبوتو|url=https://alarab.qa/article/23/10/2020/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88|accessdate=31 December 2021|work=العرب القطرية|language=ar}}</ref> Na 28 n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2023, Okpotu sonyeere ndị otu Saudi First Division Al-Ain . <ref>{{Cite web|title=المهاجم النيجيري أنتوني أوكبوتو ، عيناويا|url=https://twitter.com/alain_ksa/status/1684932234690641920}}</ref> Na 23 Junn afọ 2024, Okpotu sonyeere Al-Adalah . <ref>{{Cite web|title=اهلا بك في نادي العدالة|url=https://x.com/aladalahclub/status/1806403202507747558}}</ref> Na 23 Ọgostu afọ 2025, Okpotu sonyeere Al-Jandal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=النيجيري " أوكبوتو " لاعـبًا لـ #مارد_الجوف|url=https://x.com/Aljandal_Fc/status/1959332452394021030}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Okpotu mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa maka [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] n'afọ 2018. == Nsọpụrụ == * Onye kacha gbaa bọọlụ na Njikọ bọọlụ nke Nigeria: 2017 (19 goolu) <ref name="TGN" /> * Ligue Professionnelle 1 Onye kacha gbaa goolu: 2019 (14 goolu) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jdwel.com/2019-2020-tunisian-ligue-1-scorers/|title=جدول ترتيب هدافين الدوري التونسي 2019/2020|date=7 August 2019|work=جدول}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 top scorers}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3m6wwunvqnq65x5ba612w6tps1aha6k 0 75898 692656 656829 2026-07-30T12:27:50Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Added {{DEFAULTSORT}} and {{DATABOX}} 692656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Florence Delaporte''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1959) bụ onye odee na onye ntụgharị asụsụ France. == Ọrụ == * 1996: ''Sœur Sourire. Brûlée aux feux de la rampe '', Paris, Plon, 244 p.   * 1998: ''Je n’ai pas de château'', Paris, Éditions Gallimard, Collection Blanche, 177 p.   :: - Ihe nrite Wepler 1998 * 2001: ''Le Poisson dans l’arbre'', Éditions Gallimard, series "Haute Enfance", 184 p.   * 2002: ''Les enfants qui tombent dans la mer'', Éditions Gallimard, Collection Blanche, 271 p.   * 2005: ''La Chambre des machines'', Éditions Gallimard Collection Blanche, 152 p.   * 2016: ''Deux livres de chair'', François Bourin Éditeur, 282 p.   === Akwụkwọ ụmụaka === * 2012: ''À quoi rêve Crusoé ?'', Rodez, Éditions du Rouergue [fr], series "Dacodac", 119 p.   * 2013: ''Amour ennemi'', Paris, Éditions Oskar, 133 p.   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241127094526/https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Florence-Delaporte/57235 Florence Delaporte] na Babelio * [http://www.gallimard.fr/Contributeurs/Florence-Delaporte Florence Delaporte] na Gallimard * [http://www.lespetitesfugues.fr/auteurs/florence-delaporte Florence Delaporte] na obere ihe ndị na-agba ọsọ''Obere Fugues'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170116161514/http://www.ricochet-jeunes.org/auteurs/recherche/9860-florence-delaporte Florence Delaporte] E debere ya na Wayback Machine na Ricochet-Jeunes.org {{Authority control}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  {{DEFAULTSORT:Delaporte, Florence}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] eeuqtqxiisqxba11xlk9wzbc4l994rw 0 76150 692998 644793 2026-07-31T05:12:01Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 692998 wikitext text/x-wiki 8 [[Faịlụ:Françoise_d'Eaubonne_wikipédia.jpg|thumb|9Onye edemede French bụ [[Françoise d'Eaubonne]] chepụtara okwu ahụ n'akwụkwọ 1974.]] <templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Environmental social science}}Ecofeminism na-ejikọta feminist na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ndị na-eche echiche banyere ụmụ nwanyị na-adabere n'echiche nke okike iji nyochaa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na ụwa okike.<ref name="MacGregor" /> Ọ bụ onye edemede French bụ [[Françoise d'Eaubonne]] chepụtara okwu a n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1974 bụ {{Lang|fr|[[Feminism or death|Le Féminisme ou la Mort]]}} .<ref>{{Cite book|author=d'Eaubonne|first=Françoise|title=Le Féminisme ou la Mort|date=1974|publisher=Horay|location=Paris}}</ref><ref name="Merchant" /><ref name="Warren">{{Cite journal|author=Glazebrook|first=Trish|date=September 2002|title=Karen Warren's Ecofeminism|journal=[[Ethics & the Environment]]|volume=7|issue=2|pages=12–26|doi=10.2979/ETE.2002.7.2.12}}</ref> Echiche nke Ecofeminist na-ewebata echiche ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Green ma na-akpọ maka otu ndị na-ahụ maka ịha nhata, ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ nke na-enweghị otu ìgwè na-achịkwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Radical Ecology|author=Merchant|first=Carolyn|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2005|pages=193–221|chapter=Ecofeminism}}</ref> Taa, e nwere ọtụtụ ngalaba nke ekofeminizim (ecofeminism), nke ọ bụla nwere ụzọ na nyocha dị iche iche. Ndị a gụnyere '''ekofeminizim nnwere onwe (liberal ecofeminism), ekofeminizim ime mmụọ na omenala (spiritual/cultural ecofeminism), na ekofeminizim mmekọrịta ọha ma ọ bụ soshalist (social/socialist ecofeminism).'''(ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe ecofeminismo). <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Radical Ecology|author=Merchant|first=Carolyn|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2005|pages=193–221|chapter=Ecofeminism}}</ref> Nkọwa nke ecofeminism na otu esi etinye ya n'echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya gụnyere nka ecofeminist, ikpe ziri ezi na Nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, okpukpe, akụ na ụba, ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a, na akwụkwọ. Nnyocha nke Ecofeminist na-ekwu maka mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọdịbendị na-ewu n'etiti mmegbu nke Anụ ọhịa na [[Ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị|mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị]]. '''Ndị a yiri ibe ha n’ụzọ dị iche iche, gụnyere ma ọ bụghị naanị ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọdịdị ala (nature) dịka ihe onwunwe, ịhụ ụmụ nwoke dịka ndị na-elekọta omenala ebe ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị na-elekọta ọdịdị ala, yana otú ụmụ nwoke si achị ụmụ nwanyị na otú mmadụ si achị ọdịdị ala. Ekofeminizim na-ekwusi ike na a ga-asọpụrụ ma ụmụ nwanyị ma ọdịdị ala.'''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ecofeminism and the Sacred|author=Adams|first=Carol|publisher=Continuum|year=2007|pages=1–8}}</ref> == Mgbalị zuru ụwa ọnụ == Ndị prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, Maria Mies, Ariel Salleh na Susan Mann niile na-ejikọta mmalite nke ecofeminism ọ bụghị na ndị inyom kama na ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche nke ghọtara njikọ dị n'etiti okike, agbụrụ, klas, na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-akwado echiche nke [[intersectionality]] site n'echiche na n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe ike na ndị na-eche echiche ga-etinye ndị a na-emebi emebi na mkparịta ụka ahụ. Otú ọ dị, na mmalite nke North America gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-ekewa okwu agbụrụ na ọkwa mgbe ụfọdụ.<ref name="Mann">{{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=Susan A|title=Pioneers of U.S. Ecofeminism and Environmental Justice|journal=Feminist Formations|date=2011|volume=23|issue=2|pages=1–25|doi=10.1353/ff.2011.0028}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị anọwo na-arụ ọrụ iji chebe Anụ ọhịa, nri, ikuku na mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Glazebrook|first=Trish|date=Autumn 2002|title=Karen Warren's Ecofeminism|journal=Ethics & the Environment|volume=7|issue=2|pages=12–27|doi=10.2979/ete.2002.7.2.12}}</ref> Mgbalị ndị a dakọtara na mmepe ọhụrụ na echiche gburugburu ebe obibi site n'aka ndị edemede dịka Henry David Thoreau, Aldo Leopold, John Muir, na Rachel Carson.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Norlock|first=Kathryn J.|date=December 2011|title=Building Receptivity: Leopold's Land Ethic and Critical Feminist Interpretation|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/NORBRL|journal=[[Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture]]|volume=5|issue=4|pages=491–509|doi=10.1558/jsrnc.v5i4.491|accessdate=2018-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Seager|first=Joni|date=Spring 2003|title=Rachel Carson Died of Breast Cancer: The Coming of Age of Feminist Environmentalism|journal=[[Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society]]|volume=28|issue=3|pages=945–973|doi=10.1086/345456}}</ref> Ihe atụ ndị yiri ibe ha sitere n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bụ akwụkwọ Silent Spring nke Rachel Carson na Refuge nke Terry Tempest Williams. Ecofeminist Karen Warren depụtara edemede Aldo Leopold "Land Ethic" (1949) '''...dị ka ihe dị mkpa nke ukwuu n'ime nkà ihe ọmụma ekofeminizim nke ya, n'ihi na Leopold bụ onye mbụ dere ụkpụrụ omume gbasara ala nke na-ahụ akụkụ niile nke obodo ahụ na-abụghị mmadụ—dị ka anụmanụ, osisi, ala, ikuku, na mmiri—dị ka ndị ha na mmadụ hà nhata ma nwee mmekọrịta chiri anya na mmadụ.'''. Nghọta ahụ na-agụnye gburugburu ebe obibi nyeere aka ịmalite usoro nchekwa nke oge a na-egosi otu esi ele nsogbu gburugburu ebe obuibi anya site na usoro nlekọta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters|author=Warren|first=Karen J.|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] Publishers, Inc|year=2000|isbn=9780847692996|location=Lanham, Maryland}}</ref> Na [[Ndia|India]], na steeti Uttarakhand na 1973, ụmụ nwanyị sonyere na mmegharị Chipko iji chebe ọhịa site na mgbukpọ ọhịa. '''N’oge a, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwoke na-akwaga n’obodo ukwu ịchọ ọrụ, ebe ụmụ nwanyị ndị fọdụrụ n’ime ime obodo India na-adabere n’ọhịa maka ihe ndị ha ji ebi ndụ na mkpa ha kwa ụbọchị.'''i.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhpr.org/environment/2021-06-26/sunderlal-bahuguna-chipko-movement-in-india|title=The Life and Legacy of Sunderlal Bahuguna and the Chipko Movement in India|author=Poon|first=Felix|work=New Hampshire Public Radio|date=10 January 2022|accessdate=April 9, 2023|archivedate=2023-04-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409183940/https://www.nhpr.org/environment/2021-06-26/sunderlal-bahuguna-chipko-movement-in-india}}</ref> Dị ka Vandana Shiva dere, a na-eji usoro mkpesa na-abụghị nke ime ihe ike mee ihe iji bi n'osisi ka ndị na-egbutu osisi ghara igbu ha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters|author=Warren|first=Karen J.|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] Publishers, Inc|year=2000|isbn=9780847692996|location=Lanham, Maryland}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Wangari_Maathai_no_Brasil.jpg|thumb|281x281px|Onye Kenya na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Wangari Maathai]] Na [[Kenya]] n'afọ 1977, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ Prọfesọ Wangari Maathai malitere Green Belt Movement. Ọ bụ mmemme Ịkụ osisi n'ime ime obodo nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eduzi, nke Maathai mepụtara iji nyere aka gbochie ọzara n'ógbè ahụ. Ihe omume ahụ mepụtara 'ihe mkpofu ahịhịa ndụ' nke ọ dịkarịa ala 1,000 osisi gbara obodo nta gburugburu, ma nye ndị sonyere ikike ilekọta obodo ha. N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, Green Belt Movement bụ onye na-akwado inye ụmụ amaala ihe ọmụma na inye ike site na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe maka agụmakwụkwọ obodo na gburugburu ebe obibi, yana ijide ndị isi mba na-aza ajụjụ maka omume ha na ịkụnye ụlọ ọrụ na ụmụ amaala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenbeltmovement.org/who-we-are/our-history|title=Our History|work=The Green Belt Movement|accessdate=October 8, 2016}}</ref> Ọrụ nke Green Belt Movement na-aga n'ihu taa. N'afọ 1978 na [[Nú Yọk|New York]], nne na onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi bụ Lois Gibbs duuru obodo ya mee ngagharị iwe mgbe ọ chọpụtara na e wuru agbata obi ha dum, Love Canal, n'elu ebe a na-atụfu ihe na-egbu egbu. Mmetụta ndị dị n'ala na-akpata ọrịa n'etiti ụmụaka na nsogbu ọmụmụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị, yana nkwarụ ọmụmụ n'ime ụmụ ọhụrụ a mụrụ n'aka ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-ahụ nsí ahụ. Mgbalị Love Canal mesịrị mee ka gọọmentị etiti wepụ ma kwaga ebe ọzọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ezinụlọ 800.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chej.org/about-us/story/love-canal/|title=Love Canal|work=Center for Health, Environment, & Justice|accessdate=October 8, 2016|archivedate=October 6, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006173400/http://chej.org/about-us/story/love-canal/}}</ref> N'afọ 1980 na 1981, ụmụ nwanyị dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị bụ Ynestra King haziri ngagharị iwe udo na Pentagon. Ụmụ nwanyị guzo, n'aka n'aka, na-achọ ikike nhata (gụnyere ikike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba, na ịmụ nwa) yana njedebe nke omume agha nke gọọmentị na-eme na mmegbu nke obodo (ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi). A maara òtù a dị ka Women's Pentagon Actions . <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Lehar|first=Stephanie|year=1991|title=Ecofeminist Theory and Grassroots Politics|journal=[[Hypatia (journal)|Hypatia]]|volume=6|issue=1|pages=28–45|doi=10.1111/j.1527-2001.1991.tb00207.x}}</ref> N'afọ 1985, Katsi Cook malitere Akwesasne Mother's Milk Project. Ọ bụ gọọmentị kwadoro nnyocha a, ma nyochaa otu ọkwa dị elu nke mmetọ na mmiri dị nso na ebe nchekwa Mohawk si emetụta ụmụ ọhụrụ. Ọ kpughere na site na mmiri ara, ụmụaka Mohawk na-ahụ 200% karịa nsí karịa ụmụaka na-anọghị na nchekwa ahụ. Mmetụta na-egbu egbu na-emetọ mmiri n'ụwa niile, mana n'ihi [[Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]], ụfọdụ ndị a na-ewepụ iche na-ahụkarị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/cjm5/blogs/english/2012/04/mothers-milk-project.html|title=Mother's Milk Project|author=Doverspike|first=Nicole|year=2012|work=English 487W Blog: West of Everything|accessdate=October 9, 2016|archivedate=October 10, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010211601/http://www.personal.psu.edu/cjm5/blogs/english/2012/04/mothers-milk-project.html}}</ref> The Greening of Harlem Coalition bụ ihe atụ ọzọ nke òtù ecofeminist. N'afọ 1989, [[Bernadette Cozart]] guzobere njikọ ahụ, nke na-ahụ maka ọtụtụ Ogige obodo gburugburu Harlem. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ Cozart bụ ime ka ogige ndị tọgbọrọ n'efu bụrụ ogige obodo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bernstein|first=Emily|date=1993|title=Neighborhood Report: Harlem; Sowing a Future With Green in It|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/26/nyregion/neighborhood-report-harlem-sowing-a-future-with-green-in-it.html?scp=1&sq=Bernadette%20Cozart&st=cse|accessdate=October 9, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> '''Nke a bara uru n’akụkụ akụ na ụba, ma na-enyekwa ụzọ ka obodo ndị mepere emepe nke ukwuu nwee mmekọrịta na ọdịdị gburugburu ebe obibi nakwa na ibe ha. Ọtụtụ ndị nwere mmasị n’ọrụ a (dị ka e kwuru n’afọ 1990) bụ ụmụ nwanyị. Site n’ubi ndị a, ha nwere ike isonye n’ọrụ obodo ha ma bụrụkwa ndị ndu n’ime obodo ha.''' A na-ahụkwa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'obodo ukwu n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Malite na 1994, otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America nọ na [[Detroit]] mepụtara ogige obodo, ma na-akpọ onwe ha ndị mmụọ ozi na-elekọta ubi. Omume ubi yiri nke a emeela n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wild Politics: Feminism, Globalisation, Bio/diversity|author=Hawthorne|first=Susan|publisher=Spinifex Press|year=2002|location=Melbourne, Australia}}</ref> Na njedebe nke afọ iri, ecofeminism agbasaala na ụsọ oké osimiri USA ma kọwaa nyocha nke ụmụ nwanyị na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ikpeazụ, na-ama echiche nke ịkpa ókè gburugburu ebe obibi na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ aka, na-eguzogide nsị na-egbu egbu na egwu ndị ọzọ na-eyi ndị ogbenye egwu.<ref name="Gaard">{{Cite journal|author=Gaard|first=Greta|title=Ecofeminism Revisited: Rejecting Essentialism and Re-Placing Species in a Material Feminist Environmentalism|journal=Feminist Formations|date=2011|volume=23|issue=2|pages=26–53|doi=10.1353/ff.2011.0017}}</ref> N'ihe gbasara mmegharị mba ụwa, akwụkwọ Ariel Salleh bụ Ecofeminism as Politics (nke ikpeazụ e bipụtara na 2017) nwere akụkọ zuru ezu banyere omume ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi site na [[Japan]] na Pacific ruo Scandinavia.<ref name="Shiva">{{Cite book|author=Shiva|first=Vandana|authorlink=Vandana Shiva|title=Staying alive: women, ecology and development|year=1988|publisher=[[Zed Books]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-86232-823-8}}</ref><ref name="Zed Books">{{Cite book|author=Salleh|first=Ariel|authorlink=Ariel Salleh|title=Ecofeminism as Politics: nature, Marx, and the postmodern|date=1997|publisher=Zed Books|location=London}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na oke nyocha nke ecofeminist dị ike na echiche dịgasị iche iche nke ecofemenist apụtawo site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe na ndị na-eche echiche n'ụwa niile, ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ nke ecofeminism abụwo nke mahadum North America. N'ihi ya, Charlene Spretnak kọwara ọrụ ecofeminist na-emepe emepe: 1) site na ọmụmụ nke echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị yana akụkọ ihe mere eme; 2) site na nkwenye na ọmụmụ nke Okpukpe ndị dabeere na okike; na 3) site na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Spretnak|first=Charlene|chapter=Ecofeminism: Our Roots and Flowering|title=Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Feminism|editor=Diamond|publisher=Sierra Club Books|date=1990|pages=3–14}}</ref> N'otu edemede nke afọ 1993 nke akpọrọ "Ecofeminism: Toward Global Justice and Planetary Health", ndị edemede Greta Gaard na Lori Gruen kọwara ihe ha na-akpọ "usoro ecofeminist". Edemede ahụ na-enye ọtụtụ data na ọnụ ọgụgụ na mgbakwunye na ịkọwa akụkụ echiche nke nkatọ ecofeminist. Ebumnuche nke usoro ahụ bụ iji guzobe ụzọ isi lee anya ma ghọta nsogbu ụwa dị ugbu a iji ghọta nke ọma etu anyị si rute n'oge a na ihe a ga-eme iji melite ya. N'ịdabere n'ọrụ Rosemary Ruether na Carolyn Merchant, Gaard na Gruen kwuru na e nwere ike anọ n'azụ usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a: # Mmụba nke [[Patriarchal religion|Okpukpe ndị nna ochie]] na nguzobe ha nke usoro okike nwoke na nwanyị tinyere ịgọnahụ chi ha. # Ihe nlereanya nke ihe onwunwe nke eluigwe na ala nke sitere na Mgbanwe sayensị na mbelata nke ihe niile n'ime ihe onwunwa ka a ga-emeziwanye, ihe nwụrụ anwụ a ga-eji mee ihe. # Omenala ọdịnala abụọ dabere na nwoke na nwanyị, onwe na ndị ọzọ, mmadụ na okike, na ike na nchịkwa ụkpụrụ omume ndị a. # Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mkpa ya dị mkpa maka iji anụmanụ, ala na ndị mmadụ eme ihe maka naanị ebumnuche nke ịmepụta akụ na ụba. '''Ihe anọ ndị a emeela ka omenala ọdịda anyanwụ rute n’ọnọdụ nke ndị ecofeminist na-akpọ “nkewa dị n’etiti okike na omenala,” nke ha kwenyere na ọ bụ isi mmalite nsogbu ndị na-emetụta ụwa any'''ị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gaard|first=Greta|date=1993|title=Ecofeminism: Toward Global Justice and Planetary Health|journal=[[Society and Nature]]|volume=2|pages=1–35}}</ref> Ụzọ ụfọdụ nke ecofeminist mepụtara site na nchegbu anarcha-feminist iji kpochapụ ụdị ọchịchị niile, gụnyere àgwà mmegbu nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ụwa.<ref name="Tuana">{{Cite book|editor=Tuana|title=Feminism And Philosophy: Essential Readings In Theory, Reinterpretation, And Application|date=2018|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-8133-2212-4|pages=327–9|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wDFDwAAQBAJ&q=ecofeminist+ecofeminism|chapter=Anarcha Feminist and Ecological Feminist Perspectives}}</ref> Dị ka akwụkwọ d'Eaubonne bụ Le Féminisme ou la Mort si kwuo, ecofeminism na-ejikọta mmegbu nke ndị otu niile a na-akparaghị ókè (ndị inyom, ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara, ụmụaka, ndị ogbenye) na mmegbu na ịchịkwa okike (anụmanụ, ala, mmiri, ikuku, wdg). O kwuru na ọchịchị, mmegbu, na ọchịchị n'okpuru ndị isi ọdịda anyanwụ emeela ka mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi ghara ịgbanwe. Onye na-eme ihe ike na onye na-ahazi ihe, d'Eaubonne rụrụ ọrụ maka iwepụ ikpe na-ezighị ezi niile, ọ bụghị naanị ikpe na-enweghị isi megide [[ụmụ nwanyị na gburugburu ebe obibi]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters|author=Warren|first=Karen J.|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] Publishers, Inc|year=2000|isbn=9780847692996|location=Lanham, Maryland}}</ref> Ihe odide ndị nwere mmetụta gụnyere: Women and Nature (Susan Griffin 1978), The Death of Nature (Carolyn Merchant 1980) na ''Gyn/Ecology'' (Mary Daly 1978), nke nyeere aka ịkwalite njikọ dị n'etiti ọchịchị ụmụ nwoke na ọchịchị nke ọdịbendị n'elu okike. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 1980 gụnyere ndị na-eme ihe dị ka National Toxics Campaign, Mothers of East Los Angeles (MELA), na Native Americans for a Clean Environment (NACE) nke ụmụ nwanyị raara onwe ha nye nsogbu ahụike mmadụ na ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Radical Ecology|author=Merchant|first=Carolyn|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2005|pages=169–173}}</ref> Ihe odide sitere na gburugburu a tụlere ecofeminism sitere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Green Party, òtù udo, na òtù na-eme ihe kpọmkwem.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Lehar|first=Stephanie|year=1991|title=Ecofeminist Theory and Grassroots Politics|journal=[[Hypatia (journal)|Hypatia]]|volume=6|issue=1|pages=28–45|doi=10.1111/j.1527-2001.1991.tb00207.x}}</ref> Onye dị mkpa n'oge a bụ [[Petra Kelly]], onye guzobere German Green Party. == Okike okike == [[Faịlụ:Petra_Kelly.jpg|thumb|[[Petra Kelly]], onye guzobere Green Party na Germany]] Nkwupụta a na-ekwughachi n'ime akwụkwọ ecofeminist bụ na usoro [[nwoke]] na-akwado ọchịchị ha site na mmegide abụọ, ndị a gụnyere ma ọ bụghị naanị: eluigwe / ụwa, uche / ahụ, nwoke / [[Nwanyi|nwanyị]], mmadụ / anụmanụ, mmụọ / ihe, ọdịbendị / okike, [[Ndi ocha|ọcha]] / na-abụghị ọcha, na ndị nwere ike / ndị nwere nkwarụ. A na-eme ka mmegbu sie ike site na itinye binaries ndị a na ikpe ọha na eze nke uru / enweghị uru.<ref name="Hobgood-Oster">{{Cite web|url=http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/bron/PDF--Christianity/Hobgood-Oster--Ecofeminism-International%20Evolution.pdf|title=Ecofeminism: Historic and International Evolution|first=Laura|author=Hobgood-Oster|accessdate=March 17, 2012|archivedate=October 16, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016225245/http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/bron/pdf--christianity/Hobgood-Oster--Ecofeminism-International%20Evolution.pdf}}</ref> Echiche nke Ecofeminist na-ekwusi ike na a na-ewulite Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ụkpụrụ nna na nke nwoke, nke mere na mmetụta nke ọchịchị onye kwuo ego enweghị ike ịba uru ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oksala|first=Johanna|date=Spring 2018|title=Feminism, Capitalism, and Ecology|journal=[[Hypatia (journal)|Hypatia]]|volume=33|issue=2|pages=216–234|doi=10.1111/hypa.12395}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta ecofeminist kwusiri ike na ọ bụghị ''n'ihi na'' ụmụ nwanyị bụ ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ "nwaanyị" ka ha na-emetụta okike, kama n'ihi nde ha na-enwe mmegbu site n'otu ike nwoke ahụ. A na-ahụkarị nke a n'asụsụ a na-ejikarị akọwa okike, dị ka "Nne Ụwa" ma ọ bụ "Nne Okike", na asụsụ anụmanụ a na-eji akọwa ụmụ nwanyị n'okwu mkparị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Warren|first=Karen J.|title=Feminist Environmental Philosophy|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-environmental/#LinPer|work=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|date=2015}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị iche, ndị ọzọ ecofeminists na-ahọrọ ikwusi ike uru nke nkà ụmụ nwanyị mụtara site na ọrụ mmekọrịta ọdịnala dị ka 'onye nlekọta'.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stoddart|first=Mark|year=2011|title=Ecofeminism, Hegemonic Masculinity, And Environmental Movement Participation In British Columbia, Canada, 1998-2007: "Women Always Clean Up The Mess"|journal=Sociological Spectrum|volume=31|issue=3|pages=342–368|doi=10.1080/02732173.2011.557065}}</ref> Onye India na-akwado echiche ecofeminism ma bụrụkwa onye mgba ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi, Vandana Shiva, dere na ụmụnwaanyị ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere njikọ pụrụ iche na gburugburu ebe obibi site n’ahụmahụ ha kwa ụbọchị, nakwa na e legharala mkpa njikọ a anya ma ọ bụ e nyebeghị ya uru kwesịrị ekwesị.. Dị ka akwụkwọ Shiva Staying Alive (1989), ụmụ nwanyị nọ na akụ na ụba na-emepụta "akụ̀ na ụba na mmekorita ya na okike, abụwo ndị ọkachamara na ihe ọmụma gburugburu ebe obibi nke usoro okike". Ọ na-ekwu na "ụzọ ndị ọzọ a nke ịmara, nke na-elekwasị anya na uru mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mkpa nke ihe oriri anaghị anabata ya site na usoro nke reductionist capitalist, n'ihi na ọ naghị aghọta njikọ nke okike, ma ọ bụ njikọ nke ndụ ụmụ nwanyị, ọrụ na ihe ọmụma na okike nke akụ na ụba".<ref name="Shiva">{{Cite book|author=Shiva|first=Vandana|authorlink=Vandana Shiva|title=Staying alive: women, ecology and development|year=1988|publisher=[[Zed Books]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-86232-823-8}}</ref> Shiva na-ekwu na ọdịda a sitere n’ịchịkwa ụwa dum site n’echiche ọdịda anyanwụ banyere mmepe na ọganihu. Dị ka Shiva aakwuo, nna ochie ahapụla ụmụ nwanyị, okike, na ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị ọzọ n'èzí akụ na ụba, na-akpọ ha "ndị na-adịghị arụpụta ihe". N'otu aka ahụ, Ariel Salleh na-eme ka usoro a nke ecofeminist dị omimi na mkparịta ụka dị oke egwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ecosocialism.<ref name="Zed Books">{{Cite book|author=Salleh|first=Ariel|authorlink=Ariel Salleh|title=Ecofeminism as Politics: nature, Marx, and the postmodern|date=1997|publisher=Zed Books|location=London}}</ref> == Ụzọ e si ele ya anya == === Ịhụnanya maka ihe onwunwe === N'akwụkwọ Ecofeminism (1993), Vandana Shiva na Maria Mies na-ajụ sayensị nke oge a na nnabata ya dị ka usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ na nke na-enweghị uru. Ha na-ele usoro sayensị kachasị elu anya ọ bụghị dị ka ebumnuche kama dị ka ngosipụta nke Western patriarchal instrumentalism. Mkpebi nke ihe a na-ewere dị ka ihe ọmụma sayensị na ojiji ya bụ naanị ụmụ nwoke. Ihe atụ gụnyere ọgwụgwọ nke [[Ọmụmụ nwa|ịmụ nwa]] na mmepụta ihe nke ọmụmụ osisi. Ndị isi na-eme ihe ike na ndị ọkà mmụta na-azụlite ihe onwunwe ecofeminism bụ Maria Mies na Veronika Bennholdt-Thomsen na Germany; Vandana Shiva na India; Ariel Salleh na Australia; Mary Mellor na UK; na Ana Isla na [[Peru]]. A maghị ecofeminism nke ihe onwunwe n'ọtụtụ ebe na North America ma e wezụga akwụkwọ akụkọ na Capitalism Nature Socialism. Nnyocha ihe onwunwe na-amụ ụlọ ọrụ akụ na ụba dị ka ọrụ, ike, na ihe onwunwa dị ka usoro dị oke mkpa maka ịchịkwa ụmụ nwanyị na okike. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmepụta, nke a na-eji akpọrọ ihe, na mmepụta nke mmekọrịta dị ndụ, nke na-abụghị.<ref name="Borders">{{Cite web|title=Ecofeminism: Is the Movement Still Relevant?|url=http://www.genderacrossborders.com/2012/03/22/ecofeminism-is-the-movement-still-relevant/|publisher=Gender Across Borders|accessdate=2014-05-13|archivedate=2019-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929103848/http://www.genderacrossborders.com/2012/03/22/ecofeminism-is-the-movement-still-relevant/}}</ref> A na-akpọ ecofeminism a n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka "socialist feminist", "socialist ecofeminist", ma ọ bụ "Marxist ecofeminalism". Dị ka Carolyn Merchant si kwuo, "Social ecofeminism na-akwado nnwere onwe nke ụmụ nwanyị site na ịtụgharị usoro akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke na-agbanwe akụkụ niile nke ndụ ka ọ bụrụ ọha mmadụ ahịa nke taa ọbụna na-awakpo afọ".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Radical Ecology|author=Merchant|first=Carolyn|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2005|pages=193–221|chapter=Ecofeminism}}</ref> Ecofeminism n'echiche a na-achọ iwepụ usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke na-akwado mmepụta nke ngwaahịa maka uru karịa ọmụmụ nke ihe na mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze nke a na-ahụkarị dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị. === Ịhụnanya maka ụmụ nwanyị === ÒEcofeminism nke akwụkwọ nri bụ ụzọ dị oke egwu iji tinye mmegbu nke anụmanụ ndị na-abụghị mmadụ n'ime nyocha ecofeminism. Ndị ọkà mmụta nkatọ na-ekwu na iwepu mmegbu nke ụmụ anụmanụ na nyocha nke ecofeminist ekwekọghị na ntọala nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ka òtù nke na-achọ ịkwụsị ụdị mmegbu niile.<ref name="gaard">{{Cite journal|author=Gaard|first=Greta Claire|year=2002|title=Vegetarian ecofeminism: A review essay|journal=[[Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies]]|volume=23|issue=2|pages=117–146|doi=10.1353/fro.2003.0006}}</ref> A ga-achọpụta echiche ndị na-eri nri na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị site na ọmịiko maka ụmụ anụmanụ na-abụghị mmadụ na mmegharị omenala nke 1960s na 1970s.<ref name="gaard" /> Dị ka Carol Adams si kwuo, "Anyị enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ maka ikpe ziri ezi ma maa mmegbu nke okike aka n'enweghị nghọta na ụzọ kachasị anyị na okike na-emekọrịta ihe bụ site na iri anụmanụ. " <ref name="gaard" /> "A na-ewu nwoke na ọdịbendị anyị n'akụkụ ụfọdụ site na ịnweta anụ na ịchịkwa ahụ ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ anụmanụ. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=1995|title=Do Feminists Need to Liberate Animals, Too?|url=https://caroljadams.com/new-page-2|accessdate=2019-04-30|work=Carol J. Adams|language=en-US|archivedate=2019-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501213319/https://caroljadams.com/new-page-2}}</ref> ''Greta Gaard'' na-ekwu na, "onye bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị", ma na-akpọ iri anụ dị ka ụdị ime ihe ike nke nna, dịka ọ na-egosipụta ma na-eme ka usoro nke ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa anụmanụ na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị. === Mmụọ na ọdịbendị ecofeminism === Ekofeminizim ime mmụọ bụ ụzọ echiche nke ndị odee si North America na-akwado ma na-ewu ewu n'etiti ha, dịka ndị a: ... (okwu a ka ezughị ezu, ya mere a hapụrụ ya ka ọ dị). Starhawk, Riane Eisler, Carol Christ and Carol Adams. Starhawk kpọrọ njọ màkà earth-based spirituality, Nke na-ekweta na Ụwa dị ndụ, nakwa na anyị niile nwere njikọ na mmekọrịta n’etiti onwe anyị.. Ekofeminizim ime mmụọ ejikọtaghị ya na okpukpe ọ bụla pụrụ iche, kama ọ dabere n’ụkpụrụ nke nlekọta, ịhụnanya, na ilekọta ibe mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. obi ebere na enweghị ime ihe ike. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị ekofeminizim na-ezo aka n’omenala ochie, dịka ofufe Gaia, chi nwanyị nke okike na mmụọ (a na-akpọkwa ya Nne Ụwa)).<ref name=":4">Eisler, Riane. "The Gaia Tradition & The Partnership Future: An Ecofeminist Manifesto." ''Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism,'' edited by Irene Diamond and Gloria Orenstein, Sierra Club Books, 1990, pp. 23-34.</ref> Wicca na Paganism nwere mmetụta pụrụ iche na ekofeminizim ime mmụọ. Wicca, karịsịa … Dianic Wicca, N’omenala, ọ na-egosipụta nkwanye ùgwù miri emi nye okike, echiche nwanyị, na ebumnuche ịzụlite ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta obodo siri ike.s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Radical Ecology|author=Merchant|first=Carolyn|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2005|pages=124–125|chapter=Spiritual Ecology}}</ref> N’akwụkwọ ya Radical Ecology, Carolyn Merchant kpọrọ ekofeminizim ime mmụọ “ekofeminizim omenala” (cultural ecofeminism). Dị ka Merchant si kwuo, ekofeminizim omenala “na-eme emume ma na-asọpụrụ mmekọrịta dị n’etiti ụmụ nwanyị na okike site n’ịtụteghachi emume ochie ndị dabere n’ofufe chi nwanyị, ọnwa, anụmanụ, na …”, na usoro ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. " <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Radical Ecology|author=Merchant|first=Carolyn|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2005|pages=193–221|chapter=Ecofeminism}}</ref> Omenala ecofeminist na-eme intuition na ụkpụrụ nke nlekọta na mmekọrịta mmadụ na okike.<ref name=":0" /> === Ecofeminism na Latin America === Ecofeminism nke Latin America pụtara dị ka ihe dị iche n'ime nnukwu òtù ecofeminist. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro ecofeminist mbụ bụ nke a kpụrụ na Global North, mbipụta nke Staying Alive nke Vandana Shiva na etiti afọ 1980 gosipụtara oge mgbanwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Arriagada Oyarzún|first=Evelyn|date=2019-09-01|title=Apuntes iniciales para la construcción de una Ecología Política Feminista de y desde Latinoamérica|url=https://journals.openedition.org/polis/17802|journal=Polis. Revista Latinoamericana|language=es|issue=54|issn=0717-6554|accessdate=2025-05-27}}</ref> Ọrụ a webatara ntọala maka postcolonial ecofeminism nke ga-akpali ma gwa arụmụka na reformulations na Global South, gụnyere Latin America. Latin America nwekwara usoro mmalite nke ecofeminist, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-enweghị mgbasa na mmetụta na echiche ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ga-ekwenye na a ka nwere ogologo ụzọ iji gaa n'iwulite Latin American ecofeminism, <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Kuhnen|first=Tânia|date=2022-01-01|title=Marcha das Margaridas: Notes for a Latin American (Eco)Feminism|url=https://www.academia.edu/98395990|journal=Revista Sul Sul|volume=3|pages=101–121|doi=10.53282/SULSUL.V3I01.919}}</ref> nke na-ewere ọrụ na-eduga na ọgụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo na Global South na-etinye aka na nkwado nke omume ha nke mmepụta nri, ndụ nke ezinụlọ ha, mmekọrịta obodo, akụ na ụba na-agụnye na nkwado nke ndụ mmadụ na nke na-abụghị mmadụ. Site n'echiche nke Feminist Political Ecology, enwere nkwenye ọhụrụ site na mmetụta nke echiche post-humanist, yana echiche postcolonial na decolonial.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=LaDanta LasCanta|date=2017|title=De la teología al antiextractivismo: ecofeminismos en Abya Yala|url=http://www.ecologiapolitica.info/?p=10152|journal=Ecología Política|volume=54}}</ref> Mmetụta ọhụrụ ndị a na-enye ohere maka mmekọrịta ọhụrụ na Latin America na Global South ecofeminisms, ebe ọ na-emeghe ohere maka itinye usoro echiche, ahụmịhe ndụ, na onyinye nyocha site na agụmakwụkwọ Latin America na ime ihe ike. Ọ dịkwa mkpa ịkọwa ọrụ nke ime obodo dị ka ebe maka ime ihe ike miri emi megide ụmụ nwanyị, <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Kuhnen|first=Tânia|date=2022-01-01|title=Marcha das Margaridas: Notes for a Latin American (Eco)Feminism|url=https://www.academia.edu/98395990|journal=Revista Sul Sul|volume=3|pages=101–121|doi=10.53282/SULSUL.V3I01.919}}</ref> Nke na-ewepụkarị akụkọ, ihe ọmụma, na ahụmahụ nke ọtụtụ mmadụ, bụ ndị a naghị enye ohere ikwu ma ọ bụ nyefee ihe ọmụma ziri ezi gbasara onwe ha na gbasara mmekọrịta nlekọta, ịdị adị, na nkwado ndụ ha na-ewu na okike, na-atụle nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na ịdịgide adịgide ya. ==== Ógbè ==== Echiche nke "Cuerpo-Territorio" - Body-Territory bụ echiche dị mkpa n'ime Latin American ecofeminism, na-apụta site na ọgụ nke obodo ndị nwe obodo megide ụdị mmegbu ndị jikọtara ọnụ: nna ochie, ọchịchị nchịkwa, na iwepụ ihe. Ọ na-eje ozi ma dị ka usoro echiche na usoro dị irè nke iguzogide, na-ejikọta ahụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ókèala a ga-echebe na Ụwa dị ka ihe e nyere ikike megide mmegbu. A na-ekwu na ọ pụtara dị ka echiche na usoro sitere n'otu òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị Maya-Xinka na Guatemala ma bụrụkwa isi na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị inyom obodo. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọchịchị ndị na-achị ala na-agụnye mmeri na mmegbu nke ókèala, nke na-agụnyekwa ịchịkwa ahụ, ọkachasị ahụ ụmụ nwanyị. N'oge ndị Spain na-achị Amerịka, a na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere ịzụ ahịa, ndina n'ike, na igbu ọkpụkpụ. N'ihi ya, mmeri nke ala jikọtara ya na mmegbu nke ahụ ụmụ nwanyị, na-eme ka a chebe ókèala ahụ ha. Mgbapụta echiche cuerpo-territorio n’etiti obodo ụmụ amaala abụghị ihe mere na mberede. A na-elekwasịkarị ókèala ndị a anya n’usoro ịwepụ akụ (extractivism) na mmepe ọchịchị kolonial. Ụmụ nwanyị n’obodo ndị a na-enweta mmetụta n’ahụ ha, ma ha na-ejikwa ahụ ha dịka ụzọ iguzogide na ịlụ ọgụ. A na-ewu ma na-eji echiche a megide nkewa na nhazi ọkwa dị elu (hierarchical dichotomy) n’etiti ahụ na okike, n’etiti ime na mpụta, nke a na-ekwu na ọ na-enye ikike iji mee ka a kwado mwepu na mmegbu okike site n’ahụ mmadụ.. Echiche nke cuerpo territorio na-ekwusi ike na ahụ dị ka ihe na-aga n'ihu n'ala, na-ahụ "ahụ dị ka ókèala, na ókèala dị ka ahụ <ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|author=Nohely|first=Guzmán Narváez|date=2024|title=Review of Embodied Geographies: Feminist Body-Mapping with Amazonian Indigenous Girls, Cuerpo-Territorio, and the Outlining of a New Academic Grammar|url=https://sites.utexas.edu/llilas-benson-magazine/|journal=Portal Web Magazine. LLILAS Benson Latin American Studies and Collections, the University of Texas at Austin.}}</ref>". Ọ na-eme ka ahụ dị ka "onye kachasị nso na ala <ref name=":10" /> " ma na-akwado echiche ụwa nke ahụ bụ akụkụ nke netwọk sara mbara nke ndụ niile.<ref name=":10" /> Lorena Cabnal nke Indigenous Women’s Association nke Santa María Xalapán kọwara na, “territorio cuerpo-tierra bụ okwu a ga-eweghachite, chebe ma mekwaa ka ọ bụrụ ọkọlọtọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n’ịgbachitere ala. Ọ bụ usoro ọgụ megide ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na igwu ala (mining). Ọ bụ ụdị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ekofeminizim obodo ụmụ amaala, ụzọ isi tụlee ma nwee mmetụta na ahụ mmadụ dịka ókèala dị ndụ ma nwee akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ọ na-ezo aka na nkọwa cosmological na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-amata na ahụ mmadụ nwere njikọ na ịdị n’ime netwọkụ nke ndụ niile. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ na-akpalite anyị ka anyị tụgharịa uche n’otú e si wulite ahụ mmadụ site n’ọtụtụ ụdị mmegbu, usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme nke patriarki, colonialism, racism, na neoliberal capitalism, nke butere mmegbu na mwepu akụ site n’usoro nkwekọrịta na iwu dị iche iche.” Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bụ usoro usoro nke dabeere na ozizi nke cuerpo-territorio. Usoro ya na-elekwasị anya n'ahụ dị ka isi iyi nke ozi.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Sweet|first=Elizabeth L.|date=2017-04-03|title=Engaging territorio cuerpo-tierra through body and community mapping: a methodology for making communities safer|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2016.1219325|journal=Gender, Place & Culture|volume=24|issue=4|pages=594–606|doi=10.1080/0966369X.2016.1219325|issn=0966-369X}}</ref> A na-eme ya dị ka usoro decolonial ka ọ na-achọ imegide usoro nyocha ọdịnala nke Euro-centric nke na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na asụsụ edere site na ajụjụ ọnụ, ìgwè ndị na-elekwasị anya, na nzaghachi nyocha. N'adịghị ka usoro ndị a dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, eserese ahụ na-enye ụzọ dị nchebe, nke nwere nsogbu iji nwee mmetụta na mmetụta ndị metụtara ahụmịhe ahụ.<ref name=":11" /> Ọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị nke decolonial emeela ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka ike onwe onye na ime ihe jikọrọ ọnụ. Mapịng ahụ (body mapping) na-emepụta ihe nnọchite anya anụ ahụ site n’ịse ihe osise nke ahụ na ime ihe ike niile ahụ tara. Mapịng a na-etinye esemokwu ala na okike n’elu ahụ mmadụ ka e wee ghọta ha site n’echiche nke ahụ na ahụmahụ onwe onye (subjective perspective). Onye nyocha Delmy Tania Cruz Hernández nyere ihe atụ doro anya n’akwụkwọ ya, mgbe ọ kọwara akụkọ otu onye lanarịrị ihe mgbu nke Acteal massacre; mgbe ihe ahụ mere, onye ahụ sere obe uhie n’elu obi n’ime mapịng ya, ma hapụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ahụ ka ha ghara inwe ihe osise n’ihi mmerụ uche (trauma). N’ụzọ a, mapịng na-aghọ ụdị iguzogide, na-eme ka mmetụta na ihe mgbu nke mwepu akụ n’ógbè pụta ìhè n’ahụ mmadụ.. Usoro body mapping na-agụnyekarị ụfọdụ mgbanwe nke usoro ndị a: # N'ozuzu ha na-emepụta ohere nchekwa na nkwado. A na-ejikarị nzọụkwụ a eme ihe iji wulite ntụkwasị obi n'etiti ndị sonyere na n'etiti ha na ndị nchọpụta. Maka ọrụ ụfọdụ, nke a na-agụnye ịhazi usoro ụkpụrụ omume ọnụ nke na-akọwa etu ha si chọọ iso ibe ha, oghere, na mmepụta nyocha ikpeazụ.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|author=Sweet|first=et. al; Ventos Lopes Heimer, Rosa dos, and Nina Franco|title=Travelling Body-territories: A video-essay on survivors mapping coloniality, violence and resistance|url=https://www.artscabinet.org/imagingsocialjustice/travelling-body-territories-a-video-essay-on-survivors-mapping-coloniality-violence-and-resistance|accessdate=2025-05-27|work=Arts Cabinet|language=en-GB}}</ref> # Mee mmega ahụ nke otu mmetụta iji banye n'ime ahụ ma mata ha dị ka ndị jupụtara na ndụ, mmetụta, ncheta na mmetụta uche.<ref name=":12" /> # Nkọwa nke ógbè ahụ.''ala ahụ.'' # Ndị sonyere na-enyere ibe ha aka ịchọta ọdịdị nke ọdịdị ha na mpempe akwụkwọ buru ibu. # Ndị sonyere na-atụgharị uche n'usoro ajụjụ ndị nchọpụta jụrụ gbasara isiokwu ahụ, ebe ndị sonyere na ya na-aza ha site na ide, ise, na ịmepụta n'ụdị ọ bụla ha masịrị na ise ahụ ha dị ka nzaghachi. Onye ọ bụla nwere map nke ókèala ahụ ya pụrụ iche. # Enwere ike ịjụ ndị sonyere ka ha kọwaa ihe map ha rụchara. # Ọtụtụ ọrụ na-emesi ike na ọ bụ ezie na map bụ ngosipụta nke ahụmịhe, akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro ahụ bụ ịkekọrịta akụkọ ha na obodo. A na-ekpughe njikọ, ọmịiko, na isiokwu ndị buru ibu, na-emepụta usoro nke imepụta ihe jikọrọ ọnụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Body Territory: Mapping women's resistance to violence in the favelas of Maré, Rio de Janeiro |url=https://peoplespalaceprojects.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/body-mapping-report-1.pdf |access-date=June 7, 2026 |website=peoplespalaceprojects.org.uk}}</ref> ==== Mmiri Ógbè ==== A na-eji echiche nke "Agua Territorio" - Water-Body-Territory akọwa njikọ ihe onwunwe na ihe nnọchianya dị n'etiti ihe onwunwa okike, ahụ ụmụ nwanyị na ala, sitere na obodo ime obodo na Latin America, ọkachasị na Andes, ma na Chile ma na Argentina, ebe mmiri bụ ọbara nke ókèala ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Panez Pinto|first=Alexander|date=2018|title=Agua-Territorio en América Latina: Contribuciones a partir del análisis de estudios sobre conflictos hídricos en Chile|url=http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2215-24662018000100193&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=es|journal=Revista Rupturas|language=es|volume=8|issue=1|pages=193–217|doi=10.22458/rr.v8i1.1978|issn=2215-2466}}</ref> Ọ bụ echiche a na-eji eme ihe na decolonial ecofeminism, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara dị oke egwu. Echiche decolonial nke Latin America na ọdịdị ala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eje ozi iji chee echiche banyere ngosipụta nke ọnwụ mkpokọta na arụmụka ndị ọzọ gbasara nnwere onwe anụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zaragocin|first=Sofia|date=2024-11-01|title=Agua-cuerpo-territorio/Water-body-territory|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962629824001793|journal=Political Geography|volume=115|doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2024.103230|issn=0962-6298}}</ref> Lobos Castro na-ekwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme na nhazi nke mmiri na Chile - nke iwu mmiri nke Chile nke 1981 mere ka ọ dị ngwa na mmiri dị ka ihe ọma malitere ịpụ - emeela ka mmerụ ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na nke onwe. Nke a na-agụnye mmetọ, mbelata mmiri maka ọrụ ugbo, na ikpughe na agrochemicals na-egbu egbu. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka ndị a, ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Chile mepụtara "ịdị adị ọzọ": omume nke iguzogide na ntachi obi nke gụnyere iweghachite ihe ọmụma ndị nna nna, ịzụlite ịdị n'otu obodo, na ịgbachitere gburugburu ebe obibi mpaghara. Omume ndị a na-ekwughachi njikọ ha na ala na ụlọ ọrụ ha n'ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|author=Lobos Castro|first=Fany|date=2021|title=Agua-cuerpo-territorio. Las cicatrices y reexistencias de las mujeres rurales en el Maule Sur precordillerano de Chile|url=https://www.ecologiapolitica.info/?p=14880|journal=Ecología Política|issue=61|pages=112–116|doi=10.53368/EP61FCrr04|accessdate=2025-05-27}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Video_Vandana_Shiva_2014.webm|thumb|Vandana Shiva, onye India ọkà ihe ọmụma, ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi]] N’afọ 1980 na 1990, ndị nkatọ jụrụ radicalism ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ekofeminizim site n’ikwu na ọ bụ “essentialist”. A hụrụ ndị ekofeminizim dịka ndị na-eme ka ụkpụrụ ọchịchị nna-ukwu (patriarchy) nke ịchị achị sikwuo ike site n’ịkwusi ike na e nwere njikọ pụrụ iche n’etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ọdịdị okike. Ndị echiche [post-structural feminism](<nowiki>https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/post-structural_feminism?utm_source=chatgpt.com</nowiki>) na ụfọdụ ndị [Third-wave feminism](<nowiki>https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-wave_feminism?utm_source=chatgpt.com</nowiki>) karịsịa, hụrụ “essentialism” dịka ịchịkọta ụmụ nwanyị niile n’otu otu dị ka ndị a na-ewere dị ala, nke si otú ahụ na-akwado otu ụkpụrụ ọha mmadụ ahụ feminism na-agbalị ịkwụsị. Nsogbu dị bụ na n’omenala ọdịnala, dịka a na-elekarị àgwà a na-akpọ “nwanyị” anya dị ka ihe na-erughị uru, otu ahụkwa ka a na-ekpebi na ọdịdị okike na ụwa anụmanụ bụ ndị nwere “uru dị ala” ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ọdịnala patriarchy nke nwoke na-achị na-akpọ “mmadụ n’ezie.”'. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị ecofeminists na-emegide nnwere onwe ma ọ bụ 'ịha nhata' feminism na ndabere na ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị isi na-amaghị ama bụ ndị nwoke - ma ndị na-ewepu mmekọahụ / ndị na-ebibi gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ajụjụ ọnụ, onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị [[Noel Sturgeon]] kwuru na ihe ndị na-emegide ihe dị mkpa na-amaghị bụ atụmatụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị eji eme ka ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị buru ibu na nke dị iche iche, ndị na-ekwu na ndị na-eme ihe ike. Tụkwasị na nke a, Charlene Spretnak gosipụtara ecofeminism dị ka ihe na-emetụta atụmatụ sara mbara, gụnyere teknụzụ ọmụmụ, ịkwụ ụgwọ nhata na ikike nhata, mmetọ na-egbu egbu, mmepe Ụwa nke Atọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Spretnak|first=Charlene|chapter=Ecofeminism: Our Roots and Flowering|title=Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Feminism|editor=Diamond|publisher=Sierra Club Books|date=1990|pages=3–14}}</ref> Norie Ross Singer mesiri ike na a ga-aghọta ecofeminism dị ka ịkwalite ọtụtụ axis nke njirimara dịka okike, agbụrụ, na klas dị ka inter-meshed na mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmadụ na-abụghị mmadụ. A. E. Kings gosipụtara nyocha a dị ka '[[Intersectionality|intersectional]]' n'ụzọ bụ isi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kings|first=A.E.|title=Intersectionality and the Changing Face of Ecofeminism|journal=Ethics and the Environment|date=2017|volume=22|issue=1|pages=63–87|doi=10.2979/ethicsenviro.22.1.04}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịdị anụmanụ na-enye aka na nyocha intersectional, site na itinye uche na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ikike ụmụ anụmanụ na ime ihe maka ụdị ndụ niile a na-emegbu emegbu, gụnyere ndị ọrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọkà mmụta okpukpe Rosemary Radford Ruether jụrụ mysticism, ọ rụrụ ụka na ime mmụọ na ime ihe ike nwere ike ijikọta n'ụzọ dị irè na ecofeminism.<ref name="Ecofeminism&Globalization" /> N'aka nke ọzọ, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi Janet Biehl katọrọ ecofeminism maka ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka ọgụgụ dị omimi nke ụmụ nwanyị na okike na-enweghị nlebara anya zuru ezu maka ọnọdụ ndụ ụmụ nwanyị. Biehl kpebiri ecofeminism dị ka òtù na-emegide ọganihu maka ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Biehl">{{Cite book|author=Biehl|first=Janet|authorlink=Janet Biel|title=Rethinking eco-feminist politics|year=1991|publisher=[[South End Press]]|location=Boston, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-89608-392-9}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu, ụfọdụ ndị ecofeminists maara banyere nkatọ ndị a malitere ịgbanwe aha ọrụ ha n'okpuru akara ndị ọzọ - dị ka 'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi', 'ikpe ziri ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ', ma ọ bụ 'mmekọahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi'. Taa, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eche echiche na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-amata ma ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmekọahụ / nwoke na nwanyị. Ọzọkwa, ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị na usoro akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-arụ ụka maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ahụkarị ihe onwunwe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Rocheleau|first=Dianne|title=Feminist Political Ecology: Global Issues & Local Experiences|location=New York|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=1996}}</ref> Ndị Socialist femists na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya na njikọ ụmụ nwanyị na okike bụ echiche a na-ewu na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Dị ka Ariel Salleh si kwuo, nchegbu banyere ịdị mkpa na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị nke North America. Na Europe na South ụwa, mmekọrịta nke klas, agbụrụ, okike na ụdị na mmegbu dabeere na nyocha nke mmekọrịta mmekọrịta mmekọrịta na akụ na ụba.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Salleh|first=Ariel|title=Essentialism and Ecofeminism|journal=Arena|volume=94|pages=167–173|date=1991}}</ref> === Nkatọ dị iche iche === Ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi na ụkpụrụ nlekọta ụmụ nwanyị emeela ka ndị otu niile a na-akparaghị ókè sonye, na-arụ ọrụ megide Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịka nká, ikike. Andrew Charles na-ekwu na ndị nwere nkwarụ ka na-eche nsogbu nke ịnweta na nnọchiteanya ihu na ime iwu.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Charles|first=Andrew|date=June 2007|title=Deafness and Disability—Forgotten Components of Environmental Justice: Illustrated by the Case of Local Agenda 21 in South Wales|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13549830601183677|journal=Local Environment|language=en|volume=12|issue=3|pages=209–221|doi=10.1080/13549830601183677|issn=1354-9839}}</ref> Ọ na-atụ aro na akụkụ na-azụlite nke ecofeminism nwere ike ịbụ ịkwado ndị a na-akparaghị ókè. N'otu aka ahụ, mgbagwoju anya nke onye nzọpụta ọcha nwere ike imebi nkwado onwe onye nke ndị agbụrụ a na-akparaghị ókè gburugburu ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bandyopadhyay|first=Ranjan|date=2017-08-08|title='The white woman's burden' – the racialized, gendered politics of volunteer tourism|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14616688.2017.1298150|journal=Tourism Geographies|language=en|volume=19|issue=4|pages=644–657|doi=10.1080/14616688.2017.1298150|issn=1461-6688}}</ref> Catia Faria na-arụ ụka megide echiche ecofeminist na nnukwu mmerụ ahụ nye ụmụ anụmanụ na-abụghị mmadụ n'ọhịa sitere na omenala nna ochie. Ọ na-esote, ọ na-ekwu, na ọ bụ ihe na-ezighi ezi ikwu na nchekwa nke okike bụ ihe ngwọta kachasị mma ebe a. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-ekwu, usoro okike n'onwe ha bụ isi iyi nke nnukwu ahụhụ maka anụ ọhịa nakwa na anyị kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ iji belata mmerụ ahụ ha na-enwe, yana iwepụ isi iyi nke mmerụ ahụ, dị ka [[Ichu nta|ịchụ nta]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ruiz Carreras|first=María|date=2016-11-04|title="La lucha por la igualdad y la justicia es necesariamente feminista y antiespecista"|language=es|work=Diagonal|url=https://www.diagonalperiodico.net/global/29972-lo-personal-es-politico-feminismo-y-antiespecismo.html|accessdate=2021-02-13}}</ref> == Ndị na-ekwu okwu == * Carol J. Adams – Adams is an American vegetarian-ecofeminist scholar and activist. * Judi Bari – Bari was a principal organizer of the Earth First! movement and experienced sexist hostility. * [[Françoise d'Eaubonne]] – Called upon women to lead an ecological revolution in order to save the planet. This entailed revolutionizing gender relations and human relations with the natural world.<ref name="Merchant">{{Cite book|author=Merchant|first=Carolyn|chapter=Chapter 8|title=Radical ecology: the search for a livable world|location=New York|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=1992}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMerchant1992">Merchant, Carolyn (1992). "Chapter 8". ''Radical ecology: the search for a livable world''. New York: [[Routledge]]. p.&nbsp;184.</cite></ref> * Greta Gaard – Gaard is an American ecofeminist scholar and activist. Her major contributions to the field connect ideas of queer theory, vegetarian ecofeminism, and animal liberation. Her major theories call to expand ecofeminism and other feminist theories to address a wider range of social issues. She is an ecological activist and leader in the U.S. Green Party, and the Green Movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uwrf.edu/FacultyStaff/5617517.cfm|title=Greta Gaard|work=www.uwrf.edu|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-08}}</ref> * Susan Griffin - A radical feminist philosopher, essayist and playwright particularly known for her innovative, hybrid-form ecofeminist works. A Californian, she taught as an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley as well as at Stanford University and California Institute of Integral Studies. * Ana Isla – Sociologist from Peru, member of Capitalism Nature Socialism ecofeminist editorial collective.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Isla|first=Ana|editor=Brownhill|title=The Routledge Handbook on Ecosocialism|date=2022|publisher=Routledge|location=London|chapter=“Greening,” the highest stage of extractivism in Latin America}}</ref> * [[Vanessa Lemgruber]] – Lemgruber is a Brazilian lawyer, writer,<ref name="amazon.com.br">{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com.br/Guia-ecofeminista-mulheres-direito-ecologia-ebook/dp/B08C1FNZ55/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_pt_BR=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&dchild=1&keywords=guia+ecofeminista&qid=1593658492&sr=8-1|title=Guia ecofeminista: Mulheres, direito, ecologia|language=es}}</ref> activist, and ecofeminist. She defends [[the Doce river]] in Brazil and advocates for [[Ịdị mma mmiri|water quality]] and [[Ihe mkpofu efu|zero waste]] movements. * Sallie McFague – A prominent ecofeminist theologian, McFague uses the metaphor of God's body to represent the universe at large. This metaphor values inclusive, mutualistic and interdependent relations amongst all things. * Carolyn Merchant – Historian of science who taught at University of California, Berkeley for many years. Her book ''The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution'' is a classic ecofeminist text. * Mary Mellor – UK sociologist who moved to ecofeminist ideas from an interest in cooperatives. Her books ''Breaking the Boundaries'' and her later book ''Feminism and Ecology'' are grounded in a materialist analysis.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mellor|first=Mary|title=Breaking the Boundaries|date=1992|publisher=Virago|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Mellor|first=Mary|title=Feminism and Ecology|date=1997|publisher=Polity Press|location=Cambridge}}</ref> * Maria Mies – Mies is a German social critic who has been involved in feminist work throughout [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] and [[Ndia|India]]. She works particularly on the intersections of patriarchy, poverty, and the environment on a local and global scale.<ref name="Ecofeminism&Globalization">{{Cite book|author=Ruether|first=Rosemary Radford|authorlink=Rosemary Radford Ruether|title=Ecofeminism and Globalization|year=2003|editor=Eaton|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|location=Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto, Oxford|isbn=978-0-7425-2697-6|pages=vii–xi}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRuether2003">[[Rosemary Radford Ruether|Ruether, Rosemary Radford]] (2003). Eaton, Heather; Lorentzen, Lois Ann (eds.). ''Ecofeminism and Globalization''. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto, Oxford: [[Rowman & Littlefield]]. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">vii–</span>xi. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2697-6|<bdi>978-0-7425-2697-6</bdi>]].</cite></ref> * Adrian Parr – A cultural and environmental theorist. She has published eight books and numerous articles on [[Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi|environmental activism]], feminist new materialism, and imagination. Most notable is her trilogy ''Hijacking Sustainability''.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Parr|first=Adrian|title=Hijacking Sustainability|date=2009|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge}}</ref> See also: ''The Wrath of Capital'', and ''Birth of a New Earth''. * Val Plumwood – Val Plumwood, formerly Val Routley, was an Australian ecofeminist intellectual and activist, who was prominent in the development of radical ecosophy from the early 1970s through the remainder of the 20th century. In her work ''Feminism and the Mastery of Nature'' she describes the relationship of mankind and the environment relating to an eco-feminist ideology.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminism and the Mastery of Nature|author=Plumwood|first=Val|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2003|location=New Fetter Lane, London}}</ref> * Alicia Puleo – The author of several books and articles on ecofeminism and gender inequality, Alicia Puleo has been characterized as "arguably Spain's most prominent explicator-philosopher of the worldwide movement or theoretical orientation known as ecofeminism."<ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1RWyk2PwEgC&pg=PA107|title=Global Issues in Contemporary Hispanic Women's Writing|chapter=For a Better World: Alicia Puleo's Critical Ecofeminism|first=Roberta|author=Johnson|editor=Cibreiro|isbn=9780415626941|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|accessdate=20 February 2019}}</ref> * Rosemary Radford Ruether – Has written 36 books and over 600 articles exploring the intersections of feminism, theology, and creation care.<ref>{{Cite web|author=LaRosa|first=Patricia|title=Finding Aid for Rosemary Radford Ruether Papers, 1954-2002|url=http://library.columbia.edu/content/dam/libraryweb/libraries/burke/fa/awts/ldpd_5632346.pdf|accessdate=15 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221205023/http://library.columbia.edu/content/dam/libraryweb/libraries/burke/fa/awts/ldpd_5632346.pdf|archivedate=21 December 2012}}</ref> Ruether was the first person to connect the domination of the earth with the oppression of women.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bouma-Prediger|first=Steven|title=The greening of theology: the ecological models of Rosemary Radford Ruether, Joseph Sittler, and Juergen Moltmann|date=1995|publisher=Scholars Press|isbn=0-7885-0163-1|location=Atlanta, Ga.|oclc=33105042}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2023)">page<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>needed<nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * Ariel Salleh – Australian ecofeminist with a global perspective; a founding editor of the journal ''Capitalism Nature Socialism''; author of four books and some 300 articles examining ecofeminist links with deep and social ecology, green politics and eco-socialism, digitalisation and decoloniality. * Vandana Shiva – Shiva is a scientist by training, prolific author and Indian ecofeminist activist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who's Who of Women and the Environment|url=http://www.unep.org/women_env/w_details.asp?w_id=107|accessdate=15 March 2013|archivedate=28 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028084032/http://www.unep.org/women_env/w_details.asp?w_id=107}}</ref> She was a participant in the Chipko movement of the 1970s, which used non-violent activism to protest and prevent [[Igbukpọ osisi|deforestation]] in the Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarakhand, India, then in Uttar Pradesh. Her fight against genetically modified organisms (GMOs) (together with the fights led by Rachel Carson against DDT and Erin Brockovich against hexavalent chromium) has been described as an example of ecofeminist position.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barthold|first=Charles|title=An ecofeminist position in critical practice: Challenging corporate truth in the Anthropocene|journal=Gender, Work & Organization|year=2022|volume=29|issue=6|pages=1796–1814|doi=10.1111/gwao.12878}}</ref> * Charlene Spretnak – Spretnak is an American writer largely known for her writing on ecology, politics and spirituality. Through these writings Spretnak has become a prominent ecofeminist. She has written many books which discuss ecological issues in terms of effects with social criticisms, including feminism. Spretnak's works had a major influence in the development of the Green Party. She has also won awards based on her visions on ecology and social issues as well as feminist thinking. * Starhawk – An American writer and activist, Starhawk is known for her work in spiritualism and ecofeminism. She advocates for social justice in issues surrounding nature and spirit. These social justice issues fall under the scope of feminism and ecofeminism. She believes in fighting oppression through intersectionality and the importance of spirituality, eco consciousness and sexual and gender liberation. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (January 2023)">circular reference</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * Douglas Vakoch – An American ecocritic whose edited volumes include ''Ecofeminism and Rhetoric: Critical Perspectives on Sex, Technology, and Discourse'' (2011),<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ecofeminism and rhetoric: critical perspectives on sex, technology, and discourse|author=Vakoch|first=Douglas A.|date=2011-01-01|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|isbn=9780857451873|location=New York|language=en|oclc=714734848}}</ref> ''Feminist Ecocriticism: Environment, Women, and Literature'' (2012),<ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminist ecocriticism: environment, women, and literature|author=Vakoch|first=Douglas A.|date=2012-01-01|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|isbn=9780739176825|location=Lanham, Md.|language=en|oclc=815941726}}</ref> ''Dystopias and Utopias on Earth and Beyond: Feminist Ecocriticism of Science Fiction'' (2021),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/Dystopias-and-Utopias-on-Earth-and-Beyond-Feminist-Ecocriticism-of-Science/Vakoch/p/book/9780367716233|title=Dystopias and Utopias on Earth and Beyond: Feminist Ecocriticism of Science Fiction|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2021|isbn=9780367716233|editor=Vakoch|location=London|accessdate=2020-12-14}}</ref> ''Ecofeminist Science Fiction: International Perspectives on Gender, Ecology, and Literature'' (2021),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/Ecofeminist-Science-Fiction-International-Perspectives-on-Gender-Ecology/Vakoch/p/book/9780367716417|title=Ecofeminist Science Fiction: International Perspectives on Gender, Ecology, and Literature|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2021|isbn=9780367716417|editor=Vakoch|location=London|accessdate=2020-12-14}}</ref> ''The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature'' (2023),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Handbook-of-Ecofeminism-and-Literature/Vakoch/p/book/9781032050119|title=The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2023|isbn=9781032050119|editor=Vakoch|accessdate=2022-07-20}}</ref> (with Nicole Anae) ''Indian Feminist Ecocriticism'' (2022), and (with Sam Mickey) ''Ecofeminism in Dialogue'' (2018),<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ecofeminism in Dialogue|author=Vakoch|first=Douglas A.|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|year=2018|isbn=9781498569279|location=Lanham, MD|oclc=1005695115}}</ref> ''Literature and Ecofeminism: Intersectional and International Voices'' (2018),<ref>{{Cite book|title=Literature and Ecofeminism: Intersectional and International Voices|author=Vakoch|first=Douglas A.|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2018|isbn=978-0815381723|location=London|oclc=1020319048}}</ref> and ''Women and Nature?: Beyond Dualism in Gender, Body, and Environment'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women and Nature?: Beyond Dualism in Gender, Body, and Environment|author=Vakoch|first=Douglas|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2018|isbn=9781138053427|location=London|language=en|oclc=975383028}}</ref> * Karen J. Warren – Warren received her B.A. in philosophy from the University of Minnesota (1970) and her Ph.D. from the University of Massachusetts-Amherst in 1978. Before her long tenure at Macalester College, which began in 1985, Warren was Professor of Philosophy at St. Olaf College in the early 1980s. Warren was the Ecofeminist-Scholar-in-Residence at Murdoch University in Australia.<ref name="MacGregor">{{Cite book|author=MacGregor|first=Sherilyn|title=Beyond mothering earth: ecological citizenship and the politics of care|year=2006|publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]]|location=Vancouver|isbn=978-0-7748-1201-6}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMacGregor2006">MacGregor, Sherilyn (2006). ''Beyond mothering earth: ecological citizenship and the politics of care''. Vancouver: [[University of British Columbia Press]]. p.&nbsp;286. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1201-6|<bdi>978-0-7748-1201-6</bdi>]].</cite></ref> In 2003, she served as an Oxford University Round Table Scholar and as Women's Chair in Humanistic Studies at Marquette University in 2004. She has spoken widely on environmental issues, feminism, critical thinking and peace studies in many international locations including Buenos Aires, Gothenburg, [[Helsinki]], Oslo, Manitoba, Melbourne, Moscow, Perth, the U.N. Earth Summit in [[Rio de Janeiro]] (1992), and San Jose. == Hụkwa ==   == Ihe odide == <references> <ref name="Gaard">{{Cite journal|author=Gaard|first=Greta|title=Ecofeminism Revisited: Rejecting Essentialism and Re-Placing Species in a Material Feminist Environmentalism|journal=Feminist Formations|date=2011|volume=23|issue=2|pages=26–53|doi=10.1353/ff.2011.0017}}</ref> <ref name="Mann">{{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=Susan A|title=Pioneers of U.S. Ecofeminism and Environmental Justice|journal=Feminist Formations|date=2011|volume=23|issue=2|pages=1–25|doi=10.1353/ff.2011.0028}}</ref> <ref name="Borders">{{Cite web|title=Ecofeminism: Is the Movement Still Relevant?|url=http://www.genderacrossborders.com/2012/03/22/ecofeminism-is-the-movement-still-relevant/|publisher=Gender Across Borders|accessdate=2014-05-13|archivedate=2019-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929103848/http://www.genderacrossborders.com/2012/03/22/ecofeminism-is-the-movement-still-relevant/}}</ref> </references> === Ọrụ ndị dị mkpa === * Oge Ochie Ọdịnihu: Ịmụta site na Ladakh, nke Helena Norberg-Hodge * The Body of God nke Sallie McFague dere * The Chalice and The Blade: Our History, Our Future, nke Riane Eisler dere * ''Ọnwụ nke Okike: Ụmụ nwanyị, Ecology, na Mgbanwe Sayensị'' nke Carolyn Merchant * Ecofeminism nke Maria Mies na Vandana Shiva * ''Ecofeminism na Latin America'' site na Mary Judith Ross * Ecofeminist Philosophy nke Karen J. Warren * ''Omenala Gburugburu Ebe Obibi'' site na Val Plumwood * ''Feminism na Nchịkwa nke Okike'' site na Val Plumwood * ''Gaia na Chineke: Nkà mmụta okpukpe nke Ecofeminist nke Ọgwụgwọ Ụwa'' nke Rosemary Radford Ruether * Njikọ Ecofeminism, Globalization, na okpukpe ụwa site na Rosemary Radford Ruether * Ọ dịghị Nwoke ma ọ bụ Anụ nke Carol J. Adams dere * Ebe mgbaba: Akụkọ na-abụghị nke okike nke Ezinụlọ na Ebe site na Terry Tempest Williams * Mbilite n'Ọnwụ nke Ezi: Ahụ, Okike, na Ebe n'Ụwa Hypermodern nke Charlene Spretnak dere * Nsọ Longings: Nkà mmụta okpukpe Ecofeminist na Globalization nke Mary Grey * The Sexual Politics of Meat nke Carol J. Adams dere * Silent Spring nke Rachel Carson dere * Egwú na-agba gburugburu nke Starhawk * ''Ịnọgide na-adị ndụ: Ụmụ nwanyị, gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe'' nke Vandana Shiva * ''Na-eche Green! edemede banyere gburugburu ebe obibi, ụmụ nwanyị, na enweghị ime ihe ike'' site na [[Petra Kelly]] * Ụdị Biodiversity nke echi site na Vandana Shiva * Nwaanyị na Okike: Ịzụ n'ime Ya site na Susan Griffin * ''Ịmebi ókèala'' site na Mary Mellor * Feminism na Ecology nke Mary Mellor dere * ''Ecofeminism dị ka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị: Okike, Marx, na Postmodern'' nke Ariel Salleh dere * ''Decolonize EcoModernism!'' nke Ariel Salleh dere * Osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke Costa Rica site n'aka Ana Isla * Animals and Women: Feminist Theoretical Explorations, nke Carol J. Adams na Josephine Donovan dezigharịrị * Dystopias na Utopias on Earth and Beyond: Feminist Ecocriticism of Science Fiction, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị * Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature, nke Greta Gaard dezigharịrị * Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature, nke Karen J. Warren dezigharịrị na enyemaka nchịkọta akụkọ sitere na Nisvan Erkal * ''EcoFeminism & Globalization: ịchọpụta ọdịbendị, ihe gbara ya gburugburu na okpukpe'', nke Heather Eaton & Lois Ann Lorentzen dezigharịrị * Ecofeminism and Rhetoric: Critical Perspectives on Sex, Technology, and Discourse, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị * Ecofeminism and the Sacred, nke Carol J. Adams dezigharịrị * Ecofeminism in Dialogue, nke Douglas A. Vakoch na Sam Mickey dezigharịrị * Ecofeminist Science Fiction: International Perspectives on Gender, Ecology, and Literature, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị * ''Eco-Sufficiency & Global Justice: Ụmụ nwanyị na-ede Political Ecology'', nke Ariel Salleh dezigharịrị * Feminist Ecocriticism: Environment, Women, and Literature, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị * Indian Feminist Ecocriticism, nke Douglas A. Vakoch na Nicole Anae dezigharịrị * ''Akwụkwọ na Ecofeminism: Intersectional na International Voices'', nke Douglas A. Vakoch na Sam Mickey dezigharịrị * The Politics of Women's Spirituality: Essays on the Rise of Spiritual Power within the Feminist Movement, nke Charlene Spretnak dezigharịrị * Ntụziaka na Ecology na Feminist Theology, nke Mary Heather MacKinnon na Moni McIntyre dezigharịrị * Reclaim the Earth, nke Leonie Caldecott na Stephanie Leland dezigharịrị * Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism, nke Irene Diamond na [[Gloria Feman Orenstein]] dezigharịrị * The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị * Ụmụ nwanyị na Okike? : Beyond Dualism in Gender, Body, and Environment, nke Douglas A. Vakoch na Sam Mickey dezigharịrị * Women Healing Earth: Third World Women on Ecology, Feminism, and Religion, nke Rosemary Radford Ruether dezigharịrị * ''GUIA ECOFEMINISTA: mujeres, direito, ecologia, nke Vanessa Lemgruber dere nke Ape'Ku dezigharịrị'' * {{Cite journal|author=Buckingham|first=Susan|title=Ecofeminism|journal=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition)|date=2015|pages=845–850|doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.91020-1}} * {{Cite journal|author=Gaard|first=Greta Claire|year=2011|title=Ecofeminism Revisited: Rejecting Essentialism and Re-Placing Species in a Material Feminist Environmentalism|journal=[[Feminist Formations]]|volume=23|issue=2|pages=26–53|doi=10.1353/ff.2011.0017}} * {{Cite journal|author=Huggan|first=Graham|year=2004|title="Greening" Postcolonialism: Ecocritical Perspectives|journal=MFS Modern Fiction Studies|volume=50|issue=3|pages=701–733|doi=10.1353/mfs.2004.0067}} * {{Cite journal|author=Mack-Canty|first=Colleen|year=2004|title=Third-Wave Feminism and the Need to Reweave the Nature/ Culture Duality|journal=[[NWSA Journal]]|volume=16|issue=3|pages=154–179|doi=10.1353/nwsa.2004.0077}} * {{Cite journal|author=MacGregor|first=Sherilyn|year=2004|title=From care to citizenship: Calling ecofeminism back to politics|journal=Ethics & the Environment|volume=9|issue=1|pages=56–84|doi=10.1353/een.2004.0007}} * {{Cite journal|author=Mallory|first=Chaone|year=2013|title=Locating Ecofeminism in Encounters with Food and Place|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics|volume=26|issue=1|pages=171–189|doi=10.1007/s10806-011-9373-8}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ndị ọsụ ụzọ nke U.S. Ecofeminism na Ikpe Ziri Ezi, Feminist Formations, 23 (2): 1-25. * {{Cite journal|author=Wildy|first=Jade|year=2012|title=The Artistic Progressions of Ecofeminism: The Changing Focus of Women in Environmental Art|journal=International Journal of the Arts in Society|volume=6|issue=1|pages=53–65|doi=10.18848/1833-1866/cgp/v06i01/35978}} * Salleh, Ariel (1984) 'From Feminism to Ecology', Social Alternatives, Vol. 4, Nke 3, 8-12. * Salleh, Ariel (2019) 'Ecofeminist Sociology as a New Class Analysis' na Klaus Dorre na Brigitte Aulenbacher (ed.), Global Dialogue, International Sociological Association Newsletter: Vol. 9, Nke 1. * Salleh, Ariel (1991) 'Essentialism and Ecofeminism', Arena No. 94:167-173. * David Pellow (2018), 'Review of EcoFeminism as Politics: Nature, Marx and the Postmodern', Journal of World-Systems Research, doi:10.5195/JWSR.2018.864. * Ọnụ ụzọ n'Oké Osimiri nke [[Joan Slonczewski]] dere * Always Coming Home nke Ursula K. Le Guin dere * Buffalo Gals, Won't You Come Out Tonight nke Ursula K. Le Guin dere * Ihe Nsọ nke Ise nke Starhawk * The Gate to Women's Country nke Sheri S. Tepper dere * The Holdfast Chronicles nke Suzy McKee Charnas dere * ''Ihe Nzuzo Madonna'' nke Sophie Strand * ''Asụsụ Obodo'' nke Suzette Haden Elgin * ''Ilu nke Onye na-akụ mkpụrụ'' site n'aka Octavia Butler * Oge Ọchịchị na-efu efu nke Barbara Kingsolver * N'elu ya site na Margaret Atwood * The Wanderground nke Sally Miller Gearhart * Nwanyị Na-eru N'Oge Oge nke Marge Piercy dere * ''Ndị ikwu Ata na-echere gị'' site na Dorothy Bryant * Bear nke Marian Engel dere * Ụlọ Nsọ nke Onye Amụma m nke [[Alice Walker]] dere * ''Nrọ Sultana'' nke Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain * The Sea of Affliction (1987, bipụtara ọzọ na 2010) nke Rosemarie Rowley dere == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [http://lgruen.faculty.wesleyan.edu/files/2011/05/Gaard.pdf Ecofeminism: N'ihu ikpe ziri ezi zuru ụwa ọnụ na ahụike ụwa] Feminist Greta Gaard na Lori Gruen's ecofeminist framework * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061001140008/http://www.metanexus.net/metanexus_online/show_article2.asp?id=2669 "An Ecology of Knowledge: Feminism, Ecology and the Science and Religion Discourse"] Metanexus Institute nke Lisa Stenmark * "Ecofeminism and the Democracy of Creation" nke Catherine Keller (2005); cf. Carol P. Christ, "Ecofeminism", na Michel Weber na Will Desmond (ed.), Handbook of Whiteheadian Process Thought, Frankfurt / Lancaster, ontos verlag, 2008, peeji nke 87-98.&nbsp; * "Toward a Queer Ecofeminism" nke Greta Gaard * [https://www.cadtm.org/Feminism-and-ecology-the-same-struggle-The-shaping-of-ecofeminism Feminism na gburugburu ebe obibi: otu ọgụ ahụ? - Ọdịdị nke ecofeminism] site na Marijke Colle * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-environmental/ Nkà ihe ọmụma gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụmụ nwanyị] site na Karen Warren * [https://www.perlego.com/knowledge/study-guides/what-is-ecofeminism/ Gịnị bụ Ecofeminism?] Akwụkwọ Perlego {{Feminist theory}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9qh5ra109b19or4q41h4mi0o8i6pwkx 693000 692998 2026-07-31T05:13:25Z Mirah50 16972 693000 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Françoise_d'Eaubonne_wikipédia.jpg|thumb|9Onye edemede French bụ [[Françoise d'Eaubonne]] chepụtara okwu ahụ n'akwụkwọ 1974.]] <templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Environmental social science}}Ecofeminism na-ejikọta feminist na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ndị na-eche echiche banyere ụmụ nwanyị na-adabere n'echiche nke okike iji nyochaa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na ụwa okike.<ref name="MacGregor" /> Ọ bụ onye edemede French bụ [[Françoise d'Eaubonne]] chepụtara okwu a n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1974 bụ {{Lang|fr|[[Feminism or death|Le Féminisme ou la Mort]]}} .<ref>{{Cite book|author=d'Eaubonne|first=Françoise|title=Le Féminisme ou la Mort|date=1974|publisher=Horay|location=Paris}}</ref><ref name="Merchant" /><ref name="Warren">{{Cite journal|author=Glazebrook|first=Trish|date=September 2002|title=Karen Warren's Ecofeminism|journal=[[Ethics & the Environment]]|volume=7|issue=2|pages=12–26|doi=10.2979/ETE.2002.7.2.12}}</ref> Echiche nke Ecofeminist na-ewebata echiche ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Green ma na-akpọ maka otu ndị na-ahụ maka ịha nhata, ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ nke na-enweghị otu ìgwè na-achịkwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Radical Ecology|author=Merchant|first=Carolyn|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2005|pages=193–221|chapter=Ecofeminism}}</ref> Taa, e nwere ọtụtụ ngalaba nke ekofeminizim (ecofeminism), nke ọ bụla nwere ụzọ na nyocha dị iche iche. Ndị a gụnyere '''ekofeminizim nnwere onwe (liberal ecofeminism), ekofeminizim ime mmụọ na omenala (spiritual/cultural ecofeminism), na ekofeminizim mmekọrịta ọha ma ọ bụ soshalist (social/socialist ecofeminism).'''(ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe ecofeminismo). <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Radical Ecology|author=Merchant|first=Carolyn|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2005|pages=193–221|chapter=Ecofeminism}}</ref> Nkọwa nke ecofeminism na otu esi etinye ya n'echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya gụnyere nka ecofeminist, ikpe ziri ezi na Nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, okpukpe, akụ na ụba, ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a, na akwụkwọ. Nnyocha nke Ecofeminist na-ekwu maka mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọdịbendị na-ewu n'etiti mmegbu nke Anụ ọhịa na [[Ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị|mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị]]. '''Ndị a yiri ibe ha n’ụzọ dị iche iche, gụnyere ma ọ bụghị naanị ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọdịdị ala (nature) dịka ihe onwunwe, ịhụ ụmụ nwoke dịka ndị na-elekọta omenala ebe ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị na-elekọta ọdịdị ala, yana otú ụmụ nwoke si achị ụmụ nwanyị na otú mmadụ si achị ọdịdị ala. Ekofeminizim na-ekwusi ike na a ga-asọpụrụ ma ụmụ nwanyị ma ọdịdị ala.'''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ecofeminism and the Sacred|author=Adams|first=Carol|publisher=Continuum|year=2007|pages=1–8}}</ref> == Mgbalị zuru ụwa ọnụ == Ndị prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, Maria Mies, Ariel Salleh na Susan Mann niile na-ejikọta mmalite nke ecofeminism ọ bụghị na ndị inyom kama na ụmụ nwanyị nke ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche nke ghọtara njikọ dị n'etiti okike, agbụrụ, klas, na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-akwado echiche nke [[intersectionality]] site n'echiche na n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe ike na ndị na-eche echiche ga-etinye ndị a na-emebi emebi na mkparịta ụka ahụ. Otú ọ dị, na mmalite nke North America gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-ekewa okwu agbụrụ na ọkwa mgbe ụfọdụ.<ref name="Mann">{{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=Susan A|title=Pioneers of U.S. Ecofeminism and Environmental Justice|journal=Feminist Formations|date=2011|volume=23|issue=2|pages=1–25|doi=10.1353/ff.2011.0028}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị anọwo na-arụ ọrụ iji chebe Anụ ọhịa, nri, ikuku na mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Glazebrook|first=Trish|date=Autumn 2002|title=Karen Warren's Ecofeminism|journal=Ethics & the Environment|volume=7|issue=2|pages=12–27|doi=10.2979/ete.2002.7.2.12}}</ref> Mgbalị ndị a dakọtara na mmepe ọhụrụ na echiche gburugburu ebe obibi site n'aka ndị edemede dịka Henry David Thoreau, Aldo Leopold, John Muir, na Rachel Carson.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Norlock|first=Kathryn J.|date=December 2011|title=Building Receptivity: Leopold's Land Ethic and Critical Feminist Interpretation|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/NORBRL|journal=[[Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture]]|volume=5|issue=4|pages=491–509|doi=10.1558/jsrnc.v5i4.491|accessdate=2018-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Seager|first=Joni|date=Spring 2003|title=Rachel Carson Died of Breast Cancer: The Coming of Age of Feminist Environmentalism|journal=[[Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society]]|volume=28|issue=3|pages=945–973|doi=10.1086/345456}}</ref> Ihe atụ ndị yiri ibe ha sitere n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bụ akwụkwọ Silent Spring nke Rachel Carson na Refuge nke Terry Tempest Williams. Ecofeminist Karen Warren depụtara edemede Aldo Leopold "Land Ethic" (1949) '''...dị ka ihe dị mkpa nke ukwuu n'ime nkà ihe ọmụma ekofeminizim nke ya, n'ihi na Leopold bụ onye mbụ dere ụkpụrụ omume gbasara ala nke na-ahụ akụkụ niile nke obodo ahụ na-abụghị mmadụ—dị ka anụmanụ, osisi, ala, ikuku, na mmiri—dị ka ndị ha na mmadụ hà nhata ma nwee mmekọrịta chiri anya na mmadụ.'''. Nghọta ahụ na-agụnye gburugburu ebe obibi nyeere aka ịmalite usoro nchekwa nke oge a na-egosi otu esi ele nsogbu gburugburu ebe obuibi anya site na usoro nlekọta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters|author=Warren|first=Karen J.|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] Publishers, Inc|year=2000|isbn=9780847692996|location=Lanham, Maryland}}</ref> Na [[Ndia|India]], na steeti Uttarakhand na 1973, ụmụ nwanyị sonyere na mmegharị Chipko iji chebe ọhịa site na mgbukpọ ọhịa. '''N’oge a, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwoke na-akwaga n’obodo ukwu ịchọ ọrụ, ebe ụmụ nwanyị ndị fọdụrụ n’ime ime obodo India na-adabere n’ọhịa maka ihe ndị ha ji ebi ndụ na mkpa ha kwa ụbọchị.'''i.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhpr.org/environment/2021-06-26/sunderlal-bahuguna-chipko-movement-in-india|title=The Life and Legacy of Sunderlal Bahuguna and the Chipko Movement in India|author=Poon|first=Felix|work=New Hampshire Public Radio|date=10 January 2022|accessdate=April 9, 2023|archivedate=2023-04-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409183940/https://www.nhpr.org/environment/2021-06-26/sunderlal-bahuguna-chipko-movement-in-india}}</ref> Dị ka Vandana Shiva dere, a na-eji usoro mkpesa na-abụghị nke ime ihe ike mee ihe iji bi n'osisi ka ndị na-egbutu osisi ghara igbu ha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters|author=Warren|first=Karen J.|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] Publishers, Inc|year=2000|isbn=9780847692996|location=Lanham, Maryland}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Wangari_Maathai_no_Brasil.jpg|thumb|281x281px|Onye Kenya na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Wangari Maathai]] Na [[Kenya]] n'afọ 1977, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ Prọfesọ Wangari Maathai malitere Green Belt Movement. Ọ bụ mmemme Ịkụ osisi n'ime ime obodo nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eduzi, nke Maathai mepụtara iji nyere aka gbochie ọzara n'ógbè ahụ. Ihe omume ahụ mepụtara 'ihe mkpofu ahịhịa ndụ' nke ọ dịkarịa ala 1,000 osisi gbara obodo nta gburugburu, ma nye ndị sonyere ikike ilekọta obodo ha. N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, Green Belt Movement bụ onye na-akwado inye ụmụ amaala ihe ọmụma na inye ike site na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe maka agụmakwụkwọ obodo na gburugburu ebe obibi, yana ijide ndị isi mba na-aza ajụjụ maka omume ha na ịkụnye ụlọ ọrụ na ụmụ amaala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenbeltmovement.org/who-we-are/our-history|title=Our History|work=The Green Belt Movement|accessdate=October 8, 2016}}</ref> Ọrụ nke Green Belt Movement na-aga n'ihu taa. N'afọ 1978 na [[Nú Yọk|New York]], nne na onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi bụ Lois Gibbs duuru obodo ya mee ngagharị iwe mgbe ọ chọpụtara na e wuru agbata obi ha dum, Love Canal, n'elu ebe a na-atụfu ihe na-egbu egbu. Mmetụta ndị dị n'ala na-akpata ọrịa n'etiti ụmụaka na nsogbu ọmụmụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị, yana nkwarụ ọmụmụ n'ime ụmụ ọhụrụ a mụrụ n'aka ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-ahụ nsí ahụ. Mgbalị Love Canal mesịrị mee ka gọọmentị etiti wepụ ma kwaga ebe ọzọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ezinụlọ 800.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chej.org/about-us/story/love-canal/|title=Love Canal|work=Center for Health, Environment, & Justice|accessdate=October 8, 2016|archivedate=October 6, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006173400/http://chej.org/about-us/story/love-canal/}}</ref> N'afọ 1980 na 1981, ụmụ nwanyị dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị bụ Ynestra King haziri ngagharị iwe udo na Pentagon. Ụmụ nwanyị guzo, n'aka n'aka, na-achọ ikike nhata (gụnyere ikike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba, na ịmụ nwa) yana njedebe nke omume agha nke gọọmentị na-eme na mmegbu nke obodo (ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi). A maara òtù a dị ka Women's Pentagon Actions . <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Lehar|first=Stephanie|year=1991|title=Ecofeminist Theory and Grassroots Politics|journal=[[Hypatia (journal)|Hypatia]]|volume=6|issue=1|pages=28–45|doi=10.1111/j.1527-2001.1991.tb00207.x}}</ref> N'afọ 1985, Katsi Cook malitere Akwesasne Mother's Milk Project. Ọ bụ gọọmentị kwadoro nnyocha a, ma nyochaa otu ọkwa dị elu nke mmetọ na mmiri dị nso na ebe nchekwa Mohawk si emetụta ụmụ ọhụrụ. Ọ kpughere na site na mmiri ara, ụmụaka Mohawk na-ahụ 200% karịa nsí karịa ụmụaka na-anọghị na nchekwa ahụ. Mmetụta na-egbu egbu na-emetọ mmiri n'ụwa niile, mana n'ihi [[Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]], ụfọdụ ndị a na-ewepụ iche na-ahụkarị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/cjm5/blogs/english/2012/04/mothers-milk-project.html|title=Mother's Milk Project|author=Doverspike|first=Nicole|year=2012|work=English 487W Blog: West of Everything|accessdate=October 9, 2016|archivedate=October 10, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010211601/http://www.personal.psu.edu/cjm5/blogs/english/2012/04/mothers-milk-project.html}}</ref> The Greening of Harlem Coalition bụ ihe atụ ọzọ nke òtù ecofeminist. N'afọ 1989, [[Bernadette Cozart]] guzobere njikọ ahụ, nke na-ahụ maka ọtụtụ Ogige obodo gburugburu Harlem. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ Cozart bụ ime ka ogige ndị tọgbọrọ n'efu bụrụ ogige obodo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bernstein|first=Emily|date=1993|title=Neighborhood Report: Harlem; Sowing a Future With Green in It|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/26/nyregion/neighborhood-report-harlem-sowing-a-future-with-green-in-it.html?scp=1&sq=Bernadette%20Cozart&st=cse|accessdate=October 9, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> '''Nke a bara uru n’akụkụ akụ na ụba, ma na-enyekwa ụzọ ka obodo ndị mepere emepe nke ukwuu nwee mmekọrịta na ọdịdị gburugburu ebe obibi nakwa na ibe ha. Ọtụtụ ndị nwere mmasị n’ọrụ a (dị ka e kwuru n’afọ 1990) bụ ụmụ nwanyị. Site n’ubi ndị a, ha nwere ike isonye n’ọrụ obodo ha ma bụrụkwa ndị ndu n’ime obodo ha.''' A na-ahụkwa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'obodo ukwu n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Malite na 1994, otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America nọ na [[Detroit]] mepụtara ogige obodo, ma na-akpọ onwe ha ndị mmụọ ozi na-elekọta ubi. Omume ubi yiri nke a emeela n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wild Politics: Feminism, Globalisation, Bio/diversity|author=Hawthorne|first=Susan|publisher=Spinifex Press|year=2002|location=Melbourne, Australia}}</ref> Na njedebe nke afọ iri, ecofeminism agbasaala na ụsọ oké osimiri USA ma kọwaa nyocha nke ụmụ nwanyị na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ikpeazụ, na-ama echiche nke ịkpa ókè gburugburu ebe obibi na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ aka, na-eguzogide nsị na-egbu egbu na egwu ndị ọzọ na-eyi ndị ogbenye egwu.<ref name="Gaard">{{Cite journal|author=Gaard|first=Greta|title=Ecofeminism Revisited: Rejecting Essentialism and Re-Placing Species in a Material Feminist Environmentalism|journal=Feminist Formations|date=2011|volume=23|issue=2|pages=26–53|doi=10.1353/ff.2011.0017}}</ref> N'ihe gbasara mmegharị mba ụwa, akwụkwọ Ariel Salleh bụ Ecofeminism as Politics (nke ikpeazụ e bipụtara na 2017) nwere akụkọ zuru ezu banyere omume ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi site na [[Japan]] na Pacific ruo Scandinavia.<ref name="Shiva">{{Cite book|author=Shiva|first=Vandana|authorlink=Vandana Shiva|title=Staying alive: women, ecology and development|year=1988|publisher=[[Zed Books]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-86232-823-8}}</ref><ref name="Zed Books">{{Cite book|author=Salleh|first=Ariel|authorlink=Ariel Salleh|title=Ecofeminism as Politics: nature, Marx, and the postmodern|date=1997|publisher=Zed Books|location=London}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na oke nyocha nke ecofeminist dị ike na echiche dịgasị iche iche nke ecofemenist apụtawo site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe na ndị na-eche echiche n'ụwa niile, ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ nke ecofeminism abụwo nke mahadum North America. N'ihi ya, Charlene Spretnak kọwara ọrụ ecofeminist na-emepe emepe: 1) site na ọmụmụ nke echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị yana akụkọ ihe mere eme; 2) site na nkwenye na ọmụmụ nke Okpukpe ndị dabeere na okike; na 3) site na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Spretnak|first=Charlene|chapter=Ecofeminism: Our Roots and Flowering|title=Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Feminism|editor=Diamond|publisher=Sierra Club Books|date=1990|pages=3–14}}</ref> N'otu edemede nke afọ 1993 nke akpọrọ "Ecofeminism: Toward Global Justice and Planetary Health", ndị edemede Greta Gaard na Lori Gruen kọwara ihe ha na-akpọ "usoro ecofeminist". Edemede ahụ na-enye ọtụtụ data na ọnụ ọgụgụ na mgbakwunye na ịkọwa akụkụ echiche nke nkatọ ecofeminist. Ebumnuche nke usoro ahụ bụ iji guzobe ụzọ isi lee anya ma ghọta nsogbu ụwa dị ugbu a iji ghọta nke ọma etu anyị si rute n'oge a na ihe a ga-eme iji melite ya. N'ịdabere n'ọrụ Rosemary Ruether na Carolyn Merchant, Gaard na Gruen kwuru na e nwere ike anọ n'azụ usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a: # Mmụba nke [[Patriarchal religion|Okpukpe ndị nna ochie]] na nguzobe ha nke usoro okike nwoke na nwanyị tinyere ịgọnahụ chi ha. # Ihe nlereanya nke ihe onwunwe nke eluigwe na ala nke sitere na Mgbanwe sayensị na mbelata nke ihe niile n'ime ihe onwunwa ka a ga-emeziwanye, ihe nwụrụ anwụ a ga-eji mee ihe. # Omenala ọdịnala abụọ dabere na nwoke na nwanyị, onwe na ndị ọzọ, mmadụ na okike, na ike na nchịkwa ụkpụrụ omume ndị a. # Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mkpa ya dị mkpa maka iji anụmanụ, ala na ndị mmadụ eme ihe maka naanị ebumnuche nke ịmepụta akụ na ụba. '''Ihe anọ ndị a emeela ka omenala ọdịda anyanwụ rute n’ọnọdụ nke ndị ecofeminist na-akpọ “nkewa dị n’etiti okike na omenala,” nke ha kwenyere na ọ bụ isi mmalite nsogbu ndị na-emetụta ụwa any'''ị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gaard|first=Greta|date=1993|title=Ecofeminism: Toward Global Justice and Planetary Health|journal=[[Society and Nature]]|volume=2|pages=1–35}}</ref> Ụzọ ụfọdụ nke ecofeminist mepụtara site na nchegbu anarcha-feminist iji kpochapụ ụdị ọchịchị niile, gụnyere àgwà mmegbu nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ụwa.<ref name="Tuana">{{Cite book|editor=Tuana|title=Feminism And Philosophy: Essential Readings In Theory, Reinterpretation, And Application|date=2018|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-8133-2212-4|pages=327–9|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wDFDwAAQBAJ&q=ecofeminist+ecofeminism|chapter=Anarcha Feminist and Ecological Feminist Perspectives}}</ref> Dị ka akwụkwọ d'Eaubonne bụ Le Féminisme ou la Mort si kwuo, ecofeminism na-ejikọta mmegbu nke ndị otu niile a na-akparaghị ókè (ndị inyom, ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara, ụmụaka, ndị ogbenye) na mmegbu na ịchịkwa okike (anụmanụ, ala, mmiri, ikuku, wdg). O kwuru na ọchịchị, mmegbu, na ọchịchị n'okpuru ndị isi ọdịda anyanwụ emeela ka mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi ghara ịgbanwe. Onye na-eme ihe ike na onye na-ahazi ihe, d'Eaubonne rụrụ ọrụ maka iwepụ ikpe na-ezighị ezi niile, ọ bụghị naanị ikpe na-enweghị isi megide [[ụmụ nwanyị na gburugburu ebe obibi]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters|author=Warren|first=Karen J.|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] Publishers, Inc|year=2000|isbn=9780847692996|location=Lanham, Maryland}}</ref> Ihe odide ndị nwere mmetụta gụnyere: Women and Nature (Susan Griffin 1978), The Death of Nature (Carolyn Merchant 1980) na ''Gyn/Ecology'' (Mary Daly 1978), nke nyeere aka ịkwalite njikọ dị n'etiti ọchịchị ụmụ nwoke na ọchịchị nke ọdịbendị n'elu okike. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 1980 gụnyere ndị na-eme ihe dị ka National Toxics Campaign, Mothers of East Los Angeles (MELA), na Native Americans for a Clean Environment (NACE) nke ụmụ nwanyị raara onwe ha nye nsogbu ahụike mmadụ na ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Radical Ecology|author=Merchant|first=Carolyn|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2005|pages=169–173}}</ref> Ihe odide sitere na gburugburu a tụlere ecofeminism sitere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Green Party, òtù udo, na òtù na-eme ihe kpọmkwem.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Lehar|first=Stephanie|year=1991|title=Ecofeminist Theory and Grassroots Politics|journal=[[Hypatia (journal)|Hypatia]]|volume=6|issue=1|pages=28–45|doi=10.1111/j.1527-2001.1991.tb00207.x}}</ref> Onye dị mkpa n'oge a bụ [[Petra Kelly]], onye guzobere German Green Party. == Okike okike == [[Faịlụ:Petra_Kelly.jpg|thumb|[[Petra Kelly]], onye guzobere Green Party na Germany]] Nkwupụta a na-ekwughachi n'ime akwụkwọ ecofeminist bụ na usoro [[nwoke]] na-akwado ọchịchị ha site na mmegide abụọ, ndị a gụnyere ma ọ bụghị naanị: eluigwe / ụwa, uche / ahụ, nwoke / [[Nwanyi|nwanyị]], mmadụ / anụmanụ, mmụọ / ihe, ọdịbendị / okike, [[Ndi ocha|ọcha]] / na-abụghị ọcha, na ndị nwere ike / ndị nwere nkwarụ. A na-eme ka mmegbu sie ike site na itinye binaries ndị a na ikpe ọha na eze nke uru / enweghị uru.<ref name="Hobgood-Oster">{{Cite web|url=http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/bron/PDF--Christianity/Hobgood-Oster--Ecofeminism-International%20Evolution.pdf|title=Ecofeminism: Historic and International Evolution|first=Laura|author=Hobgood-Oster|accessdate=March 17, 2012|archivedate=October 16, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016225245/http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/bron/pdf--christianity/Hobgood-Oster--Ecofeminism-International%20Evolution.pdf}}</ref> Echiche nke Ecofeminist na-ekwusi ike na a na-ewulite Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ụkpụrụ nna na nke nwoke, nke mere na mmetụta nke ọchịchị onye kwuo ego enweghị ike ịba uru ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oksala|first=Johanna|date=Spring 2018|title=Feminism, Capitalism, and Ecology|journal=[[Hypatia (journal)|Hypatia]]|volume=33|issue=2|pages=216–234|doi=10.1111/hypa.12395}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta ecofeminist kwusiri ike na ọ bụghị ''n'ihi na'' ụmụ nwanyị bụ ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ "nwaanyị" ka ha na-emetụta okike, kama n'ihi nde ha na-enwe mmegbu site n'otu ike nwoke ahụ. A na-ahụkarị nke a n'asụsụ a na-ejikarị akọwa okike, dị ka "Nne Ụwa" ma ọ bụ "Nne Okike", na asụsụ anụmanụ a na-eji akọwa ụmụ nwanyị n'okwu mkparị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Warren|first=Karen J.|title=Feminist Environmental Philosophy|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-environmental/#LinPer|work=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|date=2015}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị iche, ndị ọzọ ecofeminists na-ahọrọ ikwusi ike uru nke nkà ụmụ nwanyị mụtara site na ọrụ mmekọrịta ọdịnala dị ka 'onye nlekọta'.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stoddart|first=Mark|year=2011|title=Ecofeminism, Hegemonic Masculinity, And Environmental Movement Participation In British Columbia, Canada, 1998-2007: "Women Always Clean Up The Mess"|journal=Sociological Spectrum|volume=31|issue=3|pages=342–368|doi=10.1080/02732173.2011.557065}}</ref> Onye India na-akwado echiche ecofeminism ma bụrụkwa onye mgba ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi, Vandana Shiva, dere na ụmụnwaanyị ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere njikọ pụrụ iche na gburugburu ebe obibi site n’ahụmahụ ha kwa ụbọchị, nakwa na e legharala mkpa njikọ a anya ma ọ bụ e nyebeghị ya uru kwesịrị ekwesị.. Dị ka akwụkwọ Shiva Staying Alive (1989), ụmụ nwanyị nọ na akụ na ụba na-emepụta "akụ̀ na ụba na mmekorita ya na okike, abụwo ndị ọkachamara na ihe ọmụma gburugburu ebe obibi nke usoro okike". Ọ na-ekwu na "ụzọ ndị ọzọ a nke ịmara, nke na-elekwasị anya na uru mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mkpa nke ihe oriri anaghị anabata ya site na usoro nke reductionist capitalist, n'ihi na ọ naghị aghọta njikọ nke okike, ma ọ bụ njikọ nke ndụ ụmụ nwanyị, ọrụ na ihe ọmụma na okike nke akụ na ụba".<ref name="Shiva">{{Cite book|author=Shiva|first=Vandana|authorlink=Vandana Shiva|title=Staying alive: women, ecology and development|year=1988|publisher=[[Zed Books]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-86232-823-8}}</ref> Shiva na-ekwu na ọdịda a sitere n’ịchịkwa ụwa dum site n’echiche ọdịda anyanwụ banyere mmepe na ọganihu. Dị ka Shiva aakwuo, nna ochie ahapụla ụmụ nwanyị, okike, na ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị ọzọ n'èzí akụ na ụba, na-akpọ ha "ndị na-adịghị arụpụta ihe". N'otu aka ahụ, Ariel Salleh na-eme ka usoro a nke ecofeminist dị omimi na mkparịta ụka dị oke egwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ecosocialism.<ref name="Zed Books">{{Cite book|author=Salleh|first=Ariel|authorlink=Ariel Salleh|title=Ecofeminism as Politics: nature, Marx, and the postmodern|date=1997|publisher=Zed Books|location=London}}</ref> == Ụzọ e si ele ya anya == === Ịhụnanya maka ihe onwunwe === N'akwụkwọ Ecofeminism (1993), Vandana Shiva na Maria Mies na-ajụ sayensị nke oge a na nnabata ya dị ka usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ na nke na-enweghị uru. Ha na-ele usoro sayensị kachasị elu anya ọ bụghị dị ka ebumnuche kama dị ka ngosipụta nke Western patriarchal instrumentalism. Mkpebi nke ihe a na-ewere dị ka ihe ọmụma sayensị na ojiji ya bụ naanị ụmụ nwoke. Ihe atụ gụnyere ọgwụgwọ nke [[Ọmụmụ nwa|ịmụ nwa]] na mmepụta ihe nke ọmụmụ osisi. Ndị isi na-eme ihe ike na ndị ọkà mmụta na-azụlite ihe onwunwe ecofeminism bụ Maria Mies na Veronika Bennholdt-Thomsen na Germany; Vandana Shiva na India; Ariel Salleh na Australia; Mary Mellor na UK; na Ana Isla na [[Peru]]. A maghị ecofeminism nke ihe onwunwe n'ọtụtụ ebe na North America ma e wezụga akwụkwọ akụkọ na Capitalism Nature Socialism. Nnyocha ihe onwunwe na-amụ ụlọ ọrụ akụ na ụba dị ka ọrụ, ike, na ihe onwunwa dị ka usoro dị oke mkpa maka ịchịkwa ụmụ nwanyị na okike. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmepụta, nke a na-eji akpọrọ ihe, na mmepụta nke mmekọrịta dị ndụ, nke na-abụghị.<ref name="Borders">{{Cite web|title=Ecofeminism: Is the Movement Still Relevant?|url=http://www.genderacrossborders.com/2012/03/22/ecofeminism-is-the-movement-still-relevant/|publisher=Gender Across Borders|accessdate=2014-05-13|archivedate=2019-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929103848/http://www.genderacrossborders.com/2012/03/22/ecofeminism-is-the-movement-still-relevant/}}</ref> A na-akpọ ecofeminism a n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka "socialist feminist", "socialist ecofeminist", ma ọ bụ "Marxist ecofeminalism". Dị ka Carolyn Merchant si kwuo, "Social ecofeminism na-akwado nnwere onwe nke ụmụ nwanyị site na ịtụgharị usoro akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke na-agbanwe akụkụ niile nke ndụ ka ọ bụrụ ọha mmadụ ahịa nke taa ọbụna na-awakpo afọ".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Radical Ecology|author=Merchant|first=Carolyn|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2005|pages=193–221|chapter=Ecofeminism}}</ref> Ecofeminism n'echiche a na-achọ iwepụ usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke na-akwado mmepụta nke ngwaahịa maka uru karịa ọmụmụ nke ihe na mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze nke a na-ahụkarị dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị. === Ịhụnanya maka ụmụ nwanyị === ÒEcofeminism nke akwụkwọ nri bụ ụzọ dị oke egwu iji tinye mmegbu nke anụmanụ ndị na-abụghị mmadụ n'ime nyocha ecofeminism. Ndị ọkà mmụta nkatọ na-ekwu na iwepu mmegbu nke ụmụ anụmanụ na nyocha nke ecofeminist ekwekọghị na ntọala nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ka òtù nke na-achọ ịkwụsị ụdị mmegbu niile.<ref name="gaard">{{Cite journal|author=Gaard|first=Greta Claire|year=2002|title=Vegetarian ecofeminism: A review essay|journal=[[Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies]]|volume=23|issue=2|pages=117–146|doi=10.1353/fro.2003.0006}}</ref> A ga-achọpụta echiche ndị na-eri nri na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị site na ọmịiko maka ụmụ anụmanụ na-abụghị mmadụ na mmegharị omenala nke 1960s na 1970s.<ref name="gaard" /> Dị ka Carol Adams si kwuo, "Anyị enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ maka ikpe ziri ezi ma maa mmegbu nke okike aka n'enweghị nghọta na ụzọ kachasị anyị na okike na-emekọrịta ihe bụ site na iri anụmanụ. " <ref name="gaard" /> "A na-ewu nwoke na ọdịbendị anyị n'akụkụ ụfọdụ site na ịnweta anụ na ịchịkwa ahụ ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ anụmanụ. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=1995|title=Do Feminists Need to Liberate Animals, Too?|url=https://caroljadams.com/new-page-2|accessdate=2019-04-30|work=Carol J. Adams|language=en-US|archivedate=2019-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501213319/https://caroljadams.com/new-page-2}}</ref> ''Greta Gaard'' na-ekwu na, "onye bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị", ma na-akpọ iri anụ dị ka ụdị ime ihe ike nke nna, dịka ọ na-egosipụta ma na-eme ka usoro nke ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa anụmanụ na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị. === Mmụọ na ọdịbendị ecofeminism === Ekofeminizim ime mmụọ bụ ụzọ echiche nke ndị odee si North America na-akwado ma na-ewu ewu n'etiti ha, dịka ndị a: ... (okwu a ka ezughị ezu, ya mere a hapụrụ ya ka ọ dị). Starhawk, Riane Eisler, Carol Christ and Carol Adams. Starhawk kpọrọ njọ màkà earth-based spirituality, Nke na-ekweta na Ụwa dị ndụ, nakwa na anyị niile nwere njikọ na mmekọrịta n’etiti onwe anyị.. Ekofeminizim ime mmụọ ejikọtaghị ya na okpukpe ọ bụla pụrụ iche, kama ọ dabere n’ụkpụrụ nke nlekọta, ịhụnanya, na ilekọta ibe mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. obi ebere na enweghị ime ihe ike. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị ekofeminizim na-ezo aka n’omenala ochie, dịka ofufe Gaia, chi nwanyị nke okike na mmụọ (a na-akpọkwa ya Nne Ụwa)).<ref name=":4">Eisler, Riane. "The Gaia Tradition & The Partnership Future: An Ecofeminist Manifesto." ''Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism,'' edited by Irene Diamond and Gloria Orenstein, Sierra Club Books, 1990, pp. 23-34.</ref> Wicca na Paganism nwere mmetụta pụrụ iche na ekofeminizim ime mmụọ. Wicca, karịsịa … Dianic Wicca, N’omenala, ọ na-egosipụta nkwanye ùgwù miri emi nye okike, echiche nwanyị, na ebumnuche ịzụlite ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta obodo siri ike.s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Radical Ecology|author=Merchant|first=Carolyn|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2005|pages=124–125|chapter=Spiritual Ecology}}</ref> N’akwụkwọ ya Radical Ecology, Carolyn Merchant kpọrọ ekofeminizim ime mmụọ “ekofeminizim omenala” (cultural ecofeminism). Dị ka Merchant si kwuo, ekofeminizim omenala “na-eme emume ma na-asọpụrụ mmekọrịta dị n’etiti ụmụ nwanyị na okike site n’ịtụteghachi emume ochie ndị dabere n’ofufe chi nwanyị, ọnwa, anụmanụ, na …”, na usoro ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. " <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Radical Ecology|author=Merchant|first=Carolyn|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2005|pages=193–221|chapter=Ecofeminism}}</ref> Omenala ecofeminist na-eme intuition na ụkpụrụ nke nlekọta na mmekọrịta mmadụ na okike.<ref name=":0" /> === Ecofeminism na Latin America === Ecofeminism nke Latin America pụtara dị ka ihe dị iche n'ime nnukwu òtù ecofeminist. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro ecofeminist mbụ bụ nke a kpụrụ na Global North, mbipụta nke Staying Alive nke Vandana Shiva na etiti afọ 1980 gosipụtara oge mgbanwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Arriagada Oyarzún|first=Evelyn|date=2019-09-01|title=Apuntes iniciales para la construcción de una Ecología Política Feminista de y desde Latinoamérica|url=https://journals.openedition.org/polis/17802|journal=Polis. Revista Latinoamericana|language=es|issue=54|issn=0717-6554|accessdate=2025-05-27}}</ref> Ọrụ a webatara ntọala maka postcolonial ecofeminism nke ga-akpali ma gwa arụmụka na reformulations na Global South, gụnyere Latin America. Latin America nwekwara usoro mmalite nke ecofeminist, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-enweghị mgbasa na mmetụta na echiche ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ga-ekwenye na a ka nwere ogologo ụzọ iji gaa n'iwulite Latin American ecofeminism, <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Kuhnen|first=Tânia|date=2022-01-01|title=Marcha das Margaridas: Notes for a Latin American (Eco)Feminism|url=https://www.academia.edu/98395990|journal=Revista Sul Sul|volume=3|pages=101–121|doi=10.53282/SULSUL.V3I01.919}}</ref> nke na-ewere ọrụ na-eduga na ọgụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo na Global South na-etinye aka na nkwado nke omume ha nke mmepụta nri, ndụ nke ezinụlọ ha, mmekọrịta obodo, akụ na ụba na-agụnye na nkwado nke ndụ mmadụ na nke na-abụghị mmadụ. Site n'echiche nke Feminist Political Ecology, enwere nkwenye ọhụrụ site na mmetụta nke echiche post-humanist, yana echiche postcolonial na decolonial.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=LaDanta LasCanta|date=2017|title=De la teología al antiextractivismo: ecofeminismos en Abya Yala|url=http://www.ecologiapolitica.info/?p=10152|journal=Ecología Política|volume=54}}</ref> Mmetụta ọhụrụ ndị a na-enye ohere maka mmekọrịta ọhụrụ na Latin America na Global South ecofeminisms, ebe ọ na-emeghe ohere maka itinye usoro echiche, ahụmịhe ndụ, na onyinye nyocha site na agụmakwụkwọ Latin America na ime ihe ike. Ọ dịkwa mkpa ịkọwa ọrụ nke ime obodo dị ka ebe maka ime ihe ike miri emi megide ụmụ nwanyị, <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Kuhnen|first=Tânia|date=2022-01-01|title=Marcha das Margaridas: Notes for a Latin American (Eco)Feminism|url=https://www.academia.edu/98395990|journal=Revista Sul Sul|volume=3|pages=101–121|doi=10.53282/SULSUL.V3I01.919}}</ref> Nke na-ewepụkarị akụkọ, ihe ọmụma, na ahụmahụ nke ọtụtụ mmadụ, bụ ndị a naghị enye ohere ikwu ma ọ bụ nyefee ihe ọmụma ziri ezi gbasara onwe ha na gbasara mmekọrịta nlekọta, ịdị adị, na nkwado ndụ ha na-ewu na okike, na-atụle nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na ịdịgide adịgide ya. ==== Ógbè ==== Echiche nke "Cuerpo-Territorio" - Body-Territory bụ echiche dị mkpa n'ime Latin American ecofeminism, na-apụta site na ọgụ nke obodo ndị nwe obodo megide ụdị mmegbu ndị jikọtara ọnụ: nna ochie, ọchịchị nchịkwa, na iwepụ ihe. Ọ na-eje ozi ma dị ka usoro echiche na usoro dị irè nke iguzogide, na-ejikọta ahụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ókèala a ga-echebe na Ụwa dị ka ihe e nyere ikike megide mmegbu. A na-ekwu na ọ pụtara dị ka echiche na usoro sitere n'otu òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị Maya-Xinka na Guatemala ma bụrụkwa isi na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị inyom obodo. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọchịchị ndị na-achị ala na-agụnye mmeri na mmegbu nke ókèala, nke na-agụnyekwa ịchịkwa ahụ, ọkachasị ahụ ụmụ nwanyị. N'oge ndị Spain na-achị Amerịka, a na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere ịzụ ahịa, ndina n'ike, na igbu ọkpụkpụ. N'ihi ya, mmeri nke ala jikọtara ya na mmegbu nke ahụ ụmụ nwanyị, na-eme ka a chebe ókèala ahụ ha. Mgbapụta echiche cuerpo-territorio n’etiti obodo ụmụ amaala abụghị ihe mere na mberede. A na-elekwasịkarị ókèala ndị a anya n’usoro ịwepụ akụ (extractivism) na mmepe ọchịchị kolonial. Ụmụ nwanyị n’obodo ndị a na-enweta mmetụta n’ahụ ha, ma ha na-ejikwa ahụ ha dịka ụzọ iguzogide na ịlụ ọgụ. A na-ewu ma na-eji echiche a megide nkewa na nhazi ọkwa dị elu (hierarchical dichotomy) n’etiti ahụ na okike, n’etiti ime na mpụta, nke a na-ekwu na ọ na-enye ikike iji mee ka a kwado mwepu na mmegbu okike site n’ahụ mmadụ.. Echiche nke cuerpo territorio na-ekwusi ike na ahụ dị ka ihe na-aga n'ihu n'ala, na-ahụ "ahụ dị ka ókèala, na ókèala dị ka ahụ <ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|author=Nohely|first=Guzmán Narváez|date=2024|title=Review of Embodied Geographies: Feminist Body-Mapping with Amazonian Indigenous Girls, Cuerpo-Territorio, and the Outlining of a New Academic Grammar|url=https://sites.utexas.edu/llilas-benson-magazine/|journal=Portal Web Magazine. LLILAS Benson Latin American Studies and Collections, the University of Texas at Austin.}}</ref>". Ọ na-eme ka ahụ dị ka "onye kachasị nso na ala <ref name=":10" /> " ma na-akwado echiche ụwa nke ahụ bụ akụkụ nke netwọk sara mbara nke ndụ niile.<ref name=":10" /> Lorena Cabnal nke Indigenous Women’s Association nke Santa María Xalapán kọwara na, “territorio cuerpo-tierra bụ okwu a ga-eweghachite, chebe ma mekwaa ka ọ bụrụ ọkọlọtọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n’ịgbachitere ala. Ọ bụ usoro ọgụ megide ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na igwu ala (mining). Ọ bụ ụdị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ekofeminizim obodo ụmụ amaala, ụzọ isi tụlee ma nwee mmetụta na ahụ mmadụ dịka ókèala dị ndụ ma nwee akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ọ na-ezo aka na nkọwa cosmological na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-amata na ahụ mmadụ nwere njikọ na ịdị n’ime netwọkụ nke ndụ niile. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ na-akpalite anyị ka anyị tụgharịa uche n’otú e si wulite ahụ mmadụ site n’ọtụtụ ụdị mmegbu, usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme nke patriarki, colonialism, racism, na neoliberal capitalism, nke butere mmegbu na mwepu akụ site n’usoro nkwekọrịta na iwu dị iche iche.” Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bụ usoro usoro nke dabeere na ozizi nke cuerpo-territorio. Usoro ya na-elekwasị anya n'ahụ dị ka isi iyi nke ozi.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Sweet|first=Elizabeth L.|date=2017-04-03|title=Engaging territorio cuerpo-tierra through body and community mapping: a methodology for making communities safer|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2016.1219325|journal=Gender, Place & Culture|volume=24|issue=4|pages=594–606|doi=10.1080/0966369X.2016.1219325|issn=0966-369X}}</ref> A na-eme ya dị ka usoro decolonial ka ọ na-achọ imegide usoro nyocha ọdịnala nke Euro-centric nke na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na asụsụ edere site na ajụjụ ọnụ, ìgwè ndị na-elekwasị anya, na nzaghachi nyocha. N'adịghị ka usoro ndị a dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, eserese ahụ na-enye ụzọ dị nchebe, nke nwere nsogbu iji nwee mmetụta na mmetụta ndị metụtara ahụmịhe ahụ.<ref name=":11" /> Ọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị nke decolonial emeela ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka ike onwe onye na ime ihe jikọrọ ọnụ. Mapịng ahụ (body mapping) na-emepụta ihe nnọchite anya anụ ahụ site n’ịse ihe osise nke ahụ na ime ihe ike niile ahụ tara. Mapịng a na-etinye esemokwu ala na okike n’elu ahụ mmadụ ka e wee ghọta ha site n’echiche nke ahụ na ahụmahụ onwe onye (subjective perspective). Onye nyocha Delmy Tania Cruz Hernández nyere ihe atụ doro anya n’akwụkwọ ya, mgbe ọ kọwara akụkọ otu onye lanarịrị ihe mgbu nke Acteal massacre; mgbe ihe ahụ mere, onye ahụ sere obe uhie n’elu obi n’ime mapịng ya, ma hapụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ahụ ka ha ghara inwe ihe osise n’ihi mmerụ uche (trauma). N’ụzọ a, mapịng na-aghọ ụdị iguzogide, na-eme ka mmetụta na ihe mgbu nke mwepu akụ n’ógbè pụta ìhè n’ahụ mmadụ.. Usoro body mapping na-agụnyekarị ụfọdụ mgbanwe nke usoro ndị a: # N'ozuzu ha na-emepụta ohere nchekwa na nkwado. A na-ejikarị nzọụkwụ a eme ihe iji wulite ntụkwasị obi n'etiti ndị sonyere na n'etiti ha na ndị nchọpụta. Maka ọrụ ụfọdụ, nke a na-agụnye ịhazi usoro ụkpụrụ omume ọnụ nke na-akọwa etu ha si chọọ iso ibe ha, oghere, na mmepụta nyocha ikpeazụ.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|author=Sweet|first=et. al; Ventos Lopes Heimer, Rosa dos, and Nina Franco|title=Travelling Body-territories: A video-essay on survivors mapping coloniality, violence and resistance|url=https://www.artscabinet.org/imagingsocialjustice/travelling-body-territories-a-video-essay-on-survivors-mapping-coloniality-violence-and-resistance|accessdate=2025-05-27|work=Arts Cabinet|language=en-GB}}</ref> # Mee mmega ahụ nke otu mmetụta iji banye n'ime ahụ ma mata ha dị ka ndị jupụtara na ndụ, mmetụta, ncheta na mmetụta uche.<ref name=":12" /> # Nkọwa nke ógbè ahụ.''ala ahụ.'' # Ndị sonyere na-enyere ibe ha aka ịchọta ọdịdị nke ọdịdị ha na mpempe akwụkwọ buru ibu. # Ndị sonyere na-atụgharị uche n'usoro ajụjụ ndị nchọpụta jụrụ gbasara isiokwu ahụ, ebe ndị sonyere na ya na-aza ha site na ide, ise, na ịmepụta n'ụdị ọ bụla ha masịrị na ise ahụ ha dị ka nzaghachi. Onye ọ bụla nwere map nke ókèala ahụ ya pụrụ iche. # Enwere ike ịjụ ndị sonyere ka ha kọwaa ihe map ha rụchara. # Ọtụtụ ọrụ na-emesi ike na ọ bụ ezie na map bụ ngosipụta nke ahụmịhe, akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro ahụ bụ ịkekọrịta akụkọ ha na obodo. A na-ekpughe njikọ, ọmịiko, na isiokwu ndị buru ibu, na-emepụta usoro nke imepụta ihe jikọrọ ọnụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Body Territory: Mapping women's resistance to violence in the favelas of Maré, Rio de Janeiro |url=https://peoplespalaceprojects.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/body-mapping-report-1.pdf |access-date=June 7, 2026 |website=peoplespalaceprojects.org.uk}}</ref> ==== Mmiri Ógbè ==== A na-eji echiche nke "Agua Territorio" - Water-Body-Territory akọwa njikọ ihe onwunwe na ihe nnọchianya dị n'etiti ihe onwunwa okike, ahụ ụmụ nwanyị na ala, sitere na obodo ime obodo na Latin America, ọkachasị na Andes, ma na Chile ma na Argentina, ebe mmiri bụ ọbara nke ókèala ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Panez Pinto|first=Alexander|date=2018|title=Agua-Territorio en América Latina: Contribuciones a partir del análisis de estudios sobre conflictos hídricos en Chile|url=http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2215-24662018000100193&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=es|journal=Revista Rupturas|language=es|volume=8|issue=1|pages=193–217|doi=10.22458/rr.v8i1.1978|issn=2215-2466}}</ref> Ọ bụ echiche a na-eji eme ihe na decolonial ecofeminism, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara dị oke egwu. Echiche decolonial nke Latin America na ọdịdị ala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eje ozi iji chee echiche banyere ngosipụta nke ọnwụ mkpokọta na arụmụka ndị ọzọ gbasara nnwere onwe anụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zaragocin|first=Sofia|date=2024-11-01|title=Agua-cuerpo-territorio/Water-body-territory|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962629824001793|journal=Political Geography|volume=115|doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2024.103230|issn=0962-6298}}</ref> Lobos Castro na-ekwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme na nhazi nke mmiri na Chile - nke iwu mmiri nke Chile nke 1981 mere ka ọ dị ngwa na mmiri dị ka ihe ọma malitere ịpụ - emeela ka mmerụ ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na nke onwe. Nke a na-agụnye mmetọ, mbelata mmiri maka ọrụ ugbo, na ikpughe na agrochemicals na-egbu egbu. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka ndị a, ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Chile mepụtara "ịdị adị ọzọ": omume nke iguzogide na ntachi obi nke gụnyere iweghachite ihe ọmụma ndị nna nna, ịzụlite ịdị n'otu obodo, na ịgbachitere gburugburu ebe obibi mpaghara. Omume ndị a na-ekwughachi njikọ ha na ala na ụlọ ọrụ ha n'ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|author=Lobos Castro|first=Fany|date=2021|title=Agua-cuerpo-territorio. Las cicatrices y reexistencias de las mujeres rurales en el Maule Sur precordillerano de Chile|url=https://www.ecologiapolitica.info/?p=14880|journal=Ecología Política|issue=61|pages=112–116|doi=10.53368/EP61FCrr04|accessdate=2025-05-27}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Video_Vandana_Shiva_2014.webm|thumb|Vandana Shiva, onye India ọkà ihe ọmụma, ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi]] N’afọ 1980 na 1990, ndị nkatọ jụrụ radicalism ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ekofeminizim site n’ikwu na ọ bụ “essentialist”. A hụrụ ndị ekofeminizim dịka ndị na-eme ka ụkpụrụ ọchịchị nna-ukwu (patriarchy) nke ịchị achị sikwuo ike site n’ịkwusi ike na e nwere njikọ pụrụ iche n’etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ọdịdị okike. Ndị echiche [post-structural feminism](<nowiki>https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/post-structural_feminism?utm_source=chatgpt.com</nowiki>) na ụfọdụ ndị [Third-wave feminism](<nowiki>https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-wave_feminism?utm_source=chatgpt.com</nowiki>) karịsịa, hụrụ “essentialism” dịka ịchịkọta ụmụ nwanyị niile n’otu otu dị ka ndị a na-ewere dị ala, nke si otú ahụ na-akwado otu ụkpụrụ ọha mmadụ ahụ feminism na-agbalị ịkwụsị. Nsogbu dị bụ na n’omenala ọdịnala, dịka a na-elekarị àgwà a na-akpọ “nwanyị” anya dị ka ihe na-erughị uru, otu ahụkwa ka a na-ekpebi na ọdịdị okike na ụwa anụmanụ bụ ndị nwere “uru dị ala” ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ọdịnala patriarchy nke nwoke na-achị na-akpọ “mmadụ n’ezie.”'. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị ecofeminists na-emegide nnwere onwe ma ọ bụ 'ịha nhata' feminism na ndabere na ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị isi na-amaghị ama bụ ndị nwoke - ma ndị na-ewepu mmekọahụ / ndị na-ebibi gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ajụjụ ọnụ, onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị [[Noel Sturgeon]] kwuru na ihe ndị na-emegide ihe dị mkpa na-amaghị bụ atụmatụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị eji eme ka ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị buru ibu na nke dị iche iche, ndị na-ekwu na ndị na-eme ihe ike. Tụkwasị na nke a, Charlene Spretnak gosipụtara ecofeminism dị ka ihe na-emetụta atụmatụ sara mbara, gụnyere teknụzụ ọmụmụ, ịkwụ ụgwọ nhata na ikike nhata, mmetọ na-egbu egbu, mmepe Ụwa nke Atọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Spretnak|first=Charlene|chapter=Ecofeminism: Our Roots and Flowering|title=Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Feminism|editor=Diamond|publisher=Sierra Club Books|date=1990|pages=3–14}}</ref> Norie Ross Singer mesiri ike na a ga-aghọta ecofeminism dị ka ịkwalite ọtụtụ axis nke njirimara dịka okike, agbụrụ, na klas dị ka inter-meshed na mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmadụ na-abụghị mmadụ. A. E. Kings gosipụtara nyocha a dị ka '[[Intersectionality|intersectional]]' n'ụzọ bụ isi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kings|first=A.E.|title=Intersectionality and the Changing Face of Ecofeminism|journal=Ethics and the Environment|date=2017|volume=22|issue=1|pages=63–87|doi=10.2979/ethicsenviro.22.1.04}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịdị anụmanụ na-enye aka na nyocha intersectional, site na itinye uche na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ikike ụmụ anụmanụ na ime ihe maka ụdị ndụ niile a na-emegbu emegbu, gụnyere ndị ọrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọkà mmụta okpukpe Rosemary Radford Ruether jụrụ mysticism, ọ rụrụ ụka na ime mmụọ na ime ihe ike nwere ike ijikọta n'ụzọ dị irè na ecofeminism.<ref name="Ecofeminism&Globalization" /> N'aka nke ọzọ, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi Janet Biehl katọrọ ecofeminism maka ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka ọgụgụ dị omimi nke ụmụ nwanyị na okike na-enweghị nlebara anya zuru ezu maka ọnọdụ ndụ ụmụ nwanyị. Biehl kpebiri ecofeminism dị ka òtù na-emegide ọganihu maka ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Biehl">{{Cite book|author=Biehl|first=Janet|authorlink=Janet Biel|title=Rethinking eco-feminist politics|year=1991|publisher=[[South End Press]]|location=Boston, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-89608-392-9}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu, ụfọdụ ndị ecofeminists maara banyere nkatọ ndị a malitere ịgbanwe aha ọrụ ha n'okpuru akara ndị ọzọ - dị ka 'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi', 'ikpe ziri ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ', ma ọ bụ 'mmekọahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi'. Taa, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eche echiche na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-amata ma ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmekọahụ / nwoke na nwanyị. Ọzọkwa, ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị na usoro akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-arụ ụka maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ahụkarị ihe onwunwe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Rocheleau|first=Dianne|title=Feminist Political Ecology: Global Issues & Local Experiences|location=New York|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=1996}}</ref> Ndị Socialist femists na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya na njikọ ụmụ nwanyị na okike bụ echiche a na-ewu na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Dị ka Ariel Salleh si kwuo, nchegbu banyere ịdị mkpa na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị nke North America. Na Europe na South ụwa, mmekọrịta nke klas, agbụrụ, okike na ụdị na mmegbu dabeere na nyocha nke mmekọrịta mmekọrịta mmekọrịta na akụ na ụba.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Salleh|first=Ariel|title=Essentialism and Ecofeminism|journal=Arena|volume=94|pages=167–173|date=1991}}</ref> === Nkatọ dị iche iche === Ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi na ụkpụrụ nlekọta ụmụ nwanyị emeela ka ndị otu niile a na-akparaghị ókè sonye, na-arụ ọrụ megide Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịka nká, ikike. Andrew Charles na-ekwu na ndị nwere nkwarụ ka na-eche nsogbu nke ịnweta na nnọchiteanya ihu na ime iwu.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Charles|first=Andrew|date=June 2007|title=Deafness and Disability—Forgotten Components of Environmental Justice: Illustrated by the Case of Local Agenda 21 in South Wales|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13549830601183677|journal=Local Environment|language=en|volume=12|issue=3|pages=209–221|doi=10.1080/13549830601183677|issn=1354-9839}}</ref> Ọ na-atụ aro na akụkụ na-azụlite nke ecofeminism nwere ike ịbụ ịkwado ndị a na-akparaghị ókè. N'otu aka ahụ, mgbagwoju anya nke onye nzọpụta ọcha nwere ike imebi nkwado onwe onye nke ndị agbụrụ a na-akparaghị ókè gburugburu ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bandyopadhyay|first=Ranjan|date=2017-08-08|title='The white woman's burden' – the racialized, gendered politics of volunteer tourism|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14616688.2017.1298150|journal=Tourism Geographies|language=en|volume=19|issue=4|pages=644–657|doi=10.1080/14616688.2017.1298150|issn=1461-6688}}</ref> Catia Faria na-arụ ụka megide echiche ecofeminist na nnukwu mmerụ ahụ nye ụmụ anụmanụ na-abụghị mmadụ n'ọhịa sitere na omenala nna ochie. Ọ na-esote, ọ na-ekwu, na ọ bụ ihe na-ezighi ezi ikwu na nchekwa nke okike bụ ihe ngwọta kachasị mma ebe a. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-ekwu, usoro okike n'onwe ha bụ isi iyi nke nnukwu ahụhụ maka anụ ọhịa nakwa na anyị kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ iji belata mmerụ ahụ ha na-enwe, yana iwepụ isi iyi nke mmerụ ahụ, dị ka [[Ichu nta|ịchụ nta]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ruiz Carreras|first=María|date=2016-11-04|title="La lucha por la igualdad y la justicia es necesariamente feminista y antiespecista"|language=es|work=Diagonal|url=https://www.diagonalperiodico.net/global/29972-lo-personal-es-politico-feminismo-y-antiespecismo.html|accessdate=2021-02-13}}</ref> == Ndị na-ekwu okwu == * Carol J. Adams – Adams is an American vegetarian-ecofeminist scholar and activist. * Judi Bari – Bari was a principal organizer of the Earth First! movement and experienced sexist hostility. * [[Françoise d'Eaubonne]] – Called upon women to lead an ecological revolution in order to save the planet. This entailed revolutionizing gender relations and human relations with the natural world.<ref name="Merchant">{{Cite book|author=Merchant|first=Carolyn|chapter=Chapter 8|title=Radical ecology: the search for a livable world|location=New York|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=1992}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMerchant1992">Merchant, Carolyn (1992). "Chapter 8". ''Radical ecology: the search for a livable world''. New York: [[Routledge]]. p.&nbsp;184.</cite></ref> * Greta Gaard – Gaard is an American ecofeminist scholar and activist. Her major contributions to the field connect ideas of queer theory, vegetarian ecofeminism, and animal liberation. Her major theories call to expand ecofeminism and other feminist theories to address a wider range of social issues. She is an ecological activist and leader in the U.S. Green Party, and the Green Movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uwrf.edu/FacultyStaff/5617517.cfm|title=Greta Gaard|work=www.uwrf.edu|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-08}}</ref> * Susan Griffin - A radical feminist philosopher, essayist and playwright particularly known for her innovative, hybrid-form ecofeminist works. A Californian, she taught as an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley as well as at Stanford University and California Institute of Integral Studies. * Ana Isla – Sociologist from Peru, member of Capitalism Nature Socialism ecofeminist editorial collective.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Isla|first=Ana|editor=Brownhill|title=The Routledge Handbook on Ecosocialism|date=2022|publisher=Routledge|location=London|chapter=“Greening,” the highest stage of extractivism in Latin America}}</ref> * [[Vanessa Lemgruber]] – Lemgruber is a Brazilian lawyer, writer,<ref name="amazon.com.br">{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com.br/Guia-ecofeminista-mulheres-direito-ecologia-ebook/dp/B08C1FNZ55/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_pt_BR=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&dchild=1&keywords=guia+ecofeminista&qid=1593658492&sr=8-1|title=Guia ecofeminista: Mulheres, direito, ecologia|language=es}}</ref> activist, and ecofeminist. She defends [[the Doce river]] in Brazil and advocates for [[Ịdị mma mmiri|water quality]] and [[Ihe mkpofu efu|zero waste]] movements. * Sallie McFague – A prominent ecofeminist theologian, McFague uses the metaphor of God's body to represent the universe at large. This metaphor values inclusive, mutualistic and interdependent relations amongst all things. * Carolyn Merchant – Historian of science who taught at University of California, Berkeley for many years. Her book ''The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution'' is a classic ecofeminist text. * Mary Mellor – UK sociologist who moved to ecofeminist ideas from an interest in cooperatives. Her books ''Breaking the Boundaries'' and her later book ''Feminism and Ecology'' are grounded in a materialist analysis.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mellor|first=Mary|title=Breaking the Boundaries|date=1992|publisher=Virago|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Mellor|first=Mary|title=Feminism and Ecology|date=1997|publisher=Polity Press|location=Cambridge}}</ref> * Maria Mies – Mies is a German social critic who has been involved in feminist work throughout [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] and [[Ndia|India]]. She works particularly on the intersections of patriarchy, poverty, and the environment on a local and global scale.<ref name="Ecofeminism&Globalization">{{Cite book|author=Ruether|first=Rosemary Radford|authorlink=Rosemary Radford Ruether|title=Ecofeminism and Globalization|year=2003|editor=Eaton|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|location=Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto, Oxford|isbn=978-0-7425-2697-6|pages=vii–xi}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRuether2003">[[Rosemary Radford Ruether|Ruether, Rosemary Radford]] (2003). Eaton, Heather; Lorentzen, Lois Ann (eds.). ''Ecofeminism and Globalization''. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto, Oxford: [[Rowman & Littlefield]]. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">vii–</span>xi. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2697-6|<bdi>978-0-7425-2697-6</bdi>]].</cite></ref> * Adrian Parr – A cultural and environmental theorist. She has published eight books and numerous articles on [[Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi|environmental activism]], feminist new materialism, and imagination. Most notable is her trilogy ''Hijacking Sustainability''.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Parr|first=Adrian|title=Hijacking Sustainability|date=2009|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge}}</ref> See also: ''The Wrath of Capital'', and ''Birth of a New Earth''. * Val Plumwood – Val Plumwood, formerly Val Routley, was an Australian ecofeminist intellectual and activist, who was prominent in the development of radical ecosophy from the early 1970s through the remainder of the 20th century. In her work ''Feminism and the Mastery of Nature'' she describes the relationship of mankind and the environment relating to an eco-feminist ideology.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminism and the Mastery of Nature|author=Plumwood|first=Val|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2003|location=New Fetter Lane, London}}</ref> * Alicia Puleo – The author of several books and articles on ecofeminism and gender inequality, Alicia Puleo has been characterized as "arguably Spain's most prominent explicator-philosopher of the worldwide movement or theoretical orientation known as ecofeminism."<ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1RWyk2PwEgC&pg=PA107|title=Global Issues in Contemporary Hispanic Women's Writing|chapter=For a Better World: Alicia Puleo's Critical Ecofeminism|first=Roberta|author=Johnson|editor=Cibreiro|isbn=9780415626941|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|accessdate=20 February 2019}}</ref> * Rosemary Radford Ruether – Has written 36 books and over 600 articles exploring the intersections of feminism, theology, and creation care.<ref>{{Cite web|author=LaRosa|first=Patricia|title=Finding Aid for Rosemary Radford Ruether Papers, 1954-2002|url=http://library.columbia.edu/content/dam/libraryweb/libraries/burke/fa/awts/ldpd_5632346.pdf|accessdate=15 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221205023/http://library.columbia.edu/content/dam/libraryweb/libraries/burke/fa/awts/ldpd_5632346.pdf|archivedate=21 December 2012}}</ref> Ruether was the first person to connect the domination of the earth with the oppression of women.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bouma-Prediger|first=Steven|title=The greening of theology: the ecological models of Rosemary Radford Ruether, Joseph Sittler, and Juergen Moltmann|date=1995|publisher=Scholars Press|isbn=0-7885-0163-1|location=Atlanta, Ga.|oclc=33105042}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2023)">page<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>needed<nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * Ariel Salleh – Australian ecofeminist with a global perspective; a founding editor of the journal ''Capitalism Nature Socialism''; author of four books and some 300 articles examining ecofeminist links with deep and social ecology, green politics and eco-socialism, digitalisation and decoloniality. * Vandana Shiva – Shiva is a scientist by training, prolific author and Indian ecofeminist activist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who's Who of Women and the Environment|url=http://www.unep.org/women_env/w_details.asp?w_id=107|accessdate=15 March 2013|archivedate=28 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028084032/http://www.unep.org/women_env/w_details.asp?w_id=107}}</ref> She was a participant in the Chipko movement of the 1970s, which used non-violent activism to protest and prevent [[Igbukpọ osisi|deforestation]] in the Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarakhand, India, then in Uttar Pradesh. Her fight against genetically modified organisms (GMOs) (together with the fights led by Rachel Carson against DDT and Erin Brockovich against hexavalent chromium) has been described as an example of ecofeminist position.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barthold|first=Charles|title=An ecofeminist position in critical practice: Challenging corporate truth in the Anthropocene|journal=Gender, Work & Organization|year=2022|volume=29|issue=6|pages=1796–1814|doi=10.1111/gwao.12878}}</ref> * Charlene Spretnak – Spretnak is an American writer largely known for her writing on ecology, politics and spirituality. Through these writings Spretnak has become a prominent ecofeminist. She has written many books which discuss ecological issues in terms of effects with social criticisms, including feminism. Spretnak's works had a major influence in the development of the Green Party. She has also won awards based on her visions on ecology and social issues as well as feminist thinking. * Starhawk – An American writer and activist, Starhawk is known for her work in spiritualism and ecofeminism. She advocates for social justice in issues surrounding nature and spirit. These social justice issues fall under the scope of feminism and ecofeminism. She believes in fighting oppression through intersectionality and the importance of spirituality, eco consciousness and sexual and gender liberation. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (January 2023)">circular reference</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * Douglas Vakoch – An American ecocritic whose edited volumes include ''Ecofeminism and Rhetoric: Critical Perspectives on Sex, Technology, and Discourse'' (2011),<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ecofeminism and rhetoric: critical perspectives on sex, technology, and discourse|author=Vakoch|first=Douglas A.|date=2011-01-01|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|isbn=9780857451873|location=New York|language=en|oclc=714734848}}</ref> ''Feminist Ecocriticism: Environment, Women, and Literature'' (2012),<ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminist ecocriticism: environment, women, and literature|author=Vakoch|first=Douglas A.|date=2012-01-01|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|isbn=9780739176825|location=Lanham, Md.|language=en|oclc=815941726}}</ref> ''Dystopias and Utopias on Earth and Beyond: Feminist Ecocriticism of Science Fiction'' (2021),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/Dystopias-and-Utopias-on-Earth-and-Beyond-Feminist-Ecocriticism-of-Science/Vakoch/p/book/9780367716233|title=Dystopias and Utopias on Earth and Beyond: Feminist Ecocriticism of Science Fiction|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2021|isbn=9780367716233|editor=Vakoch|location=London|accessdate=2020-12-14}}</ref> ''Ecofeminist Science Fiction: International Perspectives on Gender, Ecology, and Literature'' (2021),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/Ecofeminist-Science-Fiction-International-Perspectives-on-Gender-Ecology/Vakoch/p/book/9780367716417|title=Ecofeminist Science Fiction: International Perspectives on Gender, Ecology, and Literature|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2021|isbn=9780367716417|editor=Vakoch|location=London|accessdate=2020-12-14}}</ref> ''The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature'' (2023),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Handbook-of-Ecofeminism-and-Literature/Vakoch/p/book/9781032050119|title=The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2023|isbn=9781032050119|editor=Vakoch|accessdate=2022-07-20}}</ref> (with Nicole Anae) ''Indian Feminist Ecocriticism'' (2022), and (with Sam Mickey) ''Ecofeminism in Dialogue'' (2018),<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ecofeminism in Dialogue|author=Vakoch|first=Douglas A.|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|year=2018|isbn=9781498569279|location=Lanham, MD|oclc=1005695115}}</ref> ''Literature and Ecofeminism: Intersectional and International Voices'' (2018),<ref>{{Cite book|title=Literature and Ecofeminism: Intersectional and International Voices|author=Vakoch|first=Douglas A.|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2018|isbn=978-0815381723|location=London|oclc=1020319048}}</ref> and ''Women and Nature?: Beyond Dualism in Gender, Body, and Environment'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women and Nature?: Beyond Dualism in Gender, Body, and Environment|author=Vakoch|first=Douglas|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2018|isbn=9781138053427|location=London|language=en|oclc=975383028}}</ref> * Karen J. Warren – Warren received her B.A. in philosophy from the University of Minnesota (1970) and her Ph.D. from the University of Massachusetts-Amherst in 1978. Before her long tenure at Macalester College, which began in 1985, Warren was Professor of Philosophy at St. Olaf College in the early 1980s. Warren was the Ecofeminist-Scholar-in-Residence at Murdoch University in Australia.<ref name="MacGregor">{{Cite book|author=MacGregor|first=Sherilyn|title=Beyond mothering earth: ecological citizenship and the politics of care|year=2006|publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]]|location=Vancouver|isbn=978-0-7748-1201-6}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMacGregor2006">MacGregor, Sherilyn (2006). ''Beyond mothering earth: ecological citizenship and the politics of care''. Vancouver: [[University of British Columbia Press]]. p.&nbsp;286. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1201-6|<bdi>978-0-7748-1201-6</bdi>]].</cite></ref> In 2003, she served as an Oxford University Round Table Scholar and as Women's Chair in Humanistic Studies at Marquette University in 2004. She has spoken widely on environmental issues, feminism, critical thinking and peace studies in many international locations including Buenos Aires, Gothenburg, [[Helsinki]], Oslo, Manitoba, Melbourne, Moscow, Perth, the U.N. Earth Summit in [[Rio de Janeiro]] (1992), and San Jose. == Hụkwa ==   == Ihe odide == <references> <ref name="Gaard">{{Cite journal|author=Gaard|first=Greta|title=Ecofeminism Revisited: Rejecting Essentialism and Re-Placing Species in a Material Feminist Environmentalism|journal=Feminist Formations|date=2011|volume=23|issue=2|pages=26–53|doi=10.1353/ff.2011.0017}}</ref> <ref name="Mann">{{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=Susan A|title=Pioneers of U.S. Ecofeminism and Environmental Justice|journal=Feminist Formations|date=2011|volume=23|issue=2|pages=1–25|doi=10.1353/ff.2011.0028}}</ref> <ref name="Borders">{{Cite web|title=Ecofeminism: Is the Movement Still Relevant?|url=http://www.genderacrossborders.com/2012/03/22/ecofeminism-is-the-movement-still-relevant/|publisher=Gender Across Borders|accessdate=2014-05-13|archivedate=2019-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929103848/http://www.genderacrossborders.com/2012/03/22/ecofeminism-is-the-movement-still-relevant/}}</ref> </references> === Ọrụ ndị dị mkpa === * Oge Ochie Ọdịnihu: Ịmụta site na Ladakh, nke Helena Norberg-Hodge * The Body of God nke Sallie McFague dere * The Chalice and The Blade: Our History, Our Future, nke Riane Eisler dere * ''Ọnwụ nke Okike: Ụmụ nwanyị, Ecology, na Mgbanwe Sayensị'' nke Carolyn Merchant * Ecofeminism nke Maria Mies na Vandana Shiva * ''Ecofeminism na Latin America'' site na Mary Judith Ross * Ecofeminist Philosophy nke Karen J. Warren * ''Omenala Gburugburu Ebe Obibi'' site na Val Plumwood * ''Feminism na Nchịkwa nke Okike'' site na Val Plumwood * ''Gaia na Chineke: Nkà mmụta okpukpe nke Ecofeminist nke Ọgwụgwọ Ụwa'' nke Rosemary Radford Ruether * Njikọ Ecofeminism, Globalization, na okpukpe ụwa site na Rosemary Radford Ruether * Ọ dịghị Nwoke ma ọ bụ Anụ nke Carol J. Adams dere * Ebe mgbaba: Akụkọ na-abụghị nke okike nke Ezinụlọ na Ebe site na Terry Tempest Williams * Mbilite n'Ọnwụ nke Ezi: Ahụ, Okike, na Ebe n'Ụwa Hypermodern nke Charlene Spretnak dere * Nsọ Longings: Nkà mmụta okpukpe Ecofeminist na Globalization nke Mary Grey * The Sexual Politics of Meat nke Carol J. Adams dere * Silent Spring nke Rachel Carson dere * Egwú na-agba gburugburu nke Starhawk * ''Ịnọgide na-adị ndụ: Ụmụ nwanyị, gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe'' nke Vandana Shiva * ''Na-eche Green! edemede banyere gburugburu ebe obibi, ụmụ nwanyị, na enweghị ime ihe ike'' site na [[Petra Kelly]] * Ụdị Biodiversity nke echi site na Vandana Shiva * Nwaanyị na Okike: Ịzụ n'ime Ya site na Susan Griffin * ''Ịmebi ókèala'' site na Mary Mellor * Feminism na Ecology nke Mary Mellor dere * ''Ecofeminism dị ka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị: Okike, Marx, na Postmodern'' nke Ariel Salleh dere * ''Decolonize EcoModernism!'' nke Ariel Salleh dere * Osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke Costa Rica site n'aka Ana Isla * Animals and Women: Feminist Theoretical Explorations, nke Carol J. Adams na Josephine Donovan dezigharịrị * Dystopias na Utopias on Earth and Beyond: Feminist Ecocriticism of Science Fiction, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị * Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature, nke Greta Gaard dezigharịrị * Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature, nke Karen J. Warren dezigharịrị na enyemaka nchịkọta akụkọ sitere na Nisvan Erkal * ''EcoFeminism & Globalization: ịchọpụta ọdịbendị, ihe gbara ya gburugburu na okpukpe'', nke Heather Eaton & Lois Ann Lorentzen dezigharịrị * Ecofeminism and Rhetoric: Critical Perspectives on Sex, Technology, and Discourse, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị * Ecofeminism and the Sacred, nke Carol J. Adams dezigharịrị * Ecofeminism in Dialogue, nke Douglas A. Vakoch na Sam Mickey dezigharịrị * Ecofeminist Science Fiction: International Perspectives on Gender, Ecology, and Literature, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị * ''Eco-Sufficiency & Global Justice: Ụmụ nwanyị na-ede Political Ecology'', nke Ariel Salleh dezigharịrị * Feminist Ecocriticism: Environment, Women, and Literature, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị * Indian Feminist Ecocriticism, nke Douglas A. Vakoch na Nicole Anae dezigharịrị * ''Akwụkwọ na Ecofeminism: Intersectional na International Voices'', nke Douglas A. Vakoch na Sam Mickey dezigharịrị * The Politics of Women's Spirituality: Essays on the Rise of Spiritual Power within the Feminist Movement, nke Charlene Spretnak dezigharịrị * Ntụziaka na Ecology na Feminist Theology, nke Mary Heather MacKinnon na Moni McIntyre dezigharịrị * Reclaim the Earth, nke Leonie Caldecott na Stephanie Leland dezigharịrị * Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism, nke Irene Diamond na [[Gloria Feman Orenstein]] dezigharịrị * The Routledge Handbook of Ecofeminism and Literature, nke Douglas A. Vakoch dezigharịrị * Ụmụ nwanyị na Okike? : Beyond Dualism in Gender, Body, and Environment, nke Douglas A. Vakoch na Sam Mickey dezigharịrị * Women Healing Earth: Third World Women on Ecology, Feminism, and Religion, nke Rosemary Radford Ruether dezigharịrị * ''GUIA ECOFEMINISTA: mujeres, direito, ecologia, nke Vanessa Lemgruber dere nke Ape'Ku dezigharịrị'' * {{Cite journal|author=Buckingham|first=Susan|title=Ecofeminism|journal=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition)|date=2015|pages=845–850|doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.91020-1}} * {{Cite journal|author=Gaard|first=Greta Claire|year=2011|title=Ecofeminism Revisited: Rejecting Essentialism and Re-Placing Species in a Material Feminist Environmentalism|journal=[[Feminist Formations]]|volume=23|issue=2|pages=26–53|doi=10.1353/ff.2011.0017}} * {{Cite journal|author=Huggan|first=Graham|year=2004|title="Greening" Postcolonialism: Ecocritical Perspectives|journal=MFS Modern Fiction Studies|volume=50|issue=3|pages=701–733|doi=10.1353/mfs.2004.0067}} * {{Cite journal|author=Mack-Canty|first=Colleen|year=2004|title=Third-Wave Feminism and the Need to Reweave the Nature/ Culture Duality|journal=[[NWSA Journal]]|volume=16|issue=3|pages=154–179|doi=10.1353/nwsa.2004.0077}} * {{Cite journal|author=MacGregor|first=Sherilyn|year=2004|title=From care to citizenship: Calling ecofeminism back to politics|journal=Ethics & the Environment|volume=9|issue=1|pages=56–84|doi=10.1353/een.2004.0007}} * {{Cite journal|author=Mallory|first=Chaone|year=2013|title=Locating Ecofeminism in Encounters with Food and Place|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics|volume=26|issue=1|pages=171–189|doi=10.1007/s10806-011-9373-8}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ndị ọsụ ụzọ nke U.S. Ecofeminism na Ikpe Ziri Ezi, Feminist Formations, 23 (2): 1-25. * {{Cite journal|author=Wildy|first=Jade|year=2012|title=The Artistic Progressions of Ecofeminism: The Changing Focus of Women in Environmental Art|journal=International Journal of the Arts in Society|volume=6|issue=1|pages=53–65|doi=10.18848/1833-1866/cgp/v06i01/35978}} * Salleh, Ariel (1984) 'From Feminism to Ecology', Social Alternatives, Vol. 4, Nke 3, 8-12. * Salleh, Ariel (2019) 'Ecofeminist Sociology as a New Class Analysis' na Klaus Dorre na Brigitte Aulenbacher (ed.), Global Dialogue, International Sociological Association Newsletter: Vol. 9, Nke 1. * Salleh, Ariel (1991) 'Essentialism and Ecofeminism', Arena No. 94:167-173. * David Pellow (2018), 'Review of EcoFeminism as Politics: Nature, Marx and the Postmodern', Journal of World-Systems Research, doi:10.5195/JWSR.2018.864. * Ọnụ ụzọ n'Oké Osimiri nke [[Joan Slonczewski]] dere * Always Coming Home nke Ursula K. Le Guin dere * Buffalo Gals, Won't You Come Out Tonight nke Ursula K. Le Guin dere * Ihe Nsọ nke Ise nke Starhawk * The Gate to Women's Country nke Sheri S. Tepper dere * The Holdfast Chronicles nke Suzy McKee Charnas dere * ''Ihe Nzuzo Madonna'' nke Sophie Strand * ''Asụsụ Obodo'' nke Suzette Haden Elgin * ''Ilu nke Onye na-akụ mkpụrụ'' site n'aka Octavia Butler * Oge Ọchịchị na-efu efu nke Barbara Kingsolver * N'elu ya site na Margaret Atwood * The Wanderground nke Sally Miller Gearhart * Nwanyị Na-eru N'Oge Oge nke Marge Piercy dere * ''Ndị ikwu Ata na-echere gị'' site na Dorothy Bryant * Bear nke Marian Engel dere * Ụlọ Nsọ nke Onye Amụma m nke [[Alice Walker]] dere * ''Nrọ Sultana'' nke Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain * The Sea of Affliction (1987, bipụtara ọzọ na 2010) nke Rosemarie Rowley dere == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [http://lgruen.faculty.wesleyan.edu/files/2011/05/Gaard.pdf Ecofeminism: N'ihu ikpe ziri ezi zuru ụwa ọnụ na ahụike ụwa] Feminist Greta Gaard na Lori Gruen's ecofeminist framework * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061001140008/http://www.metanexus.net/metanexus_online/show_article2.asp?id=2669 "An Ecology of Knowledge: Feminism, Ecology and the Science and Religion Discourse"] Metanexus Institute nke Lisa Stenmark * "Ecofeminism and the Democracy of Creation" nke Catherine Keller (2005); cf. Carol P. Christ, "Ecofeminism", na Michel Weber na Will Desmond (ed.), Handbook of Whiteheadian Process Thought, Frankfurt / Lancaster, ontos verlag, 2008, peeji nke 87-98.&nbsp; * "Toward a Queer Ecofeminism" nke Greta Gaard * [https://www.cadtm.org/Feminism-and-ecology-the-same-struggle-The-shaping-of-ecofeminism Feminism na gburugburu ebe obibi: otu ọgụ ahụ? - Ọdịdị nke ecofeminism] site na Marijke Colle * [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-environmental/ Nkà ihe ọmụma gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụmụ nwanyị] site na Karen Warren * [https://www.perlego.com/knowledge/study-guides/what-is-ecofeminism/ Gịnị bụ Ecofeminism?] Akwụkwọ Perlego {{Feminist theory}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nfzeit0ejyfd5sh6gxxn6kt0cb4gei8 0 76163 692855 644851 2026-07-30T20:40:56Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 692855 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Franklin Francis Ayodele Amankwa''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1987) bụ onye Naijiria lara ezumike nká na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere. == Ọrụ == Ọ gbara bọọlụ na ọtụtụ klọb Naịjirịa na Ivory Coast Africa Sports d'Abidjan, tupu ọ bịanye aka na klọb Serbia FK Loznica na 2008. Mgbe ọ nọchara naanị otu oge, ọ kwagara na klọb Serbia SuperLiga ọhụrụ a na-akpọ FK Mladi Radnik ebe ọ bụ onye otu mbụ a na-ahọrọ, na-enye goolu kachasị site na isi. Mgbe otu oge gachara na Serbian SuperLiga, a tụbara FK Mladi Radnik na Serbian First League, Franklin so n'ime ndị egwuregwu a tọhapụrụ mgbe ha gbapụrụ. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2010 Franklin nwere ikpe na Diosgy гори VTK .<ref>[http://dvtk.eu/hirek/szerbian-at-nigeriabol/2796/ Szerbián át Nigériából] at DVTK.eu</ref> N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2011 ọ kwagara Saudi Arabia iji soro Hajer Club na-agba bọọlụ.<ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/players/ayodele-amankua-frenklin/90044/ Franklin Ayodele Amankwa] at Soccerway</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{DEFAULTSORT:Ayodele,Franklin]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fg2mzmn3isq6khxwkivp3qdwaww9dt1 0 76213 692756 645777 2026-07-30T14:48:29Z Mbah Victor Chukwuemerie 16687 fixed reference error 692756 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Arames_(3926364073).jpg|thumb|Ụdọ agụba nke ụlọ mkpọrọ]] Nkwado ụmụ nwanyị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ bụ okwu dị oke egwu maka ụdị ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado maka ịkwalite na ịbawanye ikpe ụlọ mkpọrọ nke na-ekwu maka nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị na okike. Okwu a na-akatọ nkwenye na ikpe mkpọrọ siri ike na ogologo oge ga-enyere aka idozi nsogbu ndị a. Elizabeth Bernstein, Onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị, chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "ndị inyom n'ụlọ mkpọrọ", n'isiokwu ya nke afọ 2007, "The Sexual Politics of the 'New Abolitionism'". N'inyocha òtù na-emegide ịzụ ahịa nke oge a na United States, Bernstein webatara okwu ahụ iji kọwaa ụdị ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke na-etinye ụdị [[Sex work|ọrụ mmekọahụ]] niile dị ka ịzụ Ahịa mmekọahụ. Ọ na-ahụ nke a dị ka nzọụkwụ laghachiri azụ, na-atụ aro na ọ na-emebi ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ mmekọahụ, ma na-elekwasị anya na nsogbu ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke ụmụ nwanyị, ma gbasaa atụmatụ neoliberal. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Bernstein kwuru na nkwado ụmụ nwanyị maka iwu ndị na-emegide ịzụ ahịa nke na-eme ka ịgba akwụna na ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ dị ala na mbọ ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ n'onwe ha na iri afọ gara aga iji hazie maka ikike ha, kama ịkwalite mpụ ha. Ndị Kraịst na-ekwusa ozi ọma na-ekerịta mkpebi a maka iwu na usoro na akụkọ Bernstein, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bernstein|first=Elizabeth|date=2007|title=The Sexual Politics of the 'New Abolitionism|journal=Differences|volume=18|issue=5|pages=128–151|doi=10.1215/10407391-2007-013}}</ref> ma mesịa, Bernstein <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bernstein|first=Elizabeth|date=2010|title="Militarized Humanitarianism Meets Carceral Feminism: The Politics of Sex, Rights, and Freedom in Contemporary Antitrafficking Campaigns."|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=36|issue=1|pages=45–71|doi=10.1086/652918|pmid=20827852}}</ref> kwuru na njikọ aka ha sitere na mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba dị na US site na steeti ọdịmma na-ekesa gaa na "ụlọ mkpọrọ" nke na-akwalite mpụ na ịtụ mkpọrọ. O kwuru na maka ma ndị inyom na Ndị Kraịst na-ekwusa ozi ọma, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke okike na mmekọahụ agbanweela uche site n'ezinụlọ (ya bụ, okwu nke ịpịa ọrịa na ite ime, n'otu n'otu) gaa n'ihu ọha (ya bụ ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ) na n'ime mgbanwe a, ejikọtawo òtù na-emegide ịzụ ahịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị neoliberal. N'isiokwu ya, "Carceral Politics as Gender Justice?", Bernstein gbasaa na nyocha a, na-eji ikpe nke mmegide ịzụ ahịa iji gosipụta otu ụmụ nwanyị si bụrụ ihe na-enye ntaramahụhụ na US na mba ofesi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Berstein|first=Elizabeth|date=2012|title="Carceral Politics as Gender Justice? The 'Traffic in Women and Neoliberal Circuits of Crime, Sex, and Rights."|journal=Theory and Society|pages=41: 233–259}}</ref> == Ihe Nlereanya == Iwu gbasara idina mmadụ n'ike (rape laws) emeela ka ha bụrụ ndị na-enye ohere karịa nwayọọ nwayọọ n'ime ụwa Anglo-American. Iwu mpụ na mpaghara ndị a ugbu a na-amata na a pụrụ ime mpụ idina mmadụ n'ike megide onye ọ bụla, n'agbanyeghị okike ya, n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche nke na-adịghị achọ ka e nwee ntinye amụ nwoke (penile penetration). Ewepụla nchedo iwu nke na-egbochi ka a kpee nwoke ikpe maka idina nwunye ya n'ike n'ime alụmdi na nwunye. A belatakwara ihe akaebe a na-achọ iji nweta ikpe ọmụma maka idina mmadụ n'ike, ebe ọtụtụ iwu ugbu a na-amata na idina mmadụ n'ike emeela mgbe enweghị nkwenye doro anya na nke onwe (affirmative consent), kama ịchọ ka e gosi n'ụzọ siri ike na onye e boro ebubo jiri ike mee ihe nakwa na onye e mere ihe ahụ gbalịsiri ike iguzogide ya..<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kotiswaran|first=Prabha|editor=Dirk Dubber|title=The Oxford Handbook of Criminal Law|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|edition=1}}</ref> === Ime ihe ike n'ụlọ === Iwu gbasara ime ihe ike n'ime ezinụlọ (domestic violence) enweela nnukwu mmepe na United States. N'oge gara aga, steeti anaghị achọkarị itinye aka n'ihe ndị na-eme n'ime ezinụlọ n'ihi na a na-ewere ha dịka ihe nzuzo nke onwe. Ma ugbu a, steeti na-ele ụlọ ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ anya dịka ebe mpụ pụrụ ime.Iwu nchebe mpụ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-ebute ụzọ n'ime ime ihe ike n'ụlọ. Ebe e nyere iwu dị otú ahụ megide onye ọ bụla, ọnụnọ ha n'ụlọ ghọrọ ihe nnọchianya maka ime ihe ike n'ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kotiswaran|first=Prabha|editor=Dirk Dubber|title=The Oxford Handbook of Criminal Law|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|edition=1}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi mgbochi ime ihe ike na US na 1970s na 1980s mekwara ka iwu ndị chọrọ ka ndị uwe ojii jide mgbe ha na-azaghachi oku ime ihe ike n'ụlọ, nke mere ka e nwekwuo njide nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Caren|title=Carceral Feminism Isn't the Answer to Sexual Violence|url=https://novaramedia.com/2022/02/15/carceral-feminism-isnt-the-answer-to-sexual-violence/|work=Novara Media|accessdate=9 March 2023}}</ref> Tupu gọọmenti Sweden amata ime ihe ike metụtara okike (gendered violence), a na-akpọ ya "ime ihe ike n'ime ezinụlọ" (domestic violence). N'ime afọ ndị 1990, mmegharị ụlọ mgbaba ụmụ nwanyị (women's shelter movement) mere ka a lebara ụfọdụ omume anya nke gosipụtara ime ihe ike sitere n'aka ụmụ nwoke, ma e nyere ụdị ime ihe ike a aha ọhụrụ, "ime ihe ike ụmụ nwoke na-eme ụmụ nwanyị" (men's violence against women). Mgbe afọ ndị 2000 bịara, a malitere ịjụ echiche feminizim ndị na-akwado okwu "ime ihe ike ụmụ nwoke na-eme ụmụ nwanyị", nke mere ka okwu ahụ tufuo ntụkwasị obi ya n'anya ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ. N'ihi nke a, e nwere mgbalị ịlaghachi n'iji aha e ji ya mbụ tupu mmegharị ụlọ mgbaba ụmụ nwanyị amalite, ya bụ "ime ihe ike n'ime ezinụlọ".. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lauri|first=Marcus|date=June 7, 2023|title=The rise of carceral feminism in Sweden: Analysing political debate and policy on men's violence against women|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277539523001073|journal=Women's Studies International Forum|volume=99|doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2023.102780|issn=0277-5395}}</ref> == Mpaghara ndị ọzọ == Ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị akọwaala usoro nke ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na mpaghara ndị ọzọ n'otu ụzọ ahụ. N'ọmụmụ ihe ha banyere mkpọsa ụmụ nwanyị gbasara ihe ike n'ụlọ na mwakpo mmekọahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ Beth Richie <ref>{{Cite book|author=Richie|first=Beth|title=Arrested Justice: Black Women, Violence, and America's Prison Nation|publisher=New York University Press|year=2012|location=New York, NY}}</ref> na onye na-ekwu maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ Kristin Bumiller <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bumiller|first=Kristin|authorlink=Kristin Bumiller|title=In An Abusive State: How Neoliberalism Appropriated the Feminist Movement Against Sexual Violence|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2008|location=Durham, NC}}</ref> nyochara mmepe nke ndị na-emegide ime ihe ike na US site na lekwasịrị anya na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmadụ na ibe ha ruo n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ịdabere na iwu na itinye iwu taa. A kọwaala omume yiri nke ahụ n'èzí US - dịka ọmụmaatụ, Miriam Ticktin kwuru na mmetụta ndị na-emegide ndị mbịarambịa na mkpọsa ụmụ nwanyị megide ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na France arụwo ọrụ nchịkwa ókèala na ụdị ndị uwe ojii ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ticktin|first=Miriam|title=Sexual Violence as the Language of Border Control: Where French Feminist and Anti-Immigrant Rhetoric Meet|publisher=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|year=2008|pages=33(4): 363–889}}</ref> Ihe atụ ụfọdụ nke a bụ na Alex Press na ntinye nke Vox ya banyere njikọ #MeToo nke butere mmegharị banyere ịtụ ndị na-eme ihe ike n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ọ na-ekwu na ha kwesịrị imegide ụdị ụmụ nwanyị a n'ihi echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nwere ike imerụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Press|first=Alex|date=2018-02-01|title=#MeToo must avoid "carceral feminism"|url=https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2018/2/1/16952744/me-too-larry-nassar-judge-aquilina-feminism|accessdate=2022-03-17|work=Vox|language=en}}</ref> Virginia Law na-atụle nkatọ nke echiche ya maka ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ mkpọrọ na okwu ahụ nwekwara ike iweta mmerụ ahụ karịa ụmụ nwanyị dịka o mere na Iwu Ime Ihe Ike megide Ụmụ nwanyị (VAWA). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Against Carceral Feminism|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2014/10/against-carceral-feminism/|accessdate=2022-03-17|work=jacobinmag.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Anna Terwiel na-eme ka a mara na ọ dị mkpa mgbanwe ọzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ mkpọrọ dịka, site n'itinye mmemme ndị ọzọ chọrọ ka ha chọta ụzọ isi gbanwee omume onye na-eme ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Terwiel|first=Anna|date=2019-11-26|title=What Is Carceral Feminism?|url=https://journals-sagepub-com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/doi/full/10.1177/0090591719889946|journal=Political Theory|volume=48|issue=4|pages=421–442|doi=10.1177/0090591719889946|issn=0090-5917}}</ref> Iwere na e kwesịrị inwe nsonaazụ maka omume ndị emere n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ndị a. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-agba mbọ maka mgbanwe nke ga-emetụta obodo Ime ihe ike n'ụlọ ọ bụghị naanị site n'echiche nke onye ọ bụla. == Nkatọ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na mkparịta ụka mgbasa ozi == Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe agbaghawo ụdị ụmụ nwanyị a. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye aka n'ihe omume mwepụ ụlọ mkpọrọ, karịsịa, akatọwo njikọ aka ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ mkpọrọ na ndị uwe ojii. Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ike nke mba ahụ na-akpali! Women of Color Against Violence, dịka ọmụmaatụ, guzobere na 2000 na nkwenye na usoro ikpe mpụ anaghị akwado kama ọ na-akpata mmerụ ahụ ọzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị, ndị na-ekwekọghị na okike, na ndị na-acha uhie uhie na-enwe ime ihe ike. Kemgbe e webatara ya na 2007, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ejirila okwu ahụ bụ "ndị inyom n'ụlọ mkpọrọ" mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe iji mee nkatọ dị otú ahụ ma banye na mkparịta ụka na arụmụka na nzukọ mgbasa ozi dị ka Twitter na Vox.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2018/2/1/16952744/me-too-larry-nassar-judge-aquilina-feminism|title=#MeToo must avoid "carceral feminism"|author=Press|first=Alex|date=2018-02-01|work=Vox|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-21}}</ref> Onye na-eme ihe ike na onye na-ahazi obodo Marlihan Lopez na-ekwu na ebumnuche nke iwepụ ime ihe ike, na kpọmkwem ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke na nwanyị, enweghị ike izute n'ime usoro ntaramahụhụ na ụlọ mkpọrọ. N'adịghị ka ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ mkpọrọ nke na-akpọ maka itinye ndị na-eme ihe ike dabere na nwoke na nwanyị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma nye ntaramahụhụ siri ike, ndị na-ahụ maka ihe omume dịka Lopez na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara obodo iji nye obodo ngwá ọrụ iji tinye aka na usoro mmerụ ahụ ma na-emepe usoro ịza ajụjụ. Ndị na-emegide ụlọ mkpọrọ na-akpọ oku ka e nyeghachi ego na ihe onwunwe site na ndị uwe ojii na usoro ụlọ mkpọrọ gaa na agụmakwụkwọ, ụlọ ọha na eze, na ọrụ ọha na eze ndị ọzọ na-akwado ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lopez|first=Marlihan|date=November 23, 2020|title=Opinion: Prison abolition is a feminist struggle|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/prison-abolition-defund-the-police-violence-against-women-feminism-1.5809912|work=CBC News}}</ref> E nwere ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-arụ ọrụ maka ikpe ziri ezi nke ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ bụ ndị na-ekwughachi arịrịọ abolitionist na ndị na-emegide ụlọ mkpọrọ ka ha kpochapụ ndị uwe ojii na ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kur|first=Ellie Ade|title=Disarm, Defund, Dismantle. Police Abolition in Canada|publisher=Between the Lines|year=2022|editor=Pasternak|series=et. al|location=Toronto|pages=98–112|chapter=Sex Work Justice - by Us, for Us: Toronto Sex Workers Resisting Carceral Violence}}</ref> Ndị na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ maka ego (sex workers) na-abụkarị ndị a na-eme ihe ike metụtara okike (gender-based violence) na mwakpo mmekọahụ (sexual assault) site n'aka ndị uwe ojii. Nke a na-akawanye njọ n'ihi na a na-eme ka ọrụ ha bụrụ ihe iwu na-akwadoghị n'ebe ụfọdụ, nakwa n'ihi enweghị ọrụ nchekwa na nchebe zuru oke gburugburu ọrụ ha. Otu nkatọ ndị feminizim na-emegide usoro ntaramahụhụ mkpọrọ (anti-carceral feminists), karịsịa ndị na-elekwasị anya n'okwu agbụrụ (racialized anti-carceral feminists), na-eme bụ na ụfọdụ ndị feminizim na-akwado usoro ntaramahụhụ siri ike (white carceral feminists) ejirila okwu na echiche ndị mmegharị mkpochapụ (abolitionist language) mee ihe n'ụzọ ọzọ. Ndị a na-akpọ oku ka e kpochapụ ọrụ mmekọahụ maka ego (sex work), ebe ha na-ele ya anya dịka ụdị ịgba ụmụ nwanyị n'ohu mmekọahụ (sexual slavery).ị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Maynard|first=Robyn|title=Red Light Labour: Regulation, Agency, and Resistance|publisher=University of British Columbia Press|year=2018|editor=Durisin|series=et. al|pages=281–292|chapter=Do Black Sex Workers' Lives Matter? Whitewashed anti-slavery, racial justice, and abolition}}</ref> [[Angela Davis]], n'isi "How Gender Structures the Prison System" nke akwụkwọ ya bụ Are Prisons Obsolete? , na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ mkpọrọ na-ejikọta na mmegbu nke psychiatry iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị na-alụ ọgụ megide mmegbu na ime ihe ike. Ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụ ndị ikom na-emebi iwu dị ka ndị mebiri nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma si otú a nye ha mgbapụta n'oge mkpọrọ, a na-ele ndị inyom na-eme ihe ọjọọ anya dị ka ndị na-emebiga omume ókè.<ref name=":2" /> N'ọrụ ha dị ka ụmụ nwanyị, ha adaala ma si otú a ghara irite uru site na nzọpụta. Na United States, ndị Quaker reformers kwuru na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịgbanwe, mana ha mere ya n'ụzọ na-ejigide ụkpụrụ nwoke na nwanyị, nke pụtara itinye n'ọrụ ọchịchị e mere iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị ndị omempụ bụrụ ihe nlereanya nke ụlọ. Davis gara n'ihu kwuo na nke a bụ ihe mere ụmụ nwanyị ji bụrụ ndị a mara ikpe ogologo oge karịa ụmụ nwoke ma na-agwọ ha ọgwụ, iji mee ka ha nọrọ n'okpuru nchịkwa na nlekota nke steeti, ebe ọ bụ na echiche nke eugenics na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị na-erughị eru n'ihi isi mgbaka ga-anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ruo ogologo oge o kwere mee ka ha wee mụọ ụmụ ole na ole.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Y.|first=Davis, Angela|title=Are Prisons Obsolete?|date=2011|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-60980-104-5|oclc=1159833960}}</ref> Davis na-egosikwa etu a na-esi eme ka ime ihe ike mmekọahụ megide ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ dịgide ma zoo ya n'azụ mgbidi ụlọ mkpọrọ. Mmetọ a, tinyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpọasị ụmụ nwanyị, na-esikwu ike na usoro ụlọ mkpọrọ ma nye ya ikike n'ọnọdụ ntaramahụhụ. Na Canada, ụmụ nwanyị Indigenous (ụmụ amaala mbụ) na-anọkarị n’ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu karịa ndị ọzọ n’usoro ụlọ mkpọrọ, ma bụrụkwa ndị tara ahụhụ n’akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịrụrụ ha amụma amụ na-enweghị nkwenye (forced sterilisation) n’aha eugenics. N’afọ 2022, ụmụ nwanyị Indigenous juru ihe ruru ọkara nke ụmụ nwanyị niile nọ n’ụlọ mkpọrọ etiti (federal penitentiaries).i.<ref>{{Cite web|author=White|first=Patrick|date=May 5, 2022|title='Shocking and shameful': For the first time, Indigenous women make up half the female population in Canada's federal prisons|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-half-of-all-women-inmates-are-indigenous/|work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> Malite na ngwụcha afọ 1920, Canada kwadoro ịwa ahụ n'ike site na iwu ndị dị ka Alberta's Sexual Sterilization Act.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rutherford|first=Gillian|date=June 27, 2022|title=Reproductive control of Indigenous women continues around the world, say survivors and researchers|url=https://www.ualberta.ca/folio/2022/06/reproductive-control-of-indigenous-women-continues-around-the-world.html|work=University of Alberta}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na iwu anaghịzi amachibido iwu, a ka nwere ọtụtụ akụkọ banyere ịwa ahụ na-enweghị nkwekọrịta na ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala na Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Baig|first=Fakiha|date=June 3, 2021|title=Indigenous women still forced, coerced into sterilization: Senate report|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7920118/indigenous-women-sterilization-senate-report/|work=Global News}}</ref> Mimi Kim, onye nchọpụta na Mahadum California State na iwu ndị inyom na-emegide ụlọ mkpọrọ, na-eji ihe atụ "ịgba egwú na ekwensu", <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Kim|first=Mimi E.|date=2020|title=Anti-Carceral Feminism: The Contradictions of Progress and the Possibilities of Counter-Hegemonic Struggle|journal=Journal of Women and Social Work|volume=35|issue=3|pages=309–326|doi=10.1177/0886109919878276}}</ref> iji gosipụta mmekọrịta na-adịghị irè n'etiti ndị inyom ụlọ mkpọrọ na steeti na mgbalị ha iji belata mpụ ndị metụtara okike site na mpụ na ndị uwe ojii. N'ịkatọ usoro ndị inyom na-emegide ime ihe ike dị ka ndị na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ụdị mmegide nke nwanyị ahụ a na-emegbu megide nwoke ahụ na-emebuso ihe ike mgbe ọ bịara n'ihe gbasara ime ihe ike mmekọahụ, ọ na-atụ aro ụzọ ndị ọzọ na usoro ikpe ziri ezi nke ndị isi, dị ka omume ikpe ziri ezi na-agbanwe agbanwe na atụmatụ abolitionist, iji dozie ụdị mmerụ ahụ niile.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ na-arụ ụka n’ụzọ bụ isi na mmepe nke feminizim nke na-adabere n’ụlọ mkpọrọ na ntaramahụhụ (carceral feminism) e jiriwo nghọtahie na mmegide dị n’ime ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbanwe kọwaa ya. Usoro na atụmatụ feminizim carceral nke na-adabere n’ọrụ ndị uwe ojii iji dozie ime ihe ike metụtara okike (gendered violence) na mmebi ndị ọzọ emeela ka e nwee iwu na atumatu ndị nyere aka n’ịba ụba nke mkpọrọ ndị mmadụ (mass incarceration). Kim na-egosi otú feminizim na-emegide usoro ntaramahụhụ mkpọrọ (anti-carceral feminism) si malite n’ime obodo ndị nwere ndị agba (communities of colour), bụ ndị tara ahụhụ kacha njọ n’aka ime ihe ike na ntaramahụhụ steeti kwadoro. Ndị feminizim anti-carceral emepụtala ụkpụrụ na omume dabere na ikpe ziri ezi na mgbanwe (transformative justice), yana ụzọ mmeghachi omume nke obodo (community-based responses) iji dozie ime ihe ike.na [[Community accountability|ịza ajụjụ obodo]]. Ha, tinyere ndị abolitionists, na-ele steeti ụlọ mkpọrọ anya dị ka ebe bụ isi maka ime ihe ike na mmegbu nke na-elekwasị anya na ndị mmadụ dabere na agbụrụ, ọkwa, okike na akara njirimara ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":1" /> == Ime ihe ike n'ụlọ == [[Faịlụ:New_ACLU_Logo_2017.svg|thumb|Logo nke ACLU, otu nzukọ nke tụlere isiokwu nke ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ mkpọrọ]] Dị ka American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) si kwuo, "79% nke ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ gọọmentị etiti na nke steeti kọrọ na e metọrọ ha n'ụzọ anụ ahụ na ihe karịrị 60% kọrọ na e mekọrọ ha n"oge gara aga", nakwa, "Ihe ruru 90% nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị nọ n'Ụlọ mkpọrọ taa maka igbu ụmụ nwoke bụ ndị ụmụ nwoke ahụ kụrụ ihe n'oge gara aga".<ref name=":0" /> Nke a pụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ bụ ndị a na-eme ihe ike mmekọahụ bụ ndị nwere ike ime mpụ ndị a na'ebo ha ebubo n'ihi ihe ike mmekọahụ ha nwere. Òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-emegide ụlọ mkpọrọ na-akwalite idozi nsogbu a na ịlụso mpụ na ịtụ mkpọrọ nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị a na-eme ihe ike mmekọahụ na nke ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crg.berkeley.edu/research/feminist-anti-carceral-and-research-project/|title=Feminist Anti-Carceral Policy & Research Initiative|work=Center for Race & Gender|accessdate=April 21, 2020}}</ref> Otu atụmatụ e mere iji nyere aka mee ka ikpe na-ezighị ezi ndị a pụta ìhè bụ Òtù Na-adịgide adịgide na Ịta ahụhụ, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://survivedandpunished.org/|title=Analysis & Vision|work=Survived and Punished|accessdate=April 21, 2020}}</ref> nke Ọ malitere n’afọ 2015. Òtù a na-amata na ọtụtụ n’ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị a, dịka ụmụ nwanyị BIPOC, ụmụ nwanyị transgender, na ndị na-esoghị n’usoro njirimara nwoke/ụmụ nwanyị ọdịnala (non-gender conforming people), enweela ahụmahụ nke ime ihe ike mmekọahụ (sexual violence) na/ma ọ bụ ime ihe ike n’ezinụlọ (domestic violence). N’ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme a gbasara ime ihe ike mmekọahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara mpụ ụfọdụ ha mere. Òtù ahụ na-akọwakwa na, ozugbo ha banyere n’ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọtụtụ n’ime ndị a na-enwetakwa ime ihe ike mmekọahụ ọzọ ma ọ bụ mmegbu site n’aka ndị nche ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ nọ n’ebe ahụ. Òtù a na-achọ inyere ụmụ nwanyị ndị a tụrụ mkpọrọ n’ihe gbasara ime ihe ike n’ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ ime ihe ike mmekọahụ aka igosi na mpụ ha mere nwere ike ịbụ ihe nchebe onwe (self-defense). E nwekwara ọnọdụ ebe a na-amanye ụmụ nwanyị ka ha sonyere dị ka ndị so mee mpụ (accomplices). N’ozuzu, òtù a na-achọ idozi usoro nke ha kwenyere na ọ na-elekwasị anya n’ụzọ na-ezighi ezi n’otu ụfọdụ, karịsịa ndị pere mpe (minority groups), ndị agba (people of colour), na ụmụ nwanyị. ACLU na-akọwa: “Ogologo oge a na-enye ụmụ nwoke na-egbu ndị enyi ha nwanyị n’ụlọ mkpọrọ bụ afọ 2 ruo 6. Ma ụmụ nwanyị na-egbu ndị enyi ha nwoke na-enweta ikpe mkpọrọ ruru afọ 15 n’ọkara, ọbụna ma ọtụtụ n’ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị a mee ya iji chebe onwe ha pụọ n’ime ihe ike ndị enyi ha malitere.”. "<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/other/words-prison-did-you-know|title=Words From Prison - Did You Know...?|work=ACLU|accessdate=April 21, 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.aclu.org/other/words-prison-did-you-know "Words From Prison - Did You Know...?"]. ''ACLU''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Nke a pụtara na a na-ekpe ụmụ nwanyị ikpe maka otu mpụ ahụ mgbe, n'ọtụtụ ikpe, mpụ ahụ bụ nzaghachi maka ime ihe ike nke ndị mmekọ ha. Dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ a, enwere ike ịhụ na enwere ụfọdụ ikpe na-ezighị ezi n'ogologo ahịrịokwu n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị. Nke a na-ezo aka na ohere na ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ mkpọrọ nwere ike ịkpata ahụhụ na mkpagbu nke ndị ka nta. Enwere ike ịhụ ihe atụ ọzọ nke otu ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ mkpọrọ nwere ike isi metụta ndị otu ole na ole site n'inyocha ikpe nke Central Park Five. N'afọ 1989, e jidere ndị Africa America na ndị Latin America ise ma maa ha ikpe maka ndina n'ike obi ọjọọ nke Trisha Meili na Central Park nke New York.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/1980s/central-park-five|title=The Central Park Five|work=HISTORY|date=23 September 2019|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-21}}</ref> Ha A tụrụ ụfọdụ n’ime ha ikpe mkpọrọ sitere na afọ 6 ruo afọ 13. Otú ọ dị, n’ihi mmepe teknụzụ na mgbakwunye ihe akaebe DNA, e mechara chọpụta na naanị onye mere mpụ idina mmadụ n’ike ahụ bụ Matias Reyes, nke pụtara na ụmụ nwoke ise ndị ọzọ bụ ndị aka ha dị ọcha. Nke a bụ otu ikpe ebe n’ihi ịdị njọ nke ikpe mpụ na ntaramahụhụ siri ike metụtara ikpe idina mmadụ n’ike, o nwere ike iduga n’ime ka a kpagbuo ndị aka ha dị ọcha n’enweghị ezi ihe kpatara ya. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, n’otu ikpe a, otu ndị pere mpe (minority groups) nwere ike imetụta nke ukwuu karịa n’ihi ntaramahụhụ siri ike nke feminizim carceral na-akwado. Ọtụtụ feminizim ndị na-akwado mkpochapụ ụlọ mkpọrọ (prison abolitionists) na-arụkwa ụka na ihe ndị a na-egosi usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iji “nchedo” ụmụ nwanyị ọcha cisgender mee ngwa ọgụ megide ụmụ nwoke ndị agba (men of color) na ndị queer, site n’ịkwado stereotypes na-egosi ha dịka ndị na-eyi egwu ma ọ bụ ndị dị ize ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Reina Gossett & Dean Spade|title=What About the Dangerous People?|url=https://bcrw.barnard.edu/videos/reina-gossett-dean-spade-part-3-what-about-the-dangerous-people/|work=Barnard Center for Research on Women|date=7 January 2014}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Populism nke ntaramahụhụ <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}bu [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bq7w5zhzng4ou3saejur0xqwthsp3wk 0 76468 692852 654001 2026-07-30T20:37:53Z Sylvaline39 15355 Fixed reference error 692852 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Itunta</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Itunta</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Obodo Na-achị Onwe Ya</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">Obodo nta</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float: right;clear: right;margin-left:1em;margin-bottom:1em"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Faịlụ:Nigeria_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Itunta is located in Nigeria]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:85.506%;left:43.357%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Itunta]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Itunta</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Ebe Itunta dị na Naijiria</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Nhazi: 5°26′57.77′′N 7°38′10.9′′E / 5.4493806°N 7.6361°E / 5. 4493806; 7.636361<span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Itunta&params=5_26_57.77_N_7_38_10.9_E_region:NG_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°26′57.77′′N</span> <span class="longitude">7°38′10.9′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.4493806°N 7.6361°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">5.4493806; 7.636361</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon">[[Faịlụ:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnọdụ | class="infobox-data" |[[Ȯra Abia|Obodo Abia]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |L.G.A. | class="infobox-data" |[[Ikwuano]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ezinụlọ | class="infobox-data" |Ibere |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Gọọmentị<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ụdị&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Ọchịchị Ndị Eze |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• [[Eze]]&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |HRM Eze Monday Unadindu Okoro |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Elu ugwu<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> | class="infobox-data" |125 ft (38 m) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Agbụrụ dị iche iche&nbsp;&nbsp;<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Okpukpe&nbsp;&nbsp;<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Time zone|Oge]] | class="infobox-data" |UTC+1 (WAT) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ntinye nọmba 3 | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">440108</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Koodu mpaghara | class="infobox-data" |440 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Koodu ISO 3166 | class="infobox-data nickname" |NG. AB. IK |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |https://ng.geoview.info/itunta,2336974 |} '''Itunta''' {{Audio|Ig-Itunta.ogg|Mkpọpụta}}bụ ime obodo dị na Ibere, okpuru ọchịchị nke [[Ikwuano]] na steeti Abia, Naijiria . <ref>{{Cite web|author=places|date=1970-01-01|title=Towns & Villages in Ikwuano « Abia State « Nigeria.|url=https://townsvillages.com/ng/ikwuano/|accessdate=2023-08-10|work=Towns & Villages|language=en-US}}</ref> Itunta dabara n'okpuru ọchịchị nnwere onwe nke Umuakoo .<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Reporters|first=Swift|date=2021-04-06|title=Israel Ibeleme Foundation Empowers 400 Indegenes Of Ikwuano LGA|url=https://swiftreporters.com/israel-ibeleme-foundation-empowers-400-indegenes-of-ikwuano-lga/|accessdate=2023-08-10|work=Swift Reporters|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2023-02-16|title=2023: Support Grows For Abia Speaker, Akobundu, Nwabuisi As Ibere Clan Endorse Their Candidature - News Critic|url=https://newscritic.com.ng/2023/02/16/2023-support-grows-for-abia-speaker-akobundu-nwabuisi-as-ibere-clan-endorse-their-candidature/,%20https://newscritic.com.ng/2023/02/16/2023-support-grows-for-abia-speaker-akobundu-nwabuisi-as-ibere-clan-endorse-their-candidature/|accessdate=2023-08-10|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Eze]] nke Umuakoo bụ HRM Eze Monday Unadindu Okoro onye e nyere echichi Akoo nke Abụọ nke Umuakoo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Itunta bụ ebe a ma ama maka nnukwu mmepụta koko ya.<ref name=":2"/> == Mmalite == A na-ekwu na ụmụ amaala [[Itu, Akwa Ibom|Itu]]<nowiki/>nta bụ akụkụ nke ndị [[Itu, Akwa Ibom|Itu]] diaspora, ndị gbasasịrị site na ndị nna nna [[Itu, Akwa Ibom|Itu]] (Ibibio) gafee [[Igboland]]. Obodo ama ama nke Itu bụ Itumbauzo na Bende. Itu LGA na [[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom Steeti]] nke oge a bụ ala nna nke ndị Itu. == Omenaala == Ndị Itunta na-eme emume Inyang kwa afọ. Ha bụ naanị obodo dị na Ikwuano na-eme ihe omume a. Ọ dị nnọọ iche na emume Ekpe a na-emekarị nke obodo Ikwuano ọ bụla ọzọ na-eme emume. Ndị otu a bụ Ndị ọrụ ugbo ma na-azụ ahịa na [[Osikàpà|osikapa]] na koko. A na-eme [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]] n'ọtụtụ ebe. [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]] na olumba Ibere nke [[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|Igbo]] bụ asụsụ ndị a na-asụ na Itunta . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Atuonwu|first=Chiedozie I.|title=A HISTORICAL STUDY OF EKPE CULTURAL FESTIVAL IN NNONO COMMUNITY|url=https://www.academia.edu/61721377/A_HISTORICAL_STUDY_OF_EKPE_CULTURAL_FESTIVAL_IN_NNONO_COMMUNITY}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == Itunta dị na belt na-emepụta koko, ya mere, ọ bụ nnukwu ebe na-emepụta cocoa na Abia State. Obodo a na-emepụta ihe ruru tọn koko iri kwa afọ. Ha bụkwa ndị maara nke ọma na plantain, [[Osikàpà|osikapa]], cassava na ọgbọ [[cucumber]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Farmers count losses over collapsed 48-year-old Abia bridge - Daily Trust|url=https://dailytrust.com/farmers-count-losses-over-collapsed-48-year-old-abia-bridge/|accessdate=2023-08-10|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dailytrust.com/farmers-count-losses-over-collapsed-48-year-old-abia-bridge/ "Farmers count losses over collapsed 48-year-old Abia bridge - Daily Trust"]. ''[[Daily Trust]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ụlọ akwụkwọ == * Itunta Community School<ref>{{Cite web|title=Itunta Community School|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/directory/listing/itunta-community-school/|accessdate=2023-08-10|work=Directory & MarketPlace|language=en-US}}</ref> * Elemaga == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 227lybrnwxe74svbo09ij0ql9gswr2o 0 76474 693079 654423 2026-07-31T09:11:36Z Chikerenma Ndubuka 8900 Ref Error 693079 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Aegyptisches Museum Berlin InvNr7261 20080313 Barkenuntersatz Natakamani Amanitore aus Wad Ban Naga 1.jpg|thumb|Amanitore]] '''Amanitore''', nke a na-akpọkwa '''Amanitere''' ma ọ bụ '''Amanitar''',<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Richard Lobban|Richard A. Lobban Jr.]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-z4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval Christian Nubia|date=2020-10-20|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-5381-3341-5|page=26}}</ref> bụ eze nwanyị nke alaeze Kush, onye chịrị site na [[Meroë]] n’etiti narị afọ mbụ AD.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last=Kuckertz|first=Josefine|year=2021|title=Meroe and Egypt|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6061m848|journal=UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology|pages=5, 13, 17}}</ref> Ya na nwa ya nwoke, [[Natakamani]], chịrị alaeze ahụ. Ọchịchị Amanitore na Natakamani bụ oge e nwere ọtụtụ ihe akaebe gbasara ya, ma o yikwara ka ọ bụ oge ọganihu na ịba ụba. O nwere ike ịbụ na ha biri n’otu oge ahụ na eze ukwu [[Nero]]. == Ndụ ya == A maara Amanitore na [[Natakamani]] site n’ili ha na ọtụtụ ihe ncheta nke na-egosi ha abụọ ọnụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta mbụ chere na Amanitore bụ nwunye Natakamani, ma ugbu a a na-ekwenyekarị na ha bụ nne na nwa nwoke. Nke a bụ n’ihi na ihe odide oge ochie a chọtara n’Ụlọ Nsọ Dakka na-egosi na Amanitore bụ nne Natakamani.<ref name=":1" /> N’oge ha na-achị, ọ bụ naanị Natakamani ka a kpọrọ aha doro anya dị ka onye ọchịchị (qore), ebe a na-akpọ Amanitore kandake (eze nwanyị/nne eze).<ref name=":24">{{cite book|last1=Eide|first1=Tormod|url=https://digitalt.uib.no/handle/1956.2/3083#preview|title=Fontes Historiae Nubiorum: Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region Between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century AD: Vol. III: From the First to the Sixth Century AD|last2=Hägg|first2=Tomas|last3=Holton Pierce|first3=Richard|last4=Török|first4=László|year=1998|publisher=University of Bergen|isbn=82-91626-07-3|pages=897–899, 903, 908, 910|archive-date=2024-05-22|access-date=2023-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522090246/https://digitalt.uib.no/handle/1956.2/3083#preview|url-status=dead}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, a na-egosi ha n’ụzọ doro anya dị ka ndị ọchịchị ibe ha nwere ikike hà nhata n’ihi na a na-egosipụta ha abụọ na regalia na uwe ndị eze.<ref name=":23">{{cite book|last1=Eide|first1=Tormod|url=https://digitalt.uib.no/handle/1956.2/3083#preview|title=Fontes Historiae Nubiorum: Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region Between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century AD: Vol. III: From the First to the Sixth Century AD|last2=Hägg|first2=Tomas|last3=Holton Pierce|first3=Richard|last4=Török|first4=László|year=1998|publisher=University of Bergen|isbn=82-91626-07-3|pages=897–899, 903, 908, 910|archive-date=2024-05-22|access-date=2023-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522090246/https://digitalt.uib.no/handle/1956.2/3083#preview|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ dịghị mgbe e nwere ihe àmà na-egosi na Natakamani ma ọ bụ Amanitore chịrị n’onwe ha na-enweghị onye nke ọzọ.<ref name=":22">{{cite book|last1=Eide|first1=Tormod|url=https://digitalt.uib.no/handle/1956.2/3083#preview|title=Fontes Historiae Nubiorum: Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region Between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century AD: Vol. III: From the First to the Sixth Century AD|last2=Hägg|first2=Tomas|last3=Holton Pierce|first3=Richard|last4=Török|first4=László|year=1998|publisher=University of Bergen|isbn=82-91626-07-3|pages=897–899, 903, 908, 910|archive-date=2024-05-22|access-date=2023-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522090246/https://digitalt.uib.no/handle/1956.2/3083#preview|url-status=dead}}</ref> E liri Amanitore na [[pyramid]] nke ya na Meroë, Beg. N 1.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|last1=Eide|first1=Tormod|url=https://digitalt.uib.no/handle/1956.2/3083#preview|title=Fontes Historiae Nubiorum: Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region Between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century AD: Vol. III: From the First to the Sixth Century AD|last2=Hägg|first2=Tomas|last3=Holton Pierce|first3=Richard|last4=Török|first4=László|year=1998|publisher=University of Bergen|isbn=82-91626-07-3|pages=897–899, 903, 908, 910|archive-date=2024-05-22|access-date=2023-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522090246/https://digitalt.uib.no/handle/1956.2/3083#preview|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lli ahụ dị ihe dịka square mita isii n’ala ya, ọ bụghị pyramid n’echiche mgbakọ na mwepụ. jid9st71uqbgq1shyt3mguwypw0krjn 0 76501 692865 654095 2026-07-30T20:49:09Z Sylvaline39 15355 Fixed reference error 692865 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Jane Costello Goldberg''' (A mụrụ ya na Jenụwarị 5, 1919 – n’afọ ndị 1980) bụ nwanyị America na-amụ akụkọ ihe osise (art historian). O nwetara Guggenheim Fellowship na 1953, ma ọ bụ ọkachamara n’ihe osise France, karịsịa ọrụ Nicolas Poussin. O jiri ọtụtụ afọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ na Mahadum New York (New York University), ebe o riterekwa ogo mmụta postgraduate ya n’oge gara aga. O kụzikwara ọmụmụ abụọ na usoro telivishọn Sunrise Semester n’afọ ndị 1960. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Jane Costello na Jenụwarị 5, 1919, na New York City. <ref name="GF">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cY3WAAAAMAAJ|title=Reports of the Secretary and Treasurer|date=1953|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation}}</ref> A zụlitere ya na Brooklyn, ọ gara Erasmus Hall High School . <ref name="arthistorians">{{Cite web|title=Costello, Jane|url=https://arthistorians.info/costelloj/|accessdate=2026-03-20|work=Dictionary of Art Historians}}</ref> Ọ nwetara BA na Barnard College <ref name="GF" /> na 1940, ma mesịa rụọ ọrụ na Metropolitan Museum of Art dị ka onye nkuzi site na 1943 ruo 1946. O mechara gaa Mahadum New York, ebe ọ nwetara MA na 1946 na PhD na 1951. <ref name="GF" /> Ọ bụ Walter Friedländer lekọtara akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya Nicolas Poussin and the Genesis of French Classicism, ma bipụta ya na Journal of the Warburg Institute n'akụkụ akwụkwọ edemede ya The Twelve Pictures Ordered by Velasquez and the Trial of Valguarnera. <ref name="arthistorians" /><ref name="Walton 1989" /> Costello gara n’ihu ịnọgide na NYU, ebe ọ bụ onye nkuzi (instructor) n’ihe osise site n’afọ 1951 ruo 1953, mgbe e mesịrị e buliri ya elu ka ọ bụrụ osote prọfesọ (assistant professor)..<ref name="GF">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cY3WAAAAMAAJ|title=Reports of the Secretary and Treasurer|date=1953|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation}}</ref> O mechara bụrụ [[Helen Gould Sheppard Professor of Fine Arts|Helen Gould Sheppard Prọfesọ nke Fine Arts]] . Na mgbakwunye na nka French, ọ kụziri Ihe osise Dutch na Flemish Renaissance na nka Ijipt oge ochie, na-arụkọ ọrụ na NYU nke mbụ na nke ikpeazụ.<ref name="Walton 1989" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi akụkọ nka na Parsons School of Design . <ref name="Walton 1989" /> E wezụga nkuzi, ọ bụ osote onye isi (vice-president) nke ngalaba NYU nke American Association of University Professors, yana ọ bụkwa onye so na senate mahadum NYU..<ref name="Walton 1989" /> Dị ka onye na-amụ akụkọ ihe osise (art historian), Costello bụ ọkachamara n’ihe osise France na nka Baroque, karịsịa Nicolas Poussin.<ref name="arthistorians">{{Cite web|title=Costello, Jane|url=https://arthistorians.info/costelloj/|accessdate=2026-03-20|work=Dictionary of Art Historians}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke Warburg Institute na Poussin . <ref name="arthistorians" /> N'afọ 1953, e nyere ya Guggenheim Fellowship iji mụọ ihe osise Poussin. <ref name="GF">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cY3WAAAAMAAJ|title=Reports of the Secretary and Treasurer|date=1953|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation}}</ref> Ọrụ ya gbanwere gaa n’ịrụ festschrifts n’oge ọrụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na o sonyekwara n’akwụkwọ Nicolas Poussin nke afọ 1975: The Martyrdom of Saint Erasmus, nke National Gallery of Canada bipụtara, ma mee atụmatụ maka akwụkwọ gbasara nka France (nke na-erubeghị aka mgbe ọ nwụrụ). <ref name="arthistorians" /> Na mgbakwunye na nkuzi ihu na ihu, Costello bụkwa onye nkuzi telivishọn na usoro Sunrise Semester nke WCBS-TV. Ọ nọrọ na mmemme ahụ ruo ọnwa ole na ole, site na February ruo June 1960, ebe aha ọmụmụ ya bụ “Outlines of the History of Art.”.<ref name="Shanley 1960">{{Cite news|author=Shanley|first=John P.|date=1960-02-07|title=Jane Costello Enjoys Her TV Assignment|work=New York Times|pages=X13|id={{ProQuest|115207555}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> O mechara pụta nke ugboro abụọ na Sunrise Semester n’oge 1963–1964 a na-agbasa n’ọkwa mba, ebe ọ kụziri akụkọ ihe osise (art history). Gay Pauley nke…<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="155" href="./United_Press_International" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="United Press International">United Press International<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwASk\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt53\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"CITEREFPauley1963\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Pauley, Gay (October 7, 1963). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/1246890708/\" id=\"mwASo\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Woman's View\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwASs\">Connecticut Post</i></nowiki>. United Press International. p.<nowiki><span id=\"mwASw\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>12.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-Pauley_1963_5-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Jane_Costello_(art_historian)#cite_note-Pauley_1963-5 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Gay Pauley nke United Press International kwuru na n’oge ọ na-apụta na mmemme ahụ, Costello dị ka Jane Wyman ma na-eyi ụgha anya anya (fake eyelashes).a. Costello lụrụ onye ọka iwu Arthur I. <ref name="arthistorians">{{Cite web|title=Costello, Jane|url=https://arthistorians.info/costelloj/|accessdate=2026-03-20|work=Dictionary of Art Historians}}</ref> Goldberg ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Ọ hapụrụ nchịkọta ihe osise Afrịka nke di ya n’aka MOMA (Museum of Modern Art)..<ref name="arthistorians" /> == Ọrụ == == Ihe odide == <references> <ref name="arthistorians">{{Cite web|title=Costello, Jane|url=https://arthistorians.info/costelloj/|accessdate=2026-03-20|work=Dictionary of Art Historians}}</ref> <ref name="Pauley 1963">{{Cite news|author=Pauley|first=Gay|date=1963-10-07|title=Woman's View|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1246890708/|work=Connecticut Post|page=12}}</ref> <ref name="Shanley 1960"/> <ref name="Walton 1989">{{cite magazine |last=Walton |first=Guy |title=Memorial Minute for Jane Costello (Goldberg) |url=https://www.ifa.nyu.edu/assets/pdfs/alumni_newsletter1989.pdf |magazine=IFA Alumni Newsletter |publisher=New York University |page=14-15}}</ref> </references> [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 5ni0771n0sq3lmh6aia5r7s8fotd458 0 76541 692924 654282 2026-07-31T01:54:47Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Fixed reference errors 692924 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Atani</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Atani Idu na Oba</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Faịlụ:Nigeria_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Atani is located in Nigeria]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:79.83%;left:36.538%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Atani]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Atani</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Ebe dị na Naijiria</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Nhazi: 6°1′N 6°45′E / 6.017°N 6.750°E / 6.717; 6.750<span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atani&params=6_1_N_6_45_E_region:NG_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°1′N</span> <span class="longitude">6°45′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.017°N 6.750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">6.017; 6.750</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]][[Faịlụ:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|25x25px]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Ora no na ime Naijiria|Ọnọdụ]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Anambra Steeti|Steeti Anambra]] |} '''Atani''' {{Audio|Ig-Atani.ogg|(Mkpọpụta)}} bụ obodo dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Niger na Anambra Steeti, [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] . Atani bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ Ogbaru Local Government Area, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Map of Ogbaru Local Government Area Anambra State (Study Area) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Ogbaru-Local-Government-Area-Anambra-State-Study-Area_fig1_307608930 |website=Research Gate}}</ref> Gọọmentị Obodo na Northern Senatorial District nke Anambra State. Ọ bụ otu n'ime obodo ndị dị na Ogbaru dị na Igboland. Mmekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya adịghị iche na nke dị n'obodo ndị ọzọ dị na Igbo. Otú ọ dị, ọdịiche dị n'etiti obodo na omenala. Nhazi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Igboland na-amalite site na ezinụlọ - Umunna dị ka otu kacha nta, ma gbasaa ruo obodo - Obodo, nke bụ otu kachasị ukwuu. Ọ bụ obodo nke ndị ọkụ azụ na ndị mbịarambịa bi na ya. Atani ka bụ osikapa, azụ, yam na efere cassava nke Anambra steeti, na-emepụta ọtụtụ nri a na-ere n'ọtụtụ ahịa na [[Ȯra Delta|Delta]] na Anambra Steeti. Ndị Atani sitere na [[Ukwuani people|Ukwuani]] na [[Anambra Steeti|Steeti Anambra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=INTER- COMMUNAL POLITICAL RELATIONS OF ATANI PEOPLE ...|url=https://www.journals.ezenwaohaetorc.org/index.php/JASSD/article/view/611|work=journals.ezenwaohaetorc.org}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta == A na-egosi ọkwa mmekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị n'etiti Atani na ndị agbata obi ya n'ọtụtụ ndị nwere aha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọdịnala, Igwe ma ọ bụ Eze, Nze na Ozo, Ndi Ichie Ukwu na Ndichie Nta, ndị isi, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Ndị otu a na-eme njikọ nke usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Atani. Ya mere, n'ọgbakọ ha na ihe omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ dịka echichi eze, emume ofala wdg, ha na-akpakọrịta. Mmekọrịta ndị a na-abụ ntọala maka mmekọrịta obodo ma ọ bụ obodo n'etiti Atani na ndị agbata obi ya. N'etiti ndị agbata obi ha gụnyere; Odekpe, Ohaita, Ozubulu, Oko, na ndị ọzọ. E kewara obodo ndị a n'ime otu dị iche iche maka mmekọrịta dị irè. Ụlọ ọrụ ole na ole dị n'obodo ahụ na-agụnye nhazi azụ na nkwakọba osikapa. == Ụmụ amaala ama ama == * Prọfesọ [[Ben Nwabueze]], onye bụbu Minista Naijiria maka agụmakwụkwọ * Chief [[Chief Stephen Osita Osadebe|Stephen Osita Osadebe]], onye egwu == Ebe ndị a ma ama == * Federal Polytechnic Oko, Atani Campus * St. James Basilica * Isi ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ime obodo Ogbaru <ref>{{Cite web|title=Anambra North Senatorial District|url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/anambra-north-senatorial-district/|accessdate=2023-08-15|work=Centre for Community and Rural Development|language=en-US}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Atani na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke na-enye ohere maka obodo iji kerịta ihe nketa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha. Ụdị ntụgharị nke ọchịchị ọdịnala na Atani na-egosi na mmekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere ike ịbụ udo ma ọ bụ ọgba aghara ma ọ bụ ọbụna ha abụọ. Ndị nwere aha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche dabere na ọnọdụ ha. Na Atani ọ bụ Onowu na-ekpu eze okpueze. Eze na-arụkwa ọrụ ikpe, nke isi na nke ime mmụọ na Ndi-iche uku ya na Ndichie Nta. Ha mejupụtara gọọmentị ọdịnala ma bụrụkwa ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-achị obodo ha. E wezụga nke ahụ, na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Atani, mmekọrịta ahụ na-agbasa n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. E nwere Ada (ndị isi nwanyị) nke gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị ndị okenye na obodo ndị e nyere utu aha. A kpọrọ ya Oduah Nwanyi / Ogene na Odekpe, Gegeli na Osamala, na Omu n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ada bụ onye isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị niile. O nwekwara ọrụ omenala na ikpe iji rụọ ọrụ. Iji were aha a, ọ ga-egbu oke ọkụkọ ma mee oriri dị mma. Dị ka onye isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Umuada niile, ọ hụrụ na udo dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke nọ n'obodo ahụ. Umuada nke ndị agbata obi dị iche iche nke Atani na-akwadoghị ibe ha n'ịchịkwa ihe omume nke obodo ha. A gaghị emesi ọrụ ha na Igboland ike. N'ihi ya, na Atani, a na-enye ha ebe dị mpako n'ihi ọdịdị ha pụrụ iche na ọnọdụ ọrụ ha na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Atani na mmekọrịta ha na ndị agbata obi ha. Umuada na njikọ aka na nwoke nwere aha na ogo afọ, na-eme atụmatụ ma na-eme ememme na ememe ọdịnala dị iche iche. Okporo ụzọ ndị a na-eje ozi dị ka ikpo okwu maka mmekọrịta obodo na ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Atani na ndị agbata obi ya. Ọrụ ha na-agafe idebe udo na ịmepụta esemokwu na esemokwu n'etiti obodo. == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == Oge mmiri ozuzo na-ekpo ọkụ, na-emegbu onwe ya, ma na-ekpuchi oke ọchịchịrị, oge ọkọchị na-ekpo ọkụ, mmiri juru eju, ma nwee obere ígwé ojii na Atani. N'ime afọ niile, okpomọkụ na-adịkarị site na 67 °F ruo 88 °F ma ọ naghị adịkarị ala karịa 60 °F ma ọ bụ karịa 91 °F. Okpomọkụ na Atani dị obere nke na mmadụ enweghị ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti oge okpomọkụ na oyi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atani Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark|url=https://weatherspark.com/y/52953/Average-Weather-in-Atani-Nigeria-Year-Round|accessdate=2022-12-08|work=weatherspark.com|language=en}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] q70tdg59hqcbyqa2kk1tc147vd4xr8t 0 76548 693020 654381 2026-07-31T06:35:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693020 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:BIRMINGHAM 02 FEB 1992 AIR GAMBIA BOEING 707 EL-AKC GATWICK DIVERSION (15544350813).jpg|thumb|[[Boeing 707]] Air Gambia]] Air Gambia bụ ụgbọelu akara mba Gambia nke gara aga, nke rụrụ ọrụ site na 1990 ruo 1994 n'ụzọ njem London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/iv/iv9110/iv9110.pdf|title=Air Gambia 1990/91 winter schedule|accessdate=2026-06-07|archivedate=2026-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260430144115/https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/iv/iv9110/iv9110.pdf}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Air Gambia hiwere ya na 1990 site n'aka Omega Air; na 1991 ụgbọelu ahụ malitere ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://airlinehistory.co.uk/airline/air-gambia/|title=Air Gambia initial start up}}</ref> 'afọ 1993 e machibidoro ya na London, n'afọ 1994 e mechiri ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rzjets.net/operators/?show=2555|title=Air Gambia full history}}</ref> == Refrences == rldbdzm9e1tkgs969agxo0dhkqc5bfk 0 76578 692651 674475 2026-07-30T12:22:20Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Added {{DEFAULTSORT}} and {{DATABOX}} 692651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Agụmakwụkwọ na mmalite ọrụ == A mụrụ Gschwend na Switzerland. Ọ gara Gymnasium Bäumlihof na Basel ma nweta onyinye Novartis Maturanden. . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wwwf.imperial.ac.uk/blog/chemical-engineering/2018/06/23/inwed18-tips-for-success-from-a-chemical-engineering-entrepreneur/|title=INWED18: Tips for success from a chemical engineering entrepreneur - Department of Chemical Engineering|date=2018-06-23|work=Department of Chemical Engineering|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ kemistri na Mahadum Basel, gụchaa akwụkwọ na 2011. Ọ bụ onye na-amụ ọrụ na Syngenta na Mahadum Teknụzụ West Pomeranian. . <ref name=":1" /> O sonyeere Imperial College London iji gụchaa nzere Masters of Research in Green Chemistry, na-eleba anya na mmiri mmiri ionic maka ndị na-eme ihe na-eme nanoreactors.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ nọgidere ebe ahụ maka ọmụmụ doctorate ya, ọ bụkwa onye otu Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment na-arụ ọrụ na Jason Hallett na Paul Fennell.<ref name=":1" /> Ph.D. ya lere anya n'otú e si edozi osisi chromated copper arsenate (CCA) dị ka ihe a na-emepụta maka bio-refining site na iji mmiri ionic.<ref name=":1" /> N'oge nnyocha ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Joint BioEnergy Institute na Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory na-arụ ọrụ na hydrothermal liquefaction nke algae.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/f.gschwend12|title=Home - Dr Florence Gschwend|work=www.imperial.ac.uk|accessdate=2018-10-29}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nke abụọ na mmemme Althea Imperial nke afọ 2016 maka ụmụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego, na-enweta ego £ 10,000 iji zụlite ọrụ PhD ya n'ime azụmahịa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/172199/water-filtration-innovation-wins-2016-althea-imperial/|title=Water filtration innovation wins 2016 Althea-Imperial prize {{!}} Imperial News {{!}} Imperial College London|work=Imperial News|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://granthaminstitute.com/2016/08/08/taking-the-waste-out-of-waste-wood/|title=Taking the waste out of waste wood|date=2016-08-08|work=Climate & Environment at Imperial|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-US}}</ref> 6Gschwend nwere mmasị n'otú anyị ga-esi gbanwee osisi mkpofu ka ọ bụrụ kemịkal na mmanụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sustainablegasinstitute.org/woman-from-imperial-college-are-finding-innovative-energy-solutions/|title=Women from Imperial College are finding innovative energy solutions {{!}} Sustainable Gas Institute|work=www.sustainablegasinstitute.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-10-29|archivedate=2018-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035720/https://www.sustainablegasinstitute.org/woman-from-imperial-college-are-finding-innovative-energy-solutions/}}</ref> E nyere ya ihe nrite European Institute of Innovation and Technology Change Award (€15,000) maka ọrụ nyocha ya, nke mere ka biomass nwee ike iji ya mepụta bioethanol na bioplastics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eit.europa.eu/sites/default/files/florence_gschwend_chrysalix_technologies_eit_awards_change.pdf|title=A cleaner world with biofue|author=|first=|date=|work=EIT|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2018-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eit-health.de/news/press-releases/2017/10/18/eit-health-takes-three-of-four-eit-awards/|title=EIT Health takes three of four EIT Awards – EIT Health Germany|author=Neumann|first=Christine|date=2017-10-18|work=EIT Health Germany|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-US}}</ref> E nyere Gschwend onyinye Royal Academy of Engineering Enterprise Fellowship na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raeng.org.uk/grants-and-prizes/support-for-entrepreneurs/enterprise-fellowships/current-and-recent-awards|title=Enterprise Fellowships - Current and recent awards|author=|first=|date=|work=RAEng|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035653/https://www.raeng.org.uk/grants-and-prizes/support-for-entrepreneurs/enterprise-fellowships/current-and-recent-awards|archivedate=2018-10-30|accessdate=2018-10-29}}</ref> E nyere ya onyinye Future in Engineering Award. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/newsletters/autumn-newsletter-2017|title=Addressing Global Grand Challenges|author=|first=|date=|work=RAEng|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035753/https://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/newsletters/autumn-newsletter-2017|archivedate=2018-10-30|accessdate=2018-10-29}}</ref> A kpọrọ ya aha na Forbes 30 Under 30 na 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/florence-gschwend/#7a87fe2537ec|title=Florence Gschwend|work=Forbes|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en}}</ref> E gosipụtara ya na Injinia na Physical Sciences Research Council Pioneer showcase. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epsrc.ukri.org/newsevents/pubs/pioneer18/|title=EPSRC Pioneer|author=|first=|date=|work=EPSRC|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2018-10-29}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Agnieszka Brandt-Talbot itinye akwụkwọ maka Lean Launchpad maka Synthetic Biology . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.synbicite.com/news-events/synbicite-blog/lean-launchpad-synthetic-biology-alumni/|title=Lean LaunchPad for Synthetic Biology Alumni Part 2 {{!}} Blog {{!}} SynbiCITE|work=www.synbicite.com|accessdate=2018-10-29}}</ref> Na Mee 2018 a họpụtara Gschwend dị ka otu n'ime Information Age's Future Stars of Tech.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.information-age.com/future-stars-tech-finalists-revealed-123472509/|title=Future Stars of Tech - finalists revealed|date=2018-05-22|work=Information Age|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ tụlere ọrụ ya na podcast The Sustainable Jungle . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sustainablejungle.podbean.com/e/03-%C2%B7-florence-gschwend-%C2%B7-disruptive-sustainable-chemistry-startup-chrysalix-technologies/|title=03 · FLORENCE GSCHWEND · DISRUPTIVE SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY STARTUP, CHRYSALIX TECHNOLOGIES|author=Development|first=PodBean|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en}}</ref> Ya na Jason Hallett na Agnieszka Brandt-Talbot, Gschwend bụ akụkụ nke Lixea, onye bụbu Chrysalix Technologies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ellawalding.com/chrysalistechnologies/|title=Chrysalis Technologies: A Start-up|work=Ella Walding|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-10-29|archivedate=2018-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035736/http://ellawalding.com/chrysalistechnologies/}}</ref> Na 2017, e nyere Chrysalix Technologies onyinye. Òtù Ndị Eze Onyinye Nsụgharị iji mee ka nnyocha ha dịkwuo elu n'ụzọ e si eji mmiri ionic agwọ biomass osisi..<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/178859/imperial-researcher-wins-50000-award-commercialise/|title=Imperial researcher wins £50,000 award to commercialise research {{!}} Imperial News {{!}} Imperial College London|work=Imperial News|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ha hiwere Chrysalix Technologies n'ọkwa mbụ na June 2017..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lixea Limited - Overview|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/10839236|publisher=Companies House|accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> A na-echekwa teknụzụ a site na ikike ikike atọ, gụnyere BioFlex na Ionosolv, nke nwere ike ikewapụ lignin na hemicellulose na osisi. Onye isi sayensị, Agnieszka Brandt-Talbot, bụ onye nyocha Imperial College London na-arụ ọrụ na lignin. Ha enwetala ego site n'aka Climate-KIC na European Investment Bank.<ref name="sustainable_innovation">{{Cite news|url=https://www.climate-kic.org/innovation-spotlight/chrysalix-technologies-sustainable-innovation-could-replace-the-petrochemicals-industry/|title=Chrysalix Technologies' sustainable innovation could replace the petrochemicals industry - Climate-KIC|work=Climate-KIC|accessdate=2018-10-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Ha na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ Biobase Europe dị na Ghent.<ref name="sustainable_innovation" /> == Edensibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Gschwend, Florence}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] he53fe4h2upmz4z2usdiklcx6qbpjei 0 76607 692760 675011 2026-07-30T15:44:25Z Mbah Victor Chukwuemerie 16687 fixed reference error 692760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />N'akụkọ ifo na omenala ndị Rom,'''Cloacina''', nke a na-akpọkwa '''Cluacina''', bụ chi nwanyị nke chịkwara Cloaca Maxima ochie ('Mmiri Kachasị Ukwuu'): usoro mmiri nsị na mmiri kachasị na Rom. A na-ejikọta Cloacina na Venus, chi nwanyị Rom nke ịhụnanya na mmekọahụ. E nyere Venus aha ''Venus Cloacina'' ('Venus the Purifier'), ihe dị iche nke gosipụtara akụkụ dị ọcha nke ọrụ ya. Ebe nsọ nke Venus Cloacina guzo na Roman Forum, n'akụkụ Via Sacra. == Aha ya == Aha a na-akpọ Cloācīna bụ ihe e si na aha cloāca ('ebe a na-agba mmiri mmiri n'okpuru ala'; cf. cluere 'ime ka ọ dị ọcha'), onwe ya sitere na Proto-Italic *klowā-, nke mechara site na Proto-Indo-European *ḱleuH-o- ('dị ọcha'). Dịka Venus Cloacina—aha ma ọ bụ aha okpukpe nke Venus— a pụrụ ịkọwa Cloācīna dị ka 'Onye Na-asacha'.[2] == Cloaca Maxima == {{Reflist}}A na-ekwu na Tarquinius Priscus, eze nke ise a ma ama nke Rom, malitere iwu Cloaca Maxima n'afọ 600 TOA. Dị ka e kwenyere na Tarquinius si Etruria, Cloacina nwere ike ịbụ chi Etruscan na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tarquin {{!}} Etruscan Ruler, Last King, Tyrant {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tarquin-king-of-Rome-616-578-BC|accessdate=2026-01-27|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> E mepụtara ihe owuwu ahụ na mbụ iji wepụ mmiri n'ala ahịhịa ndị gbara ya gburugburu ma mee ka iyi - nke na-esite na Tiber nke a maara dị ka ''Spinon'' - nke na'ebe ndị ga-aghọ Roman Forum, Velabrum, na Forum Boarium. [[Faịlụ:Cloaca_Maxima_LACMA_AC1997.240.6.jpg|thumb|Ọnụ nke Cloaca Maxima, nke e sere n'afọ 1859]] N'ime afọ 700 sochirinụ, a gbasaa ọwa mmiri ahụ nke ukwuu, na usoro a rụzuru na-ebufe mmiri site na Forum Augustus gaa na Tiber. E jikọtakwara ya na olulu mmiri iri na otu nke obodo ahụ, ma kpuchie ya n'elu ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Platner|first=Samuel Ball|title=A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, Cloaca Maxima|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0054:id=cloaca-maxima|accessdate=2026-01-27|work=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> A na-eji usoro ahụ ebugharị mmiri dị ọcha n'ime obodo ahụ, kpochapụ ihe mkpofu na ihe mkpofu site n'okporo ámá, ma wepụ mmiri mmiri ruru unyi; n'ihi ya, ndị Rom ghọtara mkpa Cloaca Maxima dị na ịdị ọcha obodo ahụ. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Winterhalter|first=Elizabeth|date=2021-09-30|title=Venus of the Sewers|url=https://daily.jstor.org/venus-of-the-sewers/|accessdate=2026-01-27|work=JSTOR Daily|language=en-US}}</ref> N'adịghị ka ụlọ mposi nke oge a, usoro ahụ nwere ike ọ gaghị enweta ihe mkpofu mmadụ site na ụlọ mposi onwe onye ma ọ bụ nke ọha na eze == Ọrụ == A na-agba akaebe na ofufe Cloacina dị ka Plautus (254-184 BCE) na egwuregwu ya <nowiki><i id="mwbg">Curculio</i></nowiki>, nke o yikarịrị ka e dere ya n'ihe dị ka 197-194 BCE. Ndị Rom oge ochie kwenyere na mmiri na-agagharị agagharị - nke Varro na Servius kpọrọ 'mmiri dị ndụ' - dị nsọ. Dị ka Cloaca Maxima bụ iyi na mbụ, enwere ike iwere usoro mmiri ahụ n'onwe ya dị ka ihe dị nsọ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Winterhalter|first=Elizabeth|date=2021-09-30|title=Venus of the Sewers|url=https://daily.jstor.org/venus-of-the-sewers/|accessdate=2026-01-27|work=JSTOR Daily|language=en-US}}</ref> Nke a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ndị Rom ji chekwaa ụzọ mbụ na-agbagharị agbagharị nke iyi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ntụgharị na ntụgharị n'ime usoro ahụ mere ka Cloaca Maxima ghara ịdị irè karịa usoro mmiri ndị ọzọ dị n'obodo ahụ. Ya mere, dị ka chi nwanyị, Cloacina nwere ike ịbụ onye isi oche nke usoro ahụ ma gosipụta ihe ndị dị nsọ na nke na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ ekwuola na Cloacina esoghị na Cloaca Maxima dị ka isi iyi nke ịdị ọcha; usoro ahụ n'onwe ya adịghị ọcha, kama ọ mechara merụọ mmiri ọṅụṅụ nke obodo ahụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịbụ na ọ na-achịkwa Velabrum oge ochie na iyi nke na-agafe ya, ''Spinon'', ma gosipụta ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị ọcha. === Dị ka Venus Cloacina === [[Faịlụ:Sacrum_Cloacina.jpg|thumb|Ihe fọdụrụ na Shrine of Venus Cloacina ka ha pụtara n'afọ 2012. N'elu ụlọ nsọ ahụ dị n'ala, ebe ala ya dị ọtụtụ mita n'okpuru ala.]] A maghị mgbe mbụ Venus na Cloacina jikọtara ma tinye ya na ''Venus Cloacina''. Dị ka akụkọ ifo nke ntọala ndị Rom si kwuo, mgbe agha dara n'etiti ndị Rom na ndị Sabine na-esote ndina n'ike nke ụmụ nwanyị Sabine, eze Sabine bụ Titus Tacitus na eze Romulus wepụrụ ngwá agha ha n'ebe nsọ Venus Cloacina dị, wee mee udo. Ya mere, ndị Sabine na ndị Rom jikọtara ọnụ dị ka otu ndị mmadụ, ememe ahụ ejirila ememe nhicha mee ihe site na iji alaka myrtle: ihe nnọchianya nke chi nwanyị Venus. <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Rome and Environs: An Archaeological Guide.|author=Coarelli|first=Filippo|pages=50|date=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0520079618}}</ref> Dị ka agha malitere n'ihi nsogbu alụmdi na nwunye, a kwenyere na Tacitus bụ onye guzobere alụmdi na ụba n'etiti Sabines na ndị Rom, Venus Cloacina nwere ike ile anya dị ka chi nwanyị nke mere ka mmekọahụ dị ọcha n'ime alụmdi na eze.<ref name=":6">Smith, William, ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', London, John Murray, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=venus-bio-1 perseus, Tufts, entry for "Venus"]</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, Livy kpọrọ ụlọ nsọ nke chi nwanyị ahụ aha dị ka ebe Verginius gburu nwa ya nwanyị Verginia iji gbochie ya ka decemvir Appius Claudius ghara ịmanye ya ka ọ bụrụ ohu mmekọahụ. Mgbe ọ gburu nwa ya nwanyị, Verginius na-ekwu, sị: "N'ụzọ a, naanị ụzọ m nwere ike, m ga-esi gbachitere, nwa m, nnwere onwe gị. " Ọnwụ Verginia mere ka o doo anya na ọ nọgidere na-enweghị ntụpọ, ebe ọ bụ ebe nsọ nke Venus Cloacina na-akwado echiche ahụ na a hụrụ chi nwanyị ahụ dị ka ike na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha. A na-ejikọkwa Venus na mmiri. Ọtụtụ ememme na emume a raara nye chi nwanyị ahụ gụnyere ịsacha onwe gị; otu ihe atụ bụ Veneralia, ebe ndị na-ejere nwanyị ozi na-asa ma Ihe oyiyi ofufe nke Venus na onwe ha, nke e ji okpueze nke myrtle chọọ mma. A na-ejikọkwa Venus na onye Gris ya bụ Aphrodite na ịsa ahụ: ihe oyiyi nke chi nwanyị ahụ pụtara n'ebe ịsa ahụ na Bostra na Akko. Ya mere, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta kwenyere na Venus Cloacina bụ chi nwanyị nke ọmụmụ na ịdị ọcha nke ike ya jikọtara ya na iji mmiri dị nsọ na-agagharị agagharị.<ref name=":1">Hopkins J, Stow K. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/rome-pollution-and-propriety/sacred-sewer-tradition-and-religion-in-the-cloaca-maxima/E3619B98CCD80BFCEC41C34EF4916FE5 The ‘sacred sewer’: tradition and religion in the Cloaca Maxima]. In: Bradley M, ed. ''Rome, Pollution and Propriety: Dirt, Disease and Hygiene in the Eternal City from Antiquity to Modernity''. British School at Rome Studies. Cambridge University Press; 2012:81-102.</ref> == Ofufe == [[Faịlụ:Cloacina.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise abụọ nke Shrine of Venus Cloacina sitere na ''Das Forum Romanum'' nke Christian Hülsen (1904) ]] E nwere obere ebe nsọ Venus Cloacina gbara okirikiri n'ihu Basilica Aemilia dị n'Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Rom ma dị kpọmkwem n'elu Cloaca Maxima. Ihe owuwu fọdụrụnụ nwere ntọala mabụl dị n'elu slab nke travertine, gbara gburugburu ma e wezụga ihe ngosi akụkụ anọ n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ya: ihe fọdụrụ na steepụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, Cloacina, Sacrum|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0054:id=cloacina-sacrum|work=www.perseus.tufts.edu|accessdate=2026-01-28|author=Platner|first=Samuel Ball}}</ref> O yikarịrị ka ihe owuwu a malitere n'oge ọchịchị Sulla, ihe dị ka afọ 80 BCE. === Ihe osise === Ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ego ndị Rom nwere ihe oyiyi nke ụlọ nsọ ahụ. Otu denarius e mere na 39 BCE na-egosi ụlọ nsọ ahụ nwere balustrade na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, nke Pliny kwuru na ọ bụ ihe oyiyi Venus. Ụdị ndị ọzọ nke onyinyo ahụ yiri ya, mana ha na-egosi otu n'ime ndị na-ejide okooko osisi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, Cloacina, Sacrum|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0054:id=cloacina-sacrum|work=www.perseus.tufts.edu|accessdate=2026-01-28|author=Platner|first=Samuel Ball}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị abụọ a nwere ike ịnọchite anya akụkụ abụọ nke chi nwanyị ahụ: Venus na Cloacina. Otu mkpụrụ ego sitere na 42 BCE na-egosi isi nke chi nwanyị Concordia n'ihu na ụlọ nsọ nke Venus Cloacina na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ n'azụ. Mkpụrụ ego a nwere ike ịbụ ihe ncheta Nkwekọrịta ma ọ bụ ime udo n'etiti ndị otu, ma eleghị anya na-ezo aka na ime udo n"etiti ndị Sabine na ndị Rom mgbe e dinara ụmụ nwanyị Sabine n'ike. == N'agumagu == N'ọrụ Bekee ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị n'oge narị afọ nke 18 na nke 19, e ji Cloacina mee ihe dị ka onye na-atọ ọchị, a na-ejikwa "ụlọ nsọ Cloacina" mee ihe dị iche iche maka ụlọ mposi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Winterhalter|first=Elizabeth|date=2021-09-30|title=Venus of the Sewers|url=https://daily.jstor.org/venus-of-the-sewers/|accessdate=2026-01-27|work=JSTOR Daily|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/wanderingsinsout00wate_1/page/150/mode/2up?q=Cloacina|title=Wanderings in South America|first=Waterton|author=Charles|authorlink=Charles Waterton|date=1866|publisher=T. Fellowes|location=London|accessdate=27 August 2024|quote=Now, in the British plantations of Guiana, as well as in Europe, there is always a little temple dedicated to the goddess Cloacina.}}</ref> Enwere ike ịkọwa nghọta a banyere Cloacina site na [[Augustine nke Hippo]] na-akwa Cloacina emo dị ka chi nwanyị na-enweghị nsọpụrụ nke nsị. N'ime The Dunciad, Alexander Popu kọwara Cloacina dị ka onye rụrụ arụ na onye na-esi ísì ọjọọ nke na-enwe njakịrị na-enweghị isi, nke a na-ejikwa poop eme ihe ndị ọkacha mmasị ya. Tụkwasị na nke a, mgbe ọ na-atụle ndụmọdụ Pope's Sober Advice site n'aka Horace, Philip Stanhope na-atụ aro ka nwa ya nwoke dọwaa otu peeji site na ederede oge ọ bụla ọ chọrọ iji ụlọ ịsa ahụ, dị ka "àjà nye Cloacina". A na-ejikọta Cloacina na okwu mkparị na okwu rụrụ arụ. N'afọ 1782, mgbe emesịrị oratorio Francis Hopkinson, The Temple of Minerva, ihe rụrụ arụ, nke a na-amaghị aha ya nke akpọrọ "The Temple of Cloacina: An Oral-whig-ial Entertainment" pụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ James Rivington, ''Royal Gazette'' . Egwuregwu ahụ bụ ihe ihere, nke a kọwara dị ka "onye nwere ọgụgụ isi karịa Rabillais [''sic'']; ihe na-adịghị mma karịa Swift; ihe na-enweghị isi karịa Tom Brown," na "ihe niile gbasara unyi na ihe ọjọọ". == Hụkwa == * Venus * Mefitis * Mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Sabine * Verginia == Edensibia == {{Roman religion}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=de Vaan|first=Michiel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecZ1DwAAQBAJ|title=Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages|date=2008|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004167971|language=en|authorlink=Michiel de Vaan}} {{Roman religion}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hcv2rwr003551rvsb5t9c44vgnjmbbg 0 76871 692932 656440 2026-07-31T02:22:14Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692932 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Frank Archibong''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria si [[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom Steeti]]. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka Kọmishọna maka Ministry of Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-07-01|title=Hon. Frank Archibong - Akwa Ibom State Government|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/hon-frank-archibong/,%20https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/hon-frank-archibong/|accessdate=2025-08-27|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Odey|first=Patrick|date=2025-02-11|title=A'Ibom gov submits 27 commissioner, SA nominees to assembly|url=https://punchng.com/aibom-gov-submits-27-commissioner-sa-nominees-to-assembly/|accessdate=2025-08-27|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nigeria|first=News Agency of|date=2025-02-19|title=Akwa Ibom assembly confirms 20 of 27 Gov Eno's political nominees|url=https://gazettengr.com/akwa-ibom-assembly-confirms-20-of-27-gov-enos-political-nominees/|accessdate=2025-08-27|work=[[Peoples Gazette]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Anthony|first=Lovina|date=2025-02-12|title=Three former Federal lawmakers, 24 others make Gov Eno's Commissioners, Special Advisers' list|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/12/three-former-federal-lawmakers-24-others-make-gov-enos-commissioners-special-advisers-list/|accessdate=2025-08-27|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ntụala == Frank si Ikot Ibiok Village na Eket Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-07-01|title=Hon. Frank Archibong - Akwa Ibom State Government|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/hon-frank-archibong/,%20https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/hon-frank-archibong/|accessdate=2025-08-27|language=en-US}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Archibong malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị nke obodo, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, ebe ọ nwetara asambodo mbụ ya ma mesịa gaa Methodist Boys High School, Oron, Akwa Ibom State ebe ọ nwetara West African Senior School Certificate. O mechara gaa Mahadum Uyo ebe o nwetara nzere Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) na Marketing. <ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == Frank nwere ọkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị iche iche, gụnyere Onyeisi oche nke Kansụl Ọchịchị Obodo Eket, Onye Ndụmọdụ Pụrụ Iche, Onyeisi oche nke Association of Local Governments of Nigeria (ALGON), Ngalaba Steeti Akwa Ibom na Kọmishọna maka Ọchịchị Obodo na Ihe Ndị Gbasara Ndị Isi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-07-01|title=Hon. Frank Archibong - Akwa Ibom State Government|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/hon-frank-archibong/,%20https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/hon-frank-archibong/|accessdate=2025-08-27|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{DEFAULTSORT:Archibong, Frank}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2knjysaaq8b9yemq6xx4orzq26qoh8j 0 76894 692860 656831 2026-07-30T20:44:20Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}}+Databox 692860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Frank Mugisha''' (born 17 June 1979)<ref>{{Cite web|title=LGBT History Month - Frank Mugisha - Ugandan Activist|url=https://www.eriegaynews.com/news/article.php?recordid=201510frankmugisha|accessdate=14 April 2023|work=Erie Gay News|date=October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kjemper for homser med livet som innsats - fikk Rafto-prisen i kveld|url=https://www.nrk.no/urix/fikk-rafto-prisen-sondag-kveld-1.7865149|accessdate=14 April 2023|work=[[NRK]]|date=6 November 2011|language=no}}</ref> bụ onye na-akwado LGBT na onye isi nchịkwa nke ndị na-eto eto na Uganda (SMUG), onye meriri ihe nrite Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award na Thorolf Rafto Memorial Prize 2011 maka ngagharị iwe ya. Mugisha bụ otu n'ime ndị kacha akwado ikike LGBT na Uganda. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Mugisha na mpaghara Kampala, [[Uganda]]. A zụlitere ya n'ezinụlọ Katọlik siri ike, ọ gakwuuru nwanne ya nwoke mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mugisha|first=Frank|title=Gay and Vilified in Uganda|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/23/opinion/gay-and-vilified-in-uganda.html?_r=2|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The New York Times|date=22 December 2011}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọpụpụ ya mere ka ọ kewapụ onwe ya na ụfọdụ ndị ezinụlọ, ndị enyi na ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ anọgidewo na-akwado ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=O'Bryan|first=Will|title=In Harm's Way: In the Face of Fierce Homophobia, Frank Mugisha Is the Face of Gay Uganda|url=http://www.metroweekly.com/feature/?ak=6796|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=MetroWeekly|date=23 November 2011}}</ref> Mgbe ọ ka nọ na mahadum n'afọ 2004, o guzobere Icebreakers Uganda, otu e guzobere dị ka netwọk nkwado maka ndị LGBT Uganda na-apụ ma ọ bụ na-apụta na ezinụlọ na ndị enyi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rfkcenter.org/ugandan-lgbti-rights-activist-frank-mugisha-to-receive-2011-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights-award|title=Ugandan LGBTI rights activist Frank Mugisha to receive 2011 Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award|publisher=[[Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights]]|year=2011|accessdate=13 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605071516/http://rfkcenter.org/ugandan-lgbti-rights-activist-frank-mugisha-to-receive-2011-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights-award|archivedate=2013-06-05}}</ref> Mugisha bụzi onye isi nchịkwa nke SMUG, otu nzukọ nke nwere otu iri na asatọ, gụnyere Icebreakers Uganda . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sexualminoritiesuganda.com/|title=Sexual Minorities Uganda - SMUG|work=www.sexualminoritiesuganda.com|accessdate=2015-01-13|archivedate=2024-07-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717080739/https://sexualminoritiesuganda.com/}}</ref> Odeakwụkwọ Ukwu nke UN enyela Mugisha nsọpụrụ. E depụtara ya na magazin Advocate, The Independent, nke Black Entertainment Television kwadoro - #POWER10 kpọrọ BET na Mugisha aha: n'etiti ndị isi ojii LGBTQ kacha nwee mmetụta na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scamtoradar.com/2014/12/10-most-influential-black-lgbtq-in-2014.html|title=Scamto Radar: #POWER10: Most Influential Black LGBTQ in 2014|accessdate=2015-01-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106212915/http://www.scamtoradar.com/2014/12/10-most-influential-black-lgbtq-in-2014.html|archivedate=2015-01-06}}</ref> Mugisha bụ ezigbo enyi ya na onye nkwado ibe ya na onye guzobere SMUG David Kato, onye e gburu na Jenụwarị 2011 mgbe o mechara gbaa akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-akpọ Rolling Stone maka ibipụta aha 100 LGBT Ugandan na agbamume ka ha "kwụnye ha".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Court Affirms Rights of Ugandan Gays|url=http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/2011/01/04/court-affirms-rights-of-ugandan-gays/|accessdate=12 January 2012|publisher=Human Rights First|date=4 January 2011}}</ref> Mugisha bụ otu n'ime ndị gbara akwụkwọ site na SMUG nke Center for Constitutional Rights na-anọchite anya ya site na iji Alien Tort Statute gbaa onye na-ezisa ozi ọma America Scott Lively akwụkwọ maka mpụ megide mmadụ maka ọrụ ya na Iwu Iwu Ịgbochi Mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị nke Uganda, ọrụ a kọwara dị ka ịkpali mkpagbu nke ndị ikom na ndị inyom na-eme ihe ike <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/15/us/ugandan-gay-rights-group-sues-scott-lively-an-american-evangelist.html|title=Ugandan Gay Rights Group Sues U.S. Evangelist|first=Laurie|author=Goodstein|date=March 14, 2012|accessdate=March 21, 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> na-anwa imerụ ndị ọzọ ihe ha bụ nkọwa nke mkpagbu.<ref name="Guardian" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Halper|first=Katie|title=Ugandan LGBTQ org sues U.S. evangelist for inciting persecution|url=http://feministing.com/2012/03/15/ugandan-lgbtq-org-sues-u-s-evangelist-for-inciting-persecution/|work=Feministing|date=March 15, 2012|accessdate=March 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Weiss|first=Debra Cassens|title=Suit Alleges Evangelist Violated International Law by Waging an Anti-Gay Campaign in Uganda|url=http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/suit_alleges_evangelist_violated_international_law_by_waging_an_anti-gay_ca/|work=[[ABA Journal]]|date=March 15, 2012|accessdate=March 21, 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2013, onye ọka ikpe nke ụlọ ikpe Federal U.S. District Court Michael A. Ponsor kpebiri na ndị gbara akwụkwọ nọ n'okpuru iwu mba ụwa na nke gọọmentị etiti n'ịjụ ihe ịma aka ikike na ikpe ahụ; o kpebikwara na mgbochi nke Ndezigharị Mbụ maka omume Lively bụ oge. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Barry|first=Stephanie|title=Crimes against humanity lawsuit against anti-gay evangelist Pastor Scott Lively, of Springfield, advances in federal court|url=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2013/08/crimes_against_humanity_lawsui.html|work=[[The Republican (Springfield, Massachusetts)|The Republican]]|date=August 19, 2013|accessdate=March 21, 2014}}</ref> N'ide akwụkwọ na ''The Guardian'' na 2014, Mugisha kwuru na homophobia na ịkpọasị dị n'azụ Anti-Homosexuality Bill sitere na mmetụta ọdịda anyanwụ: "Abụ m nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya. Abụ m onye Uganda. Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla na-abụghị onye Afrịka banyere m. Uganda bụ ebe amụrụ m, toro ma kpọọ ụlọ m. Ọ bụkwa mba ebe m ghọrọ obere ihe karịa onye omekome a na-amaghị ama n'ihi na m hụrụ n'anya. Achọrọ m ka ndị Uganda ibe m ghọta na nwoke ibe m abụghị ihe dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụwa mepere emepe.<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|first=Frank|author=Mugisha|publisher=theguardian.com|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=March 21, 2014|accessdate=March 21, 2014|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/20/gay-ugandan-law-tyrannise-life-anti-homosexuality-act|title=I am a gay Ugandan about to go home. This law will tyrannise my life.}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMugisha2014">Mugisha, Frank (March 21, 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/20/gay-ugandan-law-tyrannise-life-anti-homosexuality-act "I am a gay Ugandan about to go home. This law will tyrannise my life"]. ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''. theguardian.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Nkwado == E nyere Mugisha 2011 Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award na 2011 Rafto Prize <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rafto.no/page/820/The_Rafto_Prize|title=The Rafto Prize - Raftostiftelsen|accessdate=2014-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008233851/http://rafto.no/page/820/The_Rafto_Prize|archivedate=2014-10-08}}</ref> maka ọrụ ya ịchụso ikike LGBT na Uganda.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The 2011 Rafto Prize to Sexual Minorities Uganda (SMUG) and their leader Frank Mugisha|url=http://www.rafto.no/?page=55&news=233|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=Rafto Foundation for Human Rights}}</ref> Ọ nwetakwara nzere doctorate nke Mahadum Ghent . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugent.be/nl/actueel/nieuws/persberichten/eredoctor-intitutioneel-2013-mugisha.htm|title=Oegandees mensenrechtenactivist Mugisha ontvangt institutioneel eredoctoraat van de UGent — Universiteit Gent|accessdate=2013-03-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806081918/http://www.ugent.be/nl/actueel/nieuws/persberichten/eredoctor-intitutioneel-2013-mugisha.htm|archivedate=2013-08-06}}</ref> Mugisha bụ onye a họpụtara n'afọ 2014 maka onyinye Nobel Peace Prize.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ugent.be/nl/univgent/collecties/archief/geschiedenis/overzichten/eredoctoren.htm|title=Overzicht eredoctoraten — Universiteit Gent|work=www.ugent.be|accessdate=2014-08-01|archivedate=2017-05-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516141357/https://www.ugent.be/nl/univgent/collecties/archief/geschiedenis/overzichten/eredoctoren.htm}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, a gụnyere Mugisha na ndepụta Fortune Magazine nke ndị isi kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fortune.com/worlds-greatest-leaders/frank-mugisha-44/|title=Frank Mugisha|date=2017-03-23|work=Fortune|accessdate=2017-03-24|language=en-US}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Stella Nyanzi]] * [[Pepe Julian Onziema]] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240717080739/https://sexualminoritiesuganda.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ SMUG] E debere ya na Wayback Machine {{Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mugisha, Frank}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d6zec4c27uqx9dgpuxdkiq7un19tw56 0 76903 692767 674951 2026-07-30T16:28:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} E hiwere '''Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mohamed Bouyahiaoui''' (Arabic)e hiwere ya n'afọ 1978 n'obodo Boumerdès, ọ bụkwa ụlọ ọgwụ kacha ochie n'obodo a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elwatan.com/regions/kabylie/boumerdes/decharge-devant-une-polyclinique-11-05-2016|title=Décharge devant une polyclinique &#124; El Watan|work=www.elwatan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsp-boumerdes.dz/index.php/sample-sites-2|title=Présentation|work=www.dsp-boumerdes.dz}}</ref> Ụlọ ọgwụ a nwere njikọ na Ministry of Health, Population and Hospital Reform nke Algeria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elbilad.net/flash/detail?id=74538|title=البلاد / إنطلاق عملية التلقيح على مستوى ولايات تيبازة وبومرداس|work=www.elbilad.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.entv.dz/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%84%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b6%d8%af-%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b1/|title=انطلاق عملية التلقيح الوطنية ضد فيروس كورونا بولاية بومرداس|accessdate=2026-06-21|archivedate=2023-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531201112/https://www.entv.dz/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B6%D8%AF-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ na-enye ọrụ ndị a: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/editorial/divers-417|title=Divers: Toute l'actualité sur liberte-algerie.com|work=www.liberte-algerie.com/}}</ref> * Ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ * Ngalaba mberede<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabqpress.dz/national/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AD-%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A9/|title=انطلاق التلقيح ببومرداس وتيبازة|date=February 1, 2021|accessdate=June 21, 2026|archivedate=February 21, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221044455/https://www.sabqpress.dz/national/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AD-%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A9/}}</ref> * Ọgwụ mberede<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ech-chaab.com/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9/item/165389-%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AD-%D8%B6%D8%AF-%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7.html|title=يومية الشعب الجزائرية - بومرداس تشرع في التلقيح ضد كورونا|work=www.ech-chaab.com|accessdate=2026-06-21|archivedate=2025-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225230407/http://www.ech-chaab.com/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9/item/165389-%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AD-%D8%B6%D8%AF-%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7.html}}</ref> * Ọgwụ ezinụlọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elitihadcom.dz/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AD-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA/|title=إنطلاق عملية التلقيح على مستوى ولايات تيبازة وبومرداس &#124; يومية الاتحاد الجزائرية}}</ref> * Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rues-algerie.openalfa.com/boumerdes/sante|title=Les services de santé à Boumerdès, Algérie|work=rues-algerie.openalfa.com}}</ref> * Ọgwụ ọrụ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akhbareldjazair.com/بومرداس-إنطلاق-عملية-التلقيح-ضد-كورون/|title=بومرداس: إنطلاق عملية التلقيح ضد كورونا ــ أخبار الجزائر|first=وليد|author=رمزي|date=February 1, 2021}}</ref> * Ọgwụ ụmụaka<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mapsme.fr/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204042203/https://mapsme.fr/|archivedate=February 4, 2018|title=MAPS.ME (MapsWithMe), cartes hors ligne détaillées du monde pour iPhone, iPad, Android|work=MAPS.ME (MapsWithMe), cartes hors ligne détaillées du monde pour iPhone, iPad, Android}}</ref> == Ebe == {{Adjacent communities|Centre=Mohamed Bouyahiaoui Hospital|North=[[University of Boumerdès]], [[Mediterranean Sea]]|Northeast=[[Zemmouri]], [[Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif]]|East=[[Ali Bouyahiaoui]], [[Sidi Yahia, Boumerdès|Sidi Yahia]], [[Ouled Ali, Boumerdès|Ouled Ali]], [[Talamali]]|Southeast=[[Thénia]], [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]]|South=[[Tidjelabine]], [[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]]|Southwest=[[Keddara Dam]], [[Bouzegza Keddara]]|West=[[Boudouaou]], [[Corso, Boumerdès|Corso]]|Northwest=[[Boudouaou El Bahri]]}} == Hụkwa == * Ministri nke Ahụike, Ọnụ Ọgụgụ na Mgbanwe Ụlọ Ọgwụ * Ahụike na Algeria == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fwzv8yddjj8nv1bepic3fi7rgagnyyj 0 76933 692766 672835 2026-07-30T16:19:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692766 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox hospital|name=Nile International Hospital|org_group=|image=|caption=|logo=|pushpin_map=Uganda<!-- the name of a location map as per [[Template:Location map]] -->|pushpin_map_caption=Location in Uganda <!-- Location ------------------>|coordinates={{coord|0.4399|33.2185|format=dms|type:landmark_region:UG|display=inline,title}}|region=Masese Division -Jinja District|state=Eastern Region, Uganda|country=[[Uganda]]|healthcare=Private|type=General|specialty=Health Care|standards=<!-- optional if no national standards -->|emergency=|affiliation=|beds=35|founded=2015|closed=<!-- optional -->|website=Website [https://nih.co.ug/home]}} '''Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mba Nile''' bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ kachasị ukwuu na [[Uganda]] ma bụrụkwa nke kachasị ukwuu na mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ọwụwa anyanwụ, Uganda. Ọ dị na Jinja City obodo nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na-esote Kampala na Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nile International Hospital: About Us|url=https://nih.co.ug/about-us/|accessdate=2021-06-02|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302141544/https://nih.co.ug/about-us/}}</ref> Ụlọ ọgwụ ndị ọzọ dị na Uganda gụnyere Mulago National Referral Hospital, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://health.go.ug/affiliated-institutions/hospitals/national-referral-hospitals|title=National Referral Hospitals {{!}} Ministry of Health|work=health.go.ug|accessdate=2020-02-06|archivedate=2020-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123141916/http://health.go.ug/affiliated-institutions/hospitals/national-referral-hospitals}}</ref> International Hospital Kampala, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ihk.img.co.ug/|title=Home|date=2016-02-07|work=International Hospital Kampala|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-06|archivedate=2018-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502235734/http://ihk.img.co.ug/}}</ref> International Specialized Hospital of Uganda <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;''</sup>"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span>&#x5D; na TMR International Hospital. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tmrinternational.org/|title=Home new|author=bliccathemes|work=TMR International Hospital|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-06}}</ref> Nnukwu ụlọ ọgwụ ndị ọzọ dị na Jinja gụnyere Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, Al-Shafa Modern Hospital Ltd. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Electives Network: Jinja Regional Referral Hospital (Act4Africa)|url=https://www.electives.net/hospital/6903/preview|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=www.electives.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alshafamodernhospital.com/|title=Home|work=www.alshafamodernhospital.com|accessdate=2020-02-06}}</ref> na Rippon Medical Center dị na Nile Ave, Jinja-Uganda.   Ụlọ ọgwụ a na-enye ọrụ ahụike niile dị mkpa yana ọrụ ahụike dị mkpa dịka ọgwụgwọ ụmụ nwanyị, ọrịa obi, ọrịa akwara, ọrịa urology na ụmụaka. Ọ na-enyekwa ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ ọrụ nchọpụta dị mkpa dịka ọrụ ụlọ nyocha, ọrụ obi na ọrụ redio. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ ị ga-ahụ gụnyere ebe a na-awa ahụ, ọrụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa, ma (ICU) Ngalaba Nlekọta Nlekọta Nri na (NICU), Ngalaba Nchebe Nchebe, ụlọ ọrụ na-agwọ ọrịa. A makwaara na ụlọ ọgwụ a dị ọcha nke ukwuu, ọ bụ ezie na a na-atụ anya nke a maka ụlọ ọgwụ, ọ naghị adịkarị otú ahụ karịsịa maka ụlọ ọgwụ dị na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe n'ihi mkpọchi, nsogbu akụ na ụba, enweghị ndị ọrụ ruru eru iji lekọta, jikwaa ma lekọta ịdị ọcha na ịdị ọcha ọha, wdg. == ICU (Intensive Care Unit) na NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit). == Ọganihu a na Naịl International Hospital dị oke mkpa ma dị mkpa n'ihi na a na-eme ka ọrụ ndị a bịarukwuo ndị mmadụ nso na mpaghara ndị dị ka Jinja, Iganga, Buikwe, Kayunga na mpaghara ndị ọzọ dị na ma ọ bụ nso n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Uganda. Ndị mmadụ ga-aga Kampala mgbe niile iji nweta ọrụ ndị a. == Ebe == Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ dị na Plots 2-16 nke Walukuba na Jinja City nke Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nile International Hospital: About Us|url=https://nih.co.ug/about-us/|accessdate=2021-06-02|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302141544/https://nih.co.ug/about-us/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Onye isi ala nke Uganda, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni meghere ya, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nih.co.ug/about-us/|title=Nile International Hospital: About Us|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-06|archivedate=2020-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116131250/https://nih.co.ug/about-us/}}</ref> na 28 Jenụwarị 2015. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ na-ekere òkè na ahụike nke mpaghara ahụ site n'inye ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ nke a na-agaghị ahụ ebe ọ bụla ọzọ na mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke Uganda. N'ihi nke a, ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ tupu emeghe ya dabere kpamkpam n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Kampala (isi obodo Uganda, nke dị na mpaghara etiti). [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ngalaba Ọgwụ == * Ịwa Ọrịa Mkpịsị Ụbụrụ * Ọrịa Ọkpụkpụ * Ahụike ezé na ọnụ * Mberede * Ịwa ahụ n'ozuzu * Ọgwụ ụmụ nwanyị na obstetrics * Ọgwụ ime ụlọ * Nri na Nri * Ọrịa obi * Ọrịa Uro * Ụlọ nyocha * Ọrịa anya * Ọgwụ ụmụaka * Radiology * Ọgwụgwọ ahụike * Ntị, imi na akpịrị (ENT) == Ngalaba Nnyocha == === Ụlọ nyocha === === Radiology === * CT Scan * 3D Ultrasound Scan * X-ray * C-Arm X-ray === Ọrịa obi === * ECG (Electrocardiography) * Echocardiography * Nlekọta Holter == Hụkwa == * Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nakasero * Ụlọ Ọgwụ Paragon * Ndepụta ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Uganda * Ụlọ Ọgwụ Case == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://nih.co.ug/ Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mba Nile] {{Jinja District}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 1sl65dq17fehu6giqguw7fnac0dfx1w 0 76950 692768 657117 2026-07-30T16:45:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692768 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722234327/http://www.burmeister.com.na/rundustatehospital.html Rundu State Hospital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722234327/http://www.burmeister.com.na/rundustatehospital.html |date=2011-07-22 }} Burmeister.com.na</ref> {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" |'''Ụlọ Ọgwụ Rundu Steeti''' |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Rundu State Hospital","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#525252","stroke-width":3,"fill":"#dbdbdb"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q7379793"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":3,"stroke":"#525252","title":"Rundu State Hospital"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q7379793"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[19.76735,-17.91611],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#919090","title":"Rundu State Hospital","marker-symbol":"hospital"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;" |Ọdịdị ala |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe | class="infobox-data" |[[Rundu]], [[Namibia]], Namibia |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;" |Nhazi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">[[Health system|Usoro nlekọta]]</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ndị mmadụ |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;" |Ọrụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">[[Emergency department|Ngalaba mberede]]</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ee |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Àkwà | class="infobox-data" |300 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;" |Helipads |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Helipad]] | class="infobox-data" |Mba |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;" |Njikọ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndepụta | class="infobox-data" |[[List of hospitals in Namibia|Ụlọ ọgwụ na Namibia]] |} Rundu State Hospital bụ Ụlọ ọgwụ gọọmentị dị na Rundu, [[Namibia]] . O nwere àkwà 300, a rụzigharịrị ya site na 1991 ruo 1997. In 2021, Rundu State Hospital was gifted several ICU beds by USAID. The hospital was also gifted several emergency field beds by Project C.U.R.E., sourced by then Namibian Ambassador to the United States, Margaret Mensah-Williams.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-01-22|title=More ICU beds for state hospitals courtesy of US Govt {{!}} Namibia Economist|url=https://economist.com.na/65456/health/more-icu-beds-for-state-hospitals-courtesy-of-us-govt/|accessdate=2024-05-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122025447/https://economist.com.na/65456/health/more-icu-beds-for-state-hospitals-courtesy-of-us-govt/|archivedate=2023-01-22}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] tag62otxmh2ye0pp6svtrsgikbi2x2m 0 76975 692770 688181 2026-07-30T16:59:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox hospital|name=St Anne's Hospital|org_group=[[Little Company of Mary]]|image=|caption=|logo=<!-- optional -->|location=[[Harare]]|region=[[Mashonaland]]|state=|country=Zimbabwe|healthcare=Private owned|type=[[COVID-19]] response center|speciality=<!-- Only if especially notable -->|emergency=No|affiliation=[[Roman Catholic Church]], [[Ministry of Health and Child Care (Zimbabwe)]]|beds=165|founded=1941|closed=<!-- optional -->|website=|other_links=<!-- optional -->|pushpin_map=|pushpin_map_caption=|coordinates=}} St Anne's Hospital bụ ụlọ ọgwụ Roman Katọlik dị na Harare, [[Zimbabwe]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mohcc.gov.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=392:st-anne-s-harare-hospital-officially-re-opened&catid=84&Itemid=435|title=Ministry of Health and Child Care - St Anne's Harare hospital officially re-opened.|work=www.mohcc.gov.zw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mk0biznewspnpsk9lrfl.kinstacdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Covid-19.jpg|title=Covid-19 Testing At St Anne's Hospital In Harare|accessdate=2026-06-25|archivedate=2021-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712084328/https://mk0biznewspnpsk9lrfl.kinstacdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Covid-19.jpg}}</ref> E hiwere ụlọ ọgwụ St Anne n'afọ 1941 site n'aka ụmụnne nwanyị Katọlik nke Little Company of Mary. Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nwere akwa 165 na ụlọ ihe nkiri isii dị n'ụlọ elu atọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ bụ nke Fred Mtandah's CAPS Holdings, ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọgwụ na Zimbabwe <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/caps-to-raise-us15m-for-recapitalisation/|title=CAPS to raise US$15m for recapitalisation|work=The Herald}}</ref> site na 2004 ruo Febụwarị 2016 mgbe ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ mechiri maka imezigharị mgbe esemokwu iwu ụfọdụ n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ Katọlik na CAPS Holdments. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2016/02/st-annes-hospital-faces-closure/|title=St Annes Hospital faces closure|date=February 1, 2016|accessdate=June 25, 2026|archivedate=June 21, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621084937/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2016/02/st-annes-hospital-faces-closure}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-health-byo-84951.html|title=St Anne's Hospital in Harare shuts down|work=Bulawayo24 News}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2020, e meghere Ụlọ Ọgwụ St Anne dị ka ebe nzaghachi COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/st-annes-hospital-seals-coronavirus-response-centre-deal/|title=St Anne's Hospital seals coronavirus response centre deal|work=The Herald}}</ref> Na June 2021, e meghere ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ maka nnabata na ọgwụgwọ nke ndị ọrịa COVID na ndị na-abụghị COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/govt-committed-to-work-with-private-players/|title=Govt committed to work with private players|work=The Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://healthtimes.co.zw/2021/06/08/government-officially-reopens-st-annes-hospital/|title=Government Officially Reopens St Anne's Hospital|date=June 8, 2021|accessdate=June 25, 2026|archivedate=April 13, 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260413113811/https://healthtimes.co.zw/2021/06/08/government-officially-reopens-st-annes-hospital/}}</ref> Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụlọọgwụ ndị nwanyị na gburugburu Zimbabwe nke gụnyere Mt St Mary's Hospital na Wedza District, St Peter's Mission Hospital dị na Checheche, Murambinda Mission Hospital na Buhera na Mashambanzou Care Trust na Harare. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 2bt59wv4fkyqbas17vr4neqktwnmk97 0 76976 692769 657607 2026-07-30T16:48:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox hospital|name=South Sinai Hospital'''South Sinai Hospital'''|org_group=|logo=|logo_size=|image=|image_size=225|alt=|caption=|coordinates={{coord|27.861453|34.304460|type:landmark|display=inline, title}}|location=[[Sharm El Sheikh]]|region=|state=|country=Egypt|healthcare=<!-- UK: NHS; AU/CA: Medicare; ELSE free-form text, e.g. Private -->|funding=|type=|affiliation=|patron=|network=|standards=|emergency=Yes|beds=|speciality=|helipad=No|h1-number=|h1-length-f=|h1-length-m=|h1-surface=<!-- up to h12 -->|founded=<!-- cite in article as well -->|closed=|demolished=|website={{URL|http://southsinaihospital.com}}|other_links=|module=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" |'''Ụlọ Ọgwụ South Sinai''' Ụlọ ỌgwụSouth Sinai |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"South Sinai Hospital","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#525252","stroke-width":3,"fill":"#dbdbdb"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q7568502"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":3,"stroke":"#525252","title":"South Sinai Hospital"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q7568502"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[34.30446,27.861453],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#919090","title":"South Sinai Hospital","marker-symbol":"hospital"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;" |Ọdịdị ala |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe | class="infobox-data" |[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Ijipt |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Njikọ | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Sinai_Hospital&params=27.861453_N_34.30446_E_type:landmark <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°51′41′′N</span> <span class="longitude">34°18′16′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.861453°N 34.304460°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.861453; 34.304460</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:5}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Sinai_Hospital&params=27.861453_N_34.30446_E_type:landmark <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°51′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">34°18′16″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.861453°N 34.304460°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">27.861453; 34.304460</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;" |Ọrụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ngalaba mberede</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ee |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;" |Helipads |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Helipad | class="infobox-data" |Mba |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;" |Njikọ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://southsinaihospital.com southsinaihospital.com]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndepụta | class="infobox-data" |Ụlọ ọgwụ dị n'Ijipt |} '''South Sinai Hospital''' bụ ụlọ ọgwụ nkeonwe dị na Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, nke na-ejere ma ndị obodo ma ndị njem nleta na South Sinai Governoment ozi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://southsinaihospital.com|title=Hospital web site}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ kachasị ukwuu n'ógbè ahụ, ma na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ isi ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://southsinaihospital.com/about_us.htm|title=About Us|work=South Sinai Hospital|accessdate=November 18, 2018|archivedate=December 15, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215130354/http://www.southsinaihospital.com/about_us.htm}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] r0w2efjh18zdvlabrjitw90faps3jqh 0 76982 692761 674958 2026-07-30T15:47:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 692761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ayres de Menezes''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mdtravelhealth.com/destinations/africa/sao_tome_and_principe.php|title=Sao Tome and Principe|publisher=MD Travel Health|accessdate=13 December 2025}}</ref> bụ isi ụlọ ọgwụ na isi obodo São Tomé na São Tomé na Príncipe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.countryreports.org/travel/SaoTomeandPrincipe/health.htm|title=Sao Tome and Principe Medical Travel Information|work=CountryReports|accessdate=13 December 2025|archivedate=1 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015320/https://www.countryreports.org/travel/SaoTomeandPrincipe/health.htm}}</ref> N'afọ 2009, e wụnyere ụlọ ọrụ hemodialysis na enyemaka ndị Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telanon.info/sociedade/2009/06/19/1470/sao-tome-e-principe-podera-vir-a-ter-um-centro-de-hemodialise/|title=São Tomé e Príncipe poderá vir a ter um centro de hemodiálise|work=Téla Nón|language=pt|date=19 June 2009|accessdate=13 December 2025}}</ref> Na ngwụcha ọnwa Juun afọ 2017, e meghere ebe nyocha CT ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://saudeonline.pt/2017/06/30/novo-servico-de-diagnostico-no-principal-hospital-de-sao-tome/|title=Novo serviço de diagnóstico no principal hospital de São Tomé|publisher=Saúde Online|language=pt|date=30 June 2017|accessdate=13 February 2018}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ụlọ na ihe owuwu na São Tomé na Príncipe == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] nuv8vicqub00mbsrjyo9j0ml6c3ppsr 0 76987 692940 670912 2026-07-31T02:33:31Z Geraldine Kene 23189 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 692940 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Frank Udo Ekpenyong | office = Commissioner for Science and Digital Economy, Akwa Ibom State | term_start = 2025 | profession = Politician, Academic, public administrator | website = [https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-frank-ekpenyong/ Akwa Ibom State Official Profile] | appointer = Governor [[Umo Eno]] }} '''Frank Udo Ekpenyong''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, ọkà mmụta na onye nchịkwa ọha na eze nke na-eje ozi dị ka Kọmishọna maka Sayensị na [[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom Steeti]], Naijiria. Gọvanọ Umo Eno họpụtara ya na Kansụl Nchịkwa Steeti <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Akwa Ibom Creates Four Ministries|work=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]|date=2025-02-25|url=https://thewhistler.ng/akwa-ibom-creates-four-ministries/|accessdate=2025-11-27}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ na mmalite == A mụrụ Frank n'ụbọchị nke asatọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 1980. Ọ si Ikot Oku Usung, na Ukanafun Local Government, Akwa Ibom Steeti, Naijiria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Frank Ekpenyong|work=Akwa Ibom State Government|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-frank-ekpenyong/|accessdate=2025-11-27}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-frank-ekpenyong/ "Dr. Frank Ekpenyong"]. ''Akwa Ibom State Government''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-11-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Ekpenyong nwetara nzere bachelọ na Information Systems na Mahadum Portsmouth, wee nweta nzere masta na Information Technology, na Mahadim Wageningen. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta doctorate of philosophy (PhD) na Data Science and Information Systems Management na Mahadum East London. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Frank Ekpenyong|work=Akwa Ibom State Government|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-frank-ekpenyong/|accessdate=2025-11-27}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-frank-ekpenyong/ "Dr. Frank Ekpenyong"]. ''Akwa Ibom State Government''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-11-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Tupu a họpụta ya dị ka onye kọmishọna, Ekpenyong rụrụ ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ na nchịkwa ọha na eze, gụnyere ọkwa nkuzi na ọrụ ndụmọdụ na ngalaba metụtara teknụzụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Frank Ekpenyong|work=Akwa Ibom State Government|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-frank-ekpenyong/|accessdate=2025-11-27}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-frank-ekpenyong/ "Dr. Frank Ekpenyong"]. ''Akwa Ibom State Government''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-11-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> A họpụtara Ekpenyong ka ọ bụrụ Kọmishọna maka Sayensị na akụ na ụba dijitalụ, na 25 ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2025. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Akwa Ibom Creates Four Ministries – The Whistler Newspaper|url=https://thewhistler.ng/akwa-ibom-creates-four-ministries/|work=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]|accessdate=2025-11-27|language=en-GB|first=The|author=Whistler}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=New commissioner vows to make Akwa Ibom Nigeria’s e-governance hub|url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/new-commissioner-vows-to-make-akwa-ibom-nigerias-e-governance-hub/|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|date=2025-02-25|accessdate=2025-11-27|language=en-US|first=Dennis|author=Erezi}}</ref> Dịka Kọmishọna maka Sayensị na Akụnụba Dijitalụ, ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka imepụta amụma ndị ga-eme ka mgbanwe dijitalụ nke Steeti Akwa Ibom ka mma. Ọrụ ya gụnyere ilekọta mgbasa akụrụngwa ICT, ịkwalite nkà dijitalụ na ihe ọhụrụ, ịkwado agụmakwụkwọ sayensị, na ịkwalite atụmatụ ọchịchị eletrọniki.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Governor Eno Inaugurates Cabinet|work=CrystalExpress|date=2025-02-24|url=https://crystalexpressng.org/governor-eno-inaugurates-cabinet-charges-on-collaborative-approach-to-deliver-on-arise-agenda/|accessdate=2025-11-27}}</ref> == Onyinye na Nsọpụrụ == N'afọ 2003, Frank natara onyinye pụrụ iche nke mba ọzọ site na TOTALFINAELF, (ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ mba dị iche iche guzobere site na njikọta nke Total, Fina, na Elf), iji kwado arụmọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Frank Ekpenyong|work=Akwa Ibom State Government|url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-frank-ekpenyong/|accessdate=2025-11-27}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/dr-frank-ekpenyong/ "Dr. Frank Ekpenyong"]. ''Akwa Ibom State Government''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-11-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Kansụl Ukwu nke Akwa Ibom Steeti == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ekpenyong, Frank}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ȯra Akwa Ibom]] 057hqj1mmha86s8jp9tcxbx9u92cwmm 0 77144 693083 670499 2026-07-31T09:20:04Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 693083 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Foster Ogola | office = Senator 8th National Assembly | constituency = [[Bayelsa West senatorial district]] | occupation = Politician | party = [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)]] (PDP) }} '''Foster Ogola''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye omeiwu na-anọchite anya Bayelsa West na 8th National Assembly . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwachukwu|first=John Owen|date=2019-05-27|title=9th Assembly: PDP has not decided yet - Senator Ogola|url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/05/27/9th-assembly-pdp-not-decided-yet-senator-ogola/|accessdate=2025-01-18|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-10-02|title=Foster Ogola loses bid to return to Senate as Dickson's ally wins|url=https://dailytrust.com/foster-ogola-loses-bid-to-return-to-senate-as-dicksons-ally-wins/|accessdate=2025-01-18|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Investigation: Nigerian Senator caught in certificate scandal|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/264598-investigation-nigerian-senator-caught-in-certificate-scandal.html?tztc=1|accessdate=2025-01-18|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ogola,Foster}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] f3rjeb1kutzi9k5hyul3zei1apbn2bg 0 77215 692871 692370 2026-07-30T20:58:21Z Chinemeremprince 13026 fixed reference with multiple tag name 692871 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Annobón</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Provinces of Equatorial Guinea|Ógbè]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Annobón_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2020.svg|250x250px|Annobón circled in red, within Equatorial Guinea<br />(far southwestern corner of the map)]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Annobón gbara gburugburu na-acha ọbara ọbara, n'ime Equatorial Guinea (n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke map) <br /></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">[[Equatorial Guinea]]<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]</span></span> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Capital city|Isi obodo]] | class="infobox-data" |[[San Antonio de Palé]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Mpaghara<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Ngụkọta&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |17 km² (6.6 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ugwu kachasị elu <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> ([[Quioveo]]) &#x20;</div>   | class="infobox-data" |598 m (1,962 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Ndị bi na ya (2015) [1]<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2015)<ref name="census2015"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="345">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171008232028/http://www.inege.gq/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Censo2015_Folleto_R_Preliminares.pdf "Censo de población 2015–República de Guinea Ecuatorial"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="346">INEGE. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="347">p.&nbsp;7. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="348">Archived from [http://www.inege.gq/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Censo2015_Folleto_R_Preliminares.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="349"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</span></cite></ref><span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Ngụkọta&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |5,323 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |310/km² (810/sq mi) &nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[ISO 3166|Koodu ISO 3166]] | class="infobox-data nickname" |GQ-AN |} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Annobón''' ( [] i;<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Ogunu|first=Oseni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtMRAQAAIAAJ&q=Provincia+de+Annob%C3%B3n|title=1994–2003|date=2005|publisher=EMI|isbn=978-88-307-1718-3|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzYV4zDLZjsC&q=Provincia+de+Annob%C3%B3n|title=II censo de población y II de viviendas 1.994: Análisis demográfico. tema 01. Evaluación y ajuste de datos. tema 02. Estado de población. tema [03]. La fecundidad. tema 04. Análisis de la mortalidad. tema 05. Estudio de la migración. tema 06. Alfabetización, escolarización e instrucción. tema 07. Situación matrimonial y nupcialidad. tema 08. Caracteristicas económicas. tema 09. Análisis de las viviendas. tema 10. Hogares. tema 11. La mujer guineo-ecuatoriana. tema 12. Proyecciones demográficas (12 v.)|date=1997|publisher=La Oficina|language=es}}</ref> Portuguese: Ano-Bom) bụ mpaghara nke [[Equatorial Guinea]]. ógbè ahụ nwere agwaetiti Annobón na agwaetiti ndị metụtara ya na Gulf of Guinea. Annobón bụ mpaghara kachasị nta nke Equatorial Guinea na mpaghara na ndị bi na ya. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2015 si kwuo, Annobón nwere mmadụ 5,323, obere mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ site na 5,008 edebanyere aha site na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 2001. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ pere mpe amụbaala site na mmadụ 5,008 e debara aha ha site na ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2001. Asụsụ gọọmentị bụ Spanish mana ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya na-asụ ụdị asụsụ Portuguese nke Creole. Isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na agwaetiti ahụ bụ ịkụ azụ na ịkpa oke ọhịa. Annobón is the only island of the country located in the Southern Hemisphere of the [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Atlantic Ocean]]. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> The provincial capital is San Antonio de Palé on the north side of the island. There are three other small settlements; Mabana, San Pedro and Aual. As of 1911, some passing ships visited for water and fresh provisions, of which Annobón offered an abundant supply.[5] However, there was no regular shipping service to the rest of Equatorial Guinea, and ships called as infrequently as every few months. == Aha ya == Annobón nwetara aha ya site na Portuguese ''{{Lang|pt|ano bom}}'' <nowiki>''. A gụrụ agwaetiti ahụ aha n'ihi ụbọchị ndị Portugal chọpụtara ya n'Ụbọchị Afọ Ọhụrụ n'afọ 1473. A maara mpaghara ahụ n'</nowiki>oge gara aga dị ka ''Anno Bom'' ma ọ bụ ''Annabona'' . [6] N'ime afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke ọchịchị Francisco Macías Nguema, a na-akpọ agwaetiti ahụ ''Pigalu'' ma ọ bụ ''Pagalu'', site na ''{{Lang|pt|papagaio}}'' <nowiki>''</nowiki> Portuguese. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ndị Portugal chọpụtara agwaetiti ahụ na 1 Jenụwarị 1473; ọ nwetara aha ya site na ụbọchị ahụ ("Afọ Ọhụrụ"). [5] Otú ọ dị, onye Spain na-eme nchọpụta Diego Ramirez de la Diaz hụrụ agwaetiti ahụ na 1470 wee kpọọ ya San Antonio.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=1-57958-468-3|editor=Skutsch|location=New York|pages=107}}</ref> O doro anya na ọ dịghị onye bi na ya ruo mgbe ndị Portugal chịrị ya site na 1474, karịsịa site n'aka ndị Afrịka si [[Angola]] site na São Tomé Island. A na-ewere ndị ohu a (ndị Portuguese kpọrọ {{Lang|pt|escravos de regate}}) dị ka ndị mbụ so na ọha mmadụ Annobonese.<ref name=":0" /> Malite na mmalite narị afọ nke 16, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ohu a bụ ndị lụrụ ndị Yuropu ugbu a mụrụ ọgbọ ndị ọzọ nke ndị Anbonese bụ ndị a na-akpọ forros (ndị ohu ga-enwere onwe ha). Forros malitere ịzụlite njirimara pụrụ iche na ike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba. Oge a hụkwara ka asụsụ Creole nke Anbonese pụtara ìhè. <ref name=":0" /> Nkwekọrịta El Pardo nke afọ 1778 nyere mba Spen agwaetiti ahụ. Nkwekọrịta ahụ nyere mba Spen ikike ịchịkwa agwaetiti Annobón na Fernando Po (nke bụ Bioko ugbu a) nke mba Pọtugal na ụsọ oké osimiri Guinea dị n'etiti Naịja na Ogooué, n'ọnọdụ nke ndị Spen nabatara ndị Pọtugal n'ókèala dị na Brazil n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ókèala nke Nkwekọrịta Tordesillas guzobere. A ga-emesịa mara mpaghara Spen nke e guzobere dịka Spanish Guinea. Ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ megidere ndokwa ahụ ma na-emegide ndị Spain. Mgbe e nyefere ya na mgbe e welitere ọkọlọtọ Spain iji kwado ọbụbụeze Spain, ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ nupụụrụ ndị bịara ọhụrụ ahụ isi, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi na a na-ewere ha dị ka ndị jụrụ okwukwe maka itinye nkịta na ọkọlọtọ ha (ihe osise ahụ na-anọchite anya ọdụm). Ha chụpụrụ ha dịka omenala nke ịtụba ndị amoosu n'oké osimiri si dị.<ref name="Anobom" /> Ọnọdụ nke ọgba aghara sochiri, na-eduga na ndokwa nke otu ụmụ amaala ise na-achịkwa agwaetiti ahụ, onye ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere ọfịs gọvanọ n'oge ahụ gafere ruo mgbe ụgbọ mmiri iri rutere n'àgwàetiti ahụ.[6] Gọọmentị na-achị onwe ya gara n'ihu, na agwaetiti ahụ nke Spain na Portugal kwuru, ruo mgbe e guzobeghachiri ikike nke Spain na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19. [6][5] Àgwàetiti ahụ ghọrọ akụkụ nke Elobey, Annobón na Corisco ruo n'oge na-adịghị anya ruo 1909. The [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|British]] erected a fort at St&nbsp;Antony in 1801, eventually legalized through a lease from the Spanish government in 1827. The base was used by the British to suppress the Atlantic slave trade. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'afọ ikpeazụ nke ọchịchị Francisco Macías Nguema, onyeisi oche mbụ nke Equatorial Guinea, a kpọrọ agwaetiti ahụ Pigalu ma ọ bụ Pagalu. Ndị bi na ya nwere ajọ mbunobi megide ha na Equatorial Guinea, ụfọdụ malitekwara ịkwado mmegharị nkewa. Na 1993, gọọmentị etiti kewapụrụ agwaetiti ahụ, chụpụ ndị mba ọzọ gụnyere ndị otu enyemaka mmadụ. Ndị mmadụ nupụrụ isi ma wakpoo ebe obibi gọvanọ. Gọọmentị zara site n'igbu mmadụ abụọ n'enweghị ikpe. Nrụgide mba ụwa mere ka esemokwu belata, a tọhapụkwara ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị..<ref name="Anobom">{{Cite web|url=https://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|title=Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico|accessdate=29 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html "Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico"]. </cite></ref> Ọ bụ n'ihi obere agwaetiti a ka Equatorial Guinea rịọrọ maka ọkwa onye na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ obere oge e guzobere Community of Portuguese Language Country na 1996, nke dugara na nleta nke minista mba ofesi nke Portugal, Jaime Gama na Equatorial Guinea, na 1998.<ref name="Anobom">{{Cite web|url=https://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|title=Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico|accessdate=29 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html "Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico"]. </cite></ref> A na-egosipụta njirimara ya nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, omenala na okpukperechi n'ọkwa ya n'ọkwa mpaghara ya. Na 2006, Equatorial Guinea nwetara ọkwa onye na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ site n'aka São Tomé na Príncipe. Ọ nọgidere na-agba mbọ ịghọ onye otu zuru oke, n'ụzọ megidere nrụgide mba ụwa nke chọrọ ikewapụ mba ahụ n'ihi mmebi ikike mmadụ, wee bụrụ onye otu zuru oke na 2014 site na nkwado siri ike nke Africa na-asụ Portuguese, ebe eweghachiri asụsụ Portuguese dị ka asụsụ gọọmentị.<ref name="dw" /><ref name="IILP_Blog2012-02-07" /> == Ọdịdị ala na ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Annobón_Bioko.PNG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Map zuru ezu nke Annobón (n'aka ekpe) ]] [[Faịlụ:Gulf_of_Guinea_(English).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ebe Annobón dị na Ọwara Oké Osimiri Guinea]] Annobón is an extinct volcano, part of the Cameroon line, about 220 miles (350 km) west of Cape Lopez in [[Gabon]]  and 110 miles (180 km) southwest of São Tomé Island.[5] The main island measures about 4 miles (6.4 km) long by 2 miles (3.2 km) wide,[6] with an area of about  ,[5] but a number of small rocky islets surround it, including Santarém to the south. Its central crater lake is named Lago A Pot and its highest peak is Quioveo, which rises 598 meters (1,962 ft). The island is characterized by a succession of lush valleys and steep mountains, covered with rich woods and luxuriant vegetation.[6] A na-akọwakarị Annobón dị ka "na Gulf of Guinea",[a] dị ka agwaetiti ndị gbara ya gburugburu nke [[São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé na Príncipe]], mana akara ókèala maka Gulf of Guinea nke International Hydrographic Organization guzobere na-aga n'ebe ugwu ya. [b] == Flora na anụmanụ == [[Faịlụ:Annobon_Island_Equatorial_Guinea.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Annobón na 2011]] Na mbụ, obere agwaetiti a dị kilomita 335 (208 mi) site n'ụsọ oké osimiri [[Gabon|Ndị Gabon]] enweghị ebe obibi ma nwee nnukwu ụdị dị iche iche. Site na colonization, ndị bi n'àgwàetiti jiri rafts ma ọ bụ "cayucos" (ụgbọ mmiri yiri ụgbọ mmiri) na-achụ nta humpback whales na ụmụ ha, na cetaceans ndị ọzọ, na harpoons dị nso n'àll ahụ. Annobón white-eye na Annobón paradise flycatcher bụ Nnụnụ na-abụ abụ, dị ka nduru na-acha nchara nchara nke Sao Tome. E nwekwara ndị na-azụ anụ ojii. E nwere ụdị nnụnụ iri abụọ na itoolu (dịka Annobón scops owl) n'àgwàetiti ahụ, nke BirdLife International họpụtara dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA).<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/annob%C3%B3n-iba-equatorial-guinea|title=Annobón|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=28 November 2024|archivedate=3 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203115311/https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/annob%C3%B3n-iba-equatorial-guinea}}</ref> E nwekwara ụdị ụkpara abụọ (otu nke dị n'ógbè ahụ); anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ (ndị ise): otu agwọ, agụ owuru atọ, agụ owụ abụọ, mbe mmiri atọ; azụ osimiri: ụdị 18 (otu nke a na-ahụkarị); anwụnta, akpị, na nnukwu ụgbala. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị e webatara gụnyere azụ, nnụnụ guinea, òké, nkịta, na nwamba. Àgwàetiti ahụ enweghị anụ ndị na-eri anụ. A na-ahụ Sharks n'oké osimiri gbara ya gburugburu. == Nchịkwa == {{Provinces of Equatorial Guinea Image Map}}isi obodo nke mpaghara ahụ bụ San Antonio de Palé (nke bụbu St Antony). Àgwàetiti ahụ nwere kansụl obodo atọ ({{Lang|pt|Consejos de Poblados}}): Anganchi, Aual, na Mabana. == Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == A na-eme atụmatụ na agwaetiti ahụ nwere mmadụ 3,000 site na ọtụtụ narị afọ nke 19. [6][5] N'afọ 2013, Annobón nwere mmadụ 5,323. === Asụsụ === Asụsụ bụ isi n'àgwàetiti ahụ bụ Portuguese Creole a maara dị ka Annobonese, {{Lang|pt|Fa d'Ambu}}, ma ọ bụ Falar de Ano Bom <nowiki>''</nowiki>). A na-eji Asụsụ Portuguese Creole eme ihe nke ọma na Annobón. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ngalaba niile ma e wezụga gọọmentị na agụmakwụkwọ ebe a na-eji Spanish eme ihe. A naghị asụkarị Spanish na Annobón. Ndị Katọlik nọ n'ógbè ahụ na-eji asụsụ Portuguese na-abụghị nke Creole eme ihe dị ka asụsụ liturgical.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/fab|title=Fa d'Ambu|publisher=Ethnologue|accessdate=15 November 2010|archivedate=7 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407195306/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/fab}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2012, minista mba ọzọ nke Equatorial Guinea bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ya na International Portuguese Language Institute (IPLI) maka ịkwalite Asụsụ Portuguese na Equatorial Guinea.<ref name="IILP_Blog2012-02-07">{{Cite web|url=http://iilp.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/assinado-termo-de-cooperacao-entre-iilp-e-guine-equatorial/|title=Assinado termo de cooperação entre IILP e Guiné Equatorial|language=pt|publisher=Instituto Internacional de Língua Portuguesa|date=7 February 2012|accessdate=27 March 2012|archivedate=22 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222061328/http://iilp.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/assinado-termo-de-cooperacao-entre-iilp-e-guine-equatorial/}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[http://iilp.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/assinado-termo-de-cooperacao-entre-iilp-e-guine-equatorial/ "Assinado termo de cooperação entre IILP e Guiné Equatorial"] &#x5B;Protocol signed on cooperation between IILP and Guinea Equatorial&#x5D; (in Portuguese). </cite></ref><ref name="CPLP_News1875">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cplp.org/Default.aspx?ID=316&M=News&PID=304&NewsID=1875#.pdf|title=Protocolo de Cooperação entre a Guiné-Equatorial e o IILP|language=pt|publisher=CPLP|date=7 February 2012|accessdate=27 March 2012|archivedate=13 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713062429/http://www.cplp.org/Default.aspx?ID=316&M=News&PID=304&NewsID=1875}}</ref> Ntinye asụsụ Portuguese sochiri ọkwa nke onye isi ala Equatorial Guinea na 13 Julaị 2007 na iwu iwu iwu nke 2010 nke guzobere Portuguese dị ka asụsụ gọọmentị nke mba ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language-131882808.html|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|publisher=PRNewsWire|date=14 October 2011|accessdate=15 November 2010|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163747/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language-131882808.html}}</ref><ref name="GuineEqGov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703l|title=El portugués será el tercer idioma oficial de la República de Guinea Ecuatorial|publisher=Gobierno de la Republica de Guinea Ecuatoria|accessdate=15 November 2010|language=es|archivedate=3 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903222205/http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703l}}</ref><ref name="GuineEqGovPDF">{{Cite web|url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2010/20-7-2010Decretosobreelportuguescomoidiomaoficial.pdf|title=Proyecto de Ley Constitucional|publisher=Gobierno de la Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial|date=14 October 2011|accessdate=15 November 2010|archivedate=3 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103202646/http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2010/20-7-2010Decretosobreelportuguescomoidiomaoficial.pdf}}</ref> Nnyocha mmekọrịta na asụsụ nke IPLI na Annobón kpughere njikọ siri ike na obodo ndị na-asụ asụsụ Portuguese na [[São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé na Príncipe]], [[Cape Verde]], na [[Guinea-Bissau]].<ref name="sol">{{Cite web|date=5 February 2014|title=Formação de professores e programas televisivos introduzem português na Guiné-Equatorial|url=http://www.sol.pt/noticia/99354|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101000230/http://www.sol.pt/noticia/99354|archivedate=1 January 2016|accessdate=27 November 2014|publisher=Sol|language=pt}}</ref> === Agbụrụ === Ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ bụ ndị Portuguese na ndị Angola, na ụfọdụ Spanish. Mmetụta mbụ ndị Spain, jikọtara ya na ikewapụ onwe ya na mpaghara Equatorial Guinea na ịdị nso nke [[São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé na Príncipe]] - nke dị naanị kilomita 175 (109 mi) site na agwaetiti ahụ - enyerela aka ichekwa njikọ ọdịbendị agwaetiti ahụ na [[Portugal]]. Ọdịbendị ya yiri nke São Tomé na ndị Afro-Portuguese n'Africa niile.<ref name="Anobom">{{Cite web|url=https://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|title=Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico|accessdate=29 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042249/http://rcl.com.sapo.pt/anobom.html "Ano Bom – A Ilha Esquecida no Meio do Atlântico"]. </cite></ref> Ndị bi ebe ahụ bụ ndị Katọlik, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ụdị syncretism, okpukpe ka bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ụdị ndụ obodo.<ref name="dw">{{Cite web|title=Ilha de Ano-Bom estabelece ligação da Guiné Equatorial à lusofonia – DW – 05/08/2014|url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/ilha-de-ano-bom-estabelece-liga%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o-da-guin%25C3%25A9-equatorial-%25C3%25A0-lusofonia/a-17832432|accessdate=14 January 2023|work=dw.com|language=pt|archivedate=27 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227183903/https://www.dw.com/pt-002/ilha-de-ano-bom-estabelece-liga%C3%A7%C3%A3o-da-guin%C3%A9-equatorial-%C3%A0-lusofonia/a-17832432}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dw.com/pt-002/ilha-de-ano-bom-estabelece-liga%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o-da-guin%25C3%25A9-equatorial-%25C3%25A0-lusofonia/a-17832432 "Ilha de Ano-Bom estabelece ligação da Guiné Equatorial à lusofonia – DW – 05/08/2014"]. </cite></ref> === Okpukpe === Dị ka Equatorial Guinea n'ozuzu ya, Annobón nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-agbaso [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]], ọkachasị ndị Roman Katọlik bụ ndị ọdịbendị Portuguese nwere mmetụta siri ike. [6][5] Ebe ofufe dị n'àgwàetiti ahụ gụnyere ozi Roman Katọlik, na ụlọ ụka Assemblies of God. == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == Annobón dị maka Equatorial Guinea dịka site na onye nwe ya gọọmentị Equatorial Guinean na-azọrọ nnukwu ala mmiri na ndịda nke onye agbata obi ya, (nke n'onwe ya dị na ndịda isi ala EquatorialGuinea). Mmanụ dị na Gulf of Guinea na-anọchite anya ihe karịrị 80% nke akụ na ụba Equatorial Guinea, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ isi mmalite buru amụma na ihe ndị sitere na ebe nchekwa ugbu a ga-agwụ tupu 2020 . Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị oghere a na-egwu ugbu a na São Tomé, a na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ijeri barel 34 (5.4 m3) nke mmanụ n'ime ókèala mmiri ya. Equatorial Guinea na-azọrọ ikike ịchọpụta ma mepụta hydrocarbons na nnukwu mpaghara oké osimiri gbara Annobón gburugburu nke sitere na 1°N ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 5°S, na site na 2°E ruo 7°E, mpaghara buru ibu karịa ala na ókèala oké osimiri nke Equatorial Guinée ndị ọzọ.  Àgwàetiti ahụ nwere họtel nwere ọnụ ụlọ 55 maka ndị njem nleta na-esi n'ala Equatorial Guinea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hotel Annobon|url=http://hotelannobon.com/home_es.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219141626/http://hotelannobon.com/home_es.php|archivedate=19 December 2014|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=Hotel Annobon}}</ref> == Ihe owuwu == Àgwàetiti ahụ nwere naanị otu ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọrụ ndị dị mkpa dị ka ọkụ eletrik na mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha dị ụkọ ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ọtụtụ ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ nwere ike ịhapụ naanị site na ịnya ụgbọ mmiri kwa izu ma ọ bụ ịchọta ebe a na-anọ n'ụgbọ mmiri na-eleta otu ugboro ma ọ bụ ugboro abụọ n'ọnwa.<ref name=":3" /> E meghere ọdụ ụgbọ elu Annobón na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Annobón n'akụkụ ugwu nke agwaetiti ahụ na 2010. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Karantzavelou|first=Vicky|date=21 October 2010|title=New airport and port facilities in Annobon|url=https://www.traveldailynews.com/pages/show_page/39536-New-airport-and-port-facilities-in-Annobon|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=TravelDailyNews}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, otu ìgwè ụlọ ọrụ tinyere panel anyanwụ n'àgwàetiti ahụ iji nye obodo na ọdụ ụgbọ elu ọkụ eletrik dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ mmepe nke Equatorial Guinea 'Horizon 2020'. A na-enye mkpa eletrik nke agwaetiti ahụ site na ndị na-emepụta diesel na-ebubata. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Market|first=Guinea|date=7 June 2014|title=Equatorial Guinea to Install Solar Microgrid System on Annobon Province|url=https://www.guineainfomarket.com/economy/2014/06/07/equatorial-guinea-install-solar-microgrid-system-annobon-province/|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=guineainfomarket.com|language=|archivedate=30 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230000020/https://www.guineainfomarket.com/economy/2014/06/07/equatorial-guinea-install-solar-microgrid-system-annobon-province/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Goss|first=Scott|title=Wilmington businesses bringing power to African island|url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/money/business/2015/02/28/wilmington-businesses-bringing-power-african-island/24117535/|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=The News Journal|language=en-US|archivedate=29 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229234517/https://www.delawareonline.com/story/money/business/2015/02/28/wilmington-businesses-bringing-power-african-island/24117535/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Post|first=Guest|date=20 August 2015|title=Supplying Power Where Power is Due: Annobon Island Microgrid|url=https://www.microgridknowledge.com/google-news-feed/article/11432865/supplying-power-where-power-is-due-annobon-island-microgrid|accessdate=28 December 2024|work=Microgrid Knowledge|language=en|archivedate=29 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229234518/https://www.microgridknowledge.com/google-news-feed/article/11432865/supplying-power-where-power-is-due-annobon-island-microgrid}}</ref> A na-eji Annobón eme ihe dị ka ebe a na-atụfu Ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu, ọkachasị n'afọ ndị 1980 na 1990. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wood|first=Geoffrey|date=2004|title=Business and Politics in a Criminal State: The Case of Equatorial Guinea|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518490|journal=African Affairs|volume=103|issue=413|pages=554–556|doi=10.1093/afraf/adh084}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stehrenberger|first=Cécile Stephanie|date=2 April 2020|title=Annobón 1988. Slow Disaster, Colonialism, and the Franco Dictatorship|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17561310.2020.1791451|journal=Art in Translation|volume=12|issue=2|pages=263–287|doi=10.1080/17561310.2020.1791451}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Anyinam|first=Charles A.|date=1991|title=Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes: The Case of Toxic Waste Dumping in Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45130934|journal=International Journal of Health Services|volume=21|issue=4|pages=759–777|doi=10.2190/XQVC-1HD5-8LN7-MH3D|pmid=1769761|issn=0020-7314}}</ref> N'afọ 1988, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, onye isi ala Equatorial Guinea, sooro ụlọ ọrụ Britain mee nkwekọrịta iji kwado nde drums iri nke ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu na Annobón. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Brooke|first=James|date=17 July 1988|title=Waste Dumpers Turning to West Africa|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/17/world/waste-dumpers-turning-to-west-africa.html|accessdate=29 May 2025|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Der Spiegel'' kọrọ na 28 Ọgọstụ 2006 na a na-akwụ Equatorial Guinea ụgwọ iji lie Ihe mkpofu nuklia n'ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Smoltczyk|first=Alexander|date=28 August 2006|title=Rich in Oil, Poor in Human Rights: Torture and Poverty in Equatorial Guinea|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/rich-in-oil-poor-in-human-rights-torture-and-poverty-in-equatorial-guinea-a-434691.html|accessdate=29 May 2025|work=Der Spiegel|language=en}}</ref> == Nkewa == [[Faịlụ:Bandera_Annobon.png|thumb|Flag nke Republic of Annobón]] N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2022, mmadụ abụọ bi na Annobón na Spain guzobere otu ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha kpọrọ [[Ambô Legadu]]. Ha abụọ sonyere na ngagharị iwe nke afọ 1993. Otu n'ime ha, Orlando Cartagena Lagar, kpọrọ onwe ya praịm minista agwaetiti ahụ.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Egbejule|first=Eromo|date=14 October 2024|title=Dozens of islanders locked up as grim history continues for Annobón|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/14/dozens-of-islanders-locked-up-as-grim-history-continues-for-annobon?utm|accessdate=18 February 2025|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEgbejule2024">Egbejule, Eromo (14 October 2024). </cite></ref> Mgbe e guzobere Ambô Legadu, njide aka ike nke gọọmentị Equatorial Guinea mụbara. Dịka akwụkwọ akụkọ The Guardian si kwuo, ọtụtụ ndị obodo lere njide ọtụtụ mmadụ na Julaị 2024 anya dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa sara mbara iji gbochie ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ha..<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Egbejule|first=Eromo|date=14 October 2024|title=Dozens of islanders locked up as grim history continues for Annobón|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/14/dozens-of-islanders-locked-up-as-grim-history-continues-for-annobon?utm|accessdate=18 February 2025|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEgbejule2024">Egbejule, Eromo (14 October 2024). </cite></ref> Na 14 Mee 2024, a nabatara Republic of Annobón dị ka onye otu Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO). <ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2024|title=The Government of the Republic of Annobon Becomes a New Member of the UNPO –|url=https://unpo.org/the-government-of-the-republic-of-annobon-becomes-a-new-member-of-the-unpo/?utm|accessdate=18 February 2025|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223063047/https://unpo.org/the-government-of-the-republic-of-annobon-becomes-a-new-member-of-the-unpo/?utm}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2025, otu ahụ rịọrọ ka agwaetiti ahụ bụrụ steeti ma ọ bụ mpaghara nke [[Argentina]]. <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 May 2025|title=Insólito pedido a la Argentina desde Annobón, un territorio en conflicto en África: "Queremos ser un Estado asociado o quizás una provincia"|url=https://www.clarin.com/internacional/insolito-pedido-argentina-territorio-conflicto-africa-queremos-estado-asociado-provincia_0_6eNufeux7f.html|accessdate=29 May 2025|work=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]|language=es-AR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=28 May 2025|title=Una isla africana pidió unirse a Argentina por su vinculo con el Virreinato de la Plata|url=https://diarioelnorte.com.ar/una-isla-africana-pidio-unirse-a-argentina-por-su-vinculo-con-el-virreinato-de-la-plata/|accessdate=29 May 2025|work=Diario El Norte – San Nicolás|language=es-AR}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ógbè ndị dị na Equatorial Guinea == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == *   *   == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category|Annobón}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928224511/http://www.ggcg.st/images/Image11.gif Òtù Nchekwa Ọwara Oké Osimiri Guinea] * Otu Eziokwu nke NATURAL: BOSQUE NEBLINOSO nke ANNOBON (n'asụsụ Spanish) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711092054/http://www.ghutymamae.com/ Ghuty Mamae: Isi nke Annobón] (n'asụsụ Spanish) * [https://www.navegar-es-preciso.com/news/la-isla-de-pagalu-o-pagalu/ Àgwàetiti Pagalu ma ọ bụ Pagalú] (n'asụsụ Spanish) {{Portuguese overseas empire}}{{Provinces of Equatorial Guinea}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|01|26|06|S|05|38|15|E|type:isle_region:GQ}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tmk145mufqx46gtc01m0t89wr3fzi5p 0 77335 692824 671565 2026-07-30T20:16:50Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Added default sort 692824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Frank O. Ajobena | image = | office = First Military Administrator of Abia State | term_start = 28 August 1991 | term_end = January 1992 | predecessor = | successor = [[Ogbonnaya Onu]] | birth_date = April 1949{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} | birth_place = Jos, Plateau State{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} | party = | education = MSc Strategic Studies }} Air Vice Marshal (rtd) '''Frank Onaweneryene Ajobena''', psc+, fwc, MSc, CON bụ onye nchịkwa agha nke Abia State site na 28 August 1991 ruo Jenụwarị 1992. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rulers.org/nigastat.html|title=Nigerian states|accessdate=2008-01-29|work=Rulers.org}}</ref> == Ndụ ọrụ mgbe e mesịrị == Mgbe a họpụtara [[Felix Mujakperuo]] dị ka Orodje nke [[Okpe]] N'afọ 2004, Ajobena gbara akwụkwọ maka ikike ya ịnọ n'ocheeze. A kagburu ikpe Ajobena. e tinyere Mujakperuo dị ka Orhue I, Orodje nke Okpe na Julaị 29, 2006 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://okpenation.org/doc/ORHUE%20I.pdf|title=Orhue I|accessdate=2008-01-29|work=Okpe Voice|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727142101/http://okpenation.org/doc/ORHUE%20I.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-27}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ajobena,Frank O}} [[Otú:Governor na Ȯra Abia]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:All articles with unsourced statements]] 19z2tqqkismjwpnwlmokjj2h5l1lmnj 0 77404 693056 672061 2026-07-31T08:24:20Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 693056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Emeka Obioma | office = Chief Whip | constituency = Umuahia South State Constituency | status = Incumbent | term_start = 29 May 2023 | party = Labour Party(LP) | education = [[Abia State University]] | birth_date = 7th December | honorific_prefix = [[Rt. Hon|Hon.]] }} '''Emeka Obioma Listenⓘ bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onyeisi ndị omeiwu steeti Abia nke na-anọchite anya ndị omeiwu Umuahia South State. A họpụtara ya n'ọkwa na 29 Mee 2023.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Abiakam|first=Gloria|date=July 5, 2023|title=Labour Party Gets Majority Leader Abia 8th Assembly, As House Receives List Of Commissioner Nominees|url=https://fmino.gov.ng/labour-party-gets-majority-leader-abia-8th-assembly-as-house-receives-list-of-commissioner-nominees/}}</ref> Emeka Obioma bụ onye otu Labour Party. <ref>{{Cite web|date=May 8, 2024|title=Complete List Of Abia State House of Assembly Members|url=https://nigerianleaders.com/abia-state-house-assembly-members/|work=Nigerian Leaders}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Emeka Obioma (amụrụ na Disemba 7) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a dịka onyeisi ndị uwe ojii nke Ụlọ Omeiwu Steeti Abia<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=House of Assembly – Abia State Government|url=https://abiastate.gov.ng/house-of-assembly/|accessdate=2025-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref> anọchite anya Umuahia South State Constituency dị ka onye otu Labour Party (LP). Obioma bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum steeti Abia <ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Obioma malitere ọrụ omeiwu ya mgbe o meriri oche maka Umuahia South na ntuli aka ụlọ omeiwu nke Abia nke afọ 2023. Mgbe e chiri ya n'ọkwa na 29 Mee 2023, a họpụtara ya dịka onyeisi Whip nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwado usoro pati na ịhazi azụmaahịa ndị omeiwu n'ime dịka onyeisi Whip. . <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2023-06-18|title=Hon Emeka Obioma holds thanksgiving, appreciates God & constituents -|url=https://nationalwatch247.com/hon-emeka-obioma-holds-thanksgiving-appreciates-god-constituents/|accessdate=2025-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Machị 2024, Obioma kwadoro iwu e bu n'obi ịmepụta ebe a na-akụzi ndị nọọsụ, nke e zigara Kọmitii Ụlọ Ọrụ Ahụike..<ref>{{Cite web|title=I will champion a Bill for Rights of Elders; Abia Assembly Chief Whip, Emeka Obioma declares|url=https://nationalsunrisee.blogspot.com/2024/10/i-will-champion-bill-for-rights-of.html|accessdate=2025-07-08}}</ref> Obioma kwuru na   == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gz9qjrrx4ls07uwll3jmzmsxlszcxbl 693058 693056 2026-07-31T08:25:14Z Mirah50 16972 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 693058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Emeka Obioma | office = Chief Whip | constituency = Umuahia South State Constituency | status = Incumbent | term_start = 29 May 2023 | party = Labour Party(LP) | education = [[Abia State University]] | birth_date = 7th December | honorific_prefix = [[Rt. Hon|Hon.]] }} '''Emeka Obioma Listenⓘ bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onyeisi ndị omeiwu steeti Abia nke na-anọchite anya ndị omeiwu Umuahia South State. A họpụtara ya n'ọkwa na 29 Mee 2023.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Abiakam|first=Gloria|date=July 5, 2023|title=Labour Party Gets Majority Leader Abia 8th Assembly, As House Receives List Of Commissioner Nominees|url=https://fmino.gov.ng/labour-party-gets-majority-leader-abia-8th-assembly-as-house-receives-list-of-commissioner-nominees/}}</ref> Emeka Obioma bụ onye otu Labour Party. <ref>{{Cite web|date=May 8, 2024|title=Complete List Of Abia State House of Assembly Members|url=https://nigerianleaders.com/abia-state-house-assembly-members/|work=Nigerian Leaders}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Emeka Obioma (amụrụ na Disemba 7) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a dịka onyeisi ndị uwe ojii nke Ụlọ Omeiwu Steeti Abia<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=House of Assembly – Abia State Government|url=https://abiastate.gov.ng/house-of-assembly/|accessdate=2025-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref> anọchite anya Umuahia South State Constituency dị ka onye otu Labour Party (LP). Obioma bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum steeti Abia <ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Obioma malitere ọrụ omeiwu ya mgbe o meriri oche maka Umuahia South na ntuli aka ụlọ omeiwu nke Abia nke afọ 2023. Mgbe e chiri ya n'ọkwa na 29 Mee 2023, a họpụtara ya dịka onyeisi Whip nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwado usoro pati na ịhazi azụmaahịa ndị omeiwu n'ime dịka onyeisi Whip. . <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2023-06-18|title=Hon Emeka Obioma holds thanksgiving, appreciates God & constituents -|url=https://nationalwatch247.com/hon-emeka-obioma-holds-thanksgiving-appreciates-god-constituents/|accessdate=2025-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Machị 2024, Obioma kwadoro iwu e bu n'obi ịmepụta ebe a na-akụzi ndị nọọsụ, nke e zigara Kọmitii Ụlọ Ọrụ Ahụike..<ref>{{Cite web|title=I will champion a Bill for Rights of Elders; Abia Assembly Chief Whip, Emeka Obioma declares|url=https://nationalsunrisee.blogspot.com/2024/10/i-will-champion-bill-for-rights-of.html|accessdate=2025-07-08}}</ref> Obioma kwuru na   == Ihe odide == {{DEFAULTSORT:Obioma, Emeka}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 480xxqqm8yaihqzbfcuoufjzyvtkrvk 0 77428 693029 672371 2026-07-31T07:36:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 693029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Agulhas Plain | designation1_date = 2 February 2026 | designation1_number = 2587<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Agulhas Plain|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2587|access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>}} [[Faịlụ:Cape_Agulhas,_South_Africa_(ASTER).jpg|thumb|459x459px]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Agulhas Plain bụ usoro mmiri mmiri dị mgbagwoju anya nke dị na Overberg na nsọtụ ndịda [[Afrịka]].<ref>https://fynbos.saeon.ac.za/?p=3172</ref><ref>https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2222-34362013000200005</ref> Ọ na-amalite n'ebe ugwu nke Bredasdorp, ma gbasaa ruo n'akụkụ ndịda nke Calhas. Mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ dị nso na Gansbaai. A họpụtara mpaghara ahụ dị ka ebe a na-echEbe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2026.<ref name="RSIS"/> qE nwere ọtụtụ ụdị osisi ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ógbè ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.birdlife.org.za/iba-directory/agulhas-plain-heuningnes-estuary/ |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-07-04 |archivedate=2023-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111122657/https://www.birdlife.org.za/iba-directory/agulhas-plain-heuningnes-estuary/ }}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a anaghị ahụ n'ọhịa steeti na ebe nchekwa okike nke onwe n'akụkụ osimiri, mana ha na-eto n'ime ime obodo.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/science/conservation-ecology/Protecting-species#ref959928</ref><ref>https://nuwejaars.com/crew-why-the-agulhas-plain-is-a-plant-priority/</ref> == Flora == A chọtara ụdị lily ọhụrụ fynbos, lily Afọ Ọhụrụ (''Cyrtanthus novus-annus''), n'ebe a na-echekwa ihe ndị dị n'Agulhas Plain<ref>https://mg.co.za/top-six/2022-05-30-new-fynbos-lily-discovered-at-southern-tip-of-africa/</ref> na ụdị anụmanụ ahụ ''Hermannia concinnifolia'' a na-ahụkarị na mbara ala.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-showing-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037</ref> == Ala Dị Larịị nke Paleo-Agulhas == Ala dị arịị Paleo-Agulhas nke dị na South Africa ugbu a nwere usoro okike dị iche iche, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ọtụtụ anụ ọhịa maka ụmụ mmadụ mbụ.<ref>https://www.heritagedaily.com/2020/05/drowned-paleo-agulhas-plain-was-an-eden-for-early-humans/129190</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * https://www.agulhasplainbirding.co.za/birdreport.php?report=agulhas_plain&heading=Bird%20list%20of%20the%20Agulhas%20Plain%20Project * [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-showing-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-show-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037] mn070c7m1ztjansk2pn7mtimqhrzxgf 0 77878 693132 687617 2026-07-31T11:49:23Z Epiphanus Jide 14249 Removed broken file and added databox 693132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Yeta III [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] (onye amụrụ '''Litia''') bụ Litunga (Eze) nke Barotseland, nke Ndị Lozi na ihe bụzi Western [[Zambia]], site na 1916 ruo 1945. A mụrụ Yeta dị ka Prince Litia Malikana . <ref name="barotseland">{{Cite web|url=https://www.barotseland.net/litunga1.htm|title=Litungas of Barotseland|work=barotseland.net|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="barotsepeace">{{Cite web|url=https://www.barotselandpeacefoundation.com/history|title=History|work=barotselandpeacefoundation.com|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref> Nne na nna Yeta bụ Eze Lewanika na Eze Nwanyị Ma-Litia . Yeta married a woman called Kumayo who became his consort at Sefula [[Ulo uka|Church]] in 1892. They were baptized together. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Yeta mechara lụọ nwanyị ọzọ. Ụmụ ya bụ: * Nwa nwoke *Prince Daniel Akafuna Yeta – aha ya bụ eze Akafuna Tatila *Prince Edward Kaluwe Yeta – nna Prince Godwin Mando Kaluwe Yeta *Prince Richard Nganga Yeta *Princess Mareta Mulima *Princess Elizabeth Inonge Yeta III * Princess *Princess [[Nakatindi Yeta Nganga|Nakatindi]] *Eze [[Ilute]]{{citation need|date=August 2020}} * == Ọchịchị == E chiri Yeta eze na Loyalui na 13 Machị 1916, ma wepụ usoro ọdịnala nke ''corvee'', ihe ikpeazụ nke Ịgba ohu na 1 Eprel 1925. Yeta gara okpueze nke Eze George nke Isii na Eze Nwanyị Elizabeth na Westminster Abbey na London, mana ọ nwere ọrịa strok siri ike nke kpatara ahụ mkpọnwụ na enweghị ike ikwu okwu na mbido 1939. <ref>{{Cite book|first=Gerald L.|author=Caplan|title=The Elites of Barotseland, 1878-1969|url=https://archive.org/details/elitesofbarotsel0000capl|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|year=1970|isbn=978-0-52001-758-0}}</ref> Odeakwụkwọ Yeta dere, sị: "Okporo ahụ bụ ihe omume kachasị ukwuu anyị hụtụrụla ma ọ bụ ga-ahụ na ndụ anyị ọzọ. Ọ dịghị onye nwere ike iche na ọ nọ n'[[Àlà|ụwa]] n'ezie mgbe ọ na-ahụ ngagharị okpueze, mana na ọ na-arọ nrọ ma ọ bụ na Paradaịs. "<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hobsbawm|first=Eric|title=The Invention of Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SugpRWf_FB4C&q=%22but+that+he+is+either+dreaming+or+is+in+Paradise%22&pg=PA241|date=26 March 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-60467-4}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ọchịchị maka nwanne ya nwoke nke obere Imwiko. == Hụkwa == * Litunga * Nyame, nna nna nke ndị eze Lozi == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] scl8cs973n7467k3w8f3yuod8o94dtz 828 77896 692720 687836 2026-07-30T13:34:59Z Sayvhior 13464 /* Relationship with other Romance languages */ fixed reference errors 692720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Romance language}} {{Redirect2|Catala|Català|the ship|SS Catala{{!}}SS ''Catala''|the football club|Català FC|the surnames|Català (surname)|and|Catalá}} {{pp-pc|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}} {{Infobox language | name = Catalan | altname = Valencian | nativename = {{lang|ca|català}} <br /> {{lang|ca-valencia|valencià}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|ca|kətəˈla||LL-Q7026 (cat)-Unjoanqualsevol-català.wav}} ({{abbr|N|Northern}}, {{abbr|C|Central}} & {{abbr|B|Balearic}}) / {{IPA|ca|kataˈla||LL-Q7026 (cat)-Millars-català.wav}} ({{abbr|NW|North-Western}} & {{abbr|A|Algherese}}) <br /> {{IPA|ca-valencia|valensiˈa||LL-Q7026 (cat)-Millars-valencià.wav}} ({{abbr|V|Valencian}}) | states = {{hlist|[[Spain]]|[[Andorra]]|[[France]]|[[Italy]]}} | region = [[Southern Europe]] | speakers = [[First language|L1]]: {{sigfig|4.141310|2}} million | date = 2022 | ref = e25 | speakers2 = [[Second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|5.100000|2}} million<br />Total: {{sigfig|9.241310|2}} million | speakers_label = Speakers | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]] | fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]] | fam4 = [[Latin]] | fam5 = [[Romance languages|Romance]] | fam6 = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]] | fam7 = [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]] | fam8 = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]]{{Efn|Catalan is also classified as an [[Iberian Romance languages|Iberian Romance]] language.}} | fam9 = [[Occitano-Romance languages|Occitano-Romance]] | ancestor = [[Old Latin]] | ancestor2 = [[Vulgar Latin]] | ancestor3 = [[Proto-Romance language|Proto-Romance]] | ancestor4 = [[Old Occitan]] | ancestor5 = [[Old Catalan]] | script = {{ubl | [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Catalan alphabet]]) | [[Catalan Braille]] }} | nation = *[[Andorra]] *[[Spain]] **[[Balearic Islands]] **[[Catalonia]] **[[Valencian Community]] (as ''[[Valencian language|Valencian]]'') *[[Italy]] **[[Alghero]] ([[Sardinia]]) | minority = {{collapsible list|titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left|title=3 sub-regions or areas |the French sub-region of: * [[Northern Catalonia]] ([[Roussillon]]), part of [[Occitania (administrative region)|Occitania]] |the Spanish sub-regions of: * [[La Franja]], part of the community of [[Aragon]] * [[Carche]], part of the [[Region of Murcia]] (as ''[[Valencian language|Valencian]]'')}} | agency = ''[[Institut d'Estudis Catalans]]'' (IEC) <br /> ''[[Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua]]'' (AVL) | iso1 = ca | iso2 = cat | iso3 = cat | lingua = 51-AAA-e | map = Catalan language in Europe (cropped).png | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg | mapcaption = {{legend|#00A86B|Catalan/Valencian is the native language and has official status}} {{legend|#50C878|Catalan/Valencian is the native language but with no official status}} {{legend|#77dd77|Catalan/Valencian is not historically spoken but has official status}} | mapcaption2 = {{center|Standard Catalan is classified as Potentially Vulnerable by the UNESCO [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/standard-catalan|title=World Atlas of Languages: Standard Catalan|website=en.wal.unesco.org|access-date=2023-12-04|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204123215/https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/standard-catalan|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | notice = IPA | glotto = stan1289 | glottorefname = Catalan }} '''Catalan''' ({{lang|ca|català}}) is a [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance language]] that is native to, and the official language of, three [[autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous communities]] in eastern [[Spain]]: [[Catalonia]], the [[Balearic Islands]], and the [[Valencian Community]], where it is called [[Valencian language|Valencian]] ({{lang|ca|valencià}}). Catalan is also the sole official language of [[Andorra]],{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} has semi-official status in the [[Italy|Italian]] municipality of [[Alghero]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Minder |first=Raphael |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/world/europe/catalan-italy-alghero.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/world/europe/catalan-italy-alghero.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |url-access=limited |title=Italy's Last Bastion of Catalan Language Struggles to Keep It Alive |date=21 November 2016 |work=The New York Times |access-date=21 January 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and is spoken in the [[Pyrénées-Orientales]] department of [[France]] and in two further areas in eastern Spain: the [[La Franja|eastern strip]] of [[Aragon]] and the [[Carche]] area in the [[Region of Murcia]]. The Catalan-speaking regions are often called the [[Catalan Countries]] ({{lang|ca|Països Catalans}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=els Països Catalans |url=https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/els-paisos-catalans |work=[[Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana|enciclopèdia.cat]] |access-date=15 August 2023 |language=ca |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815020536/https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/els-paisos-catalans |url-status=live}}</ref> The language evolved from [[Vulgar Latin]] in the Middle Ages around the eastern [[Pyrenees]]. It became the language of the [[Principality of Catalonia]] and the kingdoms of [[kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]] and [[Kingdom of Majorca|Mallorca]], being present throughout the Mediterranean as the main language of the [[Crown of Aragon]].{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} It was replaced by [[Spanish language|Spanish]] as a language of government and literature in the 1700s, but 19th century Spain saw a [[Renaixença|Catalan literary revival]],{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|pp=190–191}}{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} culminating in the early 1900s. During the [[Francoist Spain|Francoist dictatorship]] (1936–1975), the usage of Catalan was subject to repressive measures, before it entered a relatively successful process of re-normalization between the 1980s and the 2000s. However, during the 2010s, it experienced signs of decline in social use, [[diglossia]] and the re-growth of discrimination cases.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cebrián |first1=Joan |title=El català, el quart motiu de discriminació a Barcelona |url=https://www.ara.cat/societat/barcelona/catala-quart-motiu-discriminacio-barcelona_1_4435335.html |access-date=29 May 2024 |publisher=Ara.cat |date=15 July 2022}}</ref> == Etymology and pronunciation {{Anchor|Etymology and pronunciation}} == {{Main|Catalonia#Etymology and pronunciation}} The word ''Catalan'' is derived from the territorial name of [[Catalonia]], itself of disputed etymology. The main theory suggests that {{lang|ca|Catalunya}} ({{langx|la|Gathia Launia}}) derives from the name {{lang|la|Gothia}} or {{lang|la|Gauthia}} ('Land of the [[Goths]]'), since the origins of the Catalan counts, lords and people were found in the [[March of Gothia]], whence ''Gothland'' > ''Gothlandia'' > ''Gothalania'' > ''Catalonia'' theoretically derived.{{sfn|García Venero|2006}}{{sfn|Burke|1900|p=154}} In English, the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as ''Catelaner'', followed in the 15th century as {{lang|frm|Catellain}} (from [[Middle French]]). It is attested a language name since at least 1652. The word ''Catalan'' can be pronounced in English as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|t|ə|l|ə|n|,_|-|æ|n}} {{respell|KAT|ə|lən|,_|-|lan}} or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|æ|t|ə|ˈ|l|æ|n}} {{respell|KAT|ə|LAN}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Catalan |title=Definition of Catalan |date=16 August 2023 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510200230/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Catalan |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dictionary.reference.com">{{Cite dictionary |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/catalan |title=Catalan |dictionary=Dictionary.com |access-date=28 August 2022 |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828073000/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/catalan |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[endonym]] is pronounced {{IPA|ca|kətəˈla|}} in the Eastern Catalan dialects, and {{IPA|ca|kataˈla|}} in the Western dialects. In the [[Valencian Community]] and [[Carche]], the term {{lang|ca|valencià}} {{IPA|ca-valencia|valensiˈa|}} is frequently used instead. Thus, the name "Valencian", although often employed for referring to the varieties specific to the Valencian Community and Carche, is also used by Valencians as a name for the language as a whole,<ref name="AVL-9_feb_2005">{{cite web |author=Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua |date=9 February 2005 |title=Acord de l'Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL), adoptat en la reunió plenària del 9 de febrer del 2005, pel qual s'aprova el dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià |pages=52 |language=ca-valencia |url=http://www.avl.gva.es/va/acords-AVL/main/03/document/NOMENTITAT.pdf |access-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923181117/http://www.avl.gva.es/va/acords-AVL/main/03/document/NOMENTITAT.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> synonymous with "Catalan".{{sfn|Lledó|2011|pp=334–337}}<ref name="AVL-9_feb_2005" /> Both uses of the term have their respective entries in the dictionaries by the ''[[Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua]]'' (AVL)<ref group="note" name="DNV_AVL_1">The ''Valencian Normative Dictionary'' of the Valencian Academy of the Language states that Valencian is a "Romance language spoken in the Valencian Community, as well as in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, the French department of the {{lang|fr|Pyrénées-Orientales}}, the Principality of Andorra, the eastern flank of Aragon and the Sardinian town of Alghero (unique in Italy), where it receives the name of 'Catalan{{'"}}.</ref> and the ''[[Institut d'Estudis Catalans]]'' (IEC).<ref group="note" name="IEC">The ''Catalan Language Dictionary'' of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans states in the sixth definition of "Valencian" that, in the Valencian Community, it is equivalent to Catalan language.</ref> (See also [[#Status of Valencian|status of Valencian]] below). == History == {{Main|History of Catalan}} === Middle Ages === {{Further|Old Catalan|Phonological history of Catalan}} {{Multiple image | align = right | image1 = Greuges de Guitard Isarn.jpg | width1 = 150 | alt1 = | caption1 = | image2 = Homilies d'Organya.jpg | width2 = 150 | alt2 = | caption2 = | footer = Left: Fragment of the ''[[Greuges de Guitard Isarn]]'' ({{Circa|1080}}–1095), one of the earliest texts written almost completely in Catalan,{{sfn|Veny|1997|pp=9–18}}{{sfn|Moran|2004|pp=37–38}} predating the famous ''[[Homilies d'Organyà]]'' by a century. Right: ''[[Homilies d'Organyà]]'' (early 12th century) }} By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from [[Vulgar Latin]] on both sides of the eastern end of the [[Pyrenees]], as well as the territories of the Roman province of [[Hispania Tarraconensis]] to the south.{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the [[Muslims]], bringing their language with them.{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the [[County of Barcelona]] from the [[Carolingian Empire]] in 988.{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} In the 11th century, documents written in [[macaronic language|macaronic Latin]] begin to show Catalan elements,{{sfn|Moran|2004|pp=37–38}} with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080.{{sfn|Moran|2004|pp=37–38}} Old Catalan shared many features with [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]], diverging from [[Old Occitan]] between the 11th and 14th centuries.{{sfn|Riquer|1964}} During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded southward to the [[Ebro river]],{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} and in the 13th century they conquered the lands that would become the Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]] and the [[Kingdom of Majorca|Majorca]].{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} The city of [[Alghero]] in [[Sardinia]] was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached [[Murcia]], which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=190}} [[File:Map of the Crown of Aragon.svg|thumb|upright=1|Diachronic map of the Crown of Aragon. King [[James I of Aragon|James the Conqueror]] (1208–1276) dictated his autobiographical chronicles entirely in Catalan. Some of this territory nowadays makes up the ''[[Catalan Countries]]''.]] In the [[Low Middle Ages]], Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness.{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath [[Ramon Llull]] (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in [[Ausiàs March]] (1397–1459).{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} By the 15th century, the city of [[Valencia]] had become the sociocultural center of the [[Crown of Aragon]], and Catalan was present all over the [[Mediterranean]] world.{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language.{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=190}} During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe".{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} [[Joanot Martorell|Martorell]]'s novel of chivalry ''[[Tirant lo Blanc]]'' (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in [[Bernat Metge|Metge]]'s work.{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} The first book produced with movable type in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] was printed in Catalan.<ref>''Trobes en llaors de la Verge Maria'' ("Poems of praise of the Virgin Mary") 1474.</ref>{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} === Early modern era === {{See also|Nation state|Anti-Catalan sentiment}} ==== Spain ==== With the union of the crowns of [[Crown of Castille|Castille]] and [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] in 1479, the Spanish kings ruled over different kingdoms, each with its own cultural, linguistic and political particularities, and they had to swear by the [[laws]] of each territory before the respective [[parliament]]s. But after the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], Spain became an [[absolute monarchy]] under [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]], which led to the assimilation of the Crown of Aragon by the [[Crown of Castile]] through the [[Nueva Planta decrees]], as a first step in the creation of the Spanish [[Nation state|nation-state]]; as in other contemporary European states, this meant the imposition of the political and cultural characteristics of the dominant groups.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sales Vives |first=Pere |title=L'Espanyolització de Mallorca: 1808–1932 |date=22 September 2020 |publisher=El Gall editor |isbn=9788416416707 |pages=422 |language=ca}}</ref><ref>Antoni Simon, [http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/34591 Els orígens històrics de l'anticatalanisme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605094401/https://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/34591 |date=5 June 2022 }}, páginas 45-46, L'Espill, nº 24, Universitat de València</ref> Since the political unification of 1714, Spanish assimilation policies towards national minorities have been a constant.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayans Balcells |first=Pere |title=Cròniques Negres del Català A L'Escola |year=2019 |isbn=978-84-947201-4-7 |edition=del 1979 |pages=230 |publisher=Edicions del 1979 |language=ca}}</ref><ref name="Recopilació d'accions genocides con">{{cite book |last=Lluís |first=García Sevilla |title=Recopilació d'accions genocides contra la nació catalana |publisher=Base |year=2021 |isbn=9788418434983 |pages=300 |language=ca}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite book |last=Bea Seguí |first=Ignaci |title=En cristiano! Policia i Guàrdia Civil contra la llengua catalana |publisher=Cossetània |year=2013 |isbn=9788490341339 |pages=216 |language=ca}}</ref><ref name="galeusca2">{{cite web |title=Enllaç al Manifest Galeusca on en l'article 3 es denuncia l'asimetria entre el castellà i les altres llengües de l'Estat Espanyol, inclosa el català. |url=http://www.escriptors.cat/pagina.php?id_text=1788 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719071429/http://www.escriptors.cat/pagina.php?id_text=1788 |archive-date=19 July 2008 |access-date=2 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Radatz |first=Hans-Ingo |date=8 October 2020 |title=Spain in the 19th century: Spanish Nation Building and Catalonia's attempt at becoming an Iberian Prussia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344608600 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref>{{POV statement|date=October 2023|reason=One of the sources is titled "Recopilation of genocidal actions against the Catalan language". Seriously? Most of these sources are Catalan, foreign authors should be cited for controversial statements like these.}} The process of assimilation began with secret instructions to the corregidores of the Catalan territory: they "will take the utmost care to introduce the Castilian language, for which purpose he will give the most temperate and disguised measures so that the effect is achieved, without the care being noticed".<ref name="Historia general de España: Llegada2">{{cite book |last=de la Cierva |first=Ricardo |title=Historia general de España: Llegada y apogeo de los Borbones |date=1981 |publisher=Planeta |isbn=8485753003 |pages=78 |language=ca}}</ref> From there, actions in the service of assimilation, discreet or aggressive, were continued, and reached to the last detail, such as, in 1799, the Royal Certificate forbidding anyone to "represent, sing and dance pieces that were not in Spanish".<ref name="Historia general de España: Llegada2" /> The use of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] gradually became more prestigious{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=190}} and marked the start of the decline of Catalan.{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|pp=6–7|2009}}{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|pp=190–191}} Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature came under the influence of Spanish, and the nobles, part of the urban and literary classes became [[bilingualism|bilingual]].{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=190}} {{clear}} ==== France ==== {{See also|Language policy in France|Vergonha|Patuet}} With the [[Treaty of the Pyrenees]] (1659), [[Spain]] ceded the [[Northern Catalonia|northern part of the Principality of Catalonia]] to [[France]], and soon thereafter the [[Northern Catalan|local Catalan varieties]] came under the influence of [[French language|French]], which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crdp-montpellier.fr/cd66/artscult/fichesVauban/cdvauban/PERIODES/moyenagetempsmodernes/chateaucollioureinterdictioncatalan.pdf |title=''L'interdiction de la langue catalane en Roussillon par Louis XIV'' |publisher="CRDP, Académie de Montpellier |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214055235/http://crdp-montpellier.fr/cd66/artscult/fichesVauban/cdvauban/PERIODES/moyenagetempsmodernes/chateaucollioureinterdictioncatalan.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010}}</ref> Shortly after the [[French Revolution]] (1789), the [[French First Republic]] prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the regional languages of France, such as Catalan, [[Alsatian language|Alsatian]], [[Breton language|Breton]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]], [[Flemish dialects|Flemish]], and [[Basque language|Basque]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Orf |first=Darren |title=During the French Revolution, most of the country did not speak French. |url=https://historyfacts.com/world-history/fact/during-the-french-revolution-most-of-the-country-did-not-speak-french/ |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=History Facts |language=en-US}}</ref> === France: 19th to 20th century === {{Multiple image | align = right | image1 = Interdiction officielle de la langue catalana 2 avril 1700.jpg | width1 = 140 | alt1 = | caption1 = | image2 = SpeakFrenchBeClean.jpg | width2 = 200 | alt2 = | caption2 = | footer = Left: Official decree prohibiting the Catalan language in France. Right: "Speak French, be clean", school wall in [[Ayguatébia-Talau]] ([[Northern Catalonia]]), 2010 }} After the French colony of [[French Algeria|Algeria]] was established in 1830, many Catalan-speaking settlers moved there. People from the Spanish [[province of Alicante]] settled around [[Oran]], while those from [[Northern Catalonia|French Catalonia]] and [[Menorca]] migrated to [[Algiers]]. By 1911, there were around 100,000 speakers of ''[[Patuet]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Àngela-Rosa Menages, Joan-Lluís Monjo |title=El patuet valencià, un reflex lingüístic de la societat algeriana colonial (1830–1962) |url=https://www.upf.edu/diversia/_pdf/El_patuet_valencia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054920/http://www.upf.edu/diversia/_pdf/El_patuet_valencia.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> as their speech was called.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plataforma per la llengua |title=The Catalan Language |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/the-catalan-language-en_294_11_2446.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307203232/https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/the-catalan-language-en_294_11_2446.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the Algerian declaration of independence in 1962, almost all the ''[[Pied-Noir]]'' Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Marfany |first1=Marta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dWGWMzJuXN8C |title=Els menorquins d'Algèria |last2=Simó |first2=Marta Marfany |date=2002 |publisher=L'Abadia de Montserrat |isbn=978-84-8415-366-5 |language=ca |access-date=14 December 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415045602/https://books.google.com/books?id=dWGWMzJuXN8C |url-status=live}}</ref> or Alicante.{{sfn|Marfany|2002}} The French government only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the then [[General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales]] officially recognized Catalan as one of the départment's languages<ref name="Charte en faveur du Catalan">{{cite web |url=http://www.cg66.fr/202-charte-en-faveur-du-catalan.htm |title=''Charte en faveur du Catalan'' |access-date=18 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222154353/http://www.cg66.fr/202-charte-en-faveur-du-catalan.htm |archive-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=dead}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cg66.fr/199-la-catalanitat-a-catalunya-nord.htm |title=''La catalanitat a la Catalunya Nord'' |access-date=13 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309142734/http://www.cg66.fr/199-la-catalanitat-a-catalunya-nord.htm |archive-date=9 March 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and seeks to further promote it in public life and education. === Spain: 18th to 20th century === {{See also|Nueva Planta decrees|Language politics in Spain under Franco}} [[File:Mapa_político_de_España,_1850.jpg|thumb|Political map of Spain (1850), divided into four parts: The ''Fully constitutional Spain'' (brown), most of the former [[Crown of Castile]]; ''Assimilated Spain'' (green), the former [[Crown of Aragon]], including the [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking lands]]; ''Foral Spain'' (blue), the Basque-speaking territories; and ''Colonial Spain'' (yellow)]] In 1807, the Statistics Office of the French Ministry of the Interior asked the [[Prefect (France)|prefects]] for an official survey on the limits of the [[French language]]. The survey found that in [[Roussillon]], almost only Catalan was spoken, and since Napoleon wanted to incorporate Catalonia into France, as happened in 1812, the [[consul]] in [[Barcelona]] was also asked. He declared that Catalan "is taught in schools, it is printed and spoken, not only among the lower class, but also among people of first quality, also in social gatherings, as in visits and congresses", indicating that it was spoken everywhere "with the exception of the royal courts". He also indicated that Catalan was spoken "in the Kingdom of Valencia, in the islands of Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Sardinia, Corsica and much of Sicily, in the Vall d "Aran and Cerdaña".<ref>{{cite book |last=Merle |date=5 January 2010 |publisher=Editorial Trabucaire |isbn=978-2849741078 |language=French |location=Perpinyà |first=René |pages=223 |title=Visions de "l'idiome natal" à travers l'enquête impériale sur les patois 1807–1812}}</ref> The defeat of the pro-Habsburg coalition in the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1714) initiated a series of [[Nueva planta decrees|laws]] which, among other centralizing measures, imposed the use of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] in legal documentation all over Spain. Because of this, use of the Catalan language declined into the 18th century. However, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival ({{lang|ca|[[Renaixença]]}}), which has continued up to the present day.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} This period starts with [[Bonaventura Carles Aribau|Aribau]]'s ''Ode to the Homeland'' (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of [[Jacint Verdaguer|Verdaguer]] (poetry), [[Narcís Oller|Oller]] (realist novel), and [[Àngel Guimerà|Guimerà]] (drama).{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=10–11}} In the 19th century, the region of [[Carche]], in the [[province of Murcia]] was repopulated with Valencian speakers.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=1}} Catalan spelling was standardized in 1913 and the language became official during the [[Second Spanish Republic]] (1931–1939). The Second Spanish Republic saw a brief period of tolerance, with most restrictions against Catalan lifted.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} The [[Generalitat]] (the autonomous government of Catalonia, established during the Republic in 1931) made a normal use of Catalan in its administration and put efforts to promote it at the social level, including in schools and the [[University of Barcelona]]. The Catalan language and culture were still vibrant during the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936–1939), but were crushed at an unprecedented level throughout the subsequent decades due to [[Francoist Spain|Francoist dictatorship]] (1939–1975), which abolished the official status of Catalan and imposed the use of Spanish in schools and in public administration in all of [[Spain]], while banning the use of Catalan in them.<ref name="Guardian1">{{Cite news |last=Burgen |first=Stephen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/22/catalan-language-survived |title=Catalan: a language that has survived against the odds |date=22 November 2012 |work=The Guardian |access-date=18 January 2017 |language=en-GB |archive-date=24 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224061600/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/22/catalan-language-survived |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|pp=190–191}} Between 1939 and 1943 newspapers and book printing in Catalan almost disappeared.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Manent |first1=Albert |last2=Crexell |first2=Joan |title=Bibliografia catalana dels anys més difícils (1939–1943) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l39t7WmeBG0C&pg=PA14 |date=1988 |publisher=Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat, S.A |location=Barcelona |isbn=8472029379 |page=14 |access-date=9 December 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131130959/https://books.google.com/books?id=l39t7WmeBG0C&pg=PA14 |url-status=live}}</ref> Francisco Franco's desire for a homogeneous Spanish population resonated with some Catalans in favor of his regime, primarily members of the upper class, who began to reject the use of Catalan. Despite all of these hardships, Catalan continued to be used privately within households, and it was able to survive Franco's dictatorship. At the end of [[World War II]], however, some of the harsh measures began to be lifted and, while Spanish language remained the sole promoted one, limited number of Catalan literature began to be tolerated. Several prominent Catalan authors resisted the suppression through literature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=CORNELLÀ-DETRELL |first=JORDI |jstor=10.7722/j.cttn346z |title=Literature as a Response to Cultural and Political Repression in Franco's Catalonia |date=2011 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-85566-201-8}}</ref> Private initiative contests were created to reward works in Catalan, among them ''Joan Martorell'' prize (1947), ''Víctor Català'' prize (1953) ''Carles Riba'' award (1950), or the [[Premi d'Honor de les Lletres Catalanes|Honor Award of Catalan Letters]] (1969).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Una polèmica literària sota el franquisme |url=https://palavracomum.com/cas-obert-una-polemica-literaria-sota-el-franquisme-ii-por-xesus-gonzalez-gomez/ |website=Palavracomum |date=20 July 2015 |language=ca-ES |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817040501/https://palavracomum.com/cas-obert-una-polemica-literaria-sota-el-franquisme-ii-por-xesus-gonzalez-gomez/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The first Catalan-language TV show was broadcast in 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Primera emisión de un programa en catalán |url=https://www.rtve.es/rtve/20180730/historia-tve-primera-emissio-dun-programa-catala/1772240.shtml |website=RTVE |date=30 July 2018 |language=es-ES |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525000521/https://www.rtve.es/rtve/20180730/historia-tve-primera-emissio-dun-programa-catala/1772240.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, oppression of the Catalan language and identity was carried out in schools, through governmental bodies, and in religious centers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casademont |first=Enric Pujol |date=2020 |title=Culture, language and politics. The Catalan cultural resistance during the Franco regime (1939–1977) |url=https://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000292/00000098.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000292/00000098.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |journal=Catalan Historical Review |volume=13 |pages=69–84}}</ref> In addition to the loss of prestige for Catalan and its prohibition in schools, migration during the 1950s into [[Francoist Catalonia|Catalonia]] from other parts of Spain also contributed to the diminished use of the language. These migrants were often unaware of the existence of Catalan, and thus felt no need to learn or use it. [[Catalonia]] was the economic powerhouse of Spain, so these migrations continued to occur from all corners of the country. Employment opportunities were reduced for those who were not [[Multilingualism|bilingual]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rendon |first=Sílvio |date=2007 |title=The Catalan premium: language and employment in Catalonia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20730773 |journal=Journal of Population Economics |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=669–686 |doi=10.1007/s00148-005-0048-5 |jstor=20730773 |hdl=10016/291 |s2cid=29009762 |issn=0933-1433 |hdl-access=free |access-date=4 December 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204184857/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20730773 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Daily newspapers remained exclusively in Spanish until after Franco's death, when the first one in Catalan since the end of the Civil War, [[Avui]], began to be published in 1976.<ref>{{cite book |author=Katrin Voltmer |title=Mass Media and Political Communication in New Democracies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Snx9MYO1T7UC&pg=PA19 |year=2006 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-33779-3 |page=19 |access-date=18 September 2023 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205220526/https://books.google.com/books?id=Snx9MYO1T7UC&pg=PA19 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Present day === Since the [[Spanish transition to democracy]] (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalized as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige.{{sfn|Wheeler|2003|p=207}} In [[Catalonia]], there is an unparalleled large [[bilingualism|bilingual]] European [[Stateless nation|non-state]] linguistic community.{{sfn|Wheeler|2003|p=207}} The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools,{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations—if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or more recently arrived immigrant students.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Armora |first=Esther |url=http://www.abc.es/sociedad/20130909/abci-cataluna-ordena-incumplir-sentencias-201309081829.html |title=Cataluña ordena incumplir las sentencias sobre el castellano en las escuelas |date=9 September 2013 |work=ABC |access-date=10 September 2013 |language=es |trans-title=Catalonia orders violate the judgments on the Castilian in schools |archive-date=11 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911073217/http://www.abc.es/sociedad/20130909/abci-cataluna-ordena-incumplir-sentencias-201309081829.html |url-status=live}}</ref> There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} More recently, several Spanish political forces have tried to increase the use of Spanish in the Catalan educational system.<ref name=":52">{{Cite news |last=Wong |first=Alia |date=3 November 2017 |title=Is Catalonia Using Schools as a Political Weapon? |language=en-US |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/11/is-catalonia-using-schools-as-a-political-weapon/544898/ |access-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103153605/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/11/is-catalonia-using-schools-as-a-political-weapon/544898/ |archive-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> As a result, in May 2022 the Spanish Supreme Court urged the Catalan regional government to enforce a measure by which 25% of all lessons must be taught in Spanish.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/nations/spain/2022/01/21/catalonia-supreme-court-25-of-lessons-must-be-in-spanish_e4e09d3e-ea85-4b59-b3c6-d0f2cdbfc0aa.html |title=You are here: ANSAmed. Catalonia: Supreme Court, 25% of lessons must be in Spanish |date=21 January 2022 |language=en |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122124224/https://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/nations/spain/2022/01/21/catalonia-supreme-court-25-of-lessons-must-be-in-spanish_e4e09d3e-ea85-4b59-b3c6-d0f2cdbfc0aa.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the [[Statistical Institute of Catalonia]], in 2013 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia, after [[Spanish language|Spanish]], as a native or self-defining language: 7% of the population self-identifies with both Catalan and Spanish equally, 36.4% with Catalan and 47.5% only Spanish.<ref name="idescat.cat">{{Cite web |url=http://www.idescat.cat/economia/inec?tc=3&id=da01&dt=2008&lang=en |title=Idescat. Annual indicators. Language uses. First language, language of identification and habitual language. Results |website=Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya |access-date=27 September 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220072106/http://www.idescat.cat/economia/inec?tc=3&id=da01&dt=2008&lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2003 the same studies concluded no language preference for self-identification within the population above 15 years old: 5% self-identified with both languages, 44.3% with Catalan and 47.5% with Spanish.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idescat.cat/economia/inec?tc=3&id=DA01&lang=en&dt=200300&x=12&y=8 |title=Idescat. Demographics and quality of life. Language uses. First language, language of identification and habitual language. 2003. Results |website=Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya |language=en |access-date=21 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002849/http://www.idescat.cat/economia/inec?tc=3&id=DA01&lang=en&dt=200300&x=12&y=8 |url-status=live}}</ref> To promote use of Catalan, the [[Generalitat de Catalunya]] (Catalonia's official Autonomous government) spends part of its annual budget on the promotion of the use of Catalan in Catalonia and in other territories, with entities such as {{ill|lt=''Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística''|Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística|ca||es|Consorcio para la normalización lingüística}} (Consortium for Linguistic Normalization).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Llengcat/menuitem.b318de7236aed0e7a129d410b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default |title=2010 Language Policy Report |website=Generalitat de Catalunya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415001016/http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Llengcat/menuitem.b318de7236aed0e7a129d410b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default |archive-date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cpnl.cat/ |title=Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística |first=Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística- |last=CPNL |website=Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística – CPNL |access-date=28 August 2022 |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828073003/https://www.cpnl.cat/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Andorra]], Catalan has always been the sole official language.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} Since the promulgation of the [[Constitution of Andorra|1993 constitution]], several policies favoring Catalan have been enforced, such as Catalan medium education.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} On the other hand, there are several [[language shift]] processes currently taking place. In the [[Northern Catalonia]] area of France, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004).{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} The cultural association {{lang|ca|[[La Bressola]]}} promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs. In [[Alicante province]], Catalan is being replaced by Spanish and in [[Alghero]] by [[Italian language|Italian]].{{sfn|Wheeler|2003|p=207}} There is also well ingrained [[diglossia]] in the [[Valencian Community]], [[Ibiza]], and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the [[Balearic islands]].{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} During the 20th century many Catalans emigrated or went into exile to [[Venezuela]], [[Mexico]], [[Cuba]], [[Argentina]], and other South American countries. They formed a large number of Catalan colonies that today continue to maintain the Catalan language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip D. Rasico |title=La llengua dels mallorquins de San Pedro (Argentina) |url=https://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000270/00000011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116201349/https://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000270/00000011.pdf |archive-date=16 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> They also founded many Catalan casals (associations).<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMUNITATS CATALANES A L'EXTERIOR – index |url=https://catalansalmon.com/comunitats_catalanes_exterior/ |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=catalansalmon.com |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103064445/https://catalansalmon.com/comunitats_catalanes_exterior/ |url-status=live}}</ref> == Classification and relationship with other Romance languages == [[File:Romance-lg-classification-en.svg|upright=1.36|thumb|Chart of Romance languages based on structural and comparative criteria, not on socio-functional ones. FP: Franco-Provençal, IR: Istro-Romanian.]] One classification of Catalan is given by [[Pierre Bec|Pèire Bèc]]: * [[Romance languages]] ** [[Italo-Western languages]] *** [[Western Romance languages]] **** [[Gallo-Iberian languages]] ***** [[Gallo-Romance languages]] ****** [[Occitano-Romance languages]] ******* Catalan language However, the ascription of Catalan to the [[Occitano-Romance languages|Occitano-Romance]] branch of [[Gallo-Romance languages]] is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as [[Ramón Menéndez Pidal]]. Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term ''[[Occitan language]]'' (see also [[Occitan language#Differences between Occitan and Catalan|differences between Occitan and Catalan]] and [[Gallo-Romance languages]]). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages. === Relationship with other Romance languages === Some include Catalan in Occitan, as the [[linguistic distance]] between this language and some Occitan dialects (such as the [[Gascon dialect]]) is similar to the distance among different Occitan dialects. Catalan was considered a dialect of Occitan until the end of the 19th century<ref>{{cite book |last1=Friend |first1=Julius W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnM7xFCej5cC&pg=PA80 |title=Stateless Nations: Western European Regional Nationalisms and the Old Nations |date=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-36179-9 |page=80 |access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> and still today remains its closest relative.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Nathaniel B. |last2=Bergin |first2=Thomas Goddard |title=An Old Provençal Primer |publisher=Garland |place=New York |year=1984 |isbn=0-8240-9030-6 |page=9}}</ref> Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring [[Romance languages]] (Occitan, French, [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] as well as Spanish and Portuguese among others).{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=1}} However, despite being spoken mostly on the [[Iberian Peninsula]], Catalan has marked differences with the [[Iberian Romance languages|Iberian Romance]] group ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) in terms of [[pronunciation]], grammar, and especially vocabulary; it shows instead its closest affinity with languages native to France and northern Italy, particularly [[Occitan language|Occitan]]{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=632}}{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=4}}{{sfn|Schlösser|2005|p=60f}} and to a lesser extent [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]] ([[Franco-Provençal language|Franco-Provençal]], [[French language|French]], [[Gallo-Italian languages|Gallo-Italian]]).<ref name="Ross 2007">{{Cite book |last=Ross |first=Marc Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oe4popSDfW0C |title=Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=139 |isbn=978-1-139-46307-2}}</ref>{{sfn|Jud|1925}}{{sfn|Colón|1993|pp=33–35}}{{sfn|Moll|2006|p=47}}{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=632}}{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=4}}{{sfn|Schlösser|2005|p=60f}} According to [[Ethnologue]], the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese and Spanish; 76% with [[Ladin language|Ladin]] and [[Romansh language|Romansh]]; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.<ref name="e25">{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/cat |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition, Catalan |publisher=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=23 Maart 2016 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518044354/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/cat |archive-date=18 Mei 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> <!--These 2 tables are related to the paragraph above, they come from the same source and should be treated as a whole. See talk page for more--> {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;" |+ Lexical comparison of 24 words among Romance languages:<br />17 cognates with Gallo-Romance, 5 [[isogloss]]es with Iberian Romance, 3 isoglosses with Occitan, and 1 unique word.{{sfn|Jud|1925}}{{sfn|Colón|1993|pp=33–35}} |- ! Gloss !! Catalan !! [[Occitan language|Occitan]] !! ([[Campidanese dialect|Campidanese]]) <br /> [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] !! [[Italian language|Italian]] !! [[French language|French]] !! [[Spanish language|Spanish]] !! [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] !! [[Romanian language|Romanian]] <!--Don't add or remove any item of this table. Also, don't add any other language translation. Otherwise, the original point of the table would be lost--> |- | cousin || {{lang|ca|'''cosí'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''cosin'''}} || {{lang|src|fradili}} || {{lang|it|'''cugino'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''cousin'''}} || {{lang|es|primo}} || {{lang|pt|primo}}, {{lang|pt|coirmão}} || {{lang|ro|văr}} |- | brother || {{lang|ca|'''germà'''}} || {{lang|oc|fraire}} || {{lang|src|fradi}} || {{lang|it|fratello}} || {{lang|fr|frère}} || {{lang|es|'''hermano'''}} || {{lang|pt|'''irmão'''}} || {{lang|ro|frate}} |- | nephew || {{lang|ca|'''nebot'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''nebot'''}} || {{lang|src|'''nebodi'''}} || {{lang|it|'''nipote'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''neveu'''}} || {{lang|es|sobrino}} || {{lang|pt|sobrinho}} || {{lang|ro|'''nepot'''}} |- | summer || {{lang|ca|'''estiu'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''estiu'''}} || {{lang|src|'''istadi'''}} || {{lang|it|'''estate'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''été'''}} || {{lang|es|verano}}, {{lang|es|'''estío'''}}<ref name="estiagem">Portuguese and Spanish have {{lang|pt|estiagem}} and {{lang|es|estiaje}}, respectively, for drought, dry season or low water levels.</ref> || {{lang|pt|verão}}, {{lang|pt|'''estio'''}}<ref name="estiagem" /> || {{lang|ro|vară}} |- | evening || {{lang|ca|'''vespre'''}} || {{lang|oc|ser}}, {{lang|oc|'''vèspre'''}} || {{lang|src|seru}} || {{lang|it|sera}} || {{lang|fr|soir}} || {{lang|es|tarde}}, {{lang|es|noche}}<ref name="vespera">Portuguese and Spanish have {{lang|pt|véspera}} and {{lang|es|víspera}}, respectively, for eve, or the day before.</ref> || {{lang|pt|tarde}}, {{lang|pt|serão}}<ref name="vespera" /> || {{lang|ro|seară}} |- | morning || {{lang|ca|'''matí'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''matin'''}} || {{lang|src|mangianu}} || {{lang|it|'''mattina'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''matin'''}} || {{lang|es|mañana}} || {{lang|pt|manhã}}, {{lang|pt|'''matina'''}} || {{lang|ro|'''dimineață'''}} |- | frying pan || {{lang|ca|'''paella'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''padena'''}} || {{lang|src|'''paella'''}} || {{lang|it|'''padella'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''poêle'''}} || {{lang|es|sartén}} || {{lang|pt|frigideira}}, {{lang|pt|fritadeira}}, {{lang|pt|sertã}} || {{lang|ro|tigaie}} |- | bed || {{lang|ca|'''llit'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''lièch'''}} (or {{lang|oc|'''lèit'''}}) || {{lang|src|'''letu'''}} || {{lang|it|'''letto'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''lit'''}} || {{lang|es|cama}}, {{lang|es|'''lecho'''}} || {{lang|pt|cama}}, {{lang|pt|'''leito'''}} || {{lang|ro|pat}} |- | bird || {{lang|ca|'''ocell'''}}, {{lang|ca|'''au'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''aucèl'''}} || {{lang|src|pilloni}} || {{lang|it|'''uccello'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''oiseau'''}} || {{lang|es|'''ave'''}}, {{lang|es|pájaro}}|| {{lang|pt|'''ave'''}}, {{lang|pt|pássaro}}|| {{lang|ro|pasăre}} |- | dog || {{lang|ca|'''gos'''}}, {{lang|ca|'''ca'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''gos'''}}, {{lang|oc|'''canh'''}} || {{lang|src|'''cani'''}} || {{lang|it|'''cane'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''chien'''}} || {{lang|es|perro}}, {{lang|es|'''can'''}} || {{lang|pt|'''cão'''}}, {{lang|pt|cachorro}} || {{lang|ro|'''câine'''}} |- | plum || {{lang|ca|'''pruna'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''pruna'''}} || {{lang|src|'''pruna'''}} || {{lang|it|'''prugna'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''prune'''}} || {{lang|es|ciruela}} || {{lang|pt|ameixa}} || {{lang|ro|'''prună'''}} |- | butter || {{lang|ca|'''mantega'''}} || {{lang|oc|bodre}} || {{lang|src|burru}} <br /> (or {{lang|src|butiru}}) || {{lang|it|burro}} || {{lang|fr|beurre}} || {{lang|es|'''mantequilla'''}} <br /> (or {{lang|es|'''manteca'''}}) || {{lang|pt|'''manteiga'''}} || {{lang|ro|unt}} |- | piece || {{lang|ca|'''tros'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''tròç'''}}, {{lang|oc|petaç}} || {{lang|src|arrogu}} || {{lang|it|pezzo}} || {{lang|fr|morceau}}, {{lang|fr|pièce}} || {{lang|es|pedazo}}, {{lang|es|'''trozo'''}}<ref name="trozo">Spanish also has {{lang|es|trozo}}, and it is actually a borrowing from Catalan {{lang|ca|tros}}. Colón 1993, p 39. Portuguese has {{lang|es|troço}}, but aside from also being a loanword, it has a very different meaning: "thing", "gadget", "tool", "paraphernalia".</ref> || {{lang|pt|pedaço}}, {{lang|pt|bocado}} || {{lang|ro|bucată}} |- | gray || {{lang|ca|'''gris'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''gris'''}} || {{lang|src|canu}} || {{lang|it|'''grigio'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''gris'''}} || {{lang|es|'''gris'''}}, {{lang|es|pardo}}<ref>Modern Spanish also has {{lang|es|gris}}, but it is a modern borrowing from Occitan. The original word was {{lang|es|pardo}}, which stands for "reddish, yellow-orange, medium-dark and of moderate to weak saturation. It also can mean ochre, pale ochre, dark ohre, brownish, tan, greyish, grey, desaturated, dirty, dark, or opaque." {{cite book |last1=Gallego |first1=Rosa |last2=Sanz |first2=Juan Carlos |year=2001 |title=Diccionario Akal del color |publisher=Akal |language=es |isbn=978-84-460-1083-8}}</ref> || {{lang|pt|cinzento}}, {{lang|pt|'''gris'''}} || {{lang|ro|'''gri'''}},<ref>A 20th century introduction from French.</ref> {{lang|ro|sur}}, {{lang|ro|cenușiu}} |- | hot || {{lang|ca|'''calent'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''caud'''}} || {{lang|src|'''callenti'''}} || '''{{lang|it|caldo}}''' || '''{{lang|fr|chaud}}''' || {{lang|es|'''caliente'''}} || {{lang|pt|'''quente'''}} || {{lang|ro|'''cald'''}} |- | too much || {{lang|ca|'''massa'''}} || {{lang|oc|tròp}} || {{lang|src|tropu}} || {{lang|it|troppo}} || {{lang|fr|trop}} || {{lang|es|de'''mas'''iado}} || {{lang|pt|de'''mais''', de'''mas'''iado}} || {{lang|ro|prea}} |- | to want || {{lang|ca|'''voler'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''vòler'''}} || {{lang|src|'''bolli(ri)'''}} || {{lang|it|'''volere'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''vouloir'''}} || {{lang|es|querer}} || {{lang|pt|querer}} || {{lang|ro|'''a vrea'''}} |- | to take || {{lang|ca|'''prendre'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''prendre'''}} <br /> (or {{lang|oc|'''prene'''}}) || {{lang|src|pigai}} || {{lang|it|'''prendere'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''prendre'''}} || {{lang|es|tomar}}, {{lang|es|'''prender'''}} || {{lang|pt|apanhar}}, {{lang|pt|levar}} || {{lang|ro|a lua}} |- | to pray || {{lang|ca|'''pregar'''}}, {{lang|ca|'''resar'''}}, {{lang|ca|'''orar'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''pregar'''}} || {{lang|src|'''pregai'''}} || {{lang|it|'''pregare'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''prier'''}} || {{lang|es|'''orar'''}}, {{lang|es|'''rezar'''}} || {{lang|pt|'''orar'''}}, {{lang|pt|'''rezar'''}}, {{lang|pt|'''pregar'''}} || {{lang|ro|a se ruga}} |- | to ask || {{lang|ca|'''demanar'''}} / {{lang|ca|'''preguntar'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''demandar'''}} || {{lang|src|'''dimandai'''}}, {{lang|src|'''preguntai'''}} || {{lang|it|'''domandare'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''demander'''}} || {{lang|es|pedir}}, {{lang|es|'''preguntar'''}} || {{lang|pt|pedir}}, {{lang|pt|'''perguntar'''}} || {{lang|ro|a cere}}, {{lang|ro|a întreba}} |- | to search || {{lang|ca|'''cercar'''}} / {{lang|ca|'''buscar'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''cercar'''}} || {{lang|src|'''circai'''}} || {{lang|it|'''cercare'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''chercher'''}} || {{lang|es|'''buscar'''}} || {{lang|pt|procurar}}, {{lang|pt|'''buscar'''}} || {{lang|ro|a căuta}} |- | to arrive || {{lang|ca|'''arribar'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''arribar'''}} || {{lang|src|'''arribai'''}} || {{lang|it|'''arrivare'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''arriver'''}} || {{lang|es|llegar}}, {{lang|es|'''arribar'''}} || {{lang|pt|chegar}} || {{lang|ro|a ajunge}} |- | to speak || {{lang|ca|'''parlar'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''parlar'''}} || {{lang|src|chistionnai}}, {{lang|src|fueddai}} || {{lang|it|'''parlare'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''parler'''}} || {{lang|es|hablar}}, {{lang|es|'''parlar'''}} || {{lang|pt|falar}}, {{lang|pt|'''parlar'''}} || {{lang|ro|a vorbi}} |- | to eat || {{lang|ca|'''menjar'''}} || {{lang|oc|'''manjar'''}} || {{lang|src|pappai}} || {{lang|it|'''mangiare'''}} || {{lang|fr|'''manger'''}} || {{lang|es|comer}} <br /> ({{lang|es-AR|'''manyar'''}} in [[lunfardo]]; <br /> {{lang|es|papear}} in slang) || {{lang|pt|comer}}, {{lang|pt|'''manjar'''}} <br /> ({{lang|pt|papar}} in slang) || {{lang|ro|'''a mânca'''}} |} During much of its history, and especially during the [[Francoist Spain|Francoist dictatorship]] (1939–1975), the Catalan language was ridiculed as a mere dialect of Spanish.{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=4}}{{sfn|Schlösser|2005|p=60f}} This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity.{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=4}}{{sfn|Schlösser|2005|p=60f}} Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in features closer to Occitan (and [[French language|French]]).{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=4}}{{sfn|Schlösser|2005|p=60f}} There is evidence that, at least from the 2nd century AD, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman [[Tarraconensis]] was different from the rest of Roman Hispania.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=632}} Differentiation arose generally because Spanish, [[Asturian language|Asturian]], and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish {{lang|es|hervir}}, Asturian and Portuguese {{lang|pt|ferver}} vs. Catalan {{lang|ca|bullir}}, Occitan {{lang|oc|bolir}} "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Spanish {{lang|es|novillo}}, Asturian {{lang|ast|nuviellu}} vs. Catalan {{lang|ca|torell}}, Occitan {{lang|oc|taurèl}} "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.{{sfn|Colón|1993|p=55}}{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=632}} {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center;" |+ Catalan and Spanish cognates with different meanings{{sfn|Moll|2006|p=47}} ! [[Latin]] !! Catalan !! [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |- | {{Wikt-lang|la|accostare}} || {{Wikt-lang|ca|acostar}} "to bring closer" || ''{{Wikt-lang|es|acostar}}'' "to put to bed" |- | {{Wikt-lang|la|levare}} || {{Wikt-lang|ca|llevar}} "to remove;<br />wake up" || ''{{Wikt-lang|es|llevar}}'' "to take" |- | {{Wikt-lang|la|trahere}} || {{Wikt-lang|ca|traure}} "to remove" || ''{{Wikt-lang|es|traer}}'' "to bring" |- | {{Wikt-lang|la|circare}} || {{Wikt-lang|ca|cercar}} "to search" || ''{{Wikt-lang|es|cercar}}'' "to fence" |- | {{Wikt-lang|la|collocare}} || {{Wikt-lang|ca|colgar}} "to bury" || ''{{Wikt-lang|es|colgar}}'' "to hang" |- | {{Wikt-lang|la|mulier}} || {{Wikt-lang|ca|muller}} "wife" || ''{{Wikt-lang|es|mujer}}'' "woman or wife" |} Like all Romance languages, Catalan has a handful of native words which are unique to it, or rare elsewhere. These include: * verbs: {{sm|cōnfīgere}} 'to fasten; transfix' > {{lang|ca|confegir}} 'to compose, write up', {{sm|congemināre}} > {{lang|ca|conjuminar}} 'to combine, conjugate', {{sm|de-ex-somnitare}} > {{lang|ca|deixondar/-ir}} 'to wake; awaken', {{sm|dēnsāre}} 'to thicken; crowd together' > {{lang|ca|desar}} 'to save, keep', {{sm|īgnōrāre}} > {{lang|ca|enyorar}} 'to miss, yearn, pine for', {{sm|indāgāre}} 'to investigate, track' > Old Catalan ''enagar'' 'to incite, induce', {{sm|odiāre}} > Old Catalan ''ujar'' 'to exhaust, fatigue', {{sm|pācificāre}} > {{lang|ca|apaivagar}} 'to appease, mollify', {{sm|repudiāre}} > {{lang|ca|rebutjar}} 'to reject, refuse'; * nouns: {{sm|brīsa}} > {{lang|ca|brisa}} 'pomace', {{sm|buda}} > {{lang|ca|boga}} 'reedmace', {{sm|catarrhu}} > {{lang|ca|cadarn}} 'catarrh', {{sm|congesta}} > {{lang|ca|congesta}} 'snowdrift', {{sm|dēlīrium}} > {{lang|ca|deler}} 'ardor, passion', {{sm|fretu}} > {{lang|ca|freu}} 'brake', {{sm|lābem}} > {{lang|ca|(a)llau}} 'avalanche', {{sm|ōra}} > {{lang|ca|vora}} 'edge, border', {{sm|pistrīce}} 'sawfish' > ''pestriu'' > {{lang|ca|pestiu}} 'thresher shark, smooth hound; ray', {{sm|prūna}} 'live coal' > {{lang|ca|espurna}} 'spark', {{sm|tardātiōnem}} > ''tardaó'' > {{lang|ca|tardor}} 'autumn'.{{sfn|Bruguera|2008|p=3046}}{{Clarify|date=February 2023|reason=Significance of all caps vs. italic is unclear }} The [[Gothic language|Gothic]] superstrate produced different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan {{wikt-lang|ca|fang}} "mud" and {{wikt-lang|ca|rostir}} "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish {{wikt-lang|es|lodo}} and {{wikt-lang|es|asar}}, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan {{wikt-lang|ca|filosa}} "spinning wheel" and {{wikt-lang|ca|templa}} "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish {{wikt-lang|es|rueca}} and {{wikt-lang|es|sien}}, of Germanic origin.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=632}} The same happens with [[Arabic language|Arabic]] loanwords. Thus, Catalan {{lang|ca|alfàbia}} "large earthenware jar" and {{wikt-lang|ca|rajola}} "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish {{wikt-lang|es|tinaja}} and {{wikt-lang|es|teja}}, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan {{wikt-lang|ca|oli}} "oil" and {{wikt-lang|ca|oliva}} "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish {{wikt-lang|es|aceite}} and {{wikt-lang|es|aceituna}}.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=632}} However, the Arabic element is generally much more prevalent in Spanish.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=632}} Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Iberian Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as {{wikt-lang|ca|enyorar}} "to miss somebody", {{wikt-lang|ca|apaivagar}} "to calm somebody down", and {{wikt-lang|ca|rebutjar}} "reject".{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=632}} == Geographic distribution == === Catalan-speaking territories === {{Main|Catalan Countries}} {| style="float: right;" |+ Traditionally Catalan-speaking territories in dark gray; non-Catalan-speaking territories belonging to traditionally Catalan-speaking regions in light gray | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{Image label begin|image=Paisos catalans.svg|width=350|float=none|[[Catalan countries]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.62|y=0.15|scale=350|text=[[Northern Catalonia]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.45|y=0.29|scale=350|text=[[Catalonia]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.85|y=0.51|scale=350|text=[[Alghero]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.28|y=0.28|scale=350|text=''[[La Franja|La<br />Franja]]''}} {{Image label small|x=0.185|y=0.68|scale=350|text=[[Valencian Community|Valencian<br />Community]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.07|y=0.83|scale=350|text=[[Carche]]}} {{Image label small|x=0.85|y=0.33|scale=350|text=''[[Sardinia|<span style="color:#AAA300;">Sardinia<br />(Italy)</span>]]''}} {{Image label small|x=0.15|y=0.35|scale=350|text=''[[Autonomous Community of Aragon|<span style="color:#AAA300;">Aragon<br />(Spain)</span>]]''}} {{Image label small|x=0.08|y=0.89|scale=350|text=''[[Autonomous Community of Murcia|<span style="color:#AAA300;">Murcia<br />(Spain)</span>]]''}} {{Image label small|x=0.48|y=0.05|scale=350|text=''[[France|<span style="color:#AAA300;">France</span>]]''}} {{Image label small|x=0.43|y=0.16|scale=350|text=''[[Andorra]]''}} {{Image label small|x=0.535|y=0.6|scale=350|text=[[Balearic Islands]]}} {{Image label end}} |} Traditionally Catalan-speaking territories are sometimes called the [[Catalan Countries]] ({{langx|ca|Països Catalans}}), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions. {| class="wikitable" |+ Territories where Catalan is spoken{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=1}} ! State !! Territory !! Catalan name !! Notes |- | colspan="2" | [[Andorra]] || {{lang|ca|Andorra}} || A [[sovereign state]] where Catalan is the [[national language|national]] and the sole [[official language]]. The Andorrans speak a Western Catalan variety.{{Efn|Although in business and daily life other languages are common, and due to immigration Catalan mother-tongue speakers are only 35.7% of the population. See [[Languages of Andorra]].}} |- | [[France]] || [[Northern Catalonia]] || {{lang|ca|Catalunya Nord}} || Roughly corresponding to the {{lang|fr|département}} of [[Pyrénées-Orientales]], with the exception of the traditionally [[Occitan language|Occitan]]-speaking [[comarca]] of [[Fenouillèdes]].{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=1}} |- | rowspan="5" | [[Spain]] || [[Catalonia]] || {{lang|ca|Catalunya}} || In the [[Val d'Aran]] (northwest corner of Catalonia), in addition to [[Occitan language|Occitan]], which is the local language, Catalan, Spanish and French are also spoken.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=1}} |- | [[Valencian Community]] <br /> ({{abbr|a.k.a.|also known as|}} Valencian Country) || {{lang|ca|Comunitat Valenciana}} <br /> (''País Valencià'') || Excepting some regions in the west and south which have been Aragonese/Spanish-speaking since at least the 18th century.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=1}} The Western Catalan variety spoken there is known as "[[Valencian language|Valencian]]". |- | [[La Franja]] || {{lang|ca|La Franja}} || A part of the [[Aragon|Autonomous Community of Aragon]], specifically a strip bordering Western Catalonia. It comprises the {{lang|ca|[[Comarcas of Aragon|comarques]]}} of [[Ribagorza/Ribagorça|Ribagorça]], [[Llitera]], [[Baix Cinca]], and [[Matarranya]]. |- | [[Balearic Islands]] || {{lang|ca|Illes Balears}} || Comprising the islands of [[Mallorca]], [[Menorca]], [[Ibiza]] and [[Formentera]]. |- | [[Carche]] || {{lang|ca|El Carxe}} || A small area of the [[Region of Murcia|Autonomous Community of Murcia]], settled in the 19th century.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=1}} |- | [[Italy]] || [[Alghero]] || {{lang|ca|L'Alguer}} || A city in the [[Province of Sassari]], on the island of [[Sardinia]], where the [[Algherese dialect]] is spoken. |} === Number of speakers === The number of people known to be fluent in Catalan varies depending on the sources used. A 2004 study did not count the total number of speakers, but estimated a total of 9–9.5&nbsp;million by matching the percentage of speakers to the population of each area where Catalan is spoken.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Llengcat/menuitem.b318de7236aed0e7a129d410b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=11a1d4b73920b110VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=11a1d4b73920b110VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default&newLang=en_GB |title=Sociolinguistic situation in Catalan-speaking areas. Tables. Official data about the sociolinguistic situation in Catalan-speaking areas: Catalonia (2003), Andorra (2004), the Balearic Islands (2004), Aragonese Border (2004), Northern Catalonia (2004), Alghero (2004) and Valencian Community (2004) |publisher=[[Generalitat of Catalonia]] |date=7 August 2008 |access-date=13 March 2012 |archive-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314032229/http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Llengcat/menuitem.b318de7236aed0e7a129d410b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=11a1d4b73920b110VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=11a1d4b73920b110VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default&newLang=en_GB |url-status=live}}</ref> The web site of the [[Generalitat de Catalunya]] estimated that as of 2004 there were 9,118,882 speakers of Catalan.<ref>{{Citation |title=Catalan, language of Europe |url=http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/Llengcat/Documents/Publicacions/Catala%20llengua%20Europa/Arxius/cat_europa_angles_07.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222153758/http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/Llengcat/Documents/Publicacions/Catala%20llengua%20Europa/Arxius/cat_europa_angles_07.pdf |publisher=[[Generalitat of Catalonia]] |access-date=13 March 2012 |archive-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> These figures only reflect potential speakers; today it is the native language of only 35.6% of the Catalan population.<ref name="habitual">[http://www.idescat.cat/territ/BasicTerr?TC=5&V0=3&V1=3&V3=3325&V4=3326&ALLINFO=TRUE&PARENT=25&CTX=B Población según lengua habitual. Datos comparados 2003–2008. Cataluña. Año 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102013451/http://www.idescat.cat/territ/BasicTerr?TC=5&V0=3&V1=3&V3=3325&V4=3326&ALLINFO=TRUE&PARENT=25&CTX=B |date=2 November 2013 }}, Encuesta de Usos Lingüísticos de la población (2003 y 2008), Instituto de Estadística de Cataluña</ref> According to ''[[Ethnologue]]'', Catalan had 4.1&nbsp;million [[First language|native speakers]] and 5.1&nbsp;million [[Second language|second-language speakers]] in 2021.<ref name="e25" /> [[File:Llengua catalana al món.svg|thumb|upright=1.13|Geographical distribution of Catalan language by official status]] According to a 2011 study the total number of Catalan speakers was over 9.8&nbsp;million, with 5.9&nbsp;million residing in Catalonia. More than half of them spoke Catalan as a second language, with native speakers being about 4.4&nbsp;million of those (more than 2.8 in Catalonia).<ref>{{Citation |title=Informe sobre la situació de la llengua catalana |date=2011 |url=http://www.demolinguistica.cat/arxiu/web/informe/informe2011.pdf |trans-title=Report on the situation of the Catalan language |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123162105/http://www.demolinguistica.cat/arxiu/web/informe/informe2011.pdf |publisher=Xarxa CRUSCAT |archive-date=23 January 2013 |language=ca}}</ref> Very few Catalan [[monoglot]]s exist; virtually all of the Catalan speakers in Spain are [[bilingual]] speakers of Catalan and Spanish, with 99.7% of Catalan speakers in Catalonia able to speak Spanish and 99.9% able to understand it.<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/arxius/ambits-treball/Drets%20Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstics/Seminari%20Internacional%20sobre%20les%20lleng%C3%BCes%20en%20l'%C3%A0mbit%20de%20la%20salut.pdf |title="Can you understand me, doctor?" Dealing with linguistic rights in public health systems in Catalan-speaking areas of Spain |last1=Ibáñez Ferreté |first1=Òscar-Adrià |date=November 2020 |publisher=[[Åbo Akademi University]] |location=[[Vaasa]], Finland |conference=Seminarium om social- och hälsovård för språkliga minoriteter [Seminar on social and health service for linguistic minorities]}}</ref> In [[Roussillon]], only a minority of French Catalans speak Catalan nowadays, with French being the majority language for the inhabitants after a continued process of [[language shift]]. According to a 2019 survey by the Catalan government, 31.5% of the inhabitants of Catalonia predominantly spoke Catalan at home whereas 52.7% spoke Spanish, 2.8% both Catalan and Spanish and 10.8% other languages.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://elpais.com/ccaa/2019/07/08/catalunya/1562592970_754956.html |title=El uso del catalán crece: lo entiende el 94,4% y lo habla el 81,2% |last=Geli |first=Carles |date=8 July 2019 |work=El País |access-date=8 July 2019 |language=es |issn=1134-6582 |archive-date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708163015/https://elpais.com/ccaa/2019/07/08/catalunya/1562592970_754956.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Spanish Language|Spanish]] was the most spoken language in Barcelona (according to the linguistic census held by the Government of Catalonia in 2013) and it is understood almost universally. According to 2013 census, Catalan was also very commonly spoken in the city of 1,501,262: it was understood by 95% of the population, while 72.3% over the age of two could speak it (1,137,816), 79% could read it (1,246.555), and 53% could write it (835,080).<ref>{{cite web |author1=Departament d'Estadística. Ajuntament de Barcelona |title=Coneixement del català: Evolució de les característiques de la població de Barcelona (Knowledge of Catalan in Barcelona) |url=http://www.bcn.cat/estadistica/catala/dades/tpob/pad/evo/ev11.htm |website=Ajuntament de Barcelona |access-date=13 November 2015 |language=ca |date=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231210119/http://www.bcn.cat/estadistica/catala/dades/tpob/pad/evo/ev11.htm |archive-date=31 December 2015}}</ref> The share of Barcelona residents who could speak it (72.3%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Coneixement del català: Evolució de les característiques de la població de Barcelona (Knowledge of Catalan in Barcelona) |url=http://www.bcn.cat/estadistica/catala/dades/tpob/pad/evo/ev11.htm |website=Ajuntament de Barcelona |access-date=13 November 2015 |language=ca |date=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231210119/http://www.bcn.cat/estadistica/catala/dades/tpob/pad/evo/ev11.htm |archive-date=31 December 2015}}</ref> was lower than that of the overall Catalan population, of whom 81.2% over the age of 15 spoke the language. Knowledge of Catalan has increased significantly in recent decades thanks to a [[language immersion]] educational system. An important social characteristic of the Catalan language is that all the areas where it is spoken are bilingual in practice: together with French in Roussillon, with Italian in Alghero, with Spanish and French in Andorra, and with Spanish in the rest of the territories. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Territory !! State !! Understand {{ref|a|1}}<ref name="speakers">Sources: *Catalonia: Statistic data of 2001 census, from {{lang|ca|Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya, Generalitat de Catalunya}} [http://www.idescat.net/territ/BasicTerr?TC=5&V0=3&V1=3&V3=876&V4=17&ALLINFO=TRUE&PARENT=1&CTX=B] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306011428/http://www.idescat.net/territ/BasicTerr?TC=5&V0=3&V1=3&V3=876&V4=17&ALLINFO=TRUE&PARENT=1&CTX=B|date=6 March 2007}}. *Land of Valencia: Statistical data from 2001 census, from {{lang|ca|Institut Valencià d'Estadística, Generalitat Valenciana}} {{cite web |title=Població |url=http://ive.infocentre.gva.es/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/IVE_PEGV/CONTENTS/cvcifras/2004/val/cvx2004_02.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906084332/http://ive.infocentre.gva.es/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/IVE_PEGV/CONTENTS/cvcifras/2004/val/cvx2004_02.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2005 |access-date=23 June 2005}}. *Land of Valencia: Statistical data from 2001 census, from {{lang|ca|Institut Valencià d'Estadística, Generalitat Valenciana}} [http://www.ive.es/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216011800/http://www.ive.es/|date=16 February 2015}}. *Balearic Islands: Statistical data from 2001 census, from {{lang|ca|Institut Balear d'Estadística, Govern de les Illes Balears}} [http://www.caib.es/ibae/demo/catala/t2.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060101133851/http://www.caib.es/ibae/demo/catala/t2.htm|date=1 January 2006}}. *Northern Catalonia: {{lang|fr|Media Pluriel}} Survey commissioned by Prefecture of [[Languedoc-Roussillon Region]] done in October 1997 and published in January 1998 {{cite web |title=Information_catalan |url=http://www.linmiter.net/information_catalan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050414192723/http://linmiter.net/information_catalan.html |archive-date=14 April 2005 |access-date=23 June 2005}}. *Andorra: Sociolinguistic data from Andorran Government, 1999. *Aragon: Sociolinguistic data from Euromosaic [http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/catala/an/e19/e19.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127151122/http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/catala/an/e19/e19.html|date=27 November 2005}}. *Alguer: Sociolinguistic data from Euromosaic [http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/homect/index2.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112153819/http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/homect/index2.html|date=12 November 2005}}. *Rest of World: Estimate for 1999 by the {{lang|ca|Federació d'Entitats Catalanes}} outside the Catalan Countries.</ref> ! Can speak {{ref|b|2}}<ref name=speakers /> |- style="background:#efefef;" | Catalonia || Spain || 6,502,880 || 5,698,400 |- style="background:#efefef;" | Valencian Community || Spain || 3,448,780 || 2,407,951 |- style="background:#efefef;" | Balearic Islands || Spain || 852,780 || 706,065 |- style="background:#efefef;" | [[Roussillon]] || France || 203,121 || 125,621 |- style="background:#efefef;" | Andorra || Andorra || 75,407 || 61,975 |- style="background:#fff;" | [[La Franja]] ([[Aragon]]) || Spain || 47,250 || 45,000 |- style="background:#efefef;" | [[Alghero]] ([[Sardinia]]) || Italy || 20,000 || 17,625 |- style="background:#fff;" | [[Carche]] ([[Region of Murcia|Murcia]]) || Spain || ~600 || 600<ref>{{Cite news |last=Martínez |first=D. |date=26 November 2011 |title=Una isla valenciana en Murcia |language=es |trans-title=A Valencian island in Murcia |work=ABC |url=http://www.abc.es/20111226/comunidad-valencia/abcp-isla-valenciana-murcia-20111226.html |access-date=13 July 2017 |archive-date=21 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621063418/http://www.abc.es/20111226/comunidad-valencia/abcp-isla-valenciana-murcia-20111226.html |url-status=live}}</ref> |- style="background:#efefef;" | colspan="2" | Total [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]] || 11,150,218 || 9,062,637 |- style="background:#fff;" | colspan="2" | Rest of World || No data || 350,000 |- style="background:#efefef;" | colspan="2" | Total || 11,150,218 || 9,412,637 |} :1.{{note|a}} The number of people who understand Catalan includes those who can speak it. :2.{{note|b}} Figures relate to all self-declared capable speakers, not just native speakers. ==== Level of knowledge ==== {| style="margin: 0 0 0.5me 1.4me; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; float: center;" border=1 |- style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;" ! Area ! Speak ! Understand ! Read ! Write |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | Catalonia<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.idescat.cat/novetats/?id=3329 |title=Enquesta d'usos lingüístics de la població. 2018 |date=2019 |website=IDESCAT/Generalitat de Catalunya |language=ca |trans-title=Survey of the linguistic usage of the population. 2018 |access-date=8 July 2019 |archive-date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708210510/https://www.idescat.cat/novetats/?id=3329 |url-status=live}}</ref> | style="text-align: right;" | 81.2 | style="text-align: right;" | 94.4 | style="text-align: right;" | 85.5 | style="text-align: right;" | 65.3 |- style="background-color:#E4E4E4;" | Valencian Community | style="text-align: right;" | 57.5 | style="text-align: right;" | 78.1 | style="text-align: right;" | 54.9 | style="text-align: right;" | 32.5 |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | Balearic Islands | style="text-align: right;" | 74.6 | style="text-align: right;" | 93.1 | style="text-align: right;" | 79.6 | style="text-align: right;" | 46.9 |- style="background-color:#E4E4E4;" | Roussillon | style="text-align: right;" | 37.1 | style="text-align: right;" | 65.3 | style="text-align: right;" | 31.4 | style="text-align: right;" | 10.6 |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | Andorra | style="text-align: right;" | 78.9 | style="text-align: right;" | 96.0 | style="text-align: right;" | 89.7 | style="text-align: right;" | 61.1 |- style="background-color:#E4E4E4;" | Franja Oriental of Aragón | style="text-align: right;" | 88.8 | style="text-align: right;" | 98.5 | style="text-align: right;" | 72.9 | style="text-align: right;" | 30.3 |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | Alghero | style="text-align: right;" | 67.6 | style="text-align: right;" | 89.9 | style="text-align: right;" | 50.9 | style="text-align: right;" | 28.4 |} (% of the population 15 years old and older). ==== Social use ==== {| style="margin: 0 0 0.5me 1.4me; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; float: center;" border=1 |- style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;" ! Area ! At home ! Outside home |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | Catalonia | style="text-align: right;" | 45 | style="text-align: right;" | 51 |- style="background-color:#E4E4E4;" | Valencian Community | style="text-align: right;" | 37 | style="text-align: right;" | 32 |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | Balearic Islands | style="text-align: right;" | 44 | style="text-align: right;" | 41 |- style="background-color:#E4E4E4;" | Roussillon | style="text-align: right;" | 1 | style="text-align: right;" | 1 |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | Andorra | style="text-align: right;" | 38 | style="text-align: right;" | 51 |- style="background-color:#E4E4E4;" | Franja Oriental of Aragón | style="text-align: right;" | 70 | style="text-align: right;" | 61 |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | Alghero | style="text-align: right;" | 8 | style="text-align: right;" | 4 |} (% of the population 15 years old and older). <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.noticies.cat/pnoticies/notitem.jsp?item=noticia&idint=223737 |title=El català no avança en la incorporació de nous parlants |date=23 October 2007 |website=Telenotícies |language=ca |trans-title=Catalan is not progressing in the incorporation of new speakers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124091243/http://www.noticies.cat/pnoticies/notItem.jsp?item=noticia&idint=223737 |archive-date=24 November 2007}}</ref> ==== Native language ==== To calculate the absolute number the figures have been proportioned to the whole population regardless of the age, rounded to the nearest 500. {| class="wikitable sortable" | style="margin: 0 0 0.5me 1.4me; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; float: center;" border="1" |- style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;" ! Area ! People ! Percentage !Year !Source |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | Catalonia | style="text-align: right;" | 3,101,500 | style="text-align: right;" | 40.6% |2021 | style="text-align: right;" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=INEbase / Demografía y población /Cifras de población y Censos demográficos /Encuesta de Características Esenciales de la Población y las Viviendas / Microdatos |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736177092&menu=resultados&idp=1254735572981# |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=INE |language=es}}</ref> |- style="background-color:#E4E4E4;" | Valencian Community | style="text-align: right;" | 1,271,000 | style="text-align: right;" | 25.4% |2021 | style="text-align: right;" |<ref name=":0" /> |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | Balearic Islands | style="text-align: right;" | 401,500 | style="text-align: right;" | 33.2% |2021 | style="text-align: right;" |<ref name=":0" /> |- style="background-color:#E4E4E4;" | Aragon | style="text-align: right;" | 29,500 | style="text-align: right;" | 2.5% |2021 | style="text-align: right;" |<ref name=":0" /> |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |Rest of Spain | style="text-align: right;" |80,500 | style="text-align: right;" |0.3% |2021 | style="text-align: right;" |<ref name=":0" /> |- style="background-color:#E4E4E4;" | Andorra | style="text-align: right;" | 35,000 | style="text-align: right;" | 44.1% |2022 | style="text-align: right;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-10 |title=L'estudi de coneixements i usos lingüístics indica que el català és la llengua de referència de la població en coneixement i ús |url=https://www.govern.ad/cultura/item/14986-l-estudi-de-coneixements-i-usos-lingueistics-indica-que-el-catala-es-la-llengua-de-referencia-de-la-poblacio-en-coneixement-i-us |access-date=2025-03-14 |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110151633/https://www.govern.ad/cultura/item/14986-l-estudi-de-coneixements-i-usos-lingueistics-indica-que-el-catala-es-la-llengua-de-referencia-de-la-poblacio-en-coneixement-i-us |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | Roussillon | style="text-align: right;" | 60,000 | style="text-align: right;" | 12.7% |2015 | style="text-align: right;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Enquesta d'usos lingüístics a la Catalunya del Nord |url=https://llengua.gencat.cat/web/.content/documents/dadesestudis/altres/arxius/EULCN_2015_principals_resultats.pdf}}</ref> |- style="background-color:#E4E4E4;" | Alghero | style="text-align: right;" | 10,500 | style="text-align: right;" | 24.1% |2015 | style="text-align: right;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Els usos lingüístics a l'Alguer |url=https://llengua.gencat.cat/web/.content/documents/publicacions/btpl/arxius/BTPL_EULA_2015_IT.pdf |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=gencat.cat |language=ca-ES}}</ref> |- style="background-color: white;" | '''TOTAL''' | style="text-align: right;" | '''4,989,500''' | style="text-align: right;" | | | |} == Phonology == {{Main|Catalan phonology}} <!--The Catalan phonology article is very well sourced. If you want to add something, pick it from there, don't put OR.--> Catalan phonology varies by dialect. Notable features include:{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=630}} * Marked contrast of the vowel pairs {{IPA|/ɛ, e/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ, o/}}, as in other [[Western Romance]] languages, other than [[Spanish language|Spanish]].{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=630}} * Lack of [[diphthongization]] of [[Latin]] short {{lang|la|ĕ}}, {{lang|la|ŏ}}, as in [[Galician language|Galician]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], but unlike French, Spanish, or Italian.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=630}} * Abundance of diphthongs containing {{IPA|/w/}}, as in Galician and Portuguese.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=630}} In contrast to other Romance languages, Catalan has many [[monosyllabic]] words, and these may end in a wide variety of consonants, including some [[consonant cluster]]s.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=630}} Additionally, Catalan has [[final obstruent devoicing]], which gives rise to an abundance of such couplets as {{lang|ca|amic}} ("male friend") vs. {{lang|ca|amiga}} ("female friend").{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=630}} [[Central Catalan]] pronunciation is considered to be standard for the language.{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=5}} The descriptions below are mostly representative of this variety.<ref>Wheeler 2005 takes the same approach</ref> For the differences in pronunciation between the different dialects, see the section on [[#Dialect pronunciation section|pronunciation of dialects]] in this article.<!--This is an internal link to the section about the pronunciation in the different dialects. It uses the Anchor template--> === Vowels === [[File:Catalan vowel chart.svg|thumb|[[Vowel]]s of Standard Eastern Catalan{{sfn|Carbonell|Llisterri|1999|p=62}}]] Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of [[Vulgar Latin]], with seven stressed phonemes: {{IPA|/a, ɛ, e, i, ɔ, o, u/}}, a common feature in [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]], with the exception of [[Spanish language|Spanish]].{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=630}} [[Balearic dialect|Balearic]] also has instances of stressed {{IPA|/ə/}}.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|pages=37, 53–54}} Dialects differ in the different degrees of [[vowel reduction]],{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=37}} and the incidence of the pair {{IPA|/ɛ, e/}}.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=38}} In [[Central Catalan]], unstressed vowels reduce to three: {{IPA|/a, e, ɛ/ > [ə]}}; {{IPA|/o, ɔ, u/ > [u]}}; {{IPA|/i/}} remains distinct.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=54}} The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section [[#Dialect pronunciation section|pronunciation of dialects]] in this article). {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;" |+ Examples of vowel reduction processes in Central Catalan{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|pages=53–55}}<br />The root is stressed in the first word and unstressed in the second |- ! !! colspan="3" | Front vowels !! colspan="2" | Back vowels |- ! Word<br />pair | {{lang|ca|gel}} ("ice") <br /> {{lang|ca|gelat}} ("ice cream") || {{lang|ca|pedra}} ("stone") <br /> {{lang|ca|pedrera}} ("quarry") || {{lang|ca|banya}} ("he bathes") <br /> {{lang|ca|banyem}}/{{lang|ca|banyem}} ("we bathe") || {{lang|ca|cosa}} ("thing") <br /> {{lang|ca|coseta}} ("little thing") || {{lang|ca|tot}} ("everything") <br /> {{lang|ca|total}} ("total") |- ! IPA<br />transcription | {{IPA|[ˈʒɛl]}}<br />{{IPA|[ʒəˈlat]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpeðɾə]}}<br />{{IPA|[pəˈðɾeɾə]}} || {{IPA|[ˈbaɲə]}}<br />{{IPA|[bəˈɲɛm]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkɔzə]}}<br />{{IPA|[kuˈzɛtə]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtot]}}<br />{{IPA|[tuˈtal]}} |} === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Catalan consonants{{sfn|Carbonell|Llisterri|1999|pp=61–65}} ! colspan="2" | ! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] ! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />/ [[Dental consonant|Dental]] ! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] |- ! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | {{IPA link|ɲ}} | ({{IPA link|ŋ}}) |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Plosive]] ! [[voicelessness|voiceless]] | {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|t̪|t}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|k}} |- ! [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] | {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|d̪|d}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɡ}} |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]] ! [[voicelessness|voiceless]] | | {{IPA link|ts}} | {{IPA link|tɕ|tʃ}} | |- ! [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] | | {{IPA link|dz}} | {{IPA link|dʑ|dʒ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] ! [[voicelessness|voiceless]] | {{IPA link|f}} | {{IPA link|s}} | {{IPA link|ɕ|ʃ}} | |- ! [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] | ({{IPA link|v}}) | {{IPA link|z}} | ({{IPA link|ʑ|ʒ}}) | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] ! [[median consonant|median]] | | | {{IPA link|j}} | {{IPA link|w}} |- ! [[Lateral consonant|lateral]] | | {{IPA link|l}} | {{IPA link|ʎ}} | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Flap consonant|Tap]] | | {{IPA link|ɾ}} | | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]] | | {{IPA link|r}} | | |} The consonant system of Catalan is rather conservative. * {{IPA|/l/}} has a [[dark l|velarized]] allophone in [[syllable coda]] position in most dialects.{{sfn|Recasens|Espinosa|2005|p=20}} However, {{IPA|/l/}} is velarized irrespective of position in Eastern dialects such as Majorcan{{sfn|Recasens|Espinosa|2005|p=3}} and standard Eastern Catalan. * {{IPA|/v/}} occurs in Balearic,{{sfn|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=53}} [[Algherese dialect|Algherese]], [[Valencian language#Consonants|standard Valencian]] and some areas in southern Catalonia.{{sfn|Veny|2007|p=51}} It has [[betacism|merged]] with {{IPA|/b/}} elsewhere.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=13}} * The velar nasal /ŋ/ is an allophone of /n/ before /g/ or /k/. However, it has become phonemic in Central dialects that delete the final element of word-final consonant clusters, resulting in minimal pairs such as ''fan'' [ˈfan] (“they do”) and ''fang'' [ˈfaŋ] (“mud”, pronounced [ˈfaŋk] in other dialects). * In Valencian, the fricative [ʒ] (and [jʒ]) appears only as a voiced allophone of /ʃ/ (and /jʃ/) before vowels and voiced consonants; e.g. peix al forn [ˈpejʒ al ˈfoɾn] ('oven fish'). The /ʒ/ phoneme in other Catalan dialects is pronounced /dʒ/ in standard Valencian. * Voiced obstruents undergo [[final-obstruent devoicing]]: {{IPA|/b/ > [p], /d/ > [t], /ɡ/ > [k]}}.{{sfn|Lloret|2004|p=278}} * Voiced stops become [[lenition|lenited]] to approximants in syllable onsets, after continuants: {{IPA|/b/}} > {{IPAblink|β}}, {{IPA|/d/}} > {{IPAblink|ð}}, {{IPA|/ɡ/}} > {{IPAblink|ɣ}}.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=10}} Exceptions include {{IPA|/d/}} after [[lateral consonant]]s, and {{IPA|/b/}} after {{IPA|/f/}}. In coda position, these sounds are realized as stops,<ref>{{cite book |last=Hualde |first=José |year=1992 |title=Catalan |page=368 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-05498-0}}</ref> except in some Valencian dialects where they are lenited.{{sfn|Recasens|Espinosa|2005|p=1}} * There is some confusion in the literature about the precise phonetic characteristics of {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}}. Some sources{{sfn|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=53}} describe them as "postalveolar". Others{{sfn|Recasens|Fontdevila|Pallarès|1995|p=288}}{{sfn|Recasens|Espinosa|2007|p=145}} as "back alveolo-palatal", implying that the characters {{angbr IPA|ɕ ʑ tɕ dʑ}} would be more accurate. However, in all literature only the characters for [[palato-alveolar consonant|palato-alveolar]] affricates and fricatives are used, even when the same sources use {{angbr IPA|ɕ ʑ}} for other languages such as Polish and Chinese.<ref>{{harvnb|Recasens|1993}}. Here Recasens labels these Catalan sounds as "laminoalveolars palatalitzades".</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Recasens|Pallarès|2001}}. Here the authors label these Catalan sounds as "laminal postalveolar".</ref>{{sfn|Recasens|Espinosa|2007|p=145}} * The distribution of the two rhotics {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/ɾ/}} closely parallels [[Spanish phonology#Alternations|that of Spanish]]. Between vowels, the two contrast, but they are otherwise in complementary distribution: in the onset of the first syllable in a word, {{IPAblink|r}} appears unless preceded by a consonant. Dialects vary in regards to rhotics in the coda with Western Catalan generally featuring {{IPAblink|ɾ}} and Central Catalan dialects featuring a weakly trilled {{IPAblink|r}} unless it precedes a vowel-initial word in the same [[prosodic unit]], in which case {{IPAblink|ɾ}} appears.{{sfn|Padgett|2009|p=432}} * In careful speech, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/l/}} may be [[gemination|geminated]]. Geminated {{IPA|/ʎ/}} may also occur.{{sfn|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=53}} Some analyze intervocalic {{IPA|[r]}} as the result of gemination of a single rhotic phoneme.{{sfn|Wheeler|1979}} This is similar to the common analysis of Spanish and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] rhotics.<ref>See {{cite book |last1=Bonet |first1=Eulàlia |last2=Mascaró |first2=Joan |year=1997 |chapter=On the Representation of Contrasting Rhotics |title=Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages |editor1-last=Martínez-Gil |editor1-first=Fernando |editor2-last=Morales-Front |editor2-first=Alfonso |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-0-87840-647-0}} for more information.</ref> === Phonological evolution === {{Main|Phonological history of Catalan}} [[File:Linguistic map Southwestern Europe-en.gif|thumb|Linguistic map of Southwestern Europe]] Catalan shares features with neighboring Romance languages ([[Occitan language|Occitan]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]], [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]]).{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=1}} * Marked contrast of the vowel pairs {{IPA|/ɛ/ ~ /e/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/ ~ /o/}}, as in other [[Western Romance]] languages, except Spanish and Sardinian.{{sfn|Ferrater Soler|1977|p=630}} * Lenition of voiced stops {{IPA|[b] → [β], [d] → [ð], [ɡ] → [ɣ]}} as in Galician and Spanish.{{sfn|Ferrater Soler|1977|p=630}} * Lack of [[diphthongization]] of [[Latin]] short {{lang|la|ĕ}}, {{lang|la|ŏ}}, as in [[Galician language|Galician]], Sardinian and Portuguese, and unlike French, Spanish and Italian.{{sfn|Ferrater Soler|1977|p=630}} * Abundance of diphthongs containing {{IPA|/w/}}, as in Galician and Portuguese.{{sfn|Ferrater Soler|1977|p=630}} * Abundance of {{IPA|/ʎ/}} and {{IPA|/ɲ/}} occurring at the end of words, as for instance {{wikt-lang|ca|moll}} ("wet") and {{wikt-lang|ca|any}} ("year"), unlike Spanish,{{sfn|Hall|2001|p=19}} Portuguese or Italian. In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many [[monosyllabic]] words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some [[consonant cluster]]s.{{sfn|Ferrater Soler|1977|p=630}} Also, Catalan has [[final obstruent devoicing]], thus featuring many couplets like {{lang|ca|amic}} ('male friend') vs. {{lang|ca|amiga}} ('female friend').{{sfn|Ferrater Soler|1977|p=630}} == Sociolinguistics == [[File:WIKITONGUES- Ona speaking Catalan.webm|thumb|A speaker of Catalan (Majorcan dialect)]] [[File:WIKITONGUES- Artur speaking Catalan.webm|thumb|[[Artur Mas]], former president of Catalonia, discussing individual identity, collective identity and language]] Catalan [[sociolinguistics]] studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan [[philology]] and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyze the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact). === Preferential subjects of study === {{unref section|date=January 2026}} * [[Dialect]]s of Catalan * Variations of Catalan by class, gender, profession, age and level of studies * Process of [[standardization|linguistic normalization]] * Relations between Catalan and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] or [[French language|French]] * Perception on the language of Catalan speakers and non-speakers * Presence of Catalan in several fields: tagging, public function, media, professional sectors === Dialects === {{Main|Catalan dialects}} ==== Overview ==== [[File:Catalan dialects-en.png|thumb|Main dialects of Catalan{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=6}}{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=2}}{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|p=4}}]] The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages;{{sfn|Moll|2006|p=47}} both in terms of [[vocabulary]], [[semantics]], [[syntax]], [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], and [[phonology]].{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|pp=634–635}} Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high,{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=1}}{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|p=5}}{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=5}} estimates ranging from 90% to 95%.<ref name="e25" /> The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic [[Algherese dialect]].{{sfn|Moll|2006|p=47}} Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern and Western.{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=5}}{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|pp=634–635}} The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed {{lang|ca|a}} and {{lang|ca|e}}; which have merged to {{IPA|/ə/}} in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/e/}} in Western dialects.{{sfn|Moll|2006|p=47}}{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=5}} There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=1}} Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of [[Northwestern Catalan|North-Western Catalan]] and [[Valencian language|Valencian]]; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: [[Central Catalan]], [[Balearic dialect|Balearic]], [[Northern Catalan|Roussillonese]], and [[Algherese dialect|Algherese]].{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=5}} Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects. The terms "Catalan" and "[[Valencian language|Valencian]]" (respectively used in [[Catalonia]] and the [[Valencian Community]]) refer to two varieties of the same language.<ref name="Dictamen de l'Acadèmia">{{Citation |title=Dictamen de l'Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià |date=2005 |url=http://www.avl.gva.es/va/acords-AVL/main/03/document/NOMENTITAT.pdf |trans-title=Resolution of the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua concerning the principles and criteria for protecting the name and identity of Valencian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923181117/http://www.avl.gva.es/va/acords-AVL/main/03/document/NOMENTITAT.pdf |publisher=[[Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua]] |language=ca-valencia |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> There are two institutions regulating the two standard varieties, the [[Institut d'Estudis Catalans|Institute of Catalan Studies]] in Catalonia and the [[Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua|Valencian Academy of the Language]] in the Valencian Community. Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the largest number of speakers.{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=5}} It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the [[Barcelona Province (Spain)|Barcelona province]], the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=5}} Catalan has an inflectional grammar. Nouns have two [[grammatical gender|genders]] (masculine, feminine), and two [[grammatical number|numbers]] (singular, plural). Pronouns additionally can have a neuter gender, and some are also inflected for [[grammatical case|case]] and [[T–V distinction|politeness]], and can be combined in very complex ways. Verbs are split in several paradigms and are inflected for [[grammatical person|person]], [[grammatical number|number]], [[grammatical tense|tense]], [[grammatical aspect|aspect]], [[grammatical mood|mood]], and [[grammatical gender|gender]]. In terms of pronunciation, Catalan has many words ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters, in contrast with many other Romance languages.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=630}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; " |+ Main dialectal divisions of Catalan{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=5}}{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|pages=2–3}} |- ! Block | colspan="2" | '''Western Catalan''' || colspan="4" | '''Eastern Catalan''' |- ! Variety | '''[[Northwestern Catalan|North-Western]]''' || '''[[Valencian language|Valencian]]''' || '''[[Central Catalan|Central]]''' || '''[[Balearic dialect|Balearic]]''' || '''[[Northern Catalan|Northern]]''' (Roussillonese) || '''[[Algherese dialect|Alguerese]]''' (Algherese) |- ! rowspan="2" | Area | [[Spain]], [[Andorra]] || colspan="3" | [[Spain]] || [[France]] || [[Italy]] |- | [[Andorra]], provinces of [[province of Lleida|Lleida]], western half of [[province of Tarragona|Tarragona]], [[La Franja]] ([[Aragon]]) || [[Valencian Community]], [[Carche]] ([[Region of Murcia|Murcia]]) || Provinces of [[province of Barcelona|Barcelona]], eastern half of [[province of Tarragona|Tarragona]], most of [[province of Girona|Girona]] || [[Balearic Islands]] || [[Roussillon]] ([[Northern Catalonia]]) || City of [[Alghero]] in [[Sardinia]] |} === Pronunciation {{Anchor|Dialect pronunciation section}} === ==== Vowels ==== Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of [[Vulgar Latin]], with seven stressed phonemes: {{IPA|/a, ɛ, e, i, ɔ, o, u/}}, a common feature in [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]], except [[Spanish language|Spanish]].{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=630}} [[Balearic dialect|Balearic]] has also instances of stressed {{IPA|/ə/}}.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|pages=37, 53–54}} Dialects differ in the different degrees of [[vowel reduction]],{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=37}} and the incidence of the pair {{IPA|/ɛ e/}}.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=38}} In [[Eastern Catalan]] (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: {{IPA|/a, e, ɛ/ > [ə]}}; {{IPA|/o, ɔ, u/ > [u]}}; {{IPA|/i/}} remains distinct.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=54}} There are a few instances of unreduced {{IPA|[e]}}, {{IPA|[o]}} in some words.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=54}} [[Algherese dialect|Algherese]] has lowered {{IPA|[ə]}} to {{IPA|[a]}}. In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: {{IPA|/a, e, ɛ/}} follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however {{IPA|/o, ɔ/}} reduce to {{IPA|[o]}}, with {{IPA|/u/}} remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|pages=53–54}} In [[Western Catalan]], unstressed vowels reduce to five: {{IPA|/e, ɛ/ > [e]}}; {{IPA|/o, ɔ/ > [o]}}; {{IPA|/a, u, i/}} remain distinct.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=53}}{{sfn|Carbonell|Llisterri|1999|pp=54–55<!-- seems to be wrong page number: this page relates to Arabic according to Google Books -->}} This reduction pattern, inherited from [[Proto-Romance]], is also found in [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=53}} Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=53}}{{sfn|Recasens|1996|pp=75–76, 128–129}} Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/ɛ/}}.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=38}} Usually, words with {{IPA|/ɛ/}} in Central Catalan correspond to {{IPA|/ə/}} in Balearic and {{IPA|/e/}} in Western Catalan.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=38}} Words with {{IPA|/e/}} in Balearic almost always have {{IPA|/e/}} in Central and Western Catalan as well.{{vague|date=April 2014}}{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=38}} As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of {{IPA|/ɛ/}}.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=38}} {| | {| class="wikitable" |+ Different incidence of stressed {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}}{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=38}} |- ! rowspan="2" | Word !! colspan="2" | Western !! colspan="3" | Eastern |- ! North-Western !! Valencian !! Majorcan !! Central !! Northern |- | '''{{lang|ca|set}}''' <br /> ("thirst") | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ˈset/}} || {{IPA|/ˈsət/}} || {{IPA|/ˈsɛt/}} || {{IPA|/ˈset/}} |- | '''{{lang|ca|ven}}''' <br /> ("he sells") | colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ˈven/}} || {{IPA|/ˈvən/}} || {{IPA|/ˈbɛn/}} || {{IPA|/ˈven/}} |} {| class="wikitable" |+ General differences in the pronunciation of unstressed vowels in different dialects{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=5}}{{sfn|Melchor|Branchadell|2002|p=71}} |- ! rowspan="2" | Word !! colspan="2" | Western !! colspan="4" | Eastern |- ! North-Western !! Valencian !! Majorcan !! Central !! Northern |- | '''{{lang|ca|mare}}''' <br /> ("mother") || colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ˈmaɾe/}} || colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ˈmaɾə/}} |- | '''{{lang|ca|cançó}}''' <br /> ("song") || colspan="2" | {{IPA|/kanˈso/}} || colspan="2" | {{IPA|/kənˈso/}} || {{IPA|/kənˈsu/}} |- | '''{{lang|ca|posar}}''' <br /> ("to put") || colspan="3" | {{IPA|/poˈza(ɾ)/}} || colspan="2" | {{IPA|/puˈza(ɾ)/}} |- | '''{{lang|ca|ferro}}''' <br /> ("iron") || colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ˈfɛro/}} || colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ˈfɛru/}} |} |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Detailed examples of vowel reduction processes in different dialects{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|pages=53–55}} |- ! rowspan="2" | !! rowspan="2" | Word pairs:<br />the first with stressed root,<br />the second with unstressed root !! rowspan="2" | Western !! colspan="3" | Eastern |- ! Majorcan !! Central !! Northern |- ! rowspan="4" | Front <br /> vowels | '''{{lang|ca|gel}}''' ("ice") <br /> '''{{lang|ca|gelat}}''' ("ice cream") | style="background:#f2cee0;"| {{IPA|[ˈdʒɛl]}} <br /> {{IPA|[dʒeˈlat]}} || colspan="2" style="background:#cef2da;"| {{IPA|[ˈʒɛl]}} <br /> {{IPA|[ʒəˈlat]}} || style="background:#fafad2;"| {{IPA|[ˈʒel]}} <br /> {{IPA|[ʒəˈlat]}} |- | '''{{lang|ca|pera}}''' ("pear") <br /> '''{{lang|ca|perera}}''' ("pear tree") | style="background:#f2cee0;"| {{IPA|[ˈpeɾa]}} <br /> {{IPA|[peˈɾeɾa]}} || style="background:#cef2da;"| {{IPA|[ˈpəɾə]}} <br /> {{IPA|[pəˈɾeɾə]}} || style="background:#cef2da;"| {{IPA|[ˈpɛɾə]}} <br /> {{IPA|[pəˈɾeɾə]}} || style="background:#fafad2;"|{{IPA|[ˈpeɾə]}}<br />{{IPA|[pəˈɾeɾə]}} |- | '''{{lang|ca|pedra}}''' ("stone") <br /> '''{{lang|ca|pedrera}}''' ("quarry") | style="background:#f2cee0;"| {{IPA|[ˈpeðɾa]}} <br /> {{IPA|[peˈðɾeɾa]}} || colspan="3" style="background:#cef2da;"|{{IPA|[ˈpeðɾə]}} <br /> {{IPA|[pəˈðɾeɾə]}} |- | '''{{lang|ca|banya}}''' ("he bathes") <br /> '''{{lang|ca|banyem}}'''/{{lang|ca|'''banyam'''}} ("we bathe") | style="background:#f2cee0;"| {{IPA|[ˈbaɲa]}} <br /> {{IPA|[baˈɲem]}} || style="background:#cef2da;"| {{IPA|[ˈbaɲə]}} <br /> {{IPA|[bəˈɲam]}} || style="background:#cef2da;"| {{IPA|[ˈbaɲə]}} <br /> {{IPA|[bəˈɲɛm]}} || style="background:#fafad2;"| {{IPA|[ˈbaɲə]}} <br /> {{IPA|[bəˈɲem]}} |- ! rowspan="2" | Back <br /> vowels | '''{{lang|ca|cosa}}''' ("thing") <br /> '''{{lang|ca|coseta}}''' ("little thing") | style="background:#f2cee0;"| {{IPA|[ˈkɔza]}} <br /> {{IPA|[koˈzeta]}} || style="background:#f2cee0;"| {{IPA|[ˈkɔzə]}} <br /> {{IPA|[koˈzətə]}} || style="background:#cef2da;"| {{IPA|[ˈkɔzə]}} <br /> {{IPA|[kuˈzɛtə]}} || style="background:#fafad2;"| {{IPA|[ˈkozə]}} <br /> {{IPA|[kuˈzetə]}} |- | '''{{lang|ca|tot}}''' ("everything") <br /> '''{{lang|ca|total}}''' ("total") | colspan="2" style="background:#f2cee0;"| {{IPA|[ˈtot]}} <br /> {{IPA|[toˈtal]}} || style="background:#cef2da;"| {{IPA|[ˈtot]}} <br /> {{IPA|[tuˈtal]}} || style="background:#fafad2;"| {{IPA|[ˈtut]}} <br /> {{IPA|[tuˈtal]}} |} ==== Consonants ==== {{unref section|date=January 2026}} Catalan dialects are characterized by [[final-obstruent devoicing]], [[lenition]] and [[voicing assimilation]]. Additionally, many dialects contrast two [[rhotic consonant|rhotics]] ({{IPA|/r, ɾ/}}) and two [[lateral consonant|laterals]] ({{IPA|/l, ʎ/}}). Most Catalan dialects are also renowned by the usage of ''[[dark l]]'' (i.e. [[velarization]] of {{IPA|/l/}} → {{IPAblink|ɫ}}), which is especially noticeable in syllable [[syllabic coda|final]] position, in comparison to neighbouring languages, such as Spanish, Italian and French (that lack this pronunciation). There is dialectal variation in regard to: * The pronunciation and distribution of [[sibilant]]s (with different results according to [[voicing (phonetics)|voicing]] and [[affrication]] vs. [[lenition|deaffrication]]). ** While, arguably there are seven to eight sibilants in Standard Catalan and Standard Valencian, dialects like Central Valencian and Ribagorçan only have three or four. * The usage of the voiced labiodental fricative phoneme {{IPAslink|v}}. * The pronunciation or not of [[yod (sound)|yod]] ({{IPAslink|j}}) in the digraph {{angbr|ix}}. * The [[elision]] and pronunciation of final [[rhotic consonant|rhotics]] (either {{IPAslink|ɾ}} or {{IPAslink|r}}). * The [[delateralization]] of the palatal lateral approximant ({{IPAslink|ʎ}}). * The alternation of [[lenition]] vs. [[fortition]] (such as {{IPA|/b/}} in {{lang|ca|po'''b'''le}} 'village, people' → {{IPA|[β]}} vs. {{IPA|[b]}} vs. {{IPA|[bː]}} vs. {{IPA|[p]}} vs. {{IPA|[pː]}}). === Morphology === Western Catalan: In verbs, the ending for 1st-person present indicative is {{lang|ca|-e}} in verbs of the 1st conjugation and -∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugations in most of the Valencian Community, or {{lang|ca|-o}} in all verb conjugations in the Northern Valencian Community and Western Catalonia.<br />E.g. {{lang|ca|parle}}, {{lang|ca|tem}}, {{lang|ca|sent}} (Valencian); {{lang|ca|parlo}}, {{lang|ca|temo}}, {{lang|ca|sento}} (North-Western Catalan). Eastern Catalan: In verbs, the ending for 1st-person present indicative is {{lang|ca|-o}}, {{lang|ca|-i}}, or -∅ in all conjugations. <br />E.g. {{lang|ca|parlo}} (Central), {{lang|ca|parl}} (Balearic), and {{lang|ca|parli}} (Northern), all meaning ('I speak'). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 1st-person singular present indicative forms |- ! colspan="3" , rowspan="2" | Conjugation !! colspan="3" | Eastern Catalan !! colspan="2" | Western Catalan !! rowspan="2" | Gloss |- ! Central !! Northern !! Balearic !! Valencian !! North-Western |- ! colspan="3" | 1st | {{lang|ca|parlo}} || {{lang|ca|parli}} || {{lang|ca|parl}} || {{lang|ca|parle}} || {{lang|ca|parlo}} || 'I speak' |- ! colspan="3" | 2nd | {{lang|ca|temo}} || {{lang|ca|temi}} || {{lang|ca|tem}} || {{lang|ca|tem}} || {{lang|ca|temo}} || 'I fear' |- ! colspan="2" , rowspan="2" | 3rd ! {{small|pure}} | {{lang|ca|sento}} || {{lang|ca|senti}} || {{lang|ca|sent}} || {{lang|ca|sent}} || {{lang|ca|sento}} || 'I feel', 'I hear' |- ! {{small|inchoative}} | {{lang|ca|poleixo}} || {{lang|ca|poleixi}} || {{lang|ca|poleix}} or {{lang|ca|polesc}} || {{lang|ca|polisc}} or {{lang|ca|polesc}} || {{lang|ca|pol(e)ixo}} || 'I polish' |} Western Catalan: In verbs, the inchoative endings are {{lang|ca|-isc}}/{{lang|ca|-esc}}, {{lang|ca|-ix}}, {{lang|ca|-ixen}}, {{lang|ca|-isca}}/{{lang|ca|-esca}}. Eastern Catalan: In verbs, the inchoative endings are {{lang|ca|-eixo}}, {{lang|ca|-eix}}, {{lang|ca|-eixen}}, {{lang|ca|-eixi}}. Western Catalan: In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of {{IPA|/n/}} of medieval plurals in [[proparoxytone]] words.<br />E.g. {{lang|ca|hòmens}} 'men', {{lang|ca|jóvens}} 'youth'. Eastern Catalan: In nouns and adjectives, loss of {{IPA|/n/}} of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.<br />E.g. {{lang|ca|homes}} 'men', {{lang|ca|joves}} 'youth' (Ibicencan, however, follows the model of Western Catalan in this case<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moll, Francesc de B. |title=Gramática catalana; referida especialment a les Illes Balears |date=1968 |publisher=Editorial Moll |isbn=84-273-0044-1 |location=Palma de Mallorca |oclc=2108762}}</ref>). === Vocabulary === Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=632}} Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually [[Central Catalan]] acts as an innovative element.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=632}} {| class="wikitable" |+ Selection of different words between Western and Eastern Catalan |- ! Gloss !! "mirror" !! "boy" !! "broom" !! "navel" !! "to exit" |- ! Eastern Catalan | {{lang|ca|mirall}} || {{lang|ca|noi}} || {{lang|ca|escombra}} || {{lang|ca|llombrígol}} || {{lang|ca|sortir}} |- ! Western Catalan | {{lang|ca|espill}} || {{lang|ca|xiquet}} || {{lang|ca|granera}} || {{lang|ca|melic}} || {{lang|ca|eixir}} |} == Standards == {{Main|Institut d'Estudis Catalans|Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua}} [[File:Casa de Convalescència - IEC.JPG|thumb|left|Casa de Convalescència, Headquarters of the ''Institut d'Estudis Catalans'' (IEC)]] {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 1em;" |+ Written varieties ! Catalan&nbsp;(IEC) ! Valencian&nbsp;(AVL) ! gloss |- | {{lang|ca|anglès}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|anglés}} | English |- | {{lang|ca|conèixer}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|conéixer}} | to know |- | {{lang|ca|treure}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|traure}} | take out |- | {{lang|ca|néixer}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|nàixer}} | to&nbsp;be&nbsp;born |- | {{lang|ca|càntir}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|cànter}} | pitcher |- | {{lang|ca|rodó}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|redó}} | round |- | {{lang|ca|meva}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|meua}} | my, mine |- | {{lang|ca|ametlla}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|ametla}} | almond |- | {{lang|ca|estrella}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|estrela}} | star |- | {{lang|ca|cop}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|colp}} | hit |- | {{lang|ca|llagosta}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|llangosta}} | lobster |- | {{lang|ca|homes}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|hòmens}} | men |- | {{lang|ca|servei}} | {{lang|ca-valencia|servici}} | service |} Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers,{{sfn|Wheeler|2003|p=207}} is mostly based on Eastern Catalan,{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=5}}{{sfn|Wheeler|2003|p=170}} which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of the Valencian Community and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia.{{sfn|Wheeler|2003|p=170}} The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic {{angbr|e}} accentuation, for instance: {{lang|ca|francès, anglès}} (IEC) – {{lang|ca-valencia|francés, anglés}} (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent {{angbr|è}}, while pronouncing it as {{IPA|/e/}} rather than {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, in some words such as: {{lang|ca-valencia|què}} ('what'), or {{lang|ca-valencia|València}}. Other divergences include the use of {{angbr|tl}} (AVL) in some words instead of {{angbr|tll}} like in {{lang|ca-valencia|ametla}}/{{lang|ca|ametlla}} ('almond'), {{lang|ca-valencia|espatla}}/{{lang|ca|espatlla}} ('back'), the use of elided demonstratives ({{lang|ca|este}} 'this', {{lang|ca|eixe}} 'that') in the same level as reinforced ones ({{lang|ca|aquest, aqueix}}) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, such as subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in {{lang|ca|-ix-}} at the same level as {{lang|ca|-eix-}} or the priority use of {{lang|ca|-e}} morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative ({{lang|ca|-ar}} verbs): {{lang|ca|jo compre}} instead of {{lang|ca|jo compro}} ('I buy'). In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the [[University of the Balearic Islands]]'s philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing {{lang|ca|cantam}} as much as {{lang|ca|cantem}} ('we sing'), but the university says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be {{lang|ca|cantam}} in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: {{lang|ca|jo compr}} ('I buy'), {{lang|ca|jo tem}} ('I fear'), {{lang|ca|jo dorm}} ('I sleep'). In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the [[Algherese dialect|Algherese]] dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article {{lang|ca|lo}} instead of {{lang|ca|el}}, special possessive pronouns and determinants {{lang|ca|la mia}} ('mine'), {{lang|ca|lo sou/la sua}} ('his/her'), {{lang|ca|lo tou/la tua}} ('yours'), and so on, the use of {{lang|ca|-v-}} {{IPA|/v/}} in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: {{lang|ca|cantava}}, {{lang|ca|creixiva}}, {{lang|ca|llegiva}}; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Algherese: {{lang|ca|manco}} instead of {{lang|ca|menys}} ('less'), {{lang|ca|calqui u}} instead of {{lang|ca|algú}} ('someone'), {{lang|ca|qual/quala}} instead of {{lang|ca|quin/quina}} ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of [[weak pronouns in Catalan|weak pronouns]]. In 1999, Catalan ([[Algherese dialect]]) was among the twelve minority languages officially recognized as Italy's "[[Languages of Italy#Historical linguistic minorities|historical linguistic minorities]]" by the Italian State under Law No. 482/1999.<ref>Law No. 482 of 15 December 1999. "Rules on the protection of historical linguistic minorities". Article 2. Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297. 20 December 1999</ref> In 2011,<ref>Decreto 89/2011, de 5 de abril, del Gobierno de Aragón, por el que se aprueban los Estatutos de la Academia Aragonesa del Catalán. [http://www.boa.aragon.es/cgi-bin/EBOA/BRSCGI?CMD=VEROBJ&MLKOB=592553980606 BOA núm. 77, de 18 de abril de 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412145503/http://www.boa.aragon.es/cgi-bin/EBOA/BRSCGI?CMD=VEROBJ&MLKOB=592553980606 |date=12 April 2018 }}</ref> the [[Aragon]]ese government passed a decree approving the statutes of a new language regulator of Catalan in [[La Franja]] (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon) as originally provided for by Law 10/2009.<ref>Ley 10/2009, de 22 de diciembre, de uso, protección y promoción de las lenguas propias de Aragón [https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2010-1711 BOE núm. 30, de 4 de febrero de 2010.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412145822/https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2010-1711 |date=12 April 2018 }}</ref> The new entity, designated as {{lang|ca|[[Institut Aragonès del Català]]}}, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in [[La Franja]]. == Status of Valencian {{Anchor|About Valencian}} == {{Wikisource|ca|Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià|AVL: Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià}} {{Main|Valencian (disambiguation){{!}}Valencian|Valencian language controversy|Blaverism|Anti-Catalanism}} [[File:Subdialectes del valencià.svg|thumb|Subdialects of Valencian]] Valencian is classified as a [[Western Catalan|Western]] dialect, along with the [[Northwestern Catalan|North-Western]] varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of [[Lleida province|Lleida]] and the western half of [[Tarragona province|Tarragona]]).{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=5}}{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|pages=2–3}} Central Catalan has 90% to 95% inherent intelligibility for speakers of Valencian.<ref name="e25" /> Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the [[Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua|Valencian Academy of Language]] (''Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua'', AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties.<ref name="AVL-9_feb_2005" /> {{Quote box|width=40%|align=left|quote= [T]he historical patrimonial language of the [[Valencian people]], from a philological standpoint, is the same shared by the autonomous communities of [[Catalonia]] and [[Balearic islands]], and [[Principality of Andorra]]. Additionally, it is the patrimonial historical language of other territories of the ancient [[Crown of Aragon]] [...] The different varieties of these territories constitute a language, that is, a "linguistic system" [...] From this group of varieties, Valencian has the same hierarchy and dignity as any other dialectal modality of that linguistic system [...]|source=Ruling of the Valencian Language Academy of 9 February 2005, extract of point 1.<ref name="AVL-9_feb_2005" /><ref>Original full text of Dictamen 1: ''D'acord amb les aportacions més solvents de la romanística acumulades des del segle XIX fins a l'actualitat (estudis de gramàtica històrica, de dialectologia, de sintaxi, de lexicografia…), la llengua pròpia i històrica dels valencians, des del punt de vista de la filologia, és també la que compartixen les comunitats autònomes de Catalunya i de les Illes Balears i el Principat d'Andorra. Així mateix és la llengua històrica i pròpia d'altres territoris de l'antiga Corona d'Aragó (la franja oriental aragonesa, la ciutat sarda de l'Alguer i el departament francés dels Pirineus Orientals). Els diferents parlars de tots estos territoris constituïxen una llengua, és a dir, un mateix «sistema lingüístic», segons la terminologia del primer estructuralisme (annex 1) represa en el Dictamen del Consell Valencià de Cultura, que figura com a preàmbul de la Llei de Creació de l'AVL. Dins d'eixe conjunt de parlars, el valencià té la mateixa jerarquia i dignitat que qualsevol altra modalitat territorial del sistema lingüístic, i presenta unes característiques pròpies que l'AVL preservarà i potenciarà d'acord amb la tradició lexicogràfica i literària pròpia, la realitat lingüística valenciana i la normativització consolidada a partir de les Normes de Castelló.''</ref>}} The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (''[[Normes de Castelló]]''). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (''Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana'', RACV), which uses an independent standard for Valencian known as the [[Norms of El Puig]]. Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20041209/51262801790/casi-el-65-de-los-valencianos-opina-que-su-lengua-es-distinta-al-catalan-segun-una-encuesta-del-ci.html |title=Casi el 65% de los valencianos opina que su lengua es distinta al catalán, según una encuesta del CIS |date=9 December 2004 |website=La Vanguardia |language=es |trans-title=Almost 65% of Valencians believe that their language is different from Catalan, according to a CIS survey |agency=Europa Press |access-date=8 March 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727082617/https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20041209/51262801790/casi-el-65-de-los-valencianos-opina-que-su-lengua-es-distinta-al-catalan-segun-una-encuesta-del-ci.html |url-status=live}}</ref> showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly.{{sfn|Wheeler|2003|p=207}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joan i Marí |first=Bernat |date=2020-11-26 |title=Llengua catalana: unitat i fragmentació |url=https://www.diaridegirona.cat/opinio/2020/11/26/llengua-catalana-unitat-i-fragmentacio-48657883.html |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Diari de Girona |language=ca |quote=La majoria dels valencianoparlants consideren que el valencià i el català són la mateixa llengua. No així, per cert, els no valencianoparlants (incloent-hi els «coents», és a dir els valencians que parlen només espanyol. |trans-quote=Most speakers of Valencian Catalan consider Valencian and Catalan to be the same language. Not so, it's true, when it comes to non-speakers of Valencian (including what are called «coents», that is, Valencians who only speak Spanish.}}</ref> Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (''Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana'', RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.racv.es/vcia/vista-listado-academicos-numero |title=Llistat dels Acadèmics de número |website=Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana |language=ca-valencia |trans-title=List of RACV academics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214031455/http://www.racv.es/vcia/vista-listado-academicos-numero |archive-date=14 December 2016}}</ref> This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the [[European Constitution]] in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the [[European Union|EU]] with translations of the text into [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Galician language|Galician]], Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mail-archive.com/infozefir@listserv.rediris.es/msg00442.html |title=Traducció única de la Constitució europea |last=Isabel i Vilar |first=Ferran |date=30 October 2004 |website=I-Zefir |language=ca-valencia |trans-title=Unique translation of the European Constitution |access-date=29 April 2009 |archive-date=9 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609224822/http://www.mail-archive.com/infozefir@listserv.rediris.es/msg00442.html |url-status=live}}</ref> == Vocabulary == === Word choices === Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=632}} Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually [[Central Catalan]] acts as an innovative element.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=632}} Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=632}} However, from the 19th century onwards, there has been a tendency towards favoring words of Northern dialects to the detriment of others.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=632}} === Latin and Greek loanwords === Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of loanwords from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in [[Ramon Llull]]'s work.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=632}} In the 14th and 15th centuries Catalan had a far greater number of Greco-Latin loanwords than other Romance languages, as is attested for example in [[Roís de Corella]]'s writings.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=632}} The incorporation of learned, or "bookish" words from its own ancestor language, [[Latin language|Latin]], into Catalan is arguably another form of lexical borrowing through the influence of [[Classical Latin|written language]] and the liturgical language of the Church. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the early modern period, most literate Catalan speakers were also literate in Latin; and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing—and eventually speech—in Catalan. === Word formation === The process of [[morphological derivation]] in Catalan follows the same principles as the other [[Romance languages]],{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=631}} where [[inflection]] is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example {{lang|ca|elèctri'''c'''}} {{IPA|[əˈlɛktri<u>k</u>]}} ("electrical") vs. {{lang|ca|electri'''c'''itat}} {{IPA|[ələktri<u>s</u>iˈtat]}}. [[Prefixes]] are usually appended to verbs, as in {{lang|ca|'''pre'''veure}} ("foresee").{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=631}} There is greater regularity in the process of [[word-compounding]], where one can find compounded words formed much like those in English.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=631}} {| class="wikitable" |+ Common types of word compounds in Catalan{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=631}} |- ! Type !! Example !! Gloss |- | two nouns, the second assimilated to the first || {{lang|ca|paper moneda}} || "banknote paper" |- | noun delimited by an adjective || {{lang|ca|estat major}} || "military staff" |- | noun delimited by another noun and a preposition || {{lang|ca|màquina d'escriure}} || "typewriter" |- | verb radical with a nominal object || {{lang|ca|<u>para</u>caigudes}} || "parachute" |- | noun delimited by an adjective, with adjectival value || {{lang|ca|pit-roig}} || "robin" (bird) |} == Writing system == {{Main|Catalan orthography}} {| class="wikitable" style=" text-align: center;" ! Main forms | {{lang|ca|[[A]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[a]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[B]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[b]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[C]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[c]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[D]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[d]]|italic=unset}} || colspan="2" | {{lang|ca|[[E]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[e]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[F]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[f]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[G]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[g]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[H]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[h]]|italic=unset}} || colspan="2" | {{lang|ca|[[I]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[i]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[J]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[j]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[K]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[k]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[L]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[l]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[M]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[m]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[N]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[n]]|italic=unset}} || colspan="2" | {{lang|ca|[[O]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[o]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[P]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[p]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[Q]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[q]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[R]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[r]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[S]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[s]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[T]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[t]]|italic=unset}} || colspan="2" | {{lang|ca|[[U]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[u]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[V]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[v]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[W]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[w]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[X]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[x]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[Y]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[y]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[Z]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[z]]|italic=unset}} |- ! Modified forms | {{lang|ca|[[À]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[à]]|italic=unset}} || style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | || {{lang|ca|[[Ç]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[ç]]|italic=unset}} || style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | || {{lang|ca|[[É]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[é]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[È]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[è]]|italic=unset}} || colspan="3" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | || {{lang|ca|[[Í]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[í]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[Ï]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[ï]]|italic=unset}} || colspan="2" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography#Punt volat (middot)|ĿL]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography#Punt volat (middot)|ŀl]]|italic=unset}} || colspan="2" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | || {{lang|ca|[[Ó]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[ó]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[Ò]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[ò]]|italic=unset}} || colspan="5" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | || {{lang|ca|[[Ú]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[ú]]|italic=unset}} || {{lang|ca|[[Ü]]|italic=unset}} <br /> {{lang|ca|[[ü]]|italic=unset}} || colspan="5" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | |} Catalan uses the [[Latin script]], with some added symbols and digraphs.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=6}} The [[Catalan orthography]] is systematic and largely phonologically based.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=6}} Standardization of Catalan was among the topics discussed during the First International Congress of the Catalan Language, held in Barcelona October 1906. Subsequently, the Philological Section of the ''Institut d'Estudis Catalans'' (IEC, founded in 1911) published the ''Normes ortogràfiques'' in 1913 under the direction of [[Antoni Maria Alcover]] and [[Pompeu Fabra]]. In 1932, Valencian writers and intellectuals gathered in [[Castelló de la Plana]] to make a formal adoption of the so-called ''[[Normes de Castelló]]'', a set of guidelines following Pompeu Fabra's Catalan language norms.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUu_apMqBF0C |title=The Architect of Modern Catalan: Selected writings |date=2009 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-9027289247 |editor-last=Carreras |editor-first=Joan Costa |language=en |translator-last=Yates |translator-first=Alan}}</ref>[[File:Catalan geminated L in a dictionary.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The word {{lang|ca|noveŀla}} ("novel") in a dictionary. The geminated L ({{lang|ca|ŀl}}) is a distinctive character used in Catalan.]] [[File:Billboard in Barcelona (detail).png|thumb|upright=0.8|Billboard in [[Barcelona]] (detail), showing the word {{lang|ca|iŀlusió}} ("illusion")]] {| class="wikitable" |+ Pronunciation of Catalan special characters and digraphs{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=7}} |- ! !! Pronunciation !! Usage !! Examples{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=7}} |- ! {{lang|ca|ç}} | {{IPA|/s/}} || before {{lang|ca|a}}, {{lang|ca|o}} and {{lang|ca|u}}; or final position || {{lang|ca|feliç}} ("happy") |- ! rowspan="2" | {{lang|ca|gu}} | {{IPA|/ɡ/}} (phonetically {{IPA|[ɡ ~ ɣ]}}) || before {{lang|ca|i}} and {{lang|ca|e}} || {{lang|ca|guerra}} ("war") |- | {{IPA|/ɡw/}} || elsewhere || {{lang|ca|guant}} ("glove") |- ! {{lang|ca|ig}} | {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} || in final position || {{lang|ca|raig}} ("ray") |- ! {{lang|ca|ix}} | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ({{IPA|[jʃ]}} in most Western dialects) || medially and finally || {{lang|ca|caixa}} ("box") |- ! {{lang|ca|ll}} | {{IPA|/ʎ/}} || in any position || {{lang|ca|lloc}} ("place") |- ! {{lang|ca|ŀl}} | {{IPA|/lː/}} (normatively, but usually {{IPA|/l/}}) || between vowels || {{lang|ca|noveŀla}} ("novel") |- ! {{lang|ca|ny}} | {{IPA|/ɲ/}} || in any position || {{lang|ca|Catalunya}} ("Catalonia") |- ! rowspan="2" | {{lang|ca|qu}} | {{IPA|/k/}} || before {{lang|ca|i}} and {{lang|ca|e}} || {{lang|ca|qui}} ("who") |- | {{IPA|/kw/}} || before other vowels || {{lang|ca|quatre}} ("four") |- ! {{lang|ca|rr}} | {{IPA|/r/}} || between vowels <br /> intervocalic {{lang|ca|r}} is pronounced {{IPA|/ɾ/}} || {{lang|ca|carrer}} ("street") <br /> {{lang|ca|mira}} ("he or she looks") |- ! {{lang|ca|sc}} | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/s/}} || between vowels, before {{lang|ca|i}} and {{lang|ca|e}} || {{lang|ca|ascens}} ("rise") |- ! {{lang|ca|ss}} | between vowels <br /> intervocalic {{lang|ca|s}} is pronounced {{IPA|/z/}} || {{lang|ca|grossa}} ("big, {{smallcaps|feminine}}") <br /> {{lang|ca|casa}} ("house") |- ! {{lang|ca|tg}} | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} || before {{lang|ca|i}} and {{lang|ca|e}} || {{lang|ca|fetge}} ("liver") |- ! {{lang|ca|tj}} | elsewhere || {{lang|ca|mitjó}} ("sock") |- ! {{lang|ca|ts}} | {{IPA|/t͡s/}} || in any position || {{lang|ca|potser}} ("maybe") |- ! {{lang|ca|tx}} | {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} || in any position || {{lang|ca|despatx}} ("office") |- ! {{lang|ca|tz}} | {{IPA|/d͡z/}} || mainly word medially || {{lang|ca|dotze}} ("twelve") |- | colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px" | &nbsp; |- ! colspan="4" | Learned letter combinations (found in loanwords and/or pre-reform terminology) |- ! !! Pronunciation !! Usage !! Examples |- ! {{lang|ca|ch}} | {{IPA|/k/}} || in final position || {{lang|ca|Llach}} ("Llach") |- ! {{lang|ca|kh}} | {{IPA|/x/}} || in any position || {{lang|ca|sikh}} ("sikh") |- ! {{lang|ca|ph}} | {{IPA|/f/}} || in any position || {{lang|ca|pholis}} ("pholis") |- ! {{lang|ca|th}} | {{IPA|/θ/}} || in any position <br /> {{IPA|/t/}} in native words || {{lang|ca|theta}} ("theta") <br /> {{lang|ca|tothom}} ("everybody") |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Letters and digraphs with contextually conditioned pronunciations{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=7}} |- ! !! Notes !! Examples{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=7}} |- ! {{lang|ca|c}} | {{IPA|/s/}} before {{lang|ca|i}} and {{lang|ca|e}} <br /> corresponds to {{lang|ca|ç}} in other contexts || {{lang|ca|feliç}} ("happy, {{smallcaps|masculine singular}}") vs. {{lang|ca|felices}} ("happy, {{smallcaps|feminine plural}}")<br />{{lang|ca|caço}} ("I hunt") vs. {{lang|ca|caces}} ("you hunt") |- ! rowspan="2" | {{lang|ca|g}} | {{IPA|/ʒ/}} before {{lang|ca|e}} and {{lang|ca|i}} <br /> corresponds to {{lang|ca|j}} in other positions || {{lang|ca|envejar}} ("to envy") vs. {{lang|ca|envegen}} ("they envy") |- | final {{lang|ca|g}} before {{lang|ca|i}} and final {{lang|ca|ig}} before other vowels are pronounced {{IPA|[tʃ]}} <br /> corresponds to {{lang|ca|j}}~{{lang|ca|g}} or {{lang|ca|tj}}~{{lang|ca|tg}} in other positions || {{lang|ca|desig}} ("wish") vs. {{lang|ca|desitjar}} ("to wish") vs. {{lang|ca|desitgem}} ("we wish"), exception: {{lang|ca|càstig}} ("punishment"), pronounced with {{IPA|/k/}} <br /> {{lang|ca|boig}} ("mad, {{smallcaps|masculine}}") vs. {{lang|ca|boja}} ("mad, {{smallcaps|feminine}}") vs. {{lang|ca|boges}} ("mad, {{smallcaps|feminine plural}}") |- ! {{lang|ca|gu}} | {{IPA|/ɡ/}} before {{lang|ca|e}} and {{lang|ca|i}} <br /> corresponds to {{lang|ca|g}} in other positions || {{lang|ca|botiga}} ("shop") vs. {{lang|ca|botigues}} ("shops") |- ! {{lang|ca|gü}} | {{IPA|/ɡw/}} before {{lang|ca|e}} and {{lang|ca|i}} <br /> corresponds to {{lang|ca|gu}} in other positions || {{lang|ca|llengua}} ("language") vs. {{lang|ca|llengües}} ("languages") |- ! {{lang|ca|qu}} | {{IPA|/k/}} before {{lang|ca|e}} and {{lang|ca|i}} <br /> corresponds to {{lang|ca|c}} in other positions || {{lang|ca|vaca}} ("cow") vs. {{lang|ca|vaques}} ("cows") |- ! {{lang|ca|qü}} | {{IPA|/kw/}} before {{lang|ca|e}} and {{lang|ca|i}} <br /> corresponds to {{lang|ca|qu}} in other positions || {{lang|ca|obliqua}} ("oblique, {{smallcaps|feminine}}") vs. {{lang|ca|obliqües}} ("oblique, {{smallcaps|feminine plural}}") |- ! {{lang|ca|x}} | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (also {{IPA|[tʃ]}} dialectally) initially and in onsets after a consonant; {{IPA|[ʃ]}} after {{lang|ca|i}} <br /> {{IPA|/ks/}} between vowels and syllable final (except after {{lang|ca|i}} in most cases) <br /> {{IPA|/ɡz/}} between vowels and syllable final before voiced consonants || {{lang|ca|xinxa}} ("bedbug"), {{lang|ca|guix}} ("chalk") <br /> {{lang|ca|taxi}} ("taxi"), {{lang|ca|fixar}} ("to fix"), {{lang|ca|extra}} ("extra") <br /> {{lang|ca|exacte}} ("exact"), {{lang|ca|exdirector}} ("ex-director") |} == Grammar == {{Main|Catalan grammar}}{{cleanup section|date=June 2026|reason=Citation spam}} The grammar of Catalan is similar to other [[Romance languages]]. Features include:{{sfn|Swan|2001|pp=97–98}} * Use of [[definite article|definite]] and [[indefinite article]]s.{{sfn|Swan|2001|pp=97–98}} * [[Noun]]s, [[adjective]]s, [[pronoun]]s, and [[article (grammar)|articles]] are [[inflection|inflected]] for [[grammatical gender|gender]] (masculine and feminine), and [[grammatical number|number]] (singular and plural). There is no [[case (grammar)|case]] inflexion, except in pronouns.{{sfn|Swan|2001|pp=97–98}} * [[Verb]]s are highly inflected for [[person (grammar)|person]], [[number (grammar)|number]], [[tense (grammar)|tense]], [[aspect (grammar)|aspect]], and [[mood (grammar)|mood]] (including a [[subjunctive mood|subjunctive]]).{{sfn|Swan|2001|pp=97–98}} * There are no [[modal auxiliary|modal auxiliaries]].{{sfn|Swan|2001|pp=97–98}} * Word order is freer than in English.{{sfn|Swan|2001|pp=97–98}} === Gender and number inflection === {| | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Regular noun with definite article: {{lang|ca|el gat}} ("the cat") |- ! !! masculine !! feminine |- ! singular | {{lang|ca|el gat}} || {{lang|ca|la gat'''a'''}} |- ! plural | {{lang|ca|els gat'''s'''}} || {{lang|ca|les gat'''es'''}} |} | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Adjective with 4 forms: <br />{{lang|ca|verd}} ("green") |- ! !! masculine !! feminine |- ! singular | {{lang|ca|verd}} || {{lang|ca|verd'''a'''}} |- ! plural | {{lang|ca|verd'''s'''}} || {{lang|ca|verd'''es'''}} |} | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Adjective with 3 forms: <br />{{lang|ca|feliç}} ("happy") |- ! !! masculine !! feminine |- ! singular | colspan="2" | {{lang|ca|feliç}} |- ! plural | {{lang|ca|feliç'''os'''}} || {{lang|ca|felic'''es'''}} |} | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Adjective with 2 forms: <br />{{lang|ca|{{not a typo|indiferent}}}} ("indifferent") |- ! !! masculine !! feminine |- ! singular | colspan="2" | {{lang|ca|{{not a typo|indiferent}}}} |- ! plural | colspan="2" | {{lang|ca|{{not a typo|indiferent}}'''s'''}} |} |} [[File:Flexió of word Gat.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Gender and number inflection of the word {{lang|ca|gat}} ("cat")]] In [[gender inflection]], the most notable feature is (compared to [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] or [[Italian language|Italian]]), the loss of the typical [[masculine]] [[suffix]] {{lang|ca|-o}}. Thus, the alternance of {{lang|ca|-o}}/{{lang|ca|-a}}, has been replaced by ''ø''/{{lang|ca|-a}}.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=630}} There are only a few exceptions, such as {{lang|ca|minso}}/{{lang|ca|minsa}} ("scarce").{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=630}} Many not completely predictable morphological alternations may occur, such as:{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=630}} * Affrication: {{lang|ca|bo'''ig'''}}/{{lang|ca|bo'''j'''<u>a</u>}} ("insane") vs. {{lang|ca|lle'''ig'''}}/{{lang|ca|lle'''tj'''<u>a</u>}} ("ugly") * Loss of {{lang|ca|n}}: {{lang|ca|pla}}/{{lang|ca|pla'''n'''<u>a</u>}} ("flat") vs. {{lang|ca|sego'''n'''}}/{{lang|ca|sego'''n'''<u>a</u>}} ("second") * [[Final obstruent devoicing]]: {{lang|ca|senti'''t'''}}/{{lang|ca|senti'''d'''<u>a</u>}} ("felt") vs. {{lang|ca|di'''t'''}}/{{lang|ca|di'''t'''<u>a</u>}} ("said") Catalan has few [[Suppletion|suppletive]] couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has {{lang|ca|noi}}/{{lang|ca|noia}} ("boy"/"girl") and {{lang|ca|gall}}/{{lang|ca|gallina}} ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has {{lang|ca|garçon}}/{{lang|ca|fille}} and {{lang|ca|coq}}/{{lang|ca|poule}}.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=630}} There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favor of marked ones, something prevalent in [[Occitan language|Occitan]] and French. Thus, one can find {{lang|ca|bullent}}/{{lang|ca|bullenta}} ("boiling") in contrast with traditional {{lang|ca|bullent}}/{{lang|ca|bullent}}.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=630}} As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix {{lang|ca|-s}}, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=630}} The most important one is the addition of {{lang|ca|-o-}} before certain consonant groups, a [[phonetic]] phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: {{lang|ca|el pols}}/{{lang|ca|els polsos}} ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. {{lang|ca|la pols}}/{{lang|ca|les pols}} ("the dust"/"the dusts").{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|pp=630–631}} === Determiners === {| | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Definite article in Standard Catalan <br />(elided forms in brackets){{sfn|Fabra|1926|pp=29–30}} |- ! !! masculine !! feminine |- ! singular | {{lang|ca|el}} ({{lang|ca|l<nowiki>'</nowiki>}}) || {{lang|ca|la}} ({{lang|ca|l<nowiki>'</nowiki>}}) |- ! plural | {{lang|ca|els}} || {{lang|ca|les}} |} | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Contractions of the definite article |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="3" | preposition |- ! ''a'' !! ''de'' !! ''per'' |- ! rowspan="2" | article || ''el'' | {{lang|ca|al}} ({{lang|ca|a l<nowiki>'</nowiki>}}) || {{lang|ca|del}} ({{lang|ca|de l<nowiki>'</nowiki>}}) || {{lang|ca|pel}} ({{lang|ca|per l<nowiki>'</nowiki>}}) |- ! ''els'' | {{lang|ca|als}} || {{lang|ca|dels}} || {{lang|ca|pels}} |} | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Indefinite article |- ! !! masculine !! feminine |- ! singular | {{lang|ca|un}} || {{lang|ca|una}} |- ! plural | {{lang|ca|uns}} || {{lang|ca|unes}} |} |} The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=631}} Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than [[Spanish language|Spanish]], such as {{lang|ca|dels}} ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as [[Italian language|Italian]] (which has {{lang|it|sul}}, {{lang|it|col}}, {{lang|it|nel}}, etc.).{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=631}} Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives ({{lang|ca|mon}}, etc.) in favor of constructions of article + stressed forms ({{lang|ca|el meu}}, etc.), a feature shared with Italian.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=631}} === Personal pronouns === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 1em;" |+ Catalan stressed pronouns{{sfn|Fabra|1926|p=42}} ! colspan="2" | &nbsp; !! singular !! plural |- ! colspan="2" | 1st person | {{lang|ca|jo}}, {{lang|ca|mi}} || {{lang|ca|nosaltres}} |- ! rowspan="3" | 2nd person !! informal | {{lang|ca|tu}} || {{lang|ca|vosaltres}} |- ! formal | {{lang|ca|vostè}} || {{lang|ca|vostès}} |- ! respectful | colspan="2" | ({{lang|ca|vós}})<ref>Archaic in most dialects.</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" | 3rd person !! masculine | {{lang|ca|ell}} || {{lang|ca|ells}} |- ! feminine | {{lang|ca|ella}} || {{lang|ca|elles}} |} The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, especially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian).{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=631}} Features include the gender-neutral {{lang|ca|ho}} and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations).{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=631}} Catalan pronouns exhibit [[T–V distinction]], like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality. This flexibility allows Catalan to use [[extraposition]] extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have {{lang|ca|m'hi recomanaren}} ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say {{lang|fr|ils m'ont recommandé à lui}}, and Spanish {{lang|es|me recomendaron a él}}.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=631}} This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence [[Topic–comment|topic]], without having to use so often the [[passive voice]] (as in French or English), or identifying the [[direct object]] with a [[preposition]] (as in Spanish).{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=631}} {{clear}} === Verbs === {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em" |+ Simple forms of a regular verb of the first conjugation: {{lang|ca|portar}} ("to bring"){{sfn|Fabra|1926|pp=70–71}} ! style="background:#e0e0ff;"|Non-finite || colspan="6" style="background:#e0e0ff;"|Form |- style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive || colspan="6" | {{lang|ca|portar}} |- style="text-align: center;" | Gerund || colspan="6" | {{lang|ca|portant}} |- style="text-align: center;" | Past participle || colspan="6" | {{lang|ca|portat}} ({{lang|ca|portat}}, {{lang|ca|portada}}, {{lang|ca|portats}}, {{lang|ca|portades}}) |- style="text-align: center;" ! style="background:#e0e0ff;"|Indicative || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|jo}} || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|tu}} || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|ell / ella}}<br />[{{lang|ca|vostè}}] || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|nosaltres}} || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|vosaltres}}<br />[{{lang|ca|vós}}] || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|ells / elles}}<br />[{{lang|ca|vostès}}] |- style="text-align: center;" | Present || {{lang|ca|porto}} || {{lang|ca|portes}} || {{lang|ca|porta}} || {{lang|ca|portem}} || {{lang|ca|porteu}} || {{lang|ca|porten}} |- style="text-align: center;" | Imperfect || {{lang|ca|portava}} || {{lang|ca|portaves}} || {{lang|ca|portava}} || {{lang|ca|portàvem}} || {{lang|ca|portàveu}} || {{lang|ca|portaven}} |- style="text-align: center;" | Preterite (archaic) || {{lang|ca|portí}} || {{lang|ca|portares}} || {{lang|ca|portà}} || {{lang|ca|portàrem}} || {{lang|ca|portàreu}} || {{lang|ca|portaren}} |- style="text-align: center;" | Future || {{lang|ca|portaré}} || {{lang|ca|portaràs}} || {{lang|ca|portarà}} || {{lang|ca|portarem}} || {{lang|ca|portareu}} || {{lang|ca|portaran}} |- style="text-align: center;" | Conditional || {{lang|ca|portaria}} || {{lang|ca|portaries}} || {{lang|ca|portaria}} || {{lang|ca|portaríem}} || {{lang|ca|portaríeu}} || {{lang|ca|portarien}} |- style="text-align: center;" ! style="background:#e0e0ff;"|Subjunctive || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|jo}} || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|tu}} || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|ell / ella}}<br />[{{lang|ca|vostè}}] || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|nosaltres}} || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|vosaltres}}<br />[{{lang|ca|vós}}] || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|ells / elles}}<br />[{{lang|ca|vostès}}] |- style="text-align: center;" | Present || {{lang|ca|porti}} || {{lang|ca|portis}} || {{lang|ca|porti}} || {{lang|ca|portem}} || {{lang|ca|porteu}} || {{lang|ca|portin}} |- style="text-align: center;" | Imperfect || {{lang|ca|portés}} || {{lang|ca|portéssis}} || {{lang|ca|portés}} || {{lang|ca|portéssim}} || {{lang|ca|portéssiu}} || {{lang|ca|portessin}} |- style="text-align: center;" ! style="background:#e0e0ff;"|Imperative || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|jo}} || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|tu}} || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|ell / ella}}<br />[{{lang|ca|vostè}}] || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|nosaltres}} || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|vosaltres}}<br />[{{lang|ca|vós}}] || style="background:#e0e0ff;"|{{lang|ca|ells / elles}}<br />[{{lang|ca|vostès}}] |- style="text-align: center;" | — || — || {{lang|ca|porta}} || {{lang|ca|porti}} || {{lang|ca|portem}} || {{lang|ca|porteu}} || {{lang|ca|portin}} |} Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. [[Suffixation]] is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=631}} Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=631}} The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of {{lang|ca|anar}} ("to go") + infinitive.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=631}} Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes {{lang|ca|-a-}}, {{lang|ca|-e-}}, {{lang|ca|-i-}}, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=631}} Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of {{lang|ca|servir}}, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.{{sfn|Enciclopèdia Catalana|p=631}} {{clear}} === Syntax === {{Main|Catalan syntax}} The grammar of Catalan follows the general pattern of Western Romance languages. The primary [[word order]] is [[subject–verb–object]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_ctl |title=Catalan |website=World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) Online |access-date=14 March 2020 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212065626/https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_ctl |url-status=live}}</ref> However, word order is very flexible. Commonly, verb-subject constructions are used to achieve a semantic effect. The sentence "The train has arrived" could be translated as {{lang|ca|Ha arribat el tren}} or {{lang|ca|El tren ha arribat}}. Both sentences mean "the train has arrived", but the former puts a focus on the train, while the latter puts a focus on the arrival. This subtle distinction is described as "what you might say while waiting in the station" versus "what you might say on the train".{{sfn|Wheeler|Yates|Dols|1999}} == Catalan names == {{Main|Catalan names}} In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=8}} The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction ''i'' ("and").{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=8}}<ref>article 19.1 of Law 1/1998 stipulates that "the citizens of Catalonia have the right to use the proper regulation of their Catalan names and surnames and to introduce the conjunction between surnames"</ref> == Sample text == Selected text from [[Manuel de Pedrolo]]'s 1970 novel {{lang|ca|Un amor fora ciutat}} ("A love affair outside the city").{{sfn|Swan|2001|p=112}}{{Interlinear|Tenia {prop de} divuit anys quan vaig conèixer en Raül, a l'estació de Manresa. El meu pare havia mort, inesperadament i encara jove, un parell d'anys abans, i d'aquells temps conservo un record de punyent solitud. Les meves relacions amb la mare no havien pas millorat, tot el contrari, potser {fins i tot} empitjoraven {a mesura que} em feia gran. No existia, no existí mai entre nosaltres, una comunitat d'interessos, d'afeccions. Cal creure que cercava... una persona en qui centrar la meva vida afectiva.|təˈniə {ˈprɔp də} diˈβujt ˈaɲʃ ˈkwam ˈbatʃ kuˈnɛʃə ən rəˈul ə ləstəˈsjo ðə mənˈrɛzə əl ˈmew paɾə əˈβiə mɔrt inəspəˌɾaðəˈmen i ənˈkaɾə ˈʒoβə um pəˈɾɛʎ ˈdaɲʃ əˈβans i ðəˈkɛʎ ˈtems kunˈserβu un rəˈkɔrt də puˈɲen suliˈtut ləz ˈmeβəz rələˈsjonz əm lə ˈmaɾə no əˈviən ˈpaz miʎuˈɾat ˈtot əl kunˈtɾaɾi putˈse {ˈfinz i ˈtot} əmpidʒuˈɾaβən {ə məˈzuɾə kə} əm ˈfɛjə ˈɣɾan no əɡzisˈtiə no əɡzisˈti ˈmaj ˈentɾə nuˈzaltɾəs ˈunə kumuniˈtat dintəˈɾɛsus dəfəkˈsjons ˈkal ˈkɾɛwɾə kə sərˈkaβə ˈunə pəɾˈsonə əŋ ˈki səntˈɾaɾ lə ˈmeβə ˈβiðə əfəkˈtiβə | 3 = {I was having} {close to} eighteen years, when {I go [past auxiliary]} {know (=I met)} the Raül, at {the station} {of (=in)} Manresa. The my father had died, unexpectedly and still young, a couple {of years} before, and {of those} times {I keep} a memory of acute loneliness The my relations with the mother not had {at all} improved, all the contrary, perhaps even {they were worsening} {at step that (=in proportion as)} myself {I was making} {big (=I was growing up).} Not {it was existing}, not {it existed} never between us, a community {of interests}, {of affections}. {It is necessary} {to believe} that {I was seeking...} a person in whom {to center} the my life affective. | 4 = 'I was about eighteen years old when I met Raül, at [[Manresa]] railway station. My father had died, unexpectedly and still young, a couple of years before; and from that time I still harbor memories of great loneliness. My relationship with my mother had not improved; quite the contrary, and arguably it was getting even worse as I grew up. There did not exist, at no point had there ever existed between us shared interests or affection. I guess I was seeking... a person in whom I could center my emotional life.' | lang = ca | indent = 1.6 | ipa1 = no | ipa2 = yes | ipa3 = no | glossing1 = no | glossing2 = no | glossing3 = yes | glossing = no abbr }} == See also == {{Portal|Spain|Andorra|Italy|France|Language}} {{div col}} ;Organizations * ''[[Institut d'Estudis Catalans]]'' (Catalan Studies Institute) * ''[[Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua]]'' (Valencian Academy of the Language) * [[Òmnium Cultural]] * [[Plataforma per la Llengua]] ;Scholars * [[Marina Abràmova]] * [[Germà Colón]] * [[Dominique de Courcelles]] * [[Martí de Riquer]] * [[Arthur Terry]] * [[Lawrence Venuti]] ;Other * [[Languages of Catalonia]] ** [[Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers]] * [[Languages of France]] * [[Languages of Italy]] * [[Languages of Spain]] * [[Normes de Castelló]] * [[Pompeu Fabra]] {{div col end}} == Notes == {{Reflist|group=note}} {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Works cited == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{citation |publisher=Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua |date=9 February 2005 |title=Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià |language=ca |url=http://ca.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictamen_sobre_els_principis_i_criteris_per_a_la_defensa_de_la_denominaci%C3%B3_i_l%27entitat_del_valenci%C3%A0#Dictamen |ref={{harvid|Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua|2005}} |access-date=21 September 2013 |archive-date=5 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305161817/http://ca.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictamen_sobre_els_principis_i_criteris_per_a_la_defensa_de_la_denominaci%C3%B3_i_l%27entitat_del_valenci%C3%A0#Dictamen |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last1=Bonet |first1=Eulàlia |last2=Mascaró |first2=Joan |year=1997 |chapter=On the Representation of Contrasting Rhotics |title=Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages |editor1-last=Martínez-Gil |editor1-first=Fernando |editor2-last=Morales-Front |editor2-first=Alfonso |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-0-87840-647-0}} * {{cite book |last=Britton |first=A. Scott |year=2011 |title=Catalan Dictionary & Phrasebook |place=New York |publisher=Hippocrene Books |isbn=978-0-7818-1258-0}} * {{cite book |last=Bruguera |first=Jordi |year=2008 |chapter=Historia interna del catalán: léxico, formación de palabras y fraseología |title=Romanische Sprachgeschichte |editor-last=Ernst |editor-first=Gerhard |volume=3 |place=Berlin, New York |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |pages=3045–3055}} * {{cite book |last=Burke |first=Ulrik Ralph |title=A History of Spain from the Earliest Times to the Death of Ferdinand the Catholic |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryspainfr02burkgoog |year=1900 |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. |page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryspainfr02burkgoog/page/n187 154]}} * {{cite journal |last1=Carbonell |first1=Joan F. |last2=Llisterri |first2=Joaquim |year=1992 |title=Catalan |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=22 |issue=1–2 |page=53 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300004618 |s2cid=249411809}} * {{cite book |last1=Carbonell |first1=Joan F. |last2=Llisterri |first2=Joaquim |year=1999 |chapter=Catalan |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=61–65 |isbn=0-521-63751-1}} * {{cite book |title=Collins English Dictionary |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |year=1991 |isbn=0-00-433286-5 |ref={{harvid|Collins English Dictionary}}}} * {{cite book |last=Colón |first=Germà |year=1993 |title=El lèxic català dins la Romània. Biblioteca Lingüística Catalana |publisher=Universitat de València |place=Valencia |isbn=84-370-1327-5}} * {{cite book |last1=Costa Carreras |first1=Joan |last2=Yates |first2=Alan |title=The Architect of Modern Catalan: Selected Writings/Pompeu Fabra (1868–1948) |year=2009 |publisher=Instutut d'Estudis Catalans & Universitat Pompeu Fabra & Jonh Benjamins B.V. |isbn=978-90-272-3264-9 |pages=6–7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKvQg1323YkC}} * {{cite book |last=Fabra |first=Pompeu |title=Gramàtica Catalana |year=1926 |publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans |location=Barcelona |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2E2XM069egC |edition=4th |language=ca |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427085647/https://books.google.com/books?id=H2E2XM069egC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Feldhausen |first=Ingo |title=Sentential Form and Prosodic Structure of Catalan |year=2010 |publisher=John Benjamins B.V. |isbn=978-90-272-5551-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oVQzAAAAQBAJ |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427085512/https://books.google.com/books?id=oVQzAAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |author1=Ferrater |title=Enciclopèdia Catalana Volum 4 |year=1973 |publisher=Enciclopèdia Catalana |location=Barcelona |isbn=84-85-194-04-7 |pages=628–639 |edition=1977, corrected |language=ca |chapter=Català |ref={{harvid|Enciclopèdia Catalana}} |display-authors=etal}} * {{Citation |title=[[Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]] |orig-date=1973 |date=1977 |location=Barcelona |isbn=84-85-194-04-7 |edition=corrected |pages=628–639 |language=ca |entry=Català |volume=4 |trans-title=Great Catalan Encyclopaedia |last=Ferrater Soler |first=Gabriel |author-link=Gabriel Ferrater |display-authors=etal |entry-url=https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0224508.xml }} * {{cite book |last1=Gallego |first1=Rosa |last2=Sanz |first2=Juan Carlos |year=2001 |title=Diccionario Akal del color |publisher=Akal |language=es |isbn=978-84-460-1083-8}} * {{cite book |last=García Venero |first=Maximiano |title=Historia del nacionalismo catalán: 2a edición |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUABAAAAMAAJ |access-date=25 April 2010 |date=7 July 2006 |publisher=Ed. Nacional |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425120752/https://books.google.com/books?id=nUABAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Gove |editor-first=Philip Babcock |title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc. |year=1993 |editor-link=Philip Babcock Gove |isbn=3-8290-5292-8}} * {{cite journal |last=Grau Mateu |first=Josep |title=El català, llengua de govern: la política lingüística de la Mancomunitat de Catalunya (1914–1924) |journal=Revista de Llengua I Dret |publisher=Revista de llengua i dret, 64 |url=https://www.raco.cat/index.php/RLD/article/view/302594 |year=2015 |pages=86–101 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=9 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609083746/https://www.raco.cat/index.php/RLD/article/view/302594 |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Guinot |first=Enric |title=Els fundadors del Regne de València: replobament, antroponímia i llengua a la València medieval |year=1999 |publisher=Tres i Quatre |location=Valencia |isbn=8475025919}} * {{Citation |url={{Google Books |id=T_DpUtZ66hoC |plainurl=yes}} |last=Hall |first=Jacqueline |title=''Convivència'' in Catalonia: Languages Living Together |location=Barcelona |publisher=Fundació Jaume Bofill |date=2001 }} * {{cite book |last=Hualde |first=José |year=1992 |title=Catalan |page=368 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-05498-0}} * {{cite book |last=Jud |first=Jakob |title=Problèmes de géographie linguistique romane |year=1925 |publisher=Revue de Linguistique Romane |location=Paris |pages=181–182 |language=fr}} * {{cite book |last=Koryakov |first=Yuri |title=Atlas of Romance languages |place=Moscow |year=2001}} * {{cite book |last=Lledó |first=Miquel Àngel |title=Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity : The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2) |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-539245-6 |pages=336–348 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUydX_3rG0AC&q=IEC+AVL+catalan&pg=PA337 |chapter=26. The Independent Standardization of Valencia: From Official Use to Underground Resistance |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427085540/https://books.google.com/books?id=oUydX_3rG0AC&q=IEC+AVL+catalan&pg=PA337#v=snippet&q=IEC%20AVL%20catalan&f=false |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Lloret |first=Maria-Rosa |editor-last=Auger |editor-first=Julie |editor2-last=Clements |editor2-first=J. 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Ltd., Oxford |year=1965 |editor-link=Paul S. N. Russell-Gebbett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_4GMwEACAAJ |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427085542/https://books.google.com/books?id=y_4GMwEACAAJ |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Schlösser |first=Rainer |title=Die romanischen Sprachen |year=2005 |publisher=C.H. Beck |location=Munich}} * {{cite book |last=Swan |first=Michael |title=Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems, Volume 1 |year=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UIuWj9fQfQC |isbn=978-0-521-77939-5}} * {{cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Earl W. |year=1962 |pages=43–48 |title=The Resurgence of Catalan |journal=Hispania |volume=45 |issue=1 |doi=10.2307/337523 |jstor=337523}} * {{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Max W. |date=1979 |title=Phonology of Catalan |place=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-11621-9}} * {{cite book |last1=Wheeler |first1=Max |last2=Yates |first2=Alan |last3=Dols |first3=Nicolau |year=1999 |title=Catalan: A Comprehensive Grammar |place=London |publisher=Routledge}} * {{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Max |title=The Romance Languages |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-415-16417-6 |pages=170–208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lULWOT1o0SsC |chapter=5. Catalan}} * {{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Max |year=2005 |title=The Phonology of Catalan |url=https://archive.org/details/phonologycatalan00whee |url-access=limited |place=Oxford |page=[https://archive.org/details/phonologycatalan00whee/page/n66 54] |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-925814-7}} * {{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Max |year=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics}} * {{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Max |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |year=2010 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-08-087774-7 |pages=188–192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC |chapter=Catalan |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324124913/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Veny |first=Joan |title=Homenatge a Arthur Terry |year=1997 |publisher=Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat |location=Barcelona |isbn=84-7826-894-4 |pages=9–18 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMaXD1caTiEC&q=greuges+guitard+isarn&pg=PA17 |chapter=greuges de Guitard isarn, Senyor de Caboet (1080–1095) |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425121102/https://books.google.com/books?id=OMaXD1caTiEC&q=greuges+guitard+isarn&pg=PA17#v=snippet&q=greuges%20guitard%20isarn&f=false |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Veny |first=Joan |year=2007 |title=Petit Atles lingüístic del domini català |volume=1 & 2 |place=Barcelona |publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans |page=51 |isbn=978-84-7283-942-7}} {{refend}} == External links == '''Institutions''' * [http://www.cpnl.cat/ ''Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística''] * [https://www.iec.cat/ ''Institut d'Estudis Catalans'' (IEC)] * [https://www.avl.gva.es/ ''Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua'' (AVL)] '''About the Catalan/Valencian language''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110529085634/http://www2.iec.cat/institucio/seccions/Filologica/gramatica/default.asp ''Gramàtica de la Llengua Catalana''] (Catalan grammar), from the ''Institut d'Estudis Catalans'' * [https://www.avl.gva.es/documents/31987/65233/GNV ''Gramàtica Normativa Valenciana''] (Valencian grammar). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101063611/http://www.avl.gva.es/documents/31987/65233/GNV |date=1 November 2020}}, from the ''Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua'' * [https://www.apuntsdellengua.es/ ''Apunts de llengua''], learning program by À Punt * [https://llengua.gencat.cat/ca/inici llengua.gencat.cat], by the Government of Catalonia * [https://www.verbs.cat/en/ verbs.cat] (Catalan verb conjugations with online trainers) * [http://www.ub.edu/lexdialgram/ LEXDIALGRAM] (online portal of 19th-century dialectal lexicographical and grammatical works of Catalan hosted by the University of Barcelona) '''Monolingual dictionaries''' * [https://dlc.iec.cat/ DIEC2], from the ''Institut d'Estudis Catalans'' * [http://www.avl.gva.es/lexicval/ ''Diccionari Normatiu Valencià'' (DNV)], from the ''Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua'' * [http://ec.grec.net/cgi-bin/AppDLC3.exe?APP=CERCADLC&GECART= ''Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana'']. {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518140450/http://ec.grec.net/cgi-bin/AppDLC3.exe?APP=CERCADLC&GECART= |date=18 May 2016 }}, from Enciclopèdia Catalana * [http://dcvb.iecat.net/ ''Diccionari Català-Valencià-Balear''] d'Alcover i Moll. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040826061207/http://dcvb.iecat.net/ |date=26 August 2004 }}, from the ''Institut d'Estudis Catalans'' * [http://www.dilc.org/ ''Diccionari Invers de la Llengua Catalana''] (Dictionary of Catalan words spelled backward) * [http://www.trobat.com/servicis/dvo.php trobat.com] (online Valencian dictionary) '''Bilingual and multilingual dictionaries''' * [http://www.grec.cat/cgibin/mlt00.pgm ''Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana Multilingüe'']. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531071849/http://www.grec.cat/cgibin/mlt00.pgm |date=31 May 2014 }} (Catalan ↔ English, French, German and Spanish), from Enciclopèdia Catalana '''Automated translation systems''' * [https://traductor.gencat.cat/text.do Traductor] automated, online translations of text and web pages (Catalan ↔ English, French and Spanish), from gencat.cat by the Government of Catalonia '''Learning resources''' * [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Catalan_Swadesh_list Catalan Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words], from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh-list appendix] '''Catalan-language online encyclopedia''' * ''[https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ Enciclopèdia Catalana]'' {{Sister bar |auto=1|wikt=Category:Catalan language|d=y|iw=ca}} {{Navboxes | title = Articles related to Catalan language | list = {{Navboxes |title=Linguistics |list = {{Romance languages}} {{Occitano-Romance languages and dialects}} {{Catalan language}} }} {{Navboxes |title=Geopolitical use |list = {{Languages of Spain}} {{Languages of France}} {{Languages of Italy}} {{Languages of Europe}} }} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Catalan language| ]] [[Category:Subject–verb–object languages]] [[Category:Stress-timed languages]] [[Category:Occitano-Romance languages]] [[Category:Languages of Catalonia]] [[Category:Languages of Andorra]] [[Category:Languages of France]] [[Category:Languages of Sardinia]] [[Category:Endangered Romance languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] [[Category:Endangered languages of Europe]] dmvt2jz681gn0xazk7xcg6kd7rowr1v 828 77903 692699 687850 2026-07-30T13:10:33Z Sayvhior 13464 Fixed reference errors 692699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Dialect of the Lao language}} {{Distinguish|text=the [[Esan language]] of Nigeria}} {{Multiple issues| {{More citations needed|date=March 2021}} {{Original research|date=March 2021}} }} {{Infobox language | name = Isan | altname = Northeastern Thai, Thai Isan, Thai Lao | nativename = ภาษาไทยถิ่นอีสาน, ภาษาลาว | states = [[Thailand]] | region = [[Isan]] (Northeastern Thailand)<br>Also in adjacent areas and Bangkok | ethnicity = [[Isan people|Isan]] (Tai Lao), [[Northern Khmer people|Northern Khmer]], [[Kuy people|Kuy]], [[Phuan people|Phuan]] <br>L2 or L3 of numerous minorities of the Isan region | speakers = 13-16 million | date = 2005 | ref = <ref name="CERD">International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. (2011). Reports submitted by States parties under article 9 of the Convention: First to third periodic reports of States parties due in 2008, Thailand. (GE.11-46262 (E) 141011 181011). New York NY: United Nations.</ref> | speakers2 = 22 million (L1 and L2, 2013)<ref name="CERD"/> | familycolor = Tai–Kadai | fam2 = [[Tai languages|Tai]] | fam3 = [[Southwestern Tai languages]] | fam4 = Lao–Phutai | fam5 = [[Lao language|Lao]] | script = [[Thai alphabet]] ([[de facto]])<br/>[[Tai Noi script|Tai Noi]] (former, secular)<br>[[Tai Tham alphabet|Tai Tham]] (former, religious) | iso3 = tts | glotto = nort2741 | minority = {{flag|Thailand}} | agency = Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia, [[Mahidol University]] | glottorefname = Northeastern Thai | image = Isan_text.png | imagescale = | imagecaption = [[Tai Noi script]] former use (top)<br/>[[Thai script]] currently popular with non-standard form (bottom) | map = Isan language.jpg }} {{Contains special characters|Thai}} {{Contains special characters|Lao}} '''Isan''' or '''Northeastern Thai''' ([[Endonym and exonym|autonym]]: {{lang|tts|ภาษาลาว}}/{{lang|tts|ພາສາລາວ}}, {{IPA|tts|pʰâː.sǎː lâːw|IPA}}; {{Langx|th|ภาษาอีสาน}}, {{RTGS|Phasa Isan}}) refers to the local development of the [[Lao language]] in Thailand, after the political split of the Lao-speaking world at the [[Mekong River]] at the conclusion of the [[Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893]]. The language is still referred to as '''Lao''' by native speakers.<ref name="Identity">Keyes, Charles F. (1966). "Ethnic Identity and Loyalty of Villagers in Northeastern Thailand". ''Asian Survey''.</ref> As a [[Variety (linguistics)|variety]] of the Lao language, Isan belongs to the [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern branch of Tai languages]] in the [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra-Dai language family]]. It is most closely related to (other than Lao) "tribal" Tai languages such as [[Phu Thai language|Phu Thai]] and [[Tai Yo language|Tai Yo]]. Isan is officially classified as a dialect of the Thai language by the Thai government. Although (Central) Thai is a closely related Southwestern Tai language, it falls within a different subbranch. Central Thai and Isan are [[mutually intelligible]] only with difficulty; even though they share over 80% cognate vocabulary, they have very different tonal patterns and vowel qualities, and many commonly used words in Isan differ from Thai, thus hampering comprehension.<ref name="DraperJ2004">{{cite journal |last1 = Draper |first1 = John |year = 2004 |title = Isan: The planning context for language maintenance and revitalization |journal = Second Language Learning and Teaching |volume = 4 |url = http://www.apacall.org/member/sonjb/sllt/4/Draper04.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140311070346/http://www.apacall.org/member/sonjb/sllt/4/Draper04.html |archive-date = 2014-03-11 }}</ref> The Lao language has had a long presence in Isan, arriving with migrants who followed the river valleys into Southeast Asia from southern China some time in the 8th to 10th centuries. The region of what is now Isan was nominally under the Lao kingdom of [[Lan Xang]] from 1354 to 1707. After the fall of Lan Xang, the Lao splinter kingdoms became tributary states of Siam. During the late 18th and much of the 19th century, Siamese soldiers carried out forced migrations of Lao people from the western bank of the Mekong River to the eastern bank, now Isan. As a result of these massive movements, Isan speakers comprise almost one-third of the population of Thailand and represent more than 80% of the population of Lao speakers overall. Isan is natively spoken by roughly 13–16 million people of the [[Isan]] region (2005), although the total population of speakers, including Isan people in other regions of Thailand and those that speak it as a second language, likely exceeds 22&nbsp;million.<ref name="ethny"/><ref name="CERD">International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. (2011). Reports submitted by States parties under article 9 of the Convention: First to third periodic reports of States parties due in 2008, Thailand. (GE.11-46262 (E) 141011 181011). New York NY: United Nations.</ref> The Lao language in Thailand was preserved due to the Isan region's large population, mountains that separated the region from the rest of the country, a conservative culture and ethnic appreciation of local traditions. The language was officially banned from being referred to as the Lao language in official Thai documents at the turn of the 20th century. Assimilatory laws of the 1930s that promoted [[Thai nationalism]], Central Thai culture and mandatory use of Standard Thai led to a [[diglossia|diglossic]] situation with the region's inhabitants largely being bilingual and viewing themselves as Thai citizens. Isan is reserved as the language of the home, agrarian economy and provincial life. The [[Tai Noi script]] was also banned, thus making Isan a spoken language, although an ad hoc system of using Thai script and spelling of cognate words is used in informal communication.<ref name="DraperJ2004"/> Isan is also one of the poorest, least developed regions of Thailand, with many Isan people having little education, often employed as laborers, domestic workers, cooks, taxi drivers, and in other service jobs. Combined with historic open prejudice toward Isan people, this has fueled a negative perception of the language. Despite its vigorous usage, since the mid-20th century, the language has been undergoing a slow [[relexification]] by Thai or [[language shift]] to Thai altogether, threatening the vitality of the language.<ref>Simpson, A. & Thammasathien, N. (2007). "Thailand and Laos", Simpson, A. (ed.) in ''Language and National Identity in Asia''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (p. 401).</ref><ref>Chanthao, R. (2002). ''Code-mixing between Central Thai and Northeastern Thai of the Students in Khon Kaen Province''. Bangkok: Mahidol University.</ref> However, with attitudes toward regional cultures becoming more relaxed in the late 20th century onwards, increased research into the language by Thai academics at Isan universities and an ethno-political stance often at odds with Bangkok, some efforts to help stem the slow disappearance of the language are beginning to take root, fostered by a growing awareness and appreciation of local culture, literature and history.<ref name="Toad">Phra Ariyuwat. (1996). ''Phya Khankhaak, the Toad King: A Translation of an Isan Fertility Myth in Verse .'' Wajuppa Tossa (translator). (pp. 27–34). Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press.</ref><ref name="DraperJ2004"/> ==Classification== {{Further|Tai–Kadai languages}} {{clade |label1=[[Kra-Dai languages|Kra-Dai]] |1={{clade | 1=[[Hlai languages]] | 2=[[Kam-Sui languages]] | 3=[[Kra languages]] | 4=[[Be language]] | label5=[[Tai languages]] | 5={{clade | 1=[[Northern Tai languages]] | 2=[[Central Tai languages]] | label4=[[Southwestern Tai languages]] | 4={{clade | label1=Northwestern Tai languages | 1={{clade | 1=[[Khamti language]] | 2=[[Shan language]] | 3=others}} | label2=Chiang Saen languages | 2={{clade | 1=[[Northern Thai language]] | 2=[[Tai Lue language]] | label3=Sukhothai language | 3={{clade | 1=[[Thai language]] | 2=[[Southern Thai language]]}}}} | label3=Lao-Phuthai languages | 3={{clade | 1=[[Tai Yo language]] | 2=[[Phu Thai language]] | 3=[[Lao language]] (PDR Lao, '''Isan language''') }} }} }} }} }} As an umbrella term for the Lao varieties as spoken in Northeastern Thailand, Isan remains essentially the same as the Lao language of Laos, albeit nonetheless differentiated in [[orthography]] and some minor lexical elements. Both right and left bank varieties are most closely related to the other Lao-Phuthai (Lao-Phoutai) languages such as [[Phu Thai language|Phuthai]] (Phoutai) and [[Tai Yo language|Tai Yo]] (Tai Gno), all which are mutually intelligible to each other. The Lao-Phuthai languages are closely related and somewhat mutually intelligible with the other [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern]] branch [[Tai languages]] such as the Chiang Saen languages, which includes Standard Thai, and the Northwestern languages, comprising the speech of the [[Dai people|Dai]]/[[Shan people|Shan]] peoples. Lao and Thai, despite separate development, were pushed closer together due to proximity and adoption of the same Khmer, Sanskrit and Pali loan words. Lao is distantly related to the various [[Zhuang languages]] that comprise the [[Northern Tai languages|Northern]] and [[Central Tai languages|Central]] branches of Tai languages, and even more distantly to the other Kra-Dai languages. Within Thailand, Isan is officially classified as a 'Northeastern' dialect of the Thai language and is referred to as such in most official and academic works concerning the language produced in Thailand. The use of 'Northeastern Thai' to refer to the language is re-enforced internationally with the descriptors in the [[ISO 639-3]] and ''[[Glottolog]]'' language codes.<ref name="SILI">SIL International (2020). '[https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tts Northeastern Thai].' ISO 639-3 Registrar. Dallax, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</ref><ref name="Glotto">Hammarström, H. and Nordhoff, S. (2011). '[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort2741 Northeastern Thai].' 'LangDoc: Bibliographic Infrastructure for Linguistic Typology.' ''Oslo Studies in Language.'' 3(2). pp. 31–43.</ref> Outside of official and academic Thai contexts, Isan is usually classified as a particular sub-grouping of the Lao language such as by native speakers, Laotian Lao and many linguists, it is also classified as a separate language in light of its unique history and Thai-language influence, such as its classification in ''Glottolog'' and ''[[Ethnologue]]''.<ref name="Identity"/><ref name="Glotto"/><ref name="ethny">{{e25|tts|Thai, Northeastern}}</ref> ==Names== ===Endonyms=== Isan people have traditionally referred to their speech as the ''Lao'' language ({{lang|tts|ภาษาลาว}}, {{lang|tts|ພາສາລາວ}}, {{IPA|tts|pʰâː.săː lâːw|}}). This is sometimes modified with the word ''tai'' ({{lang|tts|ไท}}, {{lang|tts|ໄທ}}, {{IPA|tts|tʰâj|}}, {{Literal translation|inhabitant|person}}) or the related form ''Thai'' ({{lang|tts|ไทย}}, {{lang|tts|ໄທ}}, {{IPA|tts|tʰâj|}}), which refers to Thailand or the Thai people, thus yielding ''Phasa Tai Lao'' ({{lang|tts|ภาษาไทลาว}}, {{lang|tts|ພາສາໄທລາວ}}, 'language of the Lao people') and ''Phasa Thai Lao'' ({{lang|tts|ภาษาไทยลาว}}, {{lang|lo|ພາສາໄທລາວ}}, 'Lao language of Thailand'). ''Lao'' derives from an ancient Austroasiatic loan into Kra-Dai, *''k.ra:w'', which signified a '(venerable) person' and is also ultimately the source of the Isan words ''lao'' ({{lang|tts|ลาว}}, {{lang|tts|ລາວ}}, {{IPA|tts|lâːw|}}, 'he/she/it'), and ''hao'' ({{lang|tts|เฮา}}, {{lang|tts|ເຮົາ}}, {{IPA|tts|hâw|}}, 'we/us'). ''Tai'' and ''Thai'' both derive from another Austroasiatic loan into Kra-Dai, *''k.riː'', which signifies a '(free) person'. The various [[Kra–Dai-speaking peoples|Kra–Dai peoples]] have traditionally used variants of either *''k.riː'' or *''k.ra:w'' as ethnic and linguistic self-appellations, sometimes even interchangeably.<ref>Ferlus, Michel (2009). Formation of Ethnonyms in Southeast Asia. 42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Nov 2009, Chiang Mai, Thailand. 2009, pp.3–4.</ref> Isan people tend to refer to themselves and their language as ''Lao'' only when in settings with other Isan people, where the language can be used freely, typically away from other Thai-speaking people. Isan speakers typically find the term ''Lao'' offensive when used by outsiders, due to its usage as a discriminatory slur, often insinuating their rural upbringings, superstitious beliefs, links with the Lao people of Laos (i.e., not Thai) and traditional, agrarian lifestyles. In dealings with Lao people from Laos, Isan people may sometimes use ''Phasa Lao Isan'' or 'Isan Lao language' or simply ''Isan'' when clarification is needed as to their origins or why their accents differ. The use of ''Lao'' or ''Lao Isan'' identity, although eschewed by younger generations, is making a comeback, but use of these terms outside of private settings or with other Lao people has strong political associations, especially with the far-left political movements advocating greater autonomy for the region.<ref name="TaiNoi">Wattasoke, S. (2019 Feb.) '[https://theisaanrecord.co/2019/02/07/isaan-siamese-colonization-tai-noi/ Isaan under Siamese colonization: Eradicating the Tai Noi script]'. ''The Isaan Record''. Culture Section. Khon Khaen, Thailand. Last retrieved 21 Jun 2021.</ref> As a result, younger people have adopted the [[neologism]] ''Isan'' to describe themselves and their language, as it conveniently avoids ambiguity with the Laotian Lao as well as association with movements, historical and current, that tend to be leftist and at odds with the central government in Bangkok. The language is also called affectionately ''Phasa Ban Hao'' ({{lang|tts|ภาษาบ้านเฮา}}, {{lang|lo|ພາສາບ້ານເຮົາ}}, {{IPA|tts|pʰáː.sǎː bâːn háw|}}), which can be translated as either 'our home language' or 'our village language'.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} ===Exonyms=== Isan is known in Thai by the following two names, officially and academically: ''Phasa Thai Tawan Ok Chiang Nuea'' ({{lang|th|ภาษาไทยตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ}}, {{IPA|th|pʰāː.sǎː tʰāj ta.wān ʔɔ̀ːk tɕʰǐaŋ nɯ̌a|}}, 'Northeastern Thai language'), and ''Phasa Thai Thin Isan'' ({{lang|th|ภาษาไทยถิ่นอีสาน}}, {{IPA|th|pʰāː.sǎː tʰāj tʰìn ʔīː.săːn|}}, 'Thai language of the Isan region'). These names emphasise the official position of Isan speech as a dialect of the Thai language. In more relaxed contexts, Thai people generally refer to the language as ''Phasa Thai Isan'' ({{Langx|th|ภาษาไทยอีสาน|lit=Isan Thai language|label=none}}) or simply ''Phasa Isan'' ({{lang|th|ภาษาอีสาน}}, {{IPA|th|pʰāː.săː ʔīː.săːn|}}, 'Isan language').<ref name="Glotto"/><ref name="ethny"/> The term ''Isan'' derives from an older form ({{lang|th|อีศาน}}), which in turn is a derivative of Sanskrit ''Īśāna'' ({{lang|sa|ईशान}}), which signifies the 'northeast' or 'northeastern direction' as well as the name of an aspect of Lord [[Shiva]] as guardian of that direction. It was also the name of the Khmer capital of [[Chenla]] whose rule extended over the southern part of the region. After the integration of the ''Monthon Lao'' into Siam in 1893, the Siamese also abolished the use of the terms of ''Lao'' in place names as well as self-references in the census to encourage assimilation of the Lao people within its new borders. However, due to the distinct culture and language and the need to disassociate the people and region from [[Laos]], the term ''Isan'' came into being for the region of Isan as well as its ethnic Lao people and their Lao speech, although it originally only referred to districts which now comprise the southern portion of Northeastern Thailand.<ref>Phatharathananunth, S. (2006). ''Civil Society and Democratization: Social Movements in Northeast Thailand.'' (p. 25). Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.</ref> Use of ''Lao'' by native Thai speakers was originally for all Tai peoples that were not Siamese, and was once for [[Northern Thai people]] as well, but the term gradually came to be thought of only referring to the ethnic Lao people of Isan and contemporary Laos. When used by Thai people, it is often offensive, given the history of prejudice against Isan people for their distinct culture and language, as well as perceived links with the communist Lao in Laos. Nevertheless, within Northeastern Thailand, ''Lao'' is the general term used by the various ethnic minorities that speak it as a first, second or third language. Thai speakers may also use ''Phasa Ban Nok'' ({{lang|th|ภาษาบ้านนอก}}, {{IPA|th|pʰāː.săː bân nɔ̑ːk|}}), which can translate as 'rural', 'upcountry' or 'provincial language'. Although it is often used by Thai speakers to refer to the Isan language, since the region is synonymous in Thai minds to rural agriculture, it is also used for any rural, unsophisticated accent, even of Central Thai.<ref>บ้านนอก. (2019). [https://www.thai2english.com/ Thai to English Dictionary].</ref> In Laos, the Lao people also refer to the language as ''Phasa Lao'' ({{lang|lo|ພາສາລາວ}}, {{IPA|lo|pʰáː.săː láːw|}}), but when necessary to distinguish it from the dialects spoken in Laos, the terms ''Phasa Tai Lao'' ({{lang|lo|ພາສາໄທລາວ}}, {{IPA|lo|pʰáː.săː tʰáj láːw|}}, 'Lao language of Thailand') and ''Phasa Lao Isan'' ({{lang|lo|ພາສາລາວອີສານ}}, {{IPA|lo|pʰáː.săː láːw ʔìː.săːn|}}, 'Isan Lao language') can also be used. In most other languages of the world, 'Isan' or translations of 'Northeastern Thai language' are used.<ref name="SILI"/><ref name="Glotto"/> ==Geographical distribution== [[File:Thailand Isan.png|thumb|150 px|right|A map showing the provinces of Northeastern Thailand or Isan. The region is a stronghold of the language.]] The homeland of the Isan language is mainly the twenty provinces of [[Northeastern Thailand]], also known as ''Phak Isan'' ({{lang|tts|ภาคอีสาน}}), 'Isan region' or just ''Isan''. The region is covered by the flat topography of the [[Khorat Plateau]]. The Lao language was able to thrive in the region due to its historical settlement pattern, which included the vast depopulation of the left bank of the Mekong to the right bank and its geographical isolation from the rest of what is now Thailand. The peaks of the [[Phetchabun Mountains|Phetsabun]] and [[Dong Phaya Yen|Dong Phanya Nyen]] mountains to the west and the [[Sankamphaeng Range|Sankamphaeng]] to the southwest separate the region from the rest of Thailand and the [[Dangrek Mountains|Damlek]] ridges forming the border with [[Cambodia]]. The [[Phu Phan Mountains]] divide the plateau into a northern third drained by the [[Loei River|Loei]] and [[Songkhram River|Songkhram]] rivers and a southern third drained by the [[Mun River]] and its predominate tributary, the [[Chi River|Si]]. The [[Mekong River]] 'separates' Isan speakers from Lao speakers in Laos as it is the geopolitical boundary between Thailand and Laos, with a few exceptions. Isan speakers spill over into some portions of [[Uttaradit Province|Uttaradit]] and [[Phitsanulok Province|Phitsanulok]] provinces as well as the northernmost fringes of [[Phetchabun Province|Phetsabun]] to the northwest of the Isan region, with speakers in these areas generally speaking dialects akin to Luang Phrabang{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}. In the southwest, Isan speakers are also found in portions of [[Sa Kaeo Province|Sa Kaeo]] and [[Prachinburi Province|Phrasinburi]] provinces. In addition, large numbers of Isan people have left the region for other major cities of Thailand for employment, with large pockets of speakers found in [[Bangkok]] and its surrounding areas as well as major cities across the region. Outside of Thailand, it is likely that Isan speakers can also be found in the [[United States]], [[South Korea]], [[Australia]], [[Taiwan]] and [[Germany]] which house the largest populations of [[Overseas Thai]]. ==History== ===Shared history with the Lao language=== {{main|Lao language#History}} ===Separate development of the Isan language=== ====Integration Period (1893–1932)==== After the French established their protectorate over the left bank Lao-speaking territories that became Laos during the conclusion of the [[Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893]], the right bank was absorbed into Siam which was then ruled by King [[Vajiravudh|Wachirawut]]. To prevent further territorial concessions, the Siamese implemented a series of reforms that introduced Western concepts of statehood, administrative reforms and various measures to integrate the region which was until this point ruled as semi-autonomous out-lying territories nominally under the authority of the Lao kings. With the creation of provinces grouped into districts known as ''[[monthon]]'' ({{lang|tts|มณฑล}}, {{lang|lo|ມົນທົນ}}, {{IPA|/món.tʰón/}}), the power of local Lao princes of the ''mueang'' in tax collection and administration was moved and replaced by crown-appointed governors from Bangkok which removed the official use of Lao written in Tai Noi in local administration. To achieve this, King Wachirawut had the help of his brother, Prince [[Damrong Rajanubhab|Damrongrachanuphap]] who recommended the system. The end of local autonomy and the presence of foreign troops led the Lao people to rebel under the influence of [[Millennialism|millennialist]] cult leaders or ''phu mi bun'' ({{lang|tts|ผู้มีบุญ}}, {{lang|lo|ຜູ້ມີບຸນ}}, {{IPA|/pʰȕː míː bùn/}}) during the [[Holy Man's Rebellion]] (1901—1902), the last united Lao resistance to Siamese rule, but the rebellion was brutally suppressed by Siamese troops and the reforms were fully implemented in the region shortly afterward.<ref name="Ivarson">Ivarsson, S. (2008). ''Creating Laos: Making of A Laos Space Between Indochina and Siam.'' (pp. 71–83.) Copenhagen, Denmark: NIAS Press.</ref><ref>Murdoch, J. B. (1974). [http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_062_1e_Murdoch_1901to1902HolyMansRebellion.pdf "The 1901-1902 'holy man's' rebellion"]. ''Journal of the Siam Society'', 59(1), 47-66.</ref><ref name="Vacha">Keyes, Charles (2013), Finding Their Voice: Northeastern Villagers and the Thai State, Silkworm Books.</ref> Further reforms were implemented to assimilate and integrate the people of the "Lao ''Monthon''" into Siam. References to the 'Lao' and many cities and towns were renamed, such as the former districts Monthon Lao Gao and Monthon Lao Phuan which were renamed as 'Monthon Ubon' and 'Monthon Udon', respectively, shortly after their creation in 1912. Self-designation as Lao in the census was banned after 1907, with the Lao forced to declare themselves as Thai and speakers of a Thai dialect. The unofficial use of Lao to refer to them was discouraged, and the term 'Isan', originally just a name of the southern part of the 'Lao ''Monthon''<nowiki/>', was extended to the entire region, its primary ethnic group and language. The name change and replacement of the Lao language by Thai at the administrative level and reforms to implement Thai had very little effect as the region's large Lao population and isolation prevented quick implementation. Monks still taught young boys to read the Tai Noi script written on palm-leaf manuscripts since there were no schools, passages from old literature were often read during festivals and traveling troupes of ''[[morlam|mo lam]]'' and [[shadow play|shadow puppet]] performers relied on written manuscripts for the lyrics to poetry and old stories set to song and accompanied by the ''[[khaen]]'' alone or alongside other local instruments. Mountains, lack of roads, large areas without access to water during the dry season and flooding in the wet season continued to shield the Isan people and their language from direct Thai-language influence.<ref name="Ivarson"/><ref name="Vacha"/> ====Thaification (1930s–1960s)==== {{Main|Thaification}} Suppression of the Isan language came with the '[[Thai cultural mandates]]' and other reforms that aimed to elevate Central Thai culture and language, reverence to the monarchy and the symbols of state and complete integration into Thailand, known as '[[Thaification]]'. Most of these reforms were implemented by [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram]], who changed the English name of Siam to 'Thailand' and whose ultra-nationalistic policies would mark Thailand during his rule from 1938 to 1944 and 1948–1957. These policies implemented an official [[diglossia]]. Isan was removed from public and official discourse to make way for Thai and the written language was banned, relegating Isan to an unwritten language of the home. Public schools, which finally were built in the region, focussed heavily on indoctrinating Isan people to revere the Thai monarchy, loyalty to the state and its symbols and mastery of the Thai language, with Isan treated as an inferior dialect. Pride in the language was erased as students were punished or humiliated for using the language in the classroom or writing in Tai Noi, planting the seed for future [[language shift]] as the region became bilingual.<ref name="Vacha"/><ref name="Ivarson"/><ref name="Platt">Platt, M. B. (2013). ''Isan Writers, Thai Literature Writing and Regionalism in Modern Thailand.'' (pp. 145–149). Singapore: NUS Press.</ref> The old written language and the rich literature written in it were banned and was not discussed in schools. Numerous temples had their libraries seized and destroyed, replacing the old Lao religious texts, local histories, literature and poetry collections with Thai-script, Thai-centric manuscripts. The public schools also dismissed the old monks from their role as educators unless they complied with the new curriculum. This severed the Isan people from knowledge of their written language, shared literary history and ability to communicate via writing with the left bank Lao. In tandem with its removal from education and official contexts, the Thai language made a greater appearance in people's lives with the extension of the railroad to Ubon and Khon Kaen and with it the telegraph, radio and a larger number of Thai civil servants, teachers and government officials in the region that did not learn the local language.<ref>Smits, M. (2015). ''Southeast Asian Energy Transitions: Between Modernity and Sustainability''. (pp. 58–75). Ashgate Publishers.</ref> Words for new technologies and the political realities of belonging to the Thai state arrived from Thai, including words of English and Chinese (primarily Teochew) origin, as well as neologisms created from Sanskrit roots. Laos, still under French rule, turned to French, Vietnamese, repurposing of old Lao vocabulary as well as Sanskrit-derived coinages that were generally the same, although not always, as those that developed in Thai. For example, the word or aeroplane (UK)/airplane (US) in Isan was ''huea bin'' ({{langx|tts|ເຮືອບິນ}} {{IPA|/hɯ́a bìn/}}) 'flying boat', but was generally replaced by Thai-influenced ''khrueang bin'' ({{langx|tts|เครื่องบิน|links=no}} {{IPA|/kʰɯ̄aŋ bìn/}}) 'flying machine', whereas Lao retained ''hua bin'' ({{langx|lo|ເຮືອບິນ}} {{IPA|/hɯ́a bìn/}}) RTGS ''huea bin''. Similarly, a game of [[billiards]] {{IPA|/bɪljədz/}} in Isan is ({{langx|tts|บิลเลียด}} {{IPA|/bìn.lȋat/}} from English via Thai; whereas on the left bank, people play ''biya'' ({{langx|lo|ບີຢາ|links=no}} {{IPA|/bìː.jàː/}}) from French ''billard'' {{IPA|/bi jaʁ/}}. Despite this slow shift, the spoken language maintained its Lao features since most of the population was still engaged in agriculture, where Thai was not needed, thus many Isan people never mastered Thai fully even if they used it as a written language and understood it fine.<ref name="Vacha"/><ref name="Platt"/> ====1960s to Present==== The language shift to Thai and the increased influence of the Thai language accelerated in the 1960s due to several factors. Roads were finally built into the region, making Isan no longer unreachable for much of the year, and the arrival of television with its popular news broadcasts and soap operas penetrated into people's homes at this time. As lands new lands to clear for cultivation were no longer available, urbanization began to occur, as well as the massive seasonal migration of Isan people to Bangkok during the dry season, taking advantage of the economic boom occurring in Thailand with increased western investment due to its more stable, non-communist government and openness. Having improved their Thai during employment in Bangkok, the Isan people returned to their villages, introducing the Bangkok slang words back home and peppering their speech with more and more Thai words.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} Around the 1990s, although the perceived political oppression continued and Thaification policies remained, attitudes towards regional languages relaxed. Academics at Isan universities began exploring the local language, history, culture and other folklore, publishing works that helped bring serious attention to preserving the Lao features of the language and landscape, albeit under an Isan banner. Students can participate in clubs that promote local music, sung in the local Lao language, or local dances native to the area. Knowledge about the history of the region and its long neglect and abuse by Siamese authorities and resurrection of pride in local culture are coming to the fore, increasing expressions of 'Isan-ness' in the region. However, Thaification policies and the [[language shift]] to Thai continue unabated. Recognition of the Isan language as an important regional language of Thailand did not provide any funding for its preservation or maintenance other than a token of acknowledgment of its existence.<ref name="DraperJ2004"/><ref>Keyes, C. (1967). ''Isan: Regionalism in Northeastern Thailand''. New York: Cornell. Thailand Project.</ref> ==Language status== ===Legal status=== ''Ethnologue'' describes the Isan language as the ''"de facto'' language of provincial identity" which "is the language of identity for citizens of the province, but this is not mandated by law. Neither is it developed enough or known enough to function as the language of government business." Although Thailand does recognise the regional Tai languages, including Isan, as important aspects of regional culture and communication, the Isan language and other minority languages are still inferior to the social and cultural prestige of Standard Thai and its government sanctioned promotion in official, educational and national usage. However, the Thaification laws that banned the old Lao alphabet and forced the Lao to refer to themselves and their language as 'Thai Isan' never banned the language in the home nor the fields and the Isan people steadfastly clung to their spoken language.<ref name="Identity"/> This situation is in stark contrast to Laos where the Lao language is actively promoted as a language of national unity. Laotian Lao people are very conscious of their distinct, non-Thai language and although influenced by Thai-language media and culture, strive to maintain 'good Lao'. Although spelling has changed, the Lao speakers in Laos continue to use a modified form of the ''Tai Noi'' script, the modern [[Lao alphabet]].<ref name="LaoLaw">Session VI of the People's Supreme Assembly, II Legislature. [http://www.un.int/lao/constitution.htm The Constitution of the Lao People's Democratic Republic] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806080917/http://www.un.int/lao/constitution.htm |date=2011-08-06 }}. (15, Aug 1991).</ref> ===Spoken status=== According to the [[Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale|EGIDS scale]], Isan is at Stage 6a, or 'vigorous', meaning the language is used for 'face-to-face communication by all generations and the situation is sustainable'.<ref name=EGIDS>Lewis, M. P., Simons, G. F., and Fennig, C. D. (eds.). 2013. EGIDS. [http://www.ethnologue.com/about/language-status#EGIDS-origins "EGIDS Explanation"].</ref> Although various studies indicate that Isan is spoken by almost everyone in Northeastern Thailand, the language is under threat from Thai, as Thai replaces the unique vocabulary specific to Lao speakers, and language shift, as more and more children are being raised to speak only Standard Thai. The lack of prestige of the language and the need for Thai to advance in government, education and professional realms or seek employment outside of Northeastern Thailand, such as Bangkok, necessitate the use and mastery of proper Thai over proper Lao.<ref name="DraperJ2004"/> The language suffers from a negative perception and diglossia, so speakers have to limit their use of the language to comfortable, informal settings. Parents often view the language as a detriment to the betterment of their children, who must master Standard Thai to advance in school or career paths outside of agriculture. The use of the Thai script, spelling cognate words in Isan as they are in Thai, also gives a false perception of the dialectal subordination of Isan and the errors of Isan pronunciation which deviate from Thai. As a result, a generational gap has arisen with old speakers using normative Lao and younger speakers using a very 'Thaified' version of Isan, increased code-switching or outright exclusive use of Thai. Many linguists and scholars of the Isan language believe that Thai relexification cannot be halted unless the script is returned, but this has little public or government support.<ref name="Tossa-2007">{{cite book|last1=Tossa|first1=Wajuppa|title=STORYTELLING, A MEANS TO REVITALIZE A DISAPPEARING LANGUAGE AND CULTURE IN NORTHEAST THAILAND (ISAN)|date=2007|publisher=The 3rd International Conference on Gross National Happiness 2007|location=Bangkok|url=http://gnh-movement.org/papers/tossa.pdf|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213650/http://gnh-movement.org/papers/tossa.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="DraperJ2004"/> ===Written language usage and vitality=== [[File:Legal text in Isan (Lao) written in Tai Noi.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Portions of an ancient legal text written in the Tai Noi script on a palm-leaf manuscript. The script was banned in the 1930s but survived in Laos as the modern Lao alphabet.]] The written language is currently at Stage&nbsp; 9 on the EGIDS scale, which is a 'language [that] serves as a reminder of heritage identity for an ethnic community, but no one has more than symbolic proficiency'.<ref name="EGIDS"/> This applies to both the ''Tai Noi'' script used for secular literature and the ''Tua Tham'' script previously used for Buddhist texts. Only a handful of people of very advanced age and caretakers of monasteries whose libraries were not destroyed during the Thaification implementation in the 1930s are able to read either script. Evidence for the use of the written language is hard to find, but well-worn murals of very old temples often have small bits of writing in the old script.<ref name="ronn">Ronnakiat, N. (1992). Evidence of the Thai noi alphabet found in inscriptions. ''The third international symposium on language and linguistics.'' Bangkok, Thailand: Chulalongkorn University. (pp. 1326–1334).</ref> In Laos, the orthography is a direct descendant of ''Tai Noi'' and continues its role as the official written language of the Lao language of the left bank as well as the script used to transcribe minority languages. The Lao written language has unified the dialects to some extent as well, as though the differences between dialects are sharper in Laos than Isan, one common writing system unites them.<ref name="LaoLaw"/><ref name="ronn"/> ===Language threats=== ====Negative perceptions==== Acknowledgment of the unique history of the Isan language and the fact it is derived from a closely related albeit separate language is lacking, with the official and public position being that the language is a dialect of Thai. As a result of the great difference from Thai, based on tone, nasal vowels of a different quality and a special set of Lao vocabulary unfamiliar to Thai speakers, it is considered an 'inferior form of Thai' as opposed to its own separate language. The traditional avoidance of the language in the formal sphere re-enforces the superiority of Thai, which the Isan people have [[internalized oppression|internalized]] to the point many do not have high opinions of their first language. Combined with vocabulary retentions, many of which sound oddly archaic or have become pejorative in Standard Thai, perpetuate the myth and negative perception of Isan as an uncouth language of rural poverty and hard agricultural life. Due to associations with [[Laos]], the language was also viewed as a potential fifth column for Lao [[irredentism]] and the spread of [[communism]] into Thailand.<ref name="Signs">Draper, J. (2013). Introducing Multilingual Thai - Isan - English Signage in a Thai University. Journal of Lao Studies, 4(1), 11–42.</ref> It was in the recent past quite common for Isan people to be corrected or ridiculed when they spoke because of their incomplete mastery of Standard Thai.<ref name="Alex"/> In polling of language favorability amongst the general population of Thailand, the Isan language ranks last after Standard Thai and the primary Thai dialect of the other regions.<ref name="Hugo">Lee, Hugo, Y.-H. (2014). '[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.639.8792&rep=rep1&type=pdf Speaking like a love entrepreneur: Language choices and ideologies of social mobility among daughters of peasants in Thailand's tourist sites]'. ''Language, Discourse and Society'', 3(1), pp. 110-143. Madrid, Spain: International Sociological Association.</ref> As a result of the need for Standard Thai proficiency in order to have better educational and employment prospects and avoid discrimination, anecdotal evidence suggests that more and more Isan children are being raised in the Thai language and are discouraged from using the local language at home.<ref name="Alex">Alexander, S. T. and McCargo, D. (2014), Diglossia and identity in Northeast Thailand: Linguistic, social, and political hierarchy. J Sociolinguistics, 18: 60–86.</ref> The Thai language has already begun to displace the predominance of Isan in the major market towns, in part because they are often also administrative centers, and in some major cities, universities have attracted students from other regions.<ref name="Signs"/> ====Code-switching==== Since the late 1930s, Isan has been a bilingual area, with most people using Isan at home and in the village, but due to diglossia, switching to Thai for school, work and formal situations. Like all bilingual societies, Isan speakers often [[code-switching|code-switch]] in and out of the Thai language. For example, in an analysis of the eighty-eight volumes of the comic ''หนูหิ่น อินเดอะซิตี้'' ({{lit|Little Hin}} in the city), the Thai language was used 62.91 percent of the time to properly quote someone—such as someone that speaks Thai, 21.19 percent of the time to provide further explanation and 8.61 percent of the time to re-iterate a previous statement for clarification.<ref>พิมพ์โพยม พิทักษ์1 และ บัญญัติ สาลี. (2559/2016). [https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/gshskku/article/view/73660/59377 หน้าที่ของการสลับภาษาระหว่างภาษาไทยกลางและภาษาไทยถิ่นอีสาน ของหนูหิ่น ในการ์ตูนเรื่อง หนูหิ่น อินเดอะซิตี้]. มนุษยศาสตร์สังคมศาสตร์. 5(2). pp. 91-109. (Thai and English)</ref> There are seven areas where the Thai language is employed, aside from direct quotation, such as the following: explanations, interjections, Thai culture, emphasis, re-iterations and jokes.<ref>พระมหาอธิวัฒน์ บุดดานาง และ รัตนา จันทร์เทาว. (2561/2018). หน้าที่ของการสลับภาษาระหว่างภาษาไทยกลาง ภาษาไทยถิ่นอีสานและภาษาบาลี ในการแสดงธรรม ของพระอาจารย์สมภพ โชติปญฺโญ. วารสารภาษา ศาสนา และวัฒนธรรม. 7(1). pp. 123-153.</ref> Although some Isan people may not speak the language well, Thai is a convenient language of clarification, especially between Isan speakers of different dialects that may be unfamiliar with local terms of the other speaker. As Isan does not exist in formal, technical, political or academic domains, it is generally more comfortable for Isan speakers to use Thai in these areas as a result of the diglossia, with many Isan speakers unaware or unfamiliar with native terms and ''[[belles-lettres]]'' that are still used in contemporary Lao. Thai is also sometimes used to avoid Isan features that are stigmatized in Thai, such as retention of vocabulary that is pejorative or archaic as well as Lao pronunciations of cognate words that sound 'folksy'. Despite the fact that code-switching is a natural phenomenon, younger generations are blurring the distinction between languages, using more Thai-like features and as they forget to switch back to Isan, language shift takes hold.<ref name="Alex"/><ref name="Tossa-2007"/> ====Thai-influenced language shift==== The Thai language may not be the primary language of Isan, but Isan people are in constant exposure to it. It is required to watch the ever-popular [[soap opera]]s, news, and sports broadcasts or sing popular songs, most of it produced in Bangkok or at least in its accent. Thai is also needed as a written language for instructions, to read labels on packages, road signs, newspapers and books. Isan children who may struggle to acquire the language, are forced to learn the language as part of [[compulsory education]] and often when they are older, for employment. Although attitudes towards regional cultures and languages began to relax in the late 1980s, the legal and social pressures of Thaification and the need for Thai to participate in daily life and wider society continue. The influence of Thai aside, anecdotal evidence suggests that many older Isan lament the corruption of the spoken language spoken by younger generations and that the younger generations are no longer familiar with the traditional Lao forms used by previous generations.<ref name="Tossa-2007"/><ref name="Planning">Draper, J. (2015). Towards a curriculum for the Thai Lao of Northeast Thailand. Current Issues in Language Planning, 16(3), 238-258.</ref> In a 2016 study of language shift, villagers in an Isan-speaking village were divided by age and asked to respond to various questionnaires to determine lexical usage of Lao terms, with those born prior to 1955, those born between 1965 and 1990 and those born after 1990. The results show what would be expected of a language undergoing language shift. As Isan and Thai already have a similar grammatical structure and syntax, the main variance is in lexical shift, essentially the replacement of Isan vocabulary. The oldest generation, at the time in their 60s or older, uses very normative Lao features little different than those found in Laos. The middle generations, ranging from 35 to 50 years of age, had a greater prevalence of Thai vocabulary, but overall maintained a traditional Isan lexicon, with the Thai terms usually not the primary spoken forms. The youngest generation, although still arguably using very many Lao phrases and vocabulary, had a remarkable replacement of Isan vocabulary, with Thai forms becoming either the primary variant or replacing the Isan word altogether. Similarly, when Isan usage has two variants, generally a common one not understood in Thai and another that is usually a cognate, younger speakers tend to use the cognates with greater frequency, pushing their speech to Thai as older speakers will use them in variance.<ref name="Prom">Promkandorn, S. (2016). Language Vitality and Lexical Variation of the Isan Language in Rongsan Village, Phayao Province. [Unpublished Master's of Linguistics Thesis]. Phayap University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.</ref> Thai loan words were generally localized in pronunciation, easing them into the flow of Isan conversation and unnoticeable to most but the oldest members of the community that preserve 'proper Isan' usage. Although the youngest generation was still speaking a distinct language, each generation brings the increased risk of the Isan language's extinction as it becomes relexified to the point of no longer being a separate language but a dialect of Thai with some Lao influence. The lack of official usage, official support for its maintenance and lack of language prestige hinder attempts to revitalize or strengthen the language against the advance of Thai.<ref name="Planning"/> {| class="wikitable" |+ Thai relexification in the speech of Isan youth in Rongsan Village<ref name="Prom"/> ! colspan="2" | Central Thai ! colspan="2" | Isan ! colspan="2" | Lao ! colspan="2" |Isan youth ! Gloss |- | {{lang|th|โหระพา}}<br>''horapha'' | {{IPA|/hǒː.ráʔ.pʰāː/}} | {{lang|tts|อีตู่}}<br>''i tu'' | {{IPA|/ʔìː túː/}} | {{lang|lo|ອີ່ຕູ່}}<br>''i tou'' | {{IPA|/ʔīː tūː/}} | {{lang|tts|โหระพา}}<br>''horapha'' | {{IPA|/hǒː.làʔ.pʰâː/}} | 'Thai basil' |- | {{lang|th|พี่สาว}}<br>''phi sao'' | {{IPA|/pʰîː sǎːw/}} | {{lang|tts|เอื้อย}}<br>''ueai'' | {{IPA|/ʔɯ̂aj/}} | {{lang|lo|ເອື້ອຍ}}<br>''ueai'' | {{IPA|/ʔɯ̂aj/}} | {{lang|tts|พี่สาว}}<br>''phi sao'' | {{IPA|/pʰīː sǎːw/}} | 'older sister' |- | {{lang|th|คนใบ้}}<br>''khon bai'' | {{IPA|/kʰōn bâj/}} | {{lang|tts|คนปากกืก}}<br>''khon pak kuek'' | {{IPA|/kʰôn pàːk kɯ̀ːk/}} | {{lang|lo|ຄົນປາກກືກ}}<br>''khôn pak kuk'' | {{IPA|/kʰón pȁːk kɯ̏ːk/}} | {{lang|tts|คนใบ้}}<br>''khon bai'' | {{IPA|/kʰôn bâj/}} | 'mute' (person) |- | {{lang|th|กระรอก}}<br>''krarok'' | {{IPA|/kràʔ.rɔ̂ːk/}} | {{lang|tts|กระฮอก}}<br>''krahok'' | {{IPA|/kǎʔ.hɔ̂ːk/}} | {{lang|lo|ກະຮອກ}}<br>''kahok'' | {{IPA|/káʔ.hɔ̂ːk/}} | {{lang|tts|กระรอก}}<br>''krarok'' | {{IPA|/kǎʔ.lɔ̑ːk/}} | 'squirrel' |- | {{lang|th|กระซิบ}}<br>''krasip'' | {{IPA|/kràʔ.síp/}} | {{lang|tts|ซิ่ม}}<br>''sim'' | {{IPA|/sīm/}} | {{lang|lo|ຊັບຊິຶ່ມ}}<br>''sap suem'' | {{IPA|/sāp sɯ̄m/}} | {{lang|tts|กระซิบ}}<br>''krasip''<br> | {{IPA|/kǎʔ.sìp/}} | 'to whisper' |- | {{lang|th|งีบ}}<br>''ngip'' | {{IPA|/ŋîːp/}} | {{lang|tts|เซือบ}}<br>''suep'' | {{IPA|/sɯ̂ap/}} | {{lang|lo|ເຊືອບ}}<br>''suep'' | {{IPA|/sɯ̂ap/}} | {{lang|th|งีบ}}<br>''ngip'' | {{IPA|/ŋîːp/}} | 'to nap' |- | {{lang|th|รวม}}<br>''ruam'' | {{IPA|/rūam/}} | {{lang|tts|โฮม}}<br>''hom'' | {{IPA|/hôːm/}} | {{lang|lo|ໂຮມ}}<br>''hôm'' | {{IPA|/hóːm/}} | {{lang|tts|รวม}}<br>''ruam'' | {{IPA|/lûam/}} | 'to gather together'<br>'to assemble' |- | {{lang|th|ลูก}}<br>''luk'' | /lûːk/ | {{lang|tts|หน่วย}}<br>''nuai'' | /nūaj/ | {{lang|lo|ຫນ່ວຍ}}/{{lang|lo|ໜ່ວຍ}}<br>''nouay'' | /nūaj/ | {{lang|tts|ลูก}}<br>''luk'' | /lȗːk/ | 'fruit'<br>(classifier) |- | {{lang|th|ไหล่}}<br>''lai'' | /làj/ | {{lang|tts|บ่า}}<br>''ba'' | /báː/ | {{lang|lo|ບ່າ}}<br>''ba'' | /bāː/ | {{lang|tts|ไหล่}}<br>''lai'' | /lāj/ | 'shoulder'<br /> |} ===Continued survival=== The development of 'Isan' identity and a resurgence in attention to the language has brought increased attention and study of the language. Academics at universities are now offering courses in the language and its grammar, conducting research into the old literature archives that were preserved. Digitizing palm-leaf manuscripts and providing Thai-script transcription is being conducted as a way to both preserve the rapidly decaying documents and re-introduce them to the public. The language can be heard on national television during off-peak hours, when music videos featuring many Isan artists of [[morlam|molam]] and Isan adaptations of Central Thai [[luk thung]] music. In 2003, HRH Princess Royal [[Sirindhorn|Sirinthon]] was the patron of the Thai Youth Mo Lam Competition.<ref name="DraperJ2004"/> ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== ====Initials==== Isan shares its consonant inventory with the Lao language from which it derives. The [[stop consonant|plosive]] and [[affricate consonant|affricate]] consonants can be further divided into three [[voice-onset time]]s of [[voiced consonant|voiced]], [[tenuis consonant|tenuis]] and [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] consonants. For example, Isan has the plosive set of voiced {{IPAslink|b}}, tenuis {{IPAslink|p}} which is like the 'p' in 'spin' and aspirated {{IPAslink|pʰ}} like the 'p' in 'puff'. Isan and Lao lack the sound {{IPAslink|tɕʰ}} and its allophone {{IPAslink|ʃ}} of Thai, replacing these sounds with {{IPAslink|s}} in analogous environments. Similarly, {{IPAslink|r}} is rare. Words in Isan and Lao cognate to Thai word with {{IPAslink|r}} have either {{IPAslink|h}} or {{IPAslink|l}} in their place, although educated speakers in Isan or Laos may pronounce some words with {{IPAslink|r}}. In Central and Southern Thai, words with {{IPAslink|r}} may be pronounced as {{IPAslink|l}} ([[lambdacism]]) in casual environments although this is frowned upon in formal or cultivated speech. Unlike Central and Southern Thai, Isan and Lao have a {{IPAslink|j}}–{{IPAslink|ɲ}} distinction, whereas cognate words from Isan and Lao with {{IPAslink|ɲ}} are all {{IPAslink|j}} in Central and Southern Thai. Substitution of {{IPAslink|w}} with {{IPAslink|ʋ}}, which is not used in Thai, is common in large areas of both Laos and Isan but is not universal in either region, but is particularly associated with areas influenced by Vientiane and Central Lao dialects. The glottal stop occurs any time a word begins with a vowel, which is always built around a null consonant. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Isan consonant distribution with Thai and Lao alphabets. ! colspan="2" | ! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] ! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! ([[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-]]) [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] ! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | {{IPAslink|m}} ม, หม{{ref|ligature|4}}ມ, ໝ{{ref|ligature|4}}/ຫມ{{ref|ligature|4}} | {{IPAslink|n}} ณ{{ref|Sanskrit|1}}, น, หน{{ref|ligature|4}}ນ, ໜ{{ref|ligature|4}}/ຫນ{{ref|ligature|4}} | {{IPAslink|ɲ}}{{ref|NotThai|2}}^,{{ref|LaoFinal|5}} ญ{{ref|ThaiY|3}}, ย{{ref|ThaiY|3}}, หญ{{ref|ThaiY|3}}^,{{ref|ligature|4}}, หย{{ref|ThaiY|3}}^,{{ref|ligature|4}}ຍ{{ref|LaoFinal|5}}, ຫຽ{{ref|ligature|4}}^,{{ref|OldLao|11}}/ຫຍ{{ref|ligature|4}} | {{IPAslink|ŋ}} ง, หง{{ref|ligature|4}}ງ, ຫງ{{ref|ligature|4}} | |- ! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]] ! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> | {{IPAslink|p}} ป ປ | {{IPAslink|t}} ฏ{{ref|Sanskrit|1}},ต ຕ | {{IPAslink|tɕ}} จ ຈ | {{IPAslink|k}} ก ກ | {{IPAslink|ʔ}}{{ref|glottalstop|10}} อ{{ref|glottalstop|10}} ອ{{ref|glottalstop|10}} |- ! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]] [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small> | {{IPAslink|pʰ}} ผ, พ, ภ ຜ, ພ | {{IPAslink|tʰ}} ฐ{{ref|Sanskrit|1}}, ฑ{{ref|Sanskrit|1}}, ฒ{{ref|Sanskrit|1}}, ถ, ท, ธ ຖ, ທ | {{IPAslink|tɕʰ}}{{ref|ThaiCH|6}} ฉ{{ref|ThaiCH|6}}, ช{{ref|ThaiCH|6}}, ฌ{{ref|Sanskrit|1}}^,{{ref|ThaiCH|6}}ຊ{{ref|ThaiCH|6}} | {{IPAslink|kʰ}} ข, ฃ{{ref|obsolete|7}}, ค, ฅ{{ref|obsolete|7}}, ฆ{{ref|Sanskrit|1}}ຂ, ຄ | |- ! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | {{IPAslink|b}} บ ບ | {{IPAslink|d}} ฎ{{ref|Sanskrit|1}}, ด ດ | | | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | {{IPAslink|f}} ฝ, ฟ ຝ, ຟ | {{IPAslink|s}} ซ, ศ{{ref|Sanskrit|1}}, ษ{{ref|Sanskrit|1}}, ส ສ, ຊ | | {{IPAblink|x}}{{ref|Dialect|13}} ข, ฃ{{ref|obsolete|7}}, ค, ฅ{{ref|obsolete|7}}, ฆ{{ref|Sanskrit|1}}ຂ, ຄ | {{IPAslink|h}} ห, ฮ{{ref|LaoH|9}}ຫ, ຮ{{ref|LaoH|9}} |- ! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | {{IPAblink|ʋ}}{{ref|NotThai|2}}^,{{ref|LaoFinal|5}} ว{{ref|LaoFinal|5}}, หว{{ref|ligature|4}}ວ{{ref|LaoFinal|5}}, ຫວ{{ref|ligature|4}} | {{IPAslink|l}} ล, ฬ{{ref|Sanskrit|1}}, ร{{ref|informal|12}}, หล{{ref|ligature|4}}, หร{{ref|ligature|4}}^,{{ref|informal|12}}ຣ{{ref|OldLao|11}}, ລ, ຫຼ{{ref|ligature|4}}/ຫລ{{ref|ligature|4}}, ຫຼ{{ref|ligature|4}}^,{{ref|OldLao|11}}/ຫຣ{{ref|ligature|4}}^,{{ref|OldLao|11}} | {{IPAslink|j}} ย, อย, หย{{ref|ligature|4}}ຢ, ຫຽ{{ref|ligature|4}}^,{{ref|OldLao|11}} | {{IPAslink|w}} ว, หว{{ref|ligature|4}}ວ, ຫວ{{ref|ligature|4}} | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]/[[Liquid consonant|Liquid]] | | {{IPAslink|r}}{{ref|LaoR|8}} ร{{ref|LaoR|8}}, หร{{ref|ligature|4}}^,{{ref|LaoR|8}} ຣ{{ref|LaoR|8}}^,{{ref|OldLao|11}}, ຫຼ{{ref|ligature|4}}^,{{ref|LaoR|8}}/ຫຣ{{ref|ligature|4}}^,{{ref|LaoR|8}}^,{{ref|OldLao|11}} | | | |} *{{note|Sanskrit|1}} Only used in Sanskrit or Pali loan words. *{{note|NotThai|2}} Unique to Isan and Lao, does not occur in Thai but {{IPAslink|ʋ}} is only an allophone of {{IPAslink|w}} whereas {{IPAslink|ɲ}} is phonemic. *{{note|ThaiY|3}} Central and Southern Thai spelling does not distinguish {{IPAslink|j}} from {{IPAslink|ɲ}}. *{{note|ligature|4}} Lao ligature of silent {{IPAslink|h}} (ຫ) or digraph; Thai digraph with silent {{IPAslink|h}} (ห). *{{note|LaoFinal|5}} Only as syllable-initial consonants. *{{note|ThaiCH|6}} Use of {{IPAslink|tɕʰ}} is Thai interference in Isan and rare in Laos, usually interference from a northern tribal Tai language, almost always {{IPAslink|s}}. *{{note|obsolte|7}} Still taught as part of the alphabet, 'ฃ' and 'ฅ' are obsolete and have been replaced by 'ข' and 'ค', respectively. *{{note|LaoR|8}} Mark of interference from Isan or erudition in Laos. Usually replaced by {{IPAslink|l}} and even by 'ລ' {{IPAslink|l}} in modern Lao writing. *{{note|LaoH|9}} Used to mark {{IPAslink|h}} in words that are etymologically {{IPAslink|r}}. *{{note|glottalstop|10}} All words that begin with vowels must be written with the anchor consonant and are pronounced with a glottal stop. *{{note|OldLao|11}} Generally used in pre-1970s Lao. *{{note|informal|12}} Only in very casual, informal Thai. *{{note|Dialect|13}} {{IPAblink|x}} is allophone of {{IPAslink|kʰ}} in some dialects. ====Clusters==== Consonant clusters are rare in spoken Lao as they disappear shortly after the adoption of writing. In native words, only /kw/ and /kʰw/ are permissible, but these can only occur before certain vowels due to the [[diphthongization]] that occurs before the vowels /aC/, /am/, /aː/ and /aːj/. Isan speakers, who are educated in Thai and often use Thai spelling of etymological vocabulary to transcribe Isan, will generally not pronounce consonant clusters but may do so when code-switching to Thai or when pronouncing high-brow words of Sanskrit, Pali or Khmer derivation. Lao speakers from Laos will sometimes pronounce clusters in these borrowed loan words, but this is restricted to aging speakers of the Laotian diaspora. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Lack of consonant clusters in Isan |- ! colspan="2" | Isan ! colspan="2" | Thai ! colspan="2" | Lao ! colspan="2" | Isan ! colspan="2" | Thai ! colspan="2" | Lao ! colspan="2" | Isan ! colspan="2" | Thai ! colspan="2" | Lao |- | ก | rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/k/}} | ก | {{IPA|/k/}} | rowspan="3" | ກ | rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/k/}} | ค | rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/kʰ/}} | ค | {{IPA|/kʰ/}} | rowspan="3" | ຄ | rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/kʰ/}} | ป | rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/p/}} | ป | {{IPA|/p/}} | rowspan="3" | ປ | rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/p/}}<br /> |- | กร | กร | {{IPA|/kr/}} | คร | คร | {{IPA|/kʰr/}} | ปร | ปร | {{IPA|/pr/}} |- | กล | กล | {{IPA|/kl/}} | คล | คล | {{IPA|/kʰl/}} | ปล | ปล | /pl/ |- | กว{{ref|LaoDiph|1}} | {{IPA|/kw/}}{{ref|LaoDiph|1}} | กว | /kw/ | ກວ{{ref|LaoDiph|1}} | {{IPA|/kw/}}{{ref|LaoDiph|1}} | คว{{ref|LaoDiph|1}} | {{IPA|/kʰw/}}{{ref|LaoDiph|1}} | คว | {{IPA|/kʰw/}} | ຄວ{{ref|LaoDiph|1}} | /kʰw/{{ref|LaoDiph|1}} | ผ | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/pʰ/}} | ผ | {{IPA|/pʰ/}} | rowspan="2" | ຜ | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/pʰ/}} |- | ข | rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/kʰ/}} | ข | {{IPA|/kʰ/}} | rowspan="3" | ຂ | rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/kʰ/}} | ต | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/t/}} | ต | {{IPA|/t/}} | rowspan="2" | ຕ | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/t/}} | ผล | ผล | {{IPA|/pʰl/}} |- | ขร | ขร | {{IPA|/kʰr/}} | ตร | ตร | {{IPA|/tr/}} | พ | rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/pʰ/}} | พ | {{IPA|/pʰ/}} | rowspan="3" | ພ | rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/pʰ/}} |- | ขล | ขล | {{IPA|/kʰl/}} | rowspan="2" colspan="6" | | พร | พร | {{IPA|/pʰr/}} |- | ขว{{ref|LaoDiph|1}} | {{IPA|/kʰw/}}{{ref|LaoDiph|1}} | ขว | {{IPA|/kʰw/}} | ຂວ{{ref|LaoDiph|1}} | {{IPA|/kʰw}}/{{ref|LaoDiph|1}} | พล | พล | {{IPA|/pʰl/}} |} *{{note|LaoDiph|1}} Before /aC/, /aː/, /aːj/ and /am/ [[diphthongization]] occurs which assimilates the {{IPA|/w/}} so it is only a true cluster in other vowel environments, only occurs in Isan and Lao. ====Finals==== Isan shares with both Lao and Thai a restrictive set of permissible consonant sounds at the end of a syllable or word. Isan, using its current method of writing according to Thai etymological spelling, preserves the spelling to imply the former sound of borrowed loan words even if the pronunciation has been assimilated. Due to spelling reforms in Laos, the letters that can end a word were restricted to a special set of letters, but older writers and those in the Lao diaspora occasionally use some of the more etymological spellings. In pronunciation, all [[plosive consonant|plosive sounds]] (besides the [[glottal stop]] /ʔ/) are [[unreleased stop|unreleased]]; as a result, there is no voicing of final consonants or any release of air. The finals {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} are thus actually pronounced {{IPA|[p̚]}}, {{IPA|[t̚]}}, and {{IPA|[k̚]}}, respectively. Of the consonant letters, excluding the disused ฃ and ฅ, six (ฉ ผ ฝ ห อ ฮ) cannot be used as a final and the other 36 are grouped as following. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Isan final consonants with Lao script for comparison |- style="font-weight:bold;" ! style="font-weight:normal;" | ! colspan="2" | Labial ! colspan="2" | Alveolar ! Palatal ! colspan="2" | Velar ! Glottal |- ! rowspan="3" | Nasal | colspan="2" | {{IPAslink|m}}<br /> | colspan="2" | {{IPAslink|n}}<br /> | rowspan="6" | | colspan="2" | {{IPAslink|ŋ}} | rowspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | |- | colspan="2" | ม | colspan="2" | ญ, ณ, น, ร, ล, ฬ | colspan="2" | ง |- | colspan="2" | ມ | ນ{{ref|only|1}} | ຣ{{ref|oldish|2}}, ລ{{ref|oldish|2}} | colspan="2" | ງ |- ! rowspan="3" | Plosive | colspan="2" | {{IPAslink|p}} | colspan="2" | {{IPAslink|t}} | colspan="2" | {{IPAslink|k}} | {{IPAslink|ʔ}} |- | colspan="2" | บ, ป, พ, ฟ, ภ | colspan="2" | จ, ช, ซ, ฌ, ฎ, ฏ, ฐ, ฑ, ฒ, ด, ต, ถ, ท, ธ, ศ, ษ, ส | colspan="2" | ก, ข, ค, ฆ | rowspan="2" | *{{ref|glottal stop|3}} |- | ບ{{ref|only|1}} | ປ{{ref|oldish|2}}, ພ{{ref|oldish|2}}, ຟ{{ref|oldish|2}} | ດ{{ref|only|1}} | ຈ{{ref|oldish|2}}, ສ{{ref|oldish|2}}, ຊ{{ref|oldish|2}}, ຕ{{ref|oldish|2}}, ຖ{{ref|oldish|2}}, ທ{{ref|oldish|2}} | ກ{{ref|only|1}} | ຂ{{ref|oldish|2}}, ຄ{{ref|oldish|2}} |- ! rowspan="3" | Approximant | colspan="2" | /w/{{ref|vowel|4}} | rowspan="3" colspan="2" | | /j/{{ref|vowel|4}} | rowspan="3" colspan="3" | |- style="text-align:left;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ว | style="text-align:center;" | ย |- style="text-align:left;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ວ | style="text-align:center;" | ຍ |} *{{note|only|1}} Where alternative spellings once existed, only these consonants can end words in modern Lao. *{{note|oldish|2}} Used in pre-1970s Lao spelling as word-final letters. *{{note|glottal stop|3}} Glottal stop is unwritten but is pronounced at the end of short vowels that occur at the end of a consonant. *{{note|vowel|4}} These occur only as parts of diphthongs or triphthongs and are usually included as parts of vowels. ===Vowels=== The vowel structure of Isan is similar to the central and southern Lao dialects of Laos. The vowel quality is also similar to Thai, but differs in that the two back vowels, [[close back unrounded vowel]] /ɯ/ and the [[close-mid back unrounded vowel]] /ɤ/, centralized as the [[close central unrounded vowel]] /ɨ/ and the [[mid central vowel]] /ə/ in some speakers, respectively, as well as in diphthongs that may include these sounds. To Thai speakers, Isan and Lao vowels tend to have a nasal quality. In many cases, especially diphthongs with /u/ as first element is lengthened in Isan as it is in Standard Lao, so that the word ''tua'' which means 'body' ({{langx|th|ตัว}}, written the same in Isan) is pronounced {{IPA|/tua/}} in Thai but in Isan as {{IPA|/tuːa/}} in some dialects, similar to {{langx|lo|ຕົວ}}. The symbol '◌' indicates the required presence of a consonant, or for words that begin with a vowel sound, the 'null consonant' 'อ' or its Lao equivalent, 'ອ', which in words that begin with a vowel, represents the glottal stop /ʔ/. Short vowels that end with '◌ะ' or Lao '◌ະ' also end with a glottal stop. Thai and Lao are both [[abugida]] scripts, so certain vowels are pronounced without being written, taking the form of /a/ in open syllables and /o/ in closed syllables, i.e., ending in a consonant. For example, the Khmer loan word ''phanom'' or 'hill' found in many place names in Isan is {{langx|tts|พนม}} or 'PH-N-M' but pronounced {{IPA|/pʰàʔ.no᷇m/}}, with 'PH' as the open syllable and 'N-M' as the closed syllable. In Lao orthography, inherited from Tai Noi, closed syllables are marked with a 'ົ' over the consonants and the /a/ of open syllables was unwritten, thus {{langx|lo|ພນົມ}} or 'Ph-N-^o-M'. In current practice as a result of spelling reforms, all vowels are written out and in modern {{langx|lo|ພະນົມ}} or 'Ph-a-N-^o-M' is more common thus modern Lao is no longer a true abugida. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Isan vowel distribution |- style="font-weight:bold; vertical-align:middle; background-color:#EAECF0; color:#202122;" ! style="text-align:left;" | ! [[Front vowel|Front]] ! [[Central vowel|Central]] ! [[Back vowel|Back]] |- style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#202122;" ! style="text-align:left;" | [[Close vowel|Close]] | {{IPAslink|i}} | {{IPAslink|ɨ}} ~ {{IPAslink|ɯ}} | {{IPAslink|u}} |- style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#202122;" ! style="text-align:left;" | [[Mid vowel|Mid]] | {{IPAslink|e}} | {{IPAslink|ə}} ~ {{IPAslink|ɤ}} | {{IPAslink|o}} |- style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#202122;" ! style="text-align:left;" | [[Open vowel|Open]] | {{IPAslink|ɛ}} | {{IPAslink|ä|a}} | {{IPAslink|ɔ}} |} ====Vowel length==== Vowels usually exist in long-short pairs determined by [[vowel length]] which is [[phoneme|phonemic]], but vowel length is not indicated in the RTGS romanization commonly used in Thailand or the [[BGN/PCGN romanization|BGN/PCGN]] French-based scheme commonly used in Laos. The Isan word romanized as ''khao'' can represent both {{langx|tts|เขา}} {{IPA|/kʰǎw/}}, 'he' or 'she', and {{langx|tts|ขาว}} {{IPA|/kʰǎːw/}}, 'white' which corresponds to {{langx|lo|ເຂົາ}} and {{langx|lo|ຂາວ}}, respectively, which are also romanized as ''khao''. In these cases, the pairs of words have the same tone and pronunciation and are differentiated solely by vowel length. {| class="wikitable" |+ Isan Long-Short Vowel Pairs (Thai Script/Lao Pronunciation) ! colspan="4" | Long vowels ! colspan="4" | Short vowels |- | Thai | IPA | Lao | IPA | Thai | IPA | Lao | IPA |- | colspan="4";| | ◌ำ | /am/ | ◌ຳ | /am/ |- | ◌า | /aː/ | ◌າ | /aː/ | ◌ะ, ◌ั, *{{ref|assumed|1}} | /aʔ/, /a/ | ◌ະ, ◌ັ | /aʔ/, /a/ |- | ◌ี | /iː/ | ◌ີ | /iː/ | ◌ิ | /i/ | ◌ິ | /i/ |- | ◌ู | /uː/ | ◌ູ | /uː/ | ◌ุ | /u/ | ◌ຸ | /u/ |- | เ◌ | /eː/ | ເ◌ | /eː/ | เ◌ะ, เ◌็ | /eʔ/, /e/ | ເ◌ະ, ເ◌ົ | /eʔ/, /e/ |- | แ◌ | /ɛː/ | ແ◌ | /ɛː/ | แ◌ะ, แ◌็ | /ɛʔ/, /ɛ/ | ແ◌ະ, ແ◌ົ | /ɛʔ/, /ɛ/ |- | ◌ื, ◌ือ | /ɯː/ | ◌ື | /ɯː/ | ◌ื | /ɯ/ | ◌ຶ | /ɯ/ |- | เ◌อ, เ◌ิ | /ɤː/ | ເີ◌ | /ɤː/ | เ◌อะ | /ɤʔ/ | ເິ◌ | /ɤʔ/ |- | โ◌ | /oː/ | ໂ◌ | /oː/ | โ◌ะ, *{{ref|asssumed|2}} | /oʔ/, /o/ | ໂ◌ະ, ◌ົ | /oʔ/, /o/ |- | ◌อ | /ɔː/ | ◌ອ◌, ◌ໍ | /ɔː/ | เ◌าะ | /ɔʔ/ | ເ◌າະ | /ɔʔ/ |} *{{note|assumed|1}} Unwritten in open syllables. *{{note|asssumed|2}} Unwritten in closed syllables. ====Diphthongs==== {| class="wikitable" |+ Isan Diphthongs<br />(Thai Script/Lao Pronunciation) ! colspan="4" | Long vowels ! colspan="4" | Short vowels |- ! Thai ! IPA ! style="width: 11em; | Lao ! IPA ! Thai ! IPA ! style="width: 11em; | Lao ! IPA |- | colspan="4"| | ◌วำ{{ref|ThaiWam|3}} | /wam/ | ◌ວຳ | /uam/ |- | ◌าย | /aːj/ | ◌າຍ/◌າຽ{{ref|OldLao|2}} | /aːj/ | ไ◌{{ref|long|1}}, ใ◌{{ref|long|1}}, ไ◌ย, ◌ัย | /aj/ | ໄ◌{{ref|long|1}}, ໃ◌{{ref|long|1}}, ໄ◌ຍ{{ref|long|1}}^,{{ref|OldLao|2}}/ໄ◌ຽ{{ref|OldLao|2}}, ◌ັຍ{{ref|OldLao|2}}/◌ັຽ{{ref|OldLao|2}} | /aj/ |- | ◌าว | /aːw/ | ◌າວ | /aːw/ | เ◌า{{ref|long|1}} | /aw/ | ເ◌ົາ{{ref|long|1}} | /aw/ |- | colspan="4";| | ◌ิว | /iw/ | ◌ິວ | /iw/ |- | เ◌ีย | /ia/ | ເ◌ຍ/ເ◌ັຽ{{ref|OldLao|2}}, ◌ຽ◌ | /ia/ | เ◌ียะ | /iaʔ/ | ເ◌ັຍ/ເ◌ັຽະ{{ref|OldLao|2}} | /iaʔ/ |- | ◌อย | /ɔːj/ | ◌ອຍ/◌ອຽ{{ref|OldLao|2}} /◌ຽ{{ref|OldLao|2}} | /ɔːj/ | rowspan="2" colspan="4";| |- | โ◌ย | /oːj/ | ໂ◌ຍ/ໂ◌ຽ{{ref|OldLao|2}} | /oːj/ |- | เ◌ือ, เ◌ือ◌ | /ɯa/ | ເ◌ືອ, ເ◌ືອ◌ | /ɯa/ | เ◌ือะ | /ɯaʔ/ | ເ◌ຶອ | /ɯaʔ/ |- | ◌ัว, ◌ว◌ | /ua/ | ◌ັວ, ◌ວ◌, ◌ວາ, | /ua/ | ◌ัวะ | /uaʔ/ | ◌ົວະ, | /uaʔ/ |- | ◌ูย | /uːj/ | ◌ູຍ/◌ູຽ{{ref|OldLao|2}} | /uːj/ | ◌ຸย | /uj/ | ◌ຸຍ/◌ຸຽ{{ref|OldLao|2}} | /uj/ |- | เ◌ว | /eːw/ | ເ◌ວ | /eːw/ | เ◌็ว | /ew/ | ເ◌ັວ | /ew/ |- | แ◌ว | /ɛːw/ | ແ◌ວ | /ɛːw/ | rowspan="2" colspan="4";| |- | เ◌ย | /ɤːj/ | ເ◌ີຍ/ເ◌ີຽ{{ref|OldLao|2}} | /ɤːj/ |} *{{note|long|1}} Considered long vowels for the purpose of determining tone. *{{note|OldLao|2}} Archaic usage common in pre-1970s Lao. *{{note|ThaiWam|3}} The Thai vowel 'ำ' is a short vowel. In Isan, it is diphthongized after /w/ into /uam/. ====Triphthongs==== {| class="wikitable" |+ Isan Triphthongs<br />(Thai Script/Lao Pronunciation) !Thai !IPA !Lao !IPA |- | เ◌ียว{{ref|long|1}} | {{IPA|/iaw/}} | ◌ຽວ{{ref|long|1}} | {{IPA|/iaw/}} |- | ◌วย{{ref|long|1}} | {{IPA|/uaj/}} | ◌ວຍ/◌ວຽ{{ref|long|1}}^,{{ref|OldLao|2}} | {{IPA|/uaj/}} |- | เ◌ือย{{ref|long|1}} | {{IPA|/ɯaj/}} | ເ◌ືວຍ{{ref|long|1}}/ເ◌ືວຽ{{ref|long|1}}^,{{ref|OldLao|2}} | {{IPA|/ɯaj/}} |} *{{note|long|1}} Considered long vowels for the purpose of determining tone. *{{note|OldLao|2}} Archaic usage common in pre-1970s Lao. ====Tones==== {| class="wikitable" |-----bgcolor="#eeeeee" |+ Isan Tone Distribution (Khon Kaen-Roi Et)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hartmann |first1=J. |year=1971 |url=http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_068_1g_Hartmann_AlignmentOfDialectsInSouthwesternTai.pdf |title=A model for the alignment of dialects in southwestern Tai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418090250/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_068_1g_Hartmann_AlignmentOfDialectsInSouthwesternTai.pdf |archive-date=2021-04-18 |journal=Journal of the Siam Society |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=72–87 }}</ref> ||'''Tone Class'''||'''Inherent Tone'''||'''Mai ek ({{lang|th|อ่}})'''||'''Mai tho ({{lang|th|อ้}})'''||'''Long Vowel'''||'''Short Vowel''' |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ! High || Rising || Mid || Low || Low || Mid-low |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ! Middle || Low || High || Falling || Low || Rising |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ! Low || Falling || Mid || Mid-low || Falling || Low |} ==Grammar== {{unreferenced section|date=August 2021}} Isan words are not inflected, declined, or conjugated, making Isan, like Lao and Thai, an [[analytic language]]. Special particle words function in lieu of prefixes and suffixes to mark verb tense. The majority of Isan words are monosyllabic, but compound words and numerous other very common words exist that are not. Topologically, Isan is a [[subject–verb–object]] (SVO) language, although the subject is often dropped. Word order is an important feature of the language. Although in formal situations, standard Thai is often used, formality is marked in Isan by polite particles attached to the end of statements, and use of formal pronouns. Compared to Thai, Isan sounds very formal as pronouns are used with greater frequency, which occurs in formal Thai, but is more direct and simple compared to Thai. The ending particles เด้อ (doe, {{IPA|/dɤ̂ː/}}) or เด (de, {{IPA|/dèː/}}) function much like ครับ (khrap, {{IPA|/kʰráp/}}), used by males, and ค่ะ (kha, {{IPA|/kʰàʔ/}}), used by females, in Thai. (Isan speakers sometimes use the Thai particles in place of or after เด้อ or เด.) Negative statements often end in ดอก (dok, {{IPA|/dɔ̀ːk/}}), which can also be followed by the particle เด้อ and its variant. ===Nouns=== Nouns in Isan are not marked for plurality, gender or case and do not require an indefinite or definite article. Some words, mainly inherited from Sanskrit or Pali, have separate forms for male or female, such as ''thewa'' ({{langx|tts|เทวา}} {{IPA|/tʰêː.wâː/}}, cf. {{langx|lo|ເທວາ}} BGN/PCGN ''théva''), 'god' or 'angel' (masculine) and ''thewi'' ({{langx|tts|เทวี}} {{IPA|/tʰêː.wîː/}}, cf. {{langx|lo|ເທວີ}} BGN/PCGN ''thévi''), 'goddess' or 'angel' (feminine) which derives from masculine ''deva'' ({{langx|sa|देव}} {{IPA|/deʋa/}} and feminine ''devī'' ({{langx|sa|देवी}} {{IPA|/deʋiː/}}). This is also common in names of Sanskrit origin, such as masculine ''Arun'' ({{langx|tts|อรุณ}} {{IPA|/ʔǎ.lûn/}}, cf. {{langx|lo|ອະລຸນ/ອະຣຸນ}} BGN/PCGN ''Aloun''/''Aroun'') and feminine ''Aruni'' ({{langx|tts|อรุณี}} {{IPA|/ʔǎ.lùʔ.nîː/}}, cf. {{langx|lo|ອະລຸນີ/ອະຣຸນີ}} BGN/PCGN ''Arouni''/''Alounee'') which derives from ''Arun'' {{langx|sa|अरुण}} {{IPA|/aruɳ/}}) and ''Arunī'' {{langx|sa|आरुणि}} {{IPA|/aruɳiː/}}, respectively. In native Tai words which usually do not distinguish gender, animals will take the suffixes ''phu'' ({{langx|tts|ผู้}} {{IPA|/pʰùː/}}, cf. {{langx|lo|ຜູ້}} BGN/PCGN ''phou'') or ''mae'' ({{langx|tts|แม่}} {{IPA|/mɛ̄ː/}}, cf. {{langx|lo|ແມ່}} BGN/PCGN ''mè''). For example, a cat in general is ''maeo'' ({{langx|tts|แมว}} {{IPA|/mɛ̂ːw/}}, cf. {{langx|lo|ແມວ}} BGN/PCGN ''mèo''), but a tomcat is ''maeo phu'' ({{langx|tts|แมวผู้}}) and a queen (female cat) is ''maeo mae'' ({{langx|tts|แมวแม่}}), respectively. ===Classifiers=== {| class="wikitable" |-----bgcolor="#eeeeee" |+ Isan Classifiers ||'''Classifier''' || '''IPA''' ||'''Category''' |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ||คน (ฅน) || {{IPA|/kʰôn/}} ||People in general, except clergy and royals. |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ||คัน || {{IPA|/kʰân/}} ||Vehicles, also used for spoons and forks in Thai. |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ||คู่ || {{IPA|/kʰūː/}} ||Pairs of people, animals, socks, earrings, etc. |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ||ฉบับ || {{IPA|/sȁʔ.bǎp/}} ||Papers with texts, documents, newspapers, etc. |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ||ตัว || {{IPA|/tùa/}} ||Animals, shirts, letters; also tables and chairs (but not in Lao). |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ||กก || {{IPA|/kǒk/}} ||Trees. ต้น (or Lao ຕົ້ນ) {{IPA|/tôn/}} is used in all three for columns, stalks, and flowers. |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ||หน่วย || {{IPA|/nūaj/}} ||Eggs, fruits, clouds. ผล {{IPA|/pʰǒn}}/ used for fruits in Thai. |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" |} Verbs are easily made into nouns by adding the prefixes ความ (khwam) {{IPA|/kʰwâm/}} and การ (kan) {{IPA|/kàːn/}} before verbs that express abstract actions and verbs that express physical actions, respectively. Adjectives and adverbs, which can function as complete predicates, only use ความ.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} ===Pronouns=== Isan traditionally uses the Lao-style pronouns, although in formal contexts, the Thai pronouns are sometimes substituted as speakers adjust to the socially mandated use of Standard Thai in very formal events. Although all the Tai languages are [[pro-drop language]]s that omit pronouns if their use is unnecessary due to context, especially in informal contexts, but they are restored in more careful speech. Compared to Thai, Isan and Lao frequently use the first- and second-person pronouns and rarely drop them in speech which can sometimes seem more formal and distant.{{to whom|date=September 2024}} More common is to substitute pronouns with titles of professions or extension of kinship terms based on age, thus it is very common for lovers or close friends to call each other 'brother' and 'sister' and to address the very elderly as 'grandfather' or 'grandmother'. To turn a pronoun into a plural, it is most commonly prefixed with ''mu'' ({{langx|tts|หมู่}} {{IPA|/mūː/}}, cf. {{langx|lo|ຫມູ່/ໝູ່}} BGN/PCGN ''mou'') but the variants ''tu'' ({{langx|tts|ตู}} {{IPA|/tùː/}}, cf. {{langx|lo|ຕູ}} BGN/PCGN ''tou'') and ''phuak'' ({{langx|tts|พวก}} {{IPA|/pʰûak/}}, cf. {{langx|lo|ພວກ}} BGN/PCGN ''phouak'') are also used by some speakers. These can also be used for the word ''hao'', 'we', in the sense of 'all of us' for extra emphasis. The vulgar pronouns are used as a mark of close relationship, such as long-standing childhood friends or siblings and can be used publicly, but they can never be used outside of these relationships as they often change statements into very pejorative, crude or inflammatory remarks. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | ! Singular ! Plural |- ! rowspan="5" | 1st<br>person ! {{small|formal}} | {{wikt-lang|tts|ข้าน้อย}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|kha noi}}<br />{{IPA|/kʰàː nɔ̑ːj/}} | {{lang|tts|หมู่ข้าน้อย}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|mu kha noi}}<br />{{IPA|/mūː kʰàː nɔ̑ːj/}} |- ! rowspan="2" | {{small|common}} | rowspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|tts|ข้อย}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|khoi}}<br />{{IPA|/kʰɔ̀j/}} | {{wikt-lang|tts|เฮา}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|hao}}<br />{{IPA|/hâw/}} |- | {{lang|tts|หมู่เฮา}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|mu hao}}<br />{{IPA|/mūː hâw/}} |- ! {{small|informal}} | {{lang|tts|ข้า}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|kha}}<br />{{IPA|/kʰàː/}} | |- ! {{small|vulgar}} | {{lang|tts|กู}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|ku}}<br />{{IPA|/kùː/}} | |- ! rowspan="4" | 2nd<br>person ! {{small|formal}} | {{wikt-lang|tts|ท่าน}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|than}}<br />{{IPA|/tʰāːn/}} | {{lang|tts|หมู่ท่าน}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|mu than}}<br />{{IPA|/mūː tʰāːn/}} |- ! {{small|common}} | {{wikt-lang|tts|เจ้า}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|chao}}<br />{{IPA|/tɕȃw/}} | {{lang|tts|หมู่เจ้า}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|mu chao}}<br />{{IPA|/mūː tɕȃw/}} |- ! {{small|informal}} | {{lang|tts|เอ็ง}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|eng}}<br />{{IPA|/ʔèŋ/}} | |- ! {{small|vulgar}} | {{lang|tts|มึง}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|mueng}}<br />{{IPA|/mɯ̂ŋ/}} | |- ! rowspan="4" | 3rd<br>person ! {{small|formal}} | {{wikt-lang|tts|เพิ่น}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|phoen}}<br />{{IPA|/pʰɤ̄n/}} | {{wikt-lang|tts|ขะเจ้า}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|khachao}}<br />{{IPA|/kʰȁʔ.tɕȃw/}} |- ! rowspan="2" | {{small|common}} | {{wikt-lang|tts|เขา}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|khao}}<br />{{IPA|/kʰǎw/}} | {{lang|tts|หมู่เขา}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|mu khao}}<br />{{IPA|/mūː kʰǎw/}} |- | {{wikt-lang|tts|ลาว}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|lao}}<br />{{IPA|/lâːw/}} | {{lang|tts|หมู่ลาว}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|mu lao}}<br />{{IPA|/mūː lâːw/}} |- ! {{small|informal}} | {{lang|tts|มัน}}<br />{{transliteration|tts|man}}<br />{{IPA|/mân/}} | |} ===Numbers=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="2" | Number ! Gloss ! colspan="2" | Number ! Gloss |- | ๐<br>ศูนย์<br>''sun'' | {{IPA|/sǔːn}}/ | 0<br>'zero'<br>''nulla'' | ๒๑<br>ซาวเอ็ด<br>''sao et'' | {{IPA|/sâːw ʔět/}} | 21<br>'twenty-one'<br>XXI |- | ๑<br>หนึ่ง<br>''nueng'' | {{IPA|/nɯ̄ŋ/}} | 1<br>'one'<br>I | ๒๒<br>ซาวสอง<br>''sao song'' | {{IPA|/sâːw sɔ̌ːŋ/}} | 22<br>'twenty-two'<br>XXII |- | ๒<br>สอง<br>''song'' | {{IPA|/sɔ̌ːŋ/}} | 2<br>'two'<br>II | ๒๓<br>ซาวสาม<br>''sao sam'' | {{IPA|/sâːw săːm/}} | 23<br>'twenty-three'<br>XXII |- | ๓<br>สาม<br>''sam'' | /sǎːm/ | 3<br>'three'<br>III | ๓๐<br>สามสิบ<br>''sam sip'' | /săːm sȉp/ | 30<br>thirty<br>XXX |- | ๔<br>สี่<br>''si'' | /sīː/ | 4<br>four<br>IV | ๓๑<br>สามสิบเอ็ด<br>''sam sip et'' | /săːm sȉp ʔět/ | 31<br>'thirty-one'<br>XXXI |- | ๕<br>ห้า<br>''ha'' | /hàː/ | 5<br>'five'<br>V | ๓๒<br>สามสิบสอง<br>''sam sip song'' | /săːm sȉp sɔ̌ːŋ/ | 32<br>'thirty-two'<br>XXXII |- | ๖<br>หก<br>''hok'' | /hȍk/ | 6<br>six<br>VI | ๔๐<br>สี่สิบ<br>''si sip'' | /sīː sȉp/ | 40<br>'forty'<br>VL |- | ๗<br>เจ็ด<br>''chet'' | /tɕět/ | 7<br>'seven'<br>VII | ๕๐<br>ห้าสิบ<br>''ha sip'' | /hàː sȉp/ | 50<br>'fifty'<br>L |- | ๘<br>แปด<br>''paet'' | /pɛ̀ːt/ | 8<br>'eight'<br>VIII | ๖๐<br>หกสิบ<br>''hok sip'' | /hȍk sȉp/ | 60<br>sixty<br>LX |- | ๙<br>เก้า<br>''kao'' | /kâw/ | 9<br>nine<br>IX | ๗๐<br>เจ็ดสิบ<br>''chet sip'' | /tɕět sȉp/ | 70<br>'seventy'<br>LXX |- | ๑๐<br>สิบ<br>''sip'' | /sȉp/ | 10<br>ten<br>X | ๘๐<br>แปดสิบ<br>''paet sip'' | /pɛ̀ːt sȉp/ | 80<br>'eighty'<br>LXXX |- | ๑๑<br>สิบเอ็ด<br>''sip et'' | /sȉp ʔět/ | 11<br>'eleven'<br>XI | ๙๐<br>เก้าสิบ | /kâw sȉp/ | 90<br>'nintety'<br>XC |- | ๑๒<br>สิบสอง | /sȉp sɔ̌ːŋ/ | 12<br>'twelve'<br>XII | ๑๐๐<br>(หนึ่ง)ฮ้อย | /(nɯ̄ŋ) hɔ̂ːj/ | 100<br>'one hundred'<br>C |- | ๑๓<br>สิบสาม | /síp săːm/ | 13<br>'thirteen'<br>XIII | ๑๐๑<br>(หนึ่ง)ฮ้อยเอ็ด | /(nɯ̄ŋ) hɔ̂ːj ʔět/ | 101<br>'one hundred one'<br>CI |- | ๑๔<br>สิบสี่ | /síp sīː/ | 14<br>'fourteen'<br>XIV | ๑๐๐๐<br>(หนึ่ง)พัน | /(nɯ̄ŋ) pʰân/ | 1,000<br>'one thousand'<br>M |- | ๑๕<br>สิบห้า | /sȉp hàː/ | 15<br>'fifteen'<br>XV | ๑๐๐๐๐<br>(หนึ่ง)หมื่น | /(nɯ̄ŋ) mɯ̄ːn/ | 10,000<br>ten thousand<br><span style="text-decoration:overline">X</span>. |- | ๑๖<br>สิบหก | /síp hók/ | 16<br>'sixteen'<br>XVI | ๑๐๐๐๐๐<br>(หนึ่ง)แสน | /(nɯ̄ŋ) sɛ̆ːn/ | 100,000<br>'one hundred thousand'<br><span style="text-decoration:overline">C</span>. |- | ๑๗<br>สิบเจ็ด | /síp tɕět/ | 17<br>seventeen<br>XVII | ๑๐๐๐๐๐๐<br>(หนึ่ง)ล้าน | /(nɯ̄ŋ) lâːn/ | 1,000,000<br>'one million' |- | ๑๘<br>สิบแปด | /síp pɛ̀ːt/ | 18<br>'eighteen'<br>XVIII | ๑๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐<br>(หนึ่ง)พันล้าน | /(nɯ̄ŋ) pʰán lâːn/ | 1,000,000,000<br>'one billion' |- | ๑๗<br>สิบเก้า | /síp kȃw/ | 19<br>'nineteen'<br>XIX | ๑๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐<br>(หนึ่ง)ล้านล้าน | /(nɯ̄ŋ) lâːn lâːn/ | 1,000,000,000,000<br>'one trillion' |- | ๒๐<br>ซาว(หนึ่ง)<br>''sao''(''nueng'') | /sáːw (nɯ̄ŋ)/ | 20<br>'twenty'<br>XX | ๑๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐<br>(หนึ่ง)พันล้านล้าน | /(nɯ̄ŋ) pʰán lâːn lâːn/ | 1,000,000,000,000,000<br>'one quadrillion' |} ===Adjectives and adverbs=== There is no general distinction between adjectives and adverbs, and words of this category serve both functions and can even modify each other. Duplication is used to indicate greater intensity. Only one word can be duplicated per phrase. Adjectives always come after the noun they modify; adverbs may come before or after the verb depending on the word. There is usually no copula to link a noun to an adjective. * เด็กหนุ่ม (dek num) {{IPA|/děk nūm/}} ''A young child.'' * เด็กหนุ่ม ๆ (dek num num) {{IPA|/děk nūm nūm/}} ''A very young child.'' * เด็กหนุ่มที่ไว้ (dek num thi wai) {{IPA|/děk nūm tʰīː wȁj/}} ''A child who becomes young quickly.'' * เด็กหนุ่มที่ไว้ ๆ (dek num thi wai wai) {{IPA|/děk nūm tʰīː wȁj wȁj/}} ''A child who becomes young quickly.'' Comparatives take the form "A X กว่า B" (kwa) {{IPA|/kwáː/}}, A is more X than B. The superlative is expressed as "A X ที่สุด (thi sut) {{IPA|/tʰīː sȕt/}}, A is most X. * เด็กหนุ่มกว่าผู้แก่ (dek num kwa phukae) {{IPA|/děk nūm kwáː pʰùː.kɛ́ː/}} ''The child is younger than an old person.'' * เด็กหนุ่มที่สุด (dek num thi sut) {{IPA|/děk nūm tʰīː sȕt/}} ''The child is youngest.'' Because adjectives or adverbs can be used as predicates, the particles that modify verbs are also used. * เด็กซิหนุ่ม (dek si num) {{IPA|/děk sìʔ nūm/}} ''The child will be young.'' * เด็กหนุ่มแล้ว (dek num laew) {{IPA|/děk nūm lɛ̂ːw/}} ''The child was young.'' ===Verbs=== Verbs are not declined for voice, number, or tense. To indicate tenses, particles can be used, but it is also very common just to use words that indicate the time frame, such as มื้ออื่น (mue uen) {{IPA|/mɯ̏ː ʔɯ́ːn/}} ''tomorrow'' or มื้อวานนี้ (mue wan ni) {{IPA|/mɯ̏ː wâːn nȉː/}} ''yesterday.'' Negation: [[Negation]] is indicated by placing บ่ (bo) {{IPA|/bɔ́ː/}} before the word being negated. * อีน้องกินหมากเลน (i nong kin mak len) {{IPA|/ʔìː nɔ̏ːŋ kìn màːk lêːn}}/ ''Younger sister eats tomatoes.'' * อีน้องบ่กินหมากเลน (i nong bao bo kin mak len) {{IPA|/ʔìː nɔ̏ːŋ bɔ́ː kìn màːk lêːn/}} ''Younger sister does not eat tomatoes.'' [[Future tense]]: Future tense is indicated by placing the particles จะ (cha) {{IPA|/tɕǎʔ/}} or สิ (si) {{IPA|/sȉʔ/}} before the verb. * อีน้องจะกินหมากเลน (i nong cha kin mak len) {{IPA|/ʔīː nɔ̏ːŋ tɕǎʔ kìn màːk lêːn/}} ''Younger sister will eat tomatoes.'' * อีน้องสิกินหมากเลน (i nong see kin mak len) {{IPA|/ʔīː nɔ̏ːŋ sȉʔ kìn màːk lêːn/}} ''Younger sister will eat tomatoes.'' Past tense: [[Past tense]] is indicated by either placing ได้ (dai) {{IPA|/dâj/}} before the verb or แล้ว (laew) {{IPA|/lɛ̏ːw/}} after the verb or even using both in tandem for emphasis. แล้ว is the more common one, and can be used to indicate completed actions or current actions of the immediate past. ได้ is often used with negative statements and never for present action. * อีน้องได้กินหมากเลน (i nong dai kin mak len) {{IPA|/ʔìː nɔ̏ːŋ dâj kìn màːk lêːn/}} ''Younger sister ate tomatoes.'' * อีน้องกินหมากเลนแล้ว (i nong kin mak len laew) {{IPA|/ʔìː nɔ̏ːŋ kìn màːk lêːn lɛ̏ːw/}} ''Younger sister (just) ate tomatoes.'' * อีน้องได้กินหมากเลนแล้ว (i nong dai kin mak len laew) {{IPA|/ʔìː nɔ̏ːŋ dâj kìn màːk lêːn lɛ̏ːw/}} ''Younger sister (definitely) ate tomatoes.'' [[Present progressive]]: To indicate an ongoing action, กำลัง (kamlang) {{IPA|/kàm.lâŋ/}} can be used before the verb or อยู่ (yu) {{IPA|/júː/}} after the verb. These can also be combined for emphasis. In Isan and Lao, พวม (phuam) /pʰuâm/ is often used instead of กำลัง. * อีน้องกำลังกินหมากเลน (i nong kamlang kin mak len) {{IPA|/ʔìː nɔ̂ːŋ kàm.lâŋ kīn màːk lêːn/}} ''Younger sister is eating tomatoes.'' * อีน้องกินอยู่หมากเลน (i nong kin yu mak len) {{IPA|/ʔìː nɔ̂ːŋ kìn júː màːk lêːn/}} ''Younger sister is eating tomatoes.'' * อีน้องพวมกินหมากเลน (i nong phuam kin mak len) {{IPA|/ʔìː nɔ̂ːŋ pʰûam kìn màːk lêːn/}} ''Younger sister is eating tomatoes.'' The verb 'to be' can be expressed in many ways. In use as a [[copula (linguistics)|copula]], it is often dropped between nouns and adjectives. Compare English ''She is pretty'' and Isan สาวงาม (literally ''lady pretty''). There are two copulas used in Isan, as in Lao, one for things relating to people, เป็น (pen) {{IPA|/pèn/}}, and one for objects and animals, แม่น (maen) {{IPA|/mɛ̄n/}}. * นกเป็นหมอ (Nok pen mo) {{IPA|/nòk pèn mɔ̌ː/}} ''Nok is a doctor.'' * อันนี้แม่นสามล้อ (an ni maen sam lo) {{IPA|/ʔàn.nȉː mɛ̄n sǎːm lɔ̏ː/}} ''This is a pedicab.'' ===Questions and answers=== Unlike [[English language|English]], which indicates questions by a rising tone, or [[Spanish language|Spanish]], which changes the order of the sentences to achieve the same result, Isan uses question-tag words. The use of question words makes use of the question mark (?) redundant in Isan. General yes/no questions end in {{Wikt-lang|tts|บ่}} (same as บ่, "no, not"). * สบายดีบ่ (sabai di bo) {{IPA|/sȁʔ.bàːj dìː bɔ́ː/}} ''Are you well?'' Other question words * {{Wikt-lang|tts|จังใด}} (changdai) {{IPA|/tɕàŋ.dàj/}} or {{Wikt-lang|tts|หยัง}} (yang) /ɲǎŋ/ เฮ็ดจั่งใด (het changdai) {{IPA|/hèt tɕàŋ.dàj/}} ''What are you doing?'' * {{Wikt-lang|tts|ใผ}} (phai) {{IPA|/pʰǎj/}} ใผขายไข่ไก่ (phai khai khai kai) {{IPA|/pʰǎj kʰǎːj kʰāj káj/}} ''Who sells chicken eggs?'' * {{Wikt-lang|tts|ใส}} (sai) {{IPA|/sǎj/}} ''Where?'' ห้องน้ำอยู่ใส (hong nam yu sai) /hɔ̀ŋ nȁːm júː sǎj/ ''Where is the toilet?'' * {{Wikt-lang|tts|อันใด}} (andai) {{IPA|/ʔàn.dàj/}} ''Which?'' เจ้าได้กินอันใด (chao dai kin andai) {{IPA|/tɕâw dâj kìn ʔàn.dàj/}} ''Which one did you eat?'' * {{Wikt-lang|tts|จัก}} (chak) {{IPA|/tɕǎk/}} ''How many?'' อายุจักปี (ayu chak pi) {{IPA|/ʔàː.ɲùʔ tɕǎk pìː/}} ''How old are you?'' * {{Wikt-lang|tts|ท่อใด}} (thodai) {{IPA|/tʰɔ̄ː.dàj/}} ''How much?'' ควายตัวบทท่อใด (khwai tua bot thodai) {{IPA|/kʰwáj tùa bǒt tʰɔ̄ː.dàj/}} ''How much is that buffalo over there?'' * แม่นบ่ (maen bo) {{IPA|/mɛ̄n bɔ́ː/}} ''Right?, Is it?'' เต่าไวแม่นบ่ (Tao vai maen bo) {{IPA|/táw wâj mɛ̄n bɔ́ː/}} ''Turtles are fast, right?'' * แล้วบ่ (laew bo) {{IPA|/lɛ̂ːw bɔ́ː/}} ''Yet?, Already?'' เขากลับบ้านแล้วบ่ (khao kap laew bo) {{IPA|/kʰǎw kǎp bâːn lɛ̏ːw bɔ́ː/}} ''Did he go home already?'' * หรือบ่ (rue bo) {{IPA|/lɯ̌ː bɔ́ː/}} ''Or not?'' เจ้าหิวข้าวหรือบ่ (chao hio khao rue bo) {{IPA|/tɕâw hǐw kʰàw lɯ̌ː bɔ́ː}}/ ''Are you hungry or not?'' Answers to questions usually just involve repetition of the verb and any nouns for clarification. * Question: สบายดีบ่ (sabai di bo) {{IPA|/sȁʔ.bàːj dìː bɔ́ː/}} ''Are you well?'' * Response: สบายดี (sabai di) {{IPA|/sȁʔ.bàːj dìː/}} ''I am well'' or บ่สบาย (bo sabai) {{IPA|/bɔ́ː sȁʔ.bàːj/}} ''I am not well''. Words asked with a negative can be confusing and should be avoided. The response, even though without the negation, will still be negated due to the nature of the question. * Question: บ่สบายบ่ (bo sabai bo) {{IPA|/bɔ́ː sáʔ.bàːj bɔ́ː/}} ''Are you not well?'' * Response: สบาย (sabai) {{IPA|/sȁʔ.bāːj/}} ''I am not well'' or บ่สบาย (bo sabai) {{IPA|/bɔ́ː sáʔ.bàːj/}} ''I am well.'' ==Vocabulary== Isan shares a large corpus of cognate, native vocabulary with other Tai languages of Thailand and Laos. They also share many common words and neologisms that were derived from Sanskrit, Pali, Mon and Khmer and other indigenous inhabitants to [[Indochina]]. However, there are traits that distinguish Isan both from Thai and its Lao parent language. Isan is clearly differentiated from Thai by its Lao intonation and vocabulary. However, Isan differs from Lao in that the former has more English and Chinese loanwords, via Thai, not to mention large amounts of Thai influence. The Lao adopted French and Vietnamese loanwords as a legacy of French Indochina. Other differences between Isan and Lao include terminology that reflects the social and political separation since 1893 as well as differences in neologisms created after this. These differences, and a few very small deviations for certain common words, do not, however, diminish nor erase the Lao character of the language. {| class="wikitable" |+Shared vocabulary of Khmer origin ! colspan="5" | Common vocabulary ! colspan="5" | [[Rachasap]] |- ! Isan ! Thai ! Lao ! Khmer ! English ! Isan ! Thai ! Lao ! Khmer ! English |- | กระแทะ<br />''krathae''<br />{{IPA|[kā.tʰɛ̀ʔ]}} | กระแทะ<br />''krathae''<br />{{IPA|[krā.tʰɛ́ʔ]}} | ກະແທະ<br />''kathè''<br />{{IPA|[kā.tʰɛ̄ʔ]}} | រទេះ<br />''rôthéh''<br />{{IPA|/rɔteh/}} | 'oxcart' | บรรทม<br />''banthom''<br />{{IPA|[bàn.tʰôm]}} | บรรทม<br />''banthom''<br />{{IPA|[bān.tʰōm]}} | ບັນທົມ<br />''banthôm''<br />{{IPA|[bàn.tʰóm]}} | បន្ទំ<br />''banthum''<br />{{IPA|/bɑn tum/}} | 'to sleep' |- | เดิน<br />''doen''<br />{{IPA|[dɤ̀ːn]}} | เดิน<br />''doen''<br />{{IPA|[dɤ̄ːn]}} | ເດີນ<br />''deun''<br />{{IPA|[dɤ̀ːn]}} | ដើរ<br />''daeu''<br />{{IPA|/daə/}} | 'to walk' | ตรัส<br />''trat''<br />{{IPA|[tǎt]}} | ตรัส<br />''trat''<br />{{IPA|[tràt]}} | ຕັດ<br />''tat''<br />{{IPA|[tát]}} | ត្រាស់<br />''trah''<br />{{IPA|/trah/}} | 'to speak' |- | พนม<br />''phanom''<br />{{IPA|[pʰā.nôm]}} | พนม<br />''phanom''<br />{{IPA|[pʰā.nōm]}} | ພະນົມ/ພນົມ<br />''phanôm''<br />{{IPA|[pʰā.nóm]}} | ភ្នំ<br />''phnum''/''phnom''<br />{{IPA|/pʰnum/}} | 'mountain' | ขนอง<br />''khanong''<br />{{IPA|[kʰā.nɔ̌ːŋ]}} | ขนอง<br />''khanong''<br />{{IPA|[kʰā.nɔ̌ːŋ]}} | ຂະໜອງ/ຂນອງ<br />''khanong''<br />{{IPA|[kʰā.nɔ̆ːŋ]}} | ខ្នង<br />''khnâng''<br />{{IPA|/knɑːŋ/}} | 'back', 'dorsal ridge' |- | ถนน<br />''thanon''<br />{{IPA|[tʰā.nǒn]}} | ถนน<br />''thanon''<br />{{IPA|[tʰā.nǒn]}} | ຖະໜົນ/ຖໜົນ<br />''thanôn''<br />{{IPA|[tʰā.nǒn]}} | ថ្នល់<br />''tnâl''<br />{{IPA|/tnɑl/}} | 'road' | ศอ<br />''so''<br />{{IPA|[sɔ̆ː]}} | ศอ<br />''so''<br />{{IPA|[sɔ̆ː]}} | ສໍ<br />''so''<br />{{IPA|[sɔ̆ː]}} | សូ[រង]<br />''sŭ[rang]''<br />{{IPA|/suː [rɑːng]/}} | 'neck' |} {| class="wikitable" |-----bgcolor="#eeeeee" |+Shared Thai and Isan vocabulary distinct from Lao ||'''English'''||'''Isan'''||'''Lao'''||'''Thai'''||'''English'''||'''Isan'''||'''Lao'''||'''Thai''' |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ||"ice" ||<big>น้ำแข็ง</big> {{IPA|[nȁm.kʰɛ̌ŋ]}} ||<big>ນ້ຳກ້ອນ</big> {{IPA|[nâm.kɔ̂ːn]}}{{ref|5|5}} ||<big>น้ำแข็ง</big> {{IPA|[nám.kʰɛ̌ŋ]}} ||"plain" (adj.) ||<big>เปล่า</big> {{IPA|[páw]}} ||<big>ລ້າ</big> {{IPA|[lâː]}} ||<big>เปล่า</big> {{IPA|[plàːw]}} |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ||"necktie" ||<big>เนกไท</big> {{IPA|[nè(ː)k tʰáj]}} ||<big>ກາຣະວັດ</big> {{IPA|[kàː.lā.wát]}}{{ref|6|6}} ||<big>เนกไท</big> {{IPA|[né(ː)k tʰáj]}} ||"province" ||<big>จังหวัด</big> {{IPA|[tɕàŋ.wȁt]}} ||<big>ແຂວງ</big> {{IPA|[kʰwɛ̌ːŋ]}}{{ref|7|7}} ||<big>จังหวัด</big> {{IPA|[tɕāŋ.wàt]}} |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ||"wine" ||<big>ไวน์</big> {{IPA|[wâːj]}} ||<big>ແວງ</big> {{IPA|[wɛ́ːŋ]}}{{ref|8|8}} ||<big>ไวน์</big> {{IPA|[wāːj]}} ||"pho" ||<big>ก๋วยเตี๋ยว</big> {{IPA|[kǔaj.tǐaw]}} ||<big>ເຝີ</big> {{IPA|[fɤ̌ː]}}{{ref|9|9}} ||<big>ก๋วยเตี๋ยว</big> {{IPA|[kǔaj.tǐaw]}} |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ||"January" ||<big>มกราคม</big> {{IPA|[mòk.kā.lâː.kʰôm]}} ||<big>ມັງກອນ</big> {{IPA|[máŋ.kɔ̀ːn]}} ||<big>มกราคม</big> {{IPA|[mók.kā.rāː.kʰōm]}} ||"paper" ||<big>กระดาษ</big> {{IPA|[kā.dàːt]}} ||<big>ເຈ້ຍ</big> {{IPA|[tɕîa]}} ||<big>กระดาษ</big> {{IPA|[krā.dàːt]}} |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ||"window" ||<big>หน้าต่าง</big> {{IPA|[nàː.táːŋ]}} ||<big>ປ່ອງຢ້ຽມ</big> {{IPA|[pɔ̄ŋ.jîam]}} ||<big>หน้าต่าง</big> {{IPA|[nâː.tàːŋ]}} ||"book" ||<big>หนังสือ</big> {{IPA|[nǎŋ.sɯ̌ː]}} ||<big>ປຶ້ມ</big> {{IPA|[pɯ̂m]}} ||<big>หนังสือ</big> {{IPA|[nǎŋ.sɯ̌ː]}} |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ||"motorcycle" ||<big>มอเตอร์ไซค์</big> {{IPA|[mɔ̂ː.tɤ̄ː.sâj]}} ||<big>ຣົຖຈັກ</big> {{IPA|[lōt.tɕák]}} ||<big>มอเตอร์ไซค์</big> {{IPA|[mɔ̄ː.tɤ̄ː.sāj]}}{{ref|10|10}} ||"butter" ||<big>เนย</big> {{IPA|[nɤ̂ːj]}} ||<big>ເບີຣ໌</big> {{IPA|[bɤ̀ː]}}{{ref|11|11}} ||<big>เนย</big> {{IPA|[nɤ̄ːj]}} |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" |} {{smalldiv|1= *{{note|5|5}} Formerly <big>น้ำก้อน</big>, but this is now archaic/obsolete. *{{note|6|6}} From French ''cravate'', /kʁa vat/ *{{note|7|7}} Thai and Isan use <big>แขวง</big> to talk about provinces of Laos. *{{note|8|8}} From French ''vin'', /vɛ̃/ as opposed to Thai and Isan <big>ไวน์</big> from English ''wine''. *{{note|9|9}} From Vietnamese <big>phở</big> /fə̃ː/. *{{note|10|10}} From English "motorcycle". *{{note|11|11}} From French ''beurre'', /bøʁ/}} A small handful of lexical items are unique to Isan and not commonly found in standard Lao, but may exist in other Lao dialects. Some of these words exist alongside more typically Lao or Thai usages. {| class="wikitable" |-----bgcolor="#eeeeee" |+Generally distinct vocabulary |-----bgcolor="#eeeeee" ||'''English'''||'''Isan'''||'''Lao'''||'''Thai'''||'''Isan Variant''' |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ||"to work" ||<big>เฮ็ดงาน</big> {{IPA|[hèt ŋâːn]}}, ''het ngan'' ||<big>ເຮັດວຽກ</big> {{IPA|[hēt wîak]}}, ''het wiak'' ||<big>ทำงาน</big> {{IPA|[tʰām ŋāːn]}}, ''tham ngan'' ||- |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ||"papaya" ||<big>บักหุ่ง</big> {{IPA|[bǎk hūŋ]}}, ''bak hung'' ||<big>ໝາກຫຸ່ງ</big> {{IPA|[mȁːk hūŋ]}}, ''mak hung'' ||<big>มะละกอ</big> {{IPA|[máʔ.láʔ.kɔ̄ː]}}, ''malako'' ||- |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ||"fried beef" ||<big>ทอดซี้น</big> {{IPA|[tʰɔ̂ːt sîːn]}}, ''thot sin'' ||<big>ຂົ້ວຊີ້ນ</big> {{IPA|[kʰȕa sîːn]}}, ''khua sin'' ||<big>เนื้อทอด</big> {{IPA|[nɯ́a tʰɔ̂ːt]}}, ''nuea thot'' ||- |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ||"hundred" ||<big>ร้อย</big> {{IPA|[lɔ̂ːj]}}, ''roi'' ||<big>ຮ້ອຍ</big> {{IPA|[hɔ̂ːj]}}, ''hoi'' ||<big>ร้อย</big> {{IPA|[rɔ́ːj]}}, ''roi'' ||- |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" ||"barbecued pork" ||<big>หมูปิ้ง</big> {{IPA|[mǔː pîŋ]}}, ''mu ping'' ||<big>ປີ້ງໝູ</big> {{IPA|[pîːŋ mǔː]}}, ''ping mu'' ||<big>หมูย่าง</big> {{IPA|[mǔː jâːŋ]}}, ''mu yang'' ||- |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" || 'ice cream' || <big>ไอติม</big> {{IPA|[ʔàj.tìm]}}, ''aitim'' || <big>ກາແລ້ມ</big> {{IPA|[kàː.lɛ̂ːm]}}, ''kalèm'' || <big>ไอศกรีม</big> {{IPA|[ʔāj.sā.krīːm]}}, ''aisakrim'' || <big>ไอศกรีม</big> {{IPA|[ʔàj.sā.kìːm]}}, ''aisakrim'' |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" || 'to be well' || <big>ซำบาย</big> {{IPA|[sâm.bàːj]}}, ''sambai'' || <big>ສະບາຍ</big>/Archaic <big>ສະບາຽ</big> {{IPA|[sā.bàːj]}}, ''sabai'' || <big>สบาย</big> {{IPA|[sā.bāːj]}}, ''sabai'' || <big>สบาย</big> {{IPA|[sā.bàːj]}}, ''sabai'' |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" || 'fruit' || <big>บัก</big> {{IPA|[bǎk]}}, ''bak'' || <big>ໝາກ</big>/<big>ຫມາກ</big>, {{IPA|[mȁːk]}}, ''mak'' || <big>ผล</big> {{IPA|[pʰŏn]}}, ''phon'' || <big>หมาก</big> {{IPA|[màːk]}}, ''mak'' |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" || 'lunch' || <big>ข้าวสวย</big> {{IPA|[kʰà(ː)w sŭaj]}}, ''khao suai'' || <big>ອາຫານທ່ຽງ</big> {{IPA|[ʔàː.hăːn tʰīaŋ]}}, ''ahane thiang'' || <big>อาหารกลางวัน</big> {{IPA|[ʔāː.hăːn klāːŋ.wān]}}, ''ahan klangwan'' || <big>ข้าวเที่ยง</big> {{IPA|[kʰà(ː)w tʰīaŋ]}}, ''khao thiang'' |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" || 'traditional animist ceremony' || <big>บายศรี</big> {{IPA|[bàːj sǐː]}}, ''bai si'' || <big>ບາສີ</big> {{IPA|[bàː sĭː]}}, ''ba si'' || <big>บวงสรวง</big> {{IPA|[būaŋ sǔaŋ]}}, ''buang suang'' || <big>บายศรีสู่ขวัญ</big> {{IPA|[bàːj sǐː sūː kʰwǎn]}}, ''bai si su khwan'' |} ==Dialects== {{Further|Lao language#Dialects}} [[File:Phasa_Lao_thin_Isan.jpg|thumb|right|Geographic distribution of Lao dialects within Northeastern Thailand]] Although Isan is treated separately from the Lao language of Laos due to its use of the Thai script, political sensitivity and the influence of the Thai language, dialectal [[isoglosses]] crisscross the Mekong River, mirroring the downstream migration of the Lao people as well as the settlement of Isan from the east to west, as people were forced to the right bank. Isan can be broken up into at least fourteen varieties, based on small differentiations in tonal quality and distribution as well as small lexical items, but these can be grouped into the same five dialectal regions of Laos. As a result of the movements, Isan varieties are often more similar to the Lao varieties spoken on the opposite banks of the Mekong than to other Isan people up- or downstream although Western Lao, formed from the merger of peoples from different Lao regions, does not occur in Laos and is only found in Isan.<ref name="DraperJ2004"/><ref name="dialectal">เรืองเดช ปันเขื่อนขัติย์. ภาษาถิ่นตระกูลไทย. กทม. สถาบันวิจัยภาษาและวัฒนธรรมเพื่อการพัฒนาชนบทมหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล. 2531.</ref> Isan may have had historical leveling processes. The settlement of the region's interior areas led to dialect mixing and the development of transitional areas. The Vientiane dialect also likely had a major role in bringing Isan varieties closer. The provinces of Loei, Nong Khai and Bueang Kan border areas of Laos where Vientiane Lao is spoken, and together with Nong Bua Lamphu and much of Udon Thani, were long settled by Lao speakers of these dialects from the time of [[Lan Xang]] as well as the [[Kingdom of Vientiane]]. The destruction of [[Vientiane]] and the forced movement of almost the entire population of the city and surrounding region after the [[Lao rebellion (1826–1828)|Lao rebellion]] greatly increased the population of Isan, with these Lao people settled across the region.<ref>Compton, C. J. (2009) ''Contemporary Lao Studies: Research on Development, Language and Culture, and Traditional Medicine''. Compton, C. J., Hartmann, J. F. Sysamouth, V. (eds.). (pp. 160-188). San Francisco, CA: Center for Lao Cultural Studies.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |-----bgcolor="#eeeeee" |+ Lao Dialects ||'''Dialect'''||'''Lao Provinces'''||'''Thai Provinces''' |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" | Vientiane Lao | [[Vientiane]], [[Vientiane Prefecture]], [[Bolikhamsai Province|Bolikhamxay]] and southern [[Xaisomboun Province|Xaisômboun]] | [[Nong Khai Province|Nong Khai]], [[Nong Bua Lamphu Province|Nong Bua Lamphu]], [[Chaiyaphum Province|Chaiyaphum]], [[Udon Thani Province|Udon Thani]], portions of [[Yasothorn Province|Yasothon]], [[Bueng Kan Province|Bueng Kan]], [[Loei Province|Loei]] and [[Khon Kaen Province|Khon Kaen]] (Khon Chaen) |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" | Northern Lao<br>Louang Phrabang Lao | [[Luang Prabang Province|Louang Phrabang]], [[Sainyabuli Province|Xaignbouli]], [[Oudomxay Province|Oudômxay]], [[Phongsaly Province|Phôngsali]], [[Bokeo Province|Bokèo]] and [[Luang Namtha Province|Louang Namtha]], portions of [[Houaphanh Province|Houaphan]] | [[Loei Province|Loei]], portions of [[Udon Thani Province|Udon Thani]], [[Khon Kaen]](Khon Chaen), also [[Phitsanulok Province|Phitsanulok]], [[Phetchabun Province|Phetchabun]] and [[Uttaradit Province|Uttaradit]] (outside Isan) |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" | Northeastern Lao<br>Phuan (Phouan) Lao | [[Xiangkhouang Province|Xiangkhouang]], portions of [[Houaphanh Province|Houaphan]] and [[Xaisomboun Province|Xaisômboun]] | Scattered in isolated villages of [[Chaiyaphum Province|Chaiyaphum]], [[Sakon Nakhon Province|Sakon Nakhon]], [[Udon Thani Province|Udon Thani]], [[Bueng Kan Province|Bueng Kan]], [[Nong Khai Province|Nong Khai]] and [[Loei Province|Loei]]{{efn|Northeastern Lao is sometimes considered a separate language, as it is traditionally spoken by Phuan tribal members, a closely related but distinct [[Tai peoples|Tai]] group. Also spoken in a few small and scattered Tai Phuan villages in [[Sukhothai Province|Sukhothai]], [[Uttaradit Province|Uttaradit]], and [[Phrae Province|Phrae]].}} |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" |Central Lao ({{lang|tts|ลาวกลาง}}, {{lang|lo|ລາວກາງ}}) | [[Khammouane Province|Khammouan]] and portions of [[Bolikhamsai Province|Bolikhamxay]] and [[Savannakhet Province|Savannakhét]] | [[Mukdahan Province|Mukdahan]], [[Sakon Nakhon Province|Sakon Nakhon]], [[Nakhon Phanom Province|Nakhon Phanom]], [[Mukdahan Province|Mukdahan]]; portions of [[Nong Khai Province|Nong Khai]] and [[Bueng Kan Province|Bueng Kan]] |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" | Southern Lao |[[Champasak Province|Champasak]], [[Salavan Province|Saravan]], [[Sekong Province|Xékong]], [[Attapeu Province|Attapeu]], portions of [[Savannakhet Province|Savannakhét]] | [[Ubon Ratchathani Province|Ubon Ratchathani]] (Ubon Ratsathani), [[Amnat Charoen Province|Amnat Charoen]], portions of [[Si Sa Ket Province|Si Sa Ket]], [[Surin Province|Surin]], [[Nakhon Ratchasima Province|Nakhon Ratchasima]] (Nakhon Ratsasima), and [[Yasothorn Province|Yasothon]]{{efn|Southern Lao gives way to [[Northern Khmer dialect|Northern Khmer]] in Sisaket, Surin, and Buriram, and to [[Khorat Thai]] and, to some extent, Northern Khmer in Nakhon Ratchasima.}} |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" | Western Lao | * Not found in Laos | [[Kalasin Province|Kalasin]], [[Roi Et Province|Roi Et]] (Hoi Et), [[Maha Sarakham Province|Maha Sarakham]], portions of [[Khon Kaen Province|Khon Kaen]] (Khon Chaen), [[Chaiyaphum]] (Saiyaphum) and [[Nakhon Ratchasima]] (Nakhon Ratsasima) |----- bgcolor="#ffffff" |} ==Writing systems== ===Tai Noi script=== {{Further|Tai Noi script}} [[File:Tai_Noi_consonants.png|thumb|left|The consonants of the old Tai Noi alphabet. Letter shapes have been preserved, with few changes, in the modern Lao alphabet.]] The original writing system used for Isan was the ''Akson Thai Noi'' ({{langx|tts|อักษรไทน้อย}} {{IPA|/ʔǎk.sɔ̆ːn tʰâj nɔ̏ːj/}}, cf. {{langx|lo|ອັກສອນໄທນ້ອຽ}} BGN/PCGN ''Akson Tai Noy''), 'Little Tai alphabet' or ''To Lao'' ({{langx|tts|โตลาว}} {{IPA|/tòː láːw/}}, cf. {{langx|lo|ໂຕລາວ}}), which in contemporary Isan and Lao would be ''Tua Lao'' ({{langx|tts|ตัวลาว}} {{IPA|/tùa lâːw/}} and {{langx|lo|ຕົວລາວ}}, respectively, or 'Lao letters.' In Laos, the script is referred to in academic settings as the ''Akson Lao Deum'' ({{langx|lo|ອັກສອນລາວເດີມ}} {{IPA|/ʔák sɔ̆ːn láːw d̀ɤ̀ːm/}}, cf. {{langx|tts|อักษรลาวเดิม}} RTGS ''Akson Lao Doem'') or 'Original Lao script.' The contemporary Lao script is a direct descendant and has preserved the basic letter shapes. The similarity between the modern Thai alphabet and the old and new Lao alphabets is because both scripts derived from a common ancestral Tai script of what is now northern Thailand which was an adaptation of the [[Khmer script]], rounded by the influence of the [[Mon script]], all of which are descendants of the [[Pallava script]] of southern India.<ref name="ronn"/> ===Thai alphabet=== {{Further|Thai alphabet}} [[File:Morlamvcd.jpg|thumb|right|Screenshot of a karaoke VCD from [[mor lam|molam]] singer, [[Jintara Poonlarp|Chintara Phunlap]]. In the Lao script, the lyrics seen would appear as '{{lang|lo|ໜີໄປບວດໃຫ້ມັນແລ້ວສາບໍ້}}'.]] The ban on the ''Tai Noi'' script in the 1930s led to the adoption of writing in Thai with the [[Thai script]]. Very quickly, the Isan people adopted an ''ad hoc'' system of using the Thai script to record the spoken Isan language, using etymological spelling for cognate words but spelling Lao words not found in Thai, and with no known Khmer or Indic etymology, similarly to as they would be in the Lao script. This system remains in informal use today, often seen in letters, text messages, social media posts, lyrics to songs in the Isan language, transcription of Isan dialogue and personal notes. ===Tai Tham=== {{Further|Tai Tham alphabet}} [[File:Sign of Wat Sri Ubon Rattanaram, Ubon Ratchathani.jpg|thumb|left|200px|An example of the [[Tai Tham alphabet]] formerly used in Laos and Isan for religious literature]] The ''[[Tai Tham script|Tai Tham]]'' script ({{langx|tts|อักษรไทธรรม}} {{IPA|/ʔǎk.sɔ̌ːn tʰâj tʰâm/}} RTGS ''akson Thai Tham'', cf. {{langx|lo|ອັກສອນໄທທັມ}}) were also historically known simply as ''tua tham'' ({{langx|tts|ตัวธรรม}} {{IPA|/tùa tʰâm/}}, cf. {{langx|lo|ຕົວທຳ/ຕົວທັມ}} BGN/PCGN ''toua tham'') or '[[dharma]] letters'. The script is the same as used to write [[Northern Thai language|Tai Lanna]] (Kham Mueang), [[Tai Lue language|Tai Lue]], [[Khün language|Tai Khoen]] and shares similarities with the [[Burmese alphabet]], all of which are ultimately derived from the [[Old Mon script]]. ''Tai Tham'' was introduced during the reign of [[Setthathirath]] who although a prince of Lan Xang, was first crowned king of Lan Na. The dynastic union allowed easy movement of monks from Lan Xang that came to copy the temple libraries to bring back home.<ref name="McDaniel">McDaniel, J. (2005). [http://www.laomanuscripts.net/downloads/literaryheritageoflaos29_mcdaniel_en.pdf Notes on the lao influence on northern thai buddhist literature]. ''The literary heritage of Laos: Preservation, dissemination, and research perspectives.'' Vientiane, Laos: Lao National Archives.</ref> As the name suggests, its use in Lao was restricted to religious literature, either used to transcribe Pali, or religious treatises written in Lao intended solely for the clergy. Religious instructional materials and prayer books dedicated to the laity were written in ''Tai Noi'' instead. As a result, only a few people outside the temples were literate in the script. In Isan, evidence of the script includes two stone inscriptions, such as the one housed at ''Wat Tham [[Suwannakhuha District|Suwannakhuha]]'' in [[Nong Bua Lamphu Province|Nong Bua Lamphu]], dated to 1564, and another from ''Wat Mahaphon'' in [[Maha Sarakham Province|Maha Sarakham]] from the same period.<ref name="Dharma">ธวัช ปุณโณทก (Punnothek, T.) อักษรโบราณอีสาน: อักขรวิทยาอักษรตัวธรรมและไทยน้อย. กรุงเทพฯ: สยามเพรส แมเนจเม้นท์, ๒๕๔๐, ๕๔</ref> Most of the script is recorded on palm-leaf manuscripts, many of which were destroyed during the 'Thaification' purges of the 1930s; contemporaneously this period of Thai nationalization also ended its use as the primary written language in [[Northern Thailand]].<ref name="McDaniel"/> ===Khom script=== {{further|Khom Thai script}} [[File:Bhuddha Sutra in Thai-Khmer Font.JPG|thumb|right|A sutra in the Khom script. This Khmer script was used to write Buddhist, Brahmanic and ritual texts.]] The Khom script ({{langx|tts|อักษรขอม}} {{IPA|/ʔǎk.sɔ̌ːn kʰɔ̆ːm/}} ''akson Khom'', cf. Lao ອັກສອນຂອມ, ''Aksone Khom'') was not generally used to write the ancient Lao language of Isan, but was often used to write Pali texts, or Brahmanic rituals often introduced via the Khmer culture. ''[[Khom]]'' is the ancient Tai word for the [[Khmer people]], who once populated and ruled much of the area before Tai migration and the assimilation of the local people to Tai languages. It was generally not used to write the Lao language ''per se'', but was often found in temple inscriptions, used in texts that preserve Brahmanic mantras and ceremonies, local mantras adopted for use in Tai animistic religion and other things usually concerned with Buddhism, Brahmanism or black magic, such as [[yantra]]s and ''[[yantra tattooing|sakyan]]'' tattoos. ==See also== *[[Comparison of Lao and Isan]] *[[Comparison of Lao and Thai]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== {{Incubator|code=tts}} * [http://siamsmile.webs.com/isaan/isaan.html Basic Isaan phrases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316073018/http://siamsmile.webs.com/isaan/isaan.html |date=2010-03-16 }} (Some basic Isaan phrases with sound files). * [[Duncan McCargo|McCargo, Duncan]], and Krisadawan Hongladarom. "Contesting Isan‐ness: discourses of politics and identity in Northeast Thailand." [http://www.polis.leeds.ac.uk/assets/files/thaipol/mccargo-and-krisadawan-2004.pdf ''Asian Ethnicity'' 5.2 (2004): 219-234.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313223328/http://www.polis.leeds.ac.uk/assets/files/thaipol/mccargo-and-krisadawan-2004.pdf |date=2014-03-13 }} * [https://esan108.com/ Esan108] (in Thai) {{Languages of Thailand}} {{Tai-Kadai languages}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Isan Language}} [[Category:Stress-timed languages]] [[Category:Subject–verb–object languages]] [[Category:Isan language| ]] [[Category:Isan| ]] [[Category:Languages of Thailand]] 8e3zolyj06j76q4fdqpz2szgrm380ol 0 77978 692762 688242 2026-07-30T15:48:12Z Mbah Victor Chukwuemerie 16687 fixed reference error 692762 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Cinnamomum_verum_spices.jpg|thumb|Akpụkpọ ahụ kpọrọ nkụ, ntụ ntụ na okooko osisi nke obere osisi ''Cinnamomum verum'']] '''Cinnamon''' bụ ngwa nri a na-enweta site n'ime akpụkpọ osisi nke ụdị osisi dị iche iche dị n'ime mkpụrụusoro ''Cinnamomum''. A na-eji sinnamon eme ka nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ nwee isi na ụtọ, ọkachasị n'ụdị nri dị iche iche, gụnyere nri dị ụtọ na nke na-atọ ụtọ (savory), dịka biskit, ọka nri ụtụtụ (''breakfast cereals''), nri nta (''snack foods''), bagel, tii, chọkọleti ọkụ (''hot chocolate''), na nri ọdịnala. Isi na ụtọ pụrụ iche<ref>{{Cite web|title=cinnamon|url=https://scentsandflavors.com/database/9dbb4dc4-5434-4ac3-b80d-efe79222b829|work=Scents and Flavors|publisher=Scents and Flavors|accessdate=3 April 2026}}</ref> nke sinnamon na-esite n'ime mmanụ ya na-esi ísì ụtọ (''essential oil'') na ihe mejupụtara ya kachasị mkpa, '''cinnamaldehyde''', tinyere ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ mejupụtara ya, gụnyere '''eugenol'''. [[Faịlụ:Cinnamomum_verum_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-182.jpg|thumb|''Cinnamomum verum'', site na Koehler's Medicinal-Plants (1887) ]] [[Faịlụ:Baton_de_cannelle.jpg|thumb|Ebe a na-ahụ ụgbụgbọ sinamọn]] Cinnamon bụ aha ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na ngwaahịa nhwa nri azụmaahịa nke ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-emepụta. Ha niile bụ ndị otu ụdị Cinnamomum dị na ezinụlọ Lauraceae. Naanị ụdị Cinnamomum ole na ole ka a na-akọ n'ahịa maka ngwa nri. Cinnamomum verum (nke a makwaara dị ka C. zeylanicum), nke a maara dị ka "Ceylon cinnamon" mgbe ọ malitere na Sri Lanka (nke bụbu Ceylon), ka a na-ewere dị ka "ezigbo cinnamon",<ref name="eb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/cinnamon|title=Cinnamon, plant and spice|accessdate=10 July 2022|archivedate=18 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818160253/https://www.britannica.com/plant/cinnamon|work=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> mana ọtụtụ cinnamon na azụmaahịa mba ụwa sitere na ụdị anọ ndị ọzọ, nke a na-akpọkarị "cassia" nke ọma: C. burmanni (Indonesian cinnamon ma ọ bụ Padang cassia), C. cassia (Chinese cinnamon ma ọ bụ Chinese cassia), C. loureiroi (Saigon cinnamon ma ọ bụ Vietnamese cassia), na C. citriodorum (Malabar cinnamon).<ref name="eb" /><ref name="fao93">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5326e/x5326e07.htm|title=International trade in non-wood forest products: An overview|author=Iqbal|first=Mohammed|year=1993|work=FO: Misc/93/11 – Working Paper|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=12 November 2012|archivedate=16 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316134503/http://www.fao.org/3/x5326e/x5326e07.htm}}</ref><ref name="HistoryFood">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmevzbQ0AsIC|title=A history of food|year=2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-8119-8|edition=New expanded|location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK|quote=Cassia, also known as cinnamon or Chinese cinnamon is a tree that has bark similar to that of cinnamon but with a rather pungent odour|author=Toussaint-Samat|first=Maguelonne}}</ref> Na 2023, mmepụta sinamọn zuru ụwa ọnụ ruru tọn 238,403, nke China na-edu, nke bụ pasent 39 nke mkpokọta ya.<ref name="faostat">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL|title=Global cinnamon production in 2023; Crops/Regions/World Regions/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database]] (FAOSTAT)|accessdate=2 March 2025}}</ref> == Okwu mmalite == Okwu Bekee bụ́ "cinnamon" nke a na-eji n'asụsụ Bekee kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na ise sitere n'okwu Grik oge ochie bụ́ kinnámōmon (nke mechara ghọọ kínnamon), site n'ụdị okwu ndị gafere n'asụsụ Latin na French nke oge ochie. E si n'okwu ndị Fenishia (Phoenician) nweta okwu Grik ahụ; okwu ahụ yikwara okwu Hibru metụtara ya bụ́ qinnāmōn. Aha "cassia", nke e dere na Bekee ochie site na Latin, sitere na okwu Hibru qetsīʿāh, ụdị ngwaa qātsaʿ, "iwepụ ogbugbo". Ndị Bekee oge ochie jirikwa aha ''canel'' na ''canella'', nke yiri aha cinnamon dị ugbu a n'ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị na Yuropu, nke sitere na okwu Latin {{Lang|la|cannella}}, obere mkpụrụ osisi {{Lang|la|canna}}, "tube", site n'otú ogbugbo si agbagọ ka ọ na-akpọnwụ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Cinnamon_tree.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Osisi cinnamon]] A maara sinamọn kemgbe oge ochie. E si mba Ijipt bubata ya na mbido afọ 2000 Tupu Kraịst, mana ndị kọrọ na o si mba Chaịna gbagwojuru ya anya na ''sinamọn cassia'', ụdị ya yiri ya.<ref name="HistoryFood">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmevzbQ0AsIC|title=A history of food|year=2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-8119-8|edition=New expanded|location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK|quote=Cassia, also known as cinnamon or Chinese cinnamon is a tree that has bark similar to that of cinnamon but with a rather pungent odour|author=Toussaint-Samat|first=Maguelonne}}</ref> A na-ewere sinamọn dị ka ihe dị oké ọnụ ahịa n'etiti mba ochie nke na a na-ewere ya dị ka onyinye dabara adaba maka ndị eze<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Cinnamon|volume=6|page=376}}</ref> na ọbụna maka chi; ihe e dere na-egosi onyinye sinamọn na cassia nye ụlọ nsọ Apollo dị na Miletus. Ndị na-azụ ahịa ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ zoro ezo n'ụwa Mediterenian ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, iji chebe ebe ha si bịa dị ka ndị na-ebubata ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mohammadifar|first=Shamameh|date=2010-08-23|title=The Origin, History and Trade Route of Cinnamon|url=https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_24118.html|journal=Journal for the History of Science|volume=8|issue=1|pages=37–51|issn=1735-0573|accessdate=7 June 2021}}</ref> ''Cinnamomum verum'', nke a sụgharịrị site na Latin dị ka "ezi cinnamon", bụ nke [[Ndia|India]], Sri Lanka, Bangladesh na Myanmar.<ref name="EB">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://global.britannica.com/plant/cinnamon|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59339-292-5|chapter=Cinnamon|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|quote=(species Cinnamomum zeylanicum), bushy evergreen tree of the laurel family (Lauraceae) native to Malabar Coast of India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon) Bangladesh and Myanmar (Burma).|accessdate=17 April 2017}}</ref> ''Cinnamomum cassia'' (cassia) bụ nke China. Ụdị ndị yiri ya, nke a na-egbute ma na-ere n'oge a dị ka cinnamon, sitere na Vietnam (" Saigon cinnamon "), Indonesia, na mba ndị ọzọ dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Davis|first=Michelle|date=2 January 2019|title=Where Did Those Spices Come From?|publisher=[[University of California]] Agriculture and Natural Resources|url=https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=28887|accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref> N'Ijipt oge ochie, a na-eji sinamọn eme ka ozu gbazee.<ref name="HerbCosmetic">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MaAZMbSxNt4C|title=Herbal principles in cosmetics: properties and mechanisms of action|author=Burlando|first=B.|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4398-1214-3|location=Boca Raton}}</ref> Malite n'Alaeze Ptolemaịk gaa n'ihu, nri ndị Ijipt oge ochie maka kyphi, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ e ji eme ka ọkụ gbaa, gụnyere sinamọn na cassia. Onyinye ndị ọchịchị Gris nyere ụlọ nsọ mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere cassia na sinamọn.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nguyen|first=Ngoc|title=What is cinnamons? Origin, History and Types of Cinnamons|date=18 March 2022|publisher=VHB Group|url=https://vihaba.global/2022/03/18/what-is-cinnamons|accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mallick|first=Anurag|date=8 May 2021|title=Sweet wood|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/sweet-wood-983434.html|accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref>Greek inscription (in English translation), {{Cite web|title=RC 5|url=http://attalus.org/docs/rc/s5.html|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref> Ntụaka Grik mbụ e ji mee ihe na {{Lang|grc|κασία}} A hụrụ kasía n'abụ Sappho dere na narị afọ nke asaa tupu Kraịst. Dịka Herodotus si kwuo, ma sinamọn na cassia toro na Arabia, tinyere ihe nsure ọkụ, myrrh, na labdanum, agwọ nwere nku na-echekwa ha.<ref>Herodotus, {{Cite web|title=Book 3, sections 107-113|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/3D*.html#107|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="Herodotus">{{Cite book|author=Wheeler|first=James Talboys|title=An Analysis and Summary of Herodotus: With a Synchronistical Table of Principal Events; Tables of Weights, Measures, Money, and Distances; an Outline of the History and Geography; and the Dates Completed from Gaisford, Baehr, Etc|date=1852|publisher=H. G. Bohn|url=https://archive.org/details/analysissummaryo00hero|quote=The incense trees are guarded by winged serpents[...] The cassia trees, which grow by a shallow lake, are guarded by fierce winged animals like bats|accessdate=9 January 2019}}</ref> Herodotus, Aristotle na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ kpọrọ Arabia isi iyi sinamọn; ha kọrọ na nnukwu nnụnụ sinamọn chịkọtara osisi sinamọn site n'ala a na-amaghị ama ebe osisi sinamọn na-eto ma jiri ha wuo akwụ ha.{{R|Herodotus|page=111|quote=Cinnamon is produced in an unknown land, and large birds bring those rolls of bark which from the Phœnicians are called cinnamon}} Pliny the Elder dere na a na-ebuga sinamọn gburugburu Ala Arabia n'elu "ụgbọ mmiri na-enweghị ihe mgbochi ma ọ bụ ákwà ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi mmiri," na-eji ifufe azụmaahịa oyi eme ihe.<ref>Pliny the Elder, ''Natural History'', {{Cite web|title=Book 12, chapter 42, section 87|url=http://attalus.org/pliny/hn12b.html#87|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref> O kwukwara na cassia bụ ihe na-eme ka mmanya tọọ ụtọ,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L35fAAAAMAAJ|title=Natural History|author=Pliny the Elder|date=1938|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-99433-1}}</ref> nakwa na akụkọ banyere sinamọn a na-anakọta site n'akwụ nnụnụ sinamọn bụ akụkọ ifo ndị ahịa mere ka ha na-eri ihe karịa. Agbanyeghị, akụkọ ahụ ka dị ugbu a na Byzantium ruo n'afọ 1310. Dịka Pliny the Elder si kwuo, otu paụnd ndị Rom (327 grams [11.5 oz]) nke cassia, sinamọn ({{Lang|la|serichatum}}), ọnụ ahịa ruru {{Lang|la|[[denarii]]}} 1,500, ụgwọ ọrụ ọnwa iri ise.<ref>Pliny the Elder, ''Natural History'', {{Cite web|title=Book 12, chapter 42, section 93|url=http://attalus.org/pliny/hn12b.html#93|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref> Iwu Diocletian gbasara Ọnụ Ahịa Kachasị Elu<ref>{{Cite book|title=An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome|editor=Frank|author=Graser|first=E. R.|chapter=A text and translation of the Edict of Diocletian|year=1940|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins Press]]|isbn=978-0-374-92848-3}}</ref> site na 301 AD na-enye ọnụ ahịa {{Lang|la|denarii}} 125 maka otu paụnd nke cassia, ebe onye ọrụ ugbo na-enweta {{Lang|la|denarii}} 25 kwa ụbọchị. Sinamọn dị oke ọnụ nke na a naghị eji ya eme ihe n'ebe a na-eli ozu na Rom, mana a na-ekwu na Eze Ukwu Nero gbara ihe ruru otu afọ nke obodo ahụ ọkụ n'ili maka nwunye ya Poppaea Sabina na AD 65.<ref>Pliny the Elder, ''Natural History'', {{Cite web|title=Book 12, chapter 41, section 83|url=http://attalus.org/pliny/hn12b.html#83|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref> === Oge Ụwa Na-emepechabeghị Anya === Kemgbe oge etiti, ofe cameline nke e ji sinamọn mee so n'ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na tebụl na Western Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hieatt|first=Constance B|authorlink=Constance Bartlett Hieatt|title=Pleyn Delit: Medieval Cookery for Modern Cooks|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1996|isbn=0802076327|edition=2nd|location=Toronto, Ontario, Buffalo, New York, and London|origyear=1976}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, isi iyi nkengwa nri ahụ ka bụ ihe omimi nye ụwa ọdịda anyanwụ. Site n'ịgụ ndị edemede Latin bụ́ ndị hotara okwu Herodotus, ndị Europe amụtala na sinamọn na-esi n'Oké [[Red Sea|Osimiri Uhie]] apụta ruo n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri azụmaahịa nke Ijipt, mana ebe o si bịa adịchaghị anya. Mgbe Sieur de Joinville sooro eze ya, Louis nke Itoolu nke France gaa Ijipt na Agha Ntụte nke Asaa na 1248, ọ kọrọ—ma kwere—ihe a gwara ya: na a na-akụ sinamọn n'ụgbụ n'ebe [[Nile|Naịl]] dị n'akụkụ ụwa (ya bụ, [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]]). Marco Polo zere izi ezi n'okwu a. E kwuru na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ a na-akọ n'ógbè [[Ndia|India]] n'akwụkwọ Mishneh Torah nke Maimonides, ihe dị ka afọ 1180.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mishneh Torah|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Mishneh_Torah%2C_Vessels_of_the_Sanctuary_and_Those_Who_Serve_Therein.1.3?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en|accessdate=13 July 2024}}</ref> Ihe mbụ e kwuru na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ a na-akọ kpọmkwem na Sri Lanka bụ na akwụkwọ Zakariya al-Qazwini nke Athar al-bilad wa-akhbar al-'ibad ("Ihe Ncheta Ebe na Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Ndị Ohu Chineke") ihe dị ka afọ 1270.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Tennent|first=James Emerson|title=Account of the Island of Ceylon|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/61724#page/11/mode/1up|accessdate=8 November 2014|publisher=Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts|year=1860}}</ref> Nke a sochiri obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị, John nke Montecorvino dere ya n'akwụkwọ ozi dị ihe dị ka afọ 1292.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Yule|first=Henry|title=Cathay and the Way Thither|url=http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-2-F-b-2/V-1/page/0487.html.en|accessdate=15 July 2008|archivedate=5 February 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205213841/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-2-F-b-2/V-1/page/0487.html.en}}</ref> Ụgbọ mmiri ndị Indonesia na-ebuga sinamọn ozugbo site na Moluccas gaa n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka (leekwa Rhapta), ebe ndị ahịa obodo buru ya gaa n'ebe ugwu ruo Alexandria dị n'Ijipt.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1984_June/ai_3289703|title=The life of spice; cloves, nutmeg, pepper, cinnamon|work=[[UNESCO Courier]]|publisher=Findarticles.com|accessdate=18 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Woods|first=Sean|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=588&art_id=iol1078376795319P146&set_id=1|date=4 March 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408160407/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=588&art_id=iol1078376795319P146&set_id=1|archivedate=8 April 2005|title=Discovery: Sailing the Cinnamon Route|work=Independent Online|accessdate=18 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|pages=222–224|author=Gray|first=E. W.|title=The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire 29 B.C. – A.D. 641|volume=60|journal=[[The Journal of Roman Studies]]|year=1970}}</ref> Ndị ahịa Venetian si Itali nwere ikike ịzụ ahịa ose na Yuropu, na-ekesa sinamọn site na Aleksandria. Mmebi nke azụmaahịa a site na mmụba nke ike ndị ọzọ dị na Mediterenian, dịka ndị eze Mamluk na Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ihe mere ka ndị Yuropu chọọ ụzọ ndị ọzọ na-aga Eshia nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hess|first=Andrew C.|date=1973|title=The Ottoman Conquest of Egypt (1517) and the Beginning of the Sixteenth-Century World War|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/162225|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=4|issue=1|pages=55–76|doi=10.1017/S0020743800027276|issn=0020-7438|accessdate=6 June 2022}}</ref> N'afọ 1500, Ferdinand Magellan na-achọ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ n'aha Spen; na Philippines, ọ hụrụ {{Lang|la|Cinnamomum mindanaense}}, nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na ''C. zeylanicum'', sinamọn a na-ahụ na Sri Lanka. Sinamọn a mechara sonye na sinamọn Sri Lanka, nke ndị Portugal na-achịkwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mallari|first=Francisco|date=December 1974|title=The Mindanao Cinnamon|journal=[[Philippine Quarterly of Culture & Society]]|volume=2|pages=190–194}}</ref> Na 1638, ndị ahịa Dutch hiwere ebe azụmaahịa na Sri Lanka, weghaara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na 1640, ma chụpụ ndị Portugal fọdụrụ na 1658. "Ọnụ mmiri nke agwaetiti ahụ jupụtara na ya," ka otu onyeisi ndị Dutch kọrọ, "ọ bụkwa nke kacha mma n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ niile. Mgbe mmadụ na-ada n'agwaetiti ahụ, mmadụ ka nwere ike isi sinamọn ruo ebe dị anya site n'oké osimiri."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Braudel|first=Fernand|authorlink=Fernand Braudel|title=The Perspective of the World: Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1984|isbn=978-0-520-08116-1}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ Dutch East India gara n'ihu na-agbanwe ụzọ e si aghọ ihe ubi n'ime ọhịa ma mechaa malite ịkọ osisi nke ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Overmeer|first=Marjolein|title=The Dutch East India Company in Ceylon|date=October 2013|publisher=Schaakstukkenmuseum|url=https://www.schaakstukkenmuseum.nl/?p=1859&lang=en|accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Klein|first=Wouter|date=17 February 2021|title=Plant of the Month: Cinnamon|url=https://daily.jstor.org/plant-of-the-month-cinnamon|publisher=[[JSTOR Daily]]|accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref> Na 1767, Lord Brown nke British East India Company guzobere Anjarakkandy Cinnamon Estate dị nso na Anjarakkandy na mpaghara Kannur nke Kerala, India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cinnamon Valley|publisher=Kerala Tourism|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/cinnamon-valley-anjarakandy/501|accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref> O mechara bụrụ ebe kacha ibu na Eshia na cinnamon. Ndị Britain weghaara Ceylon n'aka ndị Dutch na 1796.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/under/research/background.html|title=Under a Tropical Sun|publisher=[[Macquarie University]]|date=2011|accessdate=9 January 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401230335/http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/under/research/background.html|archivedate=1 April 2015}}</ref> == Ịkọ ugbo == [[Faịlụ:CinnamonLeaves.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ osisi sinamọn nke ọhịa]] [[Faịlụ:CINNAMON_BUDS.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Okooko osisi cinnamon]] Cinnamon bụ osisi na-anaghị agbanwe agbanwe nke e ji akwụkwọ ya dị ka oval, ogbugbo dị arọ, na mkpụrụ osisi beri mara. Mgbe a na-aghọrọ ihe ọkụkụ ahụ, ogbugbo na akwụkwọ ya bụ akụkụ bụ́ isi nke osisi e ji eme ihe.<ref name="HerbCosmetic">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MaAZMbSxNt4C|title=Herbal principles in cosmetics: properties and mechanisms of action|author=Burlando|first=B.|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4398-1214-3|location=Boca Raton}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, na Japan, a na-aghọrọ mgbọrọgwụ ndị na-esi ike karị iji mepụta ''nikki'' (ニッキ), nke bụ ngwaahịa dị iche na cinnamon (シナモン''shinamon''). A na-akọ cinnamon site n'ịkụ osisi ahụ ruo afọ abụọ, wee gbutuo ya, ya bụ, ịkpụ osisi ya n'ala. N'afọ sochirinụ, ihe dị ka osisi iri na abụọ ọhụrụ na-etolite site na mgbọrọgwụ, na-anọchi ndị e gbuturu. Ọtụtụ ahụhụ dị ka ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'', ụdị ''Diplodia'' na ''Phytophthora cinnamomi'' (stripe canker) nwere ike imetụta osisi ndị na-eto eto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plantvillage.org/en/topics/cinnamon/diseases_and_pests_description_uses_propagation|title=Cinnamon|publisher=Plant Village, Pennsylvania State University|date=2017|accessdate=28 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301092652/https://www.plantvillage.org/en/topics/cinnamon/diseases_and_pests_description_uses_propagation|archivedate=1 March 2017}}</ref> A ga-ahazi ogwe osisi ndị ahụ ozugbo e wechara ha n'ubi ebe ogbugbo dị n'ime ka dị mmiri mmiri. A na-eji hama kpụchaa ogwe osisi ndị ahụ e bepụrụ gbutuo eme ihe, wee jiri hama kụọ alaka ahụ nke ọma iji mee ka ogbugbo dị n'ime ha dị nro, nke a na-akụcha n'ime ha n'obere mpịakọta. Naanị 0.5 mm (0.02) na) nke ogbugbo dị n'ime;<ref>{{Cite book|author=Heath|first=Henry B.|title=Source Book of Flavors|series=AVI Sourcebook and Handbook Series|date=September 1981|publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]]|isbn=978-0-87055-370-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWDg-rPQbqgC&q=0.5%20mm%20of%20the%20inner%20bark%20cinnamon&pg=PA233|accessdate=9 January 2019|language=en}}</ref>[a] a na-atụfu akụkụ mpụta nke osisi, na-ahapụ iberibe sinamọn dị mita ogologo nke na-agbagharị ka ọ bụrụ mpịakọta ("quills") mgbe ọ kpọrọ nkụ. Ogbugbo a na-edozi ahụ na-akpọnwụ kpamkpam n'ime awa anọ ruo isii, ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọ nọ n'ebe ikuku na-eku nke ọma ma na-ekpo ọkụ. Ozugbo ọ kpọrọ nkụ, a na-egbutu ogbugbo ahụ n'ime 5 to 10 cm (2 ruo 4) na) ogologo maka ọrịre. Ebe a na-akpọ nkụ nke na-adịghị mma na-akwalite mmụba nke ụmụ ahụhụ n'ime ogbugbo ahụ, nke nwere ike ịchọ ọgwụgwọ site na iji sọlfọ dioxide. Na 2011, European Union kwadoro iji sọlfọ dioxide mee ihe na mkpokọta ruru 150 mg/kg (0.0024 oz/lb) maka ọgwụgwọ ogbugbo ''C. verum'' nke a gbutere na Sri Lanka. === Ụdị dị iche iche === A na-erekarị ụdị osisi dị iche iche ndị a dịka cinnamon:<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chen|first=P.|title=Differentiation of the four major species of cinnamons (C. burmannii, C. verum, C. cassia, and C. loureiroi) using a flow injection mass spectrometric (FIMS) fingerprinting method|journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]]|volume=62|issue=12|pages=2516–2521|date=March 2014|pmid=24628250|doi=10.1021/jf405580c}}</ref> * ''Cinnamomum cassia'' (Cassia ma ọ bụ sinamọn nke China, ụdị azụmahịa a na-ahụkarị na USA) * ''C. burmanni'' (Korintje, Padang cassia, ma ọ bụ sinamọn Indonesian) * ''C. loureiroi'' (Saigon cinnamon, Vietnamese cassia, ma ọ bụ Vietnamese cinnamon) * ''C. verum'' (Sri Lanka cinnamon, Ceylon cinnamon ma ọ bụ Cinnamomum zeylanicum) * ''C. citriodorum'' (Malabar cinnamon) Cassia na-akpali uto siri ike ma na-ekpo ọkụ, a na-ejikarị ya eme achịcha, karịsịa na mkpọda cinnamon, n'ihi na ọ na-ejikwa ọnọdụ ime achịcha nke ọma. N'etiti cassia, cinnamon nke China na-abụkarị nke ọkara ruo na-acha ọbara ọbara-agba aja aja, siri ike ma nwee udidi osisi, ma dịkwa oke ibu (2-3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) ọkpụrụkpụ), ebe ọ bụ na a na-eji akwa niile nke ogbugbo eme ihe. Cinnamon Ceylon, nke na-eji naanị obere ogbugbo dị n'ime, nwere agba aja aja dị nro ma dịkwa mma, dị obere, ma dịkwa nro karịa. Ọ dị nro ma na-esi ísì ụtọ karịa cassia, ọ na-efunahụkwa ọtụtụ ụtọ ya mgbe a na-esi nri. A na-amata ogbugbo nke ụdị a ngwa ngwa mgbe ha zuru oke, ma n'ihe gbasara nnukwu ma n'ihe gbasara obere ihe. Osisi sinamọn Ceylon (quills) nwere ọtụtụ akwa dị gịrịgịrị ma enwere ike iji kọfị ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ntụ ntụ, ebe osisi cassia siri ike karịa. A na-erekarị sinamọn Indonesian n'ime akwa dị ọcha nke e ji otu akwa dị arọ mee, nke nwere ike imebi ihe na-eme ka ọ dị nro ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka kọfị rie. A na-ere Saigon sinamọn (C. loureiroi) na sinamọn China (C. cassia) mgbe niile dị ka iberibe akpụkpọ gbajiri agbaji, ebe ogbugbo ahụ adịghị nro nke ọma iji tụgharịa ya ka ọ bụrụ akwa. Ọ na-esiri ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'ọkpụkpụ ntụ ntụ ahụ, mana ọ bụrụ na ejiri iodine gwọọ ya (ule maka starch), a naghị ahụ ya nke ọma na Ceylon cinnamon dị ọcha; agbanyeghị, mgbe cinnamon ndị China dị, a na-emepụta agba gbara ọchịchịrị-acha anụnụ anụnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/cassia31.html|title=A Modern Herbal – Cassia (Cinnamon)|author=Grieve|first=M.|work=botanical.com|accessdate=17 April 2017|archivedate=15 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415012057/https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/cassia31.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrXszQ77xhYC&q=iodine+in+cassia&pg=PA390|title=The Elements of materia medica and therapeutics|first=Jonathan|author=Pereira|year=1854|accessdate=6 October 2020}}</ref> === Nchịkọta, nke mkpịsị aka === Usoro nhazi ogo nke Sri Lanka na-ekewa mkpọ osisi sinamọn ụzọ anọ: * Alba, ihe na-erughị 6 mm (0.24 na) na dayameta * Kọntinent, ihe na-erughị 16 mm (0.63 na) na dayameta * Onye Mexico, ihe na-erughị 19 mm (0.75 na) na dayameta * Hamburg, ihe na-erughị 32 mm (1.3 na) na dayameta A na-ekewa otu ndị a n'ọkwa dị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ekewa ndị Mexico n'ime M00000 pụrụ iche, M000000 na M0000, dabere na dayameta nke quill na ọnụọgụ nke quills kwa kilogram. Mpekere ọ bụla nke ogbugbo na-erughị 106 mm (4.2 na) a na-ahazi ogologo dị ka quillings. Nku bụ ogbugbo dị n'ime nke alaka na ome gbagọrọ agbagọ. Iberibe bụ ihe e ji kpụọ quills, ogbugbo dị n'èzí na nke dị n'ime nke a na-apụghị ikewapụ, ma ọ bụ ogbugbo obere alaka. == Mmepụta == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:13em; text-align:center;" |+Mmepụta Cinnamon <br />2023, tonnes |- |- | China |91,892 |- | Vietnam |65,341 |- | Indonesia |55,213 |- | Sri Lanka |22,410 |- |'''Ụwa''' |'''238,403''' |- | colspan="2" |Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations<ref name="faostat">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL|title=Global cinnamon production in 2023; Crops/Regions/World Regions/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database]] (FAOSTAT)|accessdate=2 March 2025}}</ref> |} N'afọ 2023, mba anọ mere ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu na asatọ nke mmepụta sinamọn n'ụwa, nke ruru tọn narị abụọ na iri atọ na asatọ, narị anọ na atọ: [[China|Chaịna]], Vietnam, Indonesia, na Sri Lanka.<ref name="faostat">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL|title=Global cinnamon production in 2023; Crops/Regions/World Regions/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database]] (FAOSTAT)|accessdate=2 March 2025}}</ref> === Ihe adịgboroja === A pụrụ ijikọta ezigbo sinamọn sitere na ''C. verum'' bark na cassia (''C. cassia'') dị ka adịgboroja ma ree ya n'ụzọ ụgha dị ka ezigbo sinamọn. N'otu nnyocha, ezigbo ogbugbo sinamọn Ceylon nwere 12–143mg/kg nke coumarin – phenolic nke na-adịkarị obere na ọdịnaya dị na sinamọn – mana ihe nlele ahịa nwere coumarin nwere ọkwa dị elu ruo 3462mg/kg, nke na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ịbụ mmerụ ahụ nwere cassia na sinamọn adịgboroja.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ananthakrishnan|first=R.|title=Quantification of coumarin and related phenolics in cinnamon samples from south India using UHPLC-ESI-QqQLIT-MS/MS method|journal=International Journal of Food Properties|pages=50–57|doi=10.1080/10942912.2018.1437629|date=1 January 2018|volume=21}}</ref> ConsumerLab.com chọtara otu nsogbu ahụ na nyocha nke afọ 2020; "a kpọrọ ihe mgbakwunye nwere oke coumarin aha dị ka sinamọn Ceylon".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tests Suggest Caution With Cinnamon|url=https://www.consumerlab.com/news/caution-with-cinnamon/12-11-2020/|date=11 December 2020|publisher=ConsumerLab.com|language=en|accessdate=7 February 2022|archivedate=7 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207205614/https://www.consumerlab.com/news/caution-with-cinnamon/12-11-2020/}}</ref> == Ojiji nri == <gallery class="center" widths="150px" heights="150px"> Faịlụ:“Spiced”_Tea_–_Flavoured_by_Cinnamon_and_Cardamom,_Comilla,_Bangladesh,_26_April_2014.jpg|Cinnamon-flavoured tea Faịlụ:Mmm..._cinnamon_toast_(4197664913).jpg|Cinnamon toast can be made with cinnamon baked in, or just sprinkled on top. Faịlụ:ദന്തധാവനചൂർണ്ണം.JPG|Ground cinnamon </gallery> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Faịlụ:Uncooked_cinnamon_roll_buns,_March_2010.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mkpịsị sinam a na-esighị esiMkpịsị akwụkwọ sinam]] A na-eji ogbugbo sinamọn eme ihe dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ime esi nri dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ. A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ime nkwadebe chocolate, karịsịa na Mexico. A na-ejikarị sinamọn eme nri ọkụkọ na atụrụ dị ụtọ. Na United States na Europe, a na-ejikarị sinamọn na shuga eme ihe na-atọ ụtọ ọka, nri ndị e ji achịcha mee dị ka achịcha, na mkpụrụ osisi, karịsịa [[Apple|apụl]]; a na-ere ngwakọta sinamọn na shuga (shuga sinamọn) iche iche maka ebumnuche ndị dị otú ahụ. A na-ejikwa ya na nri Portuguese na Turkey maka nri dị ụtọ na nke na-esi ísì ụtọ. A pụkwara iji sinamọn mee ihe na pikọpụ, na ihe ọṅụṅụ Krismas dị ka eggnog na mmanya mulled. Ntụ ntụ sinamọn abụrụla ihe dị mkpa kemgbe iji mee ka ụtọ nri Persia dịkwuo mma, nke a na-eji eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ofe dị arọ, ihe ọṅụṅụ, na ihe ụtọ dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/spicesglobalhist0000czar|pages=10–12|title=Spices: A Global History|author=Czarra|first=Fred|date=1 May 2009|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-682-7|language=en}}</ref> Cinnamon bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na nri ndị Juu n'obodo dị iche iche. Na nri Sephardic, a na-etinye ya na ofe akwụkwọ nri na ihe oriri dị ụtọ dịka <nowiki><i id="mwAkw">tishpishti</i></nowiki> na ''travados'', ha abụọ a na-etinye na mmanụ aṅụ. Na nri Ashkenazi, cinnamon dị na nri dị ka achịcha mmanụ aṅụ, na <nowiki><i id="mwAlE">kugels</i></nowiki> .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gavin|first=Paola|date=2024-07-19|title=Old Spice|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/food/articles/old-spice-cinnamon-history|work=Tablet Magazine}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime "ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ anọ" (''rempah empat beradik'') dị mkpa na nri Malay yana clove, star anise na cardamom.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=Aug 2, 2015|page=9|title=A spicy blend of tradition|author=Hariati Azizan}}</ref> == Ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ ==  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}}Cinnamon a gwepịara egwepịa bụ mmiri 11%, 81% carbohydrates (gụnyere 53% eriri nri ), 4% protein na 1% abụba. == Ihe ndị e ji mara ya == === Akpụkpọ ahụ === [[Faịlụ:Cinnamomum_verum_vs_Cinnamomum_burmanni.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|200x200px|Quills nke sinamọn Ceylon (''Cinnamomum verum'', aka ekpe) na sinamọn Indonesian (''C. burmanni'', aka nri) ]] Enwere ike iji aka gbajie cinnamon nke Ceylon ka ọ bụrụ obere ibe, ebe cinnamon nke Indonesia chọrọ igwe na-egweri ihe siri ike. === Nri, ísì na ụtọ === Isi na uto puru iche nke cinamọn na esite na mmanụ ya na-esi ísì ụtọ, nke mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent 0.5 ruo 1 nke ihe mejupụtara cinnamon. A pụrụ ịkpụcha ogbugbo sinamọn, wee wepụta ya na ethanol 80%, wee tinye ya na tincture.<ref name="2018E&ES..130a2049W">{{Cite journal|author=Waty|first=Syahdiana|title=Antibacterial activity of cinnamon ethanol extract ( cinnamomum burmannii ) and its application as a mouthwash to inhibit streptococcus growth|journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science|date=March 2018|volume=130|issue=1|doi=10.1088/1755-1315/130/1/012049}}</ref> A pụrụ ịkwadebe mmanụ dị mkpa nke cinnamon dị mkpa site n'ịzocha ogbugbo ya nke ọma, tinye ya n'ime mmiri oké osimiri, wee gwakọta ya ngwa ngwa. Mmanụ a na-enwe agba odo ọlaedo, nwee isi pụrụ iche nke sinnamon, ma nwekwaa ụtọ na-ekpo ọkụ nke na-esi ísì ụtọ. Enwere ike iji polysorbate 80, mmanụ dị mkpa nke sinamọn, na mmiri mee ''nanoemulsion mmanụ sinamọn'', site na iji ultrasonic emulsification.<ref name="s41598-021-85375-3">{{Cite journal|author=Jeong|first=Yeo-Jin|title=Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion against multi-species oral biofilms|journal=Scientific Reports|date=15 March 2021|volume=11|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-85375-3|pmid=33723345|language=en|issn=2045-2322}}</ref><ref name="fsn3.1946">{{Cite journal|author=Fattahi|first=Reza|title=The effect of Macro and Nano-emulsions of cinnamon essential oil on the properties of edible active films|journal=Food Science & Nutrition|date=December 2020|volume=8|issue=12|pages=6568–6579|doi=10.1002/fsn3.1946|pmid=33312541|language=en|issn=2048-7177}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ''ihe dị n'ime mmanụ sinamọn dị'' n'ime ya.<ref name="fsn3.1946">{{Cite journal|author=Fattahi|first=Reza|title=The effect of Macro and Nano-emulsions of cinnamon essential oil on the properties of edible active films|journal=Food Science & Nutrition|date=December 2020|volume=8|issue=12|pages=6568–6579|doi=10.1002/fsn3.1946|pmid=33312541|language=en|issn=2048-7177}}</ref><ref name="homogenizers/ultra-turrax-t-25">{{Cite web|title=Ultra-Turrax® T 25|url=https://homogenizers.net/products/ultra-turrax-t-25|work=Homogenizers.net|accessdate=19 May 2023}}</ref> Cinnamaldehyde bụ ihe na-akpata uto na isi ísì ọjọọ, ọ bụkwa ihe dị ka 90% nke mmanụ dị mkpa nke osisi sinamọn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/637511|title=Cinnamaldehyde|author=PubChem|work=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-18|archivedate=9 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009015010/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/637511}}</ref> Cinnamaldehyde na-agbaze, na oke iru mmiri na oke okpomọkụ, wee ghọọ styrene,<ref>{{Cite web|title=High daily intakes of cinnamon: Health risk cannot be ruled out|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307202919/https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/high_daily_intakes_of_cinnamon_health_risk_cannot_be_ruled_out.pdf|url=https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/high_daily_intakes_of_cinnamon_health_risk_cannot_be_ruled_out.pdf|publisher=[[Federal Institute for Risk Assessment]] (BfR)|date=18 August 2006|accessdate=20 May 2022|archivedate=7 March 2022}}</ref> site na mmeghachi omume na oxygen ka ọ na-aka nká, ọ na-agba ọchịchịrị n'agba ma na-emepụta ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị nro.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yokomi|first=Naoka|date=1 July 2009|title=Influence of composition upon the variety of tastes in Cinnamomi cortex|journal=Journal of Natural Medicines|volume=63|issue=3|pages=261–266|doi=10.1007/s11418-009-0326-8|issn=1861-0293|pmid=19291358}}</ref> Ihe ndị mejupụtara sinamọn gụnyere ihe dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ iri asatọ,<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=21929331|year=2011|author=Jayaprakasha|first=G. K.|title=Chemistry, biogenesis, and biological activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum|journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|volume=51|issue=6|pages=547–62|doi=10.1080/10408391003699550}}</ref> gụnyere eugenol, nke dị n'ime mmanụ sitere na akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ogbugbo osisi sinamọn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+8007-80-5|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305031735/https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+8007-80-5|archivedate=5 March 2017|title=Oil of cinnamon|publisher=[[Toxicology Data Network]] (TOXNET)|date=6 August 2002|accessdate=29 November 2016}}</ref> ==== Ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya ==== A na-eji sinamọn eme ihe dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na mmanya sinamọn,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailymeal.com/11-cinnamon-flavored-liquors-holidays/121613|title=11 Cinnamon-Flavored Liquors for the Holidays|author=Willard|first=Haley|date=16 Dec 2013|work=[[The Daily Meal]]|accessdate=17 April 2017}}</ref> dị ka wiski a na-esi ísì sinamọn na mba Amerịka, na rakomelo, otu sinamọn brandi na Gris. == Nnyocha metụtara ahụike == A na-eji sinamọn eme ihe n'ọgwụ ọdịnala ogologo oge, gụnyere dị ka ihe enyemaka nri. Agbanyeghị, nnyocha e mere enweghị ike ịchọta ihe akaebe doro anya nke oge a nke mmetụta ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ dị mkpa.<ref name="nccih">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon|title=Cinnamon|work=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|date=2016|accessdate=28 February 2017|archivedate=1 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301111423/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cinnamon: Usefulness and Safety|url=https://nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219004911/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon|archivedate=2025-12-19|accessdate=2026-01-04|work=NCCIH|language=en}}</ref> === Ọbara shuga na ọrịa shuga === Nnyocha meta nke afọ 2023 nke nyocha meta isii chọpụtara na mgbakwunye cinnamon nwere ike ibute obere mbelata mana dị ukwuu na glucose plasma na-ebu ọnụ na haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c, ihe ngosi nke ọkwa glucose plasma na-abawanye ogologo oge). Nyocha ndị gara aga (2012-2019) nke nnwale ahụike kọrọ mbelata nke glucose plasma na-ebu ọnụ na mmetụta na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na A1c.<ref name="Costello2016">{{Cite journal|first=Rebecca B.|author=Costello|title=Do Cinnamon Supplements Have a Role in Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes? A Narrative Review|journal=[[Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics]]|volume=116|issue=11|pages=1794–1802|date=2016|pmid=27618575|doi=10.1016/j.jand.2016.07.015}}</ref><ref name="Allen2013">{{Cite journal|first=Robert W.|author=Allen|title=Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=[[The Annals of Family Medicine]]|volume=11|issue=5|pages=452–459|date=2013|pmid=24019277|doi=10.1370/afm.1517}}</ref><ref name="Akilen2012">{{Cite journal|author=Akilen|first=Rajadurai|title=Cinnamon in glycaemic control: Systematic review and meta analysis|journal=[[Clinical Nutrition (journal)|Clinical Nutrition]]|volume=31|issue=5|pages=609–615|date=20 April 2012|pmid=22579946|doi=10.1016/j.clnu.2012.04.003}}</ref><ref name="Leach2012">{{Cite journal|author=Leach|first=Matthew J.|title=Cinnamon for diabetes mellitus|journal=[[Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]]|issue=9|date=12 September 2012|volume=2012|pmid=22972104|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007170.pub2}}</ref><ref name="Namazi2019">{{Cite journal|author=Namazi|first=Nazli|title=The impact of cinnamon on anthropometric indices and glycemic status in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials|journal=[[Complementary Therapies in Medicine]]|volume=43|pages=92–101|date=April 2019|pmid=30935562|doi=10.1016/j.ctim.2019.01.002}}</ref> Mmadụ anọ n'ime nyocha ndị ahụ kọrọ mbelata na glucose plasma na-ebu ọnụ,<ref name="Costello2016" /><ref name="Allen2013" /><ref name="Akilen2012" /><ref name="Namazi2019" /> naanị mmadụ abụọ kọrọ obere HbA1c,<ref name="Costello2016" /><ref name="Akilen2012" /> otu kọrọ enweghị mgbanwe na nha ọ bụla.<ref name="Leach2012" /> Nyocha Cochrane nke afọ 2012 kwuru na oge nnwale ahụ bụ naanị izu 4 ruo 16, nakwa na ọ dịghị nnwale akọpụtara gbasara mgbanwe na mma ndụ, ọrịa ma ọ bụ ọnụego ọnwụ . Nkwubi okwu ndị dere Cochrane bụ: "Enweghị ihe akaebe zuru oke iji kwado ojiji cinnamon maka ọrịa shuga nke ụdị nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ."<ref name="Leach2012" /> N'ihota nyocha Cochrane, US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health kwuru na 2017: "Nnyocha emere na ndị mmadụ anaghị akwado iji cinnamon maka ọnọdụ ahụike ọ bụla."<ref name="nccih">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon|title=Cinnamon|work=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|date=2016|accessdate=28 February 2017|archivedate=1 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301111423/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ihe ndị a siri ike ịkọwa n'ihi na ọ naghị adịkarị mfe ịghọta ụdị cinnamon na akụkụ osisi ahụ e ji mee ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon|title=Cinnamon|accessdate=20 June 2021|archivedate=25 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625060646/https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon}}</ref> Nnyocha ọzọ gosiri na ọ dịghị mgbanwe ọ bụla na ibu ahụ ma ọ bụ iguzogide insulin.<ref name="Namazi2019">{{Cite journal|author=Namazi|first=Nazli|title=The impact of cinnamon on anthropometric indices and glycemic status in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials|journal=[[Complementary Therapies in Medicine]]|volume=43|pages=92–101|date=April 2019|pmid=30935562|doi=10.1016/j.ctim.2019.01.002}}</ref> === Ọdịdị abụba ọbara === Nnyocha meta nke nnwale mgbakwunye cinnamon nke afọ 2017 tinyere nha lipid gosiri obere cholesterol na triglycerides, mana enweghị mgbanwe dị ukwuu na LDL-cholesterol ma ọ bụ HDL-cholesterol.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The effects of cinnamon supplementation on blood lipid concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=J Clin Lipidol|volume=11|issue=6|pages=1393–1406|date=2017|pmid=28887086|doi=10.1016/j.jacl.2017.08.004|url=http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6931/1/cinnamon.pdf|accessdate=27 November 2018}}</ref> == Nsogbu == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>Nnyocha usoro nke ihe ọjọọ ndị sitere na iji cinnamon akọpụtala nsogbu afọ na mmeghachi omume nfụkasị dịka mmetụta ndị a na-akọkarị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hajimonfarednejad|first=M.|title=Cinnamon: A systematic review of adverse events|journal=[[Clinical Nutrition (journal)|Clinical Nutrition]]|volume=38|issue=2|pages=594–602|date=1 April 2019|pmid=29661513|doi=10.1016/j.clnu.2018.03.013}}</ref> === Coumarin === Na 2008, European Food Safety Authority tụlere nsí nke coumarin, otu n'ime ihe mejupụtara sinamọn, ma kwado na oke oriri a na-anabata kwa ụbọchị (TDI) bụ 0.1.mg nke coumarin kwa kilogram nke ibu ahụ. A maara Coumarin na-akpata mmebi imeju na akụrụ na oke mkpokọta yana mmetụta metabolic na ụmụ mmadụ nwere polymorphism CYP2A6.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Harris|first=Emily|title=German Christmas Cookies Pose Health Danger|work=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6672644|accessdate=1 May 2007|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]}}</ref><ref name="efsa">{{Cite journal|doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2008.793|title=Coumarin in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC)|journal=[[EFSA Journal]]|volume=6|issue=10|date=7 October 2008}}</ref> Dabere na nyocha a, European Union setịpụrụ ntuziaka maka oke ọdịnaya coumarin na nri nke 50mg kwa kilogram nke mgwakota agwa n'ime nri oge, na 15mg kwa kilogram n'ime nri a na-eme kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/20/cinnamon-intake-food-argument-denmark|title=Cinnamon sparks spicy debate between Danish bakers and food authorities|author=Russell|first=Helen|date=20 December 2013|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |''C. cassia'' ! colspan="2" |''C. verum'' |- !Min !Max !Min !Max |- |mg coumarin/g cinnamon |0.09 |12 (He et al., 2005) <ref name="dan">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.10.014|title=Coumarin content in cinnamon containing food products on the Danish market|url=http://www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Laboratorie/Food%20Control%20-%20Coumarin%20in%20Danish%20Food%20Products.pdf|journal=Food Control|volume=38|pages=198–203|year=2014|author=Ballin|first=Nicolai Z.|accessdate=9 December 2015}}</ref> |0.007 |0.9 |- |TDI cinnamon na 50 kilogram nke ịdị arọ (bw) &nbsp; |59 g |0.4 g&nbsp; |714 g |6 g&nbsp; |} N'ihi ọnụọgụ coumarin dị iche iche dị na ''C. cassia'', ọ na-abụkarị ihe karịrị 1mg nke coumarin kwa g nke cinnamon, mgbe ụfọdụkwa ruo ugboro iri na abụọ, ''C. cassia'' nwere oke dị ala nke na-adịghị ize ndụ iji rapara na TDI dị n'elu.<ref name="dan">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.10.014|title=Coumarin content in cinnamon containing food products on the Danish market|url=http://www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Laboratorie/Food%20Control%20-%20Coumarin%20in%20Danish%20Food%20Products.pdf|journal=Food Control|volume=38|pages=198–203|year=2014|author=Ballin|first=Nicolai Z.|accessdate=9 December 2015}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị iche, ''C. verum'' nwere naanị obere coumarin.<ref name="Wang2013">{{Cite journal|author=Wang|first=Yan-Hong|title=Cassia cinnamon as a source of coumarin in cinnamon-flavored food and food supplements in the United States|journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]]|volume=61|issue=18|year=2013|pages=4470–4476|doi=10.1021/jf4005862|url=https://cinnamonvogue.com/DOWNLOADS/Cinnamon_and_coumarin.pdf|pmid=23627682|accessdate=13 April 2019}}</ref> Na Machị 2024, US Food and Drug Administration kwadoro ka a weghachite ụdị ofe apụl sinamọn isii n'afọ ofufo n'ihi mmerụ ahụ dị oke njọ na lead,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/food/alerts-advisories-safety-information/fda-alert-concerning-certain-cinnamon-products-due-presence-elevated-levels-lead|title=FDA Alert Concerning Certain Cinnamon Products Due to Presence of Elevated Levels of Lead|work=[[Food and Drug Administration]]|date=6 March 2024|accessdate=27 May 2024}}</ref> mgbe nyocha sitere na akụkọ 500 nke nsị lead ụmụaka n'ofe US.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/cinnamon-lead-applesauce-wanabana-fda-344066a22a729d176c0c732180f48247|title=Lead-tainted cinnamon has been recalled. Here's what you should know|author=Aleccia|first=Jonel|date=8 March 2024|accessdate=27 May 2024}}</ref> FDA kpebiri na e tinyere lead chromate gwakọtara sinamọn (n'ime akpa ofe apụl nke AUSTROFOOD SAS mepụtara na sinamọn sitere na Negasmart, ha abụọ dị na Ecuador).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/food/outbreaks-foodborne-illness/investigation-elevated-lead-chromium-levels-cinnamon-applesauce-pouches-november-2023|title=Investigation of Elevated Lead & Chromium Levels: Cinnamon Applesauce Pouches (November 2023)|work=[[Food and Drug Administration]]|date=16 April 2024|accessdate=27 May 2024}}</ref> Ndị na-ebubata ngwaahịa abụọ a bụ ndị e depụtara ugbu a dị ka Red List iji gbochie mmetọ n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Import Alert 99-42|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/importalert_1167.html|accessdate=2026-01-04|work=www.accessdata.fda.gov}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == {{Herbs & spices|state=expanded}} == Hụkwa == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> * ''Canella'', osisi a maara dị ka "cinnamon ọhịa" ma ọ bụ "cinnamon ọcha" * ''Cinnamomea'', adjective Neo-Latin nke pụtara 'acha cinnamon' * Ihe ịma aka Cinnamon * Ndepụta nke ahịhịa na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Wijesekera R. O. B., Ponnuchamy S., Jayewardene A. L., "Cinnamon" (1975) akwụkwọ nke CISIR bipụtara, Colombo, Sri Lanka == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/07/south_asia_sri_lanka0s_spice_of_life/html/1.stm "N'ihe osise: ihe na-atọ ụtọ nke ndụ Sri Lanka"]. Akụkọ BBC. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mtvcm2pmyrgmfaf0z9d8elim1ha2l8k 0 78020 692867 689598 2026-07-30T20:51:07Z Sylvaline39 15355 Fixed reference error 692867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[W:ig:Jaromír| Jaromír]]''' (nwụrụ na 4 Nọvemba afo 1038), onye so n'ezinụlọ nke Přemyslid, bụ Duke nke Bohemia n'afo 1003, site n'afo 1004 ruo n'afo 1012, makwa ọzọ site n'afo 1034 ruo n'afo 1035. == Oge ọ malitere == Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke abụọ nke Duke Boleslaus nke Abụọ (d. 999). Nne ya nwe kwara ike ịbụ otu n'ime ndị nwunye abụọ nna ya: ndị bụ Adiva ma ọ bụ Emma nke Mělník. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'afọ 1002, Jaromír nupụụrụ ọchịchị nke nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye bụ [[Boleslaus nke Atọ, Duke nke Bohemia|Boleslaus nke Atọ]] onye isi, onye mere ka a chụpụ ya ma chụpụ nne ya na nwanne ya nwoke onye bụ Oldřich n'ụlọ ikpe Bavarian nke di na Regensburg. Ka o sina dị, Boleslaus enweghị ike inweta ocheeze Prague, ebe ndị na-akpa ike ndi Bohemian chụpụrụ ya na nwa nwanne nna ya Piast Vladivoj weghaara ọchịchị ya, nke onye Poland Duke Bolesław I the Brave kwadoro. Vladivoj nwetakwara nkwado nke Eze Henry nke Abụọ nke Germany ógbè ọ natara Duchy nke Bohemia dị ka alaeze.<ref name="Jordan1844">{{Cite book|author=Jan Petr Jordan|title=Boehmen: Geschichte des Landes und seines Volkes : Mit Stahlstichen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UtQAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA222|year=1844|pages=210–}}</ref><ref name="Chronicle of the Czechs, 105-108">{{Cite book|title=The Chronicle of the Czechs|author=Cosmas of Prague|authorlink=Cosmas of Prague|pages=105–108|publisher=CUA Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8132-1570-9|ref={{harvid|Cosmas, Chronicle}}|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7igBN41oUC&pg=PA105}}</ref><ref name="AC09723364]1712">{{Cite book|author=[Anonymus AC09723364]|title=Das jetzt-lebende Königreich Boehmen, in einer historisch- und geographischen Beschreibung vorgestellet, ... nebst einer kurtzen Lebens-Beschreibung aller Böhmischen Herzoge und Könige, biß auf ... Carolum VI.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnpUAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA14|year=1712|publisher=Johann Zieger|pages=14–}}</ref> == Ọchịchị == Mgbe Vladivoj nwụrụ n'afọ sochirinụ, Jaromír na Oldřich laghachiri Bohemia, ndị isi Bohemian kpọkwara Jaromír ka ọ bụrụ duke. Ndị agha Bolesław nke Poland weghaara ala Bohemian, ha weghachitere Boleslaus nke Atọ dị ka duke. Otú ọ dị, mgbe o nyere iwu ka e gbuo ndị otu Vršovci nke na-asọ mpi, ọ tụfuru nkwado nke onye ọchịchị Poland ma mechaa napụ ya ikike. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Jaromír achọọla nkwado ndị agha n'aka Eze Henry nke Abụọ. Na Merseburg, o kwere nkwa ijide Bohemia dị ka onye nọ n'okpuru eze. Ihe a mere ka Bohemia nọrọ n'okpuru ikike nke Holy Roman Empire. N'afọ 1004, Jaromír na ndị agha Germany weghaara Prague ma kpọsaa onwe ya onye eze nke Bohemian. Ka o sina dị, na steeti ọ nwetaghachiri bụ obere, ebe ndị agha Poland ka na-ejide Moravia, Silesia, na Lusatia. Ọchịchị Jaromír - dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọchịchị Czech ndị ọzọ - bụ ọgụ iji nwetaghachi ala furu efu. Ọ nọgidere na-akwado Eze Henry n'agha German-Polish. Ka o sina dị, eze nke ndi mba Germany emeghị ihe ọ bụla mgbe, n'afo 1012, Oldřich (onye kpuru ya ìsì ) wepụrụ Jaromír n'ocheeze ma manye ya ọzọ ịga mba ọzọ.[5] N'ime mkpọsa a na-atụghị anya ya, Jaromír jisiri ike wepụ Oldřich site na nkwado nke bu Emperor Conrad nke Abụọ n'afo 1033, mana na ọchịchị ya nke abụọ adịteghị aka. Otu afọ mgbe e mesịrị, nwa ya nwoke Bretislaus I weghachiri Oldřich.<ref name="feld">{{Cite web|title=Feldzüge Heinrichs II. gegen den Polenherzog Boleslaw Chrobry|url=http://www.hdbg.eu/karten/karten_detail_13.php|publisher=Landesausstellung 2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194727/http://www.hdbg.eu/karten/karten_detail_13.php|accessdate=May 17, 2020|archivedate=2016-03-03}}</ref> A tụrụ Jaromír mkpọrọ na Lysá nad Labem ma nwụọ na mbochi 4 Nọvemba n'afo 1035 ma ọ bụ kwa n'afo 1038, otu afọ mgbe nwanne ya nwoke nwụsịrị.[i] Otu n'ime ndị ezinụlọ Vršovci gburu ya.<ref name="Chronicle of the Czechs, 105-108"/><ref name="Libocan1780">{{Cite book|author=Waclaw Hajek z Libocan|title=Neue Kronik von Boehmen. Vom Jahre 530 bis 1780. Nebst einer geographischen Beschreibung, aller Staedte, Maerkte, Schloesser und anderer merkwuerdigen Orte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LJhAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA24|year=1780|publisher=v. Schönfeld|pages=24–}}</ref> Dị ka Chronica Boemorum si kwuo, "Kochan zigara onye na-egbu ya, mgbe nwoke ahụ kpuru ìsì nọ ọdụ n'ụlọ mposi n'abalị, na-agbanye afọ ya, o ji ube dị nkọ si n'azụ ruo n'afọ". == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Edensibia == {{S-start}} {{S-hou|[[Přemyslid dynasty]]||{{circa|975}}|11 November|1034}} {{s-reg}} {{S-bef|before=[[Vladivoj, Duke of Bohemia|Vladivoj]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Duke of Bohemia]]|years=1003}} {{S-aft|after=[[Boleslav III of Bohemia|Boleslaus III]]}} {{S-bef|before=[[Boleslav IV of Bohemia|Boleslaus IV]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Duke of Bohemia]]|years=1004–1012}} {{S-aft|rows=2|after=[[Oldřich of Bohemia|Oldřich]]}} {{S-bef|before=[[Oldřich of Bohemia|Oldřich]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Duke of Bohemia]]|years=1033-1034}} {{s-end}} 72sr554l9mvs8i0zgemdzuayejz4mpa 0 78076 692845 2026-07-30T20:31:13Z Geraldine Kene 23189 Geraldine Kene moved page [[Franco Onye Ukwu]] to [[Franco the Great]]: Misspelled title 692845 wikitext text/x-wiki #KÚFÙ [[Franco the Great]] m5bq1drjod5jtiv8bfw3ning2vkqok0