Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 7183 697401 628962 2026-08-09T04:31:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697401 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yenagoa''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yenagoa Archives|url=https://guardian.ng/tag/yenagoa/|accessdate=2022-03-05|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> bụ Obodo Gọọmentị <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php|accessdate=2022-03-09|work=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> na isi obodo nke [[Ȯra Bayelsa|Bayelsa Steeti]], <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bayelsa State|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/topics/c5qvpq9d50nt|accessdate=2022-03-06|work=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Yenagoa|url=https://yenagoa.investbayelsa.by.gov.ng/about-yenagoa/|accessdate=2021-09-15|work=City Of Yenagoa|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915112842/https://yenagoa.investbayelsa.by.gov.ng/about-yenagoa/}}</ref> Ọ dị na mpaghara Niger-Delta nke mba ahụ na nhazi 2" href="./Local_government_area" id="mwHg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Local government area">LGA nwere mpaghara nke dị narị asaa na isii km2 na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ <ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web|title=population {{!}} Definition, Trends, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/population-biology-and-anthropology|accessdate=2022-03-06|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> nke dị narị atọ na iri ise nà abuo, narị abụọ na iri asatọ na ise na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke afọ 2006. <ref>{{Cite web|title=census {{!}} Facts, Definition, Methods, & History {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/census|accessdate=2022-03-06|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref>&nbsp; koodu ozi nke mpaghara ahụ bụ narị ise na iri isii na otu 561. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|accessdate=2009-10-20|archivedate=2012-11-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx}}</ref> Ndị Ijaw mejupụtara ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ógbè Gọọmentị Obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview of Bayelsa – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group|url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/overview-of-bayelsa/|accessdate=2022-04-20|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ariye|first=E. C|title=The Ijo (Ijaw) People of Delta State: Their Early History and Aspects of Social and Cultural Practices|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234668573.pdf|journal=Historical Research Letter|volume=8|pages=1–2}}</ref> Bekee bụ [[Asụsụ obodo|asụsụ gọọmentị]], mana Asụsụ Epie-Atissa bụ otu n'ime asụsụ ndị a na-asụ na Yenagoa, ndị ọzọ dị ka Ekpetiama, Gbarian, Buseni na Zarama bụ olumba Ijaw na ọchịchị ime obodo Yenagoa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nations|first=United|title=Official Languages|url=https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages|accessdate=2022-03-09|work=United Nations|language=en}}</ref><ref name="britannica.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Spoken languages of African countries - Nations Online Project|url=https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/african_languages.htm|accessdate=2022-03-06|work=www.nationsonline.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-03|title=Bayelsa moves to save Izon language from extinction|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/11/bayelsa-moves-to-save-izon-language-from-extinction/|accessdate=2021-09-16|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kolesnik|first=Kay|date=2018-10-30|title=What do you know about Bayelsa State history?|url=https://www.legit.ng/1200389-history-bayelsa-state-interesting-facts-know.html|accessdate=2021-09-16|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref> Ọdụ ụgbọ elu Bayelsa ọdụ ụgbọelu in Bayelsa bụ ọdụ ụgbọ elu dị na Bayelsa Steeti <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands|url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/|accessdate=2022-03-09|language=en-US}}</ref> isi obodo Yenagoa, ndịda [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Ọdụ ụgbọ elu Yenagoa Bayelsa natara mbata ụgbọelu mbụ ya na ubochi iri na anọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yenagoa Bayelsa Airport Profile {{!}} CAPA|url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airports/yenagoa-bayelsa-airport|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=centreforaviation.com}}</ref> Yenagoa bụ ebe obibi nke Bayelsa United, otu klọb [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] ụmụ nwoke na-egwu na ọkwa nke abụọ nke ezumezu ulo egwu asom mpi mba Naijiria. Ezumezu egwuregwu asọ mpi Naijiria, na Ndị ezenwayi Bayelsa otu klọbụ bọọlụ nwanyị na NWFL Premiership. Klọb abụọ ahụ meriri n'afọ 2021 Iko Aiteo maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. Egwuregwu ụmụ nwoke ahụ mere na ama egwuregwu Samuel Ogbemudia ọhụrụ dị na obodo Benin, Benin.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-10|title=Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium best in Nigeria —Kwara dep gov|url=https://punchng.com/samuel-ogbemudia-stadium-best-in-nigeria-kwara-dep-gov/|accessdate=2022-03-12|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> Bayelsa United meriri [[Ȯra Nasarawa|Nasarawa]] United okpu anọ asara nanị atọ na penaltis mgbe oge a na-eme kwa afọ ma gbakwunye oge agwụla 2-2.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bayelsa United upset Nasarawa United as Yenagoa clubs rule Aiteo Cup|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/bayelsa-united-upset-nasarawa-united-as-yenagoa-clubs-rule-aiteo-cup/|accessdate=2021-09-18|work=guardian.ng|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndepụta obodo na obodo nta ==   == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == Yenagoa na-enwe ihu igwe na-adịghị mma n'afọ niile, na oge mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-ekpuchi ekpo ọkụ na oge ọkọchị na-ekpomọkụ ma na-egbuke egbuke. Nkezi okpomọkụ kwa afọ na-agbanwe n'etiti °F iri na asaa na °F iri asatọ na asaa na-adabaghị n'okpuru °F iri isii na atọ ma ọ bụ na-arị elu karịa °F iri iteghete.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yenagoa Annual Weather Averages|url=https://www.worldweatheronline.com/yenagoa-weather/bayelsa/ng.aspx|accessdate=2023-07-25|work=WorldWeatherOnline.com|language=en}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ọ dị n'ógbè marsh na mangrove tropical rainforest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yenagoa {{!}} Location, Facts, & Population {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Yenagoa|accessdate=2023-08-24|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> === Nkezi okpomọkụ === Mgbanwe okpomọkụ nke oge Yenagoa dị nnọọ obere nke na ikwu maka oge okpomọkụ na oyi anaghị apụta ihe dị ukwuu.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Simulated historical climate & weather data for Yenagoa|url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/yenagoa_nigeria_2318123|accessdate=2023-07-25|work=meteoblue|language=en}}</ref> === Igwe ojii === Nkezi nke igwe ojii kpuchiri na Yenagoa dịgasị iche iche site n'oge ruo n'oge n'afọ.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Atlas|first=Weather|title=Yenagoa, Nigeria - Yearly & Monthly weather forecast|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/nigeria/yenagoa-climate|accessdate=2023-07-25|work=Weather Atlas|language=en}}</ref> oge doro anya nke Yenagoa na-amalite n'ihe dị ka Ụbọchị iri na asaa nke ọnwa Nọvemba ma na-adịru ọnwa abụọ mara asatọ , na-abịa na njedebe n'ihe dịka abalị iri na otu nke ọnwa Febụwarị . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Table 19 {{!}} Public Perception of Climate Change in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria|url=https://www.hindawi.com/journals/geography/2015/208154/tab19/|accessdate=2023-07-25|work=www.hindawi.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate & Weather Averages in Yenagoa, Bayelsa, Nigeria|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/nigeria/yenagoa/climate|accessdate=2023-07-25|work=www.timeanddate.com|language=en}}</ref> Na Yenagoa, Disemba bụ ọnwa kachasị ọcha n'afọ, na mbara igwe na-anọgide na-enwu gbaa, na-enwekarị ìhè, ma ọ bụ na-ekpo ọkụ 41% nke oge na nkezi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Yenagoa Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark|url=https://weatherspark.com/y/52895/Average-Weather-in-Yenagoa-Nigeria-Year-Round|accessdate=2023-07-25|work=weatherspark.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yenagoa weather and climate ☀️ Best time to visit 🌡️ Temperature|url=https://www.besttravelmonths.com/nigeria/yenagoa-2912646/|accessdate=2023-07-25|work=www.besttravelmonths.com|language=en|archivedate=2023-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725205732/https://www.besttravelmonths.com/nigeria/yenagoa-2912646/}}</ref><ref name=":1"/> Malite na ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Febụwarị, ma na-adịru ọnwa iteghete mara abụọ oge ígwé ojii nke afọ na-agwụ na ụbọchị iri asaa nke iri na asaaọnwa Nọvemba .<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Weather in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria {{!}} Tomorrow.io|url=https://www.tomorrow.io/weather/NG/BY/Yenagoa/077145/|accessdate=2023-07-25|work=Tomorrow.io Weather|language=en|archivedate=2023-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725205917/https://www.tomorrow.io/weather/NG/BY/Yenagoa/077145/}}</ref> Na Yenagoa, Eprel bụ ọnwa nwere ọtụtụ igwe ojii, na igwe ojii ma ọ bụ karịa igwe ojii iri asatọ na asaá nke oge na nkezi.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Weather for Yenagoa, Bayelsa, Nigeria|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/nigeria/yenagoa|accessdate=2023-07-25|work=www.timeanddate.com|language=en}}</ref> === Mmiri ozuzo === A na-ewere ụbọchị nke nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala sentimita uma anọ nke mmiri ma ọ bụ [[mmiri ozuzo]] dị ka mmiri. Na Yenagoa, ohere nke ụbọchị mmiri ozuzo na-agbanwe n'ụzọ dị egwu n'afọ niile.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate in Yenagoa|url=https://www.numbeo.com/climate/in/Yenagoa-Nigeria|accessdate=2024-02-14|work=www.numbeo.com|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ime oge mmiri ozuzo nke ọnwa asaá mara ume asaa nke na-aga site na ụbọchị iri abụo nke ọnwa Machị ruo ụbọchi irí na otu nke ọnwa Nọvemba , enwere ohere karịrị pacenti na ụbọchị ọ bụla ga-enwe mmiri ozuzo. Na Yenagoa, Septemba nwere nkezi nke ụbọchị dị iri abụo na anọ, na ọ dịkarịa ala sentimita uma nke mmiri ozuzo, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ọnwa nwere ụbọchị mmiri kachasị. <ref name=":0"/><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353695988_Climate_Change_Vulnerability_on_the_Inhabitants_of_Yenagoa_Bayelsa_State</ref> N'agbata ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Nọvemba ruo abalị nke iri abụo nke ọnwa Machị, ọnwa 20, ma ọ bụ ọnwa 4.3, bụ oge ọkọchị. Jenụwarị nwere nkezi nke ụbọchị abụọ nà uma na ọ dịkarịa ala ụma sentimita nke mmiri ozuzo, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ọnwa nwere ụbọchị mmiri ozuzo ole na ole na Yenagoa.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Monthly climate in Yenagoa, Nigeria|url=https://nomadseason.com/climate/nigeria/bayelsa/yenagoa.html|accessdate=2023-07-25|work=nomadseason.com}}</ref> A na-ekewa ụbọchị mmiri n'ime ndị gụnyere snow, mmiri ozuzo, ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke atọ ahụ. Na Yenagoa, Septemba nwere nkezi ụbọchị iri abụo na anọ mara ise nke mmiri ozuzo, nke bụ nke kachasị n'ọnwa ọ bụla. Dabere na nkewa a, mmiri ozuzo naanị bụ ụdị mmiri ozuzo kachasị n'afọ niile, na ohere dị elu nke pacenti iri asatọ na atọ na ọnwa Septemba dị mkpụrụ ụbọchị irí na abụo. <ref name=":0"/><ref>https://www.accuweather.com/en/ng/yenagoa/252198/current-weather/252198</ref> == Ihe ngosi == <gallery> Usòrò:Arid_Resort_Wellness_&_Spa,_Yenogoa,_Bayelsa_state.jpg Usòrò:Amusement_park,_Yenogoa,_Bayelsa_state.jpg Usòrò:Bayelsa_state_Economic_Centre,_Yenogoa,_Bayesla.jpg Usòrò:Diepreye_Alamieyeseigha_statue,_Yenogoa,_Bayelsa_state2.jpg Usòrò:Ministry_of_Transport,_Yenogoa,_Bayelsa_state.jpg Usòrò:Education_House,_Yenogoa,_Bayelsa_state.jpg Usòrò:High_Court_of_Justice,_Yenogoa,_Bayelsa_state.jpg Usòrò:Lambert_Eradiri_Road_signpost,_Yenogoa,_Bayelsa_state.jpg Usòrò:Nigerian_Airforce_Headquarters,_Yenogoa,_Bayelsa_state.jpg Usòrò:Nigerian_Law_School,_Yenogoa_campus,_Bayesla_state.jpg Usòrò:Revenue_House,_Yenogoa,_Bayelsa_state.jpg Usòrò:Yenogoa_Boat_Club,_Yenogoa,_Bayelsa_state4.jpg Usòrò:Yenogoa_Boat_Club,_Yenogoa,_Bayelsa_state7.jpg Usòrò:Yenogoa_Boat_Club,_Yenogoa,_Bayelsa_state.jpg Usòrò:Nigerian_Content_Tower,_Yenagoa_Bayelsa_2.jpg Usòrò:Nigerian_Content_Tower,_Yenagoa_Bayelsa.jpg Usòrò:Signpost_to_Bayelsa_International_Airport,_Yenagoa,_Bayelsa.jpg Usòrò:Federal_Pay_Office,_Onopa,_Yenagoa,_Bayelsa.jpg Usòrò:Government_House_,_Yenagoa,_Bayelsa.jpg Usòrò:Bayelsa_State_Environmental_Sanitation_Authority,_Yenagoa,_bayelsa.jpg Usòrò:Bayelsa_State_Independent_Electoral_Commission,_Yenagoa,_Bayelsa.jpg Usòrò:Central_Bank_of_Nigeria,_Yenagoa_Branch,_Bayelsa_01.jpg Usòrò:Chief_D.S.P_Alamieyeseigha_Memorial_Banquet_Hall,_Yenagoa,_Bayelsa_01.jpg Usòrò:Bayelsa_State_Ecumenical_Centre,_Bayelsa_01.jpg Usòrò:Bayelsa_State_Ecumenical_Centre,_Bayelsa_02.jpg Usòrò:Central_Bank_of_Nigeria,_Yenagoa_Branch,_Bayelsa.jpg </gallery> == Hụkwa == * Ụlọ Ọgwụ Federal, Yenagoa == Edensibia Ihe odide == [[Òtù:Ȯra Bayelsa]] [[Òtù:Nigerian state capitals]] h5sc8vqtgmly1qhwi7voh3v0teu8inh 0 10976 697369 452642 2026-08-08T20:55:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''The Wedding party''''' bụ ihe nkiri ejije ịhụnanya na ịkpa ọchị nke afọ 2016 nke [[Kemi Adetiba|Kemi Adetiba duziri]] . Ọ malitere n'abali asatọ nke ọnwa Septemba, 2016 na Toronto International Film Festival na [[Kánada|Canada]] ma n'abalị iri na abụọ nke ọnwa Novemba 2016 emekwa ya na Eko Hotel and suites na [[Lagos]] . E wepụtara ihe nkiri a n'ụwa nile n'abalị iri na isii nke ọnwa Disemba 2016, wee bụrụ ihe nkiri Nigeria kacha enweta ego ; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Vourlias|first=Christopher|date=2017-02-04|title='Wedding Party' Fuels Record Nigerian Box Office Despite Ailing Economy|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/global/wedding-party-fuels-record-nigerian-box-office-despite-ailing-economy-1201977878/|accessdate=2020-10-05|work=Variety|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-09|title='Wedding Party 1' named highest-grossing Nollywood movie of the decade2 minutes read|url=https://newscentral.africa/wedding-party-1-named-highest-grossing-nollywood-movie-of-the-decade/|accessdate=2020-10-05|work=News Central - Latest in Politics, Business, Sports and stories across Africa|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016203750/https://newscentral.africa/wedding-party-1-named-highest-grossing-nollywood-movie-of-the-decade/}}</ref> ndekọ nke ogo dị elu ekwupụ̀tara na 2017 site na usoro ya ''The Wedding Party 2'' . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.konbini.com/ng/entertainment/wedding-party-2-now-highest-grossing-nollywood-film-ever/|title='The Wedding Party 2' Is Now The Highest-Grossing Nollywood Film Ever|author=Animashaun|first=Damilola|date=2018-01-23|work=Konbini Nigeria|accessdate=2018-04-01|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ Ndịnaya == Ihe nkiri a weere ọnọdụ n'ehihie na mgbede nke agbamakwụkwọ n'etiti Dunni Coker ( [[Adesua Etomi]] ), onye nwe ụlọ ihe ngosi nka dị afọ iri abụọ na anọ bụ nanị nwa nwanyị nke Injinia Bamidele na Oriakụ. Tinuade Coker, na onye ọchụnta ego IT Dozie Onwuka ( Banky Wellington ), bụ onye sitere na ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya. Nne ya, Lady Obianuju Onwuka, chere na nwa ya nwoke na-alụ nwanyị n'eteghị ogo onwe ya. N'ụtụtụ tupu agbamakwụkwọ ahụ, a na-akwado oriri agbamakwụkwọ na onye nhazi agbamakwụkwọ Wonu na-agbalị ime ka ihe niile dị mma maka ndị ahịa ya bara ọgaranya. Ka ọ dị, ndị nne na nna nke nwanyị a na-alụ ọhụrụ na ndị ikwu nwanyị na-ewe iwe maka mwepu aha Tinuade Coker na ọkwa dị n'akwụkwọ ahụ, nne na nna nwoke ahụ na-alụ nwanyị na-eri nri ụtụtụ n'enweghị Obi ụtọ mma ebe nne na-agwa ndị enyi ya okwu nlelị banyere ezinụlọ Coker ma na-eleda di bụ Chief Felix Onwuka anya nke ukwu. N'aka nke ọzọ,Ndị enyi nwanyị na-akwa Dunni emo maka enweghị ngwọta gbasara mmekọahụ ma olịị, ndị enyi Dozie na-akwa ya emo maka oriri nwoke ikpeazụ mgbe olubeghi nwanyị n'abalị gara aga. Onye kacha mma ị̀bụ̀rụ̀ ya onye nsonazụ agbamakwụkwọ enwela ihe mberede nke okporo ụzọ mgbe nnọkọ nke bachelọ ha gasịrị, ma ahọọrọ Sola na-enweghị nchịkọta onwe dị ka onye nnọchiteanya ya. N'oge mmemme agbamakwụkwọ ahụ, ndị ọbịa na ezinụlọ na-enwe ọñụ, ma e wezụga Obianuju Onwuka bụ onye jụrụ ịṅa ntị n'ụzọ ọ bụla, ma n'ebutere ihere nye Felix. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ka ụgbọ ala na-esi n'ememe ahụ na-aga oriri na ọṅụṅụ, Dunni chọtara otu uwe ime ụmụ nwanyị n'akpa uwe akwa Dozie, nke Kasiri ya iwe. O mere ka o doo ya anya na ọ bụ otu n’ime ndị enyi ya kpara nkata a, nke mere ha eruteghi ebe oriri agbamakwukwo ahụ n'oge. Esemokwu malitere n'etiti nne na nna abụọ ụmụ ha na-agba akwụkwọ banyere ndị kwesịrị ibu ụzọ banye n'ime ụlọ oriri ahụ; n'ikpeazụ, ndị naaza Onwuka, bụ ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya,nụ ndị mbụ banyere nụ̀. Nri abalị ahụ nwere oke ihe ihere merenụ, gụnyere Tinuade Coker kpọrọ onye na-esi nri Yoruba n'obodo ka ọ sie nri ọzọ n'ụdị dị iche mara mma karịa nke Obianuju Onwuka hiwere. Mgbe Sola chọrọ ikwu okwu ka nwoke nnọchiteanya kacha mma, ọ gosiri ihe mere na ihe onyonyo sitere n'oriri abalị ahụ nke n'abụghị vidiyo Dozie kwadebere maka mmemme ahụ, Dunni hapụrụ ụlọ ahụ n;'iwe ka ọ hụchatara ihe dị ka Dozie abụghị onye ntụkwasị obi nye ya. Otu enyi nwanyị ochie Dozie bụ Rosie zutere ya, onye kwuru na ya na Dozie nwere mmekọahụ n'isi ụtụtụ ụbọchị ahụ - n'eziokwu, Rosie nwara ịrata ya mana ọ dabaghị̀ n'onya ya bụ Rosie. Dunni hapụrụ ya n'ebe ahụ baa ụgbọ tagzi. Dozie, nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye Nonso, na nne na nna abụọ ahụ malitere ịchọ Dunni mana onye ohi jisiri ike baa n'ime ụlọ were onyinye agbamakwụkwọ ahụ jidere ha ya. Ọnọdụ ahụ dị egwu mere ka ndị di na nwunye kwupụta eziokwu banyere Onwe ha, nne Dozie kwupụtara gwa di na obi adịghị ya ụtọ maka ihe ya na ụmụ agbọghọ na-eto eto n'emetọgharị, nna Dunni kwetara na ụlọ ọrụ ya etufula ọtụtụ ego ya niile. Ndị di na nwunye ahụ mere ka ha dịghachi ná mma, Nonso wee jisie ike imeri onye ohi ahụ wee buru égbè ya. Dozie wee banye ụgbọ ala ya na Sola chọta Dunni, wee mee ka o doo ya anya na n'ezie na ya emebibeghị nkwa ịdị ọcha ha nwere. Ha nlaghachikwara ụlọ oriri agbamakwụkwọ ahụ ka ha gbaa egwú n'abalị ahụ. == Ndị Sonyere n'ihe nkiri a == * [[Adesua Etomi]] dịka Dunni Coker (The Bride) * Banky Wellington dị ka Dozie Onwuka (The Groom) * Richard Mofe Damijo dị ka Chief Felix Onwuka (Father of the Groom) * [[Sola Sobowale]] dị ka Mrs. Tinuade Coker (Nne nke nwunye) * Iretiola Doyle dị ka Lady Obianuju Onwuka (Mother of the Groom) * [[Alibaba Akpobome|Alibaba Akporobome]] dịka Engineer Bamidele Coker (Father of the Bride) * [[Zainab Balogun]] Di ka Wonu (The Wedding Planner) * Enyinna Nwigwe dị ka Nonso Onwuka (Nne na-alụ nwanyị ọhụrụ) * [[Somkele Iyamah|Somkele Iyamah-Idhalama]] dị ka Yemisi Disu (Maid of Honour) * [[Beverly Naya]] dị ka Rosie (Enyi nwanyị bụbu enyi nwanyị) * Daniella Down dị ka Deardre Winston (Nwanyị Na-alụ) * Afeez Oyetoro dị Anya make * Ikechukwu Onunaku dị ka Sola (Best Man) * AY Makun Di ka MC * Emmanuel Edunjobi dịka Woli (The priest) * Kunle Idowu dịka Harrison * [[Jumoke George]] dị ka Iya Michael * Sambasa Nzeribe ka Lukman == Mmepụta == Ọ bụ ELFIKE Film Collective mere ihe nkiri a. Ma onye mmepụta bụ[[Kemi Adetiba]] . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250624164132/https://theweddingpartymovies.com/directors-note/ Kemi Adetiba] theweddingpartymovies.com Retrieved 19 August 2016</ref> Nchịkọta ihe nkiri ELFIKE bụ mmekorita nke nnukwu ụlọ nrụpụta anọ na Nigeria: EbonyLife Films, FilmOne Distribution, Inkblot Productions na Koga Studios, n'otu n'otu. == Hapụ == Emere ihe nkiri a na Toronto n'abalị asatọ nke ọnwa Septemba , n'afọ 2016 na Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF). <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181001161527/http://ebonylifetv.com/2016/08/16/elfike-film-collectives-the-wedding-party-to-premiere-on-opening-night-of-the-2016-toronto-international-film-festival/ Ebonylife TV News] Ebonylivetv.com Retrieved 19 August 2016.</ref> N'August 2017, emere ihe nkiri ahụ na Netflix . == Nnabata dị mkpa == ''The Wedding party'' anatala nlebanya dị mma site na nkena anya. Dị ka Chidumga Izuzu nke ''Pulse Nigeria si kwuo'', "Ọ bụ ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke na-eme ka onye ntụrụndụ. Ọ naghị anwa ịbụ ihe omume, ihe na-akpali akpali, mpụ, ihe nkiri nchọ ihe, ma ọ bụ ihe niile n'otu oge. Ọ naghị eme ka ọ dị omimi ma mee ka ị nwee mmetụta 'oke'. Ọ ghotara Ndịnaya ma mee ka ọ pụta otua. " <ref>{{Cite web|title="The Wedding Party" assembles needed features for a perfect laugh-out-loud comedy|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-the-wedding-party-assembles-needed-features-for-a-perfect-laugh-out-loud-comedy-id5904763.html|accessdate=2021-10-27|archivedate=2017-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711182744/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-the-wedding-party-assembles-needed-features-for-a-perfect-laugh-out-loud-comedy-id5904763.html}}</ref> Nollywood kwadoro ihe nkiri ahụ ruo percenti iri ise na anọ wee kwuo, "Dịka onye hụrụ ihe nkiri n'anya, m ga-ekiri nke a ọzọ n'ime ụbọchị asaa na-abịa. Dị ka onye nkatọ ... ozugbo anyị gafere oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ọ bụ oriri cheese." <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Wedding Party Review|url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2017/02/the-wedding-party.html|work=Nollywood Reinvented|date=18 February 2017|accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref> ''Cinema Axis''' Courtney Small kwuru, sị, " The ''Wedding'' Party nwere ike ọ gaghị enye ọtụtụ ihe ịtụnanya site na usoro akụkọ, mana ọ dịghị agọnarị na ihe nkiri ahụ bụ ihe na-atọ mmadụ ụtọ. N'ịmepụta ọtụtụ ịkpa ọchị nke ọma, Ọbụghị ezie na ihe nkiri a agaghị ikpa nnukwu ọnụ ọchị n'ihu mmadụ." <ref>{{Cite web|title=TIFF 2016: The Wedding Party|date=19 September 2016|url=https://cinemaaxis.com/2016/09/19/tiff-2016-the-wedding-party/}}</ref> Isabella Akinseye toro ma katọọkwa ihe nkiri ahụ. O toro ihe nkiri ahụ maka ntụrụndụ, ejiji, ngosipụta ndị ama ama, [[Sola Sobowale]] na mmekorita ya ebe ọ katọrọ edemede, gbasara ndị nsonye. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/04/movie-review-hits-misses-kemi-adetibas-wedding-party/|title=Movie review: Hits and Misses of Kemi Adetiba's the Wedding Party|date=16 April 2017}}</ref> Wilfred Okiche nke ynaija nwere nke a ikwu maka [[Kemi Adetiba]] na ọrụ ya dịka onye nduzi; "Ewezuga ụfọdụ ngosi, dị ka okwu agbamakwụkwọ nke nna onye na-alụ nwanyị ọhụrụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị atụmatụ na ndị nsonye na atụmatụ metụtara Sambassa Nzeribe, na odida agwa ngosipụta nke Hafiz Oyetoro, Adetiba na-eme ka ihe na-aga n'ihu." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ynaija.com/movie-review-wedding-party-extended-music-video-fun/|title=Movie review: The Wedding Party is an extended music video. But is it fun? » YNaija|date=17 December 2016}}</ref> Temitope Adeiye nke thenet.ng kwuru na The Wedding Party bụ ihe nkiri kacha mma ọ hụ̀rụ̀ na 2016. <ref>http://thenet.ng/2016/12/cinema-review-why-the-wedding-party-is-the-best-movie-i-saw-in-2016/</ref> == Hụkwa == * The Wedding party, 2017 * Ndepụta ihe nkiri Naịjirịa kacha enweta ego * Ndepụta ihe nkiri Naijiria nke 2016 == Nrụtụaka == == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * {{IMDb title|5992120}} gaakxriqawsquf2735oqa64vo0posl4 0 11072 697353 696835 2026-08-08T17:57:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Pages using infobox person with unknown empty parameters|residenceSthandiwe Kgoroge]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Usòrò:Aunty played by Sthandiwe Kgoroge.png|thumb|Sthandiwe Kgoroge]] '''Sthandiwe Kgoroge''' (amụrụ '''Sithandiwe Msomi''' ; 4 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=3096|title=TVSA profile|accessdate=2021-11-13|archivedate=2025-05-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513125718/https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=3096}}</ref> bụ onye [[South Africa|omere South Africa]] pụtara na ''Generations'', usoro 5 na 7 nke ''MTV Shuga'', obere usoro ''MTV Shuga ALOnE Together'' na usoro Kgoroge mbụ nke ''Yizo Yizo'' . {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" |- |+Sthandiwe Kgoroge |- | '''Aha ọmụmụ''' | Sithandiwe Msomi |- | '''Ubochi ọmụmụ''' | 1972-2-4 |- | '''Ebe ọmụmụ''' |[Columbus,Ohio.USA) |- | '''Akwukwo mahadum''' | [[University of Natal]] |- | '''Oru''' | Omere |- | '''Di''' |[[Tony Kgoroge]] |- | '''Obodo''' |[[South Africa]] |- |} == Ndụ == Kgoroge biri na Edmonton, [[Kánada|Canada]], malite n'afọ ise ruo iri. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afropolitan.co.za/articles/last-word-sthandiwe-kgoroge-6055.html|title=Last word - Sthandiwe Kgoroge|date=2017-07-31|work=www.afropolitan.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-29|archivedate=2020-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922173146/https://www.afropolitan.co.za/articles/last-word-sthandiwe-kgoroge-6055.html}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Natal, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ihe nkiri. <ref name="tvsa">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=3096|title=Sthandiwe Kgoroge {{!}} TVSA|work=www.tvsa.co.za|accessdate=2020-04-29|archivedate=2025-05-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513125718/https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=3096}}</ref> O kwuwo na ya gbasiri mbọ ike na ọdịdị onwe ya, mana emechara chọpụta oji ya ziri ezi. <ref name="times">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2019-04-10-sthandiwe-kgoroge-our-parents-thought-if-they-told-us-we-were-beautiful-we-would-get-big-headed/|title=Sthandiwe Kgoroge: Our parents thought if they told us we were beautiful we would get big headed|author=Zeeman|first=Kyle|date=10 April 2019|work=TimesLive|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=29 April 2020}}</ref> Ọ pụtara na usoro mbụ nke ''Yizo Yizo'' dị ka Zoe Cele na 1999. A matara ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-akwado kacha mma na usoro ihe nkiri maka ọrụ ma nweta Avanti Award . <ref name="tvsa" /> Ọ gbara ejima na ''Generation''<ref name="times" /> site na 1999 ruo 2005. Ọ pụtara na usoro 5 nke ''MTV Shuga'' dị ka nwanne nne Nomalenga wee laghachi na ọrụ maka obere usoro ''MTV Shuga Alone'', nke gosipụtara nsogbu nke ọrịa COVID-19, na 20 Eprel 2020. <ref name="Akabogu">{{Cite web|title=MTV Shuga and ViacomCBS Africa Respond to COVID-19 with "Alone Together" Online Series|url=https://bhmng.com/mtv-shuga-and-viacomcbs-africa-respond-to-covid-19-with-alone-together-online-series/|author=Akabogu|first=Njideka|date=2020-04-16|work=BHM|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-30}}</ref> N'oge usoro ihe odide ndị a na-akparịta ụka banyere ndụ n'oge mkpọchi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1C7MgNjfc8|title=MTV Shuga: Alone Together {{!}} Episode 7|author=|first=|date=28 April 2020|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=29 April 2020}}</ref> A na-ahazi obere usoro a maka abalị iri isii na ndị na-akwado ya gụnyere "Every Woman Every Child" . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Every Woman Every Child partners with the MTV Staying Alive Foundation to Tackle COVID-19|url=https://www.everywomaneverychild.org/every-woman-every-child-partners-with-the-mtv-staying-alive-foundation-to-tackle-covid-19/|date=2020-04-16|work=Every Woman Every Child|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-30|archivedate=2021-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009232045/https://www.everywomaneverychild.org/every-woman-every-child-partners-with-the-mtv-staying-alive-foundation-to-tackle-covid-19/}}</ref> Usoro a dabere na Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya na Cote D'Ivoire. Ihe nkiri niile bụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri n'onwe ha, <ref name="Akabogu" /> gụnyere [[Lerato Walaza]], Mamarumo Marokane na [[Mohau Cele]] . == Ndụ nkeonwe == Kgoroge lụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Tony Kgoroge, <ref name="tvsa" /> ma ha nwere ụmụ. Mgbe chere mgbake ụgwọ n'afọ 2018, ọ kwụrụ ka ndị mmadụ leghara ibe Instagram ya na nwunye ya anya, na-ekwu na ha bụ naanị "ụmụ amaala nkịtị". <ref name="debt" /> Ọ na-eche na ọ ga-efunahụ ya n'ihi na ụfọdụ ndị mgbasa ozi anaghị akwụ ya ụgwọ ugboro ugboro. <ref name="debt">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sundayworld/news/2018-11-06-kgoroge-lands-up-in-court-over-debt/|title=Kgoroge lands up in court over debt|work=SowetanLIVE|language=en-ZA|accessdate=2020-04-29}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}  ''Sthandiwe Kgoroge'' (in English). ''Afropolitan Magazine''. 31 July 2017. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20250710022531/http://mp3-juice.org/ the original] on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020 – via afropolitan.co.za. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4txwjc1dlj73mdzi05gk3sbdrhgz3ke 0 12667 697317 198764 2026-08-08T12:12:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:Salma Okonkwo Photograph (1).jpg|thumb|Salma Okonkwo ]] '''Salma Okonkwo''' bụ onye ọchụnta ego Ghana na onye isi azụmaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ . Ọ bụ onye guzobere Blue Power Energy, ụlọ ọrụ ike ọzọ na-emepe emepe ugbo maka ọkụ si n'anyanwụ na Ghana. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Okonkwo|first=Salma|date=2022-01-01|title=The Founder of UBI Group on Leading a Transition to Renewable Energy in Africa|work=Harvard Business Review|url=https://hbr.org/2022/01/the-founder-of-ubi-group-on-leading-a-transition-to-renewable-energy-in-africa|accessdate=2022-03-29}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Usòrò:Salma Okonkwo..jpg|thumb]] Salma Okonkwo (Iddrissu) bu onye a mụrụ na Accra, Ghana na 1970. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Loyola Marymount dị na Los Angeles, California, ma laghachi Africa, Sahara Energy were ya n'ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-11|title=How an entrepreneur shifted dynamics in the Ghanaian energy sector|url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/how-an-entrepreneur-shifted-dynamics-in-the-ghanaian-energy-sector/99732/|accessdate=2022-03-29|work=How we made it in Africa|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-05-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528015006/https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/how-an-entrepreneur-shifted-dynamics-in-the-ghanaian-energy-sector/99732/}}</ref> O hiwere UBI Energy, azụmaahịa pụrụiche na ịzụ ahịa na nkesa ngwaahịa mmanụ ala na West Africa, na 1997. Na 2013, Puma Energy nwetara oke pasent iri anọ na itoolu nke ụlọọrụ UBI Group. Ịmata ihe ndị a na-emegharị ọhụrụ dị ka ụzọ dị ogologo oge ka mma maka Africa dugara ya ịmalite ọrụ ọhụrụ site na Blue Power Energy nke lekwasịrị anya n'anyanwụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=January 2022|title=The Founder of UBI Group on Leading a Transition to Renewable Energy in Africa|url=https://hbr.org/2022/01/the-founder-of-ubi-group-on-leading-a-transition-to-renewable-energy-in-africa|work=Harvard Business Review}}</ref> Salma Okonkwo na-aga n'ihu na-agba mbọ maka mmụba itinye ego na mpaghara ike Africa, na-ekwupụta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị oke mkpa maka mgbake akụ na ụba kọntinent post-COVID. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Investors are failing African entrepreneurs — it’s time for a change|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/03/investors-african-entrepreneurs-startup-change-energy/|accessdate=2022-03-29|work=World Economic Forum|language=en}}</ref> Na 2021 n'ememe nke Women's History Month, [https://cherieblairfoundation.org Cherie Blair Foundation] kpọpụtara Salma Okonkwo na ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọchụnta ego, ndị guzobere, ndị isi na ndị na-eweta mgbanwe. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-10|title=Women’s History Month: women entrepreneurs, founders, leaders and changemakers who inspire us|url=https://cherieblairfoundation.org/womens-history-month-2021/|accessdate=2022-03-29|work=Cherie Blair Foundation for Women|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] j14wr0zo6a7p10h5cyfwyfjvi0qq4hk 0 13309 697390 516156 2026-08-09T02:32:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Wanjeri Nderu''' a mụrụ n'afọ 1979 bụ onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ si [[Kenya]]. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Nderu n'afọ 1979 ómá tolite na Nairobi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/article/2000168179/new-age-warrior|title=New-age warrior - Evewoman|work=www.standardmedia.co.ke|accessdate=2020-02-14}}</ref> Ọ gara Racecourse Primary School na Kariakor, Mountain View Academy na Thika wee gaa Kahuhia Girls High School.<ref name=":0" /> Mmata ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya malitere na nwata, ógè a wakporo ala ya dịka akụkụ nke ọgba aghara 'Saba Saba'.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na Kenya Institute of Mass Communications, tupu ọ malite ọrụ n'afọ 2005 na ụlọ ọrụ mkpuchi.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2013, Nderu hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị na echiche nke ịrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'ihi òtù ikpe ziri ezi rụọ otu afọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://kenyainsights.com/wanjeri-nderu-setting-the-records-straight/|title=Wanjeri Nderu: Setting The Records Straight {{!}} Kenya Insights|author=West|first=Kenya|date=2020-01-26|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-14}}</ref> Ọ bụ oge a ka kick malitere ọrụ ya.<ref name=":1" /> Iji kwado ọrụ ya ma kwado ezinụlọ ya, ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ nkwukọrịta nke onwe ya n'ihe banyere òtù nke atọ.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụ onye Kikuyu ma lụọ di ma nwee ụmụ atọ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.york.ac.uk/cahr/defenders/protective-fellowship/past/wanjeri/|title=Wanjeri - Centre for Applied Human Rights, The University of York|work=www.york.ac.uk|accessdate=2020-02-14}}</ref> == Ime ihe == Nderu na-ahụ onwe ya dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe banyere ikpe ziri ezi, na-arụ ọrụ iji mee ka a mata ụfọdụ ikpe na-ezighị ezi na Kenya. Ọ na-eji mgbasa ozi ọha na eze eme ka ndị mmadụ ma na-emekarị mkpọsa banyere nsogbu ndị dara site na ọdịiche dị n'etiti NGO, dị ka idina ụmụaka nwoke n'ike.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://thisisafrica.me/politics-and-society/activists-trenches-profile-kenyas-wanjeri-nderu-ruth-mumbi/|title=Activists in the Trenches: A Profile of Kenya's Wanjeri Nderu and Ruth Mumbi|author=Honan|first=Edith|date=2016-12-23|work=This is africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-14}}</ref> O meela ọtụtụ mkpọsa n'ịntanetị, gụnyere: #[https://twitter.com/hashtag/stopextrajudicialkillings?lang=en StopExtraJudicialKillings], #[https://twitter.com/hashtag/freessudan4?lang=en FreeSSudan4], yana mkpọsa maka ntuli aka n'efu na udo.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2018/05/kenya-one-womans-relentless-fight-for-human-rights-amid-threats-and-reprisals/|title=Kenya: One woman's relentless fight for human rights amid threats and reprisals|work=www.amnesty.org|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-14}}</ref> A na-enye ya nsogbu n'onwe ya na n'ịntanetị ọtụtụ oge.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://securityofdefendersproject.org/inspirational-women/wanjeri-nderu|title=The Security and Protection of Human Rights Defenders at Risk — Wanjeri Nderu|work=The Security and Protection of Human Rights Defenders at Risk|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-02-14|archivedate=2019-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917071726/https://securityofdefendersproject.org/inspirational-women/wanjeri-nderu}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, e jidere ya n'ihe gbasara ịga ngagharị iwe udo megide ụgwọ ọrụ dị elu maka ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Kenya.<ref name=":4" /> N'afọ 2015, otu nwoke wakporo ya n'otu ụlọ ahịa, nke mere ka ihu ya maa jijiji.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.monitor.co.ke/2015/07/03/wanjeri-nderu-assaulted-for-tweeting-about-corruption/|title=Wanjeri Nderu assaulted for tweeting on corruption|author=Khamadi|first=Shitemi|date=2015-07-03|work=Kenya Monitor|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-02-14|archivedate=2020-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227052031/http://www.monitor.co.ke/2015/07/03/wanjeri-nderu-assaulted-for-tweeting-about-corruption/}}</ref> Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka anya ya funahụ ya.<ref name=":3" /> Nderu kwenyere na a wakporo ya n'ihi na ọ na-ekwu okwu banyere nrụrụ aka na Kenya, na etiti, yana n'ịntanetị.<ref name=":6" /> N'afọ 2017, ụgbọala na-enweghị akara sochiri ya n'ụlọ, nke manyere ya ịhapụ ụgbọala ya n'ebe ọzọ, gbapụ site na kọfị ma nweta tagzi n'ụlọ.<ref name=":4" /> Ikpe #JusticeForKhadija, nke Nderu tinyere aka na ya, gosipụtara ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ karịsịa na ọkwa nke azụmaahịa na Kenya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Nyabola, Nanjala|title=Digital democracy, analogue politics : how the Internet era is transforming politics in Kenya|isbn=978-1-78699-430-1|location=London|oclc=1063783996|year=2018}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == * Onyinye Ụbọchị Mgbochi Nrụrụ Aka Mba Nile, 2006 - Integrity Award<ref name=":2"/> * Mmekọrịta Nchebe maka Ndị Na-agbachitere Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ, 2018 - ''Mmekọrịta''<ref name=":2" /> == Edensibia == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 784crb8z50faplenav6j4jeitwn4ujh 0 13756 697378 163993 2026-08-08T23:06:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Trushar Khetia''', bụ onye ọchụnta ego na onye ọchụnta ego nke Kenya. Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye isi oche ugbu a na onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ Tria Group, gụnyere usoro nnukwu ụlọ ahịa a maara dị ka Society Stores Supermarkets .<ref name="Two8">{{Cite web|accessdate=3 March 2016|date=10 March 2015|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2015/03/10/the-28-year-old-kenyan-entrepreneur-who-built-a-7-million-retail-and-advertising-business/#106791874c66|title=The 28 Year-Old Kenyan Entrepreneur Who Built A$7 Million Retail And Advertising Business|work=[[Forbes]]|first=Mfonobong|author=Nsehe}}</ref> == Ndabere na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya na 29 Nọvemba 1986 na Kitale, na Trans-Nzoia County nke Kenya. Ezinụlọ ahụ nwere ''ụlọ ahịa'' na-ere ahịa nke ghọworo Khetia Supermarkets.<ref name="How">{{Cite web|accessdate=3 March 2016|url=http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/society-stores-kenyan-retailer-wants-to-be-walmart-of-africa/|title=Society Stores: Up-and-coming Kenyan retailer wants to be 'Walmart of Africa'|first=Dinfin|author=Mulupi|publisher=How We Made It in Africa|archivedate=6 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306211227/http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/society-stores-kenyan-retailer-wants-to-be-walmart-of-africa/}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị dị n'ógbè ahụ tupu ọ gafee ụlọ akwụkwọ Nairobi maka ọmụmụ O-Level na A-Level. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa, n'afọ 2004, a nabatara ya na Manchester Business School, gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 2007, na nzere nke Bachelor of Business Management, ọkachamara na ahịa.<ref name="Two8"/> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum, ọ chọtara ọrụ na United Kingdom, dị ka onye njikwa mmepe azụmahịa na Procter & Gamble (P&G), na-arụ ọrụ ebe ahụ ruo afọ 3 ruo 2010. Na June 2011, ọ laghachiri Kenya ma rụọ ọrụ na azụmahịa ezinụlọ na Kitale otu afọ. N'ịgbaso nghọtahie ya na ụfọdụ ndị ezinụlọ ya banyere ntụziaka azụmahịa, o kpebiri ịkwaga Nairobi ma jiri aka ya pụọ. N'afọ 2013, ọ malitere Tria Group, azụmahịa nke na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi njem dị ka bọs na ụgbọelu. Ọ malitere azụmahịa ahụ na Kenya ma na 2014 o mepere azụmahịa yiri nke ahụ na Tanzania.<ref name="Two8"/> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2014, site n'iji ego ya site na ụbọchị P&G, uru site na azụmahịa mgbasa ozi njem ya na mgbazinye ego site n'aka ezinụlọ na ndị enyi, Trushar Khetia nwetara nnukwu ụlọ ahịa na-arụ ọrụ na Thika, gụnyere ngwaahịa. O mechiri ụlọ ahịa ahụ ruo ụbọchị iri mgbe ọ na-edegharị aha ya wee mepee nnukwu ụlọ ahịa Society Stores mbụ ya.<ref name="Two8"/><ref name="How"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://markmaish.com/2014/10/28/how-i-made-7-million-in-7-days/|title=How I Made KSh7 Million in 7 Days|accessdate=3 March 2016|date=28 October 2014|first=Mark|author=Maish|publisher=Markmaish.com|archivedate=6 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306233910/http://markmaish.com/2014/10/28/how-i-made-7-million-in-7-days/}}</ref> Ka ọ dị na Machị 2016, Society Stores nwere ma na-arụ ọrụ nnukwu ụlọ ahịa anọ na Thika, Maua, Meru na Naivasha, na atụmatụ imeghe na Limuru na Nairobi na 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2000185337/society-stores-opens-retail-outlet-in-naivasha|title=Society stores opens retail outlet in Naivasha|accessdate=3 March 2016|date=14 December 2015|author=Musa|first=Kurian 4}}</ref> == Leekwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị kasị baa ọgaranya na Kenya == Ndetu == <references /> {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] p9tweohoahsamjsbc0uwntnlg4gz336 0 13934 697389 577705 2026-08-09T02:31:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Wangechi Mutu''' (a mụrụ n'afọ 1972) bụ onye amụrụ na Kenya na-ese ihe n'Amerịka, nke a maara maka eserese ya, ihe ọkpụkpụ, ihe nkiri, na ọrụ arụmọrụ ya.<ref name="Gladstone">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210313163548/https://www.gladstonegallery.com/artist/wangechi-mutu/biography “Wangechi Mutu Biography”], Gladstone Gallery, Retrieved 24 November 2018.</ref> A mụrụ ya na Kenya, ọ biri ma guzobe ọrụ ya na [[New York City|New York]] ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ.<ref name="Gladstone" /> Ọrụ Mutu eduziela ahụ nwanyị dị ka isiokwu site na eserese collage, ntinye immersive, na ndụ na arụmọrụ vidiyo mgbe niile na-enyocha ajụjụ banyere echiche onwe onye, ihe owuwu nwoke na nwanyị, mmerụ ọdịbendị, na mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi, yana echiche nke ịma mma na ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Preziuso|first=Marika|date=2020|title=Is America Really Full? A conversation with Wangechi Mutu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/is-america-really-full-a-conversation-with-wangechi-mutu/oclc/8861592422|journal=Transition|language=English|issue=129|pages=26–45|doi=10.2979/transition.129.1.03|issn=0041-1191}}</ref> == Ndabere na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Mutu na 1972 na Nairobi, [[Kenya]].<ref name="Gladstone"/> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Loreto Convent Msongari (1978–1989), ma mesịa gụọ akwụkwọ na United World College of the Atlantic, Wales (I.B., 1991). Mutu kwagara New York n'afọ ndị 1990, na-elekwasị anya na Fine Arts na Anthropology na The New School for Social Research, na Parsons School of Art and Design. O nwetara nzere BFA na Cooper Union for the Advancement of the Arts and Science n'afọ 1996 na nzere masta na ihe ọkpụkpụ na Yale School of Art n'afọ 2000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Reckoning: Women Artists of the New Millennium|author=Posner|first=Helaine|publisher=Prestel|year=2013|isbn=978-3-7913-4759-2|editor=Heartney|location=New York|pages=54–59|chapter=Bad Girls: Wangechi Mutu}}</ref> == Art ==   Ọrụ Mutu na-agafe usoro dị iche iche, gụnyere collage, vidiyo, arụmọrụ, na ihe ọkpụkpụ, ma na-enyocha isiokwu nke nwoke na nwanyị, agbụrụ, na colonialism.<ref name=":0"/> Ọrụ ya, n'otu akụkụ, na-elekwasị anya na ime ihe ike na nkwupụta na-ezighị ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-enwe na ọha mmadụ nke oge a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wangechi Mutu - 48 Artworks, Bio & Shows on Artsy|url=https://www.artsy.net/artist/wangechi-mutu|accessdate=2018-10-27|work=www.artsy.net|language=en}}</ref> Otu isiokwu a na-ahụkarị n'ọrụ Mutu bụ ihe ngosi ya dị iche iche nke nwanyị. Mutu na-eji isiokwu nwanyị eme ihe na nka ya, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ahụ enweghị ike ịmata, ma ọ bụ site n'iji ụdị ahụ n'onwe ya ma ọ bụ ọdịdị na ụkpụrụ e ji mee ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ. Ojiji ya nke ihe ngosi nke ụwa ọzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị, ọtụtụ oge gosipụtara n'ụdị mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ nke anụ ahụ, na-eweta mkparịta ụka banyere ebumnuche nke ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Cervenak|first=Sarah Jane|date=2016-01-01|title=Like Blood or Blossom: Wangechi Mutu's Resistant Harvests|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=42|issue=2|pages=392–425|doi=10.15767/feministstudies.42.2.0392}}</ref> Kpọmkwem, Mutu na-ekwu maka oke mmegide nke ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii ma jiri ọdịdị ụwa ọzọ kwughachi ọdịdị akụkọ ifo nke ngosipụta ọha mmadụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Papenburg|first=Bettina|date=2013|title=Grotesque Sensations: Carnivalising the Sensorium in the Art of Wangechi Mutu|url=https://www.academia.edu/6561378|journal=Carnal Aesthetics: Transgressive Imagery and Feminist Politics, Edited by Bettina Papenburg and Marta Zarzycka, IB Tauris, London|language=en|doi=10.5040/9780755603374.ch-009}}</ref> Ma ọ bụ site na usoro dị nro ma ọ bụ ụlọ nwanyị maara nke ọma, a na-ekwu na ụzọ dị iche iche Mutu si anọchite anya àgwà nwanyị na-eme ka ike nke ihe oyiyi ahụ ma ọ bụ mkpa nke okwu ndị e gosipụtara. A maara ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise Mutu ka a na-akọwa ya n'ụzọ ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ha, ma a na-ahụta ha dị ka ndị na-akwado ọha mmadụ nwere nsogbu ma nwee olileanya maka mgbanwe n'ọdịnihu na ọha mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Nicole R.|date=12 January 2009|title=Wangechi Mutu: Feminist Collage and the Cyborg|url=http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=art_design_theses|work=Georgia State University|accessdate=4 June 2022|archivedate=25 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525124723/https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=art_design_theses}}</ref> A na-ekwukwa na iji Mutu mee ihe osise dị otú ahụ na-asọ oyi ma ọ bụ nke ụwa ọzọ nwere ike inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka ịhapụ izu okè dịka a na-egosi ya na ọha mmadụ ma kama ịnabata ezughị okè nke ha ma na-anabatakwu ntụpọ nke ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Hernandez|first=Jillian|date=2016-12-05|title=The Ambivalent Grotesque: Reading Black Women's Erotic Corporeality in Wangechi Mutu's Work|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=42|issue=2|pages=427–457|doi=10.1086/688290|issn=0097-9740}}</ref> Mutu nwere ike ịme mgbanwe onwe onye na ọdịbendị site n'ịgbanwe site na eserese gaa na ihe ọkpụkpụ ma laghachi ọzọ. Mutu na-ekwu "Mgbanwe a dị ike n'ihi na eji m uche m dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe - echere m na m na-ese ihe mgbe niile dị ka onye na-akpụ ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Preziuso|first=Marika|date=2020|title=Is America Really Full? A conversation with Wangechi Mutu|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/is-america-really-full-a-conversation-with-wangechi-mutu/oclc/8861592422|journal=Transition|language=English|issue=129|pages=26–45|doi=10.2979/transition.129.1.03|issn=0041-1191}}</ref> "N'ime ọrụ collage nke Mutu, ọ malitere ịzaghachi mgbasa ozi ọdịda anyanwụ na ụkpụrụ ịma mma: "Amalitere m nkatọ na-aga n'ihu na ọgụgụ isi na mmebi nke ihe oyiyi ndị ahụ, nke na-emebi m site n'ime ka m ghara ịhụ m anya. "<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8861592422|title=Is America Really Full? A conversation with Wangechi Mutu (Article, 2020) [WorldCat.org]|language=en|oclc=8861592422|accessdate=2021-04-07}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Exhuming Gluttony: A Lover's Requiem (2006) === Mutu egosipụtala ihe ọkpụkpụ.<ref name="db-artmag">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=Matthew|title=An encounter with Wangechi Mutu|url=http://www.db-artmag.com/en/59/feature/wangechi-mutu-between-beauty-and-horror/|publisher=Deutsche Bank|accessdate=13 April 2013|archivedate=3 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203235705/http://www.db-artmag.com/en/59/feature/wangechi-mutu-between-beauty-and-horror/}}</ref> N'afọ 2006, Mutu na onye Britain na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ David Adjaye jikọrọ aka na ọrụ. Ha gbanwere Upper East Side Salon 94 townhouse na New York ka ọ bụrụ ebe oriri na nkwari n'okpuru ala nke akpọrọ Exhuming Gluttony: A Lover's Requiem . Furs na oghere mgbọ na-achọ mgbidi ahụ mma ebe karama mmanya na-agbanye n'ụdị chandelier na-enweghị nchekasị n'elu tebụl ahụ nwere ntụpọ. Ọtụtụ ụkwụ tebụl ahụ yiri nnukwu femurs nwere tibias na-ahụ anya, ohere ahụ dum nwere ísì ụtọ. Ndị na-ese ihe gbalịsiri ike igosi oge iri nri dị ka o kwuru, "Achọrọ m ịmepụta oriri, mkparịta ụka nke uche na ndị na-ekiri ihe na-ezighị ezi, enwere ọdachi ma ọ bụ ikpughe ihe ọjọọ. "<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Wangechi Mutu, Intertwined, 2003. Collage and watercolour on paper.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9955521.cmp.4|accessdate=2020-10-15|doi=10.3998/mpub.9955521.cmp.4}}</ref> A hụrụ oké agụụ a dị ka njikọ dị n'etiti ihe oyiyi nke Nri Anyasị Ikpeazụ, ihu igwe nke ụwa na-azụ nka ugbu a, na agha na Iraq.<ref name="Arise Magazine">{{Cite journal|author=Enwezor|first=Okwui|date=February 2011|title=Cut & Paste|url=http://www.ariselive.com/articles/cut-paste/87416/|journal=Arise Magazine|accessdate=13 April 2013}}</ref> === ''Oge egwuregwu a kwụsịrị'' (2008) === Ntinye ọzọ nke Mutu, Suspended Playtime (2008) bụ usoro ngwongwo akpa mkpofu, nke ejiri eriri ọla edo kechie dị ka a ga-asị na a kwụgidere ya na akwa ududo, ha niile kwụpụrụ n'uko n'elu ụlọ n'elu onye na-ekiri ya. Ntinye ahụ na-ezo aka n'iji akpa mkpofu eme ihe dị ka bọọlụ na ihe egwuregwu ndị ọzọ nke ụmụaka Afrịka. === ''Sketchbook Drawing'' (2011–12) === Dị ka onye na-ese ihe, Mutu na-enweta mkpali site na ejiji na magazin njem, ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, ethnography, na mechanics.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Malbert|first=Roger|title=Drawing People The Human Figure In Contemporary Art|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2015|isbn=9780500291634|location=London|pages=34–35}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, na Brooklyn Museum na New York, Mutu gosipụtara eserese akwụkwọ eserese ya na nke mbụ ya na ihe ngosi ngosi ya. Akwụkwọ ndị ahụ nwere ihe osise ndị mara mma, mana ha dị egwu nke jikọtara ya na anụmanụ, osisi, ma ọ bụ igwe. === ''Ọgwụgwụ nke iri ihe niile'' (2013) === N'afọ 2013, Wangechi Mutu mepụtara vidiyo mbụ, The End of Eating Everything, na mmekorita ya na onye na-edekọ egwu Santigold, nke Nasher Museum of Art nyere ọrụ.<ref name="YouTube">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wMZSCfqOxVs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014154117/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wMZSCfqOxVs|archivedate=14 October 2013|title=Wangechi Mutu + Santigold – The End of eating Everything – Nasher Museum at Duke|publisher=YouTube|date=21 July 2013|accessdate=24 September 2013}}</ref> Vidio a bụ nke Awesome + Modest mere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awesomeandmodest.com|title=Awesome + Modest website}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, e gosipụtara nka Mutu na ihe ngosi akpọrọ ''Nguva na Nyoka'', na Victoria Miro Gallery na London. N'abalị mmeghe nke ihe ngosi ahụ, Mutu gosipụtara ihe nkiri, ebe a gbara ndị ọbịa ume ka ha rie Wangechi Mutu chocolate mermaids. Ndị ọbịa ahụ nwere ike inweta mermaid naanị site na "ịpịpụta foto nke mbụ ha tara, na-aracha, na-atọ ụtọ", na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nkọwa banyere "mmiri ọha na eze nke ahụ nchara nchara".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mutu|first=Wangechi|title=News|url=http://wangechimutu.com/news/|work=Wangechi Mutu|accessdate=11 December 2014|archivedate=13 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213220208/http://wangechimutu.com/news/}}</ref> === The Seated series (2019) === N'afọ 2019, Mutu kere ihe oyiyi ọla nchara (nke akpọrọ The Seated I, The Seated II, The Seated IV) maka niches mpụga nke Metropolitan Museum of Art.<ref name="The New York Times" /> E gosipụtara ihe oyiyi ụmụ nwanyị nọ ọdụ site na Septemba 9, 2019 ruo Jenụwarị 12, 2020.<ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite web|author=Princenthal|first=Nancy|title=Wangechi Mutu: A New Face for the Met|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/05/arts/design/wangechi-mutu-metropolitan-museum.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=6 July 2021|date=5 September 2019}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == E gosipụtala ọrụ Mutu na ụlọ ngosi nka na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie n'ụwa niile gụnyere San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, The Contemporary Austin (Texas), Miami Art Museum, Tate Modern na London, Centre for Fine Arts na Brussels, Studio Museum na Harlem na New York, Museum Kunstpalast na Düsseldorf, Germany, Centre Georges Pompidou na Paris, na Nasher Museum of Art na Mahadum Duke. Ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya na nnukwu ụlọ ngosi ihe ochie nke North America mepere na Art Gallery of Ontario na Machị 2010. [mgbe?<ref name="ago">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220120051139/http://www.ago.net/provocative-artist-wangechi-mutu-to-tear-up-gallery-walls-in-canadian-debut "Provocative Artist Wangechi Mutu to Tear Up Gallery Walls in Canadian Debut"], AGO press release, 2 February 2010.</ref><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> O meela ihe ngosi otu onye na Museum of Contemporary Art Australia; Deutsche Guggenheim, Berlin; Brooklyn Museum of Art; Montreal Museum of Contemporary Art; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art; Staatlichen Kunsthalle Baden-Baden, Germany; Wiels Contemporary Art Center, Brussels; Nasher Museum of Art na Duke University, North Carolina; Block Museum of Art na Northwestern University, Illinois; na Miami Art Museum. [mgbe?<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> == Mmetụta nke Afrofuturism na Africanfuturism == == Nchịkọta == Ọrụ ya gụnyere na nchịkọta nke Museum of Modern Art, New York; The Whitney Museum of American Art; The Studio Museum na Harlem; Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles; Nasher Museum of Art na Duke University; Brooklyn Museum; na Tate Modern na London.<ref name="MoMA">{{Cite web|title=Wangechi Mutu|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/28097|accessdate=6 July 2021|work=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Whitney">{{Cite web|title=Wangechi Mutu|url=https://whitney.org/artists/10137?q%5Bs%5D=sort_date%20desc|accessdate=6 July 2021|work=Whitney Museum of American Art|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Studio Museum in Harlem">{{Cite web|date=10 December 2018|title=Chocolate Nguva|url=https://studiomuseum.org/collection-item/chocolate-nguva|accessdate=6 July 2021|work=The Studio Museum in Harlem|language=en|archivedate=9 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184825/https://studiomuseum.org/collection-item/chocolate-nguva}}</ref><ref name="MCA">{{Cite web|title=Wangechi Mutu|url=https://mcachicago.org/About/Who-We-Are/Artists/Wangechi-Mutu|accessdate=6 July 2021|work=MCA|language=en|archivedate=9 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183526/https://mcachicago.org/About/Who-We-Are/Artists/Wangechi-Mutu}}</ref><ref name="Museum of Contemporary Art">{{Cite web|title=Wangechi Mutu|url=https://www.moca.org/artist/wangechi-mutu|accessdate=6 July 2021|work=Museum of Contemporary Art}}</ref><ref name="Nasher Museum">{{Cite web|title=Wangechi Mutu|url=https://nasher.duke.edu/artists/3678/|accessdate=6 July 2021|work=Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University}}</ref><ref name="Brooklyn Museum">{{Cite web|title=Wangechi Mutu|url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/about/feminist_art_base/wangechi-mutu|accessdate=6 July 2021|work=Brooklyn Museum}}</ref><ref name="Tate">{{Cite web|title=Wangechi Mutu born 1972|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/wangechi-mutu-7677|accessdate=6 July 2021|work=Tate}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == Na 23 Febụwarị 2010, Deutsche Bank kwanyeere Wangechi Mutu ùgwù dị ka "Onye na-ese ihe nke Afọ" mbụ ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deutsche Bank - ArtMag - 59 - news - Wangechi Mutu named Artist of the Year 2010|url=https://db-artmag.com/en/59/news/wangechi-mutu-named-artist-of-the-year-2010/|accessdate=2019-03-22|work=db-artmag.com|archivedate=2019-03-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322220310/https://db-artmag.com/en/59/news/wangechi-mutu-named-artist-of-the-year-2010/}}</ref> Ihe nrite ahụ gụnyere ihe ngosi naanị ya na Deutsche Guggenheim na Berlin. Aha ya bụ ''My Dirty Little Heaven'', ihe ngosi ahụ mere njem na June 2010 na Wiels Center for Contemporary Art na Forest, Belgium. N'afọ 2013, e nyere Mutu BlackStar Film Festival Audience Award for Favorite Experimental Film na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania maka ihe nkiri ya The End of Eating Everything, yana Brooklyn Museum Artist of the Year, Brooklyn, New York.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Obenson|first=Tambay A.|title='Things Never Said,' 'Homegoings' Anchor 2013 BlackStar Film Festival Awards {{!}} IndieWire|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2013/08/things-never-said-homegoings-anchor-2013-blackstar-film-festival-awards-165994/|accessdate=2017-03-24|work=www.indiewire.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mutu|first=Wangechi|title=History|url=http://wangechimutu.com/history/|accessdate=11 December 2014|work=Wangechi Mutu|archivedate=13 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213220055/http://wangechimutu.com/history/}}</ref> == Ọrụ Ọma == N'afọ 2014, Mutu hiwere òtù ọrụ ebere Africa's Out!, iji "na-aga n'ihu na mgbanwe dị egwu site na ike nke nka na ọrụ, ọkachasị ịkwado ndị na-ese ihe, atụmatụ na ụlọ ọrụ sitere na Africa na Diaspora ya nke na-eme ememe nnwere onwe nke nkwupụta okike. "<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=http://africasout.com/aboutus|accessdate=2021-07-23|work=AFRICA'SOUT!|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndetu == <references /> {{Reflist|30em}} == Ịgụgụ ọzọ == * Wangechi Mutu, dị ka a gwara Faye Hirsch. "Ụmụ nwanyị". ''Art'' in America, November 2013. New York: Brant Publications, Inc. pp. 54–55. * "Grotesque Sensations: Carnivalising the Sensorium in the Art of Wangeshi Mutu" nke Bettina Papenburg dere na: B. Papenburg na M. Zarzycka (ed.)''Carnal Aesthetics''. London: I.B.Tauris, 2013.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-013-1|978-1-78076-013-1]]. * Preziuso, Marika. “America ọ bụ n’ezie zuru ezu? Mkparịta ụka ya na Wangechi Mutu. Transition, no. 129, 2020, pp. 26–45. JSTOR 10.2979/transition.129.1.03 Enwetara 1 Apr. 2021. == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110921103117/http://www.wangechimutu.com/ Official website] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] etqnstitvd44mniindb7xtx5db5fy82 0 14566 697348 452502 2026-08-08T15:57:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Alexander "Skunder" Boghossian (22 Julaị, 1937 &#x2D; 4 Mee, 2003) bụ onye Ethiopia-Armenian na-ese ihe na onye nkuzi nka. Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ oge ndụ ya na-ebi ma na-arụ ọrụ na United States.<ref name="blen">{{Cite web|url=http://www.blengrafix.com/blenmagazine/skunderism.htm|title=Skunderism (The Third Annual Blen Art Show)|author=Legesse|first=Selamawit|year=2005|publisher=Blen|accessdate=16 October 2010|archivedate=13 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313200639/http://www.blengrafix.com/blenmagazine/skunderism.htm}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ, na ndị a ma ama, ndị oji na-ese ihe n'oge a site na kọntinent Afrịka iji nweta nlebara anya nke mba ụwa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Boghossian|first=Alexander Skunder|title=Alexander Skunder Boghossian|journal=Black Renaissance/Renaissance Noire|date=10 March 2010|volume=10|issue=1|pages=126+}}</ref> [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Boghossian na Julaị 22, 1937, na Addis Ababa, isi obodo Ethiopia, otu afọ na ọkara mgbe agha Italo-Abyssinian nke abụọ gasịrị.<ref name="Adejumobi">{{Cite book|author=Adejumobi|first=Saheed A.|title=The History of Ethiopia|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-32273-0}}</ref><ref name="blen"/> Nne ya, Weizero Tsedale Wolde Tekle, bụ onye Etiopia.<ref name="blen" /> Nna ya, Kosrof Gorgorios Boghossian, bụ onye agha na Kebur Zabagna (Imperial Bodyguard) na onye Armenia. Boghossian nwekwara otu nwanne nwoke, Mulugeta Kassa, nke ya na nna Kosrof, Gregorios Boghassian, onye ahịa Armenia, nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya, guzobere ọbụbụenyi ya na Eze Ukwu Menelik nke Abụọ ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya na-ejegharị ejegharị na Europe n'aha Eze Ukwu.<ref name="blen" /><ref name="Debela">{{Cite web|url=http://www.blengrafix.com/blenmagazine/skunder_jewel.htm|title=A Jewel of a Painter of the 21st Century (1937-2003)|author=Debela|first=Achamyeleh|date=April 2004|work=Prepared for Arts Council of the African Studies Association Conference: 13th Triennial Symposium on African Art, 04/04|publisher=Blen|accessdate=17 October 2010|archivedate=16 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616164014/http://www.blengrafix.com/blenmagazine/skunder_jewel.htm}}</ref> Nna Boghossian nọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nguzogide megide ọrụ ndị Ịtali e wee tụọ ya mkpọrọ ruo ọtụtụ afọ mgbe Boghossian bụ nwata.<ref name="blen"/> Nne ya guzobere ndụ ọhụrụ dị iche n'ebe ụmụ ya nọ ọ bụ ezie na ya na nwanne ya nwanyị Aster (Esther) na-eleta nne ha ugboro ugboro, a zụlitere ha n'ụlọ nwanne nna ha nwoke bụ Kathig Boghassian.<ref name="Debela"/> Kathig, onye na-eje ozi dị ka osote Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo, ya na nwanne nna ya na nwanne nne ya ndị ọzọ zụlitere ha k a tụrụ nna ha mkpọrọ.<ref name="Debela" /> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara Kes Timhert Betoch ebe a kụziiri ya edemede Ge'ez.<ref name="blen"/> N'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na nke sekọndrị, ndị nkuzi Etiopia na ndị mba ọzọ kụziiri ya ihe ọ wee bụrụ onye maara asụsụ Amharic, Armenian, English, na French nke ọma.<ref name="blen" /> Ọ gụrụ nka na Teferi Mekonnen School.<ref name="Giorgis">{{Cite web|url=http://www.the3rdman.com/ethiopianart/articles/boghossian.html|title=Skunder Boghossian: Artist of the Universal and the Specific|author=Giorgis|first=Elizabeth W.|publisher=Debre Hayq Ethiopian Art Gallery|accessdate=17 October 2010}}</ref> Ọ gụkwara akwụkwọ n'okpuru Stanislas Chojnacki, onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nka Etiopia na onye na-ese mmiri.<ref name="Giorgis" /> Mgbe ọ dị na ntorobịa, na onye agbata obi Africa America nyere ya nzaghachi mbụ ya na eserese ya, wee kpọbata cya na jazz, na ndụ ya niile jazz na-akpọkarị egwu n'azụ ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na eserese. O kwuru na jazz bụ "mmegharị dị arọ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Ọ bụghị otu onye; ọ bụghị otu echiche, ọ bụ ngwakọta nke ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi ... mmegharị echiche mgbe niile ... ọ bụ otu ihe anyị nwere, ndị isi ojii, dị ka ndị na-ese ihe...".<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200305051135.html|title=Ethiopia: Pioneer Artist Skunder Boghossian Dies in Washington, DC|author=Cobb|first=Charles|date=5 May 2003|work=all Africa|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104103415/https://allafrica.com/stories/200305051135.html|archivedate=4 January 2025|accessdate=}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe ya == Boghossian lụrụ Marily Pryce, mana di na nwunye ahụ mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm. O nwere ụmụ abụọ, Aida Mariam na Edward Addisu, nwanne nwanyị, na ụmụ ụmụ anọ.<ref name="Giorgis"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Barnes|first=Bart|title=Ethiopian Artist Alexander 'Skunder' Boghossian|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2003/05/09/ethiopian-artist-alexander-skunder-boghossian/b994ac70-84ce-48bd-9de1-b2e1b795d684/|work=The Washington Post|publisher=WP Company|accessdate=22 October 2019}}</ref> == Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala == Mgbe ọ nọrọ oge ụfọdụ na Paris, Boghossian na-ekwukarị banyere mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọdịbendị, na-arutu aka na Frantz Fanon, Aimé Césaire, Cheikh Anta Diop yana ike okike na nka ọgbara ọhụrụ dị ka Paul Klee . Ndị na-ese ihe a na-amaghị nke ọma dị ka Gerard Sekoto mere ka ọ mata nnukwu onye na-ese ihe na Cuba, Wifredo Lam . Ya na otu ndị na-ese ihe na West Africa rụkọrọ ọrụ nke ọma.<ref name=":4"/> A pụrụ ịhụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị egwu nke Black Power na Black Arts Movement na United States ma o yiri ka ha kpaliri eserese ya na isiokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, dị ka Black Emblem (1969), The End of the Beginning (1972), na ''DMZ'' (1975).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Rowell|first=Charles Henry|title=Alexander "Skunder" Boghossian|journal=Callaloo|date=2017|volume=40|issue=5|pages=7–9|doi=10.1353/cal.2017.0148|id={{ProQuest|2273753093}}}}</ref> Ntinye aka ya na Black Arts Movement metụtara ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ụzọ karịa naanị otu. Ihe osise ya na mbụ dabere na ngwakọta nke ụdị biomorphic na nkọwa zuru ezu, o jupụtara na oghere nke ọrụ ọhụrụ ya na obi ike, polychomatic, geometric, na "African" motifs.<ref name=":0" /> == Ụdị na usoro == N'ileba anya n'ihe nketa ya, Etiopia nwere ọdịnala dị ogologo nke eserese ahụ aja na ụka na nke ihe odide ndị e sere ese nke ruru na narị afọ nke asatọ. Ọ bụ site na isi iyi ọdịbendị a nke gụnyere ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ijipt oge ochie]], ndị na-ewu nnukwu pyramid na mmalite nke mmepeanya, ka onye na-ese ihe wetara mkpali.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Tritobia|first=Benjamin H.|title=Skunder Boghossian: A Different Magnificence|journal=African Arts|date=1972|volume=5|issue=4|pages=22–25|doi=10.2307/3334587}}</ref> Ọ na-egwupụta ihe ncheta nwata ya, akara Coptic na nka Bible, ihe odide ụka na-enwu gbaa, na akwụkwọ mpịakọta oge ochie iji tinye akara ngosi dị egwu nke siri ike ma dị nkọ, dị larịị ma dị mma, na akwa, hardboard, ákwà bark, aluminum ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ.<ref name=":2"/> Mgbe ọ na-atụle nka ya n'ozuzu ya, ọ lekwasịrị anya na agba a na-eji na-enwu gbaa, iji mepụta nha nke ụdị na ọdịdị, nke n'aka nke ya na-enyere onye na-ekiri ya aka ibu ụzọ hụ eserese ahụ dị ka otu, mgbe ahụ dị ka ịgbawa ihe oyiyi n'otu oge, na n'ikpeazụ dị ka mmata nke njirimara.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ chọrọ ka ndị na-ekiri ya lee ihe osise ya anya ma mepụta nkọwa nke ha, n'oge ahụ niile na-echepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị na akwa ahụ ka a na-eme ka ha dị ndụ kama itinye ha n'ebe ahụ. Boghossian ji mkpa ụda olu dị na eserese ya kpọrọ ihe nke ukwuu.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == Boghossian ritere ihe nrite nke abụọ na Jubilee Anniversary Celebration nke Haile Selassie I na 1954.<ref name="nmaa-bio">{{Cite web|url=http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/passages/boghossian.html|title=Alexander "Skunder" Boghossian. Ethiopian Passages: Dialogues in the Diaspora|publisher=National Museum of African Art|accessdate=16 October 2010|archivedate=6 June 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606141849/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/passages/boghossian.html}}</ref> N'afọ sochirinụ, e nyere ya ohere agụmakwụkwọ n'efu nke gọọmentị nyere ya ịga London iji gụọ akwụkwọ na Saint Martin's School of Art, Central School of Art and Design, na Slade School of Fine Art, na afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị na Paris, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ma kụzie na Académie de la Grande Chaumière . N'afọ 1966, ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ, na-akụzi na [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa's]] School of Fine Arts ruo n'afọ 1969. N'afọ 1970, ọ kwagara [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], nke mbụ na Atlanta, ebe ọ matara Black Arts Movement ma kụzie na Atlanta's Center for Black Art, mgbe ahụ ọ kwagara Washington DC, ebe ọ kụziri na Mahadum Howard site na 1972 ruo 2001.<ref name=":0"/> Boghossian bụ onye mbụ na-ese ihe n'Afrịka nke oge a zụrụ ọrụ ya site na Musee d'Art Moderne na Paris na 1963. Na 1966, Museum of Modern Art na New York nwetara eserese ya Juju's Wedding (1964). N'afọ 1977, ọ ghọrọ onye Afrịka mbụ mepụtara mkpuchi ụbọchị mbụ maka stampụ United Nations.<ref name="nmaa-bio2">{{Cite web|url=https://africa.si.edu/collections/view/people/asitem/person@ARTIST:B/14|title=Alexander "Skunder" Boghossian|publisher=National Museum of African Art|accessdate=27 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227025032/https://africa.si.edu/collections/view/people/asitem/items%40null%3A863/0?t%3Astate%3Aflow=2055e7c7-621f-4dad-a9e4-237569a95acbhttps%3A%2F%2Fafrica.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fview%2Fpeople%2Fasitem%2Fperson%40ARTIST%3AB%2F14|archivedate=27 December 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ World Federation of United Nations Associations nyere ya ọrụ.<ref name="nmaa-bio2" /> E nyere pen na ink ya na isiokwu nke "Combat Racism" maka mkpuchi na stampụ na-eso ya na Septemba 19, 1977.<ref name="nmaa-bio2" /> N'afọ 2001, Boghossian na [[Kebedech Tekleab]] rụkọrọ ọrụ na kọmitii a na-akpọ ''Nexus'' for the Wall of Representation na Embassy of Ethiopia na Washington, D.C. Ọrụ ahụ bụ ihe ọkpụkpụ aluminum (365 x 1585 cm) nke a na-etinye na mgbidi granite nke ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya ahụ.<ref name="nexus">{{Cite web|url=http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/passages/mural.html|title=Nexus|year=2003|publisher=National Museum of African Art|accessdate=16 October 2010|archivedate=6 June 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606142045/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/passages/mural.html}}</ref><ref name="nexus" /> ''Nexus'' gụnyere ihe ịchọ mma, ụkpụrụ na akara sitere na ọdịnala okpukpe ndị Etiopia gụnyere [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]], [[Judaism|okpukpe ndị Juu]], Alakụba na omume ime mmụọ ndị ọzọ nke ụmụ amaala na-agụnye akwụkwọ mpịakọta ihe atụ na ụdị ndị na-anọchite anya ngwá egwu, ngwá ọrụ bara uru, na osisi na anụmanụ mpaghara.<ref name="nexus" /> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Boghossian nọchitere anya ya na New York site na Contemporary African Art Gallery. A na-akpọ nzukọ na-ahụ maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị kasị ochie nke Ethiopia aha ya, Skunder Boghossian College of Performing and Visual Arts . == Ọnwụ == Boghossian nwụrụ na Mee 4, 2003, na Howard University Hospital na Washington, DC. Ọ dị afọ iri isii na ise. == Ihe nrite == * Haile Selassie First Prize for Fine Arts, 1967.<ref name="Hayq">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethiopianart.org/whoswho/whoswho.php?letter=s|title=Skunder Boghossian|publisher=Debre Hayq Ethiopian Art Gallery|accessdate=16 October 2010|archivedate=20 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220103509/http://www.ethiopianart.org/whoswho/whoswho.php%3Fletter%3Ds}}</ref> * Contemporary African Painters, First Prize, Munich, Germany, 1967.<ref name="Hayq" /> * Ihe ngosi nke iri abụọ na itoolu kwa afọ nke Black Artists First Prize, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, 1970.<ref name="Hayq" /> * [[Washington, D.C.|District]] of Columbia Certificate of Appreciation.<ref name="Hayq" /> * Kọmitii Pụrụ Iche nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Na-emegide Asambodo Ekele Apartheid, 1984.<ref name="Hayq" /> * Obodo Miami Beach, Florida, Asambodo Ekele, 1985.<ref name="Hayq" /> * Onyinye Ọkachasị nke Embassy nke Etiopia n'afọ 2000.<ref name=":3"/> == Ihe ngosi == * Ihe osise Etiopia nke oge a na Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African Art.<ref name=":3"/> * Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris.<ref name="caag">{{Cite web|url=http://www.contempafricanart.com/toc_inl.asp|title=Skunder Boghossian|publisher=Contemporary African Art Gallery|accessdate=16 October 2010}}</ref> * National Museum of African Art na Washington DC<ref name="caag" /> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Studio na Harlem.<ref name=":3" /> * Ụlọ ọrụ Ministry of Foreign Affairs na [[Addis Ababa]].<ref name=":3" /> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kzxr911qdcaalaol55mwpq4621bn4w2 0 14585 697366 642249 2026-08-08T20:31:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tesfaye Geleta Urgessa''' (a mụrụ n'afọ 1983) bụ onye Ethiopia na-ese ihe si [[Addis Ababa]], nke bi na [[Jémanị|Germany]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=When He is Not in His Painting Studio, Tadesse Mesfin is Training the Next Generation of Ethiopian Artists|url=https://www.culturetype.com/2020/05/23/when-he-is-not-in-his-painting-studio-tadesse-mesfin-is-training-the-next-generation-of-ethiopian-artists/|accessdate=2021-07-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Tesfaye Urgessa - Overview|url=https://www.newchildgallery.com/artists/37-tesfaye-urgessa/overview/#:~:text=TESFAYE%20URGESSA%20(b.1983,,prominent%20contemporary%20diaspora%20Ethiopian%20artists|accessdate=2021-07-11|work=NEWCHILD|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=  Saatchi Yates {{!}} Tesfaye Urgessa|url=https://saatchiyates.com/artists/tesfaye-urgessa|accessdate=2021-07-11|work=saatchiyates.com|archivedate=2021-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711145904/https://saatchiyates.com/artists/tesfaye-urgessa}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Tesfaye Urgessa gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Tadesse Mesfin na [[Ethiopia]].<ref name=":0"/> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Ale School of Fine Arts and Design, [[Addis Ababa]] na 2006, nakwa State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart na 2014.<ref name=":1"/> Ndị prọfesọ gụrụ maka nka na [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] na 1970s na 1980s kụziiri Urgessa, mgbe mmegharị nka kachasị bụ eziokwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ihe ha lekwasịrị anya bụ ọmụmụ anatomy, nke metụtara ụdị Urgessa. <ref name=":2"/><ref name=":2" /> N'oge a, site na nyocha [[Intanet|ịntanetị]], omume Urgessa sitere na mkpali sitere n'aka ndị na-ese ihe a ma ama na Europe nke gụnyere Picasso, Lucian Freud na Francis Bacon.<ref name=":2"/> == Isiokwu == Ihe oyiyi Tesfaye Urgessa nwere isiokwu nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, klas, obi ọjọọ ndị uweojii, ikpe na-ezighị ezi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ike. Ọ na-ejikọta ihe atụ ọdịnala na ihe osise ndị Etiopia, Cubism, na 1980s German Neo-expressionism.<ref name=":2"/><ref name="widewalls.ch">{{Cite web|title=The Bodies That Matter - The Figuration of Tesfaye Urgesse {{!}} Widewalls|url=https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/tesfaye-urgesse-interview|accessdate=2021-07-11|work=www.widewalls.ch|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == Urgessa gosipụtara na "Oltre / Beyond" na The Uffizi Gallerie na Florence na 2018, na ọzọ na 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Redazione|title=Firenze. A Palazzo Pitti le opere di Tesfaye Urgessa|url=https://artemagazine.it/mostre/item/8304-firenze-a-palazzo-pitti-le-opere-di-tesfaye-urgessa|accessdate=2021-07-11|work=artemagazine.it|language=it-it|archivedate=2021-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711230731/https://artemagazine.it/mostre/item/8304-firenze-a-palazzo-pitti-le-opere-di-tesfaye-urgessa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Julia Buckley|title=One of Italy's most famous sites just reopened with a striking change|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/uffizi-refurbishment-female-artists/index.html|accessdate=2021-07-11|work=CNN|language=en}}</ref> Uffizi na-akwadokwa ọrụ ya na nchịkọta ya na-adịgide adịgide, na "Von Denen Die Auszogen" na State Galerie Villa Streccius, na Landau Germany na 2019.<ref name="widewalls.ch"/> == Ihe ngosi == * 2015 Body and Soul Sympra GmbH, Stuttgart.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2. Führung mit dem Kurator durch "25 - 25 - 25"|url=https://www.sympra.de/events/2-fuehrung-mit-dem-kurator-durch-25-25-25/|accessdate=2021-07-31|work=Sympra|language=de-DE}}</ref> * 2015 ''Free Fall'' Galerie Evelyn Drewes, Hamburg.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evelyn Drewes {{!}} Galerie: Tesfaye Urgessa|url=https://www.evelyndrewes.de/en/tesfaye-urgessa|accessdate=2021-07-31|work=www.evelyndrewes.de|archivedate=2021-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731111842/https://www.evelyndrewes.de/en/tesfaye-urgessa}}</ref> * 2015 ''Untitled'' Galerie K, Köln, Germany. * 2016 ''Ethiopia Today - Begegnung mit Äthiopien'' Kunstation Kleinassen, Hofbieber-Kleinassen.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethiopia Today - Kunststation Kleinsassen|url=http://www.kleinsassen.de/gal-2016/ethto01.php|accessdate=2021-07-31|work=www.kleinsassen.de}}</ref> * 2016 ''Fremdkörper'' Schacher - Raum für Kunst, Stuttgart. * 2017 ''Auszeit'' Galerieverein Wendlingen, Wendlingen.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galerieverein Wendlingen - Tesfaye Urgessa: &quot;Auszeit&quot;|url=http://www.galerie-wendlingen.de/galerie/18192/tesfaye-urgessa-malerei.html|accessdate=2021-07-31|work=www.galerie-wendlingen.de|language=de|archivedate=2023-10-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011062629/https://www.galerie-wendlingen.de/galerie/18192/tesfaye-urgessa-malerei.html}}</ref> * 2017 ''Free Fall'' Galerie Evelyn Drewes, Hamburg.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tesfaye Urgessa &quot;free fall&quot;|url=http://kunstaspekte.art/event/tesfaye-urgessa-free-fall|accessdate=2021-07-31|work=kunstaspekte.de|language=de|archivedate=2021-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731111845/https://kunstaspekte.art/event/tesfaye-urgessa-free-fall}}</ref> * 2018 No Country for Young Men Galerieverein Leonberg, Leonberg.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vergangene Ausstellungen|url=https://www.galerieverein-leonberg.de/vergangen/|accessdate=2021-07-31|language=de-DE}}</ref> * 2018 Oltre/Beyond, Uffizi Gallery, Florence.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tesfaye Urgessa. Beyond {{!}} Uffizi Galleries|url=https://www.uffizi.it/en/events/tesfaye-urgessa-beyond|accessdate=2021-07-31|work=www.uffizi.it|language=en}}</ref> * 2019 ''Atemzug'' Galerie Tobias Schrade, Ulm.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archiv - Galerie Tobias Schrade|url=https://www.galerie-tobias-schrade.de/archiv/2019/|accessdate=2021-07-31|work=www.galerie-tobias-schrade.de}}</ref> * 2019 ''Ich Halte Dich Festhalten'' Schacher - Raum für Kunst, Stuttgart. * 2019 ''Ọ dịghị mba maka ụmụ okorobịa'' Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=No Country for Young Men {{!}} 30 December 2019 - 15 February 2020|url=https://addisfineart.com/exhibitions/73/|accessdate=2021-07-31|work=Addis Fine Art|language=en|archivedate=31 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731111841/https://addisfineart.com/exhibitions/73/}}</ref> * 2019 ''Von Denen Die Auszogen'' State Galerie Villa, Streccius, Landau.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Meghoo|first=Dr Desta|date=2019-12-23|title=Where is the Country for Young Men?|url=https://www.capitalethiopia.com/discourse-with-dr-desta/where-is-the-country-for-young-men/|accessdate=2021-07-31|work=capital Newspaper|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == * 2014 Akademiepreis der Kunstakademie Stuttgart<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-07-13|title=Rundgang 2014: Die Preisträgerinnen und Preisträger|url=https://www.abk-stuttgart.de/aktuell/neuigkeiten/news-single-view/aktuell/show/News/rundgang-2014-die-preistraegerinnen-und-preistraeger.html|accessdate=2022-06-10|archivedate=2021-07-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717165335/https://www.abk-stuttgart.de/aktuell/neuigkeiten/news-single-view/aktuell/show/News/rundgang-2014-die-preistraegerinnen-und-preistraeger.html}}</ref> * 2010 Camillo-Michele-Gloria-Preis, GasVersorgung Süddeutschland, Stuttgart. == Ebensidee == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] snjatfgnkp86js1pkoh2eax5td1qro5 0 15523 697386 212090 2026-08-09T01:29:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Veronica Martha Agowa Quarshie''' bụ onye Ghana na-emepụta ihe, onye nduzi na onye na-ede ihe nkiri, nke a maara na ọ gbanwere ọnọdụ akụkọ mgbe ahụ ebe a na-egosi ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị nọ na-azụ azụ. Ọ gbanwere akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị site na akụkọ a na-amaghị ama, nke na-enweghị isi na nke na-abụghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị gaa na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ohere ha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2015/July-5th/in-which-i-celebrate-the-pioneer-veronica-quarshie.php|title=In which I celebrate the Pioneer - Veronica Quarshie - MyJoyOnline.com|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/35761/one-on-one-with-veronica-quarshie-a-veteran-femal.html|title=One-On-One With Veronica Quarshie. A Veteran Female Filmmaker|work=Modern Ghana|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201602/270175.php|title=Veronica Quarshie Pops Up As First Ghanaian Female Director|author=Online|first=Peace FM|date=|work=www.peacefmonline.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213083742/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201602/270175.php|archivedate=2023-02-13|accessdate=2019-10-23}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Quarshie nwetara ọzụzụ ya na mmepụta ihe nkiri site na National Film and Television Institute na 1992, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na isi na Film Directing.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/ahmed-boulane-nominated-as-2019-golden-movie-awards-grand-jury-lead/|title=Ahmed Boulane nominated as 2019 Golden Movie Awards Grand Jury Lead - News Ghana|author=Ghanacelebrities.com|first=|date=|work=News Ghana|language=en-US|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/38148-veteran-movie-director-applauds-new-crop-filmmakers.html|title=Veteran movie director applauds new crop of filmmakers|author=Doe|first=Esther Eyra|date=2016-02-22|work=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-23|archivedate=2019-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023063936/https://yen.com.gh/38148-veteran-movie-director-applauds-new-crop-filmmakers.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Quarshie malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri. O mepụtara ihe nkiri mbụ ya, Twin Lover, site n'aka Piro Production na 1994. Kemgbe ahụ, o mepụtala ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nke gụnyere Ripples na A Stab in the Dark.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Moroccan-filmmaker-Ahmed-Boulane-heads-up-2019-Golden-Movie-Awards-grand-jury-736965|title=Moroccan filmmaker Ahmed Boulane heads up 2019 Golden Movie Awards grand jury|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-23}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ dịka Ghana Broadcasting Corporation, TV Africa, Film Africa Limited na Princess Films na Accra.<ref name=":2"/> Ọ jere ozi ma ka na-eje ozi ugbu a na ndị ọka ikpe nke ọtụtụ atụmatụ onyinye nke gụnyere Golden Movie Awards.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2019/04/09/moroccan-filmmaker-ahmed-boulane-heads-up-experienced-and-diverse-2019-golden-movie-awards-grand-jury/|title=Moroccan Filmmaker Ahmed Boulane Heads Up Experienced and Diverse 2019 Golden Movie Awards Grand Jury|date=2019-04-09|work=GhanaCelebrities.Com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-23|archivedate=2019-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023094525/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2019/04/09/moroccan-filmmaker-ahmed-boulane-heads-up-experienced-and-diverse-2019-golden-movie-awards-grand-jury/}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nkwanyere ugwu == O ritere ọtụtụ ihe nrite maka ọrụ ya. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe nrite ndị o meriri gụnyere:<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/events/forbidden-fruit-shows-at-goethe-institut.html|title=‘Forbidden Fruit’ shows at Goethe-Institut|author=122108447901948|date=2017-09-01|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb|accessdate=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghana.spla.pro/file.person.veronica-martha-agowa-quarshie.52410.html|title=Artsghana {{!}} Veronica Martha Agowa Quarshie|work=ghana.spla.pro|accessdate=2019-10-23|archivedate=2019-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023095919/http://ghana.spla.pro/file.person.veronica-martha-agowa-quarshie.52410.html}}</ref> * 1992 - Ihe nrite ntụziaka ụmụ akwụkwọ kacha mma - National Film and Television Institute Awards * 2001 - Ihe nrite ntụziaka ihe nkiri kacha mma - Ghana Film Awards * 2002 - Ihe nrite ntụziaka ihe nkiri kacha mma - Ghana Film Awards == Ọrụ == Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe nkiri ọ mepụtara gụnyere:<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":4"/><ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adejunmobi|first=Moradewun|date=2005|title=Reading Video Film and Narrative Commerce in West Africa|url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/crcl/index.php/crcl/article/view/10877|journal=Canadian Review of Comparative Literature|language=en|volume=32|issue=3-4|issn=1913-9659}}</ref> * 1994 - Onye Ịhụnanya Abụọ * 1995 - ''Anya mmiri nke ọṅụ'' * 1996 - Ọ lọta Lucy * 1997 - Ọ dị arọ karịa ọbara * 1999 - A Stab in the Dark * 2000 - ''A Stab in the Dark 2'' * 2000 - Ripples: A Stab in the Dark 3 * ''N'abalị nke Atọ'' * 2000 - ''Onyinyo si n'oge gara aga'' * 2001 - ''Ọkpụkpọ N'etiti abalị'' * 2003 - ''Iwe'': Ripples 2 * Otilia na Xcapades * 2017 - ''Mkpụrụ osisi a machibidoro iwu'' == Ndụ onwe == Ọ lụrụ Samuel Nai ma nwee nwa nwoke.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":4"/><ref name=":2"/> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] s78ci1llzrhbr6cjlwqjtdfcl6ay028 0 15687 697392 94020 2026-08-09T03:13:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''William Mitcheson Timlin''' (11 Eprel 1892 - 7 June 1943) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye na-eme ihe osise.<ref name="Howe">{{Cite book|author=Timlin|first=Timlin|title=The Ship That Sailed to Mars|date=2011|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|isbn=9781606600177|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-MfAwAAQBAJ|accessdate=12 August 2014}}</ref> A mụrụ ya na Ashington, Northumberland, nwa nwoke nke onye na-agbanyụ ọkụ. O gosipụtara nkà maka ise ihe na Morpeth Grammar School, ma nweta ohere agụmakwụkwọ n'efu na Armstrong College of Art na Newcastle. N'afọ 1912, ọ sonyeere ndị mụrụ ya na Kimberley, South Africa ebe ọ gụsịrị ọzụzụ ya na nka na ihe owuwu ma nọrọ ndụ ya niile. Timlin mebere ọtụtụ ụlọ dị mkpa na Kimberley nke gụnyere Kimberley Boys' High School mgbe ọ na-achụso mmasị ya na nka, na-ewepụta ọtụtụ nrọ mmiri na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na mgbakwunye na mmanụ, pastel, etchings na ihe osise oge. A na-egosipụta ọrụ ya mgbe niile. O dekwara akụkọ ma dee egwu. Timlin rụrụ ọrụ na The Ship that Sailed to Mars ruo afọ abụọ. Ọrụ ahụ gbasara ruo mgbe ọ nwere peeji ịrị anọ na asatọ nke ederede na mpempe akwụkwọ ịrị anọ na asatọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-egosi ọpụpụ dị ịrịba ama nke echiche efu. Timlin zigara ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ George Harrap akwụkwọ ahụ, bụ ndị nwere obi ụtọ na ihe osise na ederede calligraphic, na-ekpebi ibipụta ya n'enweghị ederede. Akwụkwọ ahụ aghọwo ihe a ma ama kemgbe.<ref>[http://www.ilab.org/db/book1694_13795.html ILAB].</ref> A zụrụ ikike ihe nkiri nke akwụkwọ ahụ na United States, ebe Timlin nwere nnukwu ewu ewu. Alan Horne na The Dictionary of 20th Century British Book Illustrators kọwara ''akwụkwọ'' ahụ dị ka ọrụ magburu onwe ya na "akwụkwọ ụmụaka kachasị mma na nke kachasị mma nke afọ 1920". Timlin sere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ njem South Africa ma kwadebe ''ihe'' osise maka akwụkwọ akpọrọ The Building of a Fairy City nke a na-ebipụtaghị. Ọ nwụrụ na Kimberley, Northern Cape n'afọ 1943. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Online version of The Ship that Sailed to Mars at the Wayback Machine (archived 27 October 2009) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160313133517/http://www.prices4antiques.com/works-on-paper/drawings/timlin-william-mitcheson-drawing-signed-1920-illustration-the-building-of-the-fairy-city-13-inch-d9779593.htm ''Ihe'' osise sitere na The Building of the Fairy City] * [http://www.theheritageportal.co.za/article/colosseum-cinema-fantasy-thirties-modern-apartment-living-johannesburg Ụlọ Ihe nkiri Colosseum] * William M. Timlin at Library of Congress Authorities, with 6 catalogue records {{Authority control}} 4r9sf4slyhja4debgui6lvei42t3ad6 0 16169 697377 496324 2026-08-08T22:43:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Touria Alaoui''' (a mụrụ na Septemba 21, 1970 na Ouarzazate) bụ onye mba Morocco na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Personnes {{!}} Africultures : Alaoui Touria|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=18614|accessdate=2021-11-09|work=Africultures|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Le Festival du film arabe de Malmo rend hommage à Touria Alaoui|url=https://www.libe.ma/Le-Festival-du-film-arabe-de-Malmo-rend-hommage-a-Touria-Alaoui_a54653.html|accessdate=2021-11-09|work=Libération|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Africiné - Touria Alaoui|url=http://www.africine.org/personne/touria-alaoui/18614|accessdate=2021-11-09|work=Africiné|language=fr|archivedate=2025-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219165554/http://www.africine.org/personne/touria-alaoui/18614}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Naoufel Berraoui.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Festival national du théâtre : les confidences de Touria Alaoui et Naoufel Berraoui sur leur couple|url=http://femmesdumaroc.com/actualite/festival-national-du-theatre-les-confidences-de-touria-alaoui-et-naoufel-berraoui-sur-leur-couple-47528|accessdate=2021-11-09|work=femmesdumaroc|language=fr-FR|archivedate=2021-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109140622/http://femmesdumaroc.com/actualite/festival-national-du-theatre-les-confidences-de-touria-alaoui-et-naoufel-berraoui-sur-leur-couple-47528}}</ref> == Akụkụ ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri ndị a ma ama === * Enfance Stolen (1993)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Films {{!}} Africultures : Enfance volée (L')|url=http://africultures.com/films/?no=3847|accessdate=2021-11-09|work=Africultures|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Leaman|first=Oliver|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmSFAgAAQBAJ&dq=touria+alaoui&pg=PA475|title=Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film|date=2003-12-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-66252-4|language=en}}</ref> * Tarfaya (2004)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Films {{!}} Africultures : Tarfaya|url=http://africultures.com/films/?no=1383|accessdate=2021-11-09|work=Africultures|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Sloan|first=Jane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7excPrfowYC&dq=touria+alaoui&pg=PA158|title=Reel Women: An International Directory of Contemporary Feature Films about Women|date=2007-03-26|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-1-4616-7082-7|language=en}}</ref> * Youm ma ọ bụ Lila (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Films {{!}} Africultures : Youm ou Lila|url=http://africultures.com/films/?no=15795|accessdate=2021-11-09|work=Africultures|language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi === * Nnwere Onwe Na-adịru Nwa Anyanwụ (2007)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Films {{!}} Africultures : Liberté provisoire (Sarah Mouka)|url=http://africultures.com/films/?no=7964|accessdate=2021-11-09|work=Africultures|language=fr-FR}}</ref> * Margelle (2012)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Films {{!}} Africultures : Margelle|url=http://africultures.com/films/?no=16443|accessdate=2021-11-09|work=Africultures|language=fr-FR}}</ref> * Mmiri na ọbara (2014)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Films {{!}} Africultures : De l'eau et du sang - ماء و دم|url=http://africultures.com/films/?no=17426|accessdate=2021-11-09|work=Africultures|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0015817}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fjg15nxrikr9tpgon2pkt33p8ndj5nw 0 16801 697394 639377 2026-08-09T03:46:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Xolisile "Xoli" Zondi''' (amụrụ na 17 Septemba 1983), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Xoli Zondi-Zamisa''', bụ onye South Africa na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nlereanya. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na usoro nkiri telivishọn Family Bonds, Generations na ''Single Galz''. == Ndụ onwe == A mụrụ Zondi na 17 Septemba 1983 na Hammersdale, South Africa. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma nweta diplọma na ọmụmụ ihe nkiri na Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Durban n'afọ 2003.<ref name="TVSA">{{Cite web|title=Xoli Zondi: TVSA|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=7095|accessdate=2021-10-29|work=www.tvsa.co.za|archivedate=2025-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123010719/https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=7095}}</ref> O nwere otu nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Mandy site na mmekọrịta mgbe ọ dị obere, ebe ọ tụụrụ ime mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Digital|first=Drum|title=Xoli Zondi shares her joy|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/xoli-zondi-shares-her-joy-20170728|accessdate=2021-10-29|work=Drum|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Faeza|title=Actress Xoli Zondi didn’t let pregnancy at a young age get her down|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/archive/actress-xoli-zondi-didnt-let-pregnancy-at-a-young-age-get-her-down-20170728|accessdate=2021-10-29|work=Drum|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Phiwokuhle Zamisa, onye kansụl ime obodo, ebe emere agbamakwụkwọ ahụ na 2 Disemba 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Digital|first=Drum|title=PICTURES: Generations actress says I do|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/pictures-generations-actress-says-i-do-20170802|accessdate=2021-10-29|work=Drum|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Faeza|title=Pics: Inside Xoli Zondi's traditional wedding|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/archive/pics-inside-xoli-zondis-traditional-wedding-20170802|accessdate=2021-10-29|work=Drum|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Newly-wed Xoli Zondi shares her love story: From seperation &#91;sic&#93; to marriage|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2017-12-08-newly-wed-xoli-zondi-shares-her-love-story-from-seperation-to-marriage/|accessdate=2021-10-29|work=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Di na nwunye ahụ nwere otu nwa nwanyị, Ukusa Zamisa onye amụrụ na 26 Ọktoba 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mkhize|first=Lesego|title=IN PICS: Actress Xoli Zondi reveals pregnancy|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/xoli-zondi-shares-snaps-of-her-baby-bump-20180813|accessdate=2021-10-29|work=Drum|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Gwala|first=Nompilo|title=PIC: Xoli Zondi gives birth to her daughter|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/pic-xoli-zondi-gives-birth-to-her-daughter-20181030|accessdate=2021-10-29|work=Drum|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2004, ọ malitere ime ihe nkiri. N'afọ 2006, ọ sonyeere SABC1 sitcom Family Bonds ma rụọ ọrụ dịka "Winnie".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Digital|first=Drum|title=Catching up with Xoli Zondi|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/catching-up-with-xoli-zondi-20170728|accessdate=2021-10-29|work=Drum|language=en-US}}</ref> Usoro ihe omume ahụ ghọrọ ihe a ma ama, ebe ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ahụ ruo n'afọ 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-17|title=Ex-Generations Actress Xoli Zondi Says She Won't Date 'Pretty Boys|url=https://youthvillage.co.za/2016/10/ex-generations-actress-xoli-zondi-says-wont-date-pretty-boys/|accessdate=2021-10-29|work=Youth Village|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ a ma ama nke "Zodwa Mabena" na SABC1 soap opera Generations site na 2010 ruo 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Digital|first=Drum|title=Generations' Xoli is chasing a dream|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/generations-xoli-is-chasing-a-dream-20170728|accessdate=2021-10-29|work=Drum|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Digital|first=Drum|title=Is there life after Zodwa?|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/is-there-life-after-zodwa-20170728|accessdate=2021-10-29|work=Drum|language=en-US}}</ref> Maka ọrụ a, a họpụtara ya maka onyinye onye na-akwado onye isi n'ihe nkiri na 2013 Royalty Soapie Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|title=Nominees announced for the Royalty Soapie Awards Mzansi Magic’s popular ISIBAYA leads with 19 nominations|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/archive/nominees-announced-for-the-royalty-soapie-awards-mzansi-magics-popular-isibaya-leads-with-19-nominations-20170728|accessdate=2021-10-29|work=Drum|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, ọ pụtara na nke isii "Hamba Voetsek" nke oge ise nke e.tv anthology serial ''eKasi'': Our Stories na ọrụ nke "Smangele".<ref name="TVSA" /> N'afọ 2014, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka "Ntsiki", na SABC1 sitcom ''Single Galz'' . N'afọ 2016, ọ rụrụ ọrụ nkwado nke "Nqobile Gigaba" na usoro ihe nkiri Mzansi Magic, Greed and Desire .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Digital|first=Drum|title=Xoli's back on our screens|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/xolis-back-on-our-screens-20170728|accessdate=2021-10-29|work=Drum|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, ọ sonyeere usoro ihe nkiri e.tv, ''Imbewu'' na onye isi mgbaka "Violet".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mazibuko|first=Nonkululeko|title=Xoli Zondi-Zamisa takes on mental illness in her new role on Imbewu|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/news/xoli-zamisa-zondi-takes-on-mental-illness-in-her-new-role-on-imbewu-20201016|accessdate=2021-10-29|work=Drum|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-13|title=Xoli Zondi-Zamisa Returns To TV With Role On Imbewu: The Seed|url=https://iharare.com/xoli-zondi-zamisa-returns-to-tv-with-role-on-imbewu-the-seed/|accessdate=2021-10-29|work=iHarare News|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ụdị ![Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |- |2006 |''Mmekọrịta Ezinụlọ'' |Winnie |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2010 |''Ọgbọ na Ọgbọ'' |Zodwa Mabena |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2013 |''eKasi: Akụkọ Anyị'' |Smangele |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2014 |''Zaziwa'' |Ya onwe ya |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2014 |''Ịhụnanya Mzansi'' |Londiwe |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2014 |''Single Galz'' |Ntsiki |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2015 |''Ya, Ya na ụmụ nwoke'' |Ntombi Mkhize |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2015 |''Zabalaza'' |Amahle |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2016 |''Anyaukwu na Ọchịchọ'' |Nqobile Gigaba |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2017 |''Ego Dị Mfe'' |Khosi |Ihe nkiri TV | |- |2019 |''Isi iyi'' |Nkanyezi Shezi |Ihe nkiri TV | |} == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [[imdbname:8009514|IMDb]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 10ji0ygewmccmumedmadaa2jldaz3gb 0 18229 697384 577678 2026-08-09T00:41:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  [[Category:Articles using infobox university]] [[Usòrò:Faculty_of_Engineering_University_of_Benin.jpg|thumb|Faculty of Engineering University of Benin]] Mahadum Benin ('''UNIBEN''') bụ '''mahadum''' nyocha ọha na eze dị na Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fme.gov.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=53|title=Departments -Tertiary|work=Ministry of Education (Nigeria)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723180148/http://www.fme.gov.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=53|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-07|archivedate=2011-07-23}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime mahadum ndị [[Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria|gọọmentị etiti nke Naịjirịa]] nwee ma guzobe ya n'afọ 1970.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/uniben-x-raying-48-year-old/|title=UNIBEN… X-raying a 48-year-old|date=2018-03-22|work=The Nation Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-07}}</ref> Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nwere Ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ abụọ ugbu a nwere ngalaba iri na ise gụnyere ọbá akwụkwọ etiti a na-akpọ John Harris Library.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Umukoro|first=Immanuel Ovemeso|date=2017-12-01|title=Determinants of e-library services’ use among university students: A study of John Harris Library, University of Benin, Nigeria|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000616653176|journal=Journal of Librarianship and Information Science|language=en|volume=49|issue=4|pages=438–453|doi=10.1177/0961000616653176|issn=0961-0006}}</ref> A na-ewu ụlọ ndị dị na UNIBEN nke ọma, ha adịghị nso na ibe ha. UNIBEN nwere '''ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi''' a na-akpọ Mahadum nke Benin Teaching Hospital ('''UBTH'''), nnukwu ụlọ ọgwụ nwere ngalaba niile na ngalaba ahụike, e nwekwara ngalaba dị iche iche dị ka ngalaba nke SERVICOM, Medical Records, ụlọ ndị nọọsụ na ndị dọkịta, ọrụ ịsa ákwà, nri na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-04|title=Uneasy calm as UBTH awaits new CMD|url=https://guardian.ng/features/uneasy-calm-as-ubth-awaits-new-cmd/|accessdate=2022-05-23|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523173932/https://guardian.ng/features/uneasy-calm-as-ubth-awaits-new-cmd/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Unibenmaingate.jpg|thumb|320x320px|Ọnụ ụzọ ámá Mahadum Ugbowo Campus]] E hiwere Mahadum Benin n'afọ 1970. National Universities Commission (NUC) enyela ikike nye ngalaba nke mahadum ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/11/uniben-retains-2nd-position-in-nuc-programme-accreditation-vc|title=Uniben retains 2nd position in Nuc programme accreditation-VC|date=2018-11-15|work=Vanguard News|accessdate=2019-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uniben.edu/about-us.html|title=Brief History|publisher=University of Benin|language=en-CA|accessdate=2019-07-06}}</ref> == Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ John Harris == [[Usòrò:John_Harris_Library,_UNIBEN.jpg|thumb|Ọbá akwụkwọ John Harris, UNIBEN]] Ọbá akwụkwọ John Harris bụ ọbá akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị na ogige Ugbowo. A na-akpọ ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ aha onye ọsụ ụzọ na-ahụ maka ọbá akwụkwọ Mahadum, John Harris.Isi Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ bụ Mahadum Benin nke e hiwere n'afọ 1970 nke a na-akpọbu Institute of Technology.<ref>{{Cite web|title=View of The Pioneers: William John Harris (1903-1980) {{!}} World Libraries|url=https://worldlibraries.dom.edu/index.php/worldlib/article/view/241/197|accessdate=2021-07-13|work=worldlibraries.dom.edu}}</ref> Ọbá akwụkwọ a nke nwere nnukwu nchịkọta nke dị na ndị nke ebipụtara na nke na-ebipụtaghị dị kpọmkwem n'ihu Ụlọ obibi ụmụ akwụkwọ n'agụ nlenyere anya gbasara ụlọ ọgwụ n'ime Ogige mahadum ahụ. Akwụkwọ ndị e nwetara ma debe n'ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ, metụtara ọmụmụ niile a na-enye na mahadum ahụ. Ọ bụ onye na-nlekọta ọbá akwụkwọ mahadum na-elekọta ihe omume na-nduzi ya. E guzobere Ọbá Akwụkwọ John Harris site na iwu nke Institute of Technology nke afọ 1970 mana National University Commission (NUC) nyere ya ogo nyefe nke mahadum n'abalị mbụ nke ọnwa Julai afọ 1971. Ma ahọpụtara John Harris dị ka ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Benin, Nigeria|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-benin-nigeria|accessdate=2021-07-13|work=Top Universities|language=en}}</ref> === Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ nke Ngalaba Mahadum === Ọbá akwụkwọ John Harris agbasaala kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. Mmụba nke ntinye ọgụgụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị nchọpụta, yana nchọ ikekere nke National University Commission (NUC) mere ka e guzobe ọbá akwụkwọ ngalaba mahadum. Ọbá akwụkwọ ngalaba enwere bụ: [citation needed] # Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Ekehuan. # Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo. # Ọbá akwụkwọ ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ. # Ọbá akwụkwọ ngalaba injinia. # Ọbá akwụkwọ ngalaba iwu. # Ọbá Akwụkwọ ngalaba njikwa Sayensi. # Ọbá akwụkwọ ngalaba ahụike. # Ọbá akwụkwọ ngalaba ọgwụ. # Ọba akwụkwọ ngalaba sayensị n'elebanya gbasara ndụ bụ Life Science. # Ọbá Akwụkwọ ngalaba gbasara Sayensi ihe ana ahụ anya bụ physical Science # Ọba Akwụkwọ ngalaba gbasara sayensi metụtara ọha bụ Social Science . # Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụike bụ Basic Medical . == Kọleji nke Sayensị Ọgwụ == Koleji UNIBEN nke ngalaba Ọgwụ na ọgwụgwọ bụ Medicine na-akụzi gbasara ọgwụ ma na-enye ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ na ndị nwere nka gbasara Gburugburu gburugburu ọgwụgwọ nzere ọkachamara. Koleji ngalaba gbasara Ọgwụ na ọgwụgwọ bụ Medical Sciences nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ atọ na otu ụlọ ọrụ, ya bụ: [[Usòrò:Faculty-of-Management-Science-University-of-Benin.jpg|thumb|320x320px|Faculty of Management Science University of Benin]] === Ụlọ Akwụkwọ gbasara Ọgwụ === E guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike n'afọ 1973, mgbe ahụ site na Faculty of Medicine buruzie Ụlọ akwụkwọ Medicine iji mee ihe omume nzere nke Bachelor of Medicine na Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). Onye isi ngalaba ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ bụ Prọfesọ T. Belo-Osagie. Ọ bụ onye isi ngalaba Ụlọ akwụkwọ site n'afọ 1973 ruo 1975. Site na ọpụpụ nke Prọfesọ T. Belo-Osagie, Prọfesụ K. Diete-Koki ghọrọ onye isi ngalaba nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Kemgbe ahụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ enweela ndị isi ngalaba Ụlọ akwụkwọ na ndị isi ngalaba dị iche iche n'ime afọ iri atọ gara aga. Onye isi ngalaba ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ gara aga bụ Prọfesọ. Dr. (med.) E. Oviasu ebe onye isi ngalaba nọ ugbu a bụ Prọfesọ Wilson E. Sadoh .<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://colmed.uniben.edu/?page_id=65|title=About – College of Medical Sciences|work=colmed.uniben.edu|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-10-02|archivedate=2024-07-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722181354/http://colmed.uniben.edu/?page_id=65}}</ref> === Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Sayensị Ọgwụ === E guzobere School of Basic Medical Science n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2003, site na College of Medical Sciences ma mechaa malite ya na onwa Jenụwarị afọ 2004. Ụlọ akwụkwọ hụ na-eme omume agụmakwụkwọ B.Sc. Na mgbakwunye, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-enye aka n'ọrụ nye ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ dị na Ogige kọleji ahụ: Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Ọgwụ na nke ngalaba gbasara Eze bụ Dentistry yana ngalaba ndị ọzọ na mahadum ahụ: Sayensị na School of Pharmacy. Ụlọ akwụkwọ Basic Medical Science nwere ngalaba asaa edepụtara: # Anatomy # Biochemistry Ọgwụ # Sayensị nke ụlọ nyocha ahụike<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-31|title=2022 Updated List of UNIBEN Faculties and Departments|url=https://alluniversity.com.ng/uniben-faculties-and-departments/|accessdate=2022-02-08|work=Latest JAMB News {{!}} All Nigerian Universities News|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208133246/https://alluniversity.com.ng/uniben-faculties-and-departments/}}</ref> # Sayensị Nọọsụ # Ọdịdị ahụike -physiology # Ọgwụgwọ ahụike physiotherapy # Radiography na Radiation Science.<ref name=":2"/> === Ụlọ Akwụkwọ ngalaba gbasara Ọgwụgwọ Ezé === Ụlọ akwụkwọ ngalaba ọgwụgwọ eze na-ahazi ọmụmụ na usoro mmụta n'ime kọleji na nsonye onyinye Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS). E guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ ngalaba ọgwụgwọ ezé, dị ka a maara ya n'oge ahụ, n'afọ 1976 ma nabata ìgwè ụmụ akwụkwọ na oge agụmakwụkwọ afọ 1976/77. E guzobere ya dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke College of Medical Sciences n'afọ 1975 site na mmezigharị nke Ụ̀kpụrụ nke nguzobe Mahadum Benin. N'afọ 2012, site na nkwado site n'aka ndị International Federation of Endodontic Associations(IFEA), onyinye sitere na Mahadum Texas na Houston School of Dentistry, na ezinụlọ Owen, Dr. Mbachan Collins Okwen BDS. (Benin), DDS., MBA. webatara endodontics regenerative na endodontics microscopic nke oge a na Mahadum nke Benin Teaching Hospital.<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.db.uth.tmc.edu/about-school/news-media/5150|title=Star of the South Table Clinic winners announced {{!}} UTHealth School of…|date=2013-03-20|work=|accessdate=2018-10-02}}</ref> == Ndị Isi Mahadum == * Kenneth Robson Hill, onye isi Mahadum <ref name="noang.org">{{Cite web|title=University of Benin {{!}} Nigerian Optometric Association|url=https://noang.org/university-of-benin/|accessdate=2021-07-16|work=noang.org}}</ref> * T.M. Yesufu, onye isi Mahadum mbụ bụ Nwa amaala Benin <ref name="noang.org" /> * [[Grace Alele-Williams]], nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi Mahadum na Naịjirịa. O jere ozi site n'afọ 1985 ruo 1991<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grace Alele-Williams - Biography|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Alele-Williams/|accessdate=2021-07-16|work=Maths History|language=en}}</ref> * Andrew Onokheroraye<ref name="vanguardngr.com">{{Cite web|date=2009-08-09|title=UNIBEN VC tussle: A contest of indigene or merit?|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/08/uniben-vc-tussle-a-contest-of-indigene-or-merit/|accessdate=2021-07-16|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * Anao<ref name="vanguardngr.com" /> * Emmanuel Nwanze * Osayuki Godwin Oshodin, 2009-2014<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-02-27|title=OSHODIN: A Study In University Administration|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/c105-saturday-magazine/oshodin-a-study-in-university-administration/|accessdate=2021-07-16|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-04-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409203834/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/c105-saturday-magazine/oshodin-a-study-in-university-administration/}}</ref> * Faraday Osasere Orumwense, 2014- 2019<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-31|title=UNIBEN’S giant strides at 48|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/unibens-giant-strides-at-48/|accessdate=2021-07-16|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Lilian Salami]], 2019 ka ọdị ruo ugbu a<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-27|title=UNIBEN appoints second female vice-chancellor {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/359826-uniben-appoints-second-female-vice-chancellor.html|accessdate=2021-07-16|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum a ama ama == * Enyinnaya Abaribe, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si Steeti Abia <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kassim|first=Felix|date=2021-12-30|title=Abaribe, Ramatu Tijjani Aliyu bag HURIWA Man/Woman of the year award|url=https://platinumpost.ng/2021/12/30/abaribe-ramatu-tijjani-aliyu-bag-huriwa-man-woman-of-the-year-award/|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Platinum Post News|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Oladipo Agboluaje, onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oladipo Agboluaje|url=https://www.geisteswissenschaften.fu-berlin.de/en/v/interweaving-performance-cultures/fellows/fellows_2017_2018/oladipo_agboluaje/index.html|work=International Research Center|publisher=Freie Universität Berlin|accessdate=February 25, 2019|language=en|date=10 October 2008}}</ref> * Emmanuel Agwoje, onye na-nchekwa ego<ref>{{Cite news|author=Fyn-Sydney|first=Seiperi|title=Emmanuel Osa Agwoje, a phenomenal example in Nigeria Capital Market|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/273740/1/emmanuel-osa-agwoje-a-phenomenal-example-in-nigeri.html|accessdate=February 25, 2019|work=Modern Ghana|date=May 1, 2010|language=en}}</ref> * Aigboje Aig-Imoukhuede, onye guzobere Access Bank Plc na onye nguzobe na onyeisi oche, Africa Initiative for Governance<ref>{{Cite web|title=Company Overview of Coronation Capital (Mauritius) Limited|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=30716517&privcapId=305358086&previousCapId=22818286&previousTitle=TRANSNATIONAL%20CORP%20OF%20NIGERI|publisher=Bloomberg|date=February 25, 2019|accessdate=February 26, 2019}}</ref> * Josephine Anenih, onye ọka iwu na onye bụbu minista<ref>{{Cite web|title=ANENIH, Barr Josephine Nwogo|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/anenih-josephine-nwogo/|work=BLERF's Who's Who in Nigeria|publisher=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|accessdate=February 25, 2019|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> * Helen Asemota, prọfesọ nke biochemistry na biotechnology<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mona.uwi.edu/marcom/newsroom/entry/2828|title=HELEN ASEMOTA PROMOTED TO PROFESSOR {{!}} Marketing and Communications Office, The University of West Indies at Mona|work=www.mona.uwi.edu|accessdate=2019-12-21}}</ref> * [[Lota Chukwu]], onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Lota Chukwu The Nollywood Elixir {{!}} Celeb Of The Week - Evatese Blog|url=https://www.evatese.com/meet-lota-chukwu-the-nollywood-elixir-celeb-of-the-week/|accessdate=2021-02-08|work=www.evatese.com}}</ref> * [[George Edozie]], onye na-ese ihe<ref>{{Cite news|title=New Nigerian Conjunctures: The Art of George Edozie|url=https://artstrings.africa/new-nigerian-conjunctures-the-art-of-george-edozie/|accessdate=February 25, 2019|work=Artstrings|date=September 21, 2018}}</ref> * Mitchell Elegbe, GMD/CEO Interswitch<ref>{{Cite web|title=Company Overview of Interswitch Limited|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=29480886&privcapId=23184934&previousCapId=23184934&previousTitle=Interswitch%20Limited|work=Bloomberg|accessdate=February 25, 2019|date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> * [[William Erese]]. onye bụbu onye Afrịka nwere ndekọ mgbalị nke, 110 Meters High Hurdles * Abiodun Falodun, rector, Edo State Polytechnic<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/dvc-delivers-unibens-150th-inaugural-lecture/|title=DVC delivers UNIBEN's 150th inaugural lecture|date=2015-03-11|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-20}}</ref> * [[Babatunde Fashola]], onye bụbu gọvanọ Lagos Steeti, onye jere ozi ugboro abụọ site na Mee 29, 2007, ruo Mee 29, 2015, na minista na-ahụ maka ike, ọrụ na ụlọ na Naịjirịa ugbu a<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fashola Reunites With Former Law Classmates At UNIBEN For 30 Years Anniversary|url=https://www.nationalhelm.co/2017/11/fashola-reunites-former-law-classmates-uniben-30-years-anniversary.html|accessdate=February 25, 2019|work=National Helm|date=November 13, 2017}}</ref> * James Ibori, onye bụbu Gọvanọ nke Delta State site na 29 Mee 1999 ruo 29 Mee 2007<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ibori, our convocation speaker? Not here! UNIBEN students, staff and alumni tell Acting VC Kubeyinje|url=http://saharareporters.com/2009/11/12/ibori-our-convocation-speaker-not-here-uniben-students-staff-and-alumni-tell-acting-vc|accessdate=February 26, 2019|work=Sahara Reporters|date=November 12, 2009}}</ref> * Tom Ilube, onye guzobere na onye isi oche, Crossword Cybersecurity<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tom Ilube receives honorary degree from City|url=https://www.city.ac.uk/news/2018/january/in-conversation-with-tom-ilube|accessdate=February 25, 2019|work=City, University of London|date=January 30, 2018|language=en}}</ref> * Wellington Jighere, 2015 WESPA ''Scrabble'' onye mmeri<ref>{{Cite web|author=Wang|first=Yanan|title=With the word 'felty,' for 36 points, Wellington Jighere becomes the first African world Scrabble champion|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/11/10/meet-wellington-jighere-the-unlikely-first-african-winner-of-the-world-scrabble-championship/|work=Washington Post|accessdate=25 February 2019}}</ref> * Patience Maseli, nwanyị mbụ osote onye nduzi nke Upstream Division na Ngalaba Petroleum Resources<ref>{{Cite news|author=Thomas-Odia|first=Ijeoma|title=Women must work hard to be relevant in male- dominated field|url=https://m.guardian.ng/guardian-woman/women-must-work-hard-to-be-relevant-in-male-dominated-fields/|accessdate=16 April 2019|date=13 April 2019}}</ref> * [[Richard Mofe-Damijo]], onye na-eme ihe nkiri Nollywood<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessdayliberia.com/2018/03/20/biography-net-worth-of-nollywood-actor-rmd/|title=Biography & Net Worth of Nollywood Actor RMD|date=March 20, 2018|work=Business Day Liberia|accessdate=February 26, 2019}}</ref> * Darlington Obaseki, dọkịta na prọfesọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/08/fg-appoints-obaseki-substantive-cmd-ubth/|title=FG appoints Obaseki substantive CMD of UBTH|date=2017-08-26|work=Vanguard News|accessdate=2019-07-05}}</ref> * [[Omoni Oboli]], onye Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri, onye nduzi ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri<ref>{{Cite web|title=Omoni Oboli|url=https://www.nyfa.edu/nyfa-news/alumni/omoni-oboli-2/|accessdate=2021-07-15|work=Alumni {{!}} New York Film Academy|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208024218/https://www.nyfa.edu/nyfa-news/alumni/omoni-oboli-2/}}</ref> * Bright [[Basketmouth|Okpocha]] ("Basketmouth"), onye na-eme ihe ọchị<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kagire|first=Linda M.|title=Basketmouth to perform in Kigali|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/basketmouth-perform-kigali|accessdate=February 25, 2019|work=New Times (Rwanda)|date=February 22, 2019}}</ref> * Suyi Davies Okungbowa, onye edemede na ọkà mmụta<ref>{{Cite news|author=Reader|first=Civilian|title=Interview with Suyi Davies Okungbowa|url=https://civilianreader.com/2019/05/23/interview-with-suyi-davies-okungbowa/|accessdate=January 18, 2022|work=Civilian Reader|date=May 23, 2019}}</ref> * Ovie Omo-Agege, onye omeiwu na Senate nke asatọ nke Naịjirịa<ref>{{Cite news|author=Adurokiya|first=Ebenezer|title=Things you should know about Senator Ovie Omo-Agege|url=https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/142797/|accessdate=February 25, 2019|work=Nigerian Tribune|date=April 18, 2018}}</ref> * [[Osonye Tess Onwueme]], onye edemede na prọfesọ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tess Osonye Onwueme|url=http://www.africanbookscollective.com/authors-editors/osonye-tess-onwueme|work=African Books Collective|accessdate=February 25, 2019|archivedate=February 1, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201125536/http://www.africanbookscollective.com/authors-editors/osonye-tess-onwueme}}</ref> * Victor F. Peretomode, ọkà mmụta na prọfesọ<ref>{{Cite news|author=Okafor|first=Chido|title=How we tamed Cultism in DELSU, by vice chancellor|url=https://m.guardian.ng/news/how-we-tamed-cultism-in-delsu-by-vice-chancellor|accessdate=June 27, 2019|work=Guardian Newspapers|date=May 17, 2019}}</ref> * Benedict Peters, onye guzobere otu Aiteo<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mikva|first=Keren|title=12 Things You Didn't Know About Nigerian Billionaire Benedict Peters|url=https://moguldom.com/88726/12-things-didnt-know-benedict-peters/3/|accessdate=February 25, 2019|work=Moguldom|date=February 19, 2015}}</ref> * Amaju Pinnick, Onye isi ala Nigeria Football Federation<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/amaju-pinnick-others-for-uniben-alumni-awards/|title=Amaju Pinnick, others For UNIBEN Alumni Awards|work=guardian.ng|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415195209/https://guardian.ng/sport/amaju-pinnick-others-for-uniben-alumni-awards/|archivedate=15 April 2019|accessdate=15 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aitonline.tv/post-uniben_honours_nff_president_pinnick__others_for_sports_excellence/|title=Post UNIBEN honours NFF President and others for sports excellence|work=aitonline.tv|archivedate=9 December 2023|accessdate=28 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209212719/http://aitonline.tv/post-uniben_honours_nff_president_pinnick__others_for_sports_excellence/}}</ref> * [[Ijeoma Uchegbu]], ọkà mmụta sayensị na prọfesọ<ref>{{Cite web|author=BioPharm International Editors|title=The Talent Pool|url=http://www.biopharminternational.com/talent-pool|publisher=BioPharm International|accessdate=February 25, 2019|date=December 2, 2006}}</ref> * Emmanuel Uduaghan, onye bụbu gọvanọ, [[Ȯra Delta|Delta]] State<ref>{{Cite web|title=Company Overview of Niger Delta Power Holding Company Limited|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=241355340&privcapId=128471872&previousCapId=128471872&previousTitle=Niger%20Delta%20Power%20Holding%20Company%20Limited|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=February 25, 2019|date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> * Sabina Umeh, onye na-agụ egwu<ref>{{Cite news|title=Entrepreneur Kese Jabari & his Beauty Queen/Musician Wife Sabina Umeh cover Mode Men Magazine's February Issue as they dish on their 30-Year Romance|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/02/entrepreneur-kese-jabari-his-former-beauty-queen-wife-sabina-umeh-cover-mode-men-magazines-february-issue-as-they-dish-on-their-30-year-romance/|accessdate=February 25, 2019|work=BellaNaija|date=February 9, 2017}}</ref> == Nkà mmụta a ma ama == * Alexander Oppenheim (1973-1977), onye mgbakọ na mwepụ<ref>{{Cite news|author=Greenfield|first=Richard|title=Obituary: Sir Alexander Oppenheim|url=https://www.malkin-71.net/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-alexander-oppenheim-1289007.html|accessdate=March 12, 2021|work=The Independent|date=December 15, 1997|language=en}}</ref> * Epiphany Azinge, onye bụbu onye nduzi nke Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies == Ngosi foto == <gallery> University of Benin front view.jpg| University of Benin.jpg| Usòrò:University of Benin Auditorium.jpg| Usòrò:University of Benin Library.jpg| Usòrò:University of Benin Faculty Building.jpg| Usòrò:University of Benin Faculty building front view.jpg| Usòrò:Faculty of Education, University of Benin.jpg|Faculty of Education, UNIBEN Usòrò:Faculty of Law, University of Benin.jpg|Faculty of Law, UNIBEN Usòrò:Faculty of Mgt Sci UNIBEN.jpg|Faculty of Management Science, UNIBEN Usòrò:Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin.jpg|Faculty of Pharmacy, UNIBEN Usòrò:All Saints Chapel, UNIBEN.jpg|All saints Chapel, UNIBEN Usòrò:All Saints Chapel, UNIBEN4.jpg|All saints Chapel, UNIBEN Usòrò:All Saints Chapel, University of Benin, Edo State (side view).jpg| Side view of All saints chapel, UNIBEN Usòrò:University of Benin Food Court, Benin City, Edo State 01.jpg|University of Benin Food Court Usòrò:University of Benin Main Gate 02, Benin City, Edo State.jpg|University of Benin Main Gate Usòrò:University of Benin main gate, Benin, Edo state2.jpg|University of Benin Main Gate Usòrò:University of Benin Staff School, Benin City, Edo State.jpg| UNIBEN staff school Usòrò:University of Benin, Gate Entrance, University of Benin, Edo State.jpg|University of Benin, Gate Entrance Usòrò:St. Albert Catholic Church main gate, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State.jpg|St. Albert Catholic Church, University of Benin Usòrò:St. Albert Catholic Church, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State.jpg|St. Albert Catholic Church, University of Benin Usòrò:Erastus B.O. Akingbola Hostel, University of Benin, Edo State.jpg|Erastus B.O. Akingbola Hostel, University of Benin Usòrò:Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Benin, Edo State.jpg|Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Benin Usòrò:Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Benin, Edo State.jpg|Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Benin Usòrò:Joint Universities Preliminary Examination Board Study Centre, University of Benin,Edo state.jpg|Joint Universities Preliminary Examination Board Study Centre, University of Benin Usòrò:Main Auditorium, University of Benin, University of Benin, Edo State.jpg|Main Auditorium, University of Benin Usòrò:Centre for Research, Innovation and Development, University of Benin, Edo State.jpg|Centre for Research, Innovation and Development, University of Benin Usòrò:Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Edo State.jpg|Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin Usòrò:Department of Quantity Surveying 03, University of Benin, Edo State.jpg|Department of Quantity Surveying, University of Benin </gallery> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website 2ct5umr9p7q5phpvg7omp0tq87x3cjm 0 19497 697361 198172 2026-08-08T19:09:59Z Chidera chikezie 65189 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363237929|Dowen College]]" 697361 wikitext text/x-wiki     Dowen kọọlejị bụ kọọleji na-agụkọ akwụkwọ ọnụ nke dị na [[Lekki]], mpaghara Lagos. Kọọleji ahụ na-anabata ma ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ebi ebi na ụmụ akwụkwọ ụbọchị ọkàchàsị ndị dị arọ ịrị na ọtụ, ịrị ṅa asàtọ. N'afọ 2015, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ haziri mmemme nkwụsị akwukwọ ebe a ṅyere ụmụ akwụkwọ méputàrà ìhè n’ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ Dore Numa kọọlejị ha Ọṅyinyè.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/2015/06/female-students-glitter-at-dowen-college-valedictory/|title=female students glitters at dowen college valedictory|author=guardian newspaper|date=17 June 2015|accessdate=18 October 2015|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> E serè vidio egwu wizkid nke akpọrọ `Holla at your Boy” ṅa Dowen kọọlejị ụna abụọ na Dowen kọọlejị, Lagos, kọrọ na ụmụ akwụkwọ ise dị elu megburu ya ma tie ya ihe mgbe a na-ekwu na ọ jụrụ isonyere òtù nzuzo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dowen College student death - Check all you need to know|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/media-59527416|accessdate=2021-12-03}}</ref> Dị ka nna ya si kwuo, ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ nyekwara yotụ a kemịkal ka ọ ṅụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-03|title=Dowen College: Black liquid found in Sylvester's stomach during autopsy – Father|url=https://punchng.com/dowen-college-black-liquid-found-in-sylvesters-stomach-during-autopsy-father/|accessdate=2021-12-03|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, Gọvmentị Steeti Lagos nyere iwu ka a mechie ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ruoọ mgbe ebighị ebi ka a na-echere nsonaazụ nyocha.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-03|title=[BREAKING]: Sylvester Oromoni: Lagos orders indefinite closure of Dowen college|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-sylvester-oromoni-lagos-orders-indefinite-closure-of-dowen-college/|accessdate=2021-12-03|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-03|title=Lagos govt, police visit Dowen College over controversial death of student|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/498746-lagos-govt-police-visit-dowen-college-over-controversial-death-of-student.html|accessdate=2021-12-03|language=en-GB|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> Ihe omume ahụ kpaliri mkpesa ọha na eze, na hashtag #JusticeForSylvesterOromoni na-agafe na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịtaị Ndị nne na nna nke ụmụ akwụkwọ anọ metụtara ya ji aka ha nyefee onwe ha n'aka ndị uwe ojii maka nyocha ọzọ. N'ọnwa April na afọ 2024, onye nyocha nke steeti Lagos kwubiri nyocha ya banyere ọnwụ Oromoni. Onye nchọpụta ahụ kpebiri na ọnwụ ya bụ ihe okike ma a ga-ezere ya, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi nlekọta ahụike na nke nne na nna kama imegbu ma ọ bụ nsí.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-15|title=Sylvester Oromoni: Coroner says death was natural but avoidable|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2024/04/15/sylvester-oromoni-coroner-says-death-was-natural-but-avoidable/|accessdate=2025-08-22|work=Channels TV}}</ref> Nchọpụta ndị ahụ gosiri na Oromoni nwụrụ site na sepsis nke mmerụ ahụ a na-agwọghị ya na nkwonkwo ụkwụ kpatara, nke dugara na nsogbu na akpa ume ya na akụrụ ya. Onye nchọpụta ahụ wepụrụ Dowen kọọlejị na ndị ọrụ ya, ka ọ na-egosipụta ileghara anya nke ndị nne na nna na dọkịta ezinụlọ maka ịghara ịchọ nlekọta ahụike n'oge. Ntuziaka gụnyere mmelite na nlekota ụmụ akwụkwọ na nkwado uche n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-15|title=Oromoni’s death caused by medical, parental negligence – Coroner|url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/oromonis-death-caused-by-medical-parental-negligence-coroner/|accessdate=2025-08-22|work=The ICIR}}</ref> == Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama == * [[Moet Abebe]], onye na-eme egwuregwu vidio, onye na -egosi ihe nkiri na telivishọn, onye na * Tems, Onye Naijiria Na-abụ abụ Ịdị Mma n'Ụmụ akwụkwọ * [[Buraimoh Obaseyi Daniel]], (Klas nke 2010) - nwetara akara ugo mmụta klas mbụ na Computer Science na San Francisco State University, na-aghọ onye Naijiria mbụ mere ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dowen College Alumni|url=https://dowencollege.org.ng/alumni/|accessdate=2025-08-22}}</ref> * [[David Umo]], (Klassi nke 2015) - Gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 8 A1s na West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dowen College Alumni|url=https://dowencollege.org.ng/alumni/|accessdate=2025-08-22}}</ref> * [[Ene Nnenna]], (Klas nke 2017) - O nwetara 9 A1s na WASSCE 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dowen College Alumni|url=https://dowencollege.org.ng/alumni/|accessdate=2025-08-22}}</ref> * [[Serena Omo-Lamai]], (Klassi nke 2015) - Bioengineer na agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu ikpeazụ na nsonaazụ WASSCE na IGCSE kachasị elu, nweta Ph.D. na Bioengineering na Mahadum Pennsylvania, ma nata PhRMA Foundation Predoctoral Fellowship in Drug Delivery . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Serena Omo-Lamai Alumni Profile|url=https://dowencollege.org.ng/serena-omo-lamai-named-senior-class-marshal/|accessdate=2025-08-22}}</ref> Ọchụnta ego na idu ndú * [[Ndepụta nke ụlọakwụkwọ dị na Lagos|List of schools in Lagos]] == Edensibia ==   4dq52hdp268slibwgbrqcahem9q8g51 0 22819 697335 131340 2026-08-08T14:14:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->|official_name=Shai Hills|other_name=|native_name=<!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->|nickname=|settlement_type=[[Suburb|Suburban Area]]|motto=<!-- images and maps ----------->|image_skyline=|imagesize=|image_caption=|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_shield=|shield_size=|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_type=|blank_emblem_size=|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|image_map1=|mapsize1=|map_caption1=|image_dot_map=|dot_mapsize=|dot_map_caption=|dot_x=|dot_y=|pushpin_map=Ghana|pushpin_label_position=bottom|pushpin_map_caption=<!-- Location ------------------>|subdivision_type=[[List of sovereign states|Country]]|subdivision_name=[[Image:Flag of Ghana.svg|25px]] [[Ghana]]|subdivision_type1=[[Regions of Ghana|Region]]|subdivision_name1=[[Greater Accra Region]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Ghana|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Dangme West District]]|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=<!-- Politics ----------------->|government_footnotes=|government_type=|leader_title=|leader_name=|leader_title1=<!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->|leader_name1=|leader_title2=|leader_name2=|leader_title3=|leader_name3=|leader_title4=|leader_name4=|established_title=<!-- Settled -->|established_date=|established_title2=<!-- Incorporated (town) -->|established_date2=|established_title3=<!-- Incorporated (city) -->|established_date3=<!-- Area --------------------->|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->|area_land_km2=<!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->|area_water_km2=|area_total_sq_mi=|area_land_sq_mi=|area_water_sq_mi=|area_water_percent=|area_urban_km2=|area_urban_sq_mi=|area_metro_km2=|area_metro_sq_mi=|area_blank1_title=|area_blank1_km2=|area_blank1_sq_mi=<!-- Population ----------------------->|population_as_of=2012|population_footnotes=|population_note=|population_total=|population_density_km2=|population_density_sq_mi=|population_metro=|population_density_metro_km2=|population_density_metro_sq_mi=|population_urban=|population_density_urban_km2=|population_density_urban_sq_mi=|population_blank1_title=Ethnicities|population_blank1=|population_blank2_title=Religions|population_blank2=|population_density_blank1_km2=|population_density_blank1_sq_mi=<!-- General information --------------->|timezone=[[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]|utc_offset=|timezone_DST=[[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]|utc_offset_DST=|coordinates={{coord|5|54|N|0|4|W|region:GH|display=inline,title}}|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->|postal_code_type=<!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->|postal_code=|area_code=|blank_name=|blank_info=|blank1_name=|blank1_info=|website=|footnotes=}} [[Usòrò:Wiki_loves_earth_shia_hills_nipah_dennis_2019_031.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wiki_loves_earth_shia_hills_nipah_dennis_2019_031.jpg/320px-Wiki_loves_earth_shia_hills_nipah_dennis_2019_031.jpg|thumb|320x320px|Ugwu Shai]] Shai Hills bụ ógbè dị nso na isi obodo Dodowa na Mpaghara odịda anyanwụ Dangme nke Greater Accra Region nke [[Ghana]], n'ebe '''ugwu''' Accra .<ref>{{Cite web|title=SHAI HILLS • CBC Properties|url=https://cbcghanaltd.com/location-stories/shai-hills/|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=CBC Properties|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-09-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911184235/https://cbcghanaltd.com/location-stories/shai-hills/}}</ref> Shai bụ ala dị larịị site na ọdịdị ala mana o nwere ugwu ugwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greater Accra Region Tourist Destinations|url=https://www.zenongh.com/Greater_Accra_Region.html|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=www.zenongh.com|language=en|archivedate=2022-09-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911184607/https://www.zenongh.com/Greater_Accra_Region.html}}</ref> Ugwu ndị dị n'ógbè Shai bụ isi nke ọtụtụ ebe a na-egwupụta nkume.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Directory - Stone Quarries in Ghana|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/telephone_directory/category.php?ID=50|accessdate=25 October 2013}}</ref> Ahịhịa ya bụ ngwakọta nke ahịhịa na-emeghe na nke osisi, na anụmanụ ndị a hụrụ n'ebe ahụ gụnyere nnụnụ guinea, antelopes, baboons na francolins.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilson|first=Steven A.|title=Shai Hills Resource Reserve|url=https://www.easytrackghana.com/tour-ghana-shai-hills.php|accessdate=2022-09-09|work=Easy Track Ghana|language=en}}</ref> 2xvmrytzlyqturmukjnb36ubvxzp8ml 0 24217 697381 643974 2026-08-08T23:23:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ereme Abraham''' (amụrụ ya na Julaị 28, 1992), nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Twyse bụ onye Naijiria na-eme ihe ọchị na onye na-emeeme ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-02|title=Americans still want us to be slaves – Twyse|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/06/02/americans-still-want-us-to-be-slaves-twyse/|accessdate=2021-07-30|work=P.M. News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Features|first=BellaNaija|date=2017-10-03|title=Becoming a Successful Instagram Comedian in Nigeria|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/10/becoming-successful-instagram-comedian-nigeria/|accessdate=2021-07-30|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka ịrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri ya na-atọ ọchị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 100 Most Influential Young Nigerians announced by Avance Media|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/35987/2020-100-most-influential-young-nigerians-announce.html|accessdate=2021-07-30|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Tweeze tolitere na [[Ibadan]] ma o si [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] State, Naịjirịa. Tweeweezi nọ na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] ruo oge ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=dnbstories|date=2020-09-10|title=Updated net worth and biography of Instagram comedian Twyse Ereme|url=https://dnbstories.com/2020/09/comedian-twyse-ereme-updated-net-worth-and-biography.html|accessdate=2021-07-30|work=DNB Stories Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ vidiyo, Tweewee kwuru na ọ na-amụ iwu maka obere oge tupu ya ahapụ ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2021-07-28|title=Bigi x Silverbird Cinemas: Eniola Badmus, Kunle Remi, Tobi Bakre, Uzor Arukwe thrill fans with Cinema Tickets & Rewards|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/07/bigi-x-silverbird-cinemas/|accessdate=2021-07-30|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe na esemokwu == N'afọ 2016, e nwere akụkọ na-agbasa ozi gbasara Tweewee na-achọ igbu onwe ya. Tweeze malitere tweet banyere echiche igbu onwe ya na ndị na-akwado ya, ndị enyi na ndị ezinụlọ nwere nchegbu dị ukwuu.<ref name=":0" /> Onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Toyin Abraham]] na ndị ọzọ ama ama na Naijiria malitere ịkekọrịta vidiyo ya n'ọtụtụ usoro mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-18|title=Actress in tears as comedian threatens to commit suicide|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/toyin-aimakhu-actress-in-tears-as-comedian-threatens-to-commit-suicide/rqh32be|accessdate=2021-07-30|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|archivedate=2021-07-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730032755/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/toyin-aimakhu-actress-in-tears-as-comedian-threatens-to-commit-suicide/rqh32be}}</ref> Ewezuga ihe ọchị, Tweewee bụkwa onye na-agụ egwu. Ọ na-edekọ abụ ya n'oge ezumike ya. == Hụkwa ihe ọzọ == * Ndepụta nke ndị Naijiria na-eme ihe ọchị * Ndepụta nke ndị Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qls90mtz7psxoyl9k5i6lqga5xlen81 0 28582 697373 140957 2026-08-08T21:58:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Usòrò:TINA GIFTY NAA AYELEY MENSAH.jpg|thumb|TINA GIFTY NAA AYELEY MENSAH.jpg]] '''Tina Gifty Naa Ayele Mensah''' (amụrụ na 23 Jenụwarị 1964) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana na onye otu ndị omeiwu maka mpaghara Weija-Gbawe . Ọ bụ onye otu New Patriotic Party ma Nana Addo họpụtara ya n'ọfịs dị ka osote Minista Ahụike na 15 Machị 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2017/march-15th/akufo-addo-releases-list-of-54-more-ministers-and-deputies.php|title=Akufo-Addo releases list of 54 more ministers and deputies|date=15 March 2017|accessdate=31 October 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Tina-Mensah-picked-as-Deputy-Health-Minister-518413|title=Tina Mensah picked as Deputy Health Minister|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|accessdate=31 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/03/15/nana-addos-ministers-now-110/|title=Nana Addo's ministers now 110 - citifmonline.com|date=15 March 2017|work=citifmonline.com|accessdate=31 October 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mynewsgh.com/how-tina-mensah-responded-to-her-appointment/|title=How Tina Mensah Responded to Her Appointment|date=17 March 2017|work=MyNewsGh|accessdate=31 October 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Mensah na 23 Jenụwarị 1964 na Jamestown, British Accra nke Greater Accra Region. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Accra Girls School. O nwere nzere bachelọ na Public Administration na Masters na mmekọrịta mba ụwa na Diplomacy site na Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5503|title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Mensah, Tina Gifty Naa Ayeley|work=www.ghanamps.com|accessdate=31 October 2018|archivedate=31 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031132946/http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5503}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tina Gifty Naa Ayeley Mensah|url=https://www.moh.gov.gh/tina-gifty-naa-ayeley-mensah/|accessdate=8 December 2020|work=Ministry Of Health|language=en-US}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Mensah nwetara vootu 34,216 n'ime vootu 59,926 ziri ezi e nyere na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke afọ 2016. Obuobia Darko-Opoku na Jessica Adwoa Mannuel bụ ndị na-asọ mpi.<ref name="ghanamps.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5503|title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Mensah, Tina Gifty Naa Ayeley|work=www.ghanamps.com|accessdate=9 March 2019|archivedate=31 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031132946/http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5503}}</ref> O sonyere na ntuli aka Ghana nke afọ 2020 dị ka onye omeiwu nke New Patriotic Party, ma merie. == Ọrụ == Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Gemens Company LTD. na Mamprobi, Accra.<ref name="ghanamps.com"/> == Onyinye == N'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2017, ndị otu ndị ntorobịa Ghana-Nigeria nyere ya onyinye maka idu ndú pụrụ iche. N'afọ 2017, FAKS Investigative Services kpebiri na ọ bụ osote minista kacha mma.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ghanareel.com/npps-tina-mensah-awarded/|title=NPP's Tina Mensah awarded. – Ghana Reel|date=5 August 2017|work=Ghana Reel|accessdate=31 October 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Tina lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ atọ. Ọ na-ekwupụta na ọ bụ Onye Kraịst.<ref name=":0"/> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6xnqmrobg6tkttwmi8hmlvgn3enp2gc 0 28623 697352 644810 2026-08-08T17:53:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Stephen M. Katz (amụrụ n'August 11, 1953) bụ onye America na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ, onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si Mohegan Lake, [[Nú Yọk|New York]]. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ mbụ dị ka onye otu Mgbakọ steeti New York, na-anọchite anya Mgbakọ Mgbakọ nke 94, gụnyere akụkụ nke mpaghara Westchester na Putnam.  Onye nyocha Putnam kọwara dị ka "bombastic" ma mara "maka okwu ọkụ ya," o kwuputara ezumike nka na ụlọ omebe iwu steeti na Jenụwarị 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theexaminernews.com/putnam-countys-2016-year-in-review/|author=Propper|first=David|title=Putnam County's 2016 Year in Review|work=Putnam Examiner|date=December 28, 2016|accessdate=January 4, 2017}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == [[Usòrò:Vet_katz.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|194x194px|Katz dị ka egosiri ebe a n'oge mbụ ya dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye nchọpụta na ego World Wildlife.]] A mụrụ Katz ma too na Jericho, obere obodo dị na Nassau County, [[Nú Yọk|New York]] na North Shore nke Long Island. N'afọ 1972, Katz tinyere aka na ihe mere na National Zoo na Washington, D.C., bụ nke natara mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi mgbe ọ napụtara otu nwoke nke ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ nyagbuo ya site na python dị ogologo 23 ụkwụ ogologo nke gbapụrụ n'ụlọ ya]. Katz nwetara Doctor of Veterinary Medicine n'afọ 1984 site na Mahadum Pennsylvania na Bachelor of Science Degree na Animal Science site na Machịum Cornell n'afọ 1976. N'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha maka World Wildlife Fund na French Guiana na Galapagos.<ref>Howard, Brian. "[http://www.lohud.com/article/20101009/NEWS01/10090340/Katz-Tully-tout-their-independence-in-Assembly-race&template=artsemantics&server=MOC-WN0512 Katz, Tully tout their independence in Assembly race]." ''[[The Journal News]]''. October 10, 2010.</ref> Katz bụ osote onye nduzi nke Yotvata Hai-Bar Nature Reserve na [[Israel]], ma biri na [[Italy|Ịtali]] ruo afọ abụọ ebe ọ mụtara ịsụ asụsụ Italian nke ọma. Kemgbe 1989, Katz bụ onye dibia bekee na mmemme nzuzo, ebe ọ na-ebi na Mohegan Lake hamlet nke Yorktown, New York, ya na nwunye ya na atọ n'ime ụmụ ha nwanyị anọ. Onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ, Katz bụ onye nwe na onye guzobere Bronx Veterinary Center, ụlọ ọgwụ anụmanụ nke nde dollar na Bronx na New York City.<ref>Howard, Brian. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20150416123348/http://www.lohud.com/article/20100826/NEWS01/8260355/Katz-Borkowski-trade-jabs-at-GOP-forum-in-Putnam Katz, Borkowski trade jabs at GOP forum in Putnam.]" ''[[The Journal News]]''. August 26, 2010.</ref> N'afọ 1995, ya na nwunye ya meghere Ụlọ Ọgwụ Anụmanụ Concourse na Grand Concourse, kwa na Bronx.<ref>Cusano, Art. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20100913171549/http://ncnlocal.com/ncnlocal_news/article_2e4cef8e-bc5a-11df-b6ee-001cc4c03286.html Primary Candidates trade barbs in last major debate before primary]." ''[http://ncnlocal.com The North County News]''. September 9, 2010.</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye na-ekere òkè na triathlon oge ụfọdụ.<ref name="snake">Haley, T.J. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110715132816/http://www.putnamcountycourier.com/news/2010-09-02/Front_Page/SnakeWrestling_Tea_Partier_Runs_for_Assembly.html Snake-Wrestling Tea Partier Runs for Assembly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715132816/http://www.putnamcountycourier.com/news/2010-09-02/Front_Page/SnakeWrestling_Tea_Partier_Runs_for_Assembly.html |date=2011-07-15 }}." ''[https://putnamcountycourier.com Putnam County Courier]''. September 2, 2010.</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ 2009, Katz na ezinụlọ ya ghọrọ ndị otu Tea Party, nke kpaliri ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya ma mee ka o kpebie ịgba ọsọ maka ọfịs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lohud.com/article/20110113/NEWS01/101130313/Yorktown-s-Katz-ready-to-bring-the-Tea-Party-to-Albany|title=Yorktown's Katz ready to bring the Tea Party to Albany|author=Brian J. Howard|date=January 13, 2011|publisher=[[The Journal News|Journal News]]|accessdate=13 January 2011|archivedate=16 January 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116053922/http://www.lohud.com/article/20110113/NEWS01/101130313/Yorktown-s-Katz-ready-to-bring-the-Tea-Party-to-Albany}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọhụrụ, a họpụtara Katz ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu maka Mgbakọ Mpaghara nke 99 na Nọvemba 2, 2010, dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa nke ndị Republican, na ndị otu Independence, na asọmpi a na-emeghe iji dochie onye omeiwu Greg Ball [[Republican Party (United States)|onye]] a họpụtara na Senate nke New York State.<ref>Howard, Brian. "[http://www.lohud.com%2Fcomments%2Farticle%2F20101102%2FNEWS%2F101102017%2FAssembly-Steve-Katz-Tea-Party-candidates-poised-to-win-in-the-99th Assembly: Steve Katz, Tea Party candidate, ahead by wide margin]." ''[[The Journal News]]''. November 2, 2010.</ref> Onye ọchụnta ego na dọkịta anụmanụ ahụ ji aka ya kwụọ ụgwọ mkpọsa ya na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ $ 200,000. Ọ gbara ọsọ na nkwado siri ike site na Tea Party movement.<ref>Howard, Brian. "[https://archive.today/20120709211720/http://m.lohud.com/news.jsp?key=396328&rc=wc Steve Katz, Tea Party candidate, leads Jim Borkowski in 99th AD GOP primary]." ''[[The Journal News]]''. September 15, 2010.</ref><ref>Howard, Brian. "[https://archive.today/20120711110759/http://m.lohud.com/news.jsp?key=395940&rc=blg Katz hammers Borkowski over 2009 Working Families line]." ''[[The Journal News]]''. September 13, 2010.</ref> O meriri onye na-ama aka na Democratic, yana onye na-eme ihe ike na Conservative Party nke New York onye ọ meriri na mbụ na ntuli aka Republican na Septemba 2010.<ref>Howard, Brian. "[https://archive.today/20120713133104/http://m.lohud.com/news.jsp?key=397041&rc=blg With one district left to count, Katz widens lead over Borkowski in 99th AD]." ''[[The Journal News]]''. September 17, 2010.</ref> Katz weputara nguzo ndi na-agbaso omenala na mbelata ụtụ isi na mmefu ego, mmefu ego ziri ezi, na ihe mgbochi iwu na-akwadoghị banyere mbata, gụnyere ịkpọ oku ka Bekee bụrụ asụsụ gọọmentị nke steeti New York.<ref>Moser, Anna Lillian. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716232634/http://www.theexaminernews.com/archives/putnam/PutnamExaminer3-2-10.pdf Two Yorktown Conservatives Eye 99th District Assembly Seat]." ''[http://www.theexaminernews.com Putnam Examiner]''. March 8, 2010.</ref><ref>Howard, Brian. "[https://archive.today/20120709191118/http://m.lohud.com/news.jsp?key=394183&rc=pt GOP Assembly candidates call for English as state language]." ''[[The Journal News]]''. September 8, 2010.</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20120315175520/http://hudsonvalley.ynn.com/content/all_news/528644/state-assemblyman-katz-sworn-in/ State Assemblyman Katz sworn in]." ''[[Your News Now|YNN Hudson Valley]]''. January 2, 2011.</ref> Ma ọ gbakwara mbọ iguzobe nkwado nchekwa site n'ịkwado nkwụsịtụ na mgbawa mmiri na-ese okwu na mpaghara Marcellus Shale nke New York, usoro a makwaara dị ka "hydro-fracking".<ref>Auchterlonie, Tom. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110715050943/http://bedford.patch.com/articles/castelli-regional-politicians-come-out-against-hydrofracking-in-its-current-state-2 Castelli, Regional Politicians Come Out Against Hydrofracking in Its Current State]." ''[[Patch Media|Yorktown Patch]]''. October 14, 2010.</ref> Dị ka otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka onye omeiwu, Katz nyere nlekọta anụmanụ n'efu maka nkịta ndị uwe ojii nke K-9 na obodo ya Yorktown, ebe obodo ahụ na-eche nsogbu mmefu ego ihu.<ref>Cornell, Scott. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20101211010324/http://ncnlocal.com/ncnlocal_news/article_52a47978-f874-11df-8689-001cc4c002e0.html Katz offers to care for dogs in K-9 unit]." ''[http://ncnlocal.com The North County News]''. November 24, 2010.</ref><ref>Howard, Brian. "[https://archive.today/20120718124500/http://m.lohud.com/news.jsp?key=417209&rc=blg Katz saves dogs – Councilman credits offer with helping save K9 unit]." ''[[The Journal News]]''. November 17, 2010.</ref> Na mgbakwunye na Yorktown, Mgbakọ Mpaghara nke 99 Katz na-anọchite anya na Mgbakọ Steeti New York gụnyere obodo Somers na North Salem na Westchester, obodo Carmel, Patterson, Southeast na obodo Brewster na Putnam County, na obodo Pawling na obodo Pawlings na Dutchess County. == Marijuana == Dị ka onye otu Kọmitii Mmanya Na-aba n'anya na Mmetụta Ọgwụ na Kọmitii Mmụta Kasị Elu nke Nzukọ ahụ, na 2012 Katz tụụrụ vootu megide iwu nke gaara eme ka wii wii ọgwụ bụrụ iwu kwadoro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timesunion.com/local/article/GOP-Assemblyman-accused-of-pot-possession-on-4357490.php#ixzz2Ncqf6gXc|author=Seller|first=Casey|title=Legislator charged with pot possession|work=(Albany) Times-Union|date=March 15, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Steve Katz Arrested: New York State Assemblyman Charged With Marijuana Possession|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/15/steve-katz-marijuana-possession_n_2885697.html|accessdate=26 March 2013|work=Huffington Post|date=March 15, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nahmias|first=Laura|title=Assemblyman Steve Katz Ticketed for Marijuana Possession|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2013/03/15/assemblyman-steve-katz-ticketed-for-marijuana-possesion/|accessdate=26 March 2013|work=Wall Street Journal|date=March 15, 2013}}</ref> Otu afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na izu iri na otu mgbe e nyere ya tiketi maka inwe wii wii n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị (lee n'okpuru), ọ gbanwere ọnọdụ ya wee vootu maka iwu ọzọ iji mee ka wii wii ọgwụ bụrụ nke iwu kwadoro na steeti New York. Katz kọwara ntuli aka mbụ ya dị ka nsonaazụ nke "ọdịiche dị n'etiti uche nke mpaghara ya na nkwenkwe ya".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lohud.com/article/20130603/NEWS/306030063/Assemblyman-Steve-Katz-reverses-medicinal-marijuana-position|author=Campbell|first=Jon|title=Assemblyman Steve Katz reverses medicinal marijuana position|work=Journal News|date=June 3, 2013|accessdate=June 23, 2013|archivedate=February 28, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228155925/http://www.lohud.com/article/20130603/NEWS/306030063/Assemblyman-Steve-Katz-reverses-medicinal-marijuana-position}}</ref> Na Maachị 2013, ndị agha steeti kwụsịrị Katz na New York State Thruway maka ịgba ọsọ ma bo ya ebubo ịnwe wii wii.  N'ọnwa na-esote, dị ka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta arịrịọ, a chụrụ wii wii maka mgbanwe maka ịkwụ ụgwọ Katz dị $75 na ịrụ ọrụ awa 20 nke ọrụ obodo..<ref name="journnews">{{Cite web|author=Campbell|first=Jon (April 25, 2013)|url=http://www.lohud.com/article/20130425/NEWS04/304250044/WATCH-Assemblyman-Steve-Katz-gets-plea-deal-pot-charge?&nclick_check=1|title=Assemblyman Steve Katz gets plea deal in marijuana charge|work=Journal News|accessdate=2013-04-26|archivedate=2013-05-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505110603/http://www.lohud.com/article/20130425/NEWS04/304250044/WATCH-Assemblyman-Steve-Katz-gets-plea-deal-pot-charge?&nclick_check=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New York State Assemblyman's Marijuana Charge Dismissed|date=25 April 2013|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2013/04/25/new-york-state-assemblymans-marijuana-charge-dismissed/|publisher=CBS News New Your|accessdate=25 April 2013}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, Katz mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ Therabis, na-eji njikọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya nweta ego maka azụmahịa onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.therabis.com/|title=Home|work=therabis.com|accessdate=2023-08-13|archivedate=2021-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204015409/https://www.therabis.com/}}</ref> Therabis bu n'obi gwọọ anụmanụ site na iji ngwaahịa wii wii.  Ọ nweghị anụmanụ ka akọpụtala ka ejiri Therabis merụọ ahụ.. == Edensibia Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190113191348/http://www.katz4ny.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Steve Katz maka Mgbasa Ozi Mgbasa ozi nke New York State] * [http://www.bronxvetcenter.com/ Ebe obibi nke Bronx Veterinary Center] {{s-start}} {{s-par|us-ny-hs}} {{s-bef|before=[[Gregory R. Ball|Greg Ball]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[New York State Assembly|New York State Assembly, 99th District]]|years=2011–2016}} {{s-aft|after=[[Kevin Byrne (New York politician)|Kevin M. Byrne]]}} {{s-end}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] f274v6856fzqxnpigzl2wwupcaui6r3 0 28963 697328 641789 2026-08-08T13:20:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697328 wikitext text/x-wiki    The Science for Nature and People Partnership ('''SNAPP''') bụ atụmatụ nke na-ezube ịmepụta ụdị ngwa ngwa nke ga-akwado akụkụ ọzọ nke nchekwa okike na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze, nke afọ ofufo na nke onwe gburugburu ụwa iji gbanwee mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ na okike.<ref name="auto" /> Onye isi nchịkwa SNAPP bụ onye sayensị nchedo Jensen Reitz Montambault.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/our-people/jensen-montambault/|title=Jensen Reitz Montambault bio|publisher=TNC}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere SNAPP dị ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) na National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) na Mahadum [[California]], Santa Barbara. A malitere ya na Clinton Global Initiative na 2013 na nzaghachi maka ihe ịma aka zuru ụwa ọnụ gụnyere mmụba ngwa ngwa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmepe akụ na ụba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nature.org/newsfeatures/pressreleases/science-for-nature-and-people-snap-created.xml|title=SNAP: Created to Answer the Question: How can protecting nature help ensure food, energy, water, and security for 9 billion or more people?|publisher=TNC|accessdate=2016-01-20|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085301/http://www.nature.org/newsfeatures/pressreleases/science-for-nature-and-people-snap-created.xml}}</ref> == Ihe omume == SNAPP na-enweta ego, na-akpọkọta ma na-akwado Òtù Ọrụ Ndị Ọkachamara na-edozi ihe ịma aka zuru ụwa ọnụ na mpaghara anọ:<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=http://www.worldstagegroup.com/worldstagenew/index.php?active=news&newscid=25198&catid=3|title=Science for Nature and People hosts 2-year Rwanda Govt natural capital accounting initiative|publisher=WorldStage|accessdate=20 January 2016}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160302052637/http://www.worldstagegroup.com/worldstagenew/index.php?active=news&newscid=25198&catid=3 "Science for Nature and People hosts 2-year Rwanda Govt natural capital accounting initiative"]. WorldStage. Archived from [http://www.worldstagegroup.com/worldstagenew/index.php?active=news&newscid=25198&catid=3 the original] on 2 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> * Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na uru dị iche iche * Nchebe Nri na Okike * Nchebe Mmiri na Okike * Mgbanwe ihu igwe na mgbanwe ihu igwe SNAPP nwere ìgwè ọrụ 34 na-arụ ọrụ n'ụwa niile, nke ọ bụla nwere nsogbu a kapịrị ọnụ iji dozie n'ime ọnwa 24. Ndị a na-akwado site na [[World Bank|ụlọ]] ọrụ dị ka World Bank, NGO dị ka Mercy Corps, na azụmaahịa dị ka Swiss Re.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snap.is/|title=Homepage|publisher=SNAP|accessdate=2023-08-16|archivedate=2023-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928042836/http://www.snap.is/}}</ref> === Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na uru dị iche iche === Na Septemba 25, 2015, gọọmentị China kwupụtara mmachibido iwu maka ahia ọdụ́ ya, nke a na-egbu enyí 22,000 kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bale|first=Rachel|title=U.S.-China Deal to Ban Ivory Trade Is Good News for Elephants|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150925-ivory-elephants-us-china-obama-xi-poaching/|date=25 September 2015|work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=MacLeod|first=Calum|title=China pledges to cut ivory trade down to size|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/environment/wildlife/article4456565.ece|date=1 June 2015|work=[[The Times]]|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ryan|first=Fergus|title=China and US agree on ivory ban in bid to end illegal trade globally|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/sep/26/china-and-us-agree-on-ivory-ban-in-bid-to-end-illegal-trade-globally|date=26 September 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref> Nkwupụta ahụ mechara mee ka ọnụ ahịa ọdụ́ daa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Denyer|first=Simon|title=Lifeline for elephants: Ivory price halves in China after Xi pledges ban|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/12/08/lifeline-for-elephants-ivory-price-halves-in-china-after-xi-pledges-ban/|date=8 December 2015|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref> SNAPP Chinese Ivory Trade Working Group na-eduzi nyocha zuru oke mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ iji kwado gọọmentị site na itinye mmachibido iwu ahụ n'ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snap.is/groups/the-economics-of-the-chinese-ivory-trade/|title=WORKING GROUP: Chinese Ivory Trade|publisher=SNAP|accessdate=2016-01-20|archivedate=2016-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126154015/http://www.snap.is/groups/the-economics-of-the-chinese-ivory-trade/}}</ref> '''Natural Capital Accounting Group''' Natural Capital Accounting Working Group na-arụkọ ọrụ na gọọmentị [[Rwanda]] iji kwado atụmatụ mmepe akụ na ụba na mbelata ịda ogbenye nke mba ahụ, atụmatụ dị iche iche na atụmatụ ime ihe, na atụmatụ ịda ogbenye na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwaka|first=Antony|title=SNAP To Host 2-Year Natural Capital Accounting Initiative|url=http://footprint2africa.com/snap-to-host-2-year-natural-capital-accounting-initiative/|date=14 October 2015|work=Footprint2Africa|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Meeting between Rwandan, Russian foreign ministers dominate newspapers|url=http://en.starafrica.com/news/meeting-between-rwandan-russian-foreign-ministers-dominate-newspapers.html|date=14 October 2015|publisher=APA|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref> '''Nchekwa dabeere na ihe akaebe''' Ìgwè a, gụnyere ndị ọkachamara sitere na Conservation International, European Centre for Environment and Human Health, na World Bank, enyochaala ihe akaebe maka otu nchekwa si baara ọdịmma mmadụ uru, dịka ọmụmaatụ ahụike na agụmakwụkwọ. E bipụtara nyocha ahụ na Nature.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McKinnon|first=M.|year=2015|title=Sustainability: Map the evidence|journal=Nature|volume=528|issue=7581|pages=185–187|doi=10.1038/528185a|pmid=26659166}}</ref> === Nchebe Nri na Okike === Ndị ọkachamara gụnyere site na National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration na Mahadum Stanford na-eguzobe ikike mmepụta nri nke aquaculture na-adịgide adịgide, ma na-arụkọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na gọọmentị iji mepụta ntuziaka kachasị mma maka ụlọ ọrụ na-eto eto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snap.is/groups/sustainable-open-ocean-aquaculture/|title=WORKING GROUP: Sustainable Aquaculture|publisher=SNAP|accessdate=2016-01-20|archivedate=2016-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126192628/http://www.snap.is/groups/sustainable-open-ocean-aquaculture/}}</ref> '''Ụzọ Ịkụ Azụ''' N'ịbụ nke Ray Hilborn nke Mahadum Washington na-eduzi, otu a na-arụ ọrụ iji meziwanye nghọta nke ọnọdụ dị ugbu a nke isi azụ. Ha na-ejikwa usoro chọpụta ihe ndị na-eduga na nsonaazụ dị mma na njikwa azụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snap.is/groups/fisheries-measures/|title=WORKING GROUP: Fisheries Measures|publisher=SNAP|accessdate=2016-01-20|archivedate=2016-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126205128/http://www.snap.is/groups/fisheries-measures/}}</ref> '''Ịkụ Azụmaahịa''' Nnyocha e mere egosila na a na-ejizi azụ̀ ndị nwere ntule ngwaahịa a pụrụ ịdabere na ya nke ọma, mana nke a bụ ihe na-erughị 1% nke azụ̀ n'ụwa nile. Iji lụso ọgụ ọgụ dị ukwuu nke na-eyi ahụike nke ọtụtụ oke azụ̀ dị n'ụwa egwu, otu Data-Limited Fisheries Working Group na-enyocha ka a ga-esi mejuputa ụzọ ọhụrụ dị ọnụ ala iji chọpụta azụ̀ ndị nwere oke data zuru ụwa ọnụ. '''Ọrụ Ugbo Na-adịgide Adịgide''' The Sustainable Agriculture Working Group na-enyocha otu esi eme ka mmepụta ugbo sie ike na Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of [[Tanzania]] (SAGCOT), nke na-ejikọ ọwụwa anyanwụ Zambia na ime Tanzania na Oké Osimiri India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snap.is/groups/sustainable-ag-intensification/|title=WORKING GROUP: Sustainable Ag Intensification|publisher=SNAP|accessdate=2016-01-20|archivedate=2016-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126182635/http://www.snap.is/groups/sustainable-ag-intensification/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Fernanda Mejia|first=Maria|title=Developing sustainable agricultural intensification guidelines for Tanzania|url=http://www.ciatnews.cgiar.org/2014/09/17/developing-sustainable-agricultural-intensification-guidelines-for-tanzania/|date=17 September 2014|work=CIAT Blog|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref> === Nchebe Mmiri na Okike === '''Oké Ndakpọ Akụ na Eze''' N'ịbụ nke United States Geological Survey na-akwado, Otu Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ụkọ Mmiri Ecological na-emepụta nghọta sayensị kachasị ọhụrụ banyere ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ogologo oge na ọdịda anyanwụ US maka gọọmentị etiti, steeti na ime obodo, na azụmahịa..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/featured/carter|title=SNAP: Landscape Sensitivity to Ecological Drought|publisher=NCEAS|accessdate=2016-01-20|archivedate=2016-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126212820/https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/featured/carter}}</ref> '''Ịkekọrịta Mmiri''' Otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ mmiri na-ekekọrịta na-achọpụta ụgwọ na uru nke nkwekọrịta mmiri nwere ọtụtụ ebumnuche na 2-4 pilot watersheds na Western United States. === Mgbanwe ihu igwe na mgbanwe ihu igwe === Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-eji ọtụtụ nde dollar eme ihe n'ihe mgbochi simenti arụrụ arụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ́ ndị na-adịghị enye nchebe ọdachi na-adịte aka ma na-emerụkwa gburugburu ebe obibi mebiri emebi. Òtù Na-arụ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe nke Coastal ewuwo nchekwa data nke ọrụ gburugburu ụwa nke na-eji akụrụngwa ndụ ndụ na ụzọ ha si abịa na ọnụ ahịa ọnụ ahịa. Site n'enyemaka nke World Bank, oru ngo a ga-amata ebe okike nwere uru kachasị ukwuu n'ichekwa oke osimiri ụwa. == Ndị nyere onyinye == Shirley na Harry Hagey, Steve na Roberta Denning, Seth Neiman, Gordon na Betty Moore Foundation, Ward W. na Priscilla B. Woods, na David na Lucile Packard Foundation akwadowo SNAPP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snap.is/about/#partners|title=Partners|publisher=SNAP|accessdate=2016-01-20|archivedate=2016-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213180828/http://www.snap.is/about/#partners}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Byington|first=Cara|title=Science for Nature & People (SNAP) Announces 7 New Working Groups|url=http://blog.nature.org/science/2015/03/10/science-nature-people-snap-accepting-proposals-working-groups-innovation/|date=10 March 2015|work=Cool Green Science|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis * [[Nchekwa Okike]] * Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nchekwa Anụ Ọhịa == Edensibịa == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://snappartnership.net/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] f5hx74dqa280yv4i8owljrnwo5g920y 0 29721 697364 450625 2026-08-08T20:10:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697364 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Zurich_RT2.jpg|alt=RT2 (Roundtable No 2) in Zurich in 2005.|thumb|Roundtable No. 2 (RT2) na Zurich na 2005.]] E guzobere Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil ('''RSPO''') na 2004 na ebumnuche nke ịkwalite uto na ojiji nke ngwaahịa [[Nmanu nri|mmanụ nkwụ]] na-adịgide adịgide site na ụkpụrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na ọchịchị ndị nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ. Isi oche nke njikọ ahụ dị na Zurich, Switzerland, ebe odeakwụkwọ dị ugbu a na Kuala Lumpur, yana ụlọ ọrụ satellite na Jakarta. RSPO nwere ndị otu 5,650 ugbu a sitere na mba 94.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.rspo.org/about/impacts}}</ref> 51,999,404 metric ton nke mmanụ nkwụ mepụtara na 2016 bụ RSPO asambodo.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Voora, V., Larrea, C., Bermudez, S., and Baliño, S.|date=2019|title=Global Market Report: Palm Oil|url=https://www.iisd.org/ssi/commodities/palm-oil-coverage/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=State of Sustainability Initiatives}}</ref> == Nkatọ == Ndị ọrụ dị iche iche akatọwo RSPO, ndị NGO na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi. nsogbu nsogbu nke osisi nkwụ na ndị orangutan; mkpa nke mkpa mmetụta maka osisi nkwụkwụ; ọkụ narọ mmiri nke nnukwu nnukwu peat na Borneo, Malaysia. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-ekwe ka ndị otu RSPO mpaghara mpaghara ndị a na-egbutu egbutu, mgbe nnukwu nnukwu mpaghara dị na Indonesia, na-eme ka obi abụọ ịhụnanya aka na Nkwado. N'afọ 2013, ndị ọrụ akụkọ nkwụ na ndị ọzọ mebiri RSPO nke iri na otu kwa afọ, ndị otu na-ahụ maka ikike ọrụ nke Indonesia na mba ụwa edepụta ọtụtụ mmegbu, ọrụ ọrụ mmanye na ọrụ ọrụ. Ahụ e mere n'afọ 2013 "nnukwu ileghara ikike mmadụ anya na ụfọdụ n'ime ubi ndị RSPO na-enweta dị ka 'ndị na-adịgide adịgide'". Ọganihu nke RSPO dọtara uche dị ukwuu. Nzukọ ahụ na-enyocha ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ ya ugbu a, naanị ugbu a mgbe afọ ise gachara na setịpụrụ ugbu a, iji tinye ụkpụrụ doro anya na mgbukpọ ọhịa nke oke nchedo dị elu, ọ were ruo 2017 iji mepụta ụkpụrụ doro anya nke Smallholder.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rspo.org/principles-and-criteria-review/2nd-public-consultation-rspo-principles-and-criteria-intro|title=ANNOUNCEMENT 2ND PUBLIC CONSULTATION - RSPO P&C|work=www.rspo.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rspo.org/principles-and-criteria-review/public-consultation-rspo-smallholder-standard|title=PUBLIC CONSULTATION - RSPO SMALLHOLDER STANDARD|work=www.rspo.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-23}}</ref> The Rainforest Action [[Network Action nke Oké Ọhịa Mmiri|Network]] na-ele RSPO anya dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-eme ka ihe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/palm-oil-forests-indonesia-scouts-83b01f2789e9489569960da63b2741c4|title=Child labor in palm oil industry tied to Girl Scout cookies|work=[[Associated Press]]|date=20 April 2021}}</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Greenpeace na-ekwu na, ọ bụ ezie na RSPO emechaala machibido mgbukpọ ọhịa mgbe afọ iri na anọ gasịrị, a naghị eme nke a ma ndị otu ya na-aga n'ihu na-ebibi ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greenpeace.org.uk/news/5-problems-with-sustainable-palm-oil/|title=5 problems with 'sustainable' palm oil|date=1 November 2019|work=www.greenpeace.org.uk/|language=en|accessdate=20 March 2022}}</ref> === Nnyocha sayensị === N'ọnọ Julaị 2020, ndị ọkà-akpa jiri usoro ihe oyiyi satịlaịtị nke 30 , ሜ ebe na ebe ndị na- , pic ,kbọ a dị ka ndị na-adịgide adịgide adịgide 55 55 nke Sumatra na Borneo, onye ebe obibi dị maka mkpa. anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. Wall ahụ dabere na nkwubi okwu a na-eji ya - ya bụ, a na-ahụ mgbukpọ na-egosi na ndị okenye osisi. Iberibe nke oke ndị na-efu n'otu mpaghara ahụ orụ na-papata mgbukpọ nke ukwuu, mana ala peat ma ọ bụ ọkụ ala, n'etiti osisi ndị àmà. Afọ na-arịkwa nke dị nro na nkwụ nkwụ n'etiti mpaghara, na mkpa mkpa n'etiti gburugburu ebe obibi na analog. nwanne, ndị na-enwe nke ihe ụmụaka obodo 3000 na Indonesia nwere nnukwu osisi nkwụkwụ ngwa na ma e jiri yaa obodo ndị yiri ya nwere osisi ndị na- Nche , ndị nwere osisi RSPO nwere mbelata zuru oke na ike. Otú ọ dị, usoro a kpuchiri nnukwu obodo n'ofe nta ndị na-ahụ nkwụ ụtụ - ndị ọrụ ugbo ogologo oge (sịchaa na Sumatra) nwere ike iche na-akpata na-esote ụkpụrụ, ebe ndị na-adabere na ndụ ( ụkwụ n'aka Kalimantan) ọgwụgwọ. na-etinye aka na nyọcha nke nkwụ na-egosipụta na-enyere ndị ọzọ dị mma nke ndị ga-esozi mmelite ndị na-adịbeghị anya na pụtara === Ego maka anụ ọhịa ụwa (WWF) === [[Ebe Akụrụngwa Ụwa Nile Maka Okike|WWF]] wepụtara na 2009 a Palm Oil Buyer's Scorecard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/agriculture/palm_oil/forest_conversion_palmoil/sustainablepalmoilscorecard/|title=WWF - Scoring palm oil buyers in Europe|publisher=Panda.org|accessdate=2011-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231132615/http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/agriculture/palm_oil/forest_conversion_palmoil/sustainablepalmoilscorecard/palmoilcompanyscores/|archivedate=2009-12-31}}</ref> Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ kwuru na 2010:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/agriculture/palm_oil/forest_conversion_palmoil/|title=What is WWF doing about conversion of forests for palm oil?|publisher=World Wildlife Fund|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303133601/http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/agriculture/palm_oil/forest_conversion_palmoil/|archivedate=2010-03-03}}</ref><blockquote> Ihichapụ osisi nkwụ mmanụ na-eyi ụfọdụ n'ime oké ọhịa kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa egwu, ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dịka orangutan, ma na-etinye ndị bi n'oké ọhịa n'ihe egwu. Mana site na usoro nchịkwa ka mma, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ nkwụ nwere ike inye uru n'emeghị ka ụfọdụ n'ime akụ anyị kachasị mma yie egwu. Ịhụ mbipụta nke ahụ otu ahia maka ụlọ ọrụ, gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị mmadụ na ibe ya iji onye ọrụ ọnụ. Site na Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), WWF akwụkwọla aka iguzobe ikpo okwu maka ndị otu a iji rụkọọ ọrụ maka ike ịbụ nkwụ na-adịgide adịgide. N'ihi RSPO, akụkụ nkwụ na-agwụ ike dị ugbu a n'ahịa. Site n'itinye ikike ikike siri ike na ọkwa niile nke egosi nkwụ, ụlọ ọrụ ụfọdụ na-egosi na osisi nkịtị mmetụta enwe na ekpuchi nke ndị karin mmiri ozuzo. Ma ọtụtụ ihe ka ga-eme. Ọtụtụ ndị na-ekiri ihe nkwụ ka na- Cel celis nke osisi nkwụ anya, na-enye aka na mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche na ọgba aghara mgbasa eze na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-azụta ekiri nkwụ na-akwụsị iji ekiri nkwụ na -adịgide adịgide na nlele ha. </blockquote>N'afọ 2018, WWF mezigharịrị ọnọdụ ya iji kwado ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ RSPO, nsonaazụ nke usoro mkparịta ụka dị ukwuu nke ọtụtụ ndị na-etinye aka na mmepụta mmanụ nkwụ na-adịgide adịgide, na-ekwu na RSPO "na-anọchite anya ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa nke nwere ike inyere ụlọ ọrụ aka inweta nkwa ha na mmanụ nkwụ nke na-enweghị mgbukpọ, mgbasawanye na peat, mmetọ na iji ọkụ".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wwf.panda.org/?337932|title=WWF's position on the proposed adoption of the 2018 RSPO Principles and Criteria}}</ref> WWF na-aga n'ihu na-enyocha ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ nkwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldwildlife.org/industries/palm-oil|title=Palm Oil &#124; Industries &#124; WWF|publisher=World Wildlife Fund|accessdate=2013-08-04|archivedate=2023-10-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014050822/https://www.worldwildlife.org/industries/palm-oil}}</ref> == Ihe omume ndị ọzọ e mere na Roundtable == Similar initiatives have been established for other sectors including: Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels, Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rsb.org/|title=RSB Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials &#124; Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials|accessdate=2013-08-05|archivedate=2013-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815042503/http://rsb.org/}}</ref> Roundtable on Sustainable Forests,<ref>{{Cite web|author=Daniel Swensen|url=http://www.sustainableforests.net/|title=Roundtable on Sustainable Forests|publisher=Sustainableforests.net|accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref> Roundtable on Sustainable Development,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/pages/0,3417,en_39315735_39312980_1_1_1_1_1,00.html|title=RTSD|publisher=Oecd.org|accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref> Roundtable on Responsible Soy,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.responsiblesoy.org/|title=Round Table on Responsible Soy Association|publisher=Responsiblesoy.org|date=2011-06-21|accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref> and Roundtable for a Sustainable Cocoa Economy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.roundtablecocoa.org/|title=Roundtable for a Sustainable Cocoa Economy: TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE WORLD COCOA ECONOMY|publisher=Roundtablecocoa.org|date=2009-02-12|accessdate=2013-08-05|archivedate=2013-08-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814204722/http://roundtablecocoa.org/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Bumitama Agri * GreenPalm * Òtù IOI * Mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmanụ nkwụ * Ụkpụrụ nkwado na asambodo * Mmanụ ala na-adịgide adịgide * Oké ọhịa ndị dị n'ala ahịhịa nke Borneo == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == 0um5h2sl971kkds2i92olcqh6hwk7ir 0 34162 697388 688047 2026-08-09T02:20:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walé Oyéjidé''' bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria-America, onye na-eti egwu na onye na-emepụta ejiji. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/discussing-costume-design-with-nigerian-designer-wale-oyejide-id8023589.html|title=Discussing costume design with Nigerian designer Walé Oyéjidé - Fashion|language=de|publisher=Pulse.ng|date=2018-02-22|accessdate=2018-06-27|archivedate=2018-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627091338/http://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/discussing-costume-design-with-nigerian-designer-wale-oyejide-id8023589.html}}</ref> bụ onye guzobere na onye nduzi okike nke ụlọ ọrụ ejiji Ikire Jones . <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|author=Lo|first=Andrea|url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/03/19/smallbusiness/ikire-jones-black-panther/index.html|title=How 'Black Panther' scarf designer got his big break|publisher=Money.cnn.com|date=2018-03-19|accessdate=2018-06-27|archivedate=2018-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627115704/http://money.cnn.com/2018/03/19/smallbusiness/ikire-jones-black-panther/index.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ikirejones.com/our-team/|title=Ikiré Jones - Our Team|publisher=Ikirejones.com|date=|accessdate=2018-06-27|archivedate=2018-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627091406/https://ikirejones.com/our-team/}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Oyéjide na 1981, na [[Ibadan]], Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/sunday/index.php/the-arts/17750-wale-oyejide-the-musician-attorney-and-fashion-designer|title=Wale Oyejide: The musician, attorney and fashion designer|publisher=Dailytrust.com.ng|date=2014-08-10|accessdate=2018-06-27|archivedate=2018-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627092457/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/sunday/index.php/the-arts/17750-wale-oyejide-the-musician-attorney-and-fashion-designer}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web|url=https://fellowsblog.ted.com/meet-the-nigerian-designer-weaving-african-textiles-with-renaissance-art-including-some-of-black-6112c65ec68b|title=Meet the Nigerian designer weaving African textiles with Renaissance art—including some of Black…|publisher=Fellowsblog.ted.com|date=|accessdate=2018-06-27|archivedate=2024-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621111455/https://fellowsblog.ted.com/meet-the-nigerian-designer-weaving-african-textiles-with-renaissance-art-including-some-of-black-6112c65ec68b}}</ref>'afọ ndị 1990, ya na nne ya kwagara Dubai, United Arab Emirates, tupu ha agaa Alabama, U.S., n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma. == Mmụta == <ref name="autogenerated1"/> gụrụ akwụkwọ iwu wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu. == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ egwu === Oyejide ewepụtala abọm egwu anọ, gụnyere ''otu ụbọchị ihe niile gbanwere'' (2004), <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wale Oyejide|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/wale-oyejide-mn0000525510|title=Wale Oyejide &#124; Album Discography|publisher=AllMusic|date=|accessdate=2018-06-27}}</ref> ''Broken Jazz 101'' (2004), na ''Africahot! '' ''Oge Afrofuture'' Sessions (2006).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fusicology.com/blog/2006/09/07/africa-hot-the-afrofuture-sessions/|title=The Afrofuture Sessions « Global Soul Events, Music, News|publisher=Fusicology.com|date=2018-06-23|accessdate=2018-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Hopper|first=Justin|url=https://www.xlr8r.com/reviews/africa-hot-the-afrofuture-sessions|title=Wale Oyejide Africa Hot! The Afrofuture Sessions|publisher=XLR8R|date=2006-09-30|accessdate=2018-06-27}}</ref> === Ọrụ iwu === <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esquire.com/style/mens-fashion/a25680/best-dressed-finalists-0910/|title=Best Dressed Finalists - Esquire's Best Dressed Real Man Finalists 2010|publisher=Esquire.com|date=2010-08-17|accessdate=2018-06-27}}</ref> hapụrụ egwu maka ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.konbini.com/ng/inspiration/meet-wale-oyejide-the-renaissance-man-that-has-juggled-music-law-and-fashion/|title=Meet Wale Oyejide – The Renaissance Man That Juggles Music, Law And Fashion|publisher=Konbini.com|date=2017-05-31|accessdate=2018-06-27|archivedate=2018-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627091249/http://www.konbini.com/ng/inspiration/meet-wale-oyejide-the-renaissance-man-that-has-juggled-music-law-and-fashion/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.articulateshow.org/articulate/wale-oyejide|title=Articulate — Walé Oyéjidé|publisher=Articulateshow.org|date=2017-05-04|accessdate=2018-06-27}}</ref> rụrụ ọrụ iwu ruo afọ ole na ole tupu ọ banye n'ihe ejiji. === Ọrụ ejiji === Oyejide malitere ụlọ ọrụ ejiji ya, Ikire Jones, na 2014 mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ọrụ ya dị ka onye ọka iwu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/marvel-takes-new-york-fashionistas-to-black-panther-wakanda/4252070.html|title=Marvel Takes New York Fashionistas to Black Panther's Wakanda|publisher=Voanews.com|date=2018-02-13|accessdate=2018-06-27}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.okayafrica.com/ikire-jones-fashion-trends-menswear-west-african-prints/|title=PrĂŞt-Ă€-Poundo: IkirĂŠ Jones for The Western African & International Dandy|publisher=OkayAfrica|date=2013-05-10|accessdate=2018-06-27}}</ref> Jones, dị ka Oyejide kọwara n'oge ọ na-agba Okayafrica ajụjụ ọnụ, bụ ngwakọta nke ịkwa akwa Neapolitan na ịma mma Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/marvel-studios-brings-black-panther-new-york-fashion-week-article-1.3816578|title=Marvel Studios brings 'Black Panther' to New York Fashion Week|publisher=NY Daily News|date=2018-02-12|accessdate=2018-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=AFP|url=https://m.guardian.ng/life/black-panther-fever-hits-new-york-fashion-week/|title=Black Panther Fever Hits New York Fashion Week — Guardian Life — The Guardian Nigeria Newspaper – Nigeria and World News|publisher=M.guardian.ng|date=2018-02-13|accessdate=2018-06-27}}</ref> Jones mepụtara ụfọdụ uwe maka ihe nkiri Marvel ''Black Panther''. == Mgbasa ozi == Oyejide apụtala <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.articulateshow.org/press/season-1 |title=''Articulate'' Season 1 |accessdate=2023-11-05 |archivedate=2019-04-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406120838/https://www.articulateshow.org/press/season-1 }}</ref> usoro telivishọn ọha na eze Articulate na 2015. == Ndụ onwe onye == Oyejide lụrụ <ref name="autogenerated2"/> ma nwee nwa nwanyị. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] r7wnwk92lcqk16bkscegun3wzmg839v 0 35395 697396 199038 2026-08-09T04:03:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]]   <ref>{{Cite web|title=MEET YAKAMA MANTY JONES- A YOUNG LEADER, INSPIRING PORTFOLIO CAREERS – Ariana Diaries|url=https://www.arianadiaries.com/2019/04/26/meet-yakama-manty-jones-a-young-leader-inspiring-portfolio-careers/|accessdate=2021-10-15|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028165647/https://www.arianadiaries.com/2019/04/26/meet-yakama-manty-jones-a-young-leader-inspiring-portfolio-careers/}}</ref>'''Yakama Manty Jones''' (née '''Mara''') bụ onye [[Sierra Leone]] multipotentiality na-ebi ndụ a site na ọrụ ya. Jones onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba, onye ọchụnta ego na onye ọrụ ebere nwere Ph.D. na ego na akụ na ụba. [1] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Capital|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/human-capital|accessdate=2021-10-15|work=World Bank|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, & Sustainability|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home|accessdate=2021-10-15|work=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> bụ onye nduzi nke nyocha na nnyefe na Sierra Leone Ministry of Finance na onye isi [1] maka World Bank's [2] Human Capital Project <ref>{{Cite web|title=Knowledge Exchange: Washington DC {{!}} World Bank Group|url=https://olc.worldbank.org/content/knowledge-exchange-washington-dc|accessdate=2021-10-15|work=olc.worldbank.org|language=en}}</ref> na Sierra Leone. 'afọ 2021, EJS Center họpụtara ya dị ka onye ndu Amujae. [1] edeela soro dee ọtụtụ isiokwu ndị ọkà mmụta [1] ma kwuo ya na TEDxYouth, [2] Africa Oxford Initiative, [3] na World Bank. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Yakama Manty Jones na Sierra Leone. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị nke Tower Hill, <ref>{{Cite web|author=admineditor|date=2018-10-18|title=Tower Hill Kindergarten & Primary School Students were Delighted to Receive School Supplies|url=https://www.creatingpathways.net/tower-hill-kindergarten-primary-school-students-were-delighted-receive-school-supplies|accessdate=2021-10-15|work=Develop Africa Sierra Leone & Creating Pathways Centre|language=en}}</ref> ebe ọ nọdụrụ na National Primary School Examinations (NPSE). <ref>{{Cite web|title=MBSSE – Ministry of Basic and Senior Secondary Education|url=https://mbsse.gov.sl/|accessdate=2021-10-15|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019222027/https://mbsse.gov.sl/}}</ref> Jones debanyere aha <ref name="qmul.ac.uk">{{Cite web|title=Yakama Manty Jones - School of Economics and Finance|url=https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sef/alumni/alumni-profiles/yakama-manty-jones/#:~:text=She%20holds%20a%20Bachelor%20of,of%20London,%20a%20Masters%20of|accessdate=2021-11-02|work=www.qmul.ac.uk|archivedate=2021-11-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102101936/https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sef/alumni/alumni-profiles/yakama-manty-jones/#:~:text=She%20holds%20a%20Bachelor%20of,of%20London,%20a%20Masters%20of}}</ref> Limount College, nọrọ maka nyocha G.C.E O" nke [[London]], wee pụta dị ka onye kachasị mma na mba ahụ. <ref name="qmul.ac.uk" /> gara Fourah Bay College, Mahadum Sierra Leone, ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ ya na Honours na Economics. Jones gara n'ihu nweta nzere post-graduate (Master of Science in Finance and Economics, Master of Research in International Business & Development) site na Mahadum Manchester na Mahadim London (Queen Mary <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Westfield College, Birkbeck College). Akwụkwọ edemede PhD nke Yakama lekwasịrị anya na Debt Overhang na 'Resource Curse Hypothesis.[1] Jones agwụla asambodo <ref>{{Cite web|author=Samji|first=Author Salimah|date=2021-01-21|title=Learning to Lead Economic Growth during COVID-19|url=https://buildingstatecapability.com/2021/01/20/learning-to-lead-economic-growth-during-covid-19/|accessdate=2021-11-02|work=Building State Capability {{!}} Blog|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102102404/https://buildingstatecapability.com/2021/01/20/learning-to-lead-economic-growth-during-covid-19/}}</ref> Social Entrepreneurship site na Mahadum Oxford na asambodo Executive na Economic Development site na Harvard Kennedy School. [1] == Ọrụ == Jones nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ ndụmọdụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.presidentsrecoverypriorities.gov.sl/|accessdate=2021-10-22|work=recoverypriorities|language=en}}</ref> rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Data Management Specialist na Onye isi ala Ernest Bai Koroma's Post- Ebola Recovery Delivery Team, President's Recovery Priorities. A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ ọkachamara na njikwa ozi na njikwa njikwa mma ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi otu nnyefe mgbe onye isi obodo Freetown ugbu a, [[Yvonne Aki-Sawyerr]]. Jones na-eje ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke nyocha na nnyefe na Ministry of Finance <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-01|title=Finance Ministry to Strengthen Financial Reforms via ICT -|url=https://mof.gov.sl/2021/10/01/finance-ministry-to-strengthen-financial-reforms-via-ict/|accessdate=2021-10-15|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021155352/https://mof.gov.sl/2021/10/01/finance-ministry-to-strengthen-financial-reforms-via-ict/}}</ref> na Sierra Leone. Ọ bụkwa onye nkuzi na Ngalaba akụ na ụba na azụmahịa na Fourah Bay College, Mahadum Sierra Leone. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ bụ onye isi otu maka ụzọ iwu akụ na ụba na Mahadum nke Sierra Leone's Master of Research and Public Policy (MRPP) na mmemme Masters na Partnership of African Social and Governance Research (PASGR).   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Jones bụkwa onye ọchụnta ego ma soro di ya, Herbert Jones, guzobe Peninsular Innovative Group (PI Group). Òtù <ref>{{Cite web|title=Peninsular Innovation Group – promoting Sierra Leone|url=https://pigroup.sl/|accessdate=2021-11-02|language=en}}</ref> na-arụ ọrụ gafee ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, mmepụta, na azụmaahịa ugbo na Sierra Leone. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=Dr Yakama Manty|date=2021-07-22|title=Storie--- Storie---- In-Out--- Once upon a time-----the number is 430|url=https://www.yakamajones.com/post/storie-storie-in-out-once-upon-a-time-the-number-is-430|accessdate=2021-10-15|work=YakamaJones|language=en}}</ref> guzobere Yak Jones Foundation, na-akwalite ịgụ na ịgụ na ide nke ụmụaka site n'inye akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị nọ ná mkpa, na-ahazi ịgụ, nghọta na asọmpi ajụjụ, na ịmepụta klọb akwụkwọ. [1] Ntọala ahụ arụkọwo ọrụ <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-04|title=Sierra Leone News: Yak Jones Foundation boosts education|url=https://awokonewspaper.sl/sierra-leone-news-yak-jones-foundation-boosts-education/|accessdate=2021-10-15|work=Awoko Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> Project Pikin's Safe Space Library [1] iji nye ụmụaka nọ n'okporo ámá Freetown ihe ọgụgụ na Rotary Club Sunset nke Freetown iji guzobe ọbá akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ. Jones bụ Senior Research Fellow <ref>{{Cite web|title=Our People {{!}} Center for Alternative Policy Research & Innovation|url=https://www.caprisl.org/our-people|accessdate=2021-12-22|work=CAPRI|language=en}}</ref> na Centre for Alternative Policy Research and Innovation na onye nduzi nwere asambodo na Mentor-X Africa <ref>{{Cite web|title=Entrepreneurship – Mentor X-Africa|url=https://www.mentor-africa.com/entrepreneurship/|accessdate=2021-10-15|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029171724/https://www.mentor-africa.com/entrepreneurship/}}</ref> Ọ na-ejekwa ozi ugbu a na bọọdụ nke Children's Education Foundation, Asmaa James Foundation, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Asmaa James Foundation – Asmaa James|url=http://asmaajames.com/asmaa-james-foundation/|accessdate=2021-10-15|work=asmaajames.com|archivedate=2021-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022221046/http://asmaajames.com/asmaa-james-foundation/}}</ref> Girls Plus <ref>{{Cite web|title=Girls+ Board Members – GirlPlus Sierra Leone|url=http://girlsplussl.org/girlsplus-board-members/|accessdate=2021-10-15|language=en|archivedate=2021-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022221724/http://girlsplussl.org/girlsplus-board-members/}}</ref> na ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Institute for Global Change|url=https://institute.global/node/2|accessdate=2021-10-15|work=Institute for Global Change|language=en|archivedate=2023-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815202606/https://www.institute.global/node/2}}</ref> enyewo nkuzi n'ógbè na mba ụwa na òtù ndị dị ka United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) , Blavatnik School of Government, Mahadum Oxford, Tony Blair Institute for Global Change, na World Bank na okwu ndị dị ka agụmakwụkwọ, ọchụnta ego, mmepe ego mmadụ, nnyefe ọrụ. == Ndụ onwe onye == Jones lụrụ Herbert Durosimi Jones. <ref>{{Cite web|title=About {{!}} Yakama Jones {{!}} Sierra Leone|url=https://www.yakamajones.com/about|accessdate=2021-11-04|work=YakamaJones|language=en}}</ref> nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, Hedya-Gold na Hedsania-Silver Jones. Jones <ref>{{Cite web|author=Khaliq|first=Usman|date=2017-11-17|title=Welcoming Sierra Leone's OpenGov Fellows — catalysts and enablers of the Open Data movement in…|url=https://medium.com/code-for-africa/kickstarting-the-sierra-leone-open-government-fellowship-program-428431e8355d|accessdate=2021-10-22|work=Code For Africa|language=en}}</ref> 2017 Sierra Leone Open Government Fellow, na Open Data Fellowship Programme [1] n'etiti Code for Africa, [[Google]] News Lab, Story Lab Academy na World Bank. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lamin|first=Alhassan|date=2021-01-18|title=Sierra Leone: Dr. Yakama Jones, Isata Kabia selected for 2021 Amujae Leadership Program|url=https://www.switsalone.com/38187_sierra-leone-dr-yakama-jones-isata-kabia-selected-for-2021-amujae-leadership-program/|accessdate=2021-11-02|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=50 most influential Sierra Leonean women award|url=https://www.facebook.com/115760866950432/posts/list-of-100-shortlisted-nominees-for-the-fifty-most-influential-sierra-leonean-w/209776410882210/|accessdate=2021-10-21|work=Facebook|language=en}}</ref> kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị Sierra Leone na-eto eto 50 kachasị emetụta, otu n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị 50 kachasị emenye mmetụta na Sierra Leone, [1] otu n' cikin 100 ndị Sierra Leone kachasị emetụta ndị ntorobịa, nke ndị ntorobịa na-achị achị-SL nabatara maka ịdị mma na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe ma gosipụta na ndepụta 100 Women in West Africa. [2] == Mmasị nyocha == Ihe nchoputa Jones gụnyere: Development Economics, International Business, Human Capital Development, Macro<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-30|title=Sierra Leone 10 Year Economics Data Analyses Report|url=https://www.dsti.gov.sl/sierra-leone-10-year-economics-data-analses-report/|accessdate=2021-10-22|work=DSTI|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022123614/https://www.dsti.gov.sl/sierra-leone-10-year-economics-data-analses-report/}}</ref> na nyocha data nke Micro-level<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-30|title=Sierra Leone uses big data analytics for national economic research|url=https://www.dsti.gov.sl/sierra-leone-uses-big-data-analytics-for-national-economic-research/|accessdate=2021-10-22|work=DSTI|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022123616/https://www.dsti.gov.sl/sierra-leone-uses-big-data-analytics-for-national-economic-research/}}</ref> maka uto, usoro data ụlọ<ref>{{Cite web|author=Thomas|first=Abdul Rashid|date=2020-02-01|title=Sierra Leone government opens access to national economic data|url=https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/sierra-leone-government-opens-access-to-national-economic-data/|accessdate=2021-10-22|work=The Sierra Leone Telegraph|language=en-US}}</ref> na usoro uto ọhụrụ,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-24|title=Africa's master connector is in Sierra Leone to develop the entrepreneurship ecosystem|url=https://www.dsti.gov.sl/africas-master-connector-is-in-sierra-leone-to-develop-the-entrepreneurship-ecosystem/|accessdate=2021-10-22|work=DSTI|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022123615/https://www.dsti.gov.sl/africas-master-connector-is-in-sierra-leone-to-develop-the-entrepreneurship-ecosystem/}}</ref> Innovation and Systems Approaches to Public Service Delivery and Human-Centered Design.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Governance innovation boot camp culminates in pitch night|url=https://news.mit.edu/2021/governance-innovation-boot-camp-culminates-pitch-night-0707|accessdate=2021-10-22|work=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lmagvwpxvzbmq4netklg31215b4ti22 0 36422 697412 577762 2026-08-09T11:34:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  Hi lolHotel Rwanda bụ ihe nkiri docudrama nke afọ 2004 nke Terry George dere ma duzie. E si na ihe nkiri nke George na Keir Pearson, na kpakpando Don Cheadle na Sophie Okonedo dị ka onye na-elekọta ụlọ oriri Paul Rusesabagina na nwunye ya Tatiana. Dabere <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Burr|first=Ty|date=7 January 2005|title=Hotel Rwanda Movie Review: Cheadle brings quiet power to 'Rwanda'|url=https://www.boston.com/movies/display?display=movie&id=7112|journal=[[Boston Globe]]|accessdate=9 April 2007}}</ref> Mgbukpọ agbụrụ nke Rwanda, nke mere n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1994, ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara mbọ Rusesabagina gbara iji zọpụta ndụ ezinụlọ ya na ihe karịrị 1,000 ndị ọzọ gbara ọsọ ndụ site n'inye ha ebe obibi na Hôtel des Mille Collines. Hotel Rwanda <ref name="film">[[Terry George]]. </ref>-enyocha Mgbukpọ agbụrụ, nrụrụ aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na mmetụta nke ime ihe ike. [1] Ihe nkiri ahụ bụ ihe jikọrọ aka mepụta n'etiti United Artists na Lions Gate Films, United Artists kesakwara ya n'ụzọ azụmahịa na Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer maka mgbasa ozi ụlọ. Hotel Rwanda malitere na ụlọ ihe nkiri na mbipụta dị nta na United States na 22 Disemba 2004 na ntọhapụ sara mbara na 4 Febụwarị 2005, na-enweta ihe karịrị $ 23 nde na ahịa tiketi ụlọ. O nwetara nde $ 10 ọzọ na azụmaahịa site na ntọhapụ mba ụwa iji gbakọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde $ 34 na nnukwu ego. A họpụtara ihe nkiri ahụ maka ọtụtụ onyinye, gụnyere nhọpụta Academy Award maka Onye na-eme Ihe nkiri kachasị mma (Cheadle), onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha ike (Okonedo), na Best Original Screenplay. == Atụmatụ == N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1994, esemokwu dị n'etiti gọọmentị Hutu na ndị nnupụisi Tutsi dugara na Mgbukpọ agbụrụ na Rwanda, ebe nrụrụ aka na iri ngo n'etiti ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Paul Rusesabagina, onye njikwa nke Hôtel des Mille Collines nke Belgium, bụ onye Hutu, mana nwunye ya Tatiana bụ onye Tutsi. Alụmdi na nwunye ha bụ isi iyi nke esemokwu na ndị Hutu na-emebiga ihe ókè, gụnyere Georges Rutaganda, onye na-eweta ihe na họtel ahụ bụ onye ndú Interahamwe, ndị agha Hutu obi ọjọọ.Paul na-eme ka ihu ọma na ọchịagha Ndị agha Rwanda Augustin Bizimungu, onye na-akwado ndị Hutu. Mgbe e gbusịrị onye isi ala ahụ, onye Hutu, Paul na ezinụlọ ya na-ele ndị agbata obi ka a na-egbu ha, na-amalite mmalite nke mgbukpọ agbụrụ ahụ. Mgbe agha obodo malitere na onye isi Ndị agha Rwanda na-eyi Paul na ndị agbata obi ya egwu, Paul na-ejighị aka kwurịta maka nchekwa ha ma na-eweta ha na họtel ahụ. Mgbe ya na ha laghachiri, ọ hụrụ onye na-anabata ndị ọbịa ya na-enweghị isi Gregoire na-ebi n'ụlọ onye isi ala ma na-eyi egwu ikpughe ndị Tutsi gbara ọsọ ndụ, gụnyere nwunye Paul, ma ọ bụrụ na emee ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ.A machibidoro ndị agha UN na-ahụ maka udo, nke Colonel Oliver nke Canada na-edu, itinye aka na esemokwu ahụ ma gbochie mgbukpọ agbụrụ. A na-ewepụ ndị mba ọzọ, mana a hapụrụ ndị Rwanda.Ndị ọzọ si n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ nke United Nations, Red Cross, na ogige ụmụ mgbei dị iche iche, nke ruru 800, ma ndị Tutsi ma ndị Hutu, rutere na họtel ahụ. Tatiana na-achọsi ike nwanne ya nwoke, nwunye nwanne ya nwanyị, na ụmụ nwanne ya nwanyị abụọ. Ka ọnọdụ ahụ na-aghọwanye ihe ike, Paul ga-adọpụ ndị agha Hutu, lekọta ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, chebe ezinụlọ ya, ma mee ka ọ dị ka họtel kpakpando anọ na-arụ ọrụ. Paul manyere Gregoire ịrụ ọrụ site n'enyemaka nke General Bizimungu. N'ịbụ ndị na-enweghị ihe oriri, Paul na Gregoire na-akwọ ụgbọala iji nakọta ihe oriri na họtel site n'aka Georges Rutaganda ma hụ ndị agha Interahamwe na-edina ndị Tutsi n'ike. Georges kọwaara Paul na ego "ụgbụgbọ ụgbala bara ọgaranya" ga-aghọ ihe na-abaghị uru ebe ọ bụ na a ga-egbu ndị Tutsi niile. Paul kwupụtara ekwenyeghị na ndị Hutu ga-ekpochapụ ndị Tutsis niile, mana Georges zara, sị: "Gịnị mere na ọ bụghị? Anyị nọ n'etiti ebe ahụ. " Ha laghachiri na họtel ahụ n'ime ọchịchịrị, nnukwu anwụrụ ọkụ, n'okporo ụzọ osimiri nke Georges tụrụ aro, naanị iji hụ na e ji ozu kpuchie ya. Mgbe ndị agha UN na-anwa iwepụ otu ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, gụnyere ezinụlọ Paul, Gregoire raara ha nye Interahamwe, ndị na-eji mgbasa ozi redio bịakwutere ha. Mgbe o nyechara General Bizimungu ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ na Scotch n'ọfịs ya nchekwa iji chebe ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, Paul dọrọ Bizimungu aka ná ntị maka enweghị mmasị na mgbukpọ agbụrụ ma kwe nkwa ịgba akaebe maka enyemaka ya.N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ezinụlọ Paul na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na họtel ahụ mechara nwee ike ịhapụ họtel ahụ nọchibidoro na ndị UN. Ha na-agafe ọtụtụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na ndị agha na-alaghachi iji ruo ebe nchekwa n'azụ ndị nnupụisi Tutsi ma soro ụmụ nwanne ha nwanyị zukọta. Kaadị ikpeazụ na-akọwa na Paul zọpụtara ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị Tutsi na ndị Hutu gbara ọsọ ndụ 1,200. Ya na ezinụlọ ya, bụ ndị kuchiri ụmụ nwanne nwanyị abụọ ahụ, kwagara [[Belgium]], mana achọtabeghị nwanne Tatiana Thomas na nwunye ya. Mgbukpọ agbụrụ ahụ bịara ná njedebe na July 1994 mgbe ndị nnupụisi Tutsi chụpụrụ ndị Hutu na ndị agha Interahamwe gafee ókèala ahụ banye na Congo. Ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 800,000 nwụrụ na mgbukpọ agbụrụ ahụ. E kpere Georges na Bizimungu ikpe ma maa ya ikpe maka mpụ agha, ebe a mara Georges ikpe ndụ ya niile. == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==    == Mmepụta na izi ezi akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'ịkekọrịta echiche ya banyere enweghị ntinye aka mba ụwa n'oge nsogbu ahụ, onye nduzi George kwuru, "Ọ dị mfe, ... a naghị ele ndụ ndị Africa anya dị ka ihe bara uru dị ka ndụ ndị Europe ma ọ bụ ndị America. " <ref name="geogra">{{Cite web|url=https://www.troup.org/userfiles/929/My%20Files/Social%20Studies/World%20History/unit_13/Concept%202/Hotel%20Rwanda%20Article.doc?id=24940|title='Hotel Rwanda' Portrays Hero Who Fought Genocide|author=Stefan Lovgren|date=9 December 2004|publisher=[[National Geographic News]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908200850/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1209_041209_hotel_rwanda.html|archivedate=September 8, 2017|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref> N'ịgbalị ịkekọrịta egwu nke mgbukpọ agbụrụ ahụ, George chọrọ ịkọ akụkọ Rusesabagina, nke e gosipụtara dị ka onye ọrụ ebere n'oge omume ime ihe ike na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị akpali. Rusesabagina anọwo n'okpuru nkatọ site n'aka ndị lanarịrị Mgbukpọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Hotel Rwanda or the tutsi genocide as seen by Hollywood.|publisher=L'Harmattan|date=2012|isbn=978-2-296-19180-8|oclc=1100973151}}</ref>'afọ 2008, e bipụtara akwụkwọ Hotel Rwanda, ma ọ bụ, Mgbukpọ ndị Tutsi dị ka Hollywood si hụ ya site n'aka Alfred Ndahiro, onye bụbu onye ndụmọdụ Paul Kagame, na onye nta akụkọ Privat Rutazibwa. Ndị dere ya gbara mmadụ 74 ajụjụ ọnụ bụ ndị nọrọ na họtel ahụ n'oge Mgbukpọ ahụ. <ref>Inside the Hotel Rwanda: The Surprising True Story and Why It Matters Today. </ref>'ime họtel Rwanda: Akụkọ Ezigbo ... And Why it Matters Today, nke onye na-ahụ maka ndụ n'ụlọ nkwari akụ nke United States bụ Edouard Kayihura na onye edemede America bụ Kerry Zukus dere na 2011. [1] Akwụkwọ ndị ahụ gụnyere ebubo <ref name="guardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/nov/17/hotel-rwanda-hollywood-ending|title=Hotel Rwanda – without the Hollywood ending|author=Linda Melvern|date=17 November 2011|accessdate=22 June 2014|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> n'oge Mgbukpọ ahụ, Rusesabagina kwatara ego n'aka ndị ọbịa họtel maka ọnụ ụlọ na nri. A kọwakwara na isi ụlọ ọrụ UN dị na Kigali natara ozi na Rusesabagina nyere onye isi ndị agha Rwanda ndepụta nke ndị ọbịa họtel na nọmba ụlọ ha. Ndị <ref name="guardian" /> na-ekiri ihe na-eme mere jisiri ike gbanwee ọnụ ọgụgụ ụlọ nke ndị a na-eyi egwu. Omume nke Canadian Colonel dabeere na Senator Roméo Dallaire, onye lara ezumike nká ugbu a Lieutenant-General site na ndị agha Canada. Dallaire enweghị obi ụtọ <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-14|title=Correcting the depiction of the "Hotel Rwanda hero"|url=https://africanarguments.org/2020/09/correcting-the-depiction-of-the-hotel-rwanda-hero/|accessdate=2021-06-21|work=African Arguments|language=en-GB}}</ref> ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara ihe ndị ọ hụrụ, na-ekwu na ya na ndị ikom ya mere ọtụtụ ihe iji nyere ndị lanarịrị aka. Ọ kọrọ ahụmahụ nke ya na akụkọ ndụ ya, Shake Hands with the Devil . E mechara gbanwee akwụkwọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri abụọ; ihe ngosi, na ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke afọ 2007. George kwuru na ọ dị mkpa imepụta ihe nkiri ahụ maka ndị na-ege ntị n'ahịa, na-eji ajụjụ nke ma ihe nkiri ahụ "na-aga igwu egwu na Peoria? A ga-aghọta ya? Ọ bụ ihe zuru oke?" <ref name="GeorgeIntMirrorSpec">{{Cite news|url=https://mirrorspectator.com/2017/04/20/director-terry-george-speaks-about-the-promise/|title=Director Terry George Speaks about 'The Promise'|author=Paul T. Boghosian|date=2017-04-20|work=[[Armenian Mirror-Spectator]]|accessdate=2019-06-08}}</ref> === Ihe nkiri === <ref name="film">[[Terry George]]. </ref> sere ihe nkiri ahụ na Kigali, Rwanda, na Johannesburg, South Africa. A gwara Paul Rusesabagina mgbe a na-ede ihe nkiri ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/shake-hands-with-the-devil-the-journey-of-rom%c3%a9o-dallaire|title=Shake Hands With the Devil: The Journey of Roméo Dallaire|author=Gonzalez, Ed|date=6 May 2005|work=[[Slant Magazine]]|accessdate=2 October 2014}}</ref> bụ ezie na àgwà nke Colonel Oliver nke Nolte gosipụtara bụ akụkọ ifo, ọrụ ahụ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke onye isi ndị agha UN maka UNAMIR, Roméo Dallaire. Onye isi ala Uganda Yoweri Museveni, onye isi ala Rwanda n'oge ahụ bụ Juvénal Habyarimana, na onye isi ala Rwandan Patriotic Front (onye isi ala ugbu a) Paul Kagame pụtara na ihe nkiri telivishọn na fim ahụ. Ndị <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2005/iha1031.doc.htm|title=United Nations welcomes establishment of international fund for Rwanda|date=4 April 2005|publisher=[[United Nations]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317085510/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/iha1031.doc.htm|archivedate=March 17, 2014|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref>-emepụta ihe nkiri ahụ jikọtara aka na United Nations Foundation iji mepụta International Fund for Rwanda, nke kwadoro atụmatụ United Nations Development Programme na-enyere ndị Rwanda lanarịrị aka. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalproblems-globalsolutions-files.org/unf_website/PDF/unf_overview_2005.pdf|title=United Nations Foundation Overview|publisher=United Nations Foundation|accessdate=18 June 2010|archivedate=18 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718215042/http://www.globalproblems-globalsolutions-files.org/unf_website/PDF/unf_overview_2005.pdf}}</ref>"Ebumnuche nke ihe nkiri a abụghị naanị itinye ndị na-ege ntị n'akụkọ a nke mgbukpọ agbụrụ kamakwa ịkpali ha inyere aka idozi ajọ mbibi ahụ", ka George kwuru. === Akara ụda === Akara ihe nkiri mbụ maka Hotel Rwanda ka Commotion label wepụtara na Jenụwarị 11, 2005. Ọ na-egosipụta abụ ndị Wyclef Jean, Deborah Cox, na ndị ọzọ dere. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/hotel-rwanda-mw0000142740/credits|title=Original Soundtrack Hotel Rwanda|work=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=2 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/film/hotel-rwanda|title=Hotel Rwanda (2004)|publisher=Yahoo! Movies|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070413/https://www.yahoo.com/movies/film/hotel-rwanda|archivedate=October 6, 2014|accessdate=2 October 2014}}</ref> bụ Rupert Gregson-Williams, Andrea Guerra, na Afro Celt Sound System dere egwu maka ihe nkiri ahụ, mgbe Michael Connell dezigharịrị ya.  <div class="track-listing"> {| class="tracklist" |+ id="389" |''Hotel Rwanda: Egwú sitere na fim ahụ'' ! class="tracklist-number-header" scope="col" |<abbr title="Number">Mba.</abbr> ! scope="col" style="width:100%" |Aha ya ! class="tracklist-length-header" scope="col" |Ogologo |- ! scope="row" |1. |"Mama Ararira Pt. 1/Mama Ararira We!, Pt. 2" | class="tracklist-length" |3:41 |- ! scope="row" |2. |"Mwali Anyị!" | class="tracklist-length" |1:09 |- ! scope="row" |3. |"Million Voices" | class="tracklist-length" |4:23 |- ! scope="row" |4. |"Mgbalị Interahamwe" | class="tracklist-length" |2:48 |- ! scope="row" |5. |"Ọ dịghị Onye Na-eche" | class="tracklist-length" |4:12 |- ! scope="row" |6. |"[[Umqombothi (song)|Umqombothi (African Beer)]] " | class="tracklist-length" |4:53 |- ! scope="row" |7. |"Ụzọ Ịga Mba Ọzọ" | class="tracklist-length" |4:47 |- ! scope="row" |8. |"Abụ a na-eme mkpọtụ" | class="tracklist-length" |3:06 |- ! scope="row" |9. |"Nke ikpeazụ" | class="tracklist-length" |3:02 |- ! scope="row" |10. |"Ọgba aghara" | class="tracklist-length" |2:49 |- ! scope="row" |11. |"Ahapụla m naanị m ebe a" | class="tracklist-length" |3:33 |- ! scope="row" |12. |"N'ihi na ị ga-ekwu na ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya" | class="tracklist-length" |2:22 |- ! scope="row" |13. |"Olugendo Lw'e Bulaya" | class="tracklist-length" |5:54 |- ! scope="row" |14. |"Ụmụ A Chọtara" | class="tracklist-length" |1:57 |- ! scope="row" |15. |"Icyibo" | class="tracklist-length" |0:49 |- class="tracklist-total-length" ! colspan="2" scope="row" |<span>Ogologo oge:</span> |49:25 |} </div> == Ahịa == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === Ahụmahụ onye na-elekọta ụlọ Paul Rusesabagina gbara onye nduzi George ume imepụta ihe nkiri ahụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Newmarket Press bipụtara, nke akpọrọ Hotel Rwanda: Bringing the True Story of an African Hero to Film, nke e wepụtara na 7 Febụwarị 2005, na-eme ihe nkiri banyere ihe omume nke Mgbukpọ agbụrụ nke Rwanda na 1994, dị ka egosiri na ihe nkiri ahụ, ma gbasaa echiche nke otu Rusesabagina si chebe ma zọpụta ihe karịrị mmadụ 1,200 na họtel ọ na-elekọta na Kigali site na nchịkọta afọ atọ nke nyocha, isiokwu ndị na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ihe ndị si na ya pụta. Akụkọ ihe mere eme <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.newmarketpress.com/title.asp?pid=575|title=Hotel Rwanda Bringing the True Story of An African Hero to Film|date=7 February 2005|publisher=[[Newmarket Press]]|isbn=978-1-55704-670-3|accessdate=17 June 2010}}</ref> oge dị mkpirikpi, ime ihe nkiri ahụ, na ihe nkiri zuru ezu nke Keir Pearson na Terry George dere na nkọwa zuru ezu. == Ntọhapụ == === Mgbasa ozi n'ụlọ === Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya na ihe nkiri, a tọhapụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na usoro vidiyo VHS na 12 Eprel 2005, <ref name="Amazon">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007R4TRQ|title=Hotel Rwanda VHS Format|work=Amazon|accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> na-egosi ihe nkiri ikpeazụ nke United Artists wepụtara na usoro ahụ. E weputara mbipụta widescreen nke Region 1 Code na DVD na United States na 12 Eprel 2005. <ref name="BarnesAndNoble">{{Cite web|url=http://video.barnesandnoble.com/DVD/Hotel-Rwanda/Don-Cheadle/e/27616925121/?itm=1&USRI=hotel+rwanda#TABS|title=Hotel Rwanda Widescreen DVD|publisher=[[Barnes & Noble]]|accessdate=6 June 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301214212/http://video.barnesandnoble.com/DVD/Hotel-Rwanda/Don-Cheadle/e/27616925121/?itm=1&USRI=hotel+rwanda#TABS|archivedate=1 March 2012}}</ref> ndị pụrụ iche maka DVD ahụ gụnyere; "A Message for Peace: Making Hotel Rwanda" ihe ngosi, "Return to Rwanda" ihe nkiri, nkọwa nke Don Cheadle, nkọwa nke onye nduzi Terry George na ezigbo ndụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ-Paul Rusesabagina, yana nkọwa nke onye egwu Wyclef Jean. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/dvd-hotel-rwanda-don-cheadle/8564234?ean=883904232117|title=Hotel Rwanda: Blu-ray|publisher=BarnesandNoble.com|accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref> mgbakwunye, a tọhapụrụ mbipụta Blu-ray Disc nke ihe nkiri ahụ, nke gosipụtara ihe ngosi pụrụ iche yana ihe nkiri ahọpụtara na nkọwa ọdịyo, na United States na 10 Mee 2011. Ihe nkiri ahụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002BVOY7G|title=Hotel Rwanda: VOD Format|work=Amazon|accessdate=15 November 2010}}</ref> na usoro mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ dịka vidiyo na-achọkwa. == Nnakwere == === Ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ nzọ === Ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara na sinima na 22 Disemba 2004 na ntọhapụ dị mkpirikpi na US N'oge ngwụsị izu mmeghe ya, ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara $ 100,091 na azụmahịa na-egosi na ebe asaa. E gosipụtara ntọhapụ ya n'ụzọ sara mbara na ụlọ ihe nkiri na 4 Febụwarị 2005. <ref name="BoxOfficeMojo">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=hotelrwanda.htm|title=Hotel Rwanda|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=4 June 2010}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye meghere n'ebe dị anya nke iri na anọ, ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara $ 2,316,416 na-egosi na ụlọ ihe nkiri 823. <ref name="BoxOfficeResults">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=hotelrwanda.htm|title=February 4–6, 2005 Weekend|work=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> nkiri ''Boogeyman'' meriri asọmpi ya n'oge mmalite ngwụsị izu ahụ na $ 19,020,655. [1] Ego ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara ji 11.8% daa n'izu nke abụọ a tọhapụrụ ya, na-enweta $ 2,043,249. M<ref name="BoxOfficeResults2">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?view=&yr=2005&wknd=06&p=.htm|title=February 11–13, 2005 Weekend|work=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> ngwụsị izu a, ihe nkiri ịhụnanya Hitch wepụrụ ''Boogeyman'' ka ọ meghee na mbụ na $ 43,142,214 na ego, ebe Hotel Rwanda nọgidere na 14th ebe na-adịghị ịma aka n'elu 10 ọnọdụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=hotelrwanda.htm|title=Hotel Rwanda Weekend Summary|work=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=21 January 2011}}</ref>'oge ngwụsị izu ikpeazụ a tọhapụrụ ya, ihe nkiri ahụ meghere n'ọnọdụ nke 62 na-enweta $ 23,176 na azụmahịa. Ihe nkiri ahụ gara n'ihu na-apụta n'ime ụlọ na $ 23,530,892 na ngụkọta ahịa tiketi site na izu iri na asatọ. <ref name="BoxOfficeMojo" /> mba ụwa, ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara $ 10,351,351 ọzọ na azụmaahịa ụlọ ọrụ maka ngụkọta zuru ụwa ọnụ nke $ 33,882,243. Maka afọ 2004 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=hotelrwanda.htm|title=Domestic Total Gross|work=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=5 August 2010}}</ref>'ozuzu ya, ihe nkiri ahụ ga-abụkarị n'ọnọdụ arụmọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ 99. === Nzaghachi nkatọ === N'etiti ndị nkatọ na US, ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nyocha dị mma. <ref name="meta">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/hotel-rwanda/|title=Hotel Rwanda|work=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[CNET Networks]]|accessdate=1 January 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/hotel_rwanda/|title=Hotel Rwanda (2004)|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media]]|accessdate=January 1, 2024}}</ref> Rotten Tomatoes 91% nke ndị nkatọ 191 nyere ihe nkiri ahụ nyocha dị mma, na nkezi nke 8/10 na nkwekọrịta na-akpọ ya "akụkọ dị mma na nke sitere n'obi banyere ogbugbu ahụ mere na Rwanda mgbe ọtụtụ n'ime ụwa lere anya". <ref name="meta" /> Na Metacritic, ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nkezi nke 79 n'ime 100, dabere na nyocha 40, na-egosi "n'ozuzu dị mma".   N'ide akwụkwọ maka ''The New York Times'', Stephen Holden dere na ihe nkiri ahụ bụ "ihe egwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dabere n'eziokwu na ọ na-akụ bọtịnụ ọ bụla na njikwa mmetụta uche. " <ref name="holden" /> O kelere otu ihe nkiri ahụ "na-enye foto na-ebibi ihe nke ogbugbu ọha na eze nke mgbasa ozi na-ahapụghị" ma na-eto "ihe ngosi magburu onwe ya, nke a na-ekwughị okwu". <ref name="vice" /><ref name="reelview" /> Berardinelli, na-ede maka ''ReelViews'', kpọrọ ihe nkiri ahụ "ike" ma kwuo na ọ "na-adọtaghị ọtụtụ ọkpọ dịka ndị na-akatọ ya ga-eme ka anyị kwere. " [1] Berardinelli dekwara ihe nkiri ahụ bụ "obi ọjọọ ma na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ mgbe ọ dị mkpa, mana ọ nwekwara nnukwu mmetụta na ike.   Eleano<ref>Ansen, David (20 December 2004). </ref> R. Gillespie nke The Atlanta Journal-Constitution kwuru na Hotel Rwanda bụ "ihe nkiri a na-agaghị echefu echefu" yana "ihe nkiri abụọ a na-apụghị ichefu echefu nke Don Cheadle mere". <ref name="gillespie" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwu "Ihe ndị yiri ya na Steven Spielberg's Schindler's List doro anya", ọ toro onye mere ihe nkiri ahụ pụrụ iche, dị ka "mkpughe nke ihe nkiri ahụ gbara ọchịchịrị, nke ọma, ọ bụla ọ hụrụ ka ọ ghọghghiri ihe nkiri ahụ, cheghiri ihe niile dị mgbagwoju anya". <ref>Alford, Reel Power, p. 158</ref><ref>Maltin, Leonard (5 August 2008). </ref><ref>Villarreal, Phil (19 January 2005). </ref> chere na ihe odide ndị ahụ bụ "cardboardish" ma kwuo na "oge na-ebuli elu nke nnapụta yiri ka ọ bụ antiseptic ma guzobe". [1] Onye nkatọ Leonard Maltin dere na Hotel Rwanda bụ "ihe nkiri dị ike" nke o chere na ọ ga-ezere ịbụ "ihe na-akụzi ihe site n'ilekwasị anya n'otu onye na-adọrọ adọrọ, nke Cheadle mere ka ọ dị ndụ. "Na ''Reel Power: Hollywood Cinema na American Supremacy'', na-adabere n'ọrụ nke onye edemede na onye edemede Edward S. Herman, Matthew Alford kwuru na-agbụrụ ya dị ike". [2] kwuru na akụkọ ihe nkiri ahụ "dị ike". === Ndepụta 10 kachasị elu === E depụtara Hotel Rwanda na ndepụta iri kachasị elu nke ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ maka afọ 2004. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/film/awards/2004/toptens.shtml|title=Metacritic: 2004 Film Critic Top Ten Lists|work=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=December 25, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225093317/http://www.metacritic.com/film/awards/2004/toptens.shtml|archivedate=December 25, 2007}}</ref>   === Ndị a nabatara === <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1808592826/awards|title=Hotel Rwanda (2004)|publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622002335/http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1808592826/awards|archivedate=June 22, 2011|accessdate=4 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie-awards-and-nominations/hotel-rwanda/?ipp=45|title=Hotel Rwanda: Awards & Nominations|publisher=[[MSN Movies]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406083001/http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie-awards-and-nominations/hotel-rwanda/?ipp=45|archivedate=April 6, 2014|accessdate=4 June 2010}}</ref> họpụtara ihe nkiri ahụ ma merie ọtụtụ onyinye na 2004-2006. Ndị nkatọ dị iche iche gụnyere ihe nkiri ahụ na ndepụta ha nke ihe nkiri 10 kachasị mma nke afọ 2004. Roger Ebert nke Chicago Sun-Times kpọrọ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.metacritic.com/film/awards/2004/toptens.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720094537/http://apps.metacritic.com/film/awards/2004/toptens.shtml|archivedate=20 July 2011|title=Metacritic: 2004 Film Critic Top Ten Lists|work=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=4 June 2010}}</ref> nke itoolu kachasị mma, Mick LaSalle nke San Francisco Chronicle kpọrọ ya nke asatọ kachasị mma, na Desson Thomson nke The Washington Post kpọrọ ya nke iri kachasị mma. Ụlọ ọrụ American Film Institute depụtakwara ihe nkiri ahụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/afis-100-most-inspirational-movies|title=AFI's 100 years 100 cheers: America's Most Inspiring Movies|publisher=American Film Institute|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716072359/http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/cheers100.pdf|archivedate=16 July 2011|accessdate=27 September 2010}}</ref> ka otu n'ime ihe nkiri 100 kachasị mkpali n'oge niile. [1] {| class="wikitable" !Award !Category !Nominee !Result |- | rowspan="3" |77th Academy Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/oscarlegacy/2000-present/77nominees.html|title=Nominees & Winners for the 77th Academy Awards|accessdate=4 June 2010|publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309201631/https://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/oscarlegacy/2000-present/77nominees.html|archivedate=March 9, 2010}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Actor | align="center" |Don Cheadle |{{Nom}} |- | align="center" |Best Supporting Actress | align="center" |Sophie Okonedo |{{Nom}} |- | align="center" |Best Original Screenplay | align="center" |Keir Pearson, Terry George |{{Nom}} |- |American Film Institute Awards 2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/afifest/2004/|title=AFI Fest 2004 November 4–14|accessdate=17 February 2013|publisher=AFI.com}}</ref> | align="center" |Top Audience Award | align="center" |———— |{{Won}} |- |Discover Screenwriting Award 2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://americanscreenwriters.com/|title=4th Discover Screenwriting Award|accessdate=17 February 2013|publisher=American Screenwriters Association}}</ref> | align="center" |Discover Screenwriting Award | align="center" |Keir Pearson, Terry George |{{Nom}} |- |2005 Berlin International Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2005/02_programm_2005/02_Filmdatenblatt_2005_20050461.php|title=Hotel Rwanda|accessdate=4 June 2010|publisher=Berlin International Film Festival}}</ref> | align="center" |Out of Competition | align="center" |———— |{{Won}} |- |2005 Bet Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards/2012/my-bet-awards/bet-awards-2005.html|title=BET Awards 2005|accessdate=17 February 2013|publisher=BET.com}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Actor | align="center" |Don Cheadle |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Black Reel Awards of 2005<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blackreelawards.wordpress.com/winners/|title=Hotel Rwanda|date=12 February 2009|accessdate=4 June 2010|publisher=Black Reel Awards}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Actor in a Drama | align="center" |Don Cheadle |{{Nom}} |- | align="center" |Best Actress in a Drama | align="center" |Sophie Okonedo |{{Won}} |- |59th British Academy Film Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/awards-database.html?year=2005&category=Film&award=Original+Screenplay|title=British Academy of Film and Television Arts|accessdate=4 June 2010|publisher=BAFTA.org|archivedate=6 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106005816/http://www.bafta.org/awards-database.html?year=2005&category=Film&award=Original+Screenplay}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Original Screenplay | align="center" |Keir Pearson, Terry George |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bfca.org/ccawards/2004.php|title=The 10th Critics' Choice Awards Winners And Nominees|accessdate=4 June 2010|publisher=BFCA.org|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120719072204/http://www.bfca.org/ccawards/2004.php|archivedate=19 July 2012}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Picture | align="center" |———— |{{Nom}} |- | align="center" |Best Actor | align="center" |Don Cheadle |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2005<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dfwfilmcritics.net/awards|title=Awards|accessdate=17 February 2013|publisher=dfwfilmcritics.net|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127151457/http://dfwfilmcritics.net/awards|archivedate=27 January 2013}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Actor | align="center" |Don Cheadle |{{Nom}} |- | align="center" |Best Picture | align="center" |———— |{{Nom}} |- |2005 David Di Donatello Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daviddidonatello.it/candidati.php|title=Nominees – Candidates|accessdate=17 February 2013|publisher=daviddidonatello.it|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725063531/http://www.daviddidonatello.it/candidati.php|archivedate=25 July 2011}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Foreign Film | align="center" |———— |{{Nom}} |- |2005 18th European Film Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europeanfilmawards.eu/en_EN/archive|title=European Film Awards 2005|accessdate=17 February 2013|publisher=europeanfilmawards.eu|archivedate=19 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119220058/http://www.europeanfilmawards.eu/en_EN/archive}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Composer | align="center" |Rupert Gregson-Williams, Andrea Guerra |{{Won}} |- | rowspan="3" |62nd Golden Globe Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/25931|title=Hotel Rwanda|accessdate=4 June 2010|publisher=GoldenGlobes.org|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120804054554/http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/25931|archivedate=4 August 2012}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Picture – Drama | align="center" |———— |{{Nom}} |- | align="center" |Best Actor – Drama | align="center" |Don Cheadle |{{Nom}} |- | align="center" |Best Original Song | align="center" |Jerry Duplessis, Andrea Guerra, Wyclef Jean |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |Golden Satellite Awards 2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressacademy.com/award_cat/2005-january/|title=2005 (January)|accessdate=17 February 2013|publisher=International Press Academy}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama | align="center" |Don Cheadle |{{Won}} |- | align="center" |Best Motion Picture Drama | align="center" |———— |{{Won}} |- | align="center" |Best Original Song | align="center" |Jerry Duplessis, Andrea Guerra, Wyclef Jean |{{Won}} |- | align="center" |Best Original Screenplay | align="center" |Keir Pearson, Terry George |{{Nom}} |- |2006 Grammy Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=&title=&year=2005&genre=All|title=2005 48th Annual Grammy Awards|accessdate=17 February 2013|publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Song Written For Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media | align="center" |Jerry Duplessis, Andrea Guerra, Wyclef Jean |{{Nom}} |- |2005 Humanitas Prize<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.humanitasprize.org/Prize_PastWinners.html|title=Past Winners|accessdate=17 February 2013|publisher=humanitasprize.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406055244/http://www.humanitasprize.org/Prize_PastWinners.html|archivedate=6 April 2010}}</ref> | align="center" |Humanitas Prize | align="center" |Keir Pearson, Terry George |{{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |2005 3rd Irish Film &amp;amp; Television Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifta.ie/winners/iftawinners2005.html|title=Winners 2005|accessdate=17 February 2013|publisher=The Irish Film & Television Academy}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Director | align="center" |Terry George |{{Won}} |- | align="center" |Best Script for Film | align="center" |Keir Pearson, Terry George |{{Won}} |- |31st Japan Academy Prize Ceremony<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.japan-academy-prize.jp/prizes/?t=31|title=Japan Academy Prize – Nominees and Winners|accessdate=17 February 2013|publisher=japan-academy-prize.jp}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Foreign Language Film | align="center" |———— |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |London Film Critics Circle Awards 2005<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://criticscircle.org.uk/film/|title=Hotel Rwanda|accessdate=4 June 2010|publisher=The Critics' Circle}}</ref> | align="center" |Best British Director | align="center" |Terry George |{{Nom}} |- | align="center" |Best Actor | align="center" |Don Cheadle |{{Nom}} |- | align="center" |Best British Supporting Actress | align="center" |Sophie Okonedo |{{Nom}} |- |2005 Movieguide Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movieguideawards.com/awards.html|title=Awards|accessdate=17 February 2013|publisher=MovieguideAwards.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227221724/http://www.movieguideawards.com/awards.html|archivedate=27 February 2013}}</ref> | align="center" |Most Inspiring Movie Acting | align="center" |Don Cheadle |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |2005 36th NAACP Image Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emmys.com/shows/36th-naacp-image-awards|title=36th NAACP Image Awards|accessdate=17 February 2013|publisher=Emmys.com}}</ref> | align="center" |Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture | align="center" |Don Cheadle |{{Nom}} |- | align="center" |Outstanding Motion Picture | align="center" |———— |{{Nom}} |- | align="center" |Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture | align="center" |Sophie Okonedo |{{Nom}} |- |2006 Nastro d'Argento Silver Ribbon Award | align="center" |Best Score | align="center" |Andrea Guerra |{{Nom}} |- |2004 National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbrmp.org/awards/past.cfm?year=2004|title=Awards for 2004|accessdate=4 June 2010|publisher=National Board of Review|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813145503/http://www.nbrmp.org/awards/past.cfm?year=2004|archivedate=13 August 2010}}</ref> | align="center" |Top Ten Films | align="center" |———— |{{Won}} |- |Online Film Critics Society Awards 2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.altfg.com/blog/awards/online-film-critics-awards-2004/|title=2005 Online Film Critics Society Awards|date=9 January 2005|accessdate=17 September 2010|publisher=Alt Film Guide|archivedate=6 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406231526/http://www.altfg.com/blog/awards/online-film-critics-awards-2004/}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Actor | align="center" |Don Cheadle |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |2004 [[Political Film Society Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.polfilms.com/previous.html|title=Previous Political Film Society Award Winners|accessdate=17 February 2013|publisher=Political Film Society|archivedate=27 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527064914/http://www.polfilms.com/previous.html}}</ref> | align="center" |Exposé | align="center" |———— |{{Nom}} |- | align="center" |Human Rights | align="center" |———— |{{Nom}} |- | align="center" |Peace | align="center" |———— |{{Nom}} |- |Producers Guild of America Awards 2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.producersguild.org/news/news.asp?id=34896&hhSearchTerms=hotel+and+rwanda|title=Precious to Be Honored with 2010 Stanley Kramer Award|accessdate=4 June 2010|publisher=National Board of Review|archivedate=18 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518060729/https://www.producersguild.org/news/news.asp?id=34896&hhSearchTerms=hotel+and+rwanda}}</ref> | align="center" |Stanley Kramer Award | align="center" |———— |{{Won}} |- |2006 Robert Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scope.dk/pris/2-robert?vispris=&visaar=2006|title=Robert Awards History|accessdate=17 February 2013|publisher=Scope.dk|archivedate=2 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602172203/http://www.scope.dk/pris/2-robert?vispris=&visaar=2006}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Non-American Film | align="center" |Terry George |{{Nom}} |- |San Diego Film Critics Society Awards 2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sdfcs.org/|title=Pages|accessdate=17 February 2013|publisher=San Diego Film Critics Society|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207094324/http://www.sdfcs.org/|archivedate=7 December 2013}}</ref> | align="center" |Body of Work | align="center" |Don Cheadle |{{Won}} |- | rowspan="3" |11th Screen Actors Guild Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/11th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards|title=11th Annual SAG Awards Nominees|accessdate=4 June 2010|publisher=Screen Actors Guild Awards}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Ensemble Acting | align="center" |———— |{{Nom}} |- | align="center" |Best Actor | align="center" |Don Cheadle |{{Nom}} |- | align="center" |Best Supporting Actress | align="center" |Sophie Okonedo |{{Nom}} |- |Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards 2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sefca.org/a2004.html|title=Top Ten Films of 2004|accessdate=17 February 2013|publisher=Southeastern Film Critics Association|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730163043/http://sefca.org/a2004.html|archivedate=30 July 2013}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Picture | align="center" |———— |{{Nom}} |- |2004 Toronto International Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.torontointernationalfilmfestival.ca/thefestival/about/awards/awards2004|title=Awards 2004|accessdate=24 June 2010|publisher=Toronto International Film Festival|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706210211/http://www.torontointernationalfilmfestival.ca/thefestival/about/awards/awards2004|archivedate=6 July 2011}}</ref> | align="center" |People's Choice Award | align="center" |Terry George |{{Won}} |- |Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards 2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wafca.com/awards/2004.htm|title=2004 WAFCA Awards|accessdate=17 February 2013|publisher=Washington DC Area Film Critics Association|archivedate=9 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709175042/http://www.wafca.com/awards/2004.htm}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Actor | align="center" |Don Cheadle |{{Nom}} |- |World Soundtrack Awards 2005<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldsoundtrackawards.com/awards2.cgi?go=history&category=&year=2005&type=|title=History – 2005|accessdate=17 February 2013|publisher=World Soundtrack Academy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718114530/http://www.worldsoundtrackawards.com/awards2.cgi?go=history&category=&year=2005&type=|archivedate=18 July 2011}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Original Song Written for a Film | align="center" |Jerry Duplessis, Andrea Guerra, Wyclef Jean |{{Nom}} |- |Writers Guild of America Awards 2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wga.org/awards/awardssub.aspx?id=1517|title=Awards Winners|accessdate=4 June 2010|publisher=Writers Guild Awards|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120525050852/http://www.wga.org/awards/awardssub.aspx?id=1517|archivedate=25 May 2012}}</ref> | align="center" |Best Original Screenplay | align="center" |Keir Pearson, Terry George |{{Nom}} |- |} == Hụkwa == * 2004 in film * Hutu Power – a racist and ethnic supremacist ideology propounded by Hutu extremists in Rwanda * Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines – a Rwandan radio station which played a significant role during the Genocide against the Tutsi N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2023, Yvonne Uwera, onye Rwanda na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ bipụtara akwụkwọ "RESCUING THE HERO: A Daughter's Quest to Free The Hotel Rwanda Legend" [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CKN97FCL/ ISBN-13:979-88636448] banyere ọgụ Carine Kanimba na-alụ iji tọhapụ nna nkuchi ya, Paul Rusesabagina == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==   == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị * {{IMDb title|0395169|Hotel Rwanda}} * Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ RwandanaAllMovie * Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ RwandanaEbe nchekwa data ihe nkiri TCM * Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ RwandanaAmerican Film Institute Catalog * Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ RwandanaTomato rere ure * Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ RwandanaIhe Ndị Na-egosi Ihe Ndị Dị Oké Mkpa * Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ RwandanaBox Office Mojo [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] l0ys98n2i5uoz35cdkr2xsd2in7daem 0 36439 697410 150579 2026-08-09T09:02:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697410 wikitext text/x-wiki . <ref name="Oba 2017">{{Cite news|date=2017-02-14|title=Why I fled Nigeria to avoid becoming a monarch —Oba Oyewole|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/i-fled-nigeria-avoid-becoming-monarch-oba-oyewole/|accessdate=2023-08-03|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Atanda|first=Sodeeq|date=2023-05-11|title=REPORTER'S DIARY: Mature Mangoes Seek Attention in Osun LGA, But No One 'Sees' Them|url=https://fij.ng/article/reporters-diary-mature-mangoes-seek-attention-in-osun-lga-but-no-one-sees-them/|accessdate=2023-08-03|work=Foundation For Investigative Journalism|language=en-GB}}</ref>Bode Osi bụ obodo dị na Osun State, Nigeria .  Ọ dị ihe dịka 36 kilometers (22 mi) site na Osogbo, isi obodo Osun State, na 370 kilometers (230 mi) si Abuja, isi obodo Naijiria.  [1] [2] [3] Bode Osi bụkwa isi ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ ime obodo Ọla Oluwa . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Weather Bode Osi {{!}} Forecast, Radar, Lightning & Satellite|url=https://meteologix.com/ng/weather/2346954-bode-osi|accessdate=2023-07-18|work=Meteologix.com|language=en|archivedate=2023-07-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718161842/https://meteologix.com/ng/weather/2346954-bode-osi}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Bode Osi Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark|url=https://weatherspark.com/y/50048/Average-Weather-in-Bode-Osi-Nigeria-Year-Round|accessdate=2023-07-18|work=weatherspark.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Bode Osi, Nigeria 14 day weather forecast|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/@2346954/ext|accessdate=2023-07-18|work=www.timeanddate.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Climate & Weather Averages in Bode Osi, Nigeria|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/@2346954/climate|accessdate=2023-07-18|work=www.timeanddate.com|language=en}}</ref>Bode Osi nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ nke savanna ( Aw dị ka nhazi ihu igwe nke Köppen ), dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ala Nigeria, nke nwere oge mmiri na oge ọkọchị na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ n'afọ-gburugburu.  .  Oge ọkọchị na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ na nke nwere obere urukpuru, ebe oge udu mmiri nwere ike bụrụ mmegbu na oke oke.  Nkezi ndụ kwa afọ na- agbanwe n'etiti 65 Celsius F (18 Celsius C) na 94 Celsius F (34 Celsius C), na-dịghị ada n'okpuru 60 Celsius F (16 Celsius C) ma ọ bụ na-arrị elu elu.  ọzọ 99 Celsius F (37 Celsius C) <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Monthly climate in Bode Osi, Osun, Nigeria|url=https://nomadseason.com/climate/nigeria/osun/bode-osi.html|accessdate=2023-07-18|work=nomadseason.com}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Bode Osi (Nigeria) weather today hourly 7, 10 day weather forecast {{!}} Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia {{!}} ar.weather.town|url=https://ar.weather.town/en/forecast/nigeria/osun-state/bode-osi/|accessdate=2023-07-18|work=weather.town|language=en}}</ref> jg1qqo89olh49r76aqjmbn0o5k4pvse 0 40739 697393 452759 2026-08-09T03:42:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |World Vision Canada ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" | tọrọ ntọala | class="infobox-data note" | 1957 |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" | Onye malitere | class="infobox-data" | [[Robert Pierce]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" | Ụdị | class="infobox-data" | Òtù Na-abụghị Gọọmenti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" | Lekwasị anya | class="infobox-data" | Inyere ụmụaka, ezinụlọ na obodo aka imeri ịda ogbenye na ikpe na-ezighị ezi. |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" | Ebe | class="infobox-data label" | |} '''Ụwa Ọhụụ Canada''' bụ enyemaka Ndị Kraịst, mmepe, na ọgbakọ nkwado na-arụ ọrụ iji mepụta mgbanwe na-adịgide adịgide na ndụ ụmụaka, ezinụlọ, na obodo iji merie ịda ogbenye na ikpe na-ezighị ezi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=About World Vision|url=http://www.worldvision.ca/aboutus/Pages/default.aspx|work=World Vision Canada|accessdate=29 June 2016|archivedate=7 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707070141/http://www.worldvision.ca/aboutus/Pages/default.aspx}}</ref> Dabere na Mississauga, Ontario, World Vision Canada bụ ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka onwe yana mmepe kachasị na Canada. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Pitts|first=Gordan|title=How Dave Toycen boosted donations at World Vision Canada by 700%|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-magazine/the-strength-to-give/article24616275/|accessdate=29 June 2016|date=May 28, 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ akụkụ nke World Vision Partnership nke World Vision International na-edu. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == World Vision malitere na 1950 site n'aka onye ozi ala ọzọ America bụ Robert Pierce . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bob Pierce|url=http://wheaton.edu/isae/hall-of-biography/bob-pierce|work=Wheaton College|publisher=Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals|accessdate=29 June 2016}}</ref> Canada abụrụla akụkụ nke ezinụlọ World Vision kemgbe mmalite. Na 1950, Pierce nwere nzukọ mbụ na Canada iji kwurịta ihe ọ hụrụ na ihe ọ mụtara n’Eshia. Na 1957, ụlọ ọrụ World Vision mbụ nke Canada mepere na Toronto. <ref>{{Cite web|title=About Our History|url=http://www.worldvision.ca/aboutus/Pages/history.aspx|work=World Vision Canada|accessdate=29 June 2016|archivedate=22 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622081116/http://www.worldvision.ca/aboutus/Pages/History.aspx}}</ref> == Gbado anya na atumatu == World Vision Canada na-arụ ọrụ n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba 100, na-elekwasị anya na ọdịmma ụmụaka. Ha na-arụ ọrụ iji gbanwee ndụ ụmụaka gburugburu ụwa site na nkwado ụmụaka. Nkwado na-ejikọta ndị na-enye onyinye na ụmụaka ụfọdụ n'ime otu mba 49. Ndị nkwado na-ekwe nkwa inye $39 kwa ọnwa maka mmemme na-abara nwa ahụ, ezinụlọ ha na obodo ha uru. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Verstraten|first=Katelyn|title=Give Smart: World Vision|url=https://www.thestar.com/business/2014/12/14/give_smart_world_vision.html|accessdate=29 June 2016|date=December 14, 2014}}</ref> Mmemme World Vision Canada na-elekwasị anya na agụmakwụkwọ, nri, mmiri dị ọcha, ahụike, mmepe akụ na ụba na obodo, nchekwa ụmụaka na nzaghachi mberede. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Changing the Lives of Children Around the World|url=http://www.worldvision.ca/ourwork/what-world-vision-canada-does/Pages/default.aspx|work=World Vision Canada|accessdate=29 June 2016|archivedate=24 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624152758/http://www.worldvision.ca/ourwork/what-world-vision-canada-does/Pages/default.aspx}}</ref> == Nkwado na mkpọsa == === Ụnwụ Awa 30 === Ụnwụ nke awa 30 malitere na 1971 na Crescent Heights Baptist Church na Calgary, Alberta . Mgbe ihe omume na Calgary gasịrị, ụnwụ nke awa 30 gbasara n'etiti ndị ntorobịa na United States, Australia na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa. <ref>{{Cite news|title=World Vision's 30 Hour Famine began in basement of Calgary church|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/world-vision-s-30-hour-famine-began-in-basement-of-calgary-church-1.3047502|accessdate=29 June 2016|date=April 24, 2015}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2015, iri puku kwuru iri puku ndị ntorobịa nọ na mba iri abụọ na otu so na mmegharị ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Inspired to ignite World Vision's 30 Hour Famine movement|url=http://calgary.ctvnews.ca/inspired-to-ignite-world-vision-s-30-hour-famine-movement-1.2307984|accessdate=29 June 2016|date=April 1, 2015}}</ref> Ruo awa 30, otu na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu wepụtara onwe ha ịhapụ ihe, dị ka nri, egwuregwu vidiyo ma ọ bụ ekwentị iji kwalite ego ma ọ bụ mmata maka agụụ ụwa. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Youth challenged to give up more than food for 30-Hour Famine|url=http://www.kenoradailyminerandnews.com/2013/05/10/youth-challenged-to-give-up-more-than-food-for-30-hour-famine|accessdate=29 June 2016|date=May 10, 2013}}</ref> === Enweghị Nwa maka ọrịre === Mgbasa ozi enweghị nwa maka ọrịre bu n'obi ime ka mmadụ mata ọrụ ụmụaka . Dị ka nke 2016, ụmụaka 168 nde bụ akụkụ nke ọrụ ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Child Labour|url=http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/child-labour/lang--en/index.htm|work=International Labour Organization|accessdate=29 June 2016}}</ref> Kwa afọ, a na-ebubata ngwaahịa ruru ijeri dollar na Canada site na mba ndị na-eji ụmụaka arụ ọrụ. Mgbasa ozi a na-achọ ịgba ndị Canada ume ịjụkwu ajụjụ gbasara ebe nri na uwe ha si bịa yana ịchọ ka ụlọ ọrụ mee ka ozi gbasara ụdọ ọkọnọ ha pụta ìhè. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Russell|first=Andrew|title=Canadians unaware how many products made using child labour: World Vision|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1886301/canadians-unaware-how-many-products-made-use-child-labour-world-vision/|accessdate=29 June 2016}}</ref> Dị ka nke 2016, World Vision Canada na-achọ iwu na-achọ ka ụlọ ọrụ na-azụ ahịa na Canada na-akọ kwa afọ maka usoro ha na-eme iji hụ na ụlọ ọrụ ha si mba ofesi adịghị eji ọrụ ụmụaka na-emepụta ngwaahịa ndị e zubere maka ahịa ahịa Canada. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Press|first=Jordan|title=Canadians could be buying goods made by child labourers, says World Vision|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2016/06/09/canadians-could-be-buying-goods-made-by-child-labourers-says-world-vision.html|accessdate=29 June 2016|date=June 9, 2016}}</ref> === Mmiri Ọhụụ Ụwa === Mgbasa ozi mmiri nke World Vision Canada na-achọ ịnye mmiri dị ọcha maka ị drinkingụ mmanya, idebe ihe ọcha na ịdị ọcha. Dị ka World Vision Canada si kwuo, ihe karịrị nde mmadụ 663 n'ụwa niile na-ebighị mmiri dị ọcha. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Clean Water in Action|url=http://www.worldvision.ca/getinvolved/clean-water/Pages/clean-water.aspx?water-hpx|work=World Vision Canada|accessdate=29 June 2016|archivedate=7 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807190638/http://www.worldvision.ca/getinvolved/clean-water/Pages/clean-water.aspx?water-hpx}}</ref> N'agbata 2011 na 2016, World Vision Canada nyere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ 5.5 mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Wolfe|first=Debbie|title=Witness The Power Of Clean Water Around The World|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/debbie-wolfe/world-water-day_b_9509046.html|accessdate=29 June 2016|date=March 22, 2016}}</ref> Kemgbe 1995, Obi ike Polar Bear Dip na Oakville, Ontario na-enweta ego maka ọrụ mmiri World Vision Canada gburugburu ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=http://www.polarbeardip.ca/history.php|work=Polar Bear Dip|accessdate=29 June 2016|archivedate=21 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321224731/http://www.polarbeardip.ca/history.php}}</ref> Dị ka nke 2016, ihe omume ahụ akwalitela ihe karịrị $ 1.4 nde. <ref>{{Cite news|title=2016 Oakville Courage Polar Bear Dip brings fundraising total to more than $1.4 million|url=http://www.insidehalton.com/news-story/6215695-2016-oakville-courage-polar-bear-dip-brings-fundraising-total-to-more-than-1-4-million/|accessdate=29 June 2016|date=January 1, 2016}}</ref> Na Mee 27, 2016 ndị ọrụ si World Vision Canada ji ụlọ mposi oroma gagharịa n'ime ogbe ndịda Toronto, Ontario iji dọta uche gaa na ijeri mmadụ gburugburu ụwa bụ ndị na-enweghị ohere ịdị ọcha na ịdị ọcha zuru oke. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nickle|first=David|title=World Vision Canada brings orange toilet to Toronto City Hall to highlight need for improved sanitation globally|url=http://www.insidetoronto.com/news-story/6694214-world-vision-canada-brings-orange-toilet-to-toronto-city-hall-to-highlight-need-for-improved-sanitat/|accessdate=29 June 2016|date=May 27, 2016}}</ref> == Ego == Dika nkwuputa ego nke 2015 siri kwuo, otutu ego World Vision Canada sitere na nkwado umuaka na onyinye ndi ozo. World Vision Canada na-enwetakwa onyinye n'aka gọọmentị Canada. Ngụkọta ego ha nwetara na 2015 bụ CA $443 nde. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Financial Statements of World Vision Canada|url=http://sites.worldvision.ca/annualreport/downloads/financialstatement-2015.pdf|work=World Vision Canada|accessdate=29 June 2016|pages=1–2|format=PDF|date=September 30, 2015|archivedate=3 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803143557/http://sites.worldvision.ca/annualreport/downloads/financialstatement-2015.pdf}}</ref> Na 2015, 80.5% nke ego ya ejiri mee ihe na mmemme, 13.8% na ntinye ego yana 5.7% na nchịkwa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Impact Report|url=http://sites.worldvision.ca/annualreport/downloads/WVC_AnnualReport_2015_En.pdf|work=World Vision Canada|accessdate=29 June 2016|format=PDF|date=2015|archivedate=6 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606203714/http://sites.worldvision.ca/annualreport/downloads/WVC_AnnualReport_2015_En.pdf}}</ref> Na 2016, World Vision Canada were 455 ọrụ oge niile na ndị ọrụ 28 nwa oge. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Richard Yerema|title=World Vision Canada|url=http://content.eluta.ca/top-employer-world-vision-canada|work=Eluta|accessdate=29 June 2016|date=November 8, 2015}}</ref> == Ndị nnọchi anya ndị ama ama == Mmemme onye nnọchi anya onye ama ama na-emekọrịta ihe na ndị ama ama dị iche iche iji luso ịda ogbenye ọgụ na imeziwanye ndụ ụmụaka gburugburu ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrity Ambassador Program|url=http://www.worldvision.ca/aboutus/celebrity_ambassador_program/Pages/default.aspx|work=World Vision Canada|accessdate=29 June 2016|archivedate=31 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731165728/http://www.worldvision.ca/aboutus/celebrity_ambassador_program/Pages/default.aspx}}</ref> Na 2016 Meghan Markle ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya ụwa maka World Vision Canada. Markle gara [[Rwanda]] na February 2016 maka mgbasa ozi mmiri dị ọcha nke World Vision Canada. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Watkins|first=Janelle|title=Meghan Markle 'Suits' Up for Success|url=http://www.ebony.com/entertainment-culture/meghan-markle-suits-interview#axzz4BCuT5D3L|accessdate=29 June 2016|date=February 29, 2016}}</ref> == Onye mmekọ ama ama == * Jann Arden <ref>{{Cite web|title=Biography|url=http://www.jannarden.com/biography/|work=Jann Arden|accessdate=29 June 2016|archivedate=23 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323030632/http://www.jannarden.com/biography/}}</ref> * Rick Campanelli <ref>{{Cite news|title=Rick Campanelli: Inside his life-changing trip to Cambodia|url=http://ca.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/0201404256805/rick-campanelli-inside-his-life-changing-trip-to-cambodia/|accessdate=29 June 2016|date=April 25, 2014}}</ref> * Tom Cochrane <ref>{{Cite news|author=Levitz|first=Stephanie|title=Refugee children, programs at risk as fundraising dollars run low: musician Tom Cochrane|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/world-refugee-day-cochrane-trudeau-1.3643179|accessdate=29 June 2016|date=June 20, 2016}}</ref> * Mike Fisher <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fisher Sees Poverty First Hand|url=http://mikefisher.ca/news/44/|work=Mike Fisher|accessdate=29 June 2016|date=October 17, 2009|archivedate=8 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808174711/http://mikefisher.ca/news/44/}}</ref> * Ọkụ <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bliss|first=Karen|title=Singer Lights Sheds Light On Two Charities|url=http://www.samaritanmag.com/844/singer-lights-sheds-light-two-charities|accessdate=29 June 2016|date=September 25, 2011}}</ref> * Meghan Markle <ref>{{Cite web|title=Event hosted by Suits star Meghan Markle brings clean water to children|url=https://www.worldvision.ca/about-us/media-centre/meghan-markle-brings-clean-water-to-children|work=World Vision|accessdate=November 14, 2017|date=24 March 2016}}</ref> * Colin Mochrie <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ouzounian|first=Richard|title=Colin Mochrie on his first book, Not Quite the Classics|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/stage/2013/10/25/colin_mochrie_on_his_first_book_not_quite_the_classics.html|accessdate=29 June 2016|date=October 25, 2013}}</ref> * Ụmụnna Scott <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/joan-kelley-weisshaar-walker/property-brothers-charity_b_6160910.html|title=How the Property Brothers Use Their Fame to Help the World's Poorest|date=2014-11-16|work=HuffPost Canada|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-16}}</ref> * Alex Trebek <ref>{{Cite news|author=Reevely|first=David|title=Alex Trebek gets a key to Ottawa, and to Jim Watson's heart|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/reevely-alex-trebek-gets-a-key-to-ottawa-and-to-jim-watsons-heart|accessdate=29 June 2016|date=April 29, 2016}}</ref> == Edensibia == achọ ka ụlọ ọrụ na-azụ ahịa na Canada na-akọ kwa afọ maka usoro ha na-eme iji hụ na ụlọ ọrụ ha si mba ofesi adịghị eji ọrụ ụmụaka na-emepụta ngwaahịa ndị e zubere maka ahịaachọ ka ụlọ ọrụ na-azụ ahịa na Canada na-akọ kwa afọ maka usoro ha na-eme iji hụ na ụlọ ọrụ ha si mba ofesi adịghị eji ọrụ ụmụaka na-emepụta ngwaahịa ndị e zubere maka ahịa{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website {{World Vision International}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fy7mkscbggv3jmznh1r6m8t20cah23r 0 41404 697407 207735 2026-08-09T06:04:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Àgwà Ọdịmma: Olee otú steeti uru si emetụta mmadụ''''' bụ akwụkwọ 2015 nke Adam Perkins, Onye nkuzi na Neurobiology of Personality na King's College London . <ref name="Kings">{{Cite web|url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/adam-perkins(b85ef470-731c-40be-b7f9-2279579d5465).html|title=Adam Perkins - Research Portal, King's College, London|accessdate=2024-04-10|archivedate=2019-09-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923120153/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/adam-perkins(b85ef470-731c-40be-b7f9-2279579d5465).html}}</ref> Perkins na-ekwu na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwere ọchịchọ ime ihe ike, imebi iwu na enweghị mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-anọchi anya n'etiti ndị nnata ọdịmma ogologo oge. Ọ na-akpọ nke a "profaịlụ njirimara na-eguzogide ọrụ" wee chọpụta na ọ bụ ihe nketa. <ref name="Spectator">{{Cite news|author=Young|first=Toby|title=Tell the truth about benefit claimants and the left shuts you down|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/01/tell-the-truth-about-benefit-claimants-and-the-left-shuts-you-down/|accessdate=18 January 2016|publisher=The Spectator}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ahụ nwere arụmụka. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/worklessness-is-not-a-trait-why-blaming-and-shaming-is-not-a-solution/|title=Worklessness is not a trait: Why blaming and shaming is not a solution|work=British Politics and Policy at Lse|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> Na mbụ ọ dọtaghị mmasị dị nta, ebe akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Nature'' jụrụ inyocha ya. <ref name="Spectator"/> N'afọ 2016, a kagburu okwu Perkins n'ihi egwu ọgbaghara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/12163821/LSE-talk-on-welfare-postponed-over-fears-it-would-offend-students.html|title=LSE talk on welfare postponed over fears of disruption|date=18 February 2016}}</ref> Perkins mechara dee "Enweghị m-platformed site na ụmụ akwụkwọ 'radicals' maka ikwu eziokwu banyere ọdịmma". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/12171532/I-was-no-platformed-student-radicals-for-telling-the-truth-about-welfare.html|title=I was no-platformed by student 'radicals' for telling the truth about welfare|date=24 February 2016}}</ref> N'afọ ahụ, Perkins na nzuzo nyere ihe ngosi na akwụkwọ ahụ na London Conference on Intelligence . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Merwe|first=Ben van der|title=It might be a pseudo science, but students take the threat of eugenics seriously|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2018/02/it-might-be-pseudo-science-students-take-threat-eugenics-seriously|accessdate=4 September 2022|work=New Statesman|date=9 June 2021}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ Adam Smith kwadoro akwụkwọ "nkwuwa okwu kwesịrị otuto", <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/miscellaneous/a-review-of-adam-perkinss-the-welfare-trait/|title=A Review of Adam Perkins's 'The Welfare Trait' «|work=www.adamsmith.org|accessdate=13 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116043121/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/miscellaneous/a-review-of-adam-perkinss-the-welfare-trait/|archivedate=16 January 2016}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, a katọrọ arụmụka ahụ na ''The Guardian'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/mar/09/adam-perkins-welfare-dependency-can-be-bred-out|title=Adam Perkins: 'Welfare dependency can be bred out' &#124; Dawn Foster|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=9 March 2016}}</ref> Nyocha 2017 na ''British Journal of Psychiatry'' dere "ọ bụ eziokwu na enwere ezigbo ihe akaebe maka nnyefe nke àgwà adịghị arụ ọrụ site na epigenetic n'ọgbọ." <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.116.187757|title=The Welfare Trait: How State Benefits Affect Personality by Adam Perkins. Palgrave Macmillan. 2016. £20.00 (Pb). 201 pp. ISBN 9781137555281|year=2017|author=Adshead|first=Gwen|journal=British Journal of Psychiatry|volume=210|issue=4}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, mmezi nke otu n'ime akwụkwọ Perkins dị n'okpuru akwụkwọ ahụ chọpụtara njehie asaa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/business-and-finance/2018/05/how-welfare-trap-research-championed-toby-young-crumbled-under|title=How the "welfare trap" research championed by Toby Young crumbled under scrutiny|date=9 June 2021}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 3nfaemnumntqbubefgtkkfio7jz8p9h 0 41509 697368 159339 2026-08-08T20:50:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697368 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ọnwụ Irish bụ akwụkwọ Diarmaid Ferriter na Colm Tóibin dere.  Akwụkwọ a dị na atọ, nke mbụ n'ime ya bụ Tóibín dere ma bipụta ya na 1999. Mpịakọta nke abụọ, nke Ferriter dere, bụ The Capricious Growth of a Single Root ma tinye ya na 2001. <ref>Ferriter, Diarmaid and Tóibín, Colm. ''The Irish Famine'' Profile Books Ltd. London, 2001. p. iv</ref> == Mpịakọta nke Mbụ == <ref name="an gorta mor">Deignan, Tom. ''‘An Gorta Mór’: The Great Hunger''. America Magazine. Volume 187 No. 12. 12 October 2002</ref>Mpakọta nke mbụ nke ọnyà Irish na- ndị otú ndị Irish (ndị edemede, ndị ọkọ ihe mere eme, ndị ọrụ ike) siriruo ọrụ nke nchọpụta na achọpụtara oke ụnwụ ahụ.  Tóibín dere olu ya na ụgwọ, maka ndị Irish-America ;  ọ na-akatọkwa otu esi ụzọ oke ụnwụ nri n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ America.  [1] Ọ na-ekwu na ndị America "ra n'asụsụ dị uche, nhota nhọrọ na okwu egbochire bekee" na "[Ndị America] na-ekwusi ike, n'agbanyeghị ihe àmà niile kwesiri ya, na Ireland bụ́ bụrụ eze ụgha.  onye na-ebupụ ihe oriri n'oge ụnwụ nri." == Mpịakọta nke Abụọ == Mpempe akwụkwọ nke abụọ nke ọhụhụ Irish bụ nhọrọ nke akwụkwọ nke Ferriter nchọpụta nke mgbaàmà nke ọhụhụ na mberede ya.  Akwụkwọ: Akwụkwọ ndị omeiwu Britain;  Akwụkwọ sitere na National Archives nke Ireland;  Akwụkwọ akwụkwọ;  Akwụkwọ Ụnwụ Ndị Enyi ;  ụdị sitere na kọmitii isi dị iche iche;  akwụkwọ ozi akwụkwọ Prendergast;  ọnụ ọgụgụ sitere na Office of Public Works n'oge 1845–1850;  ndị sitere na ndị ọrụ obodo;  nwanne onwe onye sitere n'aka ndị isi agharechi;  sitere sitere na Constabulary Irish;  na akwụkwọ ozi onwe nke Richard Dowden, onye bụbu Mayor nke Cork, Lord Lieutenant, Duke nke Leinster, Lord Cloncurry, Robert Peel, Charles Trevelyan, na John Russell, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. == Nzaghachi dị egwu == <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.readireland.ie/booknews/booknews6/issue169.html |title=''Read Ireland Book Review''. Issue 169 |accessdate=2024-04-11 |archivedate=2012-12-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218132232/http://www.readireland.ie/booknews/booknews6/issue169.html }}</ref>Nyochaa olu Ferriter adịla mma;  América nkata isiakpa nke Ferriter chị achị "na-achịkọta ma na-ahụ."  [1] Ferriter n'onwe ya, Otú ọ dị, kwuru na "Ihe ndị a ... na-eme ihe ọ ALA iji dozie nsogbu [Ụnwụ]; kama, ha na-esobe usoro ya na ụgbọ anya."  [1] Ụnwụ Irish, n'ozuzu ya, a nabatakwara nke ọma;  fim Ireland ya dị ka "akụkụ iche [nke] na-emepe ụzọ maka igbochi na nke miri emi oké egwu Irish." == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.newstatesman.com/200105210050 New Statesman nyochaa] * [http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=8082 Nyochaa Socialist] * [http://www.eiu.edu/~historia/2006/Henderson2006.pdf. Nyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Mahadum Eastern Illinois] pdf * [http://www.spectator.co.uk/archive/books/19536/---and-famine-and-hatred.thtml Nyocha nke Spectator] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040803232716/http://www.americamagazine.org/BookReview.cfm?textID=2548&articletypeid=31&issueID=408 Nyochaa magazin America] * [http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA216950.html?q=Diarmaid+Ferriter Nyocha kwa izu nke ndị mbipụta akwụkwọ (obere)] * [http://www.emigrant.ie/files/indexfile.asp?id=236 Nyochaa Bookview Ireland] {{DEFAULTSORT:Irish Famine, The}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] 5xs1d0bkyscnzzmaw380jeswvuwgly6 0 42477 697409 696861 2026-08-09T06:51:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697409 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="Oxford">{{Cite book|editor=Bebbington|title=The Oxford companion to Australian music|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195534320|pages=68, 501|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCAKAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Salvation+Army%22|accessdate=23 February 2019}}</ref>Ndị otu ndị agha Salvation nwere ogologo ihe mere eme n'Australia, [1] [2] nke izizi hibere na 1881 na Adelaide, South Australia .  [3] Ka ọ na-erule ọrụ 1990s, Australia nwere ndị otu ndị agadi 200 na ndị otu Salvation Army junior 130 == Otu egwu == Ndị a bụ Salvation Army Bands dabere na Australia: {| class="wikitable" !Band !Founded !Current Bandmaster |- |Adelaide Congress Hall Band | |Rod Carger |- |Albury Corps Band of The Salvation Army |- |Armidale Corps Band of The Salvation Army | | |- |Belmore Band of The Salvation Army<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://my.salvos.org.au/about-us/contact-us/find-the-salvos-near-you/place/eskc/|title=Belmore Corps|work=Salvos.org.au|accessdate=20 November 2016|archivedate=22 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322132539/http://my.salvos.org.au/about-us/contact-us/find-the-salvos-near-you/place/eskc/}}</ref> | |Joshua Kim |- |Blacktown Band of The Salvation Army | |Doug Hardy |- |Brisbane City Temple Band of The Salvation Army<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://salvos.org.au/brisbanecitytemple/ministries/music/brisbane-city-temple-band/|title=Brisbane City Temple Band » salvos.org.au/Brisbanecitytemple/|work=salvos.org.au|accessdate=17 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519133606/http://salvos.org.au/brisbanecitytemple/ministries/music/brisbane-city-temple-band/|archivedate=19 May 2009}}</ref> |1885 |Tim Green |- |Bundamba Band of The Salvation Army | |Gary Rule |- |Campsie Brass Band of The Salvation Army<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://salvos.org.au/campsie/ministries/musical-sections/campsie-band/|title=Campsie Band " salvos.org.au/campsie/|work=Salvos.org.au|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> |1912<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://salvos.org.au/campsie/about-us/history/|title=History|work=Salvos.org.au|date=21 June 1912|accessdate=20 November 2016|archivedate=21 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121104319/https://salvos.org.au/campsie/about-us/history/}}</ref> |Glendon Hanna |- |Capricorn Region Brass Band of The Salvation Army | |Gavin Ivers |- |Carindale Brass Band of The Salvation Army<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://salvos.org.au/cmg/whats-on/carina-mt-gravatt-band/|title=The Salvation Army Carindale|work=Salvos.org.au|date=27 October 2016|accessdate=20 November 2016|archivedate=25 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325012924/http://salvos.org.au/cmg/whats-on/carina-mt-gravatt-band/}}</ref> | |Jared Proellocks |- |[[Chatswood Citadel Band]] of The Salvation Army<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://salvos.org.au/contact/find-a-church/|title=Find A Church Near You|first=The Salvation Army Australia Eastern Territory|author=THQ|work=Salvos.org.au|accessdate=20 November 2016|archivedate=25 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325193405/http://salvos.org.au/contact/find-a-church/}}</ref> | |Allan Snitch |- |[[Dulwich Hill Temple Band]] of The Salvation Army |1887<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salvoaudio.com/bands/dulwich_hill_temple1_band.htm|title=Salvo Audio – Dulwich Hill Temple Band_From the Hill|work=Salvos.org.au|accessdate=20 November 2016|archivedate=1 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401001104/http://salvoaudio.com/bands/dulwich_hill_temple1_band.htm}}</ref> | |- |Fassifern Corps Band of The Salvation Army | | |- |Gold Coast Temple Band of The Salvation Army<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://salvos.org.au/goldcoast/ministries/brass-band/bandmaster/|title=Site is currently Offline|work=Salvos.org.au|accessdate=20 November 2016|archivedate=21 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121104548/https://salvos.org.au/goldcoast/ministries/brass-band/bandmaster/}}</ref> | |Jonathan McCorriston |- |[[Gosford Corps of The Salvation Army]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://salvos.org.au/gosford/|title=The Salvation Army – Gosford Corps|first=The Salvation Army Australia Eastern Territory|author=THQ|work=Salvos.org.au|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> | |Stan Webster |- |Grafton Band of The Salvation Army | |Rod Hill |- |Grafton Just Brass | |Garrett Salter |- |Gympie Corps Band of The Salvation Army | | |- |Hurstville Citadel Band of The Salvation Army |1900<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://salvos.org.au/hurstville/our-history/the-salvos-in-hurstville/the-band/|title=The Band|work=Salvos.org.au|accessdate=20 November 2016|archivedate=23 December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223223052/http://salvos.org.au/hurstville/our-history/the-salvos-in-hurstville/the-band/}}</ref> |Steven Reay |- |Illawarra Seniors Band | |Graeme Packer |- |Locker Valley Corps Band of The Salvation Army | | |- |Maitland City Corps Band of The Salvation Army | |David Walz |- |Maryborough Corps Band of The Salvation Army | | |- |Melbourne Staff Band of The Salvation Army<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/msb/|title=Melbourne Staff Band|publisher=The Salvation Army|date=|accessdate=2016-11-20}}</ref> |1890<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/msb/history.asp|title=Melbourne Staff Band|publisher=The Salvation Army|date=|accessdate=2016-11-20|archivedate=2012-08-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825233354/http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/msb/history.asp}}</ref> |Ken Waterworth<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/msb/kwaterworth.asp|title=Melbourne Staff Band|publisher=The Salvation Army|date=|accessdate=2016-11-20|archivedate=2009-10-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008104837/http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/msb/kwaterworth.asp}}</ref> |- |Melbourne Veterans Band of The Salvation Army |1982<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/music/veterans-band.html|title=Veterans Band|work=www.salvationarmy.org.au|accessdate=17 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024001134/http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/music/veterans-band.html|archivedate=24 October 2010}}</ref> |Noel Jones<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/music/veterans-band/band-members-and-executives/band-master/noel-jones.html|title=Noel Jones|work=www.salvationarmy.org.au|accessdate=17 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717032305/http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/music/veterans-band/band-members-and-executives/band-master/noel-jones.html|archivedate=17 July 2011}}</ref> |- |Nambour Citadel Band of The Salvation Army | |Matt Seaman |- |Nambour Just Brass | |Matt Seaman |- |Newcastle Citadel Band of The Salvation Army | | |- |Orange Corps Band of The Salvation Army | | |- |Orange Just Brass | | |- |Parramatta Citadel Band of The Salvation Army<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salvoaudio.com/bands/parramatta.htm|title=Parramatta Salvation Army Band|publisher=Salvo Audio|accessdate=20 November 2016|archivedate=3 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203848/http://www.salvoaudio.com/bands/parramatta.htm}}</ref> | |Glen Kuiper |- |Parramatta Citadel Young People's Band of The Salvation Army | |Major Colin Young |- |Pine Rivers Band of The Salvation Army | |Gordon |- |Port Macquarie Band of The Salvation Army | |Jim Gebhardt |- |Queensland Divisional Fellowship Band<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salvosfellowshipbandbrisbane.org.au/|title=Home|work=salvosfellowshipbandbrisbane.org.au|accessdate=2024-04-14|archivedate=2022-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302130512/https://salvosfellowshipbandbrisbane.org.au/}}</ref> | |David Wilson |- |Redcliffe City Band of The Salvation Army | |Lt Col Brian Hood |- |Redcliffe City Just Brass | |Myra Janiczak |- |Springwood Corp Band of The Salvation Army | |Ryan Greenaway |- |Stafford Corps Band of The Salvation Army | |Cameron Rablin |- |Sydney Salvation Brass | |Doug Hardy |- |Sydney Congress Hall Band of The Salvation Army<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salvoaudio.com/bands/congress_hall_sydney_band.htm|title=Congress Hall Band|publisher=Salvo Audio|accessdate=20 November 2016|archivedate=8 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208130838/http://www.salvoaudio.com/bands/congress_hall_sydney_band.htm}}</ref> |1882<ref name="salvos1">{{Cite web|url=http://salvos.org.au/congresshall/about-us/brass-band/|title=Brass Band|work=Salvos.org.au|accessdate=20 November 2016|archivedate=21 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121104512/https://salvos.org.au/congresshall/about-us/brass-band/}}</ref> |Not Applicable since June 2017 |- |Sydney Congress Hall Auxiliary Band<ref name="salvos1" /> |1932 |Not Applicable - non-existent |- |Sydney Veterans Band of The Salvation Army<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salvoaudio.com/bands/veterans.htm|title=The Veterans Band|publisher=Salvo Audio|accessdate=20 November 2016|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031834/http://www.salvoaudio.com/bands/veterans.htm}}</ref> |1987 |Barrie Gott |- |Sydney Youth Band of The Salvation Army<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salvoaudio.com/video/sydyouth_video.htm|title=Salvo Audio -The Sydney Youth Band of the Salvation Army|work=www.salvoaudio.com|accessdate=17 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130052213/http://www.salvoaudio.com/video/sydyouth_video.htm|archivedate=30 November 2007}}</ref> |2001 |Captain Peter Gott |- |Tuggeranong Band of The Salvation Army<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://salvos.org.au/tuggeranong/tag/band/|title=Tag: band|work=Salvos.org.au|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> | |Bruce Edwards |- |Tuggeranong Young People's Band of The Salvation Army | |Curtis Valtonen |- |Taree Corps Band of The Salvation Army | |Kevin Cause |- |Taree Junior Band of The Salvation Army | |Kevin Cause |- |Warwick Corps Band of The Salvation Army | |Adam Cole |- |Wollongong Citadel Band of The Salvation Army<ref name="salvos2">{{Cite web|url=http://salvos.org.au/wollongong/weekly-calendar/|title=Site is currently Offline|work=Salvos.org.au|accessdate=20 November 2016|archivedate=21 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121104353/https://salvos.org.au/wollongong/weekly-calendar/}}</ref> | |Joe McIver |- |Wollongong Citadel Young People's Band of The Salvation Army<ref name="salvos2" /> | |Jason Follett |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] hl1gqzioyqzown1vdo6iowou3jey8bg 0 42902 697408 162190 2026-08-09T06:38:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups''' (ma ọ bụ '''ICBG''' ) bụ mmemme n'okpuru National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation na USAID guzobere na 1993 iji kwalite nyocha imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti mahadum America na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na mba ndị na-ebufe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa pụrụ iche n'ụdị ụdị [[Biodiversity|dị iche iche]] - omume. mara dị ka bioprospecting . Ebumnuche bụ isi nke mmemme a bụ iji rite uru ma obodo ndị ọbịa na obodo sayensị zuru ụwa ọnụ site n'ịchọpụta na nyocha ohere maka ngwọta ọhụrụ maka nsogbu ahụike mmadụ dabere na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-adịbeghị anya. Ya mere, ọ na-achọ ichekwa ụdị ndụ dị iche iche, na ịkwalite, ịkwado na ịkwado omume na-adigide nke ojiji nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. Otu onye isi nyocha bụ onye na-ahazi mbọ nyocha nke na-enwekarị alaka na US na mba ndị ọbịa yana na mba nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Enwere otu International Cooperative Biodiversity dị ugbu a na-arụ ọrụ na Latin America, [[Afrịka|Africa]], [[Asia]] na Papua-New Guinea . <ref>Francesca Grifo, Joshua Rosenthal. 1997. Biodiversity and Human Health. Island Press pp. 282 - 300</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icbg.org/|title=Home|work=icbg.org|accessdate=2024-04-15|archivedate=2012-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102000049/http://www.icbg.org/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wlbcenter.org/icbg.htm|title=William L. Brown Center}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chem.ucsc.edu/~rogerl/ICBG/index.html|title=Panama ICBG Program - Home|accessdate=2012-05-01|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120724193455/http://www.chem.ucsc.edu/~rogerl/ICBG/index.html|archivedate=2012-07-24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uic.edu/pharmacy/depts/ICBG/index.php|title=College of Pharmacy - Chicago &#124; Rockford &#124; University of Illinois Chicago}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://icbg.org/pub/groups.php|title=ICBG Groups|accessdate=2012-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031085953/http://icbg.org/pub/groups.php|archivedate=2012-10-31}}</ref> Ndị Maya ICBG, otu nke raara onwe ya nye ịnakọta ihe ọmụma ethnobiological nke ndị Maya nke Chiapas, [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] nke Dr. Brent Berlin na-eduzi mechiri na 2001 mgbe afọ abụọ nke ego gasịrị mgbe ebubo ebubo na ha enwetaghị nkwenye mbụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Feinholz-Klip, Dafna|editor=[[Rachel Wynberg|Wynberg, Rachel]]|chapter=The Limitations of Good Intent: Problems of Representation and Informed Consent in the Maya ICBG Project in Chiapas, Mexico|title=Indigenous Peoples, Consent and Benefit Sharing|year=2009|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-90-481-3123-5|pages=315–331|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-3123-5_17}} </ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Hayden, Cori|year=2003|title=When Nature Goes Public: The Making and Unmaking of Bioprospecting in Mexico|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=100–105}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=James V. Lavery|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|chapter=Case 1: Community Involvement in Biodiversity Prospecting in Mexico|title=Ethical Issues in International Biomedical Research: A Casebook|pages=21–42}}</ref> == Edensibia == iche iche, na ịkwalite, ịkwado na ịkwado omume na-adigide nke ojiji nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. Otu onye isi nyocha bụ onye na-ahazi mbọ nyocha nke na-enwekarị alaka na US na{{Reflist}} 0visvmyj45okwpmbx0efbk1zsjez0x9 0 43377 697398 624090 2026-08-09T04:14:40Z CommonsDelinker 87 Removing [[:c:File:Mushroom_structure.jpg|Mushroom_structure.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Mushroom structure.jpg|]]. 697398 wikitext text/x-wiki Canstruction bụ United States 501(c) (3) ngwa akwụkwọ na-enye nri mkpọ n'ihe akụ nri mpaghara n'obodo ndị na-eme na-eche Canstruction.  [1] Canstruction bụ ohu ọrụ mba ụwa ebe ndị na-ese ụlọ ụlọ, ndị injinia, ndị ọrụ ngo na ụmụ akwụkwọ ha na-adụ ọdụ, na-awụ mpi imewe na wuo nnukwu ihe owuwu emere kpamkpam site na mkpọ nri zuru  oke.  Na anya a, a na-enye nri niile n'ihe akụ nri mpaghara ebe a na-eme nche.  [2] Cheri Melillo ntọala ntọala Canstruction na [3] ma ebulitela nde pound nri maka ụlọ akụ nri n'obodo ndị na-esi n'ofe ụwa.  [4] N'ihe ụmụaka obodo 170 [3] na ihe ndị ọrụ afọ 30,000 na-ekere òkè na elele Canstruction, Canstruction etoola ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ihe oriri ፊል ፊል maka ụlọ akụ nri n'ụwa. <ref name="odysseyofthemind1">{{Cite news|date=May 31, 2009|title=Canstruction Honored with Creativity Award|pages=1|work=Omer's World News|url=https://www.odysseyofthemind.com/wf2009/omer_news_issue_5.pdf}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == <ref name="sdanyc38">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sdanyc.org/index.php/publisher/articleview/frmArticleID/38/|title=Society for Design Administration :: Cheri Melillo|publisher=Sdanyc.org|date=|accessdate=2010-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218140649/http://sdanyc.org/index.php/publisher/articleview/frmArticleID/38|archivedate=February 18, 2010}}</ref>Na 1992, Cheri Melillo, onye okike na onye nchịkọta nke New York Chapter's na-enweta ihe nrite "SkyLines" na National Public Relations Chair for Society for Design Administration (SDA) na New York, hiwere SDA's Lunch-Time Tours and Administrative Round  .  mkpa Tebụl.  [1] N'oge ya dị ka SDA's National Public Relations oche o ibu Canstruction dị ka ụzọ isi mee ka imewe na ihe owuwu obodo ọnụ iji sonye n'ahọpụta enyi na enyi ma na-enyeghachi obodo.  [1] Cheri jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche na onye isi ọrụ afụ afụ 17 tupu ọ malite na Disemba 2009 nke ọrịa kansa ụkwụ.  [1] 'Ụbọchị Cheri na Canstruction nyere ọtụtụ egwu ugwu.  Emere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu nọmba nke American Institute of Architects maka ọrụ ya na-arụ, ike na-egosi Canstruction na 2000;  na 2009 ọ nakweere "The Creativity of the Mind Award from" The Odyssey of the Mind" nakwa dị ka a Public Service Award si BOMA (Building Owners and Managers Association) na 2007. Na 2009 ọ bụ onye ụlọ na City Harvest Practical Magic Ball.  na New York City; N'afọ ndị mbụ, The Food Bank of New York City na Society for Marketing Professional Services kwanyere ugwu;  City Harvest, onye ga-erite uru na nri nri New York Canstruction maka afọ ole na ole gara aga, ihe Cheri maka Nrite Onwe New York Post na ngalaba mmezu ndụ == Asọmpi == === Iwu na ntuziaka === [[Usòrò:Structural_ingenuity.jpg|alt=2010 can structure.|thumb| "CANversion- abụọ-isi" nwere ike ike site na ide Canstruction 2010 na Calgary, Canada, na-onye ikike nhazi.]] <ref name="Corridor Canstruction Rules and FAQ">Corridor Canstruction Rules and FAQ</ref>na-ese ụlọ ụlọ, ndị injinia, ndị na-ahụ ihe ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa, ma ọ bụ site na ọrụ n'ụtụ ndị na-aṣọmpi na ụlọ ọrụ ha ma ọ bụ site n  'ịdị na iduga otu ụmụ akwụkwọ, azụmahịa obodo, ihe ma ọ bụ òtù obodo.  [1] Asọmpi na-ekewa ma ọ rọ ala kilomita 50 na ese ọ elelu ntoju ị gbadorosi ike maka nke iri ma ọ bụ akụkụ.  [2] Otu ọla bụ ọrụ zuru oke maka ị nri mkpọ a ga-eji mee ihe maka nhazi ahụ.  [2] mmadụ 5 ka a na-ahapụ ka ha wuo ihe owuwu ahụ.  [2] Enwere ike inwe otu onye ọzọ na-enyere aka n'ịkụ ọkpọ ọkpọ.  Enwere ike ịgbanye ndị otu otu n'oge usoro ụlọ.  E iwu iwu owuwu a n'ime oge nke ndị nhazi mpaghara, mana ọ bugun agafe otu ụbọchị 12 ruo 16. [2] Enwere ike iji obere ihe na-azụ mkpọ na nri igbe.  [3] Mkpọ ga-ejurị, chọpụtaghị ya na akara ndị emebi emebi;  akara ike ahụkwere mkpọ na- akara akara n'iche akụ nri === Asọmpi mpaghara === Otu ndị injinia, ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, ndị na-emepụta ihe na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọkachamara a na-eduzi, na-asọ mpi imewe ma wuo nnukwu ihe owuwu emere kpamkpam site na mkpọ nri zuru oke n'obodo obodo ha. Onye isi oche obodo na-ahọpụta ndị otu ọgbakọ ndị ọka ikpe a na-akwanyere ùgwù ma na-enye onyinye maka ụdị dị iche iche, gụnyere ọkacha mmasị Jurors, Kachasị Mma nke Labels, Nri kacha mma, ọgụgụ isi n'ụdị na aha aha/nhọrọ ndị mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing-advertising/marketing-techniques-sponsorship/6133344-1.html|title=Twenty-Two Boston-Based Architecture and Design Firms to Participate in the 6th Annual CANSTRUCTION Project to Benefit The Greater Boston Food Bank. &#124; North America > United States from|publisher=AllBusiness.com|date=|accessdate=2010-07-20}}</ref> Nkwado na nkwado nkwado maka asọmpi a dịgasị iche iche na mpaghara. <ref name="cincinnati">{{Cite web|author=Contributed By: Lauren Boettcher|url=http://local.cincinnati.com/share/news/story.aspx?sid=145059&cid=100161|title=Cincinnati Canstruction Exhibit Expands to Three Downtown Locations - Share Story|publisher=Local.cincinnati.com|date=2009-03-18|accessdate=2010-07-20|archivedate=2011-07-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708154312/http://local.cincinnati.com/share/news/story.aspx?sid=145059&cid=100161}}</ref> Mgbe ahọpụtachara ihe nrite ndị a, ndị meriri na-aga n'ihu ịsọ mpi n'ụdị ha na mba ụwa site n'itinye foto n'aka otu ndị juro nke mba. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Designed by True North, Developed by Biznetix, hosted by Layer 8|url=http://www.buckprop.com/news.asp?action=view&ID=12|title=News|publisher=Buckprop.com|date=|accessdate=2010-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806011111/http://www.buckprop.com/news.asp?action=view&ID=12|archivedate=2010-08-06}}</ref> A na-egosipụta ihe owuwu mpaghara ahụ nye ọha mmadụ ihe ruru otu izu n'ihe ngosi dị iche iche. A na-agba ndị ọbịa na saịtị ihe ngosi ume inye onyinye mkpọ dị mma ma ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị emebi emebi dị ka ọnụ ahịa nke "mbanye." A ga-ebuga nri niile a na-eji ihe ọkpụkpụ, yana ihe ndị ọha na-enye onyinye, n'ụlọ akụ nri obodo na nso nso ihe ngosi ahụ. <ref name="cincinnati" /> === Asọmpi mba ụwa === Asọmpi Canstruction International Kwa Afọ a na-eme na Mee na-enye ohere karịa obodo 135 na United States, Canada, Australia, Hong Kong na South America ịsọ mpi maka aha mba ụwa n'ụdị nke ha. <ref name="odysseyofthemind1" /> Nkeji a gụnyere ọkacha mmasị ndị jurors, iji akara kacha mma, nri kacha mma, ọgụgụ isi ụlọ, aha nsọpụrụ na ọtụtụ mkpọ. A na-enwe Mgbakọ asọmpi Canstruction mba ụwa n'obodo dị iche iche kwa afọ. Na 2010, e mere asọmpi Canstruction nke mba ụwa nke iri na anọ na Las Vegas, Nevada. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.architecture.uwaterloo.ca/news+events/events/events.html|title=WA - Architecture Cambridge|publisher=Architecture.uwaterloo.ca|date=|accessdate=2010-07-20}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == === Akwụkwọ Guinness nke ndekọ ụwa === Na Jenụwarị 2010, Disney jikọtara ya na Canstruction iji wuo usoro nri mkpọ kacha ukwuu na akụkọ ntolite. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://conservation.wdwpublicaffairs.com/ContentDrillDownPrintable.aspx?DisplayItem=05b20b8c-208f-4960-b187-af19a56b68f3|title=Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722034903/http://conservation.wdwpublicaffairs.com/ContentDrillDownPrintable.aspx?DisplayItem=05b20b8c-208f-4960-b187-af19a56b68f3|archivedate=2011-07-22}}</ref> Ewubere ihe owuwu a na Walt Disney World Resort na Lake Buena Vista, Florida, US, wee mebie ihe ndekọ Guinness World Record na February 11, 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_Largest-canned-food-structure-/VIDEO/958528/7691.html|title=Largest canned food structure - United States, Guinness World Records Video|accessdate=2010-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521172603/http://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_Largest-canned-food-structure-/video/958528/7691.html|archivedate=2010-05-21}}</ref> Ihe omume a bụ akụkụ nke mmemme mgbasa ozi Disney "Celebrate Family Volunteers" na nkwalite Disney "Nye ụbọchị, nweta ụbọchị Disney" ejiri kpalie otu nde mmadụ inye onwe ha otu ụbọchị ọrụ n'ime obodo ha. <ref name="Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund">Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund</ref> Ihe owuwu ahụ nwere mkpọ 115,527 ma mgbe a gbasasịrị, a na-ezigara mkpọ nri ahụ n'ụlọ akụ nri na Central Florida, Miami na Atlanta. <ref name="Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund" /> [[Usòrò:Canstruction_and_disney.JPG|alt=Guinness world-record for the largest canned-food structure.|center|thumb| Disney jikọtara ya na Canstruction iji mebie ihe ndekọ Guinness World-Record maka usoro nri mkpọ kachasị ukwuu. A na-eji mkpọ 115,000, nke zuru ezu iji nye ndị nọ ná mkpa nri 70,000.]] == Hụkwa == == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} iuikhcbytl7qvjoktuljto4tyv2dlth 0 44487 697395 577719 2026-08-09T03:50:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697395 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:Yacine Elgo Elghorri 3.jpg|thumb|Yacine Elghorri]] '''Yacine Elghorri''', onye a na-akpọkwa '''Elgo''', bụ onye [[France]] na-ese ihe osise, onye na-ese akụkọ, onye na'ese echiche na onye na-eme akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na United Steeti na ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri dịka Matt Groening's Futurama, Titan AE, Evolushọn nke Ivan Reitman duziri, Fantastic Four: Ndị dike ụwa kasị nu, ''Time Jam: Valerian &amp;amp; Laureline'' na Thru the Moebius Strip . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0253387/|title=Yacine Elghorri|work=IMDb|accessdate=2020-04-29}}</ref>O nyekwara aka na magazin akụkọ sayensị na-atọ ọchị ígwè dị arụ. == Ọrụ == A mụrụ Elgo na Paris, Fransi. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe nkiri Gobelins iji mụọ ihe nkiri animation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bdtheque.com/interviews/63/yacine-elghorri|title=Interview de Yacine Elghorri|work=www.bdtheque.com|accessdate=2020-04-29}}</ref> Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nwere aha mba ụwa, na-emepụta ọtụtụ ndị nwere nkà na ndị otu ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe nkiri n'ụwa goro. N'ilekwasị anya na nka na imewe, Elgo rụrụ ọrụ na usoro telivishọn ole na ole (''Flash Gordon'', Nchọputa ọhụrụ nke Lucky Luke, ''W.I.T.C.H.'', Xyber 9: New Dawn), ma na-ese ihe ọchị maka magazin Frenchi dị iche iche. N'afọ 1996 ọ kwagara United Steeti ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri. Ọ gara biri na [[Los Angeles]] ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Rich Animation Studios, Saban Entertainment, Mainframe Studios, Sony Pictures Television, Tippett Studio na 20th Century Fox.<ref name=":1"/> Elgo gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị na-ese akụkọ mkpirikpi maka ''Heavy Metal, IDW Publishing na Marvel Comics. '' Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta echiche na onye na-ese akụkọ n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, usoro telivishọn na mgbasa ozi dịka: Spiders II:ala mmuba, Replicant, Usoro, The Monk, ọrụ a kagburu nke Ringo Lam duziri (nke Jean-Claude Van Damme so), Nwa nwanyi nke eze swan ato:ihe omimi aku aguru dika egwu, ''Titan A.E.''.E, Evolution (ya na onye na [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] na Emmy Award-enweta ihe nkiri Phil Tippett), Nchoputa Jackie Chan Chanse na Futur (E), Valerian & 1) [1]<ref name=":1" /> Ya na onye edemede Jean Dufaux arụkọwokwa ọrụ n'usoro akwụkwọ akụkọ atọ a na-akpọ '''Medina''' nke Le Lombard bipụtara na Fransi, [[Belgium]] na [[Spain]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idiommaster.com/search/en-es?search-term=graphic&translation-contains=serie+de+novelas+gr%C3%A1ficas|title=Translation examples of graphic from english to Spanish|work=www.idiommaster.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-12-14|archivedate=2017-12-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214124943/https://www.idiommaster.com/search/en-es?search-term=graphic&translation-contains=serie+de+novelas+gr%C3%A1ficas}}</ref><ref name=":1"/>Onye na-ese ihe na onye na-emepụta magazin Métal hurlant, Philippe Druillet, dere okwu mbido maka Elgo. A sụgharịrị obere usoro Factory ya n'asụsụ Bekee ma bipụta ya site na Titan Comics. Elgo rịọrọ maka mkpuchi Simon Bisley. Elgo sokwa onye edemede akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị na onye nduzi Alejandro Jodorowsky rụkọọ ọrụ na ọrụ a kwụsịrị nke dabeere na onye Gorgo ruru inyi sitere na usoro The Incal nke Jean Giraud sere na mbụ. A natara ọrụ ahụ ọzọ na 2014 na mpịakọta nke atọ nke usoro After the Incal, nke José Ladrönn sere ma Les Humanoïdes Associés bipụtara. N'afọ 2017, Elgo bụ otu n'ime ndị omenkà 80 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.copronason.com/hm17/|title=HEAVY METAL 40th ANNIVERSARY}}</ref> gosipụtara na Los Angeles site na gallery Copro na Heavy Metal Magazine iji mee emume ncheta afọ 40 nke magazin akụkọ sayensị na Heavy metal 40th Anniversary Art Show. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metallife.com/heavy-metal-magazine-celebrates-40-years-with-heavy-metal-40th-anniversary-art-show/|title=Heavy Metal Magazine celebrates 40 years with Heavy Metal 40th Anniversary Art Show|date=12 July 2017|accessdate=13 May 2024|archivedate=17 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217235822/https://metallife.com/heavy-metal-magazine-celebrates-40-years-with-heavy-metal-40th-anniversary-art-show/}}</ref> Ndị na-ese ihe a na-asọpụrụ dị ka Enki Bilal na Katsuhiro Otomo 大友 克洋 (onye ọ zutere n'oge mmepụta nke Steamboy) nwere mmetụta n'ọrụ ya. Tụkwasị na nke a, ya na onye omenkà a ma ama bụ '''Mœbius''' rụkọtara ọrụ na ihe nkiri akụkọ sayensị na-eme ihe nkiri Thru the Moebius Strip . N'afọ 2022, onye nta akụkọ na-ede akwụkwọ Jean-Pierre Dionnet tụụrụ Elgo aro ka o mepụta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi maka ịmaliteghachi magazin Métal Hurlant. Elgo bi na Paris, France ugbu a, ebe ọ na-ekwu okwu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nka ma na-arụ ọrụ na ihe osise ya. == Akwụkwọ == === Ihe na-atọ ọchị === * 'METALHEAVY', 1999 <ref name=":1"/> * '<nowiki/>'''GUNMAN'''', mbipụta Carabas, 2005 [1]<ref name=":1" /> * 'BESTIAL', akwụkwọ ụmụaka, Carabas, 2006 [1]<ref name=":1" /> * 'FACTORY', usoro mbipụta atọ, Carabas, 2006-2009 [1]<ref name=":1" /> * '<nowiki/>'''Mediina''''<nowiki/>', usoro mbipụta atọ, Lombard, 2012-2015 [1]<ref name=":1" /> * Incredible Hulks Vol 1 618, Marvel ComicsIhe Omume Na-atọ Mkpa * '''TMNT UNIVERSE #11''', IDW PublishingMbipụta IDW * Métal na-eti mkpu #3, Humanoids PublishingMbipụta Humanoids === Ihe nkiri na usoro ihe nkiri TV === * ''Futurama'' <ref name=":0"/> * '' Titan AE'' [1]<ref name=":0" /> * ''Ọdịdị'' * ''ano dị ezigbo mma: Ndị dike kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa'' * ''Time Jam: Valerian &amp;amp; Laureline'' * ''Ihe yiri ya'' * ''[[Spiders II: Breeding Ground|Ugo nke Abụọ: Ebe Ịzụlite]]'' == Ajụjụ ọnụ == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190725091842/https://www.bdtheque.com/interview-yacine-elghorri-63.html Ajụjụ ọnụ (n'asụsụ Frenchi)] * [http://www.planetebd.com/BD/interview-62.html Ajụjụ ọnụ Planete BD.com (n'asụsụ Frenchi)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090709060355/http://www.scifi-universe.com/actualites/7322-rencontre-avec-yacine-elghorri.htm Ajụjụ ọnụ sci-fi Universe.com)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091231025748/http://www.sceneario.com/sceneario_interview_ELGH1.html Ajụjụ ọnụ scenario.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231223023809/https://www.actuabd.com/Yacine-Elghorri-Medina-Jean-Dufaux Ajụjụ ọnụ actuabd.com)] * [https://www.bd-best.com/rencontre-avec-le-dessinateur-de-m-dina-yacine-elghorri-news-4374.html Ajụjụ ọnụ bdbest.com] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCo1msQZA3w&t=1s&ab_channel=partaber Ajụjụ ọnụ TV 2008 na Youtube] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgWVqYbR5kA&t=1s&ab_channel=partaber Ajụjụ ọnụ TV 2010 na Youtube] == Ebe mụ si dee == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] k6q0ie2c0ksoqad7l99dt0trmou3t6u 0 44773 697356 363948 2026-08-08T19:05:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox person|name=|image=Sylvie Fanchon.jpg|image_caption=Fanchon in 2016|birth_date={{birth-date|1953}}|birth_place=[[Nairobi]], [[Colony and Protectorate of Kenya]]|death_date={{death date and given age|2023|04|14|70|df=y}}|death_place=Paris, France}} '''Sylvie Fanchon''' (1953 - 14 Eprel 2023) bụ onye France na-ese ihe n'oge a.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lavrador|first=Judicaël|title=Mort de Sylvie Fanchon, peintre de la sobriété et de l’humour|url=https://www.liberation.fr/culture/arts/mort-de-sylvie-fanchon-peintre-de-la-sobriete-et-de-lhumour-20230414_34TTETINW5GM3LUYZEZQAAXR6M/|accessdate=17 April 2023|work=Libération|language=fr}}</ref> A mụrụ ya na Nairobi, Kenya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Paris dị ka onye na-ese ihe ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 14 Eprel. Ọrụ Fanchon malitere na 1987 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sylvie Fanchon|url=http://sylviefanchon.info/informations.html|accessdate=17 April 2023|work=sylviefanchon.info}}</ref> Site na 2001 ruo 2019, ọ bụ onye isi nke ụlọ ọrụ na Beaux-Arts de Paris . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sylvie FANCHON|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http://www.beauxartsparis.com/fr/formation/professeurs/159-sylvie-fanchon#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|accessdate=17 April 2023|work=archive.wikiwix.com}}</ref> A na-eji ụdị geometric buru ibu, dị mfe mara ọrụ Fanchon: square, rectangles, okirikiri na triangles, na-akpali ma na-enweta mmụọ nsọ site na ihe nketa nke ndị na-ese ihe nke oge a dị ka Kazimir Malevich na Piet Mondrian.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sylvie Fanchon|url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/sylvie-fanchon/|accessdate=17 April 2023|work=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ihe dị ka ihe osise 50 na mkpokọta ọha, ọrụ Fanchon dị na ụlọ ọrụ French karịrị iri na ise gụnyere CNAP, MAC VAL, Pompidou Center, M/M Paris, na mpaghara asatọ dị ugbu a ego nka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SYLVIE FANCHON|url=https://www.galeriemaubert.com/en-gb/sylvie-fanchon|accessdate=17 April 2023|work=www.galeriemaubert.com|language=en}}</ref> Fanchon mechara kọwaa ọrụ ya site n'ikwu, sị:   <ref>{{Cite web|title=Passing of Sylvie Fanchon|url=https://beauxartsparis.fr/en/actualite/passing-sylvie-fanchon|accessdate=17 April 2023|work=BA|language=en}}</ref> == Echiche ndị nkatọ == Artforum akọwaala ọrụ Fanchon n'ụzọ dị mma, na-ekwu, sị: "Kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 80, Fanchon anọwo na-emepụta ụdị heraldry maka oge nkwurịta okwu pictographic, heraldry nke indeterminacy na opacity iji gbochie insipidity na overlegibility nke ụwa. "<ref>{{Cite web|author=Maldonado|first=Guitemie|title=Guitemie Maldonado on Sylvie Fanchon|url=https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/200706/sylvie-fanchon-42694|accessdate=17 April 2023|work=www.artforum.com|language=en-US}}</ref> MAC VAL, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke nwere ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ Fanchon, kwukwara okwu ọma banyere nka ya. "Sylvie Fanchon na-ese ihe site na ihe ndị e wepụtara na eziokwu - eserese ụlọ, atụmatụ, eriri na-atọ ọchị ma ọ bụ ihe osise - iji jikọta ha ruo n'ókè. N'ihi ya, a na-ede ha n'ụdị dị larị, ihe omimi, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị na-ese n'elu mmiri. Ojiji nke okwu ahụ bụ "Sans title" (Untitled) iji kpọọ ha na-egosi ọchịchọ ịhapụ nkọwa ha n'è.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gilles|date=21 June 2017|title=Sylvie Fanchon|url=https://www.macval.fr/Sylvie-Fanchon-6263|accessdate=17 April 2023|work=MAC VAL|language=fr}}</ref> == Ọrụ nka == Abụọ n'ime ihe osise Fanchon, ọrụ a na-akpọghị aha nke e dere n'afọ 2001, na-eji ihe osise acrylic na ákwà, yana nchịkọta foto nke ihe oyiyi asatọ, njikọ aka, dị na Pompidou Center. A na-akọwa ọrụ a na-enweghị aha dị ka "dabere na enweghị nkwekọ nke ọnụọgụ na enweghị nkwụsi ike nke na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-ekpuchi ihe ka ukwuu n'elu na-anwa ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ya, n'enyeghị aro na nkwekọrịta dị elu na utopian nwere ike ịdị karịa anyị".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Collection art contemporain - The collection of the Center Pompidou, National Museum of Modern Art.|publisher=[[Pompidou Center]]|year=2007|language=Fr}}</ref> N'usoro nke Scotch Paintings, Fanchon na-etinye agba mbụ wee tinye eriri na-arapara n'elu ihe osise ahụ tupu ya ekpuchi ihe niile na oji. Mgbe ị na-ewepụ teepu ahụ, usoro ahụ na-apụta na nchekwa. Ihe ndị a na-ekpughe obere akpụkpọ anụ, na-enye nsogbu mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe na ọdịdị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sylvie Fanchon - Wiki de A à Z|url=http://zawiki.free.fr/wk/index.php?title=Sylvie_Fanchon|accessdate=17 April 2023|work=zawiki.free.fr|archivedate=17 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417161046/http://zawiki.free.fr/wk/index.php?title=Sylvie_Fanchon}}</ref>   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (April 2023)">unreliable source?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ihe osise ikpeazụ ya, ndị na-ekwesị ntụkwasị obi na mmụọ egwu ya, na-akwa emo iwu nke ndị ọrụ ahụike n'ihu ọrịa: "Na-eme ka mmụọ gị dị elu", "Mee atụmatụ", "Ekwela ka a kụda mmụọ gi".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sylvie Fanchon, peintre ironique et inclassable|url=https://www.lequotidiendelart.com/articles/23634-sylvie-fanchon-peintre-ironique-et-inclassable.html|accessdate=17 April 2023|work=Le Quotidien de l'Art|language=fr}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 0qjs1wsdjsltohs2h89ptuswiuym22h 0 45304 697375 643788 2026-08-08T22:34:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Anthony Kotze''' (23 Jenụwarị 1931 - 13 Eprel 2016), nke akpọrọ n'ụfọdụ ebe dịka '''Anthony Kotze''', <ref name="news24.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/wheels/Motorsport/sa-built-f1-car-set-to-race-again-meet-the-assegai-20160510|title=SA-built F1 car set to race again: Meet the Assegai!|work=news24.com|date=10 May 2016|accessdate=3 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503170053/https://www.news24.com/wheels/Motorsport/sa-built-f1-car-set-to-race-again-meet-the-assegai-20160510|archivedate=3 May 2021}}</ref> <ref name="autoaddicts.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.autoaddicts.co.uk/assegai-gets-invite-to-historic-monaco-grand-prix/|title=Assegai gets invite to Historic Monaco Grand Prix - Auto Addicts|work=autoaddicts.co.uk|date=11 May 2016|accessdate=5 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505141812/http://www.autoaddicts.co.uk/assegai-gets-invite-to-historic-monaco-grand-prix/|archivedate=5 May 2021}}</ref> bụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na onye nrụpụta ụgbọ ala si South Africa. <ref name="motorsport.co.za">{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.co.za/News/DisplayNewsItem.aspx?niid=54181|title=TONY KOTZE - 23 January 1931 - 13 April 2016|work=motorsport.co.za|accessdate=3 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503171244/https://www.motorsport.co.za/News/DisplayNewsItem.aspx?niid=54181|archivedate=3 May 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.motorsport.co.za/News/DisplayNewsItem.aspx?niid=54181 "TONY KOTZE - 23 January 1931 - 13 April 2016"]. ''motorsport.co.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210503171244/https://www.motorsport.co.za/News/DisplayNewsItem.aspx?niid=54181 Archived] from the original on 3 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> O sonye na asọmpi anọ na-abụghị asọmpi [[Usoro nke Mbụ|Formula One]] na ọtụtụ asọmpi ụgbọ ala egwuregwu, ma eleghị anya a maara nke ọma dị ka onye nrụpụta Assegai, otu n'ime ụgbọ ala Formula One nke South Africa wuru. == Ọrụ == Kotze malitere ịgba ọsọ na 1956, na ụgbọ ala o wuru n'onwe ya. O sonye na ọtụtụ asọmpi ụgbọ ala egwuregwu, gụnyere ịgba ọsọ ntachi obi nke South Africa Nine Hour Endurance na 1958. <ref name="racingsportscars.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.racingsportscars.com/photo/Grand_Central-1958-11-15.html|title=Johannesburg 9 Hours 1958 - Photo Gallery - Racing Sports Cars|work=racingsportscars.com|accessdate=3 May 2021}}</ref> Na 1960, ọ zụtara Lotus 16 (chassis nke Bruce Halford gbara na 1959 Monaco Grand Prix ), nke ọ gbara ọsọ na Cape na South African Grands Prix. <ref name="velocetoday.com">{{Cite web|url=https://velocetoday.com/monaco-historic-grand-prix-2018/|title=Monaco Historic Grand Prix 2018|work=velocetoday.com|first=Graham|author=Gould|date=22 May 2018|accessdate=3 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503191330/https://velocetoday.com/monaco-historic-grand-prix-2018/|archivedate=3 May 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGould2018">Gould, Graham (22 May 2018). [https://velocetoday.com/monaco-historic-grand-prix-2018/ "Monaco Historic Grand Prix 2018"]. ''velocetoday.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210503191330/https://velocetoday.com/monaco-historic-grand-prix-2018/ Archived] from the original on 3 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="ChicaneF1-Cape-GP">{{Cite web|url=https://chicanef1.com/race.pl?year=1960&gp=Cape%20GP&r=1&type=res|title=1960 Cape GP - ChicaneF1.com|work=chicanef1.com|accessdate=3 May 2021}}</ref> <ref name="ChicaneF1-ZA-GP">{{Cite web|url=https://chicanef1.com/race.pl?year=1960&gp=South%20African%20GP&r=2&type=res|title=1960 South African GP - ChicaneF1.com|work=chicanef1.com|accessdate=3 May 2021|archivedate=3 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503202317/https://chicanef1.com/race.pl?year=1960&gp=South%20African%20GP&r=2&type=res}}</ref> Mgbe nke a gasịrị, ọ họpụtara ịrụ ụgbọ ala nke ya. Nhazi ya, Assegai, dọtara ume sitere na Ferrari 156 F1 na Lotus 18 na-aga nke ọma, ma gosipụtara ihe ọhụrụ ọhụrụ dị ka tank mmanụ ụgbọala bụ onye òtù chassis nrụgide. <ref name="velocetoday.com" /> Ọ banyere ụgbọ ala maka 1962 Rand Grand Prix mana o rughị eru. <ref name="ChicaneF1-Rand-GP">{{Cite web|url=https://chicanef1.com/race.pl?year=1962&gp=Rand%20GP&r=1&type=ent|title=1962 Rand GP - ChicaneF1.com|work=chicanef1.com|accessdate=3 May 2021|archivedate=3 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503223338/https://chicanef1.com/race.pl?year=1962&gp=Rand%20GP&r=1&type=ent}}</ref> <ref name="statsf1.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/1962-hc/grand-prix-214.aspx|title=V Rand Grand Prix • STATS F1|work=statsf1.com|accessdate=3 May 2021}}</ref> Họrọ mmemme sochiri, gụnyere 1965 Cape South Easter Trophy . <ref name="driverdb.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.driverdb.com/championships/standings/formula-1-cape-south-easter-trophy/1965/|title=Cape South Easter Trophy 1965 standings|work=driverdb.com|accessdate=3 May 2021}}</ref> Kotze nyere aka na mweghachi nke Assegai na 1962 Formula One ụkpụrụ maka isonye na 2016 Historic Grand Prix nke Monaco, mana ọ hụghị ịgba ọsọ ụgbọ ala ọzọ. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọnwa bu ihe omume ahụ, na-esote obere ọrịa. <ref name="motorsport.co.za" /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.racingsportscars.com/driver/results/Tony-Kotze-ZA.html Tony Kotze] na ''racingsportscars.com'' . == Ntụaka == ọma, ma gosipụtara ihe ọhụrụ ọhụrụ dị ka tank mmanụ ụgbọala bụ onye òtù chassis nrụgide{{Reflist}} 00yfaptme9qdzue348xzysajem8510y 0 45955 697325 631991 2026-08-08T13:08:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=Sara Hegazy 01.jpg|caption=Sarah Hegazi}} {{Databox}}'''Sarah Hegazi''' ( Arabic ; 1 Ọktoba 1989 – 14 June 2020), sụkwara '''Hegazy''' ma ọ bụ '''Higazy''', bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị, onye ode akwụkwọ, na onye na-akwado nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=After Crackdown, Egypt's LGBT Community Contemplates 'Dark Future'|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/18/620110576/after-crackdown-egypts-lgbt-community-contemplates-dark-future|accessdate=2020-06-14|work=NPR|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Noury">{{Cite web|author=Noury|first=Riccardo|date=15 June 2020|title=In memoria di Sara Higazy - Focus On Africa -|url=https://www.focusonafrica.info/in-memoria-di-sara-higazy/|accessdate=2020-06-16|work=Focus On Africa|language=it-IT}}</ref> E jidere ya, tụọ ya mkpọrọ na taa ya ahụhụ na [[Egypt]] ọnwa atọ ka ọ fesịrị ọkọlọtọ egwurugwu na egwu egwu Mashrou 'Leila na 2017 na Cairo . <ref name="MEE">{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-lgbtq-activist-sarah-hegazi-suicide-trauma|title='Egypt failed her': LGBT activist kills herself in Canada after suffering post-prison trauma|work=Middle East Eye|date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Hegazi, bụ́ onye ya na PTSD bi n'ihi ahụhụ a tara ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'Ijipt, nyere ikike mgbaba na [[Canada]], biri n'ebe ahụ ruo mgbe o gburu onwe ya. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Hegazi na 1 October 1989 na ezinụlọ ndị na-eme mgbanwe na Egypt nke etiti; ọ bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụnne anọ. O nyeere nne ya aka ilekọta ụmụnne ya mgbe nna ya, onye nkuzi sayensị ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nwụsịrị. Foto nke Hegazi na-eto eto yi uwe [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]] na-agbanwe agbanwe, gụnyere hijab, pụtara mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. <ref>{{Cite news|date=15 June 2020|title=كيف تحول موت سارة حجازي إلى سجال "فكري ديني"؟|language=ar|work=BBC News Arabic|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/trending-53056635|accessdate=2020-06-26}}</ref> Hegazi yi hijab ruo mgbe ọ pụtara dị ka nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|title=بعد أسبوع من انتحارها.. مشاهد من تشييع جنازة سارة حجازي في كنيسة بكندا|url=https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2020/06/24/1347206.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626101517/https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2020/06/24/1347206.html|archivedate=2020-06-26|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=دنيا الوطن|date=24 June 2020|language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ashraf|first=Aya|date=23 June 2020|title=من كنيسة وبأعلام المثلية.. لقطات من جنازة سارة حجازي|url=https://honna.elwatannews.com/news/details/2066877/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626102225/https://honna.elwatannews.com/news/details/2066877/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A|archivedate=June 26, 2020|accessdate=October 1, 2021|work=Elwatan News|language=ar}}</ref> Na 2010, Hegazi gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Thebas Academy na nzere bachelọ na sistemụ ozi yana Mahadum America dị na Cairo Na-aga n'ihu Education Center na 2016. Site na mmụta dị anya, Hegazi dechara asambodo na "Ịlụ ọgụ maka nha anya: 1950-2018", "Feminism and Social Justice", "Ụzọ nyocha", "Diversity na nsonye n'ebe ọrụ", na "Ịghọta ime ihe ike" na Mahadum [[Colombia|Columbia]], Mahadum nke [[California]] Santa Cruz, SOAS University of [[London]], Mahadum Pittsburgh, na Mahadum Emory . <ref name="insta">{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B1XtvcmhAJW/|title=Instagram}}</ref> <ref name="insta2">{{Cite web|title=Sarah Hegazi on Instagram: "Diversity in the workplace. نستقبل مباركتكم في الكورس الثالث اللي خلصته."|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BxNs_Q-hPaA/|work=Instagram}}</ref> <ref name="insta3">{{Cite web|title=Sarah Hegazi on Instagram: "ياعبسلام تاني شهادة في كورسات الاونلاين ، والمرة دي عن النسوية والعدالة الاجتماعية ."|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BwskpbWhxwp/|work=Instagram}}</ref> == Echiche Ndị Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị == [[Usòrò:Sara_Hegazy_04.jpg|thumb| Hegazi n'oge ngagharị iwe na Canada]] Hegazi chọpụtara dị ka onye Kọmunist ma kwadoo Bread and Freedom Party mgbe ọ bi na Egypt, wee tinye aka na Spring Socialist Network ozugbo na Canada. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|title=Our tribute to comrade/rafeqa Sarah Hegazi|url=https://springmag.ca/our-tribute-to-comrade-rafeqa-sarah-hegazi|work=springmag.ca|date=14 June 2020}}</ref> Hegazi kọrọ na a chụrụ ya n’ọrụ n’ihi imegide ọchịchị Sisi n’Ijipt. <ref name="spring">{{Cite web|title=Interview: lessons from Egypt's counter-revolution for Sudan|url=https://springmag.ca/interview-lessons-from-egypts-counter-revolution-for-sudan|work=springmag.ca|date=17 July 2019}}</ref> Afọ itoolu mgbe mgbanwe ndị Ijipt nke 2011 gasịrị, Hegazi dere na "ọchịchị ochie ahụ ga-anwale ihe ọ bụla, ọbụna na-achụ àjà dị mkpa akara ngosi nke ọchịchị ha, ka ha nọrọ n'ọchịchị ma ọ bụ nwetaghachi ike", na-akọwa President el-Sisi dị ka "onye kasị emegbu na onye ọchịchị aka ike na-eme ihe ike na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a" na-ede na "ndị na-eme mgbanwe kwenyere na agha ahụ bụ otu nke klas". <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title=The Egyptian revolution: Nine years later|url=https://springmag.ca/the-egyptian-revolution-nine-years-later|work=springmag.ca|date=25 January 2020}}</ref> Hegazi dere na n'ihi mgbanwe mgbanwe a hapụrụ ezughị ezu, "ọtụtụ n'ime anyị nọ ugbu a n'ili, n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ n'ala ọzọ." <ref name="auto1" /> == Mkpagbu n'Ijipt == === Jide na mgbapu === Na Septemba 22, 2017, Sarah Hegazi gara otu egwu maka ndị otu [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]] Mashrou 'Leila nke onye na-agụ egwú bụ Hamed Sinno, bụ nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke n'ezoghị ọnụ. Hegazi so na otu ndị ọzọ ejidere maka ifefe ọkọlọtọ egwurugwu iji kwado ikike LGBT. <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|title=Egypt arrests dozens in crackdown on gays|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-rights-idUSKCN1C72BW|accessdate=2020-06-14}}</ref> E boro ya ebubo isonyere òtù nke nzube ya bụ imebi iwu site n'ịkpali omume rụrụ arụ ma ọ bụ omume rụrụ arụ. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=القضاء المصري يفرج بكفالة عن شاب وشابة لوحا بعلم يرمز الى المثليين|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/ara/afp/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86/43793762|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=SWI swissinfo.ch|date=2 January 2018|language=ar}} [[Òtù:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]</ref> Njide ya dabara na nzaghachi enweghị nnabata nke Egypt iji kwụsị nkwado ọha na eze maka ikike LGBT na mba ahụ . <ref name="hrw">{{Cite web|date=6 October 2017|title=Egypt: Mass Arrests Amid LGBT Media Blackout|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/06/egypt-mass-arrests-amid-lgbt-media-blackout|accessdate=2020-06-14|work=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ọnwa atọ n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii Sayeda Zeinab ebe ndị ọrụ nwoke kpalitere ndị mkpọrọ ka ha tie ya ihe, na-ekwukwa ya ọnụ na mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Ramesh|first=Mythreyee|date=23 June 2020|title=Who Was Sarah Hegazi – Egyptian LGBTQ Activist Who Died By Suicide|url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/gender/sarah-hegazi-egyptian-lgbtq-activist-suicide-funeral|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623123259/https://www.thequint.com/neon/gender/sarah-hegazi-egyptian-lgbtq-activist-suicide-funeral|archivedate=23 June 2020|accessdate=2020-06-23|work=The Quint|language=en}}</ref> N'ime edemede Mada Masr bipụtara na Septemba 24, 2018, Hegazi kọrọ akụkọ njide ya. O dere na e jidere ya n'ụlọ n'ihu ezinụlọ ya, na, n'oge usoro ahụ, onye uwe ojii ahụ jụrụ ya ajụjụ banyere okpukpe ya, ihe mere o ji wepụ hijab ya, na ma ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=عام على موقعة "الرينبو": نظام يعتقل، وإسلاميون يصفّقون|url=https://madamasr.com/ar/2018/09/24/opinion/u/%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%85%d9%88%d9%82%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a8%d9%88-%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%8a%d8%b9%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%84%d8%8c-%d9%88%d8%a5/|accessdate=2020-06-23|work=مدى مصر|language=ar}}</ref> Dị ka akụkọ ya si kwuo, onye uwe ojii ahụ kpuchiri ya anya wee buru ya ụgbọ ala gaa ebe ọ na-amaghị. <ref name=":6" /> Ọ nọdụrụ ala n'oche ejiri akwa kechie aka ya. Igwe ọkụ eletrik gbawara ya ma tụfuo onwe ya. <ref name=":6" /> E yikwara ya egwu na nne ya ga-emerụ ya ma ọ gwa onye ọ bụla. <ref name=":6" /> A tọhapụrụ Hegazi na 2 Jenụwarị 2018 wee kwụọ £ 1,000 (US$56); <ref name=":8" /> mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, ọ gbalịsiri ike ịda mbà n'obi, ọgụ ụjọ na nsogbu nrụgide post-traumatic . <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=Zalm|first=Emma van der|date=18 June 2020|title=Death of activist Sarah Hegazy highlights struggle of Egypt's gay community|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/06/egypt-sarah-hegazy-death-gay-rights-crackdown.html|accessdate=2020-06-25|work=Al-Monitor|language=en}}</ref> Ndị mgbasa ozi tụnyere njide nke Hegazi na njide nke Cairo 52 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Obituary: Egyptian LGBTQ activist Sarah Hegazy: "How can I survive in a society based on hate?" - Qantara.de|url=https://en.qantara.de/content/obituary-egyptian-lgbtq-activist-sarah-hegazy-how-can-i-survive-in-a-society-based-on-hate|accessdate=2021-04-20|work=Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World|date=19 June 2020|language=en}}</ref> N'ịtụ egwu ịgbakwu akwụkwọ, Hegazi chọrọ mgbapu na Canada na 2018. <ref name=":4" /> <ref name="Egypt Independent">{{Cite web|date=4 January 2018|title=Two held in Egyptian anti-gay crackdown are freed on bail|url=https://egyptindependent.com/two-held-egyptian-anti-gay-crackdown-freed-bail/|accessdate=2020-06-14|work=Egypt Independent|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọrịa kansa Hegazi nwụnahụrụ nne ya otu ọnwa ka ọ hapụsịrị Ijipt. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Deveney|first=Catherine|title=Catherine Deveney: At its heart, forgiveness is a simple thing which captures the best of being human|url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/opinion/columnists/catherine-deveney/2289311/catherine-deveney-at-its-heart-forgiveness-is-a-simple-thing-which-captures-the-best-of-being-human/|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=Press and Journal|date=26 June 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọnọdụ iwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === N'Ijipt, ebe a na-amachibidoghị nwoke idina nwoke iwu n'ụzọ doro anya na ikike ikike, a na-ejide njide na ebubo na-adabere na 1961 "Iwu na-alụso Ịgba akwụna" nke na-amachibido ịkwa iko na ọrụ mmekọahụ. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2017, na-esochi egwu egwu Mashrou 'Leila's Cairo 2017, ọtụtụ ndị omeiwu Egypt nyefere iwu na-amachibido mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị ihe ruru afọ atọ mkpọrọ. Ọ bụrụ na a mara ndị a ikpe ikpe ọzọ, a ga-ama ha ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ ise. <ref name=":8"/> Eji nwelite iwu ahụ iji mebie ndị LGBT Egypt n'agbanyeghị na iwu emelitere enweghị ntụle maka nwoke idina nwoke. Mmelite ahụ nyere ndị uwe ojii ikike ịbanye n'ebe a na-akparịta ụka na ngwa mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwaanyị, ime ka à ga-asị na ha bụ nwoke na nwanyị nwere mmasị nwoke na ịma ndị otu LGBT n'ọnyà. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/apr/03/jailed-for-using-grindr-homosexuality-in-egypt|title=Jailed for using Grindr: homosexuality in Egypt|first=Mia|author=Jankowicz|work=The Guardian|date=3 April 2017}}</ref> Dị ka gọọmentị Egypt si kwuo, emelitere iwu ahụ iji leba anya na mmepe ọgbara ọhụrụ na ịkwụsị ịntanetị na ndị na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi ịgba ume na omume ọjọọ na omume ịgba akwụna. Edebere obodo LGBTQ+ dị ka ihe iyi egwu nchekwa obodo site n'aka gọọmentị Egypt, ndị isi okpukperechi, na ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị; A na-akwalite echiche a site na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi steeti na-achịkwa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Imran|first=Yousra Samir|date=19 June 2020|title=Remembering Sara Hegazy: Arab LGBT community mourns the loss of a 'beacon of hope'|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2020/6/19/arab-lgbt-community-mourns-the-loss-of-sara-hegazy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622100940/https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2020/6/19/arab-lgbt-community-mourns-the-loss-of-sara-hegazy|archivedate=2020-06-22|accessdate=2020-06-22|work=alaraby|language=en}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Sarah_Hegazy_riding_a_bicycle.jpg|thumb| Sarah Hegazi ji obi ụtọ n'ịnyịnya igwe ya na ogbe ndịda Cairo]] == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Hegazi nwụrụ na 14 June 2020 na Toronto, Canada. Na 15 June 2020, onye ọka iwu Hegazi Khaled Al-Masry kwadoro ọnwụ ya dị ka igbu onwe ya. <ref name="suicide">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/06/15/sara-hegazy-egypt-lgbt-activist-pride-flag-death-suicide-tribute-mashrou-leila-canada/|title=Sara Hegazy, the pioneering Egyptian LGBT+ activist who was tortured for flying a Pride flag, has died by suicide|date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Mpempe akwụkwọ ozi Hegazi dere n'asụsụ Arabik ekesara na soshal midia mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. <ref name="MEE"/> <ref name="suicide" /> Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ gụrụ: "Nye ụmụnne m - agbalịrị m ịlanarị ma m dara ada, gbaghara m. Nye ndị enyi m - ahụmahụ ahụ siri ike ma adịghị m ike iguzogide ya, gbaghara m. N'ụwa - ị nwere obi ọjọọ nye onye ukwu. n'ókè, ma m na-agbaghara." <ref name="streets 2">{{Cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/06/14/egyptian-lgbtqi-activist-sara-hegazy-dies-aged-30-in-canada/|title=Egyptian LGBTQI+ Activist Sara Hegazy Dies Aged 30 in Canada|work=Egyptian Streets|date=14 June 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Egyptian LGBT rights activist dies by suicide in Canada after 'failing to survive'|url=http://egypttoday.com/Article/1/88586/Egyptian-LGBT-rights-activist-dies-by-suicide-in-Canada-after|work=Egypt Today|date=14 June 2020}}</ref> A kọrọ ọnwụ ya n'ofe mgbasa ozi mba ụwa niile, na-atụnye ụtụ maka mmemme ya bụ isiokwu ugboro ugboro. <ref name="disorient">{{Cite web|url=https://www.disorient.de/blog/memory-sarah-reflections-violence-fear-and-pain|title=In memory of Sarah: Reflections on violence, fear and pain|work=dis:orient}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/community/137285/egyptian-lgbtq-rights-activist-sarah-hijazi-has-died-aged-30/|title=Egyptian LGBTQ+ rights activist Sarah Hijazi has died, aged 30|date=15 June 2020|work=Gay Times|accessdate=29 May 2024|archivedate=15 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615110147/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/community/137285/egyptian-lgbtq-rights-activist-sarah-hijazi-has-died-aged-30/}}</ref> <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://mannschaft.com/2020/06/15/trauer-um-aegyptische-lgbtiq-aktivistin-sarah-hijazi/|title=Trauer um ägyptische LGBTIQ-Aktivistin Sarah Hijazi|date=15 June 2020|accessdate=15 June 2020|archivedate=22 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922144224/https://mannschaft.com/2020/06/15/trauer-um-aegyptische-lgbtiq-aktivistin-sarah-hijazi/}}</ref> Hamed Sinno, onye isi otu ndị otu ndị [[Lebanon]] bụ Mashrou' Leila kesara Hegazi ụtụ na profaịlụ Facebook ya nke gụrụ "ma ọ bụ "Nnwere onwe maka mkpụrụ obi gị." <ref name="auto" /> <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=16 June 2020|title=''من هو هذا الربّ الذي تؤمنون به؟''... حزن مضاعف على سارة حجازي|url=https://raseef22.com/article/1078684-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%A4%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626100228/https://raseef22.com/article/1078684-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%A4%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A|archivedate=2020-06-26|accessdate=2020-06-25|work=رصيف 22}}</ref> Sinno mechara dee ma mee egwu dabere n'okwu Hegazi dere obere oge tupu ọnwụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff|first=The Popular Chorus|date=22 June 2020|title=Artists pay tribute to departed LGBTQ+ activist Sarah Hegazi|url=https://popularchorus.com/artists-pay-tribute-departed-lgbtq-activist-sarah-hegazi/|accessdate=2020-06-25|work=The Popular Chorus|language=en-US|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626135011/https://popularchorus.com/artists-pay-tribute-departed-lgbtq-activist-sarah-hegazi/}}</ref> Ihe osise a na-ahụ anya na-echeta Hegazi agaala ebe niile kemgbe ọ nwụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://popularchorus.com/artists-pay-tribute-departed-lgbtq-activist-sarah-hegazi/|title=Artists pay tribute to departed LGBTQ+ activist Sarah Hegazi|date=22 June 2020|accessdate=23 June 2020|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626135011/https://popularchorus.com/artists-pay-tribute-departed-lgbtq-activist-sarah-hegazi/}}</ref> <ref name=":9" /> Ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe nkiri Arab na Middle Eastern na ndị ọha na eze na-ekesa ozi ọmịiko na ịdị n'otu na Hegazi na obodo LGBT n'etiti onye na-eme ihe nkiri Egypt [[Amr Waked]], onye na-agụ egwú Lebanọn na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Carole Samaha, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-akwado LGBT Alireza Shojaian, na onye ọka iwu Jordan na onye nta akụkọ Ola. Al-Fares . <ref name=":9" /> <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|author=Zaramella|first=Nicole|date=22 June 2020|title=Alireza Shojaian, the Painter of Middle Eastern Queer Men {{!}} Il Grande Colibrì|url=https://www.ilgrandecolibri.com/en/alireza-shojaian-the-painter-of-middle-eastern-queer-men/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701223615/https://www.ilgrandecolibri.com/en/alireza-shojaian-the-painter-of-middle-eastern-queer-men/|archivedate=2020-07-01|accessdate=2020-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Canada Socialist ''Spring'' bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere Hegazi na Valerie Lannon na-ede, sị: "Echetara m na ọ na-ekwu 'Ọ dịghị mgbe m dị ndụ dị ka n'oge mgbanwe.' Na nsọpụrụ ya, na imezu echiche nke ndụ anyị, ọ bụ ọrụ anyị ịnọgide na-alụ ọgụ maka mgbanwe n'ebe a, Egypt na gburugburu ụwa." <ref name="auto2"/> N'ime ọnwa nganga nke 2020, obodo Arab LGBT nwere vigil na [[United States]], Canada, London, Amsterdam, Berlin, Budapest na Beirut iji cheta ndụ Hegazi na mgba megide nwoke idina nwoke; <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=16 June 2020|title=Sara Hegazy, who died by suicide after being tortured for flying a Pride flag, honoured with candlelit vigil at Egyptian embassy|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/06/16/sara-hegazy-suicide-torture-pride-flag-egypt-embassy-death-tribute-candelight-vigil-pride/|accessdate=2020-06-22|work=PinkNews|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceu.edu/article/2021-04-28/hatter-society-also-demands-ahmed-samir-santawys-release|title=The Háttér Society Also Demands Ahmed Samir Santawy's Release! &#124; Central European University|work=www.ceu.edu|accessdate=2024-05-29|archivedate=2023-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215231702/https://www.ceu.edu/article/2021-04-28/hatter-society-also-demands-ahmed-samir-santawys-release}}</ref> ndị a jikọtara ọnụ na ncheta ncheta na ihe omume n'ofe ụwa. <ref name=":2" /> Na Malta, [[Allied Rainbow Communities]] na Moviment Graffitti mere ncheta ọnwụ Hegazi site na ngosipụta na Embassy Egypt ma katọọ aha Gọọmenti Malta nyere Egypt dị ka obodo dị nchebe nke nwere ike ịlọghachite ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mannschaft.com/2020/06/19/sarah-hijazi-gedenken-an-tote-lgbtiq-aktivistin-vor-aegyptens-botschaft-in-malta/|title=Gedenken an tote LGBTIQ-Aktivistin vor Ägyptens Botschaft in Malta|date=19 June 2020|accessdate=29 May 2024|archivedate=21 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621102105/https://mannschaft.com/2020/06/19/sarah-hijazi-gedenken-an-tote-lgbtiq-aktivistin-vor-aegyptens-botschaft-in-malta/}}</ref> A tọgbọrọ Hegazi n'owe igbe nwere agba agba egwurugwu na-esochi olili ọha na-eli ozu St. John's Dixie na 22 June 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Boisvert|first=Nick|date=23 June 2020|title='A fighter, a dreamer': Egyptian LGTBTQ activist Sarah Hegazi remembered with love at funeral|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/sarah-hegazi-funeral-1.5622673|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623120636/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/sarah-hegazi-funeral-1.5622673|archivedate=23 June 2020|accessdate=23 June 2020|work=CBC news}}</ref> Ememe ncheta gara n'ihu mgbe olili Hegazi gasịrị. Ndị na-ahazi Global Pride, ihe omume LGBT dị n'ịntanetị nke a ga-eme na 27 June 2020, kwupụtara na onye agha Ijipt ibe Ahmed Alaa ga-akwụ ụgwọ maka Hegazi. Dị ka Hegazi, a tụrụ Alaa mkpọrọ mgbe egwu egwu Mashrou 'Leila mere na 2017 maka ịkwalite ọkọlọtọ ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Somvichian-Clausen|first=Austa|date=6 May 2020|title=Re-imagining the first LGBTQ+ pride online in the age of coronavirus|url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/respect/diversity-inclusion/496365-re-imagining-the-first-lgbtq-pride-online|accessdate=2020-06-25|work=TheHill|language=en}}</ref> Ụdị 2020 nke ihe omume Napoli Pride bụ nke a raara nye na ebe nchekwa Sarah Hegazi; Ndị nhazi ahụ kwupụtara na ha bu n'obi ka mmemme ahụ bụrụ ịdọ aka ná ntị megide mmanye, ime ihe ike na imechi obi. <ref>{{Cite web|date=25 June 2020|title=Napoli Pride 2020: un evento dedicato a Sarah Hegazi|url=http://terredicampania.it/eventi/napoli-pride-2020-un-evento-dedicato-a-sarah-hegazi/25/06/2020/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626103851/http://terredicampania.it/eventi/napoli-pride-2020-un-evento-dedicato-a-sarah-hegazi/25/06/2020/|archivedate=2020-06-26|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=Terre di Campania|language=it-IT}}</ref> Arab Network for Knowledge about Human Rights weputara nkwupụta n'aha ndị otu mpaghara 42 na mba ụwa niile na-echeta Sarah Hegazi site n'ịkpọsa ụbọchị nganga maka ndị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na ndị Queer si Middle East na North Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-14|title=Remembering Sara Hegazy, Egyptian LGBT+ activist who died after 'evil' torture|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/06/14/sara-hegazy-egyptian-lgbt-activist-died-suicide-anniversary/|accessdate=2021-06-21|work=PinkNews|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-21|title=MENA_LQWPD {{!}} ANKH association {{!}} France|url=https://www.ankhfrance.org/menalqwpd|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621175913/https://www.ankhfrance.org/menalqwpd|archivedate=2021-06-21|accessdate=2021-06-21}}</ref> Pride Istanbul kpọkọtara otu panel nke na-echeta ncheta mbụ mgbe Hegazi nwụsịrị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-21|title=Sarah Hegazi'yi Hatırlamak* – İstanbul LGBTİ+ Onur Haftası / Istanbul LGBTI+ Pride Week|url=https://www.prideistanbul.org/etkinlik/sara-hegazi-bir-kuir-sehidi-anmak-panel/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621182319/https://www.prideistanbul.org/etkinlik/sara-hegazi-bir-kuir-sehidi-anmak-panel/|archivedate=2021-06-21|accessdate=2021-06-21}}</ref> Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na Toronto na-echeta ya site n'esere foto ya n'ime obodo mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Toronto community pays tribute to activist tortured in Egyptian prison|url=https://www.blogto.com/city/2021/04/toronto-community-tribute-activist-tortured-egyptian-prison/|accessdate=2021-06-21|work=Blogto|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mural honours international queer activist Sarah Hegazi - Video - CityNews Toronto|url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/video/2021/06/18/mural-honours-international-queer-activist-sarah-hegazi/|accessdate=2021-06-21|work=toronto.citynews.ca}}</ref> Ewubere mgbidi ncheta ọzọ na Brighton, UK. <ref name="scenemag">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-15|title=Sarah Hegazi mural revealed in Brighton {{!}} Scene Magazine - What's on in Gay / LGBTQ Brighton|url=https://www.gscene.com/news/sarah-hegazi-mural-revealed-in-brighton/|accessdate=2021-06-21|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128190516/https://www.gscene.com/news/sarah-hegazi-mural-revealed-in-brighton/}}</ref> Ememe ncheta nke ''Columbia Global Centers dị na Amman'' kagburu n'ihi nrụgide gọọmentị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Amman Pride event s cancellation stirs painful memories for LGBT Jordanians|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/ammans-cancellation-lgbt-event-frustrates-activists?amp=1|accessdate=October 1, 2021|work=The New Arab|language=en|archivedate=April 7, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407043341/https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/ammans-cancellation-lgbt-event-frustrates-activists?amp=1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=A year has passed since queer activist Sarah Hegazi's death, but her ghost still frightens local and conservative authorities...|url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FMegaphoneNews%2Fposts%2F2885832361634559|date=June 14, 2021|author=Megaphone|accessdate=October 1, 2021|work=Facebook|language=en}}</ref> Òtù na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na mmepe (AWID) kpọrọ Sarah Hegazi na ụtụ ha nyere "ndị na-akwado nwanyị 450 bụ ndị gbanwere ụwa anyị". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tribute: Remembering feminist activists who changed our world|url=https://www.awid.org/whrd-tribute|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=AWID|language=en}}</ref> Ihe nkiri mkpirisi nyocha nke John Greyson nke afọ 2021 bụ ''International Dawn Chorus Day'' ka emepụtara dị ka ụtụ nye Hegazi na Shady Habash . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/INTERNATIONAL-DAWN-CHORUS-DAY-Premieres-April-29-20210329|title=International Dawn Chorus Day Premieres April 29|first=Sarah Jae|author=Leiber|date=March 29, 2021|work=[[Broadway World]]|accessdate=October 1, 2021}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi akpọrọ "Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sarah Hegazi" nke onye nduzi Nicole Teney dere bụ onye ikpeazụ nke 2022 Breaking through the Lens jury. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Calnan2022-06-06T12:25:00+01:00|first=Ellie|title=Breaking Through The Lens 2022 finalists unveiled at Cannes|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/breaking-through-the-lens-2022-finalists-unveiled-at-cannes/5171404.article|accessdate=2022-09-10|work=Screen|language=en}}</ref> Na Febụwarị 2023, Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy kwupụtara mkpakọrịta na-echeta Hegazi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=TIMEP Announces New Fellowships in 2023|url=https://timep.org/press/press-releases/timep-announces-new-fellowships-in-2023/|accessdate=2023-02-17|work=TIMEP|date=16 February 2023|language=en}}</ref> === Mmeghachi omume === [[Usòrò:Sarah_hegazi_2020.jpg|thumb| Paris vigil na ebe nchekwa Hegazi, 20 June 2020]] Enwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị LGBT na-ehichapụ ma na-emegbu ya kpọmkwem na Egypt na n'ọnọdụ sara mbara nke Middle East na North Africa ( MENA ). Nke a na-abịa site na mmachi, okwu ịkpọasị, na mkpagbu chịkọtara ọnụ. Ezutewo ọnwụ Sarah Hegazi na nzaghachi mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na mpaghara MENA ma site na omume gọọmentị, mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, ma ọ bụ okwu ọha, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/trending-53056635|title=كيف تحول موت سارة حجازي إلى سجال "فكري ديني"؟|work=BBC News عربي|date=15 June 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raialyoum.com/index.php/%d9%82%d8%b6%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%b2%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ab%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%aa/|title=أنس السبطي: قضية سارة حجازي المثلية المصرية المنتحرة.. نقطة نظام|date=19 June 2020|accessdate=23 June 2020|archivedate=27 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627035013/https://www.raialyoum.com/index.php/%d9%82%d8%b6%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%b2%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ab%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%aa/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/entertainment/2020/6/21/مؤيدون-ومعارضون-لإزالة-جداريات-سارة-حجازي-في-عمان|title=مؤيدون ومعارضون لإزالة جداريات سارة حجازي في عمّان|first=عمّان ــ العربي|author=الجديد|work=alaraby}}</ref> Otu akụkọ na Raseef22 nke tụlere obodo LGBT + na Jordan na Sarah Hegazi mural. na Amman ka ehichapụrụ ngwa ngwa mgbe onye nta akụkọ Jordan nwetara nnukwu iyi egwu na ịntanetị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=29 June 2020|title=تهديدات طالت فريق رصيف22... عندما يمارس جزء واسع من مجتمعنا دور السلطة القمعية|url=https://raseef22.com/article/1078854-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%B1%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%8122-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3-%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9|accessdate=2020-06-30|work=رصيف 22}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Side-by-side_image_of_Amman_mural_of_Sarah_Hegazi_before_and_after.jpg|thumb| Sarah Hegazi mural na isi obodo [[Jọdan|Jordan]] Amman, tupu na mgbe agba agba]] A na-ese ihe n'okporo ụzọ na ihe osise ihe osise na-echeta Hegazi na Amman isi obodo [[Jọdan|Jordan]] ka ọgba aghara mgbasa ozi ọha. <ref>{{Cite web|date=21 June 2020|title=أمانة عمان تزيل جرافيتي للمصرية سارة حجازي (صور)|url=http://ammannet.net/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1|accessdate=2020-06-23|work=موقع عمان نت|language=ar}}</ref> Otu onye nta akụkọ katọrọ omume ahụ na tweet na-ekwu, sị: "...Amman Municipality na-arụ ọrụ ruo mgbede abalị na-ehichapụ ihe osise nke ụfọdụ ndị na-eme ihe ike [ شواذ , okwu Arabic maka ndị na-edina ụdị onwe] n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Amman. Ọ tụrụ m n'anya na ụdị a [ndị na-edina ụdị onwe] dị n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị omenala na omenala anyị..." <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Erem News|date=21 June 2020|title=صور لساره حجازي في شوارع عامة تثير غضبا في الأردن.. وأمانة عمان تتدخل|url=https://www.eremnews.com/entertainment/society/2267772|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622065955/https://www.eremnews.com/entertainment/society/2267772|archivedate=2020-06-22|accessdate=2020-06-22|work=www.eremnews.com|language=en}}</ref> Onye na-ekwuchitere obodo Greater Amman kwuru, sị: "Amman Mayor Yusef Al-Shawarbeh nyere ndị ọrụ mpaghara niile iwu. wepụ ihe osise ahụ." <ref name=":5" /> Òtù Bedaayaa LGBT nke Egypt kọrọ na ọnwụ Hegazi na nlebara anya mgbasa ozi na-esochi kpalitere mkpọsa mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị n'ịntanetị megide ya na ndị obodo LGBT. <ref name=":7"/> Noor Selim, onye Ijipt transgender na nwa nwoke onye omee a ma ama [[Hesham Selim]], gbaghaara ihe ọ kpọrọ ihu abụọ nke ọha ma gbachitere ebe nchekwa Hegazi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=معنديش خلل هرموني.. كيف أثار نور هشام سليم الجدل مجددا على مواقع التواصل؟ - بوابة الشروق|url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=22062020&id=afc948ff-4956-4648-a54a-9ab569809ce6|accessdate=2020-06-22|work=www.shorouknews.com|language=ar-eg}}</ref> Na 23 June 2020, ndị ọka iwu Egypt abụọ gbara akwụkwọ megide Selim maka ịgbachitere Hegazi, ma bo ya ebubo na ọ na-achọ "ịgbasa nwoke idina nwoke" na Egypt. <ref>{{Cite news|date=23 June 2020|title=دعوى قضائية تتهم نجل هشام سليم بنشر "المثلية في مصر"|language=ar|work=BBC News Arabic|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-53159907|accessdate=2020-06-26}}</ref> Cheikh Rafiki, onye ụkọchukwu Alakụba Moroccan, nwetara egwu ọnwụ mgbe ọ gbachitere ebe nchekwa Hegazi n'aka onye metụtara ISIL n'ịntanetị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Maria|date=20 June 2020|title=Islam - Maroc: Cheikh Rafiki " menacé de mort " sur le Net par un daechien|url=http://article19.ma/accueil/archives/130918|accessdate=2020-06-25|work=Article19.ma|language=fr-FR}}</ref> A na-ese foto ihu ya na ụfọdụ okwu ikpeazụ ya na Brighton, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]]. <ref name="scenemag"/> Na Wikipedia Wikipedia Hegazi ehichapụ ibe Wikipedia, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị n'asụsụ asatọ na Wikipedia n'oge ahụ, kama ọ jikọtara ya dịka otu n'ime akụkụ dị na ibe "mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị". <ref name="deletion">{{Cite web|author=ببيلي|first=ديما|title=سارة حجازي: من يستحق صفحة على ويكيبيديا؟|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/trending-53272162|work=BBC News Arabic|accessdate=4 July 2020|language=ar|date=3 July 2020}}</ref> Otu onye otu obodo Wikipedia nke Arabic kọwara mkpebi ha site n'ịzọrọ "enweghị aha Hegazi zuru oke". <ref name="deletion" /> Mkpebi ha kpasuru ndị na-eme ihe ike, bụ ndị boro weebụsaịtị ebubo "ịhụnanya", ma meghere ọnụ ụzọ maka mkparịta ụka gbasara ụkpụrụ edezi na Wikipedia Arabic na banyere nnwere onwe ikwu okwu n'elu ikpo okwu nke "na-emeghe nye onye ọ bụla". <ref>{{Cite web|title=سارة حجازي: من يستحق صفحة على ويكيبيديا|url=https://headtopics.com/sa/15871575158515752781-14097024|work=headtopics|date=3 July 2020|accessdate=29 May 2024|archivedate=8 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108145022/https://headtopics.com/sa/15871575158515752781-14097024}}</ref> Ndị otu Mashrou'Leila, onye egwu egwu Hegazy gara gara kwupụtara na ọ na-agbasa na Septemba 2022. Onye na-abụ abụ bụ Hamed Sinno, kwuru na ọnwụ Sarah Hegazy bụ ihe na-enye aka na mkpebi ịgbasa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lebanese band Mashrou' Leila quits after years of harassment over sexual orientation - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/09/lebanese-band-mashrou-leila-quits-after-years-harassment-over-sexual-orientation|accessdate=2023-03-20|work=www.al-monitor.com|date=25 September 2022|language=en}}</ref> Onye na-ese foto Italy Umberto Nicoletti bipụtara akwụkwọ akpọrọ "Asylum", na mmekorita nke 519 Church Street, CIG Arcigay, na ndị ọzọ LGBT obodo LGBT òtù na-enye ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ mmemme nkwado. Akwụkwọ a na-akọ akụkọ gbasara ndị LGBT na-achọ mgbaba, wee jiri akụkọ Hegazi meghee. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Farber|first=Jim|date=2023-05-15|title='This is not a small issue': the devastating plight of LGBTQ asylum seekers|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2023/may/15/lgbtq-asylum-seekers-new-book-umberto-nicoletti|accessdate=2023-06-13}}</ref>{{Clear}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   *   {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 087hzbflra0ccbjvo21popio4g8189m 0 46112 697371 644700 2026-08-08T21:09:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Theresa Musoke''' (amụrụ 1945 na Kampala, Uganda ) bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe na Ugandan-Kenyan nke amara nke ọma maka ngosipụta nnwale ya na ngosipụta nke anụ ọhịa Kenya na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị na Africa. <ref name="LaDuke 16">{{Cite journal|author=LaDuke|first=Betty|date=November 1989|title=East African Painter Theresa Musoke: Uhuru or Freedom|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3193162|journal=Art Education|volume=42|issue=6|pages=16–24|doi=10.2307/3193162}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na eserese na ibipụta akwụkwọ, ma na-ejikwa batik, ákwà ogbugbo, acrylic, na e ji esiji ákwà, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ ya, ọbụna na-agba mbọ ịkpụ ihe n'oge ụfọdụ. <ref name=":4"/> Musoke na-akọwa ọrụ ya dị ka "ọkara-abstract" ma tinye isiokwu ndị dị ka ihe nketa mba ụwa, njirimara Africa n'ozuzu ya, na isiokwu nwanyị gụnyere ọrụ ụlọ, ịbụ nne na atụmatụ ezinụlọ n'ime ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=LaDuke|first=Betty|date=1989|title=East African Painter Theresa Musoke: Uhuru or Freedom|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3193162|journal=Art Education|volume=42|issue=6|pages=16–24|doi=10.2307/3193162|issn=0004-3125}}</ref> Nkà Musoke na-egosipụta ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-akpata ọgba aghara nke o tolitere, na-anọchite anya usoro dị iche iche nke usoro, mgbasa ozi, na ụdị dị iche iche, ma omenala na nke oge a, na mgbakwunye na "afọ iri nke mgbanwe site na omenala nke onwe ya na ọzụzụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà nke Western, na-apụta dị ka ụdị nka nke na-eme ọmarịcha ihe nketa akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịnala nke enweghị ike ịghọta naanị n'ihe gbasara ihe na ụkpụrụ nka na imewe”. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kader|first=Themina|title=Contemporary Art of Kenya: A Different Perspective|journal=Art Education|volume=59|issue=4|year=2006|pages=25–32|doi=10.1080/00043125.2006.11651600}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Musoke gara Mahadum Makerere na Kampala, ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na Arts. Otu afọ ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ meriri scholarships Commonwealth iji nweta diplọma postgraduate na Printmaking na Royal College of Art na [[London]] . <ref name=":0"/> O ji akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na Fine Art na Mahadum Pennsylvania ebe o nwetara nka na teknụzụ textile nke eserese na taị na esiji. <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":3"/> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.contemporaryand.com/magazines/theresa-musoke-a-lifetime-dedicated-to-art-in-east-africa/|title=Theresa Musoke: A Lifetime Dedicated to Art in East Africa {{!}} Contemporary And|work=www.contemporaryand.com|language=de|accessdate=2019-12-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.contemporaryand.com/magazines/theresa-musoke-a-lifetime-dedicated-to-art-in-east-africa/ "Theresa Musoke: A Lifetime Dedicated to Art in East Africa | Contemporary And"]. ''www.contemporaryand.com'' (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-22</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> N'afọ 1960, Musoke bụ otu n'ime ndị ruru eru ise ka a nabata na Margaret Trowell School of Fine Arts, nke nyere ya ohere ka ọ gbanwee gaa na mmemme nka nke Mahadum Makerere. Ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Makerere, ọ gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ Makerere na ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ nke Fine Art and Architecture na Mahadum Pennsylvania. <ref name="LaDuke 16"/> == Ọrụ == A maara ya nke ọma na Kenya karịa na [[Uganda]] n'ihi na o biri na [[Kenya]] ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ ka o si Uganda gbapụ n'ihi ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na agha obodo na mba ahụ mgbe ahụ. <ref name=":4"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Uganda: Theresa Musoke's Living Earth|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200203130258.html|accessdate=2019-12-22|work=All Africa}}</ref> N'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Makerere, ọrụ ya nwetara nlebara anya dị egwu. Enyere ya ọrụ ka o kee ihe nkiri ''ọmụmụ'' . Ọrụ nka ya ka dị na Mary Stuart Hall, otu n'ime ụlọ ebe obibi ụmụ nwanyị na Mahadum Makerere. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Kenya na Uganda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Cultures-Uganda {{!}} Theresa Musoke|url=http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.theresa-musoke.47671.html|accessdate=2019-12-22|work=uganda.spla.pro|archivedate=2019-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222113653/http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.theresa-musoke.47671.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20191222113653/http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.person.theresa-musoke.47671.html "Cultures-Uganda | Theresa Musoke"]. ''uganda.spla.pro''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ kụziri na nka na Mahadum Makerere, Mahadum Mahadum Kenyatta, International School of Kenya na Kestrol Manor. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/art/Nine-Women-Artists-Making-Waves/3815712-4737826-5fifrd/index.html|title=Nine Women Artists Making Waves|date=August 31, 2018|work=Business Daily|accessdate=2019-12-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/art/Nine-Women-Artists-Making-Waves/3815712-4737826-5fifrd/index.html "Nine Women Artists Making Waves"]. ''Business Daily''. August 31, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> O gosila ọrụ ya na Kenya, Uganda na mba ofesi, ọkachasị na US, United Kingdom na mba Scandinavian. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=The nine pioneer women of East African art|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/The-nine-pioneer-women-of-East-African-art/434746-4738422-11f53s/index.html|accessdate=2019-12-22|work=The East African|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/The-nine-pioneer-women-of-East-African-art/434746-4738422-11f53s/index.html "The nine pioneer women of East African art"]. ''The East African''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":4" /> == Ihe nrite na nnabata == * Margaret Trowell Painting Prize (1965) </link> * Nkà mmụta gụsịrị akwụkwọ ga-aga Royal College of Art na London (1966-1968) * Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship nnata  == Na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ngosi == * "Cat Ghosts" 1960s, mmanụ nọ n'ụgbọ mmiri, 75" x 48.8" cm <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Theresa Musoke: A Lifetime Dedicated to Art in East Africa|url=https://contemporaryand.com/magazines/theresa-musoke-a-lifetime-dedicated-to-art-in-east-africa/|accessdate=2022-05-28|work=Contemporary And|language=de}}</ref> * "Graffes Brown" 1982, mgbasa ozi agwakọta, 24" x 36" <ref name=":5" /> * "Zebras" 1983, mgbasa ozi agwakọta, 30" x 36" <ref name=":5" /> * "Atụmatụ Ezinụlọ: Ụmụaka nwere Dolls" 1985, mgbasa ozi agwakọta, 30" x 36" <ref name=":5" /> * "Atụmatụ Ezinụlọ: Ndị okenye na-eto eto" 1986, mgbasa ozi agwakọta, 30" x 36" <ref name=":5" /> * "Nwanyị ahịa na-ere nkata", 1986, mgbasa ozi agwakọta <ref name=":5" /> * "Ụmụ nwanyị na-ere ákwà", 1987, mgbasa ozi agwakọta, 30" x 48" <ref name=":5" /> * "Murchison Falls" * Ihe onyonyo “Ọmụmụ” na Mary Stuart Hall na Mahadum Makerere na Uganda * Ihe ngosi na Royal Academy of Art na London, England * Ihe ngosi na The Hampton Institute na Virginia, USA * Ihe ngosi na Paa ya Paa Gallery na Kenya * Ihe ngosi na Gallery of Contemporary East African Art na Nairobi, Kenya == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Musoke, Theresa}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dx6ir2lgdbbgdyf4ll3qye2rqcz50x1 0 46752 697403 577735 2026-08-09T05:48:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Zita Holbourne''' FRSA (amụrụ 1960s) <ref name="Fighting austerity">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/feb/05/zita-holbourne-barac-austerity-minority-ethnic|title=Zita Holbourne: fighting austerity's bigger impact on black and minority ethnic people|first=Mary|author=O'Hara|authorlink=Mary O'Hara (journalist)|work=The Guardian|date=5 February 2014}}</ref> bụ obodo Britain na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ na onye na-eme ihe ike, yana onye na-ese ọtụtụ ọzụzụ, na-eke ọrụ dị ka onye edemede, onye na-ede uri na onye na-ese ihe. <ref name="BHM">{{Cite web|url=https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/latest-events/dorothy-kuya-slavery-remembrance-memorial-lecture-series-2020-zita-holbourne-22-august-2020-6pm/|title=Dorothy Kuya Slavery Remembrance Memorial Lecture Series 2020 Zita Holbourne – 22 August 2020, 6pm|work=Black History Month|date=20 August 2020|accessdate=29 January 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/latest-events/dorothy-kuya-slavery-remembrance-memorial-lecture-series-2020-zita-holbourne-22-august-2020-6pm/ "Dorothy Kuya Slavery Remembrance Memorial Lecture Series 2020 Zita Holbourne – 22 August 2020, 6pm"]. ''Black History Month''. 20 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Dị ka onye na-azụ ahịa, ọ bụ National Vice President of Public and Commercial Services Union (PCS) na UK, na onye isi oche kọmitii nha anya obodo ya na kọmitii ụmụ nwanyị, yana dịka onye isi oche nke Artists Union England ọ na-edukwa nha anya. Ọ na-anọdụ na European Public Services Union National na European Administration Committee. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://encc.eu/resources/database/two-questions-zita-holbourne|title=Two questions about diversity for Zita Holbourne {{!}} Interview|work=European Network of Cultural Centres|accessdate=29 January 2022|archivedate=29 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129235146/https://encc.eu/resources/database/two-questions-zita-holbourne}}</ref> Ya na Lee Jasper rụkọrọ ọrụ bụ BARAC (Black Activists Rising Against the Cuts), <ref name="Fighting austerity" /> bụ nke na-eme mkpọsa megide mmetụta austerity na obodo ndị isi ojii. <ref name="National Museums Liverpool">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/slavery-remembrance-day/zita-holbourne|title=Zita Holbourne {{!}} Biography|work=Dorothy Kuya Slavery Remembrance Memorial Lecture Series 2020|publisher=[[National Museums Liverpool]]|date=22 August 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/slavery-remembrance-day/zita-holbourne "Zita Holbourne | Biography"]. ''Dorothy Kuya Slavery Remembrance Memorial Lecture Series 2020''. [[National Museums Liverpool]]. 22 August 2020.</cite></ref> == ndabere == Holbourne mụrụ nka na eserese na London College of Printing na Watford School of Art. Ọ na-emepụta ihe osise nke sitere na eserese mmanụ na kwaaji ruo ọrụ dijitalụ na eserese eserese. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zitaholbourne.com/|title=Artwork|work=Zita Holbourne|accessdate=6 February 2022}}</ref> Site na mmemme na nka, ọ na-akwalite nha anya, ikpe ziri ezi na ikike mmadụ. <ref name="BHM"/> N'ọrụ okike ya, o gosikwara mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na South zuru ụwa ọnụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://redgreenlabour.org/2021/10/30/climate-emergency-painting/|title=Climate Emergency- painting|work=Red Green Labour|date=30 October 2021|accessdate=6 February 2022|archivedate=6 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206122204/https://redgreenlabour.org/2021/10/30/climate-emergency-painting/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na National Chair of Black Activists Rising Against Cuts (BARAC) UK, onye guzobere otu Movement Against Xenophobia, BME Lawyers for Grenfell na BAME Lawyers for Justice ma rụọ ọrụ pụtara ìhè na mkpọsa megide ikpe na-ezighị ezi sitere na Asịrị . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/opinion/comment/2020/02/15/we-cannot-let-off-the-hook-those-complicit-with-mass-deportations/|title='We cannot let off the hook those complicit with mass deportations'|work=The Voice|first=Zita|author=Holbourne|date=15 February 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/windrush/2020/03/20/why-the-windrush-lessons-learned-review-doesnt-go-far-enough/|title=Why the Windrush Lessons Learned review doesn't go far enough|first=Zita|author=Holbourne|work=The Voice|date=20 March 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gal-dem.com/christmas-priti-patel-planning-mass-deportation-jamaica-50-windrush/|title=For Christmas, Priti Patel is planning more devastating deportations – here’s how you can stop them|first=Zita|author=Holbourne|work=[[gal-dem]]|date=25 November 2020|accessdate=6 February 2022|archivedate=6 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206124731/https://gal-dem.com/christmas-priti-patel-planning-mass-deportation-jamaica-50-windrush/}}</ref> Na 2012 ọ meriri ihe nrite onye nlere anya na National Diversity Awards . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.obv.org.uk/news-blogs/zita-holbourne-race-activist-wins-top-award|title=Zita Holbourne: Race activist wins top award|work=[[Operation Black Vote]]|date=26 September 2012|accessdate=29 January 2022|archivedate=29 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129235155/https://www.obv.org.uk/news-blogs/zita-holbourne-race-activist-wins-top-award}}</ref> Na 2018, n'ịkwado ọrụ ya na nka na omenala yana dịka onye na-akwado ịha nhatanha, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke UNESCO Coalition of Artists for the General History of Africa. <ref name="About">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zitaholbourne.com/About-and-Contact.php|title=Biography|work=Zita Holbourne|accessdate=6 February 2022}}</ref> Ọ tọrọ ntọala Mkpọrọgwụ, Culture na Identity arts mkpokọta, nke gosipụtara nka nke ndị isi ojii ojii, ndị Eshia na ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ, <ref name="About" /> na ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ 2017 ''Striving for Equality, Freedom and Justice: Embracing Roots, Culture na njirimara: Nchịkọta uri'', nke Hansib bipụtara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zitaholbourne.com/Book.php|title=Striving For Equality Freedom and Justice|work=Zita Holbourne|accessdate=6 February 2022}}</ref> Holbourne enyela aka ọrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme gụnyere ''New Daughters of Africa'' (2019), nke Margaret Busby deziri, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hackneycitizen.co.uk/2019/03/22/hackney-bookshop-major-anthology-african-womens-writing/|title=Clapton bookshop to celebrate release of major anthology of African women's writing|work=Hackney Citizen|date=22 March 2019|accessdate=29 January 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zitaholbourne.blogspot.com/2019/03/new-daughters-of-africa-book-launch.html|title=New Daughters of Africa book launch events, readings, interviews and signings|work=Zita Holbourne, Poet~Artist~Activist|date=31 March 2019|accessdate=29 January 2022}}</ref> na ''Here We Stand, Women Changing World'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://breadandrosesprize.wordpress.com/2015/05/10/here-we-stand-women-changing-the-world-wins-the-bread-roses-award-2015/|title='Here We Stand: Women Changing The World' wins the Bread & Roses Award 2015|work=The Bread and Roses Award for Radical Publishing|date=10 May 2015|accessdate=31 January 2022}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ndị o dere maka ya gụnyere ''The Guardian'', the ''Morning Star'' and The Voice ''. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/zita-holbourne|title=Zita Holbourne profile|work=The Guardian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/author/zita-holbourne|title=Articles by Zita Holbourne|work=Morning Star}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/author/zitaholbourne/|title=Written by: Zita Holbourne|work=Voice Online}}</ref>'' N'ụbọchị mba ụwa maka ncheta nke ahia ohu na mkpochapụ ya n'August 2020, Holbourne nyere nkuzi ncheta Dorothy Kuya na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke ịgba ohu na Liverpool . <ref name="National Museums Liverpool"/> N'afọ 2021, o dere "Manifesto for Cultural Workers" nke Public Services International (PSI) malitere, na-ekwupụta mmetụta nke ọrịa COVID-19, amụma ọha na nrigbu usoro na ndị ọrụ na ngalaba nka na omenala. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.museumsassociation.org/museums-journal/news/2021/05/union-federation-launches-manifesto-for-cultural-workers/#|title=Union federation launches manifesto for cultural workers|work=Museums Association|first=Francesca|author=Collins|date=4 May 2021|accessdate=29 January 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi nka nke ''mgbọrọgwụ, Culture, Identity'' nke ndị kọmitii mmekọrịta agbụrụ TUC kwadoro na 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sway.office.com/RHan1XP2EbeevcTS|title=Roots, Culture, Identity virtual art exhibition 2021|accessdate=1 February 2022}}</ref> Holbourne abụrụla onye nhazi akwụkwọ mkpesa na-adịte aka na-akpọku Home Office ka ọ kwụsị "mbula ndị mmadụ" na Jamaica. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Da Silva|first=Chantal|authorlink=Chantal Da Silva|date=25 November 2020|title=Home Office sparks outrage with plans for Jamaica deportation flight on day lockdown lifts|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/home-office-jamaica-deportation-flight-coronavirus-lockdown-b1761607.html?r=91548}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://autograph.org.uk/blog/strength-resilience-and-struggle-zita-holbourne-commemorates-windrush-day/|title=Strength, Resilience and Struggle: Zita Holbourne Commemorates Windrush Day|work=[[Autograph ABP|Autograph]]|date=22 June 2021|accessdate=29 January 2022}}</ref> == Ntụaka == gosipụtara nka nke ndị isi ojii ojii, ndị Eshia na ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ, na ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ 2017 Striving for Equality, Freedom and Justice: Embracing Roots, Culture na njirimara{{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.zitaholbourne.com/About-and-Contact.php Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230925231134/https://encc.eu/resources/database/two-questions-zita-holbourne "Ajụjụ abụọ gbasara iche iche maka Zita Holbourne"] (ajụjụ ọnụ), European Network of Cultural Centers. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241130085405/https://www.newhamblackhistory.org/events/zita-holbourne-presents-equality-freedom-and-justice/ "Zita Holbourne na-egosi nha anya, nnwere onwe na ikpe ziri ezi"], Newham Black History, 16 Ọktoba 2021. 0860g49h7a8u5lmlkum3t2gqwkq9v6r 0 46807 697327 687526 2026-08-08T13:13:35Z CommonsDelinker 87 Removing [[:c:File:Jala_Makhzoumi_Profile.jpg|Jala_Makhzoumi_Profile.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Ziv|Ziv]] because: Copyright violation; see [[:c:Commons:Licensing|]] ([[:c:COM:CSD#F1|F1]]): [[:c:COM:L|Copyright violation]]: Claim 697327 wikitext text/x-wiki Jala Makhzoumi ( Arabic <nowiki></link></nowiki> ; gbasara 1949) bụ onye na-ese ụlọ ụlọ Iraq, na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka prọfesọ na-esote na Mahadum America nke Beirut .  Ọ na- onyeisi ndị dị n'ime nhazi odida obodo, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ obodo na-adigide na akara mgbake mgbe agha agha.  Makhzoumi akwụkwọla akwụkwọ ndị dị ka Ecological Landscape Design and Planning: Mediterranean Context and The Right to Landscape .  Na 2023, a mgbaàmà ya osote onye isi oche nke International Federation of Landscape Architects .  [1] Ọ bụ Middle East Chapter President nke IFLA.  [2] Makhzoumi mekwara "UNIT44", nhazi na nkwado nke Lebanon na nhazi ala na ime obodo, yana ebu odida obodo.. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Archnet > Authority > Jala Makhzoumi|url=https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2833|accessdate=2024-03-21|work=www.archnet.org|archivedate=2024-03-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321122713/https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2833}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ na Iraq na 1949 site na nne Kurdish na nna Lebanon, Makhzoumi tolitere na Baghdad wee tinye ọtụtụ oge ntoju ya na Lebanon, chlor Dhour El Choueir.  [1] O sonye na ngalaba nke injinia na Mahadum Baghdad na 1971, ebe ọ guru akwukwo.  Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, Makhzoumi nwere ngwaọrụ na dị n'etiti gburugburu ebe obibi na imewe.  akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, ọ kwagara United States ịga mahadum Yale, bụ ebe ọ akara akara ugo masta na ebe ebe obibi. N'oge ọ na-etolite na Baghdad, Makhzoumi kwuru ka ọchịchị aka ike na Iraq si mee ka ọ pụọ n'okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị; ọ bụ naanị ruo mgbe ọ kwagara Beirut na 2001 ebe ọ nwere mmasị na njikọ dị n'etiti ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụkpụrụ odida obodo, karịsịa n'ihi ịdị adị nke obodo ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ekwu okwu na nnwere onwe nke mgbasa ozi na Lebanon. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Wong|first=Emily|date=1 Oct 2021|title=Landscapes of recovery: Jala Makhzoumi|url=https://landscapeaustralia.com/articles/jala-makhzoumi-interview/|work=Landscape Australia}}</ref> == Nnyocha, ọrụ, na ime ihe ike == Mgbe ọ ọmụmụ akwụkwọ na Yale, Jala la duru na Baghdad ebe ọ kuziri gburugburu gburugburu ebe obibi na Mahadum Teknụzụ afọ iri na ise.  N'ime oge a, Makhzoumi nchacha dị njikọ n'etiti gburugburu ebe obibi na odida obodo, na-achọ anya na ebe obibi na omume ndị obodo Iraq na-akpọ.  Otú ọ dị, Iraq agha gbara abụọ: agha Iraq-Iran, nke metụrụ Makhzoumi ike ime njem nke ukwuu, na agha Gulf nke mbụ 1990, nke manyere ya mgbochi Iraq.  Nke a bụ mgbe o mmetụta nke PhD na Mahadum Sheffield wee mechaa akwụkwọ edemede ya na nhazi ihu ala. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Halawa|first=Ahmed|date=2021-03-11|title=Jala Makhzoumi: A Landscape Architect in a Race to Stop Desertification|url=https://www.al-fanarmedia.org/2021/03/jala-makhzoumi-a-landscape-architect-in-a-race-to-stop-desertification/|accessdate=2024-04-17|work=Al-Fanar Media|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na United Kingdom, Makhzoumi okporo ụzọ odida obodo wee ya n'ịbụ nke Northern Cyprus.  Ọrụ ya nke ọma na nke Gloria Pungetti, onye ọkọka Italy na onye na-ese ụlọ ụlọ, nke mechara mee ka ha bipụta akwụkwọ abụọ: Ecological Landscape Design and Planning (1999) - na emesịa, The Right to Landscape (2016)  .  [1] Na 2001, Makhzoumi sonyeere Mahadum America nke Beirut ebe o mebere BS na Landscape Design and Ecosystem Management, ebe ọ bụ onye dịka prọfesọ na onye nhazi mmemme site na Fall nke 2001 ruo mmiri nke 2007. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Dr Jala Makhzoumi named awardee of Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe Award 2021|url=https://www.aub.edu.lb/articles/Pages/Jala_Makhzoumi_award.aspx|accessdate=2024-04-17|work=American University of Beirut|language=en-US}}</ref> Makhzoumi tinyere aka na "AREC Rural Technology Park: Climate Change and Sustainable Livelihoods in Lebanon" oru ngo. <ref name=":2"/> ma soro otu sitere na AUB rụọ ọrụ  iji tụte Erbil Inner Green Project mgbe eleghara ya anya n'ihi ihe nchekwa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Webneoo|title=Jala Makhzoumi's race against desertification|url=https://www.takreem.net/news-details-96|accessdate=2024-04-17|work=www.takreem.net|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-26|title=Jala Makhzoumi announced as speaker at IFLA 2024 World Council|url=https://www.iflaworld.com/newsblog/jala-makhzoumi-announced-as-speaker-at-ifla-2024-world-council|accessdate=2024-04-22|work=International Federation of Landscape Architects|language=en-US}}</ref> Atụmatụ maka Erbil Inner Greenbelt bu n'obi ịkwụsị mgbasawanye nke obodo ahụ na mmepe obodo mepere emepe nke na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, kwalite microclimate dị n'ógbè ahụ, na inye ndị bi na mpaghara ntụrụndụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Archnet > Site > Erbil Inner Greenbelt|url=https://www.archnet.org/sites/9585|accessdate=2024-04-17|work=www.archnet.org|archivedate=2024-03-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321123006/https://www.archnet.org/sites/9585}}</ref> Ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-akwado ọrụ gụnyere ịkwado Dalieh nke Raouche ka ọ bụrụ oghere ọha maka obodo ndị dị na Beirut na oge agha obodo nke Lebanon, na ime mkpesa megide ụdị mmepe onwe ndị ọzọ. <ref name=":0"/> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4mewniln4bj1nzgiq78mnwv2z0bsz36 0 47647 697319 577604 2026-08-08T12:16:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697319 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Samantha Bailey''' (amụrụ 1989) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-08-12|title="I Want to Play": Talking with Sam Bailey|url=https://therumpus.net/2019/08/the-rumpus-interview-with-sam-bailey/|accessdate=2022-01-29|work=The Rumpus.net|language=en|archivedate=2022-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129022918/https://therumpus.net/2019/08/the-rumpus-interview-with-sam-bailey/}}</ref> bụ onye odee America, onye nrụpụta, onye isi na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. A maara ya maka usoro webụ ''You're So Talented'' na ''Brown Girls'' . == Ọrụ == Amụrụ ma zụlite Bailey na [[Chicago]], Illinois na mpaghara Logan Square . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Irby|first=Samantha|date=2019-08-12|title="I Want to Play": Talking with Sam Bailey|url=https://therumpus.net/2019/08/the-rumpus-interview-with-sam-bailey/|accessdate=2022-01-29|work=The Rumpus.net|language=en|archivedate=2022-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129022918/https://therumpus.net/2019/08/the-rumpus-interview-with-sam-bailey/}}</ref> Ọ malitere ime ihe nkiri dị ka onye ntorobịa wee nweta akara ugo mmụta bachelor ya na Columbia College Chicago . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Golden|first=Brian|title=Filmmaker Sam Bailey Offers a Fresh Take on Young Women of Color|url=https://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/February-2017/Sam-Bailey-Brown-Girls/|accessdate=2022-01-29|work=Chicago Magazine|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129022918/https://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/February-2017/Sam-Bailey-Brown-Girls/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGolden">Golden, Brian. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220129022918/https://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/February-2017/Sam-Bailey-Brown-Girls/ "Filmmaker Sam Bailey Offers a Fresh Take on Young Women of Color"]. ''Chicago Magazine''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ, Bailey malitere ime nka n'ime obodo ihe nkiri obodo. <ref name=":1"/> O nwere nkụda mmụọ maka ịdị mma nke ọrụ etinyere ya wee jiri nkụda mmụọ ahụ mee ka ọ mara ihe osise nke ga-abụ ''onye nwere nkà'' . O tolitere ịbụ onye a ma ama maka usoro webụ nke ewepụtara onwe ya, akụkọ ọkara nke onwe ya gbasara onye na-eme ihe nkiri dị afọ 25 na-adọga na Chicago. Ọ bụ oge mbụ ọ na-eduzi na ide ihe. <ref name="theroot">{{Cite web|author=Kai|first=Maiysha|date=2018-11-29|title=Brown Girls and Beyond: Sam Bailey Is Adding New and Needed Voices to Our Narrative|url=https://www.theroot.com/brown-girls-and-beyond-sam-bailey-is-adding-new-and-ne-1830314882|accessdate=2022-01-29|work=The Root|language=en-us}}</ref> A họpụtara ''gị nwere nkà'' maka ihe nrite Gotham na 2015. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Vickery|first=Morgan|date=2019-10-16|title=Q&A {{!}} Sam Bailey|url=https://flaunt.com/content/qampa-sam-bailey|accessdate=2022-01-29|work=Flaunt Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 2017 ọ na-emepụta usoro weebụ ''Brown Girls'' na onye na-ede uri Fatimah Asghar, bụ nke gbara ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ na-abịakwute okwu na njirimara ndị na-eme ihe, na ịgagharị ọrụ na mmekọrịta. <ref name=":1"/> Usoro ahụ nwetara nhọpụta maka 2017 Primetime Emmy Award maka Short Form Comedy ma ọ bụ usoro ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè . <ref name="theroot"/> Bailey na Asghar bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta iji mepụta usoro ahụ na HBO . Bailey eduzila usoro ihe omume telivishọn ''naanị ọnụ'', ''First Wives Club'', ''East of La Brea'', ''Grown-ish'', ''Loosely Exactly Nicole'', na ''ezigbo ndị ọcha'', nke ọ bụkwa onye edemede na onye mmepụta ihe. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name="theroot"/> <ref name=":2"/> N'April 2022, ahọpụtara Bailey ka ọ duzie mmemme nke usoro mgbasa ozi dike ''Ironheart'', nke edobere na Marvel Cinematic Universe . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kit|first=Borys|date=April 11, 2022|title=Marvel's 'Ironheart' Finds Its Directors While Ryan Coogler Boards as Executive Producer|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/marvel-ironheart-show-directors-ryan-coogler-1235128280/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411190055/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/marvel-ironheart-show-directors-ryan-coogler-1235128280/|archivedate=April 11, 2022|accessdate=April 11, 2022|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Bailey bi na Los Angeles. <ref name=":2"/> == Ekele == * 2018 - Mkpọrọgwụ 100 Honoree <ref name="theroot"/> * 2018 - ''Forbes'' 30 n'okpuru 30 <ref>{{Cite web|title=30 Under 30 2018: Hollywood & Entertainment|url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30/2018/hollywood-entertainment/|accessdate=2022-01-29|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ ! Ihe nrite ! Otu ! Ọrụ ! Nsonaazụ |- | 2015 | Gotham Awards | Usoro mmega ahụ - Ụdị dị mkpirikpi <ref name=":2"/> | ''Ị nwere oke nka'' |{{Nom}} |- | 2017 | Emmy Awards Primetime | Ụdị ihe nkiri dị mkpụmkpụ ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè <ref name="theroot"/> | ''Ụmụ agbọghọ Brown'' |{{Nom}} |- | 2019 | SXSW | Grand Jury Award maka Episodic Pilot <ref>{{Cite web|title=SXSW 2019 Schedule|url=https://schedule.sxsw.com/2019/films/section/Episodic%20Pilot%20Competition|accessdate=2022-01-29|work=SXSW 2022 Schedule|language=en|archivedate=2022-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129030331/https://schedule.sxsw.com/2019/films/section/Episodic%20Pilot%20Competition}}</ref> | ''East nke La Brea''|{{Nom}} |} == Ntụaka == [[Talib Kweli|Kweli]] na [[Ihe ịtụnanya 9th|9th Wonder]] . Na nyocha ha nke album ahụ, [[Pitchfork]] kwuru na "Asante na-ejide osise nke ga-abụ onye nwere nkà . O tolitere ịbụ onye a ma ama maka usoro webụ nke{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 53ba48kd6vtooy2lz9hue7fz0ykbom8 0 48281 697337 631453 2026-08-08T14:39:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Sheena C. Howard''' bụ onye America-American <ref name="nbcnews2017">{{Cite news|author=Tuakli|first=Foluké|title=Dr. Sheena Howard is bringing diversity to the comic industry|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/first-black-woman-win-eisner-award-conquering-comic-industry-n808461|accessdate=21 August 2020|work=NBC News|date=7 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> agụmakwụkwọ, ode akwụkwọ na onye nrụpụta. Ọ bụ prọfesọ nke nkwukọrịta na Mahadum Rider . Ọ bụkwa oche gara aga nke Black Caucus ( National Communication Association ) <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141230010646/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=58065 "The Eisner Awards, Dr. Sheena C. Howard, and Watson and Holmes"]. ''Comic Book Resources''.</ref> na onye nchoputa nke Power Your Research, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-12|title=Power Your Research - Power Your Research|url=https://poweryourresearch.com/,%20https://poweryourresearch.com/|accessdate=2022-05-24|language=en-US}}</ref> na ụlọ ọrụ akara mmụta agụmakwụkwọ. Howard bụ onye nnata nke 2014 Eisner Award maka akwụkwọ mbụ ya ''Black Comics: Politics of Race and Representation'' (2013). <ref>[http://goodblacknews.org/2014/08/13/dr-sheena-c-howard-wins-2014-comic-con-eisner-award-for-book-black-comics-politics-of-race-and-representation/ "Dr. Sheena C. Howard Wins 2014 Comic Con Eisner Award for Book 'Black Comics: Politics of Race and Representation"]. ''Good Black News''.</ref> == Ndụ mbido == Howard gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke West Catholic Preparatory na Philadelphia, ebe ọ gbara bọọlụ basketball, bọọlụ na egwu. Ọ gara kọleji Iona na New Rochelle, New York wee soro ndị Iona Gaels gbaa bọọlụ afọ atọ nke Division 1. Howard gara NYIT maka nzere masters gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2007, <ref>https://www.nyit.edu/news/profiles/alumni_profile_sheena_howard</ref> na Mahadum Howard dị na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2010 na PhD na nkwukọrịta na ọdịbendị. == Ọrụ == Howard bụ onye na-akwado ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze na onye nkatọ omenala, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171005201600/http://clutchmagonline.com/2014/08/professor-sheena-howard-5-interesting-facts-first-black-woman-win-oscar-comics/2/ "Professor Sheena Howard: 5 Interesting Facts About The First Black Woman to Win the Oscar of Comics"]. Kenya Foy. ''Clutch Magazine''</ref> na-ede banyere ihe omume mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-elekwasị anya na agbụrụ agbụrụ na obere mmekọahụ. Site na 2011 ruo 2013 Howard jere ozi dị ka onye otu kọmitii onyinye ntinye akwụkwọ, AABHE. Ọ bụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ ngalaba maka ''Journal of African American Males In Education'' na 2009. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Na 2014, Howard ghọrọ nwanyị ojii mbụ nwetara ihe nrite Eisner maka akwụkwọ ya ''Black Comics: Politics of Race and Representation.'' Akwụkwọ ahụ, nke Dr. [[Ronald L. Jackson nke Abụọ|Ron Jackson II]] deziri, dabeere na akwụkwọ edemede ya "African American Communication Dynamics through Black Comics Strips." N'ajụjụ ọnụ Michael Cavna na <nowiki><i id="mwLg">The Washington Post</i></nowiki>, Howard kwuru na ọ na-ekwu, sị, "Achọrọ m ka ndị mmadụ gụọ akwụkwọ ahụ ma mụta banyere nnukwu ndị okike ojii na ndị edemede bụ ndị na-ede ihe odide n'oge a na-enwe oke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpọasị n'ebe ọ nọ. ndị oji. <ref name="WashingtonPost">Cavna, Michael (September 18, 2014). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2014/09/18/black-comics-fresh-off-milestone-eisner-award-howard-alumna-scholar-goes-deep-beneath-black-and-white-of-comics-page-at-fall-for-the-book-qa/ "‘BLACK COMICS’: Fresh off milestone Eisner Award, (Howard alumna) scholar goes deep beneath black-and-white of comics page at Fall for the Book (Q&A)"]. ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Na 2017, NBC News gosipụtara akụkọ na akwụkwọ ọchị nke Howards kwadoro; onye ndu n'ime ihe ọchị ahụ nwere Down Syndrome. Ihe ngosi ahụ kwuru, "Ịgbakwunye isiokwu nke akụkọ adịgboroja n'ime ahịrị akụkọ ya kachasị ọhụrụ na 'Superb', usoro ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke 'Luke Cage' na-ede akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị bụ David F. Walker, nwa amaala Philadelphia hụrụ na ọ dị mkpa ịgbakwunye nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ugbu a. iji weta ụkpụrụ omume na omimi na ihe ndị na-atọ ọchị ya ma ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ya na-abụkarị nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ na-akpachara anya ka ọ ghara imeju ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-eto eto na nkọwa doro anya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/first-black-woman-win-eisner-award-conquering-comic-industry-n808461|title=Dr. Sheena Howard is bringing diversity to the comic industry|work=NBC News}}</ref> == Na-arụ ọrụ == * ''Black Comics: Politics of Race and Representation'' (2013) Howard na-akparịtara oke oke oke oke n'ime echiche semantic na nka nke ihe nkiri na- atọ ọchị na asụsụ Bekee nke Africa America. Ọ na-enyochakwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ojii nyere n'usoro ihe ọchị. <ref name="WashingtonPost"/> <ref>[http://comicscreatornews.com/?p=1029 "All Eyes On Eisner Winner Dr. Sheena Howard"]. ''Comic Creator News'', by Mark C. Turner on Sep 9th, 2014</ref> Maka akwụkwọ a, ya na [[Ronald L. Jackson nke Abụọ|Ronald L. Jackson]] dezie ya, <ref>[http://www.autostraddle.com/taking-a-look-at-the-eisner-winners-and-wonder-womans-new-movie-costume-247259/ "Taking a Look At the Eisner Winners and Wonder Woman's New Movie Costume!"]. *''AutoStraddle''</ref> <ref>[http://www.english.ufl.edu/imagetext/archives/v8_1/lyn/ "Review of Black Comics: Politics of Race and Representation"]. *''Image Text: Interdisciplinary Comics Studies'', Volume 8 No. 1 By Francesca Lyn</ref> E nyere Howard onyinye Eisner Award . <ref>[http://www.nj.com/mercer/index.ssf/2014/08/rider_university_professor_wins_oscar_of_comics_at_san_diego_comic-con.html "Rider University professor wins 'Oscar of comics' at San Diego Comic-Con"] Brendan McGrath ''Times of Trenton'', nj.com, August 03, 2014</ref> <ref>[https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/cinema_journal/v055/55.1.frank.html "Black Comics: Politics of Race and Representation ed. by Sheena C. Howard and Ronald L. Jackson II (review)"]. Kathryn M. Frank, </ref> * ''Black Queer Identity Matrix: Towards An Integrated Queer of Color Framework'' (2014) Howard na-elekwasị anya na njirimara nwanyị nwanyị ojii ojii, na-ekwu okwu n'etiti agbụrụ nke agbụrụ, okike na usoro mmekọahụ, ma na-ekwurịta mkpa ọ dị maka nhazi echiche agba. Akwụkwọ a na-akpọ maka nkọwapụta ọnụ karịa n'ime ọmụmụ ihe, na-enwe echiche miri emi banyere mgbanwe nke agbụrụ na agbụrụ. N'ime nyocha akwụkwọ na QED: Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking, Dominique D. Johnson kwuru: Ọ bụ ezie na "Black Queer Identity Matrix" na-apụta site na nkwurịta okwu, ndị ọkà mmụta ejiriwo Black Queer Identity Matrix mee ihe n'ihe gbasara ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze na ngbanwe nha nha nha, yana usoro nke na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti echiche na-ezighị ezi na njirimara queer. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gobblerconnect.vt.edu/organization/hokiepride/calendar/details/626843|title=- GobblerConnect|accessdate=2024-06-15|archivedate=2023-10-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031064557/https://gobblerconnect.vt.edu/organization/hokiepride/calendar/details/626843}}</ref> Howard ejirila ihe owuwu ndị akọwapụtara na ''Black Queer Identity Matrix'' iji nyochaa ihe ngosi mgbasa ozi na ihe ngosi ''Alaeze Ukwu'' na ịma aka mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị . Howard na-ekwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Huffington Post'', dị ka onye edemede nke ''Black Queer Identity Matrix'', akwụkwọ nke na-emebi matrix nke ndị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwoke na ndị nwere mmasị nwoke na nwanyị na-agba agba na atụmatụ ndị a na-eji na-akparịta ụka banyere njirimara mmekọahụ na okwu ọha: "Achọtara m mmeghachi omume ahụ. nke onye na-akọwa mgbasa ozi na onye nyocha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Dr. Boyce Watkins nwere nnukwu nsogbu na nsogbu, karịsịa n'ime okwu nke okwu na-adịgide adịgide nke na-ekwu na obodo Black bụ nwoke idina nwoke." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Boyce Watkins Charges Lee Daniels With Having A 'Gay Agenda'|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/sheena-c-howard/boyce-watkins-empire-gay_b_6781362.html|work=The Huffington Post|date=5 March 2015|accessdate=2015-11-23}}</ref> Atlantic ekwupụtala ọrụ Dr. Howard, na-eme njikọ n'etiti njirimara mmekọahụ, nwoke na nwanyị, na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi. <ref>Hakeem Mans Up. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/11/empire-season-2-episode-6-hakeem-masculinity/414247/.</ref> * ''Nkọwa dị egwu nke agbụrụ, okike na nhazi mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị'' (2014) Akwụkwọ Lexington. * ''Encyclopedia of Black Comics'' (2017) Fulcrum Press. N'ime otu akụkụ ya na ''Los Angeles Times'', onye edemede bụ Jevon Phillips kwuru ụfọdụ n'ime esemokwu gburugburu ''Encyclopedia of Black Comics'', na-ekwu, sị, "Dị ka akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọ bụla, Otú ọ dị, otu n'ime ihe mbụ ndị mmadụ na-emekarị bụ igosi ihe na-adịghị na ya. Nchikota Dwayne McDuffie, ma eleghị anya, onye Africa America kasị nwee mmetụta na ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri n'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga, esonyeghị n'akwụkwọ ahụ Ọ nwụrụ na 2011, ma ọ bụ ihe a ma ama, na e nwere ndị ọzọ: William Wilson, onye mbụ na-ebipụta nnwere onwe ojii nke depụta ihe nkiri dijitalụ na iTunes, Percy Carey (onye na-agụ egwú MF Grimm), onye bụ onye mbụ nhọpụta Eisner ojii, na Michael Davis - onye nwere ike ị nweta ọnọdụ n'akwụkwọ ahụ." <ref>{{Cite web|title='Black Panther' and 'Black Lightning' emerging, the 'Encyclopedia of Black Comics' is here to help'|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=12 March 2018|url=https://www.latimes.com/books/features/la-ca-jc-encyclopedia-black-comics-20180312-htmlstory.html}}</ref> N'ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọnụ, Howard zara nkatọ ndị a na-echetara ọha na eze na nke a bụ naanị olu otu ma ọ bụrụ na ndị mmadụ chọrọ ka a matakwuo ihe ndị na-atọ ọchị Black, ha ga-akwado olu otu. Howard ekwuola na ime ide akwụkwọ bụ́ Encyclopedia of Black Comics bụ ihe na-akụda mmụọ, mana ọ rịọrọ enyemaka nke ọtụtụ ndị ode akwụkwọ nọ na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ka ha dee ndenye n'akwụkwọ ahụ. == Ihe nkiri == Na 2018, Howard gosipụtara na ngalaba Emmy họpụtara <ref>https://www.njtvonline.org/programs/state-of-the-arts/turning-page-black-comics-x8bq9s/</ref> nke ngosi ''State of Arts'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stateoftheartsnj.com/|title=HOME|work=State Of The Arts - NJ}}</ref> Akụkụ ahụ gosipụtara ọrụ Howard na ihe ọchị yana mmejuputa ihe nkiri ya n'ime klaasị kọleji. Ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara mmetụta na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe ọchị ojii. == Ntụaka == na-ede akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị bụ David F. Walker, nwa amaala Philadelphia hụrụ na ọ dị mkpa ịgbakwunye nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ugbu a. iji weta ụkpụrụ omume na omimi na ihe ndị na-atọ ọchị ya ma ọ ọnụ Michael Cavna na The Washington Post, Howard kwuru na ọ na-ekwu, sị, "Achọrọ m ka ndị{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0b1eprdeh1xaozi0kw66o7lo7livzju 0 48650 697376 176151 2026-08-08T22:42:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697376 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Tosin Igbo</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="819" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="819" decoding="async" height="220" resource="./File:Photograph_1.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Photograph_1.jpg/220px-Photograph_1.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Photograph_1.jpg/330px-Photograph_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Photograph_1.jpg/440px-Photograph_1.jpg 2x" width="220" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Photograph_1.jpg|frameless]]</img> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụmụ amaala | class="infobox-data category" | Naijiria |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Agụmakwụkwọ | class="infobox-data" | [[AFDA, The School of motion picture medium|AFDA, Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ihe nkiri ihe nkiri]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ọrụ | class="infobox-data role" | Onye isi ihe nkiri |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Mara&nbsp;maka | class="infobox-data" | Seven (2019 Nigerian film) The Even. Nneka the beautiful agwọ 2020 |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Nne na nna | class="infobox-data" | Peter Igbo |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ihe nrite | class="infobox-data" | Onye meriri [[Africa Magic Viewers Choice Award|nturu ugo Africa Magic Viewers Choice]] |} '''Tosin Igho''' bụ onye Naijiria na-emepụta ihe na onye ntụzi ihe nkiri. == Ndụ na ọrụ == Tosin bu nwa onye ogbo NTA Peter Igho. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-11-22|title=Nollywood director, Tosin Igho set to launch films showcasing Nigeria|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/nollywood-director-tosin-igho-set-to-launch-films-showcasing-nigeria/|accessdate=2022-07-20|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> O nwetara akara ugo mmụta mbụ ya na Visual Effects site na AFDA a ma ama na [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]] wee nweta akara ugo mmụta bachelor ọzọ na usoro ihe nkiri. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=Here is why Tosin Igho is currently one of the leading movie directors in Africa|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/here-is-why-tosin-igho-is-currently-one-of-the-leading-movie-directors-in-africa/|accessdate=2022-07-20|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-16|title=Meet Nollywood leading movie director, Tosin Igho, flying Africa|url=https://guardian.ng/art/meet-nollywood-leading-movie-director-tosin-igho-flying-africas-banner-high/|accessdate=2022-07-20|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-08-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813173445/https://guardian.ng/art/meet-nollywood-leading-movie-director-tosin-igho-flying-africas-banner-high/}}</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-egwu egwu wee duzie vidiyo egwu . Ọ eduzila vidiyo egwu maka ndị egwu ama ama dịka Mo' Hits Records ' [[D'banj]], [[Terry G]], [[Faze (musician)|Faze]], Yung L, [[Aramide]] na Sammie Okposo . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=ogunlami|first=yinka|date=2018-04-11|title=This might be the most colourful Nollywood film you'll see in 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-eve-this-might-be-the-most-colourful-nollywood-film-youll-see-in-2018/cwqgv7b|accessdate=2022-07-20|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|archivedate=2022-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719150122/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-eve-this-might-be-the-most-colourful-nollywood-film-youll-see-in-2018/cwqgv7b}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == Ọ bụ onye na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe nkiri nwere ihe nkiri TV dị egwu dị ka ''Ozugbo N'otu oge'', ''Ikpe ikpe'', ''Ịhụnanya Laghachi azụ'', ''Abụ m Laycon'' . <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":2"/> Ọ bụ onye isi ihe nkiri [[Seven (2019 Nigerian film)|asaa]] 2019 ma na-arụ ọrụ na Suspicion (ụbọchị mwepụta nke 2023) == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Ndi égwú nke Naigeria]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dun5mgwkipt3xqey7j5khsuu4nsnf7l 0 50669 697354 184329 2026-08-08T18:23:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697354 wikitext text/x-wiki Suleja bụ obodo dị na Niger State, Nigeria, dị na mgbago ugwu Abuja, isi obodo Naijiria.  Mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-enwe mmetụta anya na obodo dị nso nke Abuja, n'ihi na ọ dị nso, na eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-akpụbu ya Abuja tupu ala Naijiria nakweere aha ahụ n'aka Emir Sulayman Bal maka isi obodo obodo.  ọhụrụ ọhụrụ na 1976<ref>{{Cite book|author=Niger State (Nigeria). Ministry of Information, Social Development, Youth, Sports, and Culture. Information Division.|title=This is Suleja.|date=1986|publisher=[Information Division, Ministry of Information, Social Development, Youth, Sports, and Culture]|oclc=38682839}}</ref> Suleja ntọala na-enye aka na mmeri nke ugwu Nigeria, na ndị na-eso ya bụ ndị na-agbapụ na ndị jihadists Fulani na-etinye aka na mmeri nke ugwu Nigeria.  [2] Zaria, ma ọ bụ Zazzau, bụ otu n'ime obodo/steeti Hausa dị na Northern Nigeria nke ndị Fulani jihadists na-achị n'okpuru onye ndu ya, Usman bin Fodio.</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Ọ bụ ebe Ladi Kwali Pottery Center, nke Michael Cardew hibere na 1950. [3] Onye isi okwu nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ọkpụite a bụ Dr. Ladi Kwali, onye ọrụ ya na mba ụwa. == Akụ na ụba == Nchọpụta nke ihe osise ochie nke omenala Nok, ma n'obodo Suleja na n'ụdị akwa mmiri mmiri Makabolo, ngosila aka igosi ngosi Nok na nkà Yoruba nke Ife.  [5] Taa Suleja na-ebupụ ite Gbari .  Ịkwa akwa na ịjiji akwa, yana indigo tolitere na mpaghara, na ime ute bụ ihe omume omenala, mana ọrụ ugbo ka bụ isi ọrụ.  [6] Azụmahịa mpaghara bụ isi na ebe ugbo.  Na mgbakwunye na Pottery Center, ụlọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ dị ọgwụ n'ime obodo ahụ.  Dorben Polytechnic nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ na Suleja. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asacs.org.ng/2008/about.html|title=About Us|publisher=Dorben Polytechnic|accessdate=2009-03-18|archivedate=2009-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529075723/http://www.asacs.org.ng/2008/about.html}}</ref> == Ihu igwe == Oge mmiri ozuzo na Suleja na -ekpo ọkụ, na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-eju mmiri, ebe oge ọkọchị na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-enwekwa urukpuru .  N'ime afɔ niile, 55 ° F ma ọ bụ na-ebili ebe 100 ° F ruo 93 ° F.. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Suleja Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark|url=https://weatherspark.com/y/55092/Average-Weather-in-Suleja-Nigeria-Year-Round|accessdate=2023-09-25|work=weatherspark.com|language=en}}</ref> Site na January 28 ruo 14, oge na-ekpo ọkụ, yana nke ọma oke egwu kwa ụbọchị kpọọ 91ºF, na-adị ụnwa 2.5.  Suleja na-enweta ihu igwe ihu mma na Maachị, yana nkezi dị elu nke 93°F yana obere akwụkwọ nke 71°F. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Suleja Winter Weather, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark|url=https://weatherspark.com/s/55092/3/Average-Winter-Weather-in-Suleja-Nigeria|accessdate=2023-09-25|work=weatherspark.com|language=en}}</ref> Site na June 23 ruo Ọktoba 2, oge oyi, nke nwere oke okpomọkụ kwa ụbọchị n'okpuru 83°F, na-adị ọnwa 3.4. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Suleja, Niger, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Averages, Historical Weather Data|url=https://tcktcktck.org/nigeria/niger/suleja|accessdate=2023-09-25|work=tcktcktck.org}}</ref> N'iji nkezi nke 61°F na elu nke 88°F, Disemba bụ ọnwa kacha oyi n'afọ na Suleja. Ogologo oge ihu igwe kpuchiri elu ma ọ bụ nnukwu urukpuru na-akpa site na 55% ruo 65% n'oge oyi na Suleja, bụ nke na-enweta igwe ojii.  Na Jenụwarị 1, nke ike inwe 41% nke nri ma ọ bụ ihu igwe ojii. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-25|title=Weather Suleja|url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/week/suleja_nigeria_2322794|accessdate=2023-09-25|work=meteoblue|language=en}}</ref> Jenụwarị 1, na ọnọdụ doro anya, nke doro anya ma ọ bụ nke nwere oke 59% nke oge, bụ ụbọchị doro anya nke oge oyi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Weather in Suleja, Niger State, Nigeria {{!}} Tomorrow.io|url=https://www.tomorrow.io/weather/NG/NI/Suleja/077108/|accessdate=2023-09-25|work=Tomorrow.io Weather|language=en|archivedate=2023-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202240/https://www.tomorrow.io/weather/NG/NI/Suleja/077108/}}</ref> Maka ntụnyere, ọhọrọ nke ụzọ ma ọ bụ nnukwu urukpuru na Mee 13, ụbọchị ígwé ojii ekiri mma n'afọ, bụ 86%, ebe ike ike na mbara igwe doro anya, nke doro anya ma ọ bụ onye nke ígwé ojii na January.  1, ụbọchị doro anya nke afọ.  bụ 59%. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Simulated historical climate & weather data for Suleja|url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/suleja_nigeria_2322794|accessdate=2023-09-25|work=meteoblue|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == mgbaàmà savanna nwere osisi nke emirate nke dị ihe dịka 2,980 square kilometers (1,150 sq mi) na mbu gunyere obere eze Koro anọ ndi na-atunye ala eze Hausa nke Zazzau utu.  <nowiki></link></nowiki>Mgbe ndị dike nke Fulani jihad (mgbawa / Agha) weghaara Zaria (isi obodo Zazzau 220 ] ) [ north-northeast) ihe dika 1804, Muhamman Makau, eze ("eze") Zazzau, duuru otutu ndi okachamara Hausa gaa  n'obodo Koro nke Zuba ( 10 km ma ọ bụ 6 m south).  Abu Ja (Jatau), nwanne ya nwoke na onye n'chiri anya Zazzau, hibere obodo Abuja n'afọ 1828,-agha pụtara ya ka otu afọ gachara, ma kpọsaa onwe ya eze mbụ nke Abuja.. N'ịkwụsị akụkụ Zaria, Emirate Abuja PHP if ebe mgbaba ndị nwere Hausa onwe ha.  [14] Azụmahịa na ndị fulani na-achị Bida (n'ebe akwụkwọ ikike) na Zaria nkiri n'oge Emir Abu Kwaka (1851-1877), mana, mgbe ndị isi Abuja ụzọ ahia dị n'etiti Lokoja ( 160 )  .  south-southeast) na Zaria na 1902, ndị Britain weghaara obodo ahụ.  Ngwuputa tin Alluvial pụtara na dị iche Emir Musa Angulu (1917–1944). Na 2011, Suleja nwere ọtụtụ mwakpo ogbunigwe. Egburu mmadụ iri na March 3. <ref>[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/10-feared-dead-in-bomb-blast-in-suleja-in-niger/ 10 feared dead in Suleja bomb blast], Vanguard, visited April 16, 2011</ref> N'April 7, bọmbụ ọzọ gburu mmadụ 25. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110411022503/http://thewillnigeria.com/breaking/8159-Bomb-Explosion-INEC-Office-Suleja.html Bomb Explosion At INEC Office In Suleja], THEWILL, visited April 16, 2011</ref> == Hụkwa == * Boko Haram * [[Nsụda Mmiri Mayanka|Mayanka Falls]] == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} 6mhemqy6p7nk7756rqnhl9h0dslvymn 0 52034 697351 198220 2026-08-08T17:42:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=|honorific_prefix=Hon.|nationality=[[Ghanaian]] &nbsp;|office=Member of parliament for [[Amansie West (Ghana parliament constituency)|Amansie West constituency]]|occupation=Politician|termend=6 January 2005|termstart=7 January 2001|predecessor=Anthony Boakye-Yiadom|successor=[[Kofi Krah Mensah]]|party=[[New Patriotic Party]]}} '''Stephen Cobbinah Buor-Karikar''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Ghana]] na onye otu Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Atọ nke Republic nke Anọ onye jere ozi maka mpaghara Amansie West na mpaghara Ashanti nke Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs – List of 2013 – 2017 (6th Parliament) MPs|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/index.php?group=2463|accessdate=2 September 2020|work=GhanaMps.|archivedate=3 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803144702/http://www.ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/index.php?group=2463}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Members of Parliament of Greater Accra Region|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/members_parliament.php|accessdate=2 September 2020|work=GhanaWeb.|archivedate=21 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621050058/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/members_parliament.php}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Buor-Karikari bụ onye otu ndị omeiwu nke atọ nke mba Ghana nke anọ. A họpụtara ya n'oge ntuli aka Ghana nke afọ 2000 na-anọchite anya New Patriotic Party. O nwetara vootu 28,657 na-anọchite anya 77.82% .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Election amansie-west Constituency Results|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/elections/constituency-details/2000/amansie-west|accessdate=6 September 2020|work=Graphic Ghana}}</ref> Ọ tụfuru oche ahụ na 2004 na Kofi Krah Mensah nke (NPP). <ref>{{Cite web|author=FM|first=Peace|title=Parliament – Ashanti Region Election 1996 Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/parliament/ashanti/index.php|accessdate=2 September 2020|work=Ghana Elections – Peace FM|archivedate=27 November 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127043305/http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/parliament/ashanti/index.php}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Buor-Karikari bụbu onye omeiwu maka mpaghara Amansie West na mpaghara Ashanti nke Ghana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=17 May 2005|title=British NGO Exposes Ex-MP|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/British-NGO-Exposes-Ex-MP-81637|accessdate=6 September 2020|work=GhanaWeb.|language=en}}</ref> Tupu ọ banye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ bụ onye nkuzi na Mahadum Cape Coast.<ref name=":0" /> == Ntuaka == 1."Ghana MPs- ndepụta nke 2013-2017(6th Parliament) MPs". GhanaMps. ewepụtara 2 septemba 2020. 2. "Ndị omeiwu nke ukwuu accra region". GhanaWeb. Eweputara 2 septemba 2020. 3. "Ntuli aka Ghana amansie west bụ nsonaazụ" Graphic Ghana. Ewetara 6 Septemba 2020. 4. FM, Peace. parilament - Ashanti mpaghara ntuli aka 1996 rizọọtụ" Ntuli aka Ghana- Peace FM. Ewetara 2 septemba 2020. 5. NGO British ekpughere ex MP". GhanaWeb 17 Mee 2015. Ewetara 6 Septemba 2020. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fxcpfbt2qlqbb1tnt42rcx5tf4tq6df 0 52615 697400 577721 2026-08-09T04:24:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697400 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Yasmina Benslimane</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="nickname" lang="ar">یاسمينا بن سليمان</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |<div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Rabat]], [[Morocco]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma mater&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[University for Peace|Mahadum Maka Udo]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọrụ | class="infobox-data role" |Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091940/https://yasminabenslimane.org/ yasminabenslimane.org]</span> |} '''Yasmina Benslimane bụ onye na-akwado nwanyị Moroccan na onye guzobere Politics4Her.[1] A maara ya maka ọrụ ya n'ịkwado maka nha anya nwoke na nwanyị, ikike ụmụ nwanyị, na mmụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nsonye maka ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ agbọghọ, karịsịa.''' Na 2023, Benslimane pụtara na Forbes 30 Under 30 ndepụta maka Puerto Rico.[1]  Ọrụ ya nwetara nlebara anya mba ụwa, na-eduga na ntinye ya na 100 Women (BBC) na ngalaba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nkwado.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Agbetiloye|first=Adekunle|title=Meet the 13 African women named among BBC 100 women in 2023|url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/leaders/meet-the-13-african-women-named-among-bbc-100-women-in-2023/3c13l9v|accessdate=10 January 2024|work=Business Insider Africa|date=24 November 2023|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ na ime ihe ike == N'afọ 2017, Benslimane guzobere Politics4Her nke na-elekwasị anya na ihe ịma aka ọha na eze, gụnyere ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe, ịkwaga n'ike, ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke na nwanyị, na iwu udo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who we are|url=https://www.politics4her.com/about|accessdate=2024-03-25|work=Politics4Her|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325235553/https://www.politics4her.com/about}}</ref> Ọrụ ya, nke a ma ama n'ụwa niile, emeela ka a mara okwu ndị a na nyiwe dịka HuffPost na Al Jazeera.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HuffPost Italia "Pour Meriem". In Marocco si lotta per una legge sull'aborto, riparte la protesta pro-choice|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/esteri/2022/10/03/news/il_marocco_vuole_una_legge_sullaborto_ripartono_le_proteste_pro-choice-10339353//|accessdate=2024-10-03|archivedate=2024-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106115112/https://www.huffingtonpost.it/esteri/2022/10/03/news/il_marocco_vuole_una_legge_sullaborto_ripartono_le_proteste_pro-choice-10339353/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/18/moroccan-girls-face-threat-of-sexual-assault-forced-marriage-after-quake|title=Al Jazeera, Moroccan girls at risk of sexual assault, forced marriage after earthquake}}</ref> Benslimane ekwuola okwu n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere United Nations, ebe ọ gwara United Nations Trusteeship Council okwu na International Dialogue on Migration na Machị 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2023|title=(Closing remarks) International Dialogue on Migration (IDM) 2023 - Leveraging Human Mobility in Support of the Sustainable Development Goals|url=https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1t/k1tevy3kkf#:~:text=Strengthening%20the%20positive%20impact%20of,a%20renewed%20global%20social%20contract.|accessdate=3 October 2024|archivedate=23 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123151405/https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1t/k1tevy3kkf#:~:text=Strengthening%20the%20positive%20impact%20of,a%20renewed%20global%20social%20contract.}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na mmata == * A na-asọpụrụ ya na Forbes 30 Under 30 Local list maka Puerto Rico, 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Team|first=Forbes Under 30|title=30 Under 30 Local 2023: Puerto Rico|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesunder30team/2023/08/09/30-under-30-local-2023-puerto-rico/?sh=619841e4d0e3|accessdate=10 January 2024|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> * E gosipụtara ya na 100 Women (BBC) na ngalaba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nkwado, 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|title=BBC 100 Women 2023: Who is on the list this year? - BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-02d9060e-15dc-426c-bfe0-86a6437e5234|accessdate=10 January 2024|work=News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Agbetiloye|first=Adekunle|title=Meet the 13 African women named among BBC 100 women in 2023|url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/leaders/meet-the-13-african-women-named-among-bbc-100-women-in-2023/3c13l9v|accessdate=10 January 2024|work=Business Insider Africa|date=24 November 2023|language=en}}</ref> * A họpụtara Benslimane dị ka onye African Youth Charter Hustler site na African Union African Union na dị ka onye ndu ntorobịa site na Women Deliver, 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://womendeliver.org/classmember/yasmina-benslimane/|title=Women Deliver Young Leader Profile}}</ref> * Ụmụ nwanyị UN nabatara ya dị ka onye na-ewu udo na Arab States, na-ekweta mbọ ọ na-agba ịkwalite udo na nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arabstates.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/youth-and-innovation/young-women-in-peacebuilding|title=UN Women Arab States, Young Women in Peacebuilding programme in the Arab States Region}}</ref> * Ọ natara Emerging Leader Award site na Mahadum Saint Louis na Madrid, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.slu.edu/madrid/alumni/honorees/yasmina-benslimane.php|title=Saint Louis University Madrid, Emerging Leader Award Honoree|accessdate=2024-10-03|archivedate=2024-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007094744/https://www.slu.edu/madrid/alumni/honorees/yasmina-benslimane.php}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * ''Dị ka ndị SWANA ụmụ nwanyị anyị dị n'otu maka nnwere onwe nke Palestine, The New Arab''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Benslimane|first=Yasmina|title=SWANA feminists united for the liberation of Palestine|url=https://www.newarab.com/opinion/swana-feminists-united-liberation-palestine|work=newarab.com|accessdate=10 January 2024|language=en|date=2 November 2023|archivedate=8 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208133653/https://www.newarab.com/opinion/swana-feminists-united-liberation-palestine}}</ref> * ''Idozi agụmakwụkwọ na Ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị maka ala ọma jijiji nke Morocco metụtara ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ, United Nations Girls' Education Initiative''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Prioritizing Education and Gender Equality for Morocco's Earthquake-Affected Women and Girls|url=https://www.ungei.org/blog-post/prioritizing-education-and-gender-equality-moroccos-earthquake-affected-women-and-girls|accessdate=10 January 2024|work=UNGEI|date=20 September 2023|language=en}}</ref> * Anyị ga-etinye ego na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na-aga iji mepee ikike ha, UNICEF <ref>{{Cite news|title=We must invest in women and girls on the move to unlock their potential|url=https://www.voicesofyouth.org/blog/we-must-invest-women-and-girls-move-unlock-their-potential|accessdate=10 January 2024|work=Voices of Youth|date=10 October 2022|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hgopdb58mjaimomfuu5gcyx78wyqruf 0 52985 697326 195332 2026-08-08T13:11:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Sarah Colby Spain''' (amuru August 18, 1980) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarah Spain|url=https://twitter.com/sarahspain/status/633477927129231361?lang=en|accessdate=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Reporter Sarah Spain Is a Chicago Sports fan|work=chicagomag.com|url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/November-2016/Sarah-Spain/|accessdate=2024-10-07|archivedate=2024-12-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218231849/https://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/November-2016/Sarah-Spain/}}</ref> bu onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu America. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ espnW.com, ESPN Radio host, àgwà telivishọn ESPN na onye nta akụkọ ''SportsCenter'' oge ụfọdụ maka ESPN . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Na 1998, dị ka onye agadi na Lake Forest High School, Spain bụ MVP na onye isi egwu egwu ya, egwuregwu hockey na egwuregwu basketball. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Title IX 40 for 40: Sarah Spain|work=ivyleaguesports.com|url=http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/history/title_ix/Sarah_Spain|accessdate=|archivedate=2017-07-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729021611/http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/history/title_ix/Sarah_Spain}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=His & Hers: Finding Your Voice: 12/17/15|work=ESPN.Go.com|url=https://www.espn.com/radio/play/_/id/14390840|accessdate=December 17, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Glory Days with Lake Forest High School Athlete Sarah Spain|work=patch.com|date=October 26, 2011|url=https://patch.com/illinois/lakeforest/glory-days-with-lake-forest-athlete-sarah-spain}}</ref> Spain gara Mahadum Cornell, ebe ọ gụrụ Bekee. Ọ bụ onye heptathlete na otu egwuregwu egwu na ubi Cornell Big Red, nke ọ bụ onye isi otu afọ ya. <ref name="SPAIN">{{Cite web|title=Sarah Spain's Website|work=sarahspain.com|url=http://sarahspain.com/about/|accessdate=December 18, 2015|archivedate=December 20, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220075730/http://sarahspain.com/about/}}</ref> == Super Bowl XLI == Spain buru ụzọ nweta nlebara anya zuru oke na 2007 mgbe o mere post na eBay na-enye onyinye ịbụ "ụbọchị" mmadụ na Super Bowl XLI, nke Chicago Bears na-egwu Indianapolis Colts . Ọ bi na Los Angeles n'oge ahụ, na-atụ anya ka ya na ndị enyi ya gaa egwuregwu ahụ, zụtara tiketi ụgbọ elu na Miami. Otú ọ dị, ndị enyi ya kpebiri na ha agaghị enwe ike ịga, na-ahapụ Spain solo na enweghị tiketi egwuregwu. Ọ kọwara ire ere ahụ dị ka stunt iji nweta nlebara anya mgbasa ozi, na-enwe olile anya na ụlọ ọrụ ga-anwa inweta mgbasa ozi site n'ịkwado ọbịbịa ya na Super Bowl. Okwu ọnụ ahịa ahụ ruru Unilever, ndị na-eme Ax Body Spray, bụ ndị kpuchiri ọnụ ahịa Spain iji gaa egwuregwu ahụ wee malite mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi iji "hụ mmadụ ole ga-eme otu ihe ahụ maka ohere ịhụ otu egwuregwu ha." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jeffpearlman.com/the-quaz-qa-sarah-spain/|title=Sarah Spain - Jeff Pearlman|work=www.jeffpearlman.com|date=May 22, 2013}}</ref> == # MoreThanMean == N'afọ 2016, Spain, ya na onye na-ahụ maka redio egwuregwu Chicago Julie DiCaro, pụtara na vidiyo nke isiokwu ya bụ "Karị Karị Pụtara," nke ndị ikom na-enweghị atụ, ndị nkịtị na-agụ ezigbo tweet na-eweda ala na Spain na DiCaro ka ha nọ ọdụ ihu na ihu. . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mashable.com/2016/04/26/more-than-mean-women-reporters-harassment/#QDw5ADnRluqy|publisher=[[Mashable]]|title=More than mean: Powerful video highlights harassment of women in sports media|author=Laird|first=Sam|date=April 26, 2016|accessdate=February 23, 2018}}</ref> Ihe onyonyo a ka e bu n’obi ka o pụta ìhè iyi egwu mmekọahụ, nkatọ na-ezighi ezi, iyi egwu idina mmadụ n’ike, na egwu ọnwụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eme egwuregwu na-eche ihu n’ịntanetị naanị maka ịrụ ọrụ ha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thinkprogress.org/more-than-mean-roundtable-female-sportswriters-speak-up-about-online-harassment-102c0b31aff9/|publisher=ThinkProgress|author=Gibbs|first=Lindsay|title='More Than Mean' Roundtable: Female Sportswriters Speak Up About Online Harassment|date=May 3, 2016|accessdate=February 23, 2018}}</ref> Vidiyo nke nkeji anọ, nke Just Not Sports na One Tree Forest Films mepụtara, nwetara onyinye 2016 Peabody na ngalaba ọrụ ọha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.uga.edu/news-public-service-radio-podcast-and-web-winners-round-out-the-peabod/|publisher=UGA Today|title=News, Public Service, Radio/Podcast, and Web winners round out the Peabody 30|author=Blanchard|first=Margaret|date=April 25, 2017|accessdate=February 23, 2018}}</ref> == Ekele == ikom na-enweghị atụ, ndị nkịtị na-agụ ezigbo tweet na-eweda ala na Spain na * Crain's Chicago 40 n'okpuru 40 (2017) * Ihe nrite Peabody (2017) * Onyinye Gracie (2016, 2017) * Egwuregwu Clio Grand Award (2016) * Ihe nrite klọb imecha (2018) * Egwuregwu Emmy Awards (2018, 2018) == Ntụaka == onye isi egwu egwu ya, egwuregwu hockey na egwuregwu basketball. [1] [2] [3]{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 02qaw7p1k5jc2lcjsf7h1n0xmka6w08 0 54446 697363 644057 2026-08-08T19:45:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697363 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Taniamorales-2_(39965838884).jpg|thumb| Morales na 2016 na ogbako ndị nta akụkọ maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị Mexico .]] '''Tania Paola Morales Bazarte''' (amụrụ 22 Disemba 1986), nke a maara dị ka '''Tania Morales''', bụ onye bụbu [[Footbọl|onye egwuregwu bọọlụ]] Mexico nke mechara bụrụ onye ọkpọ egwuregwu na Liga MX Femenil na ndị otu mba Mexico . Na mba ụwa, ọ nọchitere anya ndị otu ndị na-erubeghị afọ 20 na ndị agadi Mexico. Site na 2017 ruo 2021, ọ bụ onye otu CD Guadalajara, nke a na-akpọ ''Chivas'' na ''Rebaño Sagrado'', ebe ọ bụ onye isi otu. N'afọ 2022, erere ya na Cruz Azul ebe bụkwa onye isi. Na 2023 ọ na-egwuri egwu na Queretaro . Na 2 Disemba 2023, Morales kwupụtara ịla ezumike nka na bọọlụ. <ref name="Vazquez">{{Cite web|author=Vazquez|first=Julian|title=Tania Morales anuncian su retiro despues de 6 anos en la liga|url=https://www.record.com.mx/futbol-futbol-nacional-liga-femenil-mx/tania-morales-anuncian-su-retiro-despues-de-6-anos-en-la-liga|work=Record|accessdate=10 January 2024}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb == A mụrụ Tania Morales na Guadalajara, Jalisco na 22 Disemba 1986. Na 2017, Morales sonyeere Guadalajara wee họrọ ya dị ka onye isi otu maka oge mbido nke Liga MX Femenil . Ọ gbara ọkpụ asaa wee nye aka abụọ n'oge asọmpi Apertura . Na 4 Nọvemba 2017, Morales meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ na naanị Olympic na otu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Golazo olímpico de Tania Morales en la semifinal de ida de la Liga MX femenil|url=http://www.marca.com/claro-mx/futbol/futbol-femenil/2017/11/05/59fe612be5fdead4438b4572.html|work=Marca|date=4 November 2017|accessdate=8 January 2018|language=es}}</ref> Ndị ''Chivas'' meriri asọmpi otu egwuregwu na 24 Nọvemba 2017 ka ha meriri Pachuca na egwuregwu nke abụọ nke asọmpi egwuregwu abụọ. Morales nyere aka na mmeri ahụ. Egwuregwu ahụ dọtara igwe mmadụ 28,955 na ndị nkiri 32,466 setịpụrụ ndekọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pachuca tomó ventaja en el Gran Final|url=http://www.ligafemenil.mx/cancha/detallenoticia/23008|publisher=[[Liga MX Femenil]]|date=20 November 2017|language=es}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=El Club Guadalajara es campeón de la Liga MX Femenil|url=http://www.ligafemenil.mx/cancha/detallenoticia/23054/el-club-guadalajara-es-campeon-de-la-liga-mx-femenil|publisher=[[Liga MX Femenil]]|date=24 November 2017|accessdate=7 January 2018|language=es}}</ref> N'asọmpi Clausura 2018 Morales nyere goolu ise. Dịka nke Septemba 2020, Morales bụ onye ọkpụkpọ merela ọtụtụ ihe ngosi na akụkọ Guadalajara. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Morales gbara Mexico bọọlụ n'asọmpị mba ụwa nke FIFA U-20 nke afọ 2006 gbara na Rọshịa, ebe e wepụrụ ndị otu Mexico na ọkwa otu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=La capitana rojiblanca que también es superhéroe|url=https://www.vavel.com/mx/futbol-mexicano/liga-mx/chivas/845877-la-capitana-que-tambien-es-super-heroina.html|work=Vavel|first=Silvia|author=Hoyos|date=7 November 2017|accessdate=7 January 2018|language=es|archivedate=8 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108062615/https://www.vavel.com/mx/futbol-mexicano/liga-mx/chivas/845877-la-capitana-que-tambien-es-super-heroina.html}}</ref> N'ịgba egwu maka ndị otu agadi Mexico, na 2 Eprel 2008, Morales meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ abụọ n'otu egwuregwu Jamaica ka Mexico na-asọ mpi n'enweghi ihe ịga nke ọma iji tozuo maka egwuregwu Olympic 2008 . Na 2010 CONCACAF iko ọla edo ụmụ nwanyị, Morales gbara egwuregwu ise niile ka Mexico nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na iru eru maka asọmpi iko mba ụwa nke FIFA 2011 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=CONCACAF Mexico 2010: Women's World Cup Qualifying Recap|url=http://www.concacaf.com/article/world-cup-qualifying-women-2010-technical-report|pages=11, 15–19|accessdate=25 January 2018}}</ref> Na iko ọla edo, Morales bụ onye nọchiri anya na egwuregwu ha na United States na 5 Nọvemba 2010 ebe Mexico meriri 2–1. US Soccer kpọrọ egwuregwu ahụ "iwe iwe na-atụ egwu" yana "ihe kacha pụta na akụkọ egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị Mexico. <ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Women Upset by Mexico 2-1 at CONCACAF Women's World Cup Qualifying Tournament|url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/31/usa-falls-in-mexico|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107183416/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/31/usa-falls-in-mexico|archivedate=7 January 2018|accessdate=1 September 2020|publisher=[[United States Soccer Federation|U.S. Soccer]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Selección femenil, ¡sabe a tequila!|date=4 January 2011|work=[[Reforma]]|first=Jessica|author=Anguiano|url=http://www.reforma.com/aplicacioneslibre/articulo/default.aspx?id=8045&md5=e9ebb4a77df393a3f7a4085fb5dc1ad6&ta=0dfdbac11765226904c16cb9ad1b2efe&po=1|accessdate=25 January 2018|language=es}}</ref> Morales bụ onye mmalite na egwuregwu soso megide United States na 5 June 2011 nke Mexico meriri 0–1. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Stoppage-Time Strike from Cheney Lifts U.S Women to Win Against Mexico|url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/06/cheney-strike-in-stoppage-time-lifts-us-women|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107174841/https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/13/06/cheney-strike-in-stoppage-time-lifts-us-women|archivedate=7 January 2018|accessdate=1 September 2020|publisher=[[United States Soccer Federation|U.S. Soccer]]}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Morales, ọ bụ ezie na onye òtù Mexico, emeghị na 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup . Na 27 November 2017, ndị otu mba họpụtara Morales ka ọ sonye na nkwadebe maka ịsọ mpi na Central America na Caribbean Games na 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Norma Palafox y Miriam García, llamadas al Tri Sub 20|url=https://mexico.as.com/mexico/2017/11/28/futbol/1511826884_854455.html|work=AS.com|first=César|author=Huerta|date=27 November 2017|accessdate=8 January 2018|language=es}}</ref> Ya na ndị otu mba gbakwara otu egwuregwu na iko ụmụ nwanyị Turkey 2018 na Maachị 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|title=La SNM Femenil cierra fase grupos ante Polonia en la Copa Turquía 2018|url=https://miseleccion.mx/la-snm-femenil-cierra-fase-grupos-ante-polonia-la-copa-turquia-2018|accessdate=10 March 2018|archivedate=10 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310201515/https://miseleccion.mx/la-snm-femenil-cierra-fase-grupos-ante-polonia-la-copa-turquia-2018/}}</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === {{updated|match played 27 August 2020}}<ref name=femenil>{{cite web|title=Tania Paola Morales Bazarte|url=http://ligafemenil.mx/cancha/jugador/124821|publisher=[[Liga MX Femenil]]|access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Mpụta na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" | Klọb ! rowspan="2" | Oge ! colspan="3" | Njikọ ! colspan="2" | Mkpokọta |- ! Nkewa ! Ngwa ! Ebumnuche ! Ngwa ! Ebumnuche |- | rowspan="5" | Guadalajara | 2017–18 | Njikọ MX Femenil | 30 | 12 | 30 | 12 |- | 2018–19 | Njikọ MX Femenil | 33 | 2 | 33 | 2 |- | 2019-20 | Njikọ MX Femenil | 25 | 5 | 25 | 5 |- | 2020–21 | Njikọ MX Femenil | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Mkpokọta ! 89 ! 19 ! 88 ! 19 |- ! colspan="3" | Ngụkọta ọrụ ! 89 ! 19 ! 88 ! 19 |} == Nkwanye ugwu == === Klọb === ; Guadalajara * Njikọ MX Femenil : Apertura 2017 == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tjimo56xh7ohiasfsnb7jncubi4ay2a 0 55493 697405 196806 2026-08-09T06:02:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697405 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Chasi.jpg|thumb|Zvaringeni Samuel Chasi]] '''Zvaringeni Samuel Chasi''' (amụrụ na 9 Jenụwarị 1988 <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Journey of Service, Faith, Entrepreneurship, and Philanthropy: The Life of Zvaringeni Samuel Chasi|url=https://zvaringenisamuelchasi.blogspot.com/2024/03/a-journey-of-service-and-faith-life-of.html|accessdate=2024-03-23|work=zvaringenisamuelchasi.blogspot.com}}</ref>) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Zimbabwe na onye isi ala na-emegide ya na onye isi ndị agha nke People's Patriotic Party . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Zimbabwe Opposition Writes To UN Explaining Decision To Boycott August 2023 Elections|url=https://www.pindula.co.zw/2023/06/27/zimbabwe-opposition-writes-to-un-explaining-decision-to-boycott-august-2023-elections/|accessdate=2024-01-17|work=Pindula|language=en}}</ref> N'oge gara aga, ọ bụ onye ndu n'okpuru Zanu Pf National Commissariat Dept . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Radio|first=Nehanda|date=2018-04-05|title=Cabinet minister's hubby in limbo|url=https://nehandaradio.com/2018/04/05/cabinet-ministers-hubby-in-limbo/|accessdate=2024-01-19|work=Nehanda Radio|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọrụ a ma ama gara aga bụ na Ministry of Youth, Ministry of Defense, na Ministry of Foreign Affairs na Zimbabwe. == Ịgba mbọ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ == Na Septemba 2022 Chasi degaara ụlọ ikpe mpụ mba ụwa (ICC) akwụkwọ ozi na-arịọ ụlọ ikpe dị na Hague ka ha jide Onye isi ala Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa maka ebubo nke imegbu ikike mmadụ, gụnyere ndina n'ike, ịta ahụhụ, na ntọrọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mnangagwa Faces Arrest For Rape, Torture – ZimEye|url=https://www.zimeye.net/2022/09/05/mnangagwa-faces-arrest-for-rape-torture/|accessdate=2024-01-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=cfeditoren|date=2022-09-11|title=Opposition Party Calls For National Shutdown On 13 Sept, Mnangagwa's Impeachment|url=https://www.africa-press.net/zimbabwe/all-news/opposition-party-calls-for-national-shutdown-on-13-sept-mnangagwas-impeachment|accessdate=2024-01-19|work=zimbabwe|language=en-US}}</ref> Chasi dere akwụkwọ ozi ahụ tupu nleta Mnangagwa na New York City, United States of America, ịga nnọkọ nke 77 nke United Nations General Assembly na New York na 13 Septemba 2022.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, nke e degaara Mnangagwa, depụtaghachiri UN, African Union, SADC, Diplomatic Missions, ICC, Parliament of Zimbabwe, na Political Parties. Akụkụ nke akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na-agụ:<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Open letter to President Mnangagwa|url=https://www.pressreader.com/zimbabwe/newsday-zimbabwe/20220908/281736978285829|accessdate=2024-01-25|publisher=NewsDay (Zimbabwe)}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, ọ kọrọ banyere Ụlọikpe Mpụ Mba Nile na mmekpa ahụ, ntọrọ na ndina n'ike na 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bulawayo24 News – Skyes! \|url=https://bulawayo24.com/|accessdate=2024-01-18|work=Bulawayo24 News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mnangagwa Faces Arrest For Rape, Torture – ZimEye|url=https://www.zimeye.net/2022/09/05/mnangagwa-faces-arrest-for-rape-torture/|accessdate=2024-01-19|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission: Successes & Failures. by @CCCDiaspora - SpacesDashboard.com|url=https://spacesdashboard.com/space/1RDxlaXpoloKL/zimbabwe-anti-corruption-commission-successes-failures|accessdate=2024-01-19|work=SpacesDashboard|language=en}}</ref> SABC News kpọrọ Chasi maka ajụjụ ọnụ gbasara nsogbu na Zimbabwe Ndị mmegide na-akpọ oku ka e jide Mnangagwa n'ihi nnupụisi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zimbabwe's Opposition calls for Mnangagwa's arrest over coup|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4UgxjaN7_w|accessdate=2024-01-18|language=en|publisher=SABC News}}</ref> Ọ gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na redio Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Umongameli Emmerson Mnangagwa Ukhangelelwe Ukuhlangabezwa Ngababhikitshayo Abebandla le People's Patriotic Front eJFK Airport Namuhla|url=https://www.voandebele.com/amp/6754744.html|accessdate=2024-01-19|work=www.voandebele.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RBZ Gold-backed Digital Currency A Scam – Opposition Leader|url=https://www.pindula.co.zw/2023/04/30/rbz-gold-backed-digital-currency-a-scam-opposition-leader/|accessdate=2024-01-19|work=Pindula|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Chasi na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya nwere ike ịkwado Nelson Chamisa na nkwupụta o kwuru na People's Patriotic Party (PPP) ekwupụtala na ọ na-akwado nkwado Citizens Coalition for Change (CCC) onye ndu Nelson Chamisa ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche Zimbabwe.[1]. Chasi gwara NewZimbabwe.com na Mnangagwa nwere ọta mmadụ nke ndị enyemaka 225 e mere atụmatụ iji gbochie ndị nchekwa..<ref>{{Cite web|author=cfeditoren|date=2022-09-22|title=Mnangagwa Evades Protesting Zimbabweans In New York {{!}} Report|url=https://www.africa-press.net/zimbabwe/all-news/mnangagwa-evades-protesting-zimbabweans-in-new-york-report|accessdate=2024-01-19|work=zimbabwe|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News Briefs 23 September 2022 {{!}} The Southern African Liaison Office|url=https://www.salo.org.za/news-briefs-23-september-2022/|accessdate=2024-01-19|work=www.salo.org.za|archivedate=2024-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119161543/https://www.salo.org.za/news-briefs-23-september-2022/}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Mpofu|first=Emmanuel|title=PPP backs Chamisa|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/southerneye//local/article/200015664/ppp-backs-chamisa|accessdate=2024-01-19|work=Southern Eye|archivedate=2024-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118163247/https://www.newsday.co.zw/southerneye/local/article/200015664/ppp-backs-chamisa}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2023, Chasi zigara Odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations akwụkwọ ozi, na-akọwa nchegbu ya banyere enweghị ọnọdụ n'efu na nke ziri ezi. Chasi mesiri mkpebi ahụ ike ịkwụsị ntuli aka ahụ, na nkwupụta o kwuru na ọ bụghị egwu kpaliri ya kama ọ bụ ịjụ ịbụ ihe ọ kpọrọ itinye aka na usoro ntuli aka adịgboroja.<ref name=":0"/> == Arịrịọ == N'okwu steeti nke mba na 12 February 2024, [1] Chasi rịọrọ maka ntuli aka ọhụrụ ka ọ na-erule June 2024 nye onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations António Guterres, na-ezigara ndị Africa Union na South African Development Community (SADC) . Chasi'  kwuputara nchegbu banyere omume nke 23 Ọgọst 2023 nhoputa ndi nkwekọ nke o kwuru na agbasoghi iwu ntuli aka ma ọ bụ iwu nke Zimbabwe.<ref name="demand">{{Cite web|title=Opposition Party Writes To SADC Demanding Fresh Polls|url=https://www.zimeye.net/2024/02/13/opposition-party-writes-to-sadc-demanding-fresh-polls/|accessdate=2024-03-08|work=ZimEye|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ruezk6bwq94j3mo15ep7ve8chtsbw8a 697406 697405 2026-08-09T06:02:43Z KiranBOT 25138 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.9s 697406 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Chasi.jpg|thumb|Zvaringeni Samuel Chasi]] '''Zvaringeni Samuel Chasi''' (amụrụ na 9 Jenụwarị 1988 <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Journey of Service, Faith, Entrepreneurship, and Philanthropy: The Life of Zvaringeni Samuel Chasi|url=https://zvaringenisamuelchasi.blogspot.com/2024/03/a-journey-of-service-and-faith-life-of.html|accessdate=2024-03-23|work=zvaringenisamuelchasi.blogspot.com}}</ref>) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Zimbabwe na onye isi ala na-emegide ya na onye isi ndị agha nke People's Patriotic Party . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Zimbabwe Opposition Writes To UN Explaining Decision To Boycott August 2023 Elections|url=https://www.pindula.co.zw/2023/06/27/zimbabwe-opposition-writes-to-un-explaining-decision-to-boycott-august-2023-elections/|accessdate=2024-01-17|work=Pindula|language=en}}</ref> N'oge gara aga, ọ bụ onye ndu n'okpuru Zanu Pf National Commissariat Dept . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Radio|first=Nehanda|date=2018-04-05|title=Cabinet minister's hubby in limbo|url=https://nehandaradio.com/2018/04/05/cabinet-ministers-hubby-in-limbo/|accessdate=2024-01-19|work=Nehanda Radio|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọrụ a ma ama gara aga bụ na Ministry of Youth, Ministry of Defense, na Ministry of Foreign Affairs na Zimbabwe. == Ịgba mbọ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ == Na Septemba 2022 Chasi degaara ụlọ ikpe mpụ mba ụwa (ICC) akwụkwọ ozi na-arịọ ụlọ ikpe dị na Hague ka ha jide Onye isi ala Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa maka ebubo nke imegbu ikike mmadụ, gụnyere ndina n'ike, ịta ahụhụ, na ntọrọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mnangagwa Faces Arrest For Rape, Torture – ZimEye|url=https://www.zimeye.net/2022/09/05/mnangagwa-faces-arrest-for-rape-torture/|accessdate=2024-01-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=cfeditoren|date=2022-09-11|title=Opposition Party Calls For National Shutdown On 13 Sept, Mnangagwa's Impeachment|url=https://www.africa-press.net/zimbabwe/all-news/opposition-party-calls-for-national-shutdown-on-13-sept-mnangagwas-impeachment|accessdate=2024-01-19|work=zimbabwe|language=en-US}}</ref> Chasi dere akwụkwọ ozi ahụ tupu nleta Mnangagwa na New York City, United States of America, ịga nnọkọ nke 77 nke United Nations General Assembly na New York na 13 Septemba 2022.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, nke e degaara Mnangagwa, depụtaghachiri UN, African Union, SADC, Diplomatic Missions, ICC, Parliament of Zimbabwe, na Political Parties. Akụkụ nke akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na-agụ:<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Open letter to President Mnangagwa|url=https://www.pressreader.com/zimbabwe/newsday-zimbabwe/20220908/281736978285829|accessdate=2024-01-25|publisher=NewsDay (Zimbabwe)}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, ọ kọrọ banyere Ụlọikpe Mpụ Mba Nile na mmekpa ahụ, ntọrọ na ndina n'ike na 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bulawayo24 News – Skyes! \|url=https://bulawayo24.com/|accessdate=2024-01-18|work=Bulawayo24 News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mnangagwa Faces Arrest For Rape, Torture – ZimEye|url=https://www.zimeye.net/2022/09/05/mnangagwa-faces-arrest-for-rape-torture/|accessdate=2024-01-19|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission: Successes & Failures. by @CCCDiaspora - SpacesDashboard.com|url=https://spacesdashboard.com/space/1RDxlaXpoloKL/zimbabwe-anti-corruption-commission-successes-failures|accessdate=2024-01-19|work=SpacesDashboard|language=en}}</ref> SABC News kpọrọ Chasi maka ajụjụ ọnụ gbasara nsogbu na Zimbabwe Ndị mmegide na-akpọ oku ka e jide Mnangagwa n'ihi nnupụisi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zimbabwe's Opposition calls for Mnangagwa's arrest over coup|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4UgxjaN7_w|accessdate=2024-01-18|language=en|publisher=SABC News}}</ref> Ọ gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na redio Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Umongameli Emmerson Mnangagwa Ukhangelelwe Ukuhlangabezwa Ngababhikitshayo Abebandla le People's Patriotic Front eJFK Airport Namuhla|url=https://www.voandebele.com/a/6754744.html|accessdate=2024-01-19|work=www.voandebele.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RBZ Gold-backed Digital Currency A Scam – Opposition Leader|url=https://www.pindula.co.zw/2023/04/30/rbz-gold-backed-digital-currency-a-scam-opposition-leader/|accessdate=2024-01-19|work=Pindula|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Chasi na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya nwere ike ịkwado Nelson Chamisa na nkwupụta o kwuru na People's Patriotic Party (PPP) ekwupụtala na ọ na-akwado nkwado Citizens Coalition for Change (CCC) onye ndu Nelson Chamisa ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche Zimbabwe.[1]. Chasi gwara NewZimbabwe.com na Mnangagwa nwere ọta mmadụ nke ndị enyemaka 225 e mere atụmatụ iji gbochie ndị nchekwa..<ref>{{Cite web|author=cfeditoren|date=2022-09-22|title=Mnangagwa Evades Protesting Zimbabweans In New York {{!}} Report|url=https://www.africa-press.net/zimbabwe/all-news/mnangagwa-evades-protesting-zimbabweans-in-new-york-report|accessdate=2024-01-19|work=zimbabwe|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News Briefs 23 September 2022 {{!}} The Southern African Liaison Office|url=https://www.salo.org.za/news-briefs-23-september-2022/|accessdate=2024-01-19|work=www.salo.org.za|archivedate=2024-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119161543/https://www.salo.org.za/news-briefs-23-september-2022/}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Mpofu|first=Emmanuel|title=PPP backs Chamisa|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/southerneye//local/article/200015664/ppp-backs-chamisa|accessdate=2024-01-19|work=Southern Eye|archivedate=2024-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118163247/https://www.newsday.co.zw/southerneye/local/article/200015664/ppp-backs-chamisa}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2023, Chasi zigara Odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations akwụkwọ ozi, na-akọwa nchegbu ya banyere enweghị ọnọdụ n'efu na nke ziri ezi. Chasi mesiri mkpebi ahụ ike ịkwụsị ntuli aka ahụ, na nkwupụta o kwuru na ọ bụghị egwu kpaliri ya kama ọ bụ ịjụ ịbụ ihe ọ kpọrọ itinye aka na usoro ntuli aka adịgboroja.<ref name=":0"/> == Arịrịọ == N'okwu steeti nke mba na 12 February 2024, [1] Chasi rịọrọ maka ntuli aka ọhụrụ ka ọ na-erule June 2024 nye onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations António Guterres, na-ezigara ndị Africa Union na South African Development Community (SADC) . Chasi'  kwuputara nchegbu banyere omume nke 23 Ọgọst 2023 nhoputa ndi nkwekọ nke o kwuru na agbasoghi iwu ntuli aka ma ọ bụ iwu nke Zimbabwe.<ref name="demand">{{Cite web|title=Opposition Party Writes To SADC Demanding Fresh Polls|url=https://www.zimeye.net/2024/02/13/opposition-party-writes-to-sadc-demanding-fresh-polls/|accessdate=2024-03-08|work=ZimEye|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ako3eydrmlsdxg16vhaz01lj008zplf 0 55557 697397 368562 2026-08-09T04:11:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697397 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:يارا سلام.PNG|thumb|Yara sallam]] Yara Sallam (Arabic: يارا رفعت سلّام; amuru Nọvemba 24, 1985) bu onye ama ama n'ihe gbasara umunwanyi na onye na-akwado ikike mmadu. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu na onye nyocha maka ọtụtụ ndị Egypt na mba ụwa, yana maka African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR). Na June 21, 2014, e jidere ya na opekata mpe ndị ọrụ 30 ndị ọzọ na-eme njem na nso Obí Ittihadiya, ụlọ ọrụ Onye isi ala dị na Cairo, na ngagharị iwe udo megide iwu Ijipt nke na-ebelata ikike ime ngagharị iwe. Ikpe ya na ndị ngagharị iwe ibe 22, ndị niile boro ebubo imebi iwu ngagharị iwe, abụrụla ihe nnọchianya nke iguzogide mmachi siri ike na nkwenye nke gọọmentị Onye isi ala Abdel Fattah el-Sisi manyere. Amnesty International kpọrọ ikpe ahụ "ikpe ngosi dabere na obere ihe akaebe na-enyo enyo nke e bu n'uche ka ọ bụrụ ịdọ aka ná ntị doro anya nye onye ọ bụla na-emegide iwu mkpesa nke Ijipt". <ref name="AI">{{Cite web|title=Egypt: Release women's rights defender, protesters arrested for challenging draconian protest law|publisher=Amnesty International|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/egypt-release-women-s-rights-defender-protesters-arrested-challenging-draconian-protest-law-20-0|accessdate=October 15, 2014}}</ref> == Ọrụ na ime ihe ike == A mụrụ Yara Sallam na mpaghara Heliopolis nke Cairo na nne na nna nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke itinye aka na ihe ndị aka ekpe. O mechara kwuo, "Ọ dịghị m mkpa ịgụ echiche na akwụkwọ iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ ndị inyom. Enwere m ihu ọma ịzụlite m n'ezinụlọ aka ekpe nke kwenyere na ịha nhata n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, ma tinye ụkpụrụ ndị a n'ọrụ. "<ref name="Abbas">{{Cite web|author=Abbas|first=Hakima|title=Feminists We Love: Yara Sallam|publisher=The Feminist Wire|url=http://thefeministwire.com/2014/07/feminists-we-love-yara-sallam/|accessdate=October 15, 2014}}</ref> Sallam gwakwara onye na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ na 2013 na mmasị ya na ikike mmadụ pụtara mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, mgbe "Abụ m onye otu ''Al-Nosoor al-Sagheera'' (The Young Eagles), nke na-arụ ọrụ maka ikike ụmụaka. " <ref name="WLUML">{{Cite web|title=WLUML networker Yara Sallam awarded North African HRD Shield|publisher=Women Living Under Muslim Laws|url=http://www.wluml.org/news/wluml-networker-yara-sallam-awarded-north-african-hrd-shield|accessdate=October 15, 2014|archivedate=April 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421160029/http://www.wluml.org/news/wluml-networker-yara-sallam-awarded-north-african-hrd-shield}}</ref> Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ Egypt ''Mada Masr'' si kwuo, "Òtù ahụ dọtara ezinụlọ ndị nọ n'etiti nwere mmasị aka ekpe na ndị zigara ụmụ ha nzukọ na ogige nke otu ahụ na 1990s na mmalite 2000s. "<ref name="Mada">{{Cite web|author=Elbadawi|first=Hanan|title=Yara Sallam: A prisoner of passion and human rights|publisher=Mada Masr|url=http://www.madamasr.com/sections/politics/yara-sallam-prisoner-passion-and-human-rights|accessdate=October 15, 2014}}</ref> Sallam gụrụ akwụkwọ iwu, nweta akara ugo mmụta iwu na Mahadum Cairo na 2007 na Maîtrise na Iwu Azụmaahịa na Mahadim Pantheon-Sorbonne na Paris, France na 2007. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na United States, ma nweta nzere Master of Laws (LL.M.) na International Human Rights Law na Mahadum Notre Dame na 2010. Mgbe ọ na-achụso nzere ndị a, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Egypt. Dị ka onye nchọpụta na ụlọ ọrụ Cairo nke Institut de recherche pour le développement, ụlọ ọrụ na-eche echiche na France, ọ nyochara mmetụta nke iwu ịgba alụkwaghịm na iwu na ndụ ụmụ nwanyị Ijipt. O mechara sonye na Civil Freedoms Unit na Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR), otu na-eduga n'ụlọ maka ikike mmadụ. N'ebe ahụ, o lekwasịrị anya na ịkpa ókè na ime ihe ike megide ndị okpukpe pere mpe. Hossam Bahgat, onye guzobere EIPR, mechara cheta, sị: "Otu n'ime ihe dị ịrịba ama banyere Yara bụ ikike ya ịrụ ọrụ ọkachamara n'amaghị mmetụta ya ... echetara m na 2009 mgbe a wakporo ụlọ Bahá'ís n'obodo dị nso na Sohag, batara m n'ọfịs Yara mgbe ọ na-ewere akaebe site na ekwentị site n'aka nwanyị dị afọ 70; a gbara ụlọ nwanyị ahụ ọkụ, a chụpụrụ ya n'obodo ya, naanị olileanya ya ka ọ ga-ede akwụkwọ wee nwụọ n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="Boutros">{{Cite web|author=Boutros|first=Magda|title=Yara Sallam: Optimist Against All Odds|publisher=[[Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy]]|url=http://timep.org/commentary/yara-sallam-optimist-odds|accessdate=October 15, 2014}}</ref> Mgbe ọ natasịrị LL.M, Sallam kwagara Gambia ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka iwu na African Commission on Human and People's Rights. Ọ laghachiri Ijipt mgbe 2011 Revolution gasịrị, Nazra kpọkwara ya maka Feminist Studies, otu ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị, iji duzie mmemme Women's Human Rights Defenders. Ọrụ ya na-edekọ mmegbu megide ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe ike meriri ya na North African Human Rights Defender Shield Award na 2013, nke Pan-African Human Rights Defenders Network nyere ya.<ref name="award">{{Cite web|title=Winners of the 2013 Human Rights Defenders Awards|publisher=East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders Project (EHAHRDP)|url=http://www.defenddefenders.org/2013-human-rights-defenders-awards/|accessdate=October 15, 2014|archivedate=October 21, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021231207/http://www.defenddefenders.org/2013-human-rights-defenders-awards/}}</ref> N'ịkọwa ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị Ijipt n'afọ ahụ, Sallam kwuru, "Ọ bụghị naanị na anyị nwere gọọmentị nke na-adịghị ebu ibu ọrụ ya maka mmebi ikike mmadụ, gụnyere ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na-arị elu ruo n'ókè nke ndina n'ike na Tahrir Square, kamakwa na-enye ohere nkwupụta sitere n'aka ndị ọrụ na-ata ụmụ nwanyị ụta maka mwakpo mmekọahụ. ... Ịlụ na-aga n'ihu, ọ bụghị naanị megide ọchịchị ahụ, kamakwa n'etiti ndị obodo na-ekwenyeghị na mkpa ọ dị ịmanye ụmụ nwanyị itinye ha n'ime ọha. "<ref name="Abbas"/> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2013, ọ laghachiri na Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights dị ka onye nchọpụta na Transitional Justice Unit. O butere ụzọ n'ịdepụta mmegide ime ihe ike nke ngagharị iwe megide gọọmentị n'oge ọkọchị na ọdịda nke afọ 2013, ogbugbu nke dugara n'ọnwụ nke ihe karịrị 1000 ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe. == Njide na ikpe == Onye isi oche Adly Mansour bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iwu ngagharị iwe Egypt ọhụrụ na Nọvemba 24, 2013. Iwu ahụ, nke enyere site n'iwu na enweghị ikike ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mba ahụ, na-enye gọọmentị ikike ịkachasị ikike ịnabata ma ọ bụ machibido ihe ngosi ọ bụla. Ọ nyere iwu mkpọrọ afọ 2–5 maka ndị ngagharị iwe "na-akpọ oku maka imebi ọdịmma ọha." [1] E jiri iwu ahụ ngwa ngwa tụọ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama, gụnyere Alaa Abd El-Fattah na onye ọka iwu ruuru mmadụ Mahienour El-Massry, [2] yana ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-eme ngagharị iwe na-emegide ọchịchị. Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'Ijipt kpọrọ oku maka ụbọchị mba ụwa nke ịdị n'otu na-emegide iwu ngagharị iwe ahụ, maka June 21, 2014. N'ụbọchị ahụ, ngagharị iwe nke nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ọtụtụ narị mmadụ gbakọtara na mpaghara Heliopolis nke Cairo wee gaa n'obí onye isi ala. Ndị ikom yi uwe ndị nkịtị wakporo ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na karama na nkume gbajiri agbaji, na-enweghị ntinye aka nke ndị uwe ojii, mgbe ndị uwe ojii na-eyi uwe na-agbapụ gas na-agba mmiri. Ndị uwe ojii jidere ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe 30 ma ọ bụ karịa, n'etiti ha Yara Sallam na nwa nwanne ya, bụ ndị e jidere mgbe ha na-azụta mmiri n'ụlọ ahịa.<ref name="Long">{{Cite web|author=Long|first=Scott|title=Yara Sallam in jail, and the moral bankruptcy of the United States|publisher=A Paper Bird|url=http://paper-bird.net/2014/06/23/yara-sallam-in-jail-and-the-moral-bankruptcy-of-the-united-states/|accessdate=October 15, 2014|archivedate=December 7, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207082244/https://paper-bird.net/2014/06/23/yara-sallam-in-jail-and-the-moral-bankruptcy-of-the-united-states/}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ nwa nwanne nne Sallam n'otu abalị ahụ, mana, dị ka Amnesty International si kwuo, "E jidere Yara Sallam mgbe ndị ọrụ nchekwa chọpụtara na ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR). " Ndị e jidere mechara tọhapụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ gwara ndị otu na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na "a kụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ma yie egwu na ha ga-ebo ha ebubo na ha bụ ndị Muslim Brotherhood a machibidoro iwu" ma ọ bụ ndị na-agba ọchịchị nke April 6 Youth Movement.<ref name="AI"/><ref name="EIPR">{{Cite web|title=Masr el-Gedeida's Prosecution Jails Protesters and Rights Defenders for 4 Days Pending Investigations Reflecting the Superficiality of Investigations in Protests' Cases|publisher=Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights|url=http://eipr.org/en/pressrelease/2014/06/23/2134|accessdate=October 15, 2014}}</ref> Ndị nwoke 14 na ụmụ nwanyị 8 ejidere na njem ahụ gara ikpe na June 29, chere afọ nke enwere ike ịtụ mkpọrọ n'okpuru iwu ngagharị iwe. (A na-ekpekwa onye ọzọ ikpe, nwantakịrị, iche iche). Na mgbakwunye na Yara Sallam, ndị a na-agbachitere gụnyere Sanaa Seif, nwa akwụkwọ na onye na-eme mgbanwe bụ nwanne Alaa Abd El-Fattah; onye nta akụkọ foto Abdel-Rahman Mohamed; na onye na-ese foto Rania El-Sheikh. N'okwu ikpe nke June, n'otu ụlọ ikpe dị na ogige nchekwa Tora na ndịda Cairo, onye ọka ikpe jụrụ ịhapụ ndị a na-azara ọnụ na nkekọ, na ọbụna jụrụ arịrịọ ka e wepụ agbụ ndị nwoke.[1] O yigharịrị ikpe ahụ ihe karịrị ọnwa abụọ. Kemgbe ahụ, a tụrụ ndị nwoke ejidere n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na Tora, ụlọ nchekwa dị elu nke ama ama maka ijide ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ụmụ nwanyị ejidere n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị na El-Qanater. Mgbe e nwechara ikpe ndị ọzọ na Septemba 13 na Ọktoba 11, e yigharịrị ikpe ahụ ruo Ọktoba 16. N’ụbọchị ikpeazụ, ọkàikpe mara ọkwa na ya ga-ekpe ikpe n’October 26. N'ụlọ mkpọrọ, Sallam anọgidewo na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ ndị ọzọ. N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2014, National Council for Human Rights (NCHR) nke gọọmentị Egypt zigara ndị nyocha n'ụlọ mkpọrọ El-Qanater iji gbaa ụmụ nwanyị ndị e jidere ajụjụ ọnụ n'okwu gbasara ọgwụgwọ ha. Ụmụ nwanyị ahụ jụrụ izute ndị ọbịa ahụ, wee nye ndị ọrụ ibe ha Yara Sallam na Salwa Mehrez ka ha gwa ha "na ọ bụrụ na ha chọrọ ịmara eziokwu nke ọnọdụ ahụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ha kwesịrị izute ndị ọzọ e jidere n'ọnọdụ ka njọ ma nwekwuo mmetọ. " <ref name="NCHR">{{Cite web|author=Abaza|first=Jihad|title=Detained female activists refuse NCHR delegation|work=Daily News Egypt|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/07/10/detained-female-activists-refuse-nchr-delegation/|accessdate=October 15, 2014}}</ref> Obere oge tupu ejide Sallam na ndị ọrụ ibe ya, òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ n'Ijipt dere usoro ịta ahụhụ na mmetọ mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị e jidere na El-Qanater, ebe a machibidoro iwu. <ref name="Qanater">{{Cite web|author=Aman|first=Ayah|title=Female prisoners in Egypt suffer rampant abuse|publisher=Al-Monitor|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/06/egypt-female-detainees-abuse-harassment-prison.html|accessdate=October 15, 2014}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Ọktoba, ụlọ ikpe Heliopolis mara ndị a na-ebo ebubo Ettehadiya ikpe gụnyere Yara ebubo na ha mebiri iwu ngagharị iwe ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ atọ na ịkwụ ụgwọ puku pound iri nke Ijipt. == Mgbaghara na ntọhapụ nke onye isi ala == N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2015, otu ụbọchị tupu onye isi ala Ijipt Abdel Fattah al-Sisi agaa New York izute Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu, a mara ọkwa "mgbaghara onye isi ala" iji tinye ndị ntorobịa 100 a mara ikpe n'ọtụtụ ikpe na-ese okwu na ebubo ndị yiri ka ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere "mgba aghara nke Shura Council" na "Ettehadiya Presidential Palace" ma na-eje ozi maka ebubo gụnyere imebi mkpesa ahụ, aha Sallam so n'ime ha. mgbaghara ahụ gụnyekwara ndị a na-ebo ebubo nwere "ọnọdụ ahụike siri ike", a tọhapụrụ Sallam.<ref name="Mada2015">{{Cite web|title=Update: Activists Yara Sallam, Sanaa Seif released from prison|publisher=Mada Masr|url=http://www.madamasr.com/news/update-activists-yara-sallam-sanaa-seif-released-prison|accessdate=September 29, 2015}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ctxuuwnpawlaf9uanbiw3qf9uvadlbf 0 57441 697387 205663 2026-08-09T01:37:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=|office=Member of parliament for Ga south constituency|nationality=[[Ghanaian]]|occupation=Politician|profession=Nurse|termstart=7 January 1993|termend=7 January 1997|birth_date=5 June 1942|party=National Democratic Congress|alma_mater=Public Health Nurses School|president=Jerry John Rawlings|succeeded=Margaret Clarke Kwesie|honorific_prefix=Hon.}} Victoria Adjetey bụ onye ụzọ ụgbọ Ghana na onye nchekwa.  Ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka onye omeiwu maka mpaghara Ga South na mpaghara Greater Accra nke Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - List of 2013 - 2017 (6th Parliament) MPs|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/index.php?group=2463|accessdate=2021-02-09|work=www.ghanamps.com|archivedate=2020-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803144702/http://www.ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/index.php?group=2463}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=|first=|title=Ghana Parliamentary Register 1992-1996|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A ስጋ Victoria Adjetey na 5 June 1942, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na-ahụ maka mgbochi na eze ebe ọ mkpuchi mkpuchi mkpuchi. == Ọrụ == Ọ bụbu onye otu ndị omeiwu mbụ nke Republic nke anọ, ọ jere ozi site na Jenụwarị 1993 ruo Jenụwarụ 1997. Ọ bụkwa onye nọọsụ. == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == A መለያ Adjetey ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ndị omeiwu mbụ nke Republic nke Anọ n'oge ọhụrụ aka ndị omeiwu Ghana na 1992 na tiketi nke National Democratic Congress .   [1] Ọ tụfuru oche ahụ na Margaret Clarke Kwesie nke National Democratic Congress na 1996 Ghanaian general election onye meri Eric Busby Quartey-Papafio nke New Patriotic Party;   Jesse Nii Adu Commey Randolp nke Convention People's Party;   Daniel Adoquaye Pappoe nke People's National Congress na Amekah Kwadzo John nke Great Consolidated Popular Party. A rin ya na egwu nke vootu dị irẹ nke 49,758.   Nke a bụ ihe ruru 52.20% nke ihe nkiri vootu ziri ezi.   Ndị na-agụ ya 19,180, 3,092, 2,416 na 1,485 vootu n'ime ozi vootu ziri ezi.   Ndị a bụ 20.10%, 3.20%, 2.50% na 1.60% n'otu n'otu nke akara vootu ziri ezi.. <ref>{{Cite web|author=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 1996 Results - Ga South Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/greateraccra/232/index.php|accessdate=2021-02-09|work=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archivedate=2024-03-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321155311/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/greateraccra/232/index.php}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Ephson|first=Ben|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BK9EAQAAIAAJ&q=Victoria+Adjetey|title=Elections '92|date=1992|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyUmAQAAMAAJ&q=Victoria+Adjetey|title=1992 Parliamentary Nominations: All Regions Breakdown|date=1993|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Ghana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCUmAQAAMAAJ&q=Victoria+Adjetey|title=Parliamentary Election, Ghana, 29.12.92: Elected Parliamentarians|date=1992|publisher=Government Printer, South Africa|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ bụ Onye Kraịst. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] e7d8uaffanb78f5zxm17tkyikezk0pk 0 57464 697370 205620 2026-08-08T21:07:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Theresa Joyce Baffoe|office=Member of Parliament for the [[New Edubease (Ghana parliament constituency)|New Edubease Constituency]]|nationality=[[Ghanaian nationality law|Ghanaian]] {{flagicon|GHA}}&nbsp;|birth_date={{birth date and age |df=yes|1954|07|24}}|birth_place=[[New Edubiase]], [[Ashanti Region]]|termstart=October 1993|termend=6 January 2005|predecessor=[[Mary Eugenia Ghann]]|successor=[[Ernest Kofi Yakah]]|alma_mater=[[Holy Child College of Education]]|honorific_prefix=Hon.|office1=|termstart1=|termend1=|occupation=Politician|profession=Teacher|party=[[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|National Democratic Congress]]}} Theresa Joyce Baffoe ( banyere na 24 Julaị 1954) bụ onye agha Ghana na onye bụbu onye omeiwu maka mpaghara New Edubease nke Ashanti Region Onye Ghana.  Ọ bụkwa onye otu nhọrọ nke ndị Omeiwu maka Azụmaahịa . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - List of 2013 - 2017 (6th Parliament) MPs|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/index.php?group=2463|accessdate=2020-09-02|work=GhanaMps.|archivedate=2020-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803144702/http://www.ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/index.php?group=2463}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Members of Parliament of Greater Accra Region|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/members_parliament.php|accessdate=2020-09-02|work=GhanaWeb|archivedate=2020-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621050058/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/members_parliament.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2001|title=Members Of Parliament In The Various Select Committees|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Members-Of-Parliament-In-The-Various-Select-Committees-13314|accessdate=2020-09-04|work=GhanaWeb.|language=en}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Baffoe na 24 Julaị 1954 na New Edubiase, Ashanti Region. Ọ gara Holy Child Training College ebe ọ zụrụ dị ka onye nkuzi wee nweta asambodo ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi (Certificate A). <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Ghana Parliamentary Register 1993-1996 Session|publisher=The Office of Parliament of Ghana|pages=119}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Baffoe ọrụ dị ka onye otu ndị omeiwu nke mbụ nke mba Ghana nke anọ n'afọ Ọktoba n'afọ 1993 mgbe ọ meri na mbụ aka nke e mere mgbe onye n'oche New Edubiase, Mary Eugenia Ghann nwụsịrị.. Baffoe bụkwa onye otu nzuko omeiwu nke atọ nke mba nke anọ, ka ahọpụtachara ya maka oge nke atọ n'usoro n'oge ntuli aka izugbe Ghana 2000.[1]  Ọ nọchitere anya mbụ na tiketi National Democratic Congress na 1992 wee họpụta ya ka emechara ntuli aka mba Ghana nke afọ 1996 ebe ọ nwetara votu 11,908 nke ọtụtụ.  Ọ tụfuru oche na ntuli aka izugbe Ghana nke afọ 2004.[2]  O kpebiri ịla n'ọkwa maka onye ọzọ, Ernest Kofi Yankah onye nwetara vootu 14,732 na-anọchite anya 54.45% ịnọchite anya na 2008.[3]  ọ nọchitere anya ugboro atọ maka mpaghara New Edubease.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 May 2004|title=Four people to contest NDC primaries for New Edubiase|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Four-people-to-contest-NDC-primaries-for-New-Edubiase-58847|accessdate=2020-09-05|work=GhanaWeb.|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Baffoe bụ onye nkuzi site na ọrụ.  Ọ nwowo na- ihe afu iri abụọ na tupu ọ banye na ụgbọ njem.  Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ruo afọ iri na anọ, yana dị ka onye isi mmalite nke Ọrụ Ghana.<ref name=":0"/> == Ndụ onwe onye == Baffoe bụ Onye Kraịst, na onye otu Chọọchị Katọlik nke Ghana . <ref name=":0"/> == Ihe odide == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ebp9ils3fnihyrenfx2qa7jxxoyddky 0 58491 697379 594999 2026-08-08T23:07:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Tsay Chung-han|native_name={{nobold|蔡中涵}}<br />Safulo Kacaw Lalanges|native_name_lang=zh-tw|honorific-suffix=[[List of members of the Legislative Yuan|MLY]]|image=|imagesize=|smallimage=|caption=|office=Member of the [[Legislative Yuan]]|term_start=1 February 2002|term_end=31 January 2005|constituency=Republic of China|predecessor=|successor=|order1=|term_start1=1 February 1987|term_end1=31 January 2002|predecessor1=[[Yang Chuan-kwang]]|successor1=[[Liao Kuo-tung]]|constituency1=[[Lowland Aborigine Constituency|Lowland Aborigine]]|birth_date={{birth year and age|1943}}|birth_place=|nationality=[[Empire of Japan]] (until 1945)<br />[[Republic of China]] (since 1945)|party=[[People First Party (Taiwan)|People First Party]] (since 2001)|otherparty=[[Kuomintang]] (until 1998)<br />{{ill|Democratic Non-Partisan Alliance|zh|全國民主非政黨聯盟}} (Independent) (1998–2001)|occupation=politician|profession=professor|education=[[Soochow University (Taiwan)|Soochow University]] ([[B. A.|BA]], [[M. A.|MA]])<br />[[University of Tokyo]] ([[PhD]])}} '''Tsay Chung-han'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Tsay, Chung-han |url=https://www.ly.gov.tw/Pages/List.aspx?nodeid=1045 |website=Legislative Yuan |language=zh-tw |date=23 July 2013}}</ref> ({{zh|t=蔡中涵}}; {{langx|ami|'''Safulo Kacaw Lalanges'''}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ly.gov.tw/Pages/ashx/File.ashx?FilePath=~/File/Attach/167652/File_158731.docx |format=DOCX |title=立法院內政委員會 開會通知單 |trans-title=Legislative Yuan, Interior Committee: Notice of Meeting |website=[[Legislative Yuan]] |access-date=January 4, 2024}}</ref> or {{lang|ami|'''Safulo Arik Cikatopay'''}};<ref>{{cite web |title=a'iyalaeho: 阿美族{{!}}從阿美族祭典內容出發探討歲時祭儀國定假日政策【Pakayni I cepo' no Ilisin a malingato A matatolotolon to kalohifang no kalolisin】 |url=https://news.ipcf.org.tw/17415 |website=TITV News 原視新聞網 |language=zh-TW |date=2022-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=原民會成立25週年！當年戰友齊聚 論壇回顧爭取自治過程 {{!}} 政治 {{!}} 三立新聞網 SETN.COM |url=https://www.setn.com/news.aspx?newsid=1040469 |work=www.setn.com |date=2021-12-11 |language=zh-Hant-TW}}</ref> amụrụ n'afo 1943) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si mba Taiwan. Ọ bụ onye òtù [[Legislative Yuan]] site n'afọ 1987 ruo 2005. === Ndụ onwe Onye === Tsay bụ onye Amis.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Wilson|first=Aaron Wytze|title=Saving the Amis language one megabyte at a time|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2015/09/28/2003628753|accessdate=22 January 2020|work=Taipei Times|date=28 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Loa|first=Iok-sin|title=Aborigines bemoan century of pain|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/08/26/2003511700|accessdate=22 January 2020|work=Taipei Times|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> O nwetara nzere masta na ọmụmụ mba ụwa na Mahadum Soochow, wee nwetakwuokwa nzere ọkankuzi ya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Mahadum Tokyo, ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime mmadụ iri abụọ na otu sitere na ụmụ amaala gbara ajụjụ ọnụ maka akwụkwọ nke akporo ''The Story of their Lives: the Academic Path of Taiwan's Aboriginal Doctorate Holders,'' nke kwuru na, site na 1945 ruo 2004, e nwere ụmụ amaala iri abụọ na atọ nwetara nzere doctorate. <ref name="ly4">{{Cite news|title=Tsay Chung-han (5)|url=https://www.ly.gov.tw/EngPages/List.aspx?nodeid=11524|accessdate=22 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Wu|first=Debby|title=Recalling the struggle of Aboriginal doctorate holders|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2004/01/08/2003086785|accessdate=22 January 2020|work=Taipei Times|date=8 January 2004}}</ref> Ọ kụziri na Social Science Center na Mahadum National Chengchi, jere ozi dị ka osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Tamkang, prọfesụ nleta na Mahadum Peking, na onye nkuzi na Mahadum Ryutsu Keizai.<ref name="ly3">{{Cite news|title=Tsay Chung-han (3)|url=https://www.ly.gov.tw/EngPages/List.aspx?nodeid=11075|accessdate=22 January 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == A họpụtara Tsay ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu Yuan nke mbụ n'afo 1986 na 1990, dị ka onye nnọchi anya ihe ghọrọ Lowland Aborigine Constituency, n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ Kuomintang. Ọ nọgidere na-esonyere Kuomintang n'oge nnọkọ nke abụọ na nke atọ nke ndị omeIwu Yuan. <ref name="ly3"/><ref>{{Cite news|title=Tsay Chung-han (2)|url=https://www.ly.gov.tw/EngPages/List.aspx?nodeid=10906|accessdate=22 January 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1987, e wepụrụ iwu ndị agha, nke Tsay ghọkwara onye na-akwado ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri e jidere n'oge ihe omume Tuapse.<ref name="TKU">{{Cite web|title=The Early Taiwan-Russian relations you may not know|url=https://fubowu.com/2018/01/23/%E4%BD%A0%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E4%B8%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%93%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%8F%B0%E4%BF%84%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82/|author=Wu Fucheng|date=2018-01-23|publisher=European Union Forum, [[Tamkang University]]|language=zh-tw|accessdate=2025-03-19|archivedate=2021-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417074655/https://fubowu.com/2018/01/23/%E4%BD%A0%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E4%B8%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%93%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%8F%B0%E4%BF%84%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=反共抗俄大暴走：1954年陶甫斯號劫船事件|url=https://www.peoplenews.tw/news/03281e13-85ca-430a-9195-44eb65f5acb8|author=Li Zhen-hsiang|publisher=Taiwan People News|date=2009-01-08|language=zh-tw|accessdate=2025-03-19|archivedate=2021-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711030805/https://www.peoplenews.tw/news/03281e13-85ca-430a-9195-44eb65f5acb8}}</ref> Mgbalị ya na mgbasa ozi ya site na [[Independence Evening Post|''Independence Evening Post'']] mere ka Onye isi ala Lee Teng-hui tọhapụ ndị niile fọdụrụ n'agha na 1988. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Andrey Slyusarenko|title=Floating for half a life|url=https://odessa-life.od.ua/article/264-plavanie-dlinoyu-v-polzhizni|publisher=Odessa Life|date=2009-11-11|language=ru-ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Sergey Turchenko|title=РОКОВОЙ РЕЙС ТАНКЕРА "ТУАПСЕ"|url=https://www.trud.ru/article/22-03-2001/21477_rokovoj_rejs_tankera_tuapse.html|publisher=TRUD|date=2001-03-22|language=ru-ru}}</ref> Tsay meriri nhọpụta ọzọ dị ka onye nwere onwe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afo 1998, na-arụ ọrụ na Democratic Non-Partisan Alliance .<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tsay Chung-han (4)|url=https://www.ly.gov.tw/EngPages/List.aspx?nodeid=11300|accessdate=22 January 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 2001, Tsay laghachiri na Legislative Yuan site na ndepụta nke [[People First Party]]. <ref name="ly4"/> Dị ka onye omeiwu, nke Tsay keere òkè dị mkpa na nyocha nke ụkpụrụ ọdịmma ụmụ amaala, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Huang|first=Sandy|title=Aborigines call on Chen to follow through|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2002/05/22/0000137090|accessdate=22 January 2020|work=Taipei Times|date=22 May 2002}}</ref> ma kwuo maka nyocha nke biomedic metụtara ụmụ amaala. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Liu|first=Shao-hua|title=Genes, ethics and Aborigines|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2000/08/29/50974/4|accessdate=22 January 2020|work=Taipei Times|date=29 August 2000}}</ref> N'afọ 2004, Tsay sonyere na ngagharị iwe nke mere mgbe osote onye isi ala Annette Lu kwuru na ụmụ amaala Taiwan abụghị ndị mbụ bi na Taiwan, gụnyere ọgbaghara agụụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hong|first=Caroline|title=Aborigines take to the streets in protest|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2004/07/25/2003180306/2|accessdate=22 January 2020|work=Taipei Times|date=25 July 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Hong|first=Caroline|title=Aboriginal legislators on hunger strike|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2004/07/17/2003179302|accessdate=22 January 2020|work=Taipei Times|date=17 July 2004}}</ref> N'afọ 2004, Liu Wen-hsiung, Jaw Shaw-kong na Tsay boro Chen Shui-bian ebubo na ọ na-enye Mireya Moscoso nsogbu mmekọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Editorial: Time to demand accountability|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2004/11/03/2003209523|accessdate=22 January 2020|work=Taipei Times|date=3 November 2004}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị iche, Chen na Moscoso gbara ndị na-ebo ebubo atọ ahụ akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Wu|first=Debby|title=PFP legislative duo, Jaw unfazed by suit|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2004/10/22/2003207911|accessdate=22 January 2020|work=Taipei Times|date=22 October 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Huang|first=Tai-lin|title=Furious Moscoso to sue PFP accusers|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2004/10/23/2003208050/1|accessdate=22 January 2020|work=Taipei Times|date=23 October 2004}}</ref> Ụlọ ikpe Mpaghara Taipei wepụtara mkpebi banyere ikpe Chen megide Liu, Jaw, na Tsay na onwa Jenụwarị afo 2006, na-ekpebi na ikpe amaghị Jaw, mana na Liu na Tsay ga-ebipụta mgbaghara n'ihu ọha na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị isi asụsụ Chinese. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chang|first=Rich|title=Jaw loses suit against president|url=http://taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/04/19/2003303456|accessdate=22 January 2020|work=Taipei Times|date=19 April 2006}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] j2ugyve09w41x9d66buwiq8bevowwhv 0 59333 697324 516042 2026-08-08T12:47:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=[[The Honourable]]|spouse=Nuhela Seidu|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1980|08|11}}|birth_place=[[Korle-Bu]], [[Accra]], Ghana{{fact|date=February 2025}}|death_date=|death_place=|restingplace=|restingplacecoordinates=|nationality=[[Ghanaian]]|party=[[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|National Democratic Congress]]|relations=|children=|residence=|alma_mater=[[University of Ghana]] <br/> [[Presbyterian Boys' Senior High School|Presbyterian Boys' Senior Secondary School - Legon (Presec-Legon)]]|occupation=[[Politician]]|cabinet=|committees={{ubl|Foreign Affairs Committee|Appointments Committee}}|portfolio=|signature=|signature_alt=|website=|name=|honorific-suffix=[[Member of parliament|MP]]|image=Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa at 3 Music Awards 22 47.jpg|alt=|caption=Ablakwa in 2022|office=Minister for [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Ghana)|Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ghana]]|term_start=7 February 2025|term_end=|president=[[John Mahama]]|predecessor=[[Shirley Ayorkor Botchwey]]|successor=|constituency_MP2=[[North Tongu (Ghana parliament constituency)|North Tongu]]|parliament2=Ghanaian|majority2=|term_start2=7 January 2013|term_end2=|predecessor2=|order3=|office3=Deputy Minister for Education|term_start3=2013|term_end3=7 January 2017|president3=John Mahama|predecessor3=|successor3=[[Yaw Osei Adutwum]]|order4=|office4=Deputy Minister for Information|term_start4=2009|term_end4=2013|president4=[[John Atta Mills]]|predecessor4=|successor4=[[Felix Kwakye Ofosu]]|footnotes=}} Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa (amụrụ 11 Ọgọst 1980) bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana nke na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a dịka onye minista na-ahụ maka mba ofesi Ghana kemgbe afọ 2025. Ọ bụbu onye omeiwu maka North Tongu Constituency na Volta Region kemgbe 2013, họpụtara ugboro anọ na tiketi National Democratic Congress.  Ọ bụ osote onye minista steeti n'okpuru ma John Atta Mills na John Mahama . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Adjorlolo|first=Ruth Abla|title=Deputy Minister condemns students' actions|url=https://gbcghana.com/1.2974445|accessdate=2020-11-28|work=Gbc Ghana.|language=en|archivedate=2023-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501221230/https://www.gbcghana.com/1.2974445}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-28|title=Stop cutting power supply to schools – Ablakwa to ECG|url=https://citifmonline.com/2015/11/stop-cutting-power-supply-to-schools-ablakwa-to-ecg/|accessdate=2020-11-28|work=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102160158/https://citifmonline.com/2015/11/stop-cutting-power-supply-to-schools-ablakwa-to-ecg/}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A Washington Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa na 11 Ọgọstụ 1980 ma si Aveyime-Battor na mpaghara Volta nke Ghana.[1]   Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ ochie nke Presbyterian Boys' Senior Secondary School - Legon (Presec-Legon) ma jee ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke akwụkwọ nsasị..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Samuel-Okudzeto-Ablakwa-1179|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=GhanaWeb.}}</ref> Ọ gara Mahadum nke Ghana, ma nwee Bachelor of Arts na ike ike ike na nkà ihe n'etiti afọ 2002 na 2006. Na Mahadum Leicester, o nwere Master of Arts na Communication Media, na Public Relations..<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Samuel-Okudzeto-Ablakwa-2383|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=GhanaWeb.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Baarffour (Devarsh)|first=Asare Michael|date=2023-02-05|title=Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa Biography: Age, Political Career, Education And Family|url=https://ghanaeducation.org/samuel-okudzeto-ablakwa-biography-age-political-career-education-and-family/|accessdate=2024-06-22|work=Ghana Education News|language=en-US}}</ref> Ablakwa nwekwara asambodo na idu ndú site na Harvard Kennedy School of Governance, USA na Master of Science na Defense and International Politics site na Ghana Armed Forces Command and Staff College . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=83|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Parliament Of Ghana|archivedate=2023-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130082103/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=83}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa bụ onye otu National Democratic Congress (NDC).  [1] Ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke National Union of Ghana Students (NUGS) site na 2005 ruo 2006, mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ghana.  Ọ bụkwa onye otu na-edepụta iwu ndị iwu nke pati ya na bandwidth NDC maka ire 2008. Ọ bụ onye otu onye ozi maka Joint Action (CJA) otu na-akwado ndị mmadụ.  Ọ bụ onye otu Accredited Member (APR) nke Institute of Public Relations (IPR), Ghana . <ref name="Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa, Biography">{{Cite web|title=Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Samuel-Okudzeto-Ablakwa-1179|accessdate=2021-08-28|work=GhanaWeb.}}</ref> ==== Nhọrọ 2020 ==== Ablakwa sonyere ma merie na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke NDC 2020 maka North Tongu Constituency na mpaghara Volta nke Ghana. Ablakwa meriri na ntuli aka Ghana nke afọ 2020 na tiketi nke National Democratic Congress na 42,011 vootu (89.71%) megide Arku Richard Collins nke New Patriotic Party onye nwere 4,312 vootu (9.21%) na Akaho Raymond nke Ghana Union Movement onye nwekwara 505 isonyere 8th Parliament nke Fourth Republic of Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana 2020 Election - North Tongu Constituency Parliament Results|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/elections/2020/parliament/volta/north-tongu|accessdate=2025-01-16|work=www.peacefmonline.com|language=en}}</ref> ==== Nhọrọ nke 2024 ==== Ablakwa sonyere ma merie na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke NDC 2024 maka North Tongu Constituency na mpaghara Volta nke Ghana. Ablakwa meriri na Ntuli aka nke Ghana na 2024 na tiketi nke National Democratic Congress na 41,033 vootu (93.11%) megide Dr John Saviour Yaw Eleblu nke New Patriotic Party onye nwere 3,036 vootu (6.89%) iji sonye na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke 9 nke [[Ghana|Republic nke anọ nke Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Peace FM|title=North Tongu Constituency Parliament Results - Ghana 2024 Election Results|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/elections/2024/parliament/volta/north-tongu|accessdate=2025-01-16|work=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|language=en}}</ref> === Onye osote Minista nke steeti === N'oge ọ na-eme ihe na ụgbọ ụkwụ ndị mba, ọ bụ onye otu John Atta Mills's Campaign Communication Team ruo mgbe a nchọpụta ya dị ka osote minista maka ozi mgbe ọ dị afọ 28, mgbe Mills ndú aka onye isi ala.  [1] Ọ bụ ọrụ na nke Transition Team dị ka onye na- irin anya ike.  Ablakwa jere ozi dị ka osote minista na-ahụ maka njikọ dị elu n'okpuru Minista na-agụ akwụkwọ n'oge ahụ bụ Prọfesọ Jane Naana Opoku Agyemang n'okpuru nke John Dramani Mahama.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dogbevi|first=Emmanuel|date=2016-10-02|title=Government to speedup passage of Tertiary Education Research Fund|url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2016/10/02/government-to-speedup-passage-of-tertiary-education-research-fund/|accessdate=2020-11-28|work=Ghana Business News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-03-25|title=Government And UG Have Cordial Relationship-Minister|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/government-and-ug-have-cordial-relationship-minister/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-11-28|work=News Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Yeboah|first=Paul Y. A.|title=UMaT is the Most Compliant Public University in Ghana|url=https://umat.edu.gh/media-press/happenings/featured-news/447-umat-is-the-most-compliant-public-university-in-ghana.html|accessdate=2020-11-28|work=umat.edu.gh|language=en-gb|archivedate=2022-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217180143/https://umat.edu.gh/media-press/happenings/featured-news/447-umat-is-the-most-compliant-public-university-in-ghana.html}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ablakwa Lauds IUCG's Excellence and the Quality of its Graduates|url=http://www.iug.edu.gh/ablakwa-lauds-iucg|accessdate=2020-11-28|work=IUCG|language=en-gb|archivedate=2020-12-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206231247/http://www.iug.edu.gh/ablakwa-lauds-iucg}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, Ablakwa kwuru na ọ na-eme atụmatụ nnukwu ngagharị iwe na Ghana nke akpọrọ 'Enough of the Looting Demo'. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kwafo|first=Eric Nana Yaw|date=1 August 2023|title=Ablakwa to lead 'Enough of the Looting Demo' after fingering Gabby Otchere-Darko in GHS187.3m scandal|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1248872/ablakwa-to-lead-enough-of-the-looting-demo-after.html|accessdate=2 August 2023|work=Modern Ghana}}</ref> === Minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ọzọ === Na Jenụwarị 2025, Onye isi ala John Mahama họpụtara Ablakwa dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ofesi. <ref>{{Cite web|date=22 January 2025|title=Profile of Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa, Foreign Affairs Minister-designate|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Profile-of-Samuel-Okudzeto-Ablakwa-Foreign-Affairs-Minister-designate-1968414|accessdate=2 February 2025|work=Ghana Web}}</ref> A ṅụrụ ya iyi na 7 Febụwarị 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Iddi Yire|date=8 February 2025|title=Mahama swears in 17 new Ministers, declaring no room for pomposity in his government|url=https://gna.org.gh/2025/02/mahama-swears-in-17-new-ministers-declaring-no-room-for-pomposity-in-his-government/|accessdate=12 February 2025|work=Ghana News Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 February 2025|title=Mahama swears in Sam George, Ablakwa, Akandoh, 14 other ministers|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1378072/mahama-swears-in-sam-george-ablakwa-akandoh.html|accessdate=12 February 2025|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> === Onyinye === Mazị Okudzeto Ablakwa anatala ọtụtụ ihe nrite gụnyere TNG Corporate Excellence Awards - Accra, 2010, Outstanding Youth Leader in West Africa by the West Africa Students' Union (WASU) - Kaduna, Nigeria 2009, Special Alumnus Award site National Union of Ghana Students' (NUGS) - 2009, Old Vandal Award of the University of Volta  Ghana - 2005 na onye otu pụrụ iche nke ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum nkeonwe nke Ghana (PUSAG).[1][2]  Ọ kwanyere ya ugwu site n'aka ndị Mepe Traditional Council na Tepa Traditional Council ebe a maara ya dị ka "Mmrantiehene".".<ref name="Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa, Biography"/> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2022, o nyere Samelia Mekporsigbe, nwa akwụkwọ dị afọ 8 nke ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Battor DA, agụmakwụkwọ zuru oke. O meriri na asọmpi mpaghara Volta nke 2022 nke USAID Learning Initiative haziri. Ọ pụtara dị ka nwa akwụkwọ kachasị mma na sekit, distrikti na mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-07|title=8-year-old earns full scholarship and GH¢3,000 from Okudzeto Ablakwa|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/8-year-old-earns-full-scholarship-and-GH-3-000-from-Okudzeto-Ablakwa-1597703|accessdate=2022-08-07|work=GhanaWeb|language=en|archivedate=2023-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501163539/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/8-year-old-earns-full-scholarship-and-GH-3-000-from-Okudzeto-Ablakwa-1597703}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kamasah|first=Andreas|date=2022-08-05|title=8-year-old gets scholarship, Tablet and 3k from Ablakwa for winning reading competition|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/filla/8-year-old-gets-scholarship-tablet-and-3k-from-ablakwa-for-wining-reading-competition/fn0gsyl|accessdate=2022-08-07|work=Pulse Ghana|language=en|archivedate=2022-08-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807222748/https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/filla/8-year-old-gets-scholarship-tablet-and-3k-from-ablakwa-for-wining-reading-competition/fn0gsyl}}</ref> === Mmiri nke Akosombo Dam === N'afọ iri n'afọ Febụwarị afọ 2024, Maazị Ablakwa ezinụlọ ụlọ dị maka maka ndị idei mmiri bụ ndị a ịchụpụrụ.[1]  O kwuru na ọrụ ahụ, nke onye bụbu onye isi ala John Dramani Mahama pụtara, ga-enyere ndị Ọdachi Akosombo Dam ego aka ụlọ elu ụlọ n'elu isi ha. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.okudzetoablakwa.com Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:All articles with unsourced statements]] cn6o2efdbj6fif805btvkgatyhf0gyc 0 60460 697367 212717 2026-08-08T20:40:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697367 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Àkwà mmiri ahụ |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Nke onye nduzi | class="infobox-data" |Kunle Afolayan |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edere ya | class="infobox-data" |Shola Dada |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ihe nkiri site na | class="infobox-data" |Shola Dada |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Mepụtara site na | class="infobox-data" |Lasun Ray Eyiwumi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri | class="infobox-data" |Chidinma Ekile Demoal Adedoyin Tina Mba Ayo Mogaji Zack Orji Bayo Salami<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edere site na | class="infobox-data" |Adelaja Adebayo |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Egwú site na | class="infobox-data" |Anu Afolayan [[Kent Edunjobi]]<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Ihe nkiri Lasun Ray</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ụbọchị a tọhapụrụ ya</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 2017 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2017</span>)&nbsp;</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Oge ịgba ọsọ</div> | class="infobox-data" |Nkeji 118 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |Naịjirịa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Asụsụ | class="infobox-data" |Bekee |} {{Databox}}The Bridge bụ ihe nkiri Naijiria nke oge afọ 2017 nke onye nduzi [[Kunle Afolayan]] mepụtara ma duzie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Bridge {{!}} Netflix|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81165786|accessdate=3 November 2019|work=www.netflix.com|language=en|archivedate=19 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019132138/https://www.netflix.com/title/81165786}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=nollywoodreinvented|date=13 September 2019|title=The Bridge|url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/09/bridge.html|accessdate=3 November 2019|work=Nollywood REinvented|language=en-US}}</ref> == Atụmatụ == Otu nwa eze si n'ezinaụlọ eze kpebiri ịlụ nwanyị sikwazi n'ụlọ bara ọgaranya mana ndị mụrụ ha ekwenyeghị na mmekọrịta ha n'ihi esemokwu agbụrụ. N'ihi nke a, ha lụrụ di na nwunye n’ime nzuzo. Nke a na-eduga n'ịda n'ime ndụ ha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 November 2017|title=5 things you should know about Kunle Afolayan's new movie|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-bridge-5-things-you-should-know-about-kunle-afolayans-new-movie/tpdc1d8|accessdate=3 November 2019|work=www.pulse.ng|language=en-US|archivedate=31 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031180458/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-bridge-5-things-you-should-know-about-kunle-afolayans-new-movie/tpdc1d8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Review- The Bridge (2017)|url=https://diaryofamovielover.blogspot.com/2017/12/review-bridge-2017.html|accessdate=3 November 2019|work=diaryofamovielover.blogspot.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 December 2017|title=MM Review: 'The Bridge' Directed by Kunle Afolayan|url=http://mamazeus.com.ng/mm-review-bridge-directed-kunle-afolayan/|accessdate=3 November 2019|work=MamaZeus|language=en-US|archivedate=5 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305230239/https://mamazeus.com.ng/mm-review-bridge-directed-kunle-afolayan/}}</ref> == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==   == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|8193396}} 6b8au6oz6ivky9dklnn7ubc3gtl96g7 0 63702 697383 596194 2026-08-09T00:41:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="5" |UWC (United World Colleges) | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |Ụlọ akwụkwọ, kọleji, na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ dị mkpirikpi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |E guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |1962<span class="noprint">; Afọ 63 gara aga&#x20;&nbsp;</span> <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1962</span>)&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |Onye guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |[[Kurt Hahn]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |[[University president|Onye isi ala]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Queen Noor of Jordan|Eze Nwanyị Noor nke Jọdan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |Onye isi nchịkwa | class="infobox-data" |Okwukwe Abiodun |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |Ebe | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="extended-address" style="display:inline">Kọleji dị na mba 18 UWC International Office, [[London]] na [[Berlin]]<br /><br /><br /></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |[http://www.uwc.org/ uwc.org] |} The United World Colleges (UWC) bụ netwọk ụwa nke ụlọ akwụkwọ na mmemme mmụta nwere ebumnuche nke "ime ka agụmakwụkwọ bụrụ ike ijikọ ndị mmadụ, mba na omenala maka udo na ọdịnihu ga-adigide. " <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-mexico/articles/2020-07-25/pandemic-brings-challenges-for-united-world-college|title=Pandemic Brings Challenges for United World College|work=www.usnews.com}}</ref> E guzobere nzukọ ahụ na ụkpụrụ nke onye nkuzi German Kurt Hahn na 1962 iji kwalite nghọta ọdịbendị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/elizabethmacbride/2017/05/09/beloved-by-entrepreneurs-a-school-that-ought-to-be-an-anachronism-thrives/#77c31a912327|title=A School That Could Be An Anachronism Thrives In The Age Of Trump?|work=www.forbes.com}}</ref> Taa, UWC nwere kọleji iri na asatọ na kọntinent anọ. A na-ahọpụta ndị na-eto eto sitere na mba 155 site na usoro kọmitii mba ma na-agbaso Diploma Baccalaureate International; ụfọdụ n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-emeghekwa ndị na-eto eto. UWC na-eme mmemme mmụta kacha ukwuu n'ụwa na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị mba ụwa, yana ihe karịrị 80% ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị kọmitii mba UWC họpụtara ịga otu kọleji na-enweta nkwado ego.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UWC International Annual Review 2021|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/18iEzU0y-62eqwXh8XMyIvTWXQZJdlBiV/view?usp=embed_facebook|accessdate=2022-08-02|work=United World Colleges International Office}}</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, e nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 60,000 ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na UWC si n'akụkụ ụwa niile.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Onye isi oche UWC ugbu a bụ Queen Noor nke Jọdan (1995-dị ugbu a). Onye bụbu onye isi ala South Africa bụ [[Nelson Mandela]] bụ onye isi ala (1995-1999), ya na Queen Noor, na, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, onye isi ala UWC (1999-2013). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uwc.org/news/?pid=1861&nid=52&storyid=438|title=Nelson Mandela UWC|work=www.uwc.org|accessdate=2018-11-12|archivedate=2018-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112223355/https://www.uwc.org/news/?pid=1861&nid=52&storyid=438}}</ref> Ndị isi oche UWC bụ Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten nke Burma (1968-1977) <ref name="autogenerated1"/> na, mgbe ọ bụ Prince of Wales, Eze Charles nke Atọ (1978-1995). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uwc.org/history|title=UWC History and Founding Ideas|work=www.uwc.org|accessdate=2018-02-08}}</ref> UWC International jikọtara ma na-ahazi mmegharị ahụ, gụnyere kọleji na kọmitii mba, nke mejupụtara UWC International Board, UWC International Council, na UWC International Office (UWCIO), dabere na London na Berlin. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji tọọ atụmatụ zuru ụwa ọnụ maka mmegharị ahụ, na-ahụ maka ịnakọta ego, na ịkwado kọleji ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UWC International|url=https://www.uwc.org/uwcinternational|work=United World Colleges|accessdate=2025-07-05|archivedate=2025-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520104306/https://www.uwc.org/uwcinternational}}</ref> Faith Abiodun, onye sonyeere òtù ahụ na 2021, na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke International Office, na Musimbi Kanyoro abụwo onyeisi oche nke International Board kemgbe 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|title=UWC International {{!}} Faith Abiodun|url=https://www.uwc.org/uwcio/faith-abiodun|work=United World Colleges}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UWC International Board {{!}} Musimbi Kanyoro|url=https://www.uwc.org/musimbikanyoro|work=United World Colleges|accessdate=2025-07-05|archivedate=2025-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123191515/https://www.uwc.org/musimbikanyoro}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:UWC_Robert_Bosch_College_in_Freiburg,_Pflastermosaik.jpg|alt=The UWC logo created using mosaics on the floor.|thumb|Ihe nnọchianya UWC na UWC Robert Bosch na Freiburg, Germany]] Emebere UWC na mbido 1960s iji mebie nkewa mmekọrịta ọha na eze, mba na omenala pụtara n'oge Agha IIwa nke Abụọ, ma ka njọ site na Agha Nzuzo. Kọleji mbụ na mmegharị ahụ, UWC Atlantic College dị na Wales, United Kingdom, tọrọ ntọala na 1962 site n'aka Kurt Hahn, onye nkuzi German nke mebegoro Schule Schloss Salem na Germany, Gordonstoun na Scotland, ngagharị nke Outward Bound na Duke nke Edinburgh's Award Scheme.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-02-25|title=Kurt Hahn: The man who taught Philip to think|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35603975|accessdate=2021-03-07}}</ref> Hahn chepụtara kọleji na-akụziri ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị dị afọ 16 ruo 19. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|title=UWC History & Founding Ideas|url=https://www.uwc.org/history}}</ref> O kwenyere na ụlọ akwụkwọ ekwesịghị ịbụ naanị ụzọ isi kwadebe ịbanye na mahadum, kama ọ ga-enyere ụmụ akwụkwọ aka ịkwadebe maka ndụ site n'ịzụlite ume na ikike ịnwale ihe ịga nke ọma na ọdịda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KurtHahn.org {{!}} Devoted to the Education Philosophy of Kurt Hahn|url=https://www.kurthahn.org/|accessdate=2021-03-07|language=en}}</ref> Nhọrọ ahụ ga-adabere na mkpali onwe onye na ikike, n'agbanyeghị ihe ọ bụla metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba ma ọ bụ ọdịbendị. Usoro agụmakwụkwọ ga-eme ka ọ dịrị ndị na-eto eto si n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche mfe. Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten nke Burma tinyere aka na Atlantic College site na mmalite ya, ma gbaa nzukọ ahụ ume ka ha nweta aha United World Colleges na imepe ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa nwere ọrụ dị iche na nke Atlantic College, iji gosi njedebe zuru ụwa ọnụ na ọchịchọ karịrị otu kọleji. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Peterson|first=A. D. C.|title=Schools Across Frontiers: the Story of the International Baccalaureate and the United World Colleges|date=2003-05-01|publisher=Open Court|isbn=0-8126-9505-4|edition=2|location=Chicago, Ill.|pages=107–111|oclc=48837050}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=International schools and international education|date=1991|publisher=Kogan Page|editor=Patricia L. Jonietz|isbn=978-1-136-16674-7|location=London|oclc=636656695}}</ref> N'afọ 1967, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche mbụ nke United World Colleges, ọkwá ọ nọrọ ruo n'afọ 1977. Lord Mountbatten kwadoro nzukọ ahụ site n'inweta nkwado site n'aka ndị isi ala na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọrụ ịnakọta ego.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ww5DN01ij6YC|title=International Educational and Cultural Exchange|date=1976|publisher=U.S. Advisory Commission on International Educational and Cultural Affairs|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Wendy|first=Leigh|title=True Grace : the life and times of an American princess|date=2007-03-20|publisher=JR|isbn=978-1-906217-68-6|pages=209|oclc=229464531}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Barratt|first=John|title=With the greatest respect : the private lives of Earl Mountbatten and Prince & Princess Michael of Kent|date=1991|publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson|others=Jean Ritchie|isbn=0-283-06098-0|location=London|oclc=29636077}}</ref> N'okpuru onye isi oche ya, e guzobere United World College of South East Asia na Singapore na 1971 (na-esonye na UWC movement na 1975), United World College nke Pacific sochiri na Victoria, British Columbia, na 1974. N'oge Prince Charles (nke bụzi Eze Charles nke Atọ) bụ onye isi ala, ọ lekọtara uto ngwa ngwa nke òtù ahụ, ruo mgbe ọ gụnyere ụlọ akwụkwọ itoolu gburugburu ụwa. Banyere Charles, UWC kwuru, "ọrụ ya n'ịkwalite profaịlụ na ọhụụ nke UWC ka na-anụ taa". == Kọleji == [[Faịlụ:Uwc-colleges.svg|thumb|United World Colleges, nke a na-etinye n'elu ihe nnọchianya UWC]] E nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ na kọleji UWC 18 na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a, <ref>{{Cite web|title=UWC - Schools & Colleges|url=https://www.uwc.org/schools}}</ref> nwere ọfịs mba ụwa na London na Berlin. <ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=UWC International Office|url=https://www.uwc.org/uwcio|work=United World Colleges}}</ref> UWC Simón Bolivar bụ onye otu ahụ ruo mgbe gọọmentị Venezuela mechiri ya na 2012. Ebe na ụbọchị mmeghe (na, maka ndị sonyeere UWC mgbe e guzobere ha dị ka ụlọ ọrụ kwụụrụ onwe ya, afọ ha sonyere) maka United World College ọ bụla dị n'okpuru ebe a: * United World College of the Atlantic '' (Llantwit Major, Wales),'' 1962 * Lester B. Pearson United World College of the Pacific '' (Victoria, British Columbia, [[Kánada|Canada]]),'' 1974<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lester-b-pearson-college-of-the-pacific|title=The Canadian Encyclopedia – Lester B. Pearson College of the Pacific|accessdate=2010-06-02}}</ref> * UWC South East Asia '' (Singapore) '', ụlọ akwụkwọ abụọ: otu tọrọ ntọala 1971, sonyeere UWC 1975, na nke ọzọ e wuru na 2008 * Waterford Kamhlaba United World College of Southern Africa '' (Mbabane, [[Eswatini]]) '', nke e guzobere na 1963, sonyeere UWC na 1981 * UWC-USA '' (Montezuma, New Mexico) '', 1982 * UWC Adriatic '' (Duino, [[Italy|Ịtali]]) '', 1982 * Li Po Chun United World College '' (Wu Kai Sha, [[Hong Kong]]) '', 1992 * UWC Red Cross Nordic '' (Flekke, [[Norway]]) '', 1995 * UWC Mahindra College '' (Pune, [[Ndia|India]]) '', 1997 * UWC Costa Rica (Santa Ana, Costa Rica), nke e guzobere n'afọ 2000, sonyeere UWC n'afọ 2006 * UWC Mostar '' (Mostar, [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]) '', 2006 * UWC Maastricht '' (Maastricht, [[Netherlands]]) '', nke e guzobere na 1984, sonyeere UWC 2009 * UWC Robert Bosch '' (Freiburg, [[Jémanị|Germany]]) '', 2014 * UWC Dilijan '' (Dilijan, Armenia) '', 2014 * UWC Changshu China '' (Changshu, [[China]]) '', 2015 * UWC Thailand '' (Phuket, Thailand) '', nke e guzobere n'afọ 2008, sonyeere UWC n'afọ 2016 * UWC ISAK Japan '' (Karuizawa, [[Japan]]) '', nke e guzobere n'afọ 2014, sonyeere UWC n'afọ 2017 * UWC East Africa '' (Kilimanjaro na Arusha, [[Tanzania]]) '', nke e guzobere na 1969, sonyeere UWC 2019 == Ndị ọkà mmụta == UWC na-akwanyere mmụta mmụta mmụta dị elu n'akụkụ inye ụmụ akwụkwọ ya dị afọ 16 – 19 nzere International Baccalaureate (IB), mmemme agụmakwụkwọ tupu mahadum mba ụwa mepere emepe na mmekorita ya na UWC na ngwụcha 1960s. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uwc.org/educationalmodel|title=UWC Educational Model|work=www.uwc.org|accessdate=2018-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=REIMERS|first=FERNANDO M.|date=2013|title=Education for Improvement: Citizenship in the Global Public Sphere|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42763551|journal=Harvard International Review|volume=35|issue=1|pages=56–61|issn=0739-1854}}</ref> The IB Diploma Programme bụ nke United World College of the Atlantic, International School of Geneva (Ecolint) , na United Nations School na New York City (UNIS), mepụtara na 1968 ma na-ezube "ịzụlite ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere obosara na omimi nke ihe ọmụma - ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eto eto n'ụzọ anụ ahụ, ọgụgụ isi, mmetụta uche na omume". <ref>{{Cite web|title=UWC - International Baccalaureate|url=https://www.uwc.org/news/?pid=38&nid=146&storyid=595|accessdate=2025-07-05|archivedate=2024-05-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504021525/https://www.uwc.org/news/?pid=38&nid=146&storyid=595}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibo.org/programmes/diploma-programme/|title=Diploma Programme|work=International Baccalaureate®|accessdate=2018-02-08|language=en}}</ref> Taa, UWC na IB Organisation na-aga n'ihu na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji mepụta usoro mmụta ọhụrụ na ịkpụzi agụmakwụkwọ mba ụwa. Ụlọ akwụkwọ UWC ise (UWC Thailand, UWC South East Asia na Singapore, UWC Maastricht na [[Netherlands]], UWC East Africa na [[Tanzania]], na Waterford Kamhlaba UWC nke Southern Africa na [[Eswatini]]) na-enyekwa mmemme agụmakwụkwọ na-abụghị ebe obibi maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eto eto dị n'agbata ọnwa 18 na afọ 15.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Younger Years|url=https://www.uwc.org/youngeryears}}</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ụfọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na kọleji UWC na-enye Afọ Pre-IB dị ka afọ nkwadebe maka ụmụ akwụkwọ tupu ha amalite mmemme diplọma IB ha. Ụlọ akwụkwọ na kọleji UWC na-enye mmemme Pre-IB gụnyere, UWC Changshu na [[China]], UWC South East Asia na Singapore, Waterford Kamhlaba UWC nke Southern Africa na [[Eswatini]], UWC Thailand, UWC ISAK Japan na UWC East Africa na [[Tanzania]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pre-IB Year|url=https://www.uwc.org/preib|accessdate=2025-07-05|archivedate=2025-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804003041/https://www.uwc.org/preib}}</ref> == Ihe omume ndị ọzọ == Agụmakwụkwọ UWC na-azụlite ụmụ akwụkwọ niile site n'inwe 'Creativity, Activity, Service' Programme (CAS) na isi ya. Ụlọ akwụkwọ na kọleji ọ bụla nke UWC na-enye ọrụ CAS n'okpuru aha dị iche iche mana n'otu aka ahụ na-enye ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị isi na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eduzi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Co-curricular activities|url=https://www.uwc.org/cocurricular}}</ref> == Ihe ọmụmụ dị mkpirikpi == Na mgbakwunye na kọleji ya, UWC na-ahazi nkuzi dị mkpirikpi n'ọtụtụ isiokwu. Ọmụmụ ihe dị mkpirikpi na-akwado kọleji UWC, kọmitii mba na mpaghara ha na otu ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na UWC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Current Short Courses|url=https://www.uwc.org/currentsc|accessdate=2023-11-07|work=United World Colleges}}</ref> Ha na-egosipụta otu nkà ihe ọmụma mmụta ahụmịhe dị ka kọleji, mana na-enweghị usoro agụmakwụkwọ, ma na-enwekarị oge 1 - 4 izu. Ọmụmụ ihe dị mkpirikpi bụ mmemme n'onwe ya ruo 2020 mgbe ndị nhazi nke Transforming Identity na Building a Sustainable Future short courses mepụtara nsụgharị mbụ n'ịntanetị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uwc.org/currentsc/transforming-identity-/-online|title=Transforming Identity / Online|accessdate=2025-07-05|archivedate=2024-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918080212/https://www.uwc.org/currentsc/transforming-identity-/-online}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, nkuzi dị mkpirikpi n'ịntanetị amụbaala ma ghọọ isi onyinye nke UWC. Ihe kachasị ogologo na-aga n'ihu na-agba ọsọ bụ Building a Sustainable Future, nke Kọmitii Mba Germany na-agba, nke na-eme kwa afọ kemgbe 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uwc.org/news/?pid=37&nid=3&storyid=337|title=Building a Sustainable Future|accessdate=2025-07-05|archivedate=2025-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220094240/https://www.uwc.org/news/?pid=37&nid=3&storyid=337}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, ndị sonyere 889 n'agbata afọ 14 na 20 gara nkuzi 23 dị mkpirikpi (15 ebe obibi na 8 n'ịntanetị) n'ụwa niile. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ANNUAL REVIEW 2022|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SobilHbnU8DaGHict6-EYd0AUQzcW9Nw/view|accessdate=2023-11-07|work=United World Colleges International|quote=}}</ref> == Nkwado == Ihe nlereanya UWC na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nkwado ego nke ndị ọrụ ebere dị iche iche yana gọọmentị mba. N'afọ ndị mbụ ya, United World College of the Atlantic na UWC International Office nwetara ego site na onyinye na onyinye sitere na Ford Foundation, Dulverton Trust, na Bernard Sunley trust, na mgbakwunye na gọọmentị Britain na West Germany, na ọtụtụ ndị na-enye ego; Antonin Besse II nyere ebe maka Atlantic College, St Donat's Castle, maka kọleji ahụ. Kọleji ndị dị na Ịtali na Canada, ọkachasị, na-enweta nkwado na ego dị ukwuu site na gọọmentị mba na nke ime obodo ha ruo taa, <ref>{{Cite book|title=International schools and international education|date=1991|publisher=Kogan Page|editor=Patricia L. Jonietz|isbn=978-1-136-16674-7|location=London|oclc=636656695|pages=25–35}}</ref> ebe kọleji dị na Mostar bụ atụmatụ mmekorita ya na IB Organization ma guzobe ya na nkwado sitere n'aka Òtù IB ụwa dị iche iche (gụnyere [[European Union|EU]]" id="mwAUo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE, EU, CEB, na UN). <ref>{{Cite web|title=UWC Mostar|url=https://www.uwc.org/uwc-mostar|accessdate=2024-10-03|work=UWC|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=The United World College in Mostar: A School in the Peace Process|url=https://uwcmostar.ba/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/A-School-in-the-Peace-Process.pdf|accessdate=2025-07-05|archivedate=2024-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091601/https://uwcmostar.ba/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/A-School-in-the-Peace-Process.pdf}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Shelby MC malitere Mmemme Ọkammụta Davis-UWC. Davis na 2000 ma ugbu a na-akwado ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na UWC ka ha mụọ na kọleji na mahadum 99 US ahọpụtara, wee tolite ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu n'ụwa, na-enweta ego na nzuzo, mmemme mmụta mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shelby M.C. Davis|url=https://www.uwc.org/news/?pid=38&nid=45&storyid=401|accessdate=2025-07-05|archivedate=2025-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615051720/https://www.uwc.org/news/?pid=38&nid=45&storyid=401}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, a malitere mmemme Davis-UWC Dare to Dream na nkwado nke Shelby M. C. Davis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Davis-UWC Dare to Dream Programme|url=https://www.uwc.org/daretodream|accessdate=2025-07-05|archivedate=2025-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615054457/https://www.uwc.org/daretodream}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-12|title=Leading educational philanthropist shares his message with Wartburg's Davis Scholars|url=https://www.wartburg.edu/2020/08/12/leading-educational-philanthropist-shares-his-message-with-wartburgs-davis-scholars/|accessdate=2022-01-22|work=Wartburg College|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107082450/https://www.wartburg.edu/2020/08/12/leading-educational-philanthropist-shares-his-message-with-wartburgs-davis-scholars/}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, UWC kwupụtara mmekọrịta ya na Schmidt Futures na Rhodes Trust, Rise Programme, nke ụmụ akwụkwọ 15 nwere nzụlite ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ ga-enweta agụmakwụkwọ niile iji gaa n'ofe afọ 3 site na 2021 ruo 2023, a ga-enyekwa mmemme agụmakwụkwọ ọzọ na ogige ndị gbara ọsọ mmiri Kakuma na [[Kenya]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rise {{!}} Global Youth Opportunity|url=https://www.risetotheworld.org/|accessdate=2021-03-09|work=www.risetotheworld.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rise|url=https://www.uwc.org/partners/uwc-funding-partners/rise|accessdate=2025-07-05|archivedate=2025-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522170017/https://www.uwc.org/partners/uwc-funding-partners/rise}}</ref> == Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama == * Douglas Alexander: onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Britain, onye jere ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ Scotland, odeakwụkwọ njem, na odeakwụkwọ mmepe mba ụwa na ụlọ ọrụ Blair na Brown <ref name="guardian">{{Cite news|title=Douglas Alexander: Electoral history and profile|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/person/48/douglas-alexander|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2011-01-31}}</ref> * Princess Alexia nke Netherlands: nwa nke abụọ na nwa nwanyị nke Eze nke Netherlands * Niki Ashton: Onye omeiwu Canada * Marina Catena: Onye nduzi United Nations World Food Programme na Lieutenant Italian Army * João Pedro Cravinho: Minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ofesi nke Portugal, na onye bụbu Minista na nchekwaMinista na-ahụ maka nchekwa * David Cunliffe: onye bụbu onye omeiwu New Zealand, Minista, na onye ndú nke ndị mmegide * Princess Elisabeth, Duchess nke Brabant: onye nketa nke okpueze Belgium <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-43501464|title=Princess Elisabeth of Belgium to study in Wales - BBC News|work=BBC News|date=22 March 2018}}</ref> * jkvr. Corinne Ellemeet: Onye omeiwu Dutch * Lene Feltman Espersen: onye bụbu Minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ofesi, Denmark <ref>{{Cite web|title=Folketinget (the danish parliament) – Lene Espersen|url=http://www.thedanishparliament.dk/Members/kflees.aspx|accessdate=2011-04-10}}</ref> * Chrystia Freeland: Onye bụbu osote praịm minista na minista na-ahụ maka ego, minista na na-ahụkarị ihe gbasara gọọmentị, minista gbasara ihe gbasara mba ofesi, minista maka azụmahịa mba ofesi, na onye otu ndị omeiwu Canada. Onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede. * Paul Francis Grimes: onye isi ọrụ gọọmentị Australia. Onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke Gọọmentị Australia * Wang Guangya: Onye nnọchi anya mba China, onye bụbu onye nduzi nke Hong Kong na Macau Affairs Office nke State Council of the People's Republic of ChinaKansụl Steeti nke People's Republic of China * Khairy Jamaluddin: Onye bụbu Minista nke Ahụike, Malaysia * Kim Han-sol: Nwa nwa Kim Jong-il <ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/T_uSuCkKa3k Ghostarchive] and the {{Cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_uSuCkKa3k&gl=US&hl=en|title=Kim Han-sol interviewed by Elisabeth Rehn (1/2)|date=16 October 2012|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=19 October 2012|archivedate=18 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018091736/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_uSuCkKa3k&gl=US&hl=en}}: {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_uSuCkKa3k|title=Kim Han-sol interviewed by Elisabeth Rehn (1/2)|date=16 October 2012|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=19 October 2012}}</ref> * Ian Khama: Onye bụbu onye isi ala [[Botswana]] * Lousewies van der Laan: onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Dutch, osote onye isi oche nke European Liberal Democrats, onye isi ndị ọrụ nke onye isi oche ụlọ ikpe mpụ mba ụwa <ref>{{Cite web|title=Biography of L.W.S.A.L.B. van der Laan|url=http://www.parlement.com/9291000/biof/02454|publisher=Parliamentary Documentation Centre|accessdate=22 July 2012|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Members of the Bureau: Biography|url=http://www.eldr.eu/media/cms/Bio_Lousewies_van_der_Laan_ENG_Sep_2009_ELDR.pdf|publisher=ELDR|accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref> * Leonor, Princess of Asturias: onye nketa nke okpueze Spain <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-56015904|title=Spanish princess Leonor to attend UWC Atlantic College in Wales - BBC News|work=BBC News|date=10 February 2021}}</ref> * Nadiem Anwar Makarim: Minista nke agụmakwụkwọ, ọdịbendị, nyocha, na teknụzụ nke Republic of Indonesia ugbu aRepublic nke Indonesia * Princess Zenani Mandela-Dlamini: nwunye nwanne Eze nke eSwatini na nwa nwanyị nke Nelson na Winnie Mandela <ref>{{Cite news|author=Carlin|first=John|title=A child of her time|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/a-child-of-her-time-zindzi-mandela-was-never-destined-for-a-normal-life-her-parents-were-the-royal-family-of-the-anc-her-father-imprisoned-her-mother-hounded-zindzi-lived-with-winnie-through-the-scandal-of-the-football-club-years-and-her-subsequent-trial-already-with-four-children-she-finally-married-last-year-after-her-parents-separation-1476274.html|work=The Independent|accessdate=22 July 2012|date=3 January 1993}}</ref> * Eluned Morgan: onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Welsh, onye otu House of Lords na onye bụbu onye otu European Parliament <ref>{{Cite news|title=BBC news: MEP Eluned Morgan will step down|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/7670426.stm|date=14 October 2008|accessdate=2010-06-13|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=HOUSE OF LORDS - Official Report|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201011/ldhansrd/lhan101.pdf|work=Parliamentary Debates (HANSARD)|date=2011-01-26|accessdate=2011-01-31}}</ref> * Tim Owen: Onye ọka iwu na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Britain * Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece: nwa mbụ nke eze mbụ na nke ikpeazụ nke Gris, Constantine nke Abụọ <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Greek Royal Family - Prince Pavlos|url=http://www.greekroyalfamily.gr/en/royal-family.html|accessdate=15 July 2012}}</ref> * Julie Payette: Gọvanọ General nke Canada 2017-2021 na onye na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe <ref>{{Cite web|title=Governor General Julie Payette: Biography|url=https://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=16943|accessdate=25 November 2017|work=gg.ca|publisher=Office of the Secretary to the Governor General|date=23 November 2017|language=en, fr|archivedate=1 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035323/https://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=16943}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/astronauts/biopayette.asp|title=Canadian Space Agency - Biografie|date=February 2008|accessdate=2010-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/payette.html|title=NASA - Astronauts Bio|accessdate=2010-06-12}}</ref> * Princess Raiyah bint Hussein: nwa nwanyị nke Eze Hussein nke Jọdan <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uwc.org/news/?pid=5&nid=52&storyid=437|title=200 invalid-request|work=www.uwc.org|accessdate=2018-12-02|archivedate=2018-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202155337/https://www.uwc.org/news/?pid=5&nid=52&storyid=437}}</ref> * [[David Moinina Sengeh]]: Minista nke Mmụta na Chief Innovation Officer, Sierra Leone * [[Lindiwe Sisulu]]: Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa na ndị agha na South Africa <ref>{{Cite web|title=South African Government Information – Profile Information|url=http://www.info.gov.za/leaders/ministers/defence1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204120901/http://www.info.gov.za/leaders/ministers/defence1.htm|archivedate=December 4, 2010|accessdate=2010-06-03}}</ref> * Elisa Spiropali: Minista nke Mba maka Mmekọrịta ya na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu, Albania * Xochitl Torres Small: Onye na-esote odeakwụkwọ U.S. nke ọrụ ugbo maka mmepe ime obodo, onye bụbu onye otu U.S House of Representatives si na Mpaghara nke abụọ nke New Mexico. * {{ill|Pilvi Torsti|fi|vertical-align=sup}} : Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Finland * Jakob von Weizsäcker: onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Germany, onye isi na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba nke Ministry of Finance nke Germany, onye otu European Parliament * Eze Willem-Alexander: Eze nke Netherlands <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/globale-paginas/taalrubrieken/english/members-of-the-royal-house/the-prince-of-orange/education/|title=The Royal House - The Prince of Orange - Education|accessdate=15 July 2012}}</ref> * Yuen Pau Woo: Onye nkuzi na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Singapore-Canada * Princess Purnika nke Nepal: Onye bụbu Princess nke Nepal; Onye bụbu onye nketa nke ocheeze- Purnika Rajya Laxmi Devi Shah === Azụmaahịa === * [[Hakeem Belo-Osagie]]: Onye ọchụnta ego Naijiria (ike, ego na nkwukọrịta) * Jhr. {{ill|Harold Boël|nl|vertical-align=sup}} : Onye ọchụnta ego Beljọm na onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ Sofina * Robin Chase: onye guzobere na onye isi oche mbụ nke Zipcar <ref>{{Cite web|title=Robin Chase|url=https://www.waterford.sz/alumni/alumni-profiles/robin-chase.php|publisher=United World Colleges|accessdate=29 November 2016|archivedate=30 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130111038/https://www.waterford.sz/alumni/alumni-profiles/robin-chase.php}}</ref> * Darren Huston: onye ọchụnta ego Canada, onye bụbu onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke Priceline na Booking.com * Pentti Kouri: onye Finland na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na onye na-ahụ Maka azụmaahịa <ref>{{Cite web|title=HELSINGIN SANOMAT INTERNATIONAL EDITION - PEOPLE|url=http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Pentti+Kouri+1949-2009/1135242979517|date=23 January 2009|accessdate=2010-06-13}}</ref> * Robert Milton: Onye isi oche, Onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke ACE Aviation Holdings Inc. na Onye isi oche nke Air Canada <ref>{{Cite web|title=Robert Milton|url=http://www.uwcsea.edu.sg/uploaded/images/General/Alumni_Profiles/files/Robert_Milton.pdf|work=Alumni Profile|publisher=UWCSEA|accessdate=22 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102045205/http://www.uwcsea.edu.sg/uploaded/images/General/Alumni_Profiles/files/Robert_Milton.pdf|archivedate=2 November 2012}}</ref> * Mira Murati: CTO nke OpenAI * Eyal Ofer: onye ọchụnta ego Israel (ụlọ na mbupu) * Jorma Ollila: onye bụbu onyeisi oche na onye isi oche nke Nokia Corporation <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nokia - Jorma Ollila|url=http://www.nokia.com/about-nokia/corporate-governance/board-of-directors/jorma-ollila|accessdate=2010-06-13}}</ref> * Todd Sampson: Onye isi nke Leo Burnett, Sydney, onye na-emepụta atụmatụ Earth Hour <ref>{{Cite news|author=Knox|first=Malcolm|title=A head for the hard sell|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/a-head-for-the-hard-sell-20101112-17rag.html|publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=22 July 2012|date=2010-11-13}}</ref> * Peter Sands: Onye isi oche nke Standard Chartered <ref>{{Cite web|title=Peter Sands|url=http://www.uwc.org/our_impact/alumni_profiles/business/peter_sands.aspx|work=Alumni Profiles|publisher=United World Colleges|accessdate=22 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017110440/http://uwc.org/our_impact/alumni_profiles/business/peter_sands.aspx|archivedate=17 October 2012}}</ref> * {{ill|Tellef Thorleifsson|nb|vertical-align=sup}} : CEO nke Norfund === Nkà na mgbasa ozi === * Lina Attalah: Onye nta akụkọ Ijipt * Nicholas Dawes, onye nta akụkọ na onye nchịkọta akụkọ South Africa * Juan Pablo Di Pace: Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Argentina * Saba Douglas-Hamilton: onye na-echekwa ihe na onye na-eme ihe nkiri TV <ref>{{Cite web|title=Saba Douglas-Hamilton – Bio|url=http://www.douglas-hamilton.com/Site/Bio.html|accessdate=2010-06-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928043823/http://www.douglas-hamilton.com/Site/Bio.html|archivedate=2011-09-28}}</ref> * Sally El-Hosaini: Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-enweta ihe nrite, Screen International's UK Stars of Tomorrow 2009 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sally El Hosaini|url=http://www.atlanticcollege.org/50th/photo-collage/sally-el-hosaini/|work=Alumni Profiles|publisher=UWC Atlantic College|accessdate=22 July 2012|archivedate=29 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929032042/https://www.atlanticcollege.org/50th/photo-collage/sally-el-hosaini/}}</ref> * Anne Enright: onye edemede Irish, onye mmeri nke Man Booker Prize maka The Gathering na 2007 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Anne Enright|url=http://www.pearsoncollege.ca/story_man_booker_prize|accessdate=2010-06-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109163044/http://www.pearsoncollege.ca/story_man_booker_prize|archivedate=2010-01-09}}</ref> * Richard E. Grant: Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Swazi-English nke Withnail and I fame na onye a họpụtara na 2019 Academy Award maka onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma maka Can You Ever Forgive Me? * Luke Harding: Onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede Britain * Sophie Hawley-Weld: Onye na-abụ abụ maka òtù Sofi Tukker * Hernán Jiménez: Onye na-eme ihe ọchị na onye nduzi ihe nkiri si Costa Rica * Ashraf Johaardien: onye na-ede egwuregwu si South Africa[[South Africa|Saụt Afrịka]] * Sonam Kapoor: onye India na-eme ihe nkiri * Fanny Ketter: Onye Sweden na-eme ihe nkiri * Eric Khoo: onye nduzi ihe nkiri si Singapore * Nakkiah Lui: onye Australia na-eme ihe nkiri, onye edemede, na onye na-eme ọchị * Valeria Luisello: Onye edemede si [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] * Aernout, Baron van Lynden: onye nta akụkọ Dutch-British / onye nta akụkọ agha * [[J. Nozipo Maraire]]: Dọkịta, onye ọchụnta ego na onye edemede a mụrụ na Zimbabwe. * Karen Mok: Onye na-agụ egwu, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ede egwu na Hong Kong, onye mmeri Golden Melody Award ugboro atọ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://karenmok.com/karenmok/details.html|title=Karen Mok - Bio|accessdate=2010-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421234731/http://karenmok.com/karenmok/details.html|archivedate=2010-04-21}}</ref> * [[Wangechi Mutu]]: onye na-ese ihe na Kenya na 2010 Deutsche Bank Artist of the Year <ref>{{Cite web|author=Miro|first=Victoria|title=Wangechi Mutu - biography|url=http://www.victoria-miro.com/aolpublic/victoriamiro/docs/cvs/9/MUTU%20CV.pdf|accessdate=21 July 2012|archivedate=30 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130092202/http://www.victoria-miro.com/aolpublic/victoriamiro/docs/cvs/9/MUTU%20CV.pdf}}</ref> * Latif Nasser: onye nduzi nyocha nke Canada na America na onye na-akwado ''Radiolab'', yana onye na-elekọta usoro Netflix Connected''Njikọ'' * Iqbaal Ramadan: Onye Indonesia na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-eti egwu * Aki Sasamoto: Onye na-ese ihe na New York * Tara Sharma: Onye India na-eme ihe nkiri * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] {{ill|Fernande van Tets|nl|vertical-align=sup}} : Onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede Dutch * Emma Tucker: Onye nta akụkọ Britain, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Sunday Times''Oge Sọnde'' === Ndị ọkà mmụta === * Ruha Benjamin: Prọfesọ nke African American Studies na Mahadum Princeton <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-04|title=Timnit Gebru na Twitterze: "Did we say that we have 500 copies of @ruha9's book? For the people who will occupy the 500 seats at the dinner? You get her book FOR FREE, have the opportunity to have her sign it and get to listen to her during a fireside chat.…"|url=https://twitter.com/timnitGebru/status/1203844871326273537|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204180857/https://twitter.com/timnitGebru/status/1203844871326273537|archivedate=2021-02-04|accessdate=2023-05-23}}</ref> * Orsola De Marco: Prọfesọ nke Astrophysics na Mahadum Macquarie <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-12-08|title=The messy death of a multiple star system and the resulting planetary nebula as observed by JWST|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-022-01845-2}}</ref> * Alison Donnell: Prọfesọ Bekee na Onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ nke edemede na asụsụ na Mahadum nke Reading <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://repeatingislands.com/2013/07/31/alison-donnell-reviews-sexualities-in-the-tent/|title=Alison Donnell Reviews "Sexualities in the Tent"|date=31 July 2013|accessdate=5 July 2025|archivedate=8 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508132027/https://repeatingislands.com/2013/07/31/alison-donnell-reviews-sexualities-in-the-tent/}}</ref> * Tamar Herzog: Monroe Gutman Prọfesọ nke Latin American Affairs na Mahadum Harvard * Stephan Klasen: Prọfesọ nke Development Economics, Mahadum nke Göttingen <ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Dr. Stephan Klasen|url=https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/prof-dr-stephan-klasen/535900.html|publisher=Göttingen Centre for Genderstudies|accessdate=4 April 2020}}</ref> * Jonathan Michie: Onye nduzi nke Ngalaba Na-aga n'ihu na Onye isi oche nke Kellogg College, Mahadum Oxford <ref>{{Cite web|title=Manchester United Supporters' Trust - Founder|url=http://www.joinmust.org/about/founders/jonathan-michie.php|accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref> * Gina Neff: Prọfesọ nke Sociology, Mahadum Oxford na Senior Research Fellow, Christ Church, Oxford <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gina Neff|url=http://www.sociology.ox.ac.uk/academic-staff/gina-neff.html|accessdate=11 February 2016|archivedate=8 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208101153/http://www.sociology.ox.ac.uk/academic-staff/gina-neff.html}}</ref> * Howard Newby: osote onye isi nke Mahadum Liverpool <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sir Howard Newby|url=http://www.atlanticcollege.org/50th/photo-collage/14/|work=Alumni Profiles|publisher=UWC Atlantic College|accessdate=22 July 2012|archivedate=10 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610054732/http://www.atlanticcollege.org/50th/photo-collage/14}}</ref> * Jukka-Pekka Onnela: onye sayensị Finland * David Rueda: Prọfesọ nke Comparative Politics na Nuffield College, Mahadum Oxford * Shawkat Toorawa: Prọfesọ nke Ọmụmụ Arabic, [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]] * Alan Whiteside: Onye nkuzi South Africa, onye nchọpụta na prọfesọ, nke a maara karịsịa maka ọrụ ya na ọrịa AIDS na Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumni Profile: Alan Whiteside (South Africa, WK 69-74)|url=https://www.waterford.sz/alumni/profiles/view.php?ngubani=41|work=UWC Waterford Kamhlaba}}</ref> * Ghil'ad Zuckermann: Onye isi oche nke Linguistics na Asụsụ Ndị Na-achọ Ịdị Nri, Mahadum Adelaide === Akụkụ ndị ọzọ === * Akihiko Hoshide: onye na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe na Japan<ref>{{Cite web|title=Astronaut Bio: Akihiko Hoshide|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/hoshide-a.html|publisher=NASA|accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref> * Malaika Vaz: onye nchọpụta kachasị nta ruru [[Arctic]]" id="mwAxI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Antarctica">Antarctica na Arctic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Goan-teen-to-train-women-to-scale-high-peaks/articleshow/33874820.cms|title=Goan teen to train women to scale high peaks|date=April 18, 2014|first=Anisha|author=Francis|work=The Times of India|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/riding-the-crest/article3934466.ece|title=Riding the crest|first=Preeti Verma|author=Lal|work=The Hindu|date=25 September 2012}}</ref> * Mayumi Raheem: Onye Sri Lankan na-egwu mmiri, onye nwetara ọla edo ugboro atọ na 2006 South Asian Games <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mihic|first=Andrea|title=Another win for Mayumi Raheem at swimming|url=http://interuwcmag.wordpress.com/2008/05/02/another-win-for-mayumi-raheem-at-swimming/|publisher=United Words|accessdate=22 July 2012|date=2 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tomorrowsrilanka.com/10th_saf_games/10th_saf_games_swimming.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120060038/http://www.tomorrowsrilanka.com/10th_saf_games/10th_saf_games_swimming.html|archivedate=20 January 2008|title=SAF Games 2006 : Swimming Results (SA Games Results)|date=20 January 2008}}</ref> * Paul Colton: Bishọp nke Cork, Cloyne na Ross, Ireland <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Diocese of Cork, Cloyne and Ross - The Bishop|url=http://www.cork.anglican.org/people/bishopsbiog.html|accessdate=22 July 2012|archivedate=11 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311021622/http://www.cork.anglican.org/people/bishopsbiog.html}}</ref> * Andreas Loewe: Dean nke Melbourne na Chọọchị Anglican nke Melbourne * Bhushan Tuladhar: Onye injinia a ma ama na Nepali == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] aujuq4do040v2gukk8p2uxu1wonp36u 0 65317 697391 595021 2026-08-09T02:46:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697391 wikitext text/x-wiki Waziri Junior Shentembo nke a maara dị ka Waziri Shentembo (amụrụ 11 Ọgọst 1996) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Tanzania nke na-egwu egwu n'ihu maka ụlọ ọgbakọ Iraq Stars League Al-Minaa na otu mba Tanzania. == Ọrụ == Shentembo malitere iso Toto Africa na-egwu egwu, ma gosi ọmarịcha arụmọrụ, na-ebute ihe mgbaru ọsọ 10 maka otu ahụ na oge 2016-17. <ref name="ws">{{Cite web|title=Wazir Jr: Nyota aliyejitafuta akajipata|url=https://www.mwanaspoti.co.tz/ms/kolamu/wazir-jr-nyota-aliyejitafuta-akajipata-4548162|date=7 March 2024|accessdate=6 February 2025|work=mwanaspoti.co.tz|language=sw}}</ref> mana e wepụrụ otu ya na ngwụcha oge ahụ, ọ kwagara Azam. <ref>{{Cite web|title=WAZIRI JUNIOR APONA, AANZA KUJIFUA AZAM BAADA YA KUWAKOSA SIMBA|url=https://www.binzubeiry.co.tz/2017/09/waziri-junior-apona-aanza-kujifua-azam.html|date=11 September 2017|accessdate=6 February 2025|work=binzubeiry.co.tz|language=sw|archivedate=7 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207082038/https://www.binzubeiry.co.tz/2017/09/waziri-junior-apona-aanza-kujifua-azam.html}}</ref> Shentembo nwere oge siri ike n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ọ na-enwe ugboro ugboro, ya mere ọ kwagara na Biashara United Mara.<ref name="ws" /> Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'òtù ya mgbe ego ahụ gwụchara, ọ pụghị iso ndị otu ahụ, < On 1 August 2018, he moved to Mbao F.C.,  and had a great season, as he was able to regain his level and scored 13 goals for the team, which made many clubs want to sign him.<ref name="ws" />{{Cite web|title=Wazir Jr: Nyota aliyejitafuta akajipata|url=https://www.mwanaspoti.co.tz/ms/kolamu/wazir-jr-nyota-aliyejitafuta-akajipata-4548162|date=7 March 2024|accessdate=6 February 2025|work=mwanaspoti.co.tz|language=sw}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.mwanaspoti.co.tz/ms/kolamu/wazir-jr-nyota-aliyejitafuta-akajipata-4548162 "Wazir Jr: Nyota aliyejitafuta akajipata"]. ''mwanaspoti.co.tz'' (in Swahili). 7 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Swahili-language sources (sw)]]</ref> na ndị ntorobịa Africa nwere ike nweta mbinye aka ya, igwu egwu n'ọkwa ya maka oge 2020–21.<ref name="ws" /> N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2021, ọ kwụsịrị nkwekọrịta ya na Young Africans, <ref>{{Cite web|title=SIKU CHACHE BAADA YA KUITEMA YANGA..WAZIRI Jr AGOMBANIWA NA TIMU NNE|url=https://sokalabongo.com/2021/08/22/siku-chache-baada-ya-kuitema-yanga-waziri-jr-agombaniwa-na-timu-nne/|date=22 August 2021|accessdate=6 February 2025|work=sokalabongo.com|language=sw}}</ref> wee kwaga Dodoma Jiji, wee bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta na Kinondoni, <ref name="ws" />wee merie onye egwuregwu kachasị mma na Tanzania Premier League na Septemba n'afọ 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KMC YATOA KOCHA BORA NA MCHEZAJI BORA LIGI KUU SEPTEMBA|url=https://www.binzubeiry.co.tz/2023/10/kmc-yatoa-kocha-bora-na-mchezaji-bora.html|date=5 October 2023|accessdate=6 February 2025|work=binzubeiry.co.tz|language=sw|archivedate=7 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207082038/https://www.binzubeiry.co.tz/2023/10/kmc-yatoa-kocha-bora-na-mchezaji-bora.html}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu na otu ahụ ruo otu afọ ọzọ, na-agba goolu abụọ megide Geita Gold na 30 Septemba 2024, na goolu abụọ gegn Simba na Mee 2024. <ref name="ws" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Simba eye second place in high-stakes NBC PL match against KMC|url=https://www.ippmedia.com/the-guardian/sports/football/read/simba-eye-second-place-in-high-stakes-nbc-pl-match-against-kmc-2024-05-24-173031|date=25 May 2024|accessdate=6 February 2025|work=ippmedia.com|language=}}</ref> O mekwara hat-trick megide Tabora United na 10 Machị 2024, ma bụrụ onye a ma ama n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na a gbara goolu ya niile n'enweghị penalty. <ref name="ws" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=WAZIRI JUNIOR APIGA HAT TRICK KMC YAICHAPA TABORA UNITED 4-2|url=https://www.binzubeiry.co.tz/2024/03/waziri-junior-apiga-hat-trick-kmc.html|date=10 March 2024|accessdate=6 February 2025|work=binzubeiry.co.tz|language=sw|archivedate=13 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213150150/https://www.binzubeiry.co.tz/2024/03/waziri-junior-apiga-hat-trick-kmc.html}}</ref> Na ngwụcha oge 2023-24, Shentembo nọ na ndị otu kachasị mma na Tanzania Mainland Premier League, na-agba goolu iri na abụọ maka ndị otu ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet The Citizen’s best squad in the just concluded 2023-24 Tanzania Mainland Premier League|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/sports/meet-the-citizen-s-best-squad-in-the-just-concluded-2023-24-tanzania-mainland-premier-league-4642632|date=1 June 2024|accessdate=6 February 2025|work=thecitizen.co.tz|language=|archivedate=13 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213152841/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/sports/meet-the-citizen-s-best-squad-in-the-just-concluded-2023-24-tanzania-mainland-premier-league-4642632}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2025, n'oge mgbanwe oyi, ọ kwagara igwu egwu na Iraq Stars League, ebe ọ bịanyere aka na Al-Minaa. <ref>{{Cite web|title="الانتقالات الشتوية" تشعل سوق التعاقدات والكرمة يوقع مع "أغلى" لاعب بالدوري العراقي|url=https://shafaq.com/ar/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%80%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%84-%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A#:~:text=%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF%20%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1%20%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B%20%D9%85%D8%B9,%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%20%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%20%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8B%20%D9%85%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A9.|date=28 January 2025|accessdate=6 February 2025|work=shafaq.com|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=نادى الميناء يتعاقد مع المهاجم الدولي التنزاني|url=https://www.hnamser.com/2025/01/blog-post_30.html#:~:text=%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%20%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%20%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF,%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%20%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%22%2016%20%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81%20%D8%A8%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%87%20.|date=30 January 2025|accessdate=6 February 2025|work=hnamser.com|language=ar}}</ref> Nkwekọrịta ya gwụrụ na 30 June 2025 ma emegharịghị ya na klọb ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=غياب جماعي للاعبي الميناء والصراع يشتد في بورصة انتقالات دوري نجوم العراق|url=https://shafaq.com/ar/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%80%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9/%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%AF-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82|work=shafaq.com|language=ar|date=June 30, 2025|accessdate=July 15, 2025|author=|first=}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2024, Shentembo meriri mba ụwa mbụ ya na Tanzania megide Zambia na 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification ma gbaa goolu mbụ ya na egwuregwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzania Taifa Stars upset Zambia at home in WC Qualifier|url=https://soka25east.com/tanzania-taifa-stars-upset-zambia-at-home-in-wc-qualifier/|date=11 June 2024|accessdate=6 February 2025|work=soka25east.com|language=|archivedate=7 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207082038/https://soka25east.com/tanzania-taifa-stars-upset-zambia-at-home-in-wc-qualifier/}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Mba Nile === {{updated|match played 10 September 2024.}}<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|pid=94821}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="1" |Tanzania |2024 |4 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !4 !1 |} === Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa === : ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Tanzania na mbụ.'' {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" !Mba. !Ụbọchị !Ebe a na-anọ !Onye mmegide !Ihe ruru !Nsonaazụ !Ịsọ mpi |- |1. |11 June 2024 |Gelora Bung Karno Madya Stadium, Jakarta, Indonesia | Zambia | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''Ndị Ntorobịa Africa''' * Ndị na-esote ndị Premier League nke Tanzania: 2020-21 == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kq7sbmw8eae6snyikpnmz2qmdh1tm8h 0 65338 697380 444677 2026-08-08T23:11:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697380 wikitext text/x-wiki Tuisila Kisinda (amuru 20 Disemba 1999) bu onye okacha amara nke Congo nke na-egwu egwu dika onye aka nri maka iko Iraq Stars League Al-Minaa.. == Ọrụ klọb == N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2020, klọb ndị Tanzania bụ Young Africans bịanyere aka na Kisinda site na AS Vita Club. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yanga SC convene urgent meeting, set to sign Tonombe, Kisinda from AS Vita|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/yanga-sc-convene-urgent-meeting-set-to-sign-tonombe-kisinda-from-as-vita/f39vsbv2dxjd1emvalnwtfshx|date=August 3, 2020|work=goal.com|language=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hersi Said: Not easy for Yanga SC to sign Kisinda and Tonombe|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/hersi-said-not-easy-for-yanga-sc-to-sign-kisinda-and-tonombe/vwz39pss5ir81kck8nax5s4tg|date=August 19, 2020|work=goal.com|language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kisinda: I am yet to reach my playing level at Yanga SC|url=https://www.goal.com/en-tza/news/kisinda-i-am-yet-to-reach-my-playing-level-at-yanga-sc/16svpi0do3aa9127vjtdaft62k|date=September 26, 2020|work=goal.com|language=}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2021, Kisinda si na Young Africans kwaga ma bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na klọb Moroccan RS Berkane, maka ego $ 300,000. <ref>{{Cite web|title=نهضة بركان يوقع للاعب الكونغولي روسين تويسيلا كيسيندا قادما من يونغ أفريكان التنزاني|url=https://achtari24.com/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86.html|date=August 9, 2021|work=achtari24.com|language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kisinda, Chama set for Morocco league season|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/sports/kisinda-chama-set-for-morocco-league-season-3506626|date=August 10, 2021|work=thecitizen.co.tz|language=|accessdate=July 31, 2025|archivedate=December 26, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226113334/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/sports/kisinda-chama-set-for-morocco-league-season-3506626}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=فريق النهضة البركانية يعزز صفوفه رسميا باللاعب تويسيلا كيسيندا في ثامن تعاقداته الصيفية|url=https://oujda7.ma/sports/post3350-2021-08.html|date=August 28, 2021|work=oujda7.ma|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=رسميا.. نهضة بركان يتعاقد مع لاعب أجنبي جديد|url=https://sport.lesiteinfo.com/elbotola/329853.html|date=August 28, 2021|work=sport.lesiteinfo.com|language=ar}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2022, RS Berkane gbazinyere Kisinda ndị otu ya bụ Young Africans iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị egwuregwu mba ọzọ nọ n'òtù ahụ, ka ha gafere ókè iwu Moroccan Federation setịpụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=نهضة بركان يُعير أجنبي بارز|url=https://barlamanesport.com/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%8F%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2/|date=August 31, 2022|work=barlamanesport.com|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Winger Tuisila Kisinda completes stunning Young Africans return|url=https://dailynews.co.tz/winger-tuisila-kisinda-completes-stunning-young-africans-return/|date=September 1, 2022|work=dailynews.co.tz|language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tuisila Kisinda cleared to rejoin Young Africans|url=https://dailynews.co.tz/tuisila-kisinda-cleared-to-rejoin-young-africans/|date=September 15, 2022|work=dailynews.co.tz|language=}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, ego onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ gbazinyere ya kwụsịrị ma ọ laghachiri na klọb ya, nke kpebiri idebe ya ka o wuo otu siri ike iji gbaa bọọlụ na asọmpi mpaghara na kọntinent. <ref>{{Cite web|title=تويسيلا كيسيندا يعود لنهضة بركان|url=https://www.almountakhab.com/node/1188595|date=August 12, 2023|work=almountakhab.com|language=ar}}</ref> Mgbe nkwekọrịta onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ kwụsịrị na 2024, ụlọ ọrụ Moroccan chọrọ imeghari nkwekọrịta ya, mana ọ jụrụ ma chọọ inwe ahụmahụ ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=كيسيندا يسجل رقمًا قياسيًا في مواجهة نهضة بركان ضد الزمالك بنهائي الكونفدرالية|url=https://elghad.news/194061/|date=May 11, 2024|work=elghad.news|language=ar}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ kwagara na Iraq Stars League wee bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ya na Al-Minaa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=الميناء يعلن ضم مهاجم أفريقي|url=https://www.kooora.com/?n=1346945&o=n8000071|date=August 9, 2024|work=kooora.com|language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=الميناء يتعاقد مع الكونغولي كيسيندا|url=https://www.ysscores.com/ar/news/2387729/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7|date=August 9, 2024|work=ysscores.com|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mercato Estival : Rossien Tuisila Kisinda Rejoint Al Minaa SC en Irak|url=https://lemondeen24h.com/mercato-estival-rossien-tuisila-kisinda-rejoint-al-minaa-sc-en-irak/|date=August 10, 2024|work=lemondeen24h.com|language=fr}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2025, ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Al-Minaa, goolu mmeri na Basra derby megide Naft Al-Basra, n'egwuregwu nke ji akara 1-0 mechie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=الميناء يحقق انتصار مهم على نفط البصرة بهدف نظيف|url=https://www.ysscores.com/ar/news/13733321/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81-%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%81|date=April 22, 2025|work=ysscores.com|language=ar}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2025, e mezigharịrị nkwekọrịta onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ maka otu afọ ọzọ, na njikwa klọb ahụ na-ekwupụta ọchịchọ ya ịnọgide na-arụ ọrụ ya ruo ogologo oge o kwere mee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=الميناء يؤمن محترفه الإفريقي لموسم إضافي|url=https://almaalomah.me/news/99767/sports/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%8A%D8%A4%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85-%D8%A5%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A#:~:text=%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%20%D9%84%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%20%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1,%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B8%20%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%20%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%20%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A9%20%D9%85%D9%85%D9%83%D9%86%D8%A9%22.|date=May 26, 2025|work=almaalomah.me|language=ar}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == '''RS Berkane''' * Iko ocheeze Morocco: 2022 * CAF Confederation Cup: 2022 * Njikọ Premier nke Tanzania: 2022-232022–23 == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 92kqk302ln1lz6h04i9parnfplov1se 0 65394 697355 444884 2026-08-08T18:29:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697355 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sulemana Alijata (25 Ọgọst 1975) bụbu onye omeiwu Sissala East na mpaghara Upper West nke Ghana.''' <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Petition-For-The-Disqualification-Of-Hon-Alijata-Sulemana-388028|title=Petition For The Disqualification Of Hon. Alijata Sulemana ...|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/npps-ridwan-dauda-unseats-hajia-alijata/|title=NPPs Ridwan Dauda Unseats Hajia Alijata|publisher=NewsGhana.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-31}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Alijata lụrụ di (na ụmụ). Ọ bụ onye Alakụba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2666|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Gbentie, Alijata Sulemana|work=www.ghanamps.com|accessdate=2020-01-31|archivedate=2020-01-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113090036/http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2666}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20250411213626/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=2666 "Ghana MPs - MP Details - Gbentie, Alijata Sulemana"]. ''www.ghanamps.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Alijata na 25 Ọgọstụ 1975 na Tumu na mpaghara Upper West . <ref name=":0"/> . O nwetara diplọma ya na Community Development na Rural Development College site na 2005 ruo 2007 == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Alijata bụ onye otu National Democratic Congress . <ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2" />{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Petition-For-The-Disqualification-Of-Hon-Alijata-Sulemana-388028|title=Petition For The Disqualification Of Hon. Alijata Sulemana ...|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-31}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Petition-For-The-Disqualification-Of-Hon-Alijata-Sulemana-388028 "Petition For The Disqualification Of Hon. Alijata Sulemana ..."] ''www.ghanaweb.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii na Gender and Children, Lands and Forestry . == Ọrụ == Alijata nọ n'ọfịs onye isi ala. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":0"/> Ọ bụ onye ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ bụ onye ọrụ afọ ofufo ma.ka NGO People Action to Win Life All-round . <ref name=":0"/> == Edemsibia == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] e53zgclh7axlzfn3v40o78ezpbc7mqg 0 66950 697372 541051 2026-08-08T21:46:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''''Ties That Tether''''' bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke [[Jane Igharo]], onye ode akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo [[Ndị Naijiria|nke Naijiria]] . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gbadoro ụkwụ n'ihe gbasara Azere, nwanyị kwere nna ya nwụrụ anwụ nkwa na ọ ga-alụ onye bụ onye mba Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Igharo|first=Jane|url=https://www.amazon.com/Ties-That-Tether-Jane-Igharo/dp/0593101944|title=Ties That Tether|date=29 September 2020|publisher=Berkley|isbn=978-0-593-10194-0|location=New York|language=English}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ties That Tether by Jane Igharo: 9780593101940 {{!}} PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/623865/ties-that-tether-by-jane-igharo/|accessdate=12 May 2024|work=PenguinRandomhouse.com|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/jane-igharo/ties-that-tether/|title=TIES THAT TETHER {{!}} Kirkus Reviews|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=30 September 2020|title=Ties That Tether, review: An intriguing examination into the dynamics of family relationships|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/ties-that-tether-jane-igharo-book-review-b695209.html|accessdate=13 May 2024|work=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> == Atụmatụ == Akwụkwọ akụkọ metụtara Azere bụ onye kwere nna ya na-anwụ anwụ nkwa, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ, ịlụ nwoke asi mba Naijirịa na ịkwado ihe nketa ọdịnala ya, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọ kwagara [[Kánada|Canada]] . Otú ọ dị, mbọ nne ya na-agbasighị ike ihazi nhazi ndị Naijiria nye Azere butere ndakọ ya na Rafael Castellano, nwoke toro ogologo, mara mma ma bụrụ onye ọcha, nke bụ mmekọ otu abalị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=5 February 2021|title=Ties That Tether|url=https://amandasbookcorner.com/2021/02/04/ties-that-tether/|accessdate=12 May 2024|work=Amanda's Book Corner|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Simon|first=Tayler|date=5 April 2021|title=Book Review: Ties That Tether by Jane Igharo|url=https://www.feministbookclub.com/book-review-ties-that-tether-by-jane-igharo/|accessdate=12 May 2024|work=Feminist Book Club|language=en-US|archivedate=9 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409052349/https://www.feministbookclub.com/book-review-ties-that-tether-by-jane-igharo/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ties That Tether|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780593101940|work=Publishers weekly}}</ref> Ka mmekọrịta ha na-abawanye na-atụghị any nke a, Azere na-aluso mmetụta dị iche iche dị n'etiti ịhụnanya na-arị elu ebe Rafael nọ na ntinye aka ya na atụmanya ezinụlọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Noble|first=Barnes &|title=Ties That Tether{{!}}Paperback|url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/ties-that-tether-jane-igharo/1135714395|accessdate=12 May 2024|work=Barnes & Noble|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ties That Tether by Jane Igharo - Paperback|url=https://www.spineandlabel.com/9780593101940-spine-and-label-books-abuja|accessdate=12 May 2024|work=www.spineandlabel.com|language=en|archivedate=12 May 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512052803/https://www.spineandlabel.com/9780593101940-spine-and-label-books-abuja}}</ref> == Agwa == * Azere: Onye b u isi agwa akụkọ a, onye Naijiria kwabatara na Canada nke kwere nna ya na-anwụ anwụ nkwa ịlụ onye Naijiria ma kwadoo ihe nketa ya. Ọ na-ebu agha megide mmetụta ndị na-emegiderịta ya ka mmekọrịta otu abalị ya na Rafael na-arị , na-ama ya aka n'ihu ịhọrọ njirimara na atụmanya ezinụlọ. * Rafael Castellano: onye toro Ogologo, mara mma, ma na-acha ọcha, Rafael bụ nwoke ya na Azere nwere mmekọrịta otu abalị nke na-atụghị anya na ọ ga aghọọ mmekọrịta siri ike. Ọ na-agbagha echiche Azere banyere njirimara omenala na nnabata, na-eme ya ịjụ ma ịhụ ya n'anya na-emebi ihe nketa Nigeria ya. * Nne Azere: Onye isi na ndu Azere nke kpebisiri ike ịhụ nwa ya nwanyị ka ọ lụọ nwoke Naijiria ma chekwaa omenala ha. Ọ na-amanye Azere ka ọ rube isi na atụmanya omenala ya, na-agbakwunye na mmekpaahụ Azere na-enwe. * Nna Azere: Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwụrụ anwụ, ọchịchọ nna Azere mgbe ọ na-anwụ anwụ bụ ka ọ lụọ onye Naijiria kpatara ọtụtụ esemokwu dị na akụkọ ahụ. Atụmanya ya na-emetụta akọ na uche Azere ka ọ na-akwado abụm enyi ya na Rafael. == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} 8txq42wrn36fi4pztmjmb190gqbxpwg 0 67032 697374 696844 2026-08-08T22:19:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697374 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Tomiwa Aladekomo''' (amuru 2 Jenụwarị 1982) bu onye isi mgbasa ozi Naijiria, onye ọchụnta ego ịntanetị na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[1][2] Ọ bụ onye isi ọrụ nke Big Cabal Media, nke na-ebipụta Zikoko, akwụkwọ ịntanetị lekwasịrị anya ntorobịa, yana TechCabal, mgbasa ozi teknụzụ teknụzụ Afrịka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TechCabal to bring together Africa's Tech Ecosystem at Moonshot conference – Businessday NG|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/techcabal-to-bring-together-africas-tech-ecosystem-at-moonshot-conference/|accessdate=2024-04-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Akintaro|first=Samson|date=2022-06-08|title=How African startups can survive looming funding crunch – Tomiwa Aladekomo, CEO, Big Cabal Media|url=https://nairametrics.com/2022/06/08/how-african-startups-can-survive-looming-funding-crunch-tomiwa-aladekomo-ceo-big-cabal-media/|accessdate=2024-04-11|work=Nairametrics|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi Oche nke pati ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, Youth Party (YP) n'etiti afọ 2020 na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Youth Party Appoints Aladekomo as Acting National Chairman – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/10/29/youth-party-appoints-aladekomo-as-acting-national-chairman|accessdate=2024-04-11|work=www.thisdaylive.com|language=en}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Aladekomo na Jenụwarị 2, 1982, na Osun Steeti, Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ nwa nke onye injinia kọmputa Naijiria Demola Aladekomo na Titi Aladekome.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-01|title=Sir Demola Aladekomo @ 66: "God Used Me as A Facilitator for Chams."|url=http://dejiokegbile.com/sir-demola-aladekomo-66-god-used-me-as-a-facilitator-for-chams/|accessdate=2024-04-11|work=Deji Okegbile's Blog|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'afọ 2000, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Business Management & Finance na Mahadum Boston , Massachusetts na United States of America, nata akara ugo mmụta ya na 2004. Ọ gara Mahadum Columbia, dịkwa na United States, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta Master na Anthropology na 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-22|title=Deep dive with Tomiwa Aladekomo, CEO of Big Cabal Media|url=https://www.benjamindada.com/interview-tomiwa-aladekomo-techcabal-parent-bcm/|accessdate=2024-04-11|work=Bendada.com, modern tech media in SSA|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Tomiwa Aladekomo guzobere Quirk, ụlọ ọrụ egwu na ihe omume na 2009, na-emepụta ihe omume dị ka Lagos Jazz Festival, Music Meets Runway na Fela na Lagos na egwu egwu maka ndị na-ese egwu dị ka [[Aṣa|Asa]], [[Nneka]] na [[Keziah Jones]]. <ref>{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2009-10-08|title=Quirk debuts with Nneka on the Green as MOBO winner performs in Lagos tonight!|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2009/10/quirk-debuts-with-nneka-on-the-green-as-mobo-winner-performs-in-lagos-tonight/|accessdate=2024-04-11|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2010-01-21|title=Events This Weekend: Asa On The Green {{!}} bebeGrafiti {{!}} The Waiting Room|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2010/01/events-this-weekend-asa-on-the-green-bebegrafiti-the-waiting-room/|accessdate=2024-04-11|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2010-06-03|title=Quirk & Glee! Present Keziah Jones is in Lagos|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2010/06/quirk-glee-present-keziah-jones-is-in-lagos/|accessdate=2024-04-11|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 2011, o sonyeere Nigeria Breweries, na-achịkwa ụlọ ọrụ mmanya na-egbu egbu na mmanya na-adịghị egbu egbu dị ka Star, Gulder, Heineken na Maltina.[1] Ọ sonyeere Ventra Media Group na 2016 ebe e mechara kpọọ ya onye isi nchịkwa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-06|title=Ventra appoints Client Service & Strategy Director|url=https://mediacareerng.org/2016/05/06/ventra-appoints-client-service-strategy-director/|accessdate=2024-04-11|work=Media Career Services|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225151257/http://mediacareerng.org/2016/05/06/ventra-appoints-client-service-strategy-director/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=okunola|first=folarin|date=2017-02-28|title=Recap: Here's what happened on day 1 of tech industry event|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/tech/social-media-week-lagos-recap-heres-what-happened-on-day-1-of-tech-industry-event/x4t0vbx|accessdate=2024-04-11|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|archivedate=2024-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417195327/https://www.pulse.ng/news/tech/social-media-week-lagos-recap-heres-what-happened-on-day-1-of-tech-industry-event/x4t0vbx}}</ref> Aladekomo ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Big Cabal Media na 2018 mgbe ọpụpụ nke onye isi oche Seyi Taylor.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-10|title=9 Nigerian entrepreneurs who gave up on their prominent startup|url=https://techpoint.africa/2018/08/10/nigerian-startup-founders-moved-on/|accessdate=2024-04-11|language=en-US}}</ref> O duuru ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gaa na nchịkọta ego nke $ 2.3m na 2022 . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ephraim|first=Adrian|date=2023-03-31|title=Timeline: Reliving 10 years of TechCabal|url=https://techcabal.com/2023/03/31/timeline-reliving-10-years-of-techcabal/|accessdate=2024-04-11|work=TechCabal|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Adeyemi|first=Daniel|date=2022-03-17|title=Big Cabal Media raises $2.3m to expand its compelling line of digital products|url=https://techcabal.com/2022/03/17/big-cabal-media-techcabal-zikoko-raises-2-3m-digital-products/|accessdate=2024-04-11|work=TechCabal|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Big Cabal raises $2.3m Seed round to grow tech media audience in Africa – Businessday NG|url=https://businessday.ng/technology/article/big-cabal-raises-2-3m-seed-round-to-grow-tech-media-audience-in-africa/|accessdate=2024-04-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Laketu|first=Adedayo|date=2022-03-17|title=TechCabal & Zikoko Mag parent company Big Cabal Media, raises $2.3M seed funding|work=Morebranches.com|url=https://www.morebranches.com/techcabal-zikoko-mag-parent-company-big-cabal-media-raises-2-3m-seed-funding/,%20https://www.morebranches.com/techcabal-zikoko-mag-parent-company-big-cabal-media-raises-2-3m-seed-funding/|accessdate=2024-04-11|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye nduzi na-abụghị onye isi na Chams PLC, ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ edepụtara na Naịjirịa Stock Exchange . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-16|title=Meet Tomiwa Aladekomo, the Newly Appointed Non-Executive Director of Chams Plc|url=https://technext24.com/2019/12/16/meet-tomiwa-aladekomo-the-newly-appointed-non-executive-director-of-chams-plc/|accessdate=2024-04-11|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ na-akwado Tech n'ọdịnihu na Arise new ebe ọ na-agwa ọtụtụ nde mmadụ okwu na-akpọte Africa banyere ihe na-eme na Tech Industry.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tomiwa ALADEKOMO|url=https://www.theafricaceoforum.com/forum-2024/en/intervenant/tomiwa-aladekomo-2/|accessdate=2025-10-09|work=Africa CEO Forum 2024|language=en}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == A họpụtara Tomiwa Aladekomo onye na-arụ ọrụ onye isi oche nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, Youth Party (YP), na Ọktoba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fellow appointed as Acting National Chair of the Youth Party in Nigeria|url=https://mail.alinstitute.org/news/fellow-appointed-as-acting-national-chair-of-the-youth-party-in-nigeria|accessdate=2024-04-11|work=mail.alinstitute.org|archivedate=2025-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126174414/https://mail.alinstitute.org/news/fellow-appointed-as-acting-national-chair-of-the-youth-party-in-nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ibeh|first=Ifeanyi|date=2024-03-04|title=Young visionaries transforming Nigerian politics through tenacity and vision|url=https://guardian.ng/news/young-visionaries-transforming-nigerian-politics-through-tenacity-and-vision/|accessdate=2024-04-11|work=The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta na nkwanye ùgwù == Aladekomo natara Archbishop Tutu Leadership Fellowship site na African Leadership Institute na 2013.[1] O mekwara YNaija Power List maka Corporate Nigeria na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-03|title=Tomiwa Aladekomo, Biyi Fagade, Sinmisola Hughes-Obisesan… See the #YNaijaPowerList2017 for Corporate Nigeria » YNaija|url=https://ynaija.com/ynaija-power-list-tomiwa-aladekomo-biyi-fagade-sinmisola-hughes-obisesan-see-the-ynaijapowerlist2017-for-corporate-nigeria/|accessdate=2024-04-11|work=YNaija|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Aladekomo lụrụ Lisa Leigh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-30|title=Inside Lisa-Leigh and Tomiwa Aladekomo's Nigerian Wedding|url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/inside-lisa-leigh-and-tomiwa-aladekomos-nigerian-wedding|accessdate=2024-04-11|work=Vogue|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n5zdgdd0dxdeorr2alwymw6wupq3idq 0 67164 697399 588636 2026-08-09T04:19:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697399 wikitext text/x-wiki   Yasmin Jusu-Sheriff bụ onye ọka iwu na onye na-akwado ọrụ si Sierra Leone. O tinyere aka na otu ụmụ nwanyị nyere aka weghachi ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na obodo ya. == Ndụ == Jusu-Sheriff bụ ada Gladys na Mundane ya anọ bụ Salia (Jnr), Nalinie, Nadia na Sheku. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum London tupu ọ nweta akara ugo mmụta masters na Mahadum Oxford.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọ bụ onye na-eme mkpọsa na Sierra Leone, ọkachasị mgbe 1991 <ref name="conc">{{Cite web|title=Yasmin Jusu-Sheriff {{!}} Conciliation Resources|url=https://www.c-r.org/who-we-are/people/yasmin-jusu-sheriff|accessdate=2024-06-11|work=www.c-r.org}}</ref> mgbe Agha Obodo Sierra Leone malitere.<ref name="threelawyers">{{Cite book|author=Rubio-Marín|first=Ruth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw-STBE9k7YC&dq=Isha+Dyfan&pg=PA253|title=What Happened to the Women?: Gender and Reparations for Human Rights Violations|date=2006|publisher=SSRC|isbn=978-0-9790772-0-3|language=en}}</ref> Ya na onye ọka iwu ibe ya Isha Dyfan na Patricia Kabbah sooro otu ndị dị ka Mano River Women's Peace Network rụkọọ ọrụ iji hụ na ndị mba ụwa ka ukwuu maara banyere mmegbu a na-eme na Sierra Leone.<ref name="threelawyers" /> Ya na Isha Dyfan bụ ndị ọka iwu ma ha abụọ bụ ndị otu Sierra Leone Human Rights Society. Ha nwere netwọk dị ukwuu nke kọntaktị.<ref name="robtpress" /> N’afọ 1995, ya na Zainab Bangura hiwere Women Organised for a Morally Enlightened Nation (W.O.M.E.N.), bụ́ òtù na-akwadoghị ndị inyom na Sierra Leone.<ref name="robtpress">{{Cite book|author=Press|first=Robert|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/315/oa_monograph/book/66323|title=Ripples of Hope: How Ordinary People Resist Repression Without Violence|date=2015|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-485-2515-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPress2015">Press, Robert (2015). [https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/315/oa_monograph/book/66323 ''Ripples of Hope: How Ordinary People Resist Repression Without Violence'']. Amsterdam University Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-90-485-2515-7|<bdi>978-90-485-2515-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye isi odeakwụkwọ nke Sierra Leone's Truth and Reconciliation Commission nke e guzobere <ref name="iview" /> na 1999 n'okpuru Bishop Joseph Christian Humper . E mere ka ọrụ ahụ yie nke a hụrụ na South Africa ọ bụ ezie na nke a bụ onye ikwu dara ogbenye. E debere otu nde dollar na 2002, mana ọnụahịa ahụ dị nde itoolu. Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu rịọrọ ka mmadụ chọta ego ahụ furu efu.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2002-07-06|title=Sierra Leone TRC to begin work|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2106390.stm|accessdate=2024-06-11|language=en-GB}}</ref> Nna ya nwụrụ na [[London]] n'afọ 2009 ma lie ya na Sierra Leone mgbe emesịrị olili ozu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Sierra Leone, State Funeral for Late Salia Jusu-Sheriff: Sierra Leone News|url=http://news.sl/drwebsite/exec/view.cgi?archive=1&num=14045|work=|date=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001146/http://news.sl/drwebsite/exec/view.cgi?archive=1&num=14045|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="fun">{{Cite web|title=Final Funeral Arrangements for the Late Salia Jusu-Sheriff of Sierra Leone|url=http://news.sl/drwebsite/exec/view.cgi?archive=1&num=14062&printer=1|date=Dec 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221337/http://news.sl/drwebsite/exec/view.cgi?archive=1&num=14062&printer=1|archivedate=3 March 2016|language=en}}</ref> Nne ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị ma ọ ghọrọ onye nlekọta maka ọrụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na Islington.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-21|title=Our Patron and Trustees|url=https://islingtoncentre.co.uk/trustees/|accessdate=2024-06-11|work=Islington Centre for Refugees and Migrants|language=en|archivedate=2024-06-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611094502/https://islingtoncentre.co.uk/trustees/}}</ref> Ọ nọ na bọọdụ Femmes Africa Solidarité.<ref name="iview">{{Cite web|title=Our Interview of the Month with Yasmin Jusu-Sheriff|url=https://www.mewc.org/index.php/community/our-monthly-interview/8727-our-interview-of-the-month-with-yasmin-jusu-sheriff|accessdate=2024-06-11|work=www.mewc.org}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Jusu-Sheriff, Yasmin}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9v9fd68y2qg3slifkoz8o2l5vo2e2kb 0 72595 697365 595514 2026-08-08T20:11:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697365 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<span cx-link="" data-linkid="6" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Swedish_language" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Swedish language">Swedish-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">''Tecknad svenska''</span> [[Category:Articles containing Swedish-language text]]'''ma ọ bụ Binyere aka , <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bergman|first=Brita|url=https://su.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:867043&dswid=-8201|title=Tecknad svenska : [Signed Swedish]|date=1977|publisher=LiberLäromedel/Utbildningsförl.}}</ref> bụ ụdị Swedish eji aka dee nke na-eji ihe ịrịba ama nke Swedish Asụsụ ogbi maka okwu okwu okwu, gbakwunyere ihe ịrịbaanya ndị ọzọ maka okwu ụtọ asụsụ na njedebe ntụgharị. E mepụtara ya n'afọ ndị 1970 na-enwe olileanya ime ka ndị ntị chiri nwee ike ịnweta Swedish, mana e mechara gbahapụ ya maka ịdị nwayọ na enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ. Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụ ụdị nkwurịta okwu sitere n'okike n'etiti ndị ntị chiri. == Edensede == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Linus Glansholm (1993) [https://web.archive.org/web/20180901033101/http://www.teckenspraket.se/ ''Teckenspråket och de dövas ọnọdụ, förr och nu''] ergbnftt0hovk1ep0n0wpc8ryfdv35p 0 72654 697322 628631 2026-08-08T12:36:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} '''Samuel Abdulai Jabanyite''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana na onye otu nzuko omeiwu nke asaa nke Republic of Ghana nke anọ na-anọchite anya Chereponi Constituency na Northern Region na tiketi National Democratic Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - List of MPs|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5365|accessdate=2019-03-11|work=GhanaMps.|archivedate=2025-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223210321/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5365}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == Samuel Abdulai Jabanyte (amuru n'ọnwa Maachi 4 afọ 1972) bu onye Ghana nke tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Abdulai nwetara B.ED. (Social Studies) sitere na Mahadum Cape Coast, nzere Master of Governance sitere na ulọ Akwụkwọ Ọchịchị na Ọchịchị, GIMPA, asambodo sitere na Mahadum Cranfield, Ghana Armed Forces and Staff Command College, nke Management Development and Productivity Institute, Institute of Local Government Studies, na Madison Pine, U.K.<ref>{{Cite web|author=GhanaWeb|title=Ghana Famous People|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Samuel-Abdulai-Jabanyite-2440|work=GhanaWeb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-12|title=Peace in Chereponi will be sustained - MP|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/06/peace-in-chereponi-will-be-sustained-mp/|accessdate=2026-02-20|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ntuaka == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qdszkqks0mel03bnss5bmfztv3ofotv 0 72925 697404 596413 2026-08-09T06:00:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697404 wikitext text/x-wiki   == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Zulaikha Abu Risha na 1942 na [[Israel|Acre]]", obodo dị n'ebe bụzi Israel ugbua.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2021-11-13|title=Rights group calls on Jordan to drop lawsuit against poet|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/rights-group-calls-jordan-drop-lawsuit-against-poet|accessdate=2022-03-29|work=The New Arab|language=en|archivedate=2022-03-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329154135/https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/rights-group-calls-jordan-drop-lawsuit-against-poet}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=زليخة أبو ريشة|url=http://culture.gov.jo/new/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%A8/7325--%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A9--%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A9|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519185844/http://culture.gov.jo/new/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%A8/7325--%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A9--%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A9|archivedate=2016-05-19|work=Jordan Ministry of Culture|language=ar|accessdate=2022-03-29}}</ref> Ọ na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka onye nwere mgbọrọgwụ na Palestine, Jọdan, na Siria.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://chwb.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/CHwB_SyriskAntologi_eng_low.pdf|title=Timeless Tales: Folktales Told by Syrian Refugees|publisher=The Hakawati Project|year=2015}}</ref> Ọ mụrụ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Arabic naMahadum Jordan, were nzere bachelọ pụta n'afọ 1966 yana nzere masta n'afọ 1989.<ref name=":5"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2002-12-14|title=Members of the Jury - Ibn Rushd Prize for Freedom of Thought 2002|url=https://ibn-rushd.net/wp/en/2002/12/14/members-of-the-jury-2002/|accessdate=2021-07-22|work=Ibn Rushd Fund Website|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://ibn-rushd.net/wp/en/2002/12/14/members-of-the-jury-2002/ "Members of the Jury - Ibn Rushd Prize for Freedom of Thought 2002"]. ''Ibn Rushd Fund Website''. 2002-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> O mechara nweta nzere ọkankuzi na Mahadum Exeter, ebe o dere edemede thesis ya n'isiokwu a "Women in Arabic Feminist Literature"<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=Spring 2002|title=Contributors - Zuleikha Abu-Risha|url=https://www.banipal.co.uk/contributors/contributor.cfm?contributor_id=105|accessdate=2021-07-20|work=Banipal (UK) Magazine of Modern Arab Literature}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.banipal.co.uk/contributors/contributor.cfm?contributor_id=105 "Contributors - Zuleikha Abu-Risha"]. ''Banipal (UK) Magazine of Modern Arab Literature''. Spring 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == A maara Abu Risha nke ọma maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede uri na onye na-ede akụkọ ifo. <ref name=":2"/> A na-ewere ya dị ka onye ama ama ma a bịa n'ihe odide na Jọdan.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|author=Kaplan|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pA8HEAAAQBAJ|title=Involuntary Motion: The Somatics of Refugee Performance|date=2020-10-29|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-20406-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Khoshman|first=Afaf A.|title=To Teach Students to Learn, Teach Philosophy|url=http://ujnews2.ju.edu.jo/en/english/Lists/UjnewsWriters/Disp_FormNews1.aspx?ID=1417|accessdate=2021-07-22|work=The University of Jordan News|language=en-us|archivedate=2021-07-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727152758/http://ujnews2.ju.edu.jo/en/english/Lists/UjnewsWriters/Disp_FormNews1.aspx?ID=1417}}</ref> N'afọ 1987, Abu Risha bipụtara nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi In the Cell, nke o jiri maka ya nweta ihe nrite site na Mahadum Jọdan. <ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2"/> O dekwaala ma ọ dịkarịa ala akwụkwọ uri iri malite na 1998, yana akwụkwọ edemede akụkọ ndụ onwe onye, ''Ghajarul ma'a'', na 1999. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1"/> O deelakwa ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ụmụaka, yana ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ nke afọ 2002, Towards a Theory of Children's Literature (2002). <ref name=":2" /> Site n'ịkwado ihe omume ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-akọ akụkọ ọdịnala, o mepụtara akwụkwọ Timeless Tales: Folktales Told by Syrian Refugees, nke nwere akụkọ ọdịnala iri abụọ na otu.<ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2021-08-25|title=9 Short Stories by Syrian Women, in Translation|url=https://arablit.org/2021/08/25/9-short-stories-by-syrian-women-in-translation/|accessdate=2022-03-29|work=Arablit|language=en-US}}</ref> Abu Risha na-edekwa akwụkwọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo banyere nkatọ ụmụ nwanyị, akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, nkà, ụdịekere na asụsụ. Ọ bụ onye na-ede ihe n'akwụkwọ akụkọ yana magazin na Jọdan na n'ofe ụwa ndị Arab. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Zulaikha Aburisha|url=https://www.arabicfiction.org/en/node/1425|accessdate=2021-07-20|work=International Prize for Arabic Fiction}}</ref> Ọ rụọkwala ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin ''al-Mu'allim/at-talib'' (nke UNESCO / UNRWA bipụtara) yana ''Al-Funun'' (akwụkwọ akụkọ nkà nke Ministri Ọdịbendị nke Jọdan bipụtara), yana dịka onye nduzi nke al-Warraqat li-d-dirasat wal-buhuth, ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0"/> N'afọ 2019, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka ikpe maka International Prize for Arabic Fiction . <ref name=":2" /> Ọ rụọkwala ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi mahadum <ref name=":2"/> ma bụrụ onye nduzi nke Center for Women's Studies na Amman, Jordan . <ref name=":0"/> A makwaara Abu Risha maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name=":2"/> Ọ lụrụ ọgụ iji mee ka asụsụ Arabic na-agụnye ụmụ nwanyị, na-ede akwụkwọ abụọ na isiokwu ahụ: The Absent Language: Towards a Gender-Neutral Language (1996) na The Language Female: Papers on Discourse and Gender (2009).<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Zulaikha ABURISHA|url=https://www.hayfestival.com/artist.aspx?artistid=10054|accessdate=2022-03-29|work=Hay Festival}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-01|title=Zulaikha Abu Risha|url=http://lifeandlegends.com/zulaikha-abu-risha/|accessdate=2022-03-29|work=Life and Legends}}</ref> Nkwado maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị ya kemgbe mmalite afọ 1980 emeela ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù ndị na-emebiga ihe ókè na-achụ, nke na-achọ ịkpali ime ihe ike megide ya. <ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2021-11-12|title=Jordan: Authorities must guarantee poet Zulaikha Abu Risha's right to free expression|url=https://www.article19.org/resources/jordan-authorities-must-guarantee-poet-zulaikha-abu-rishas-right-to-freedom-of-expression/|accessdate=2022-03-29|work=ARTICLE 19|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye a gbarala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ụlọ ikpe site n'aka Public Prosecution Office nke Amman maka nkwupụta banyere Islam. <ref name=":4"/><ref name=":7" /> == Edensibịa == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1dldazyab0ehq706twe1szwlzqn7uuq 0 74380 697413 696867 2026-08-09T11:50:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox hospital|name=Lumbini Provincial Hospital<br>लुम्बिनी प्रादेशिक अस्पताल|image=Lumbini Provincial Hospital.png|caption=|location=[[Butwal]]|state=[[Lumbini Province]]|type=Provincial Level Hospital|opened={{NepaliDateConverter|nepaliyear=1967}}|former_names=Lumbini Zonal Hospital|website=https://lphospital.gov.np/}}'''Ụlọ Ọgwụ Lumbini Provincial''' (Nepali) bụ ụlọ ọgwụ gọọmentị dị na Butwal na mpaghara Lumbini nke Nepal. A na-ewere ụlọ ọgwụ a dị ka ebe dị mkpa maka nlekọta ahụike nye ụmụ amaala dara ogbenye bụ ndị na-enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ ọgwụ nkeonwe. O gbasaala ọrụ ya site na mpaghara Lumbini ruo mpaghara Lumbini. A na-akpọ ya otu n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ kachasị ukwuu na Nepal. Ndị India bi nso ókèala Indo-Nepal na-eritekwa uru nke ọrụ ụlọ ọgwụ a.. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lumbini Zonal Hospital|url=https://lzhospital.gov.np/|accessdate=24 December 2020|archivedate=24 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924173950/http://lzhospital.gov.np/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Praịm Minista Chandra Sumsher JB Rana guzobere obere ụlọ ọgwụ nwere ihe ndina isii maka ọdụ Royal Palace n'afọ 1967 . E mezigharịrị obere ụlọ ọgwụ a ka oge na-aga. Ụlọ ọgwụ dị ugbu a malitere ọrụ n'afọ 2020 BS (1963-1964) yana akwa iri ise.. E mechara mụbaa ọnụ ọgụgụ àkwà ahụ ruo narị abụọ iji gboo mkpa nke ndị obodo ahụ na-ejere ndị dọkịta iri abụọ na itoolu, ndị nọọsụ ndị iri atọ na otu na-ejeri mmadụ 19 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emergency Services Provided|url=http://www.lzhospital.gov.np/wb-admin/upload/attachment/2.pdf|publisher=Lumbini Zonal Hospital|accessdate=24 December 2020|archivedate=25 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225161805/http://www.lzhospital.gov.np/wb-admin/upload/attachment/2.pdf}}</ref> kwa ụbọchị na nkezi. == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} 1bubmma2iy77pxmkp2gw507dbzevw45 0 75438 697402 632644 2026-08-09T05:21:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697402 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Yvonne Deslandres''' (Februari 8, 1923 - Disemba 12, 1986) bụ onye edemede French, onye nlekọta, onye na-edebe ihe ochie, na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Yvonne Deslandres (1923-1986)|url=https://data.bnf.fr/en/11899849/yvonne_deslandres/|accessdate=2021-07-23|work=Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF)|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọkachamara na ejiji na ihe ịchọ mma. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="Vassiliev">{{Cite web|title=Individual: Yvonne DESLANDRES (French, 1923-1986)|url=https://ns3103723.ip-145-239-9.eu/pawtucket/index.php/Detail/entities/238|accessdate=2021-07-23|work=ns3103723.ip-145-239-9.eu|publisher=Vassiliev Foundation|archivedate=2021-07-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723214303/https://ns3103723.ip-145-239-9.eu/pawtucket/index.php/Detail/entities/238}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na École Nationale des Chartes . Ọ rụrụla François Boucher ọrụ dị ka onye na-enyemaka na Carnavalet Museum, ma mesịa rụọ ọrụ na otu ya bụ Union Française des Arts du Costume (UFAC), nke ọ weghara mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1966. Ọ ghọrọ onye nlekọta maka Musée de la mode et du textile site na 1983 mgbe UFAC jikọtara ya ọnụ. == Ọrụ == * 20,000 Afọ nke ejiji: Akụkọ ejiji na ịchọ mma onwe onye, ya na Francois Boucher, 1963-1966, ma melite na 1987 * ''Uwe, onyinyo nke nwoke'', 1976 * ''Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ejiji na narị afọ nke iri abụọ'', 1986 * ''Poiret: Paul Poiret 1879-1944'', 1987 == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   * catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118998498 [[Otú:Ọnwụ afọ 1986]] [[Otú:Ọmụmụ afọ 1923]] 8dwdp2ihkvkcifzgh57z6y50qx8hsd4 0 75726 697323 674730 2026-08-08T12:47:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium''' bụ ámá egwuregwu a na-eji eme ọtụtụ ihe na Benin City, Nigeria. A maara ya na mbụ dị ka Ogbe Stadium, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe ugbu a maka egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] ma bụrụkwa ámá egwuregwu nke Bendel Insurance FC na [[Edo Queens F.C.|Edo Queens FC]]. Ámá egwuregwu ahụ nwere ike ịnọdụ ala nke 19,500 <ref>{{Cite web|author=AriseNews|date=2020-10-14|title=S/Eagles To Play Next AFCON 2022 QuaIifier at ‘Brand New’ Stadium in Benin|url=https://www.arise.tv/s-eagles-to-play-next-afcon-2022-quaiifier-at-brand-new-stadium-in-benin/|accessdate=2024-09-06|work=Arise News}}</ref> mgbe Gọvanọ [[Godwin Nogheghase Obaseki|Godwin Obaseki]] duziri ya mezigharịrị ya n'afọ 2018. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/04/08/buhari-hails-obasekis-investments-in-sports-revamp-of-ogbemudia-stadium/|title=Buhari Hails Obaseki’s Investments in Sports, Revamp of Ogbemudia Stadium|accessdate=2021-04-08|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nigerianobservernews.com/2021/04/obaseki-parades-new-features-of-samuel-ogbemudia-stadium-assures-more-investment-in-sports/|title=Obaseki parades new features of Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium, assures more investment in sports|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=[[The Nigerian Observer]]}}</ref> A na-akpọ ya aha Gọvanọ ugboro abụọ nke Bendel State ochie, Dr. Samuel Ogbemudia. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2009, National League machibidoro ámá egwuregwu ahụ n'ihi na ọ dị ala, n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ. Kamgbe Adams Oshiomhole weghaara ọkwa gọvanọ n'afọ 2008, ama egwuregwu ahụ enweela mgbanwe dị ukwuu, dịka ama egwuregwu ọhụrụ FIFA kwadoro na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 2018, ọchịchị Obaseki, n'ikwekọ na atụmatụ ime Edo Great Again (MEGA) ya, malitere nrụzigharị na nhazigharị nke akụrụngwa egwuregwu egwuregwu ahụ. E ji ndị ọgbara ọhụrụ dochie oche niile dị n'ámá egwuregwu ochie nke nwere oche puku iri abụọ, jiri ahịhịa ndụ dochie anya ahịhịa ndị dị na ámá egwuregwu ahụ ma dochie egwu egwuregwu. N'oge a na-arụzigharị ihe a, a rụrụ otu mmiri mmiri iji gboo nsogbu idei mmiri na-enwe n'ámá egwuregwu ahụ. Kemgbe a rụchara mmezigharị ahụ, Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium anabatala asọmpi na asọmpi mba dị ka 2020 National Sports Festival, Betsy Obaseki Women Football Tournament na Athletics Federation of Nigeria (AFN) maka Commonwealth Games [https://web.archive.org/web/20220810153041/https://kufm.net/2022/06/14/afn-names-benin-host-city-for-commonwealth-games-world-athletics-championship-trials/] N'azụ ihe ngosi egwuregwu nke Obaseki na steeti ahụ, ndị otu ụlọ nke Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium, Bendel Insurance, nwetara nkwalite ọzọ na Nigeria Premier Football League n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-15|title=Bendel insurance gains promotion to NPFL {{!}} AIT LIVE|url=https://ait.live/bendel-insurance-gains-promotion-to-npfl/|accessdate=2025-01-12|work=ait.live|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A gụrụ ámá egwuregwu ahụ aha Dr. Samuel Ogbemudia, Gọvanọ ugboro abụọ nke Bendel State ochie, onye jere ozi site na 1967 ruo 1975 na ọzọ site na 1983 ruo 1984. N'oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa, Ogbemudia tinyere ego dị ukwuu na mmepe egwuregwu na steeti ahụ, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-02|title=Edo State Sports Commission|url=https://sportcom.edostate.gov.ng/|accessdate=2024-07-03|archivedate=2024-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703122553/https://sportcom.edostate.gov.ng/}}</ref> nke dugara n'iwu ámá egwuregwu ahụ. == Mgbanwe == A rụzigharịrị Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium tupu egwuregwu Super Eagles African Cup of Nations Games 2022. Mgbanwe ahụ gụnyere itinye ahịhịa ahịhịhịa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=AriseNews|date=2020-10-14|title=S/Eagles To Play Next AFCON 2022 QuaIifier at ‘Brand New’ Stadium in Benin|url=https://www.arise.tv/s-eagles-to-play-next-afcon-2022-quaiifier-at-brand-new-stadium-in-benin/|accessdate=2024-09-06|work=Arise News}}</ref> == Senia ma ọ bụ Internationa. egwuregwu == {| class="wikitable" !Ụbọchị !Ìgwè 1 !Ìgwè nke 2 !Ihe ruru !Ịsọ mpi !Ndị na-agba goolu !Ndị bịara ya |- |23 Ọgọst 1983 | Nigeria | Morocco | align="center" |0-0 | align="center" |Nkwado nke ANC |NA | |- |June 2, 2001 | Nigeria | Madagascar | align="center" |1-0 | align="center" |Nkwado nke ANC |[[Benedict Akwuegbu|Akwuegbu]] 5'  |15,000 |- |21 June 2003 | Nigeria | Angola | align="center" |2-2 | align="center" |Nkwado nke ANC |[[Kalu Uche|K. Uche]] 56', [[Peter Odemwingie|Odemwingie]] 62' (pen.); Figueiredo 9', Akwa 54'     |15,000 |- |12 Nọvemba 2011 | Nigeria | Botswana | align="center" |0-0 | align="center" |Ndị nwere omume enyi |NA | |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ámá egwuregwu na Naịjirịa * Ndepụta nke ámá egwuregwu == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> r7u0knxqvl803gvgufm7fj4n523s6rw 0 76961 697321 657313 2026-08-08T12:31:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697321 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}Samson R. Osagie (amuru 11 Novemba 1967) bu onye okaiwu Naijiria, onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi na onye oru oha. Ọ bụbu onye otu ụlọ omebe iwu ebe o jere ozi n'ọchịchị, ma nwee nnukwu ọchịchị ọha na ọrụ ụlọọrụ gụnyere na Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited (NIGCOMSAT). Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na onye isi Edo steeti dịka ọkaiwu steeti ahụ na kọmishọna na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gazettengr.com/edo-assembly-confirms-osagie-as-commissioner-for-justice/|title=Edo assembly confirms Osagie as commissioner for justice|date=13 November 2024|accessdate=2025-11-08|work=[[Peoples Gazette]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/osagie-hon-raphael-samson/|title=Osagie, Hon. Raphael Samson|publisher=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|accessdate=2025-11-08}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Samson Raphael Osagie na Egba, ugbu a Uhunmwode Local Government Area nke Edo State. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta n'iwu na [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]] (nke bụ Mahadum Ife n'oge ahụ) site na 1989 - 1994 ma kpọọ ya na ndị ọka iwu Naijiria na 1995. O mechara nweta nzere doctorate (Ph.D.) na Political Economy & Development Studies na Mahadum Abuja na 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thisnigeria.com/hon-barr-samson-r-osagie-bags-ph-d-at-uniabuja/|title=Osagie bags Ph.D. at UNIABUJA|publisher=ThisNigeria|date=25 May 2021|accessdate=2025-11-08}}</ref> == Ọrụ iwu na ọkachamara == Mgbe akpọchara ya n'ụlọ mmanya ahụ, Osagie rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ steeti nwa akwụkwọ na n'ọrụ iwu na nzuzo, hiwere ụlọ ọrụ iwu na Benin City wee na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu na onye na-akwado ya. O mechara banye n'ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na nchịkwa ọha. A họpụtara ya onye isi nchịkwa (Marketing & Business Development) nke Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited (NIGCOMSAT), nke gọọmenti etiti etiti, na e jikọtara ya na mgbasa ozi na ọrụ satịlaịtị na-akwado maka mahadum Nigeria na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/osagie-hon-raphael-samson/|title=Osagie, Hon. Raphael Samson|publisher=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|accessdate=2025-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://buk.edu.ng/sites/default/files/bulletin/2018/april_20th_friday_2018_no_18.pdf|title=NIGCOMSAT Committed to Serving Nigerian Varsities|publisher=Buk Bulletin (Bayero University)|date=20 April 2018|accessdate=2025-11-08}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Osagie buru ụzọ zọọ ntuliaka n'Edo State House of Assembly na 7 Disemba 1997 n'okpuru United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP). Mgbe Ọchịagha Sani Abacha nwụsịrị ma kwụsịchaa mmemme ngbanwe ahụ, ọ chọkwara ọkwa ịhọpụta ọzọ na 9 Jenụarị 1999, oge a n'elu ikpo okwu nke People's Democratic Party (PDP), iji nọchite anya ọgbakọ Uhunmwode State Constituency n'ụlọ omeiwu Edo. A ṅụụrụ ya iyi na 6 June 1999. E mechara họpụta Osagie ka ọ bụrụ Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ onye ndu dịka Minority Whip. N'oge na mgbe ọ nọsịrị n'ọkwa omebe iwu, o nyere aka n'akwụkwọ echiche na nkọwa gbasara ọchịchị na ihe ndị omeiwu..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://parliamentreports.com/10th-nass-a-new-beginning-with-renewed-hope-dr-samson-osagie/|title=10th NASS: "A new beginning with renewed hope" – Samson Osagie|publisher=Parliament Reports|date=13 June 2023|accessdate=2025-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/osagie-hon-raphael-samson/|title=Osagie, Hon. Raphael Samson|publisher=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|accessdate=2025-11-08}}</ref> N'afọ 2024 ka a họpụtara Osagie dịka onye ọka iwu na kọmishọna na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi nke Edo steeti; Nkwenye ya site n'aka ụlọ omebe iwu Edo Steeti ka a kọrọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ obodo Naijiria na mpaghara mpaghara. O kwuputara okwu n'ikike nke Attorney-General na mmemme ikpe gọọmentị n'oge ọchịchị ya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/edo-assembly-confirms-osagie-as-attorney-general-commissioner-for-justice/|title=Edo assembly confirms Osagie as Attorney-General, Commissioner for Justice|date=13 November 2024|accessdate=2025-11-08|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iconicnews.com/dr-samson-osagie-congratulates-prof-roland-otaru-as-edo-attorney-general/|title=Dr Samson Osagie congratulates Prof Roland Otaru as Edo AG|publisher=Iconic News|date=2025|accessdate=2025-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Osagie Emphasizes Role of Police Duty Solicitors in Upholding Human Rights – Edo State Government|url=https://edostate.gov.ng/dr-osagie-emphasizes-role-of-police-duty-solicitors-in-upholding-human-rights/|accessdate=2025-12-10|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212072352/https://edostate.gov.ng/dr-osagie-emphasizes-role-of-police-duty-solicitors-in-upholding-human-rights/}}</ref> == Mbipụta na nkọwa ọha == Osagie edeela mpempe echiche oge ụfọdụ na okwu okwu mmalite maka akwụkwọ ọchịchị na mkparịta ụka amụma gbasara ọgbakọ omebe iwu obodo na ụkpụrụ ọchịchị. A kpọtụrụ ya n'ọrụ ndị edeziri na akụkọ amụma gbasara omume ụlọ omeiwu na ọchịchị.. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orderpaper.ng/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/QPR-MARCH-2024-FINAL-2-1.pdf|title=QPR March 2024 — foreword by Samson R. Osagie|publisher=OrderPaper|accessdate=2025-11-08}}</ref> == Nnabata na nsọpụrụ == * Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-ahụ maka ndị obere, Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya (Naijiria) - ụlọ ọrụ ndị isi ome iwu mba nke nwere mgbasa ozi mba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://parliamentreports.com/10th-nass-a-new-beginning-with-renewed-hope-dr-samson-osagie/|title=10th NASS: "A new beginning with renewed hope" – Samson Osagie|publisher=Parliament Reports|date=13 June 2023|accessdate=2025-11-08}}</ref> * Onyeisi Nchịkwa (Ahịa na Mmepe Azụmaahịa), NIGCOMSAT - a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa dị elu na ụlọ ọrụ nkwukọrịta gọọmentị etiti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/osagie-hon-raphael-samson/|title=Osagie, Hon. Raphael Samson|publisher=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|accessdate=2025-11-08}}</ref> * Ph.D. na Political Economy & Development Studies (University of Abuja, 2021); akara nzere doctoral kọrọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ mba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thisnigeria.com/hon-barr-samson-r-osagie-bags-ph-d-at-uniabuja/|title=Osagie bags Ph.D. at UNIABUJA|publisher=ThisNigeria|date=25 May 2021|accessdate=2025-11-08}}</ref> == Arụmụka na nkwupụta ọha == N'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ ọrụ ọha Osagie na gọọmentị Edo steeti tinyere aka n'okwu ọha na mkparịta ụka mgbasa ozi, gụnyere nzaghachi steeti ahụ maka ebubo ndị a na-ekesa na soshal midia; Gọọmenti steeti na ndị nnọchite anya iwu nyere iwu nkwughachi ọha mgbe ọ dị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://moj.edostate.gov.ng/edo-state-govt-threatens-legal-action-over-alleged-defamatory-post-against-governor-commissioners/|title=Edo State Government Threatens Legal Action Over Alleged Defamatory Post|publisher=Ministry of Justice, Edo State|date=9 June 2025|accessdate=2025-11-08|archivedate=2025-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212072403/https://moj.edostate.gov.ng/edo-state-govt-threatens-legal-action-over-alleged-defamatory-post-against-governor-commissioners/}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] nfgko5edj7ik4votc1mc95yau6s6fmw 0 77235 697411 673410 2026-08-09T10:09:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697411 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Foto Satellite (SeaWiFS) nke Okavango Delta, na ókèala mba agbakwunyere]] [[Faịlụ:Vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_32.jpg|thumb|Ógbè a na-ahụkarị na Okavango Delta, nke nwere ọwa mmiri na ọdọ mmiri, ala mmiri na agwaetiti n'efu]] '''Okavango Delta''' ma ọ bụ '''Okavango Grassland''' bụ nnukwu delta dị n'ime ala na Botswana ebe Osimiri Okavango ruru tectonic trough n'elu 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{Cite web|title=Ramsar Information Sheet|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf|date=1996|accessdate=17 January 2021|archivedate=31 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf}}</ref> n'etiti akụkụ nke endorheic basin nke Kalahari Desert. Ọ bụ ebe UNESCO dị n'ime ụwa dịka otu n'ime sistemụ delta ole na ole dị n'ime ya nke na-anaghị abanye n'oké osimiri ma ọ bụ oké osimiri, ya na usoro ala mmiri nke na-adịghị emebi emebi.<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162|title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting|first=UNESCO World Heritage|author=Centre|work=Whc.unesco.org|accessdate=4 April 2018|archivedate=26 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162}}</ref> Kama nke ahụ, mmiri idei mmiri ahụ gbasaa n'elu ájá na agwaetiti ndị dị n'ime ala, nnukwu òkè na-abanyekwa n'ime obere alluvial aquifer dị n'okpuru, tupu osisi eburu ya. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri niile ruru delta na-apụ n'anya ma pụta ìhè. Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka kilomita 11 (cu mi 2.6) nke mmiri na-agbasa n'elu mpaghara 6,000–15,000 km2 (2,300–5,800 sq mi). Ụfọdụ mmiri idei mmiri na-asọba n'ime ọdọ mmiri Ngami. Ebe ahụ bụbu akụkụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Makgadikgadi, ọdọ mmiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ nke ukwuu n'oge mbụ Holocene. Ebe Nchekwa Anụmanụ Moremi dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke delta. A kpọrọ delta ahụ otu n'ime ihe ebube asaa nke Afrịka, nke a kpọsara n'ihu ọha na 11 Febụwarị 2013 na Arusha, [[Tanzania]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa|title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders|work=sevennaturalwonders.org|accessdate=22 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/|archivedate=21 December 2015}}</ref> Na 22 Juun 2014, Okavango Delta ghọrọ ebe 1000 nke e debanyere aha na UNESCO World Heritage List.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159|title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana|first=UNESCO World Heritage|author=Centre|work=Whc.unesco.org|accessdate=4 April 2018|archivedate=26 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Aha ya == Aha Okavango sitere na Osimiri Okavango, nke aha ya si na Kavango, nke na-ezo aka na ndị Kavango nke ugwu Namibia.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Water|first=John Misachi September 2 2021 in Bodies of|date=2021-09-02|title=Okavango River|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/rivers/okavango-river.html|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}</ref> Mkpọpụta Bekee ochie gụnyere Okovango, ebe ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta Namibia na-ahọrọ Kavango mgbe ha na-ekwu maka osimiri na mpaghara Namibia. Ọkà ihe mere eme bụ́ Andreas Eckl kwuru na akụkọ ndị German chịrị mba ahụ jiri Okavango mee ihe, mana okwu mbụ O- abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Kavango dị n'ógbè ahụ, kama nke ahụ, a na-ekwu na ọ bụ mmetụta nke Herero.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{Cite journal|author=Eckl|first=Andreas|year=2007|title=Reports from 'beyond the line': The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911|url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf|journal=Journal of Namibian Studies|volume=1|pages=7–37|accessdate=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == === Idei Mmiri === Idei mmiri na-eme ka mmiri Okavango ghọọ mmiri idei nke oge. Osimiri Okavango na-ebu mmiri sitere n'oge ọkọchị (Jenụwarị ruo Febụwarị) mmiri ozuzo sitere n'ugwu Angola, ebili mmiri ahụ na-asọkwa kilomita 1,200 (maịlụ 750) n'ime ihe dị ka otu ọnwa. Mmiri ahụ gbasaara n'elu ala 37,500 km2 (14,500 sq mi) nke delta ahụ n'ime ọnwa anọ sochirinụ (Maachị ruo Juun). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2026)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Oke okpomọkụ nke delta na-eme ka mmiri na-apụta ngwa ngwa na mmiri na-ekupụ mmiri, nke na-ebute usoro atọ nke ọkwa mmiri na-arị elu ma na-ada<ref>{{Cite web|author=C. N. Kurugundla|title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management|url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf|publisher=[[University of Botswana]]|pages=8–9|accessdate=17 January 2021|archivedate=31 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf}}</ref> nke ahụ ka a na-aghọtachaghị ruo na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Idei mmiri na-arị elu n'etiti ọnwa Juun na Ọgọst, n'oge oyi kpọrọ nkụ nke Botswana, mgbe delta ahụ na-eto ruo okpukpu atọ nke nha ya na-adịgide adịgide, na-adọta anụmanụ site na kilomita gburugburu ma na-emepụta otu n'ime ebe kachasị ukwuu n'Africa nke anụ ọhịa. Delta ahụ dị larịị nke ukwuu, ogologo ya dị ihe na-erughị mita 2 (ụkwụ 6 na sentimita 7) n'obosara ya dị kilomita 15,000 (5,800 sq mi), ebe mmiri ahụ na-ada ihe dị ka mita 60 (ụkwụ 200) site na Mohembo ruo Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wehberg|first=J.|title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting|journal=Biodiversity & Ecology|date=31 December 2013|volume=5|pages=11|doi=10.7809/b-e.00236}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gumbricht|first=T.|title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications|journal=South African Journal of Geology|date=2001|volume=104|issue=3|pages=243–264|doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> === Mmiri na-asọ === === Ọdọ Mmiri === [[Faịlụ:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, nke a hụrụ site n'ikuku]] Mgbe ọkwa mmiri ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata, mmiri na-anọgide na nnukwu ọwa mmiri na akwa osimiri, n'olulu mmiri na n'ọtụtụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri, nke na-adọta ọtụtụ anụmanụ. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2026)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Agwaetiti nnu === Nchikọta nnu gburugburu mgbọrọgwụ osisi na-eduga n'ebe ndị ọcha na-adịghị ọcha n'etiti ọtụtụ puku agwaetiti dị iche iche, ndị a aghọwo nnu nke na-agaghị ekwe ka osisi tolite, ma e wezụga osisi nkwụ nke na-anaghị anabata nnu mgbe ụfọdụ. Osisi na ahịhịa na-eto n'ájá gburugburu nsọtụ agwaetiti ndị ahụ na-aghọbeghị nnu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balasubramaniam|first=T.|date=2023|title=Plants' Response Mechanisms to Salinity Stress|journal=Plants (Basel, Switzerland)|volume=12|issue=12|pages=2253|doi=10.3390/plants12122253|pmid=37375879}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasentị iri asaa nke agwaetiti ndị ahụ malitere dị ka ugwu termite (nke a na-akpọkarị Macrotermes spp.), ebe osisi na-agbanye mgbọrọgwụ n'elu ugwu ala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August|url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm|author=Dunford|first=C.|accessdate=29 May 2020|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm}}</ref> === Àgwàetiti Chief === E ji ahịrị dị n'elu ugwu nke dị kilomita iri asaa n'ogologo (mile iri anọ na atọ) na kilomita iri na ise n'obosara (mile iri itoolu na atọ) mepụta agwaetiti Chief's Island (19°12'S 22°48'E), agwaetiti kachasị ukwuu na delta. N'oge gara aga, e debere ya dị ka ebe ịchụ nta pụrụ iche maka onyeisi, mana ugbu a ọ bụ ebe nchekwa maka anụ ọhịa. Ugbu a, ọ na-enye ebe dị mkpa maka ọtụtụ anụmanụ bi ebe ahụ mgbe mmiri na-arị elu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2026)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri == Ọwa mmiri nke Okavango Delta sitere na Osimiri Okavango, nke e ji njikọta nke osimiri Cubango na Cuito dị n'Angola mepụta tupu ọ gafee Namibia wee banye Botswana. Mgbe ọ banyere n'ime delta dị nso na Mohembo, osimiri ahụ na-ekewa n'ime netwọk dị mgbagwoju anya nke ọwa nkesa, ala idei mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, na apịtị na-adịgide adịgide nke na-akwado otu n'ime nnukwu delta dị n'ime ime obodo n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wolski|first=P.|year=2003|title=Water flow dynamics in the Okavango River Basin and Delta|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth|volume=28|issue=20–27|pages=1165–1172|doi=10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00206-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=McCarthy|first=T.S.|year=2023|title=Spatial and temporal controls on the solute behavior of rivers in arid watersheds: The Okavango River|journal=Journal of Hydrology|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129370}}</ref> Major distributary channels include the Boro, Maunachira, Thaoge, Santantadibe, Nqoga, and Jao systems. Ọwa ndị a na-ekesa mmiri idei mmiri oge niile n'ofe delta, imepụta mosaic siri ike nke ala mmiri na-adịgide adịgide na ala idei mmiri nke mmiri jupụtara n'oge nke na-akwado ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gieske|first=A.|year=1997|title=Modelling outflow from the Jao/Boro River system in the Okavango Delta|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=193|pages=214–239|doi=10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03147-2}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasentị 96–98 nke mmiri na-abanye na delta na-efunahụ site na ikuku mmiri, mmiri mmiri na-agbapụta, na ikuku mmiri, ebe naanị obere akụkụ na-esi na sistemụ ahụ apụta site n'osimiri Thamalakane na Boteti.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gieske|first=A.|year=1997|title=Modelling outflow from the Jao/Boro River system in the Okavango Delta|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=193|pages=214–239|doi=10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03147-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wolski|first=P.|year=2003|title=Water flow dynamics in the Okavango River Basin and Delta|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth|doi=10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00206-7}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == [[Faịlụ:Okavango_Delta.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nlegharị anya n'elu nke delta ka idei mmiri na-agbadata, Ọgọst 2012]] Ọ bụghị na mmiri dị n'ime Delta ka ahịhịa ndụ juru eju; kama ọ bụ ebe a na-akpọ oasis n'obodo kpọrọ nkụ. Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ bụ 450 mm (inchi 18) (ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mpaghara Angola ha na-ejide mmiri) ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ada n'etiti Disemba na Maachị n'ụdị oké ifufe ehihie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Okavango Delta {{!}} Botswana|url=https://www.namibweb.com/okavangodelta.htm|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=www.namibweb.com}}</ref> Disemba ruo Febụwarị bụ ọnwa mmiri ozuzo na-ekpo ọkụ nke nwere okpomọkụ ehihie dị elu ruo 40 °C (104 °F), abalị na-ekpo ọkụ, na ọkwa iru mmiri na-agbanwe n'etiti 50 na 80%. Site na Machị ruo Mee, okpomọkụ na-ebelata, ma ọ dịkarịa ala 30°C (86°F) n'ehihie ma dịkwa jụụ n'abalị. Mmiri ozuzo na-akpọnwụ ngwa ngwa ruo n'oge oyi kpọrọ nkụ nke ọnwa Juun ruo Ọgọst. Okpomọkụ ehihie n'oge a n'afọ na-adị obere ma ọ bụ na-ekpo ọkụ, mana okpomọkụ na-ada nke ukwuu mgbe anyanwụ dara. Oyi nwere ike ịdị n'abalị na delta, ebe okpomọkụ anaghị agafe oke oyi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time|url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana|work=Climatestotravel.com|accessdate=2020-05-15|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana}}</ref> A na-ahụ ntu oyi mgbe ụfọdụ n'oge oyi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta|title=A Year in the Okavango Delta|work=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> The September to November span has the heat and atmospheric pressure build up once more, as the dry season slides into the rainy season. Ọktoba bụ ọnwa kacha sie ike maka ndị ọbịa: okpomọkụ ehihie na-adịkarị karịa 40°C (104°F) na mgbe ụfọdụ, nkụ ahụ na-agbaji site na mberede nke oké ifufe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=UNEP-WCMC|date=2017-05-22|title=OKAVANGO DELTA|url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=World Heritage Datasheet|language=en}}</ref> == Anụmanụ nke Delta == [[Faịlụ:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Cheetah nke e sere n'ihu ọdịda anyanwụ na Delta]] Okavango Delta bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị anụ ọhịa dị iche iche na nke oge. Anụmanụ niile nke nnukwu anụ ise, [[Odúm|lion]], [[Ágụ|leopard]], African buffalo, African bush elephant, black na white rhinoceros nọ ebe a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galpine|first=N. J.|year=2006|title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons|journal=Ecological Journal|volume=7|pages=55−61|url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf|accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Obere nchịkọta nke antelopes lechwe, Okavango Delta]] Anụmanụ buru ibu kachasị baa ụba bụ red lechwe, atụmatụ na-egosi na ihe dị ka 88,000. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere giraffe, blue wildebeest, plains zebra, hippopotamus,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McCarthy|first=T. S.|year=1998|title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana|journal=African Journal of Ecology|volume=36|issue=1|pages=44−56|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> impala, common eland, greater kudu, sable antelope, roan antelope, puku, waterbuck, sitatunga, tsessebe, cheetah,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Klein|first=R.|year=2007|title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana|journal=Cat News|volume=Special Issue 1|pages=13−21|url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf|accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[Nkịta ọhịa nke Afrịka|African wild dog]], spotted hyena, black-backed jackal, caracal, serval, aardvark, aardwolf, bat-eared fox, African savanna hare, honey badger, common warthog, chacma baboon, vervet monkey na Nile crocodile.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wallace|first=K. M.|year=2008|title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana|journal=Journal of Herpetology|volume=42|issue=2|pages=361−368|doi=10.1670/07-1071.1}}</ref> Delta ahụ nwekwara ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 400, gụnyere helmeted guineafowl, African fish eagle, Pel's fishing owl, Egyptian goose, South African shelduck, African jacana, African skimmer, marabou stork, crested crane, African spoonbill, [[Onye na-agba ụta n'Afrịka|African darter]], southern ground hornbill, wattled crane,<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Alonso|year=2003|title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey|series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment|publisher=Conservation International|location=Washington, DC|isbn=1-881173-70-4}}</ref> lilac-breasted roller, secretary bird na common ostrich.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mbaiwa|first=J. E.|year=2006|title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana|journal=International Journal of Wilderness|volume=12|issue=3|pages=17−41}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2005, a na-ewere ebe nchekwa ahụ dị ka Ngalaba Nchekwa Ọdụm yana Ogige Ntụrụndụ Hwange.<ref>{{Cite book|author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group|year=2006|title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa|publisher=IUCN|location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses were living in the northern Okavango Delta.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|accessdate=13 July 2023}}</ref> Site na 2020 ruo 2021, ndị na-achụ nta anụ gburu rhino 92 na mpaghara delta, nke mere ka naanị rhino 40 fọdụrụ, nke mere ka gọọmentị chụpụ rhino ndị ahụ na Okavango Delta.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Botswana Moves Rhinos Out of Okavango Delta as Poaching Worsens|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-23/botswana-moves-rhinos-out-of-okavango-delta-as-poaching-worsens|work=Bloomberg|accessdate=13 July 2023}}</ref> === Azụ === Okavango Delta nwere ụdị azụ̀ iri asaa na otu, gụnyere azụ̀ tigerfish, ụdị azụ̀ tilapia, na ụdị azụ̀ dị iche iche nke catfish. Nha azụ̀ dị site na azụ̀ sharptooth nke Afrịka nke dị mita 1.4 (ụkwụ 4.6) ruo na 3.2 cm (1.3 in) nke sickle barb. Ụdị ihe ndị a na-eme n'Osimiri Zambezi, nke na-egosi njikọ dị n'etiti usoro osimiri abụọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf|title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta|work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre|year=2007|accessdate=2011-02-02|archivedate=6 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf}}</ref> == Osisi == Okavango Delta nwere osisi 1068 nke ezinụlọ 134 na ụdị 530.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Ramberg|first=L.|date=2006|title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917|journal=Aquatic Sciences|volume=68|issue=3|pages=316|doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y}}</ref> E nwere osisi mpaghara ise dị mkpa n'ime apịtị ndị na-adịgide adịgide: ''Papyrus cyperus'' n'ime mmiri miri emi, Miscanthus n'ebe idei mmiri na-adịghị omimi, na Phragmites australis, Typha capensis na Pycreus n'etiti. Ụdị apịtị ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ime apịtị ndị na-adịgide adịgide, na-agbasakwa ruo n'ebe mmiri na-ezo n'oge.<ref name=":0" /> ''Papyrus cyperus'' ubi ahịhịa na-eto nke ọma na mmiri na-asọ nwayọ nwayọ nke dị omimi ọkara ma na-apụta ìhè n'akụkụ ọwa mmiri. N'agwaetiti na ala ndị dị n'elu ala ahịhịa ndị idei mmiri jupụtara, e nwere obodo dị iche iche nke osisi dị iche iche. A na-ahụ ụdị ndị a dịka mmiri ha si chọọ: dịka ọmụmaatụ ''Philenoptera violacea'' a naghị achọ mmiri nke ọma, ọ na-adịkwa n'ebe kachasị elu n'ala mmiri ndị na-adịgide adịgide, ọ na-adịkarịkwa n'agwaetiti mmiri ndị kpọrọ nkụ n'oge ọkọchị. Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị n'agwaetiti ndị dị n'ime apịtị na-adịgide adịgide bụ ngwakọta nke osisi nkwụ ''Hyphaene'' ''petersiana'' na acacias.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Toerien|first=D. K.|date=1976|title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook|journal=Koedoe|volume=19|issue=1|doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179|issn=2071-0771}}</ref> Osisi ndị dị na delta na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'igbochi mbuze. Agwaetiti ma ọ bụ olulu mmiri nke osimiri na-enwekarị apịtị dị elu, nke a na-ejikọta ya na ájá dị n'osimiri ahụ iji na-ewulite akụkụ osimiri ahụ mgbe niile. Ibu osimiri ahụ dị n'ime delta fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ájá kpamkpam, n'ihi na mmiri dị ọcha nke Okavango nwere obere apịtị. Osisi ndị ahụ na-ejide ájá ahụ, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka gluu ma na-emeju enweghị apịtị, ma na-emepụta agwaetiti ndị ọzọ ebe osisi ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịgba mkpọrọgwụ na ha.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Nanson|first=G. C.|title=Rivers and alluvial fans|date=1978|pages=925–952|publisher=Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/3-540-31079-7_173|isbn=978-3-540-31079-2}}</ref> == Ndị mmadụ == [[Faịlụ:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu na-eduzi osisi ya na mmiri ozuzo]] Ndị Okavango Delta nwere agbụrụ ise, nke ọ bụla nwere njirimara na asụsụ nke ya:<ref>{{Cite web|title=OKAVANGO DELTA|url=https://www.botswana-info.com/country/article/296/okavango-delta|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=www.botswana-info.com|archivedate=2026-07-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260701153533/https://www.botswana-info.com/country/article/296/okavango-delta}}</ref> * Ndị Hambukushu (a makwaara dị ka Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * Ndị Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * Ndị Wayeyi (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * Ndị Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * Ndị ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). Ndị Hambukushu, Dceriku, na Wayeyi na-etinye aka n'akụ na ụba dị iche iche dịka ọrụ ugbo millet/sorghum, ịkụ azụ̀, ịchụ nta, ịchịkọta nri osisi ọhịa, na ịzụ anụ ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-20|title=Okavango Delta - Living Lakes Network|url=https://livinglakes.org/okavango-delta/|accessdate=2026-06-23|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ndị Bugakhwe na ǁanikwhe bụ Ndị Bushmen, bụ́ ndị na-akụ azụ̀, ịchụ nta, na ịchịkọta nri osisi ọhịa; Bugakhwe jiri ma ihe ndị dị n'ime ọhịa ma nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri mee ihe, ebe ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri lekwasịrị anya nke ukwuu. Hambukushu, Dceriku, na Bugakhwe dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Okavango dị n'Angola nakwa n'akụkụ Caprivi nke Namibia, obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Hambukushu na Bugakhwe dịkwa na Zambia. N'ime Okavango Delta, n'ime ihe dị ka afọ 150 gara aga ma ọ bụ karịa, Hambukushu, Dceriku, na Bugakhwe ebirila na panhandle na Magwegqana dị na delta ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndị mmadụ bi na panhandle na mpaghara dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Boro site na delta, tinyere mpaghara dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Boteti.<ref>{{Cite web|title=OKAVANGO DELTA|url=https://www.baruchsafaris.com/de/copy-of-chobe-national-park|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=Baruch Safaris|language=de}}</ref> Wayeyi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wayeyi|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/wayeyi/|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=Minority Rights Group|date=19 June 2015|language=en-GB|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215842/https://minorityrights.org/minorities/wayeyi/}}</ref> ebiela n'ógbè dị gburugburu Seronga yana mpaghara ndịda gbara gburugburu Maun, na ole na ole Wayeyi<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Campbell|first=Alexander Colin|date=March 1980|title=The National Museum and Art Gallery, Gaborone, Botswana|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x|journal=Museum International|volume=32|issue=1–2|pages=61–66|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x|issn=1350-0775|accessdate=2 June 2021}}</ref> bi n'ụlọ nna nna ha dị na Caprivi Strip. N'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, ọtụtụ mmadụ si n'akụkụ niile nke Okavango akwagaala Maun, n'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1960 na mmalite afọ 1970, ihe karịrị ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Hambukushu 4,000 si Angola biri n'ógbè dị gburugburu Etsha na ọdịda anyanwụ Panhandle. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 18, Okavango Delta anọwo n'okpuru ọchịchị nke Batawana (mba Tswana).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Moanaphuti|author=Segolodi|title=Ditso Tsa Batawana|date=1940|url=https://www.academia.edu/12170767|accessdate=1 May 2015|archivedate=6 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306233801/https://www.academia.edu/12170767}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye ụlọ Mathiba nke Mbụ, onye ndu otu ndị Bangladesh, Batawana guzobere njikwa zuru oke na delta ahụ n'afọ 1850 ka azụmaahịa ọdụdụ mpaghara ahụ gbawara.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Barry|author=Morton|title=The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880|journal=South African Historical Journal|volume=36|year=1997|pages=220–239|doi=10.1080/02582479708671276}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ ndị Batawana bi n'akụkụ delta, n'ihi iyi egwu nke ijiji tsetse na-etinye n'ahụ ehi ha. N'ime oge ezumike nke ihe dị ka afọ iri anọ, ijiji tsetse laghachiri azụ, ọtụtụ ndị Batawana bikwa n'ime apịtị site na 1896 ruo na ngwụcha afọ 1930. Kemgbe ahụ, ọnụ ụzọ delta ahụ ejupụtala nke ukwuu n'ihi mmụba nke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na anụ ụlọ ya. == Njem == Ọzara nke Okavango Delta na anụ ọhịa ya na-adọta ọtụtụ narị puku ndị njem nleta kwa afọ, obodo Maun na-eje ozi dị ka ọnụ ụzọ ámá mpaghara ahụ. Njem nlegharị anya nke oge a malitere n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1960, mgbe e wuru ogige ntụrụndụ nke oge a mbụ na delta. Ngwaahịa njem nlegharị anya kemgbe amụbaala gụnyere safaris ụlọ dị elu, safaris mkpanaka, ịga ụlọikwuu onwe onye, ikiri nnụnụ, draịvụ egwuregwu, ụgbọ elu mara mma, njem a na-eduzi, ịkụ azụ̀ ntụrụndụ na njem ụgbọ mmiri.<ref name="mbaiwa-2005">{{Cite journal|author=Mbaiwa|first=J. E.|year=2005|title=Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana|url=https://adpbotswana.pbworks.com/f/Enclave%2Btourism%2Band%2Bits%2Bsocio-economic%2Bimpacts.pdf|journal=Tourism Management|volume=26|issue=2|pages=157–172|doi=10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005|accessdate=12 May 2026}}</ref> Botswana akwalitela usoro njem dị oke ọnụ, nke na-anaghị efu nnukwu ego na mpaghara Okavango, nke e bu n'obi iji belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-eme ka ndị ọbịa nwee nnukwu mmefu. Akụkọ UNESCO nke afọ 2014 chọpụtara na e nwere akwa ndị njem nleta 2,129 n'ógbè ahụ. Na 2017, ndị Delta nabatara ndị ọbịa 52,638, nke 43,363 bụ ndị njem nleta mba ofesi ebe 9,275 bụ ndị obodo. Nke a bụ obere akụkụ nke otu nde ndị njem nleta mba ofesi Botswana na-enweta kwa afọ. == ''Molapos'' (iyi mmiri) == [[Faịlụ:BundPhoto.JPG|thumb|Ihe mgbochi idei mmiri maka ndalata idei mmiri na-akụ na ''molapo'' nke Okavango, Botswana]] Mgbe oge idei mmiri gasịrị, mmiri dị n'akụkụ ala nke delta ahụ, nso ntọala ya, na-ebelata, na-ahapụ mmiri n'ime ala. A na-eji mmiri a fọdụrụnụ akụ ihe ubi na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike itolite na ya. A na-akpọ ala a ''molapo''.<ref>{{Cite web|author=kmcgee|date=2023-06-11|title=June 12: The Okavango Delta - Overland Travel With KMcGee|url=https://overlandwithkmcgee.com/june-12-the-okavango-delta/|accessdate=2026-06-23|language=en-US}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1974 na 1978, idei mmiri ahụ karịrị nke nkịtị, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịkọ ihe ubi n'oge ịda ogbenye idei mmiri, ya mere e nwere nnukwu ụkọ nri na nri. N'ihi nzaghachi ya, e bidoro ọrụ mmepe Molapo. O ji ihe ndị e ji ekpuchi ebe ndị dị na molapo chebe ha iji chịkwaa idei mmiri ahụ ma gbochie oke idei mmiri. E tinyere ọnụ ụzọ ámá mmiri n'ime igbe ndị ahụ ka e wee nwee ike ịhapụ mmiri echekwara ma malite ịkụ ihe ubi n'oge idei mmiri. == Ihe iyi egwu ndị nwere ike ime == Otu ihe nwere ike iyi egwu bụ nchọpụta mmanụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Canada bụ ReconAfrica. Nnyocha mbụ e mere n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2021 gosiri na mmanụ dị n'ime nkume sedimentary.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ltd|first=Reconnaissance Energy Africa|title=ReconAfrica's First of Three Wells Confirms a Working Petroleum System in the Kavango Basin, Namibia|url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/reconafrica-s-first-of-three-wells-confirms-a-working-petroleum-system-in-the-kavango-basin-namibia-865139500.html|accessdate=2021-04-27|work=Newswire.ca|language=en|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055430/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/reconafrica-s-first-of-three-wells-confirms-a-working-petroleum-system-in-the-kavango-basin-namibia-865139500.html}}</ref> Ndị ọkachamara gburugburu ebe obibi na-enwe nchegbu na ọrụ a ga-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ na gburugburu ebe obibi nakwa na ụfọdụ n'ime isi mmiri nwere ike ịdaba n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Big Oil Project in Africa Threatens Fragile Okavango Region|url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/a-big-oil-project-in-africa-threatens-the-fragile-okavango-region|accessdate=2021-04-27|work=Yale E360|language=en-US|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055427/https://e360.yale.edu/features/a-big-oil-project-in-africa-threatens-the-fragile-okavango-region}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-22|title=Growing concern over Okavango oil exploration as community alleges shutout|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/growing-concern-over-okavango-oil-exploration-as-community-alleges-shutout/|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055426/https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/growing-concern-over-okavango-oil-exploration-as-community-alleges-shutout/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-12|title=Test drilling for oil in Namibia's Okavango region poses toxic risk|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/test-drilling-oil-namibia-poses-water-risk|accessdate=2021-04-27|work=Animals|language=en|archivedate=27 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427143948/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/test-drilling-oil-namibia-poses-water-risk}}</ref> ReconAfrica ekwuola, "Ọ dịghị mmebi ọ bụla ga-eme na gburugburu ebe obibi site na ihe omume ndị a haziri."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions: ReconAfrica Initial Drilling Project|url=https://reconafrica.com/operations/frequently-asked-questions/|work=reconafrica.com|accessdate=30 April 2021|archivedate=29 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429185250/https://reconafrica.com/operations/frequently-asked-questions/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilson-Spath|first=Andreas|date=2020-12-15|title=OP-ED: Paradise is closing down: The ghastly spectre of oil drilling and fracking in fragile Okavango Delta|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-15-paradise-is-closing-down-the-ghastly-spectre-of-oil-drilling-and-fracking-in-fragile-okavango-delta/|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=Daily Maverick|language=en|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220224/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-15-paradise-is-closing-down-the-ghastly-spectre-of-oil-drilling-and-fracking-in-fragile-okavango-delta/}}</ref> Gọọmentị Namibia ewepụtala atụmatụ iwulite ọdụ ike mmiri na mpaghara Zambezi, nke ga-achịkwa usoro mmiri Okavango ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-akwado ya na-arụ ụka na mmetụta ya agaghị adị obere, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-arụ ụka na ọrụ a nwere ike ibibi ọtụtụ anụmanụ na osisi bara ọgaranya na delta. Ihe iyi egwu ndị ọzọ gụnyere mwakpo mmadụ na mpaghara na mwepụta mmiri mpaghara na Angola na Namibia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.okavangodelta.com/about/threats/|title=Threats - Okavango Delta|work=Okavangodelta.com|accessdate=4 April 2018|archivedate=22 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222105527/https://www.okavangodelta.com/general-information/threats/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2016/03/11/chinese-angolan-project-in-angola-harvests-over-1200-tons-of-rice/|title=Chinese-Angolan project in Angola harvests over 1,200 tons of rice|work=Macauhub English|date=11 March 2016|accessdate=2 November 2016|archivedate=4 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104002158/http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2016/03/11/chinese-angolan-project-in-angola-harvests-over-1200-tons-of-rice/}}</ref> Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-echekwa ihe ndị dị na mba Saụt Afrịka bụ Rick Lomba dọrọ aka ná ntị n'afọ 1980 gbasara iyi egwu nke mwakpo ehi na mpaghara ahụ. Ihe nkiri ya bụ ''The End of Eden'' gosiri etu o si na-akwado delta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=OKAVANGO DELTA|url=https://www.baruchsafaris.com/de/copy-of-chobe-national-park|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=Baruch Safaris|language=de}}</ref> A na-atụ anya na mmiri ozuzo nke Okavango ga-ebelata kwa afọ yana mmụba okpomọkụ n'ihi okpomọkụ ụwa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=ASSAR|year=2019|title=What global warming of 1.5°C and higher means for Botswana|publisher=Adaptation at Scale in Semi Arid Regions (ASSAR)|url=http://www.assar.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/138/1point5degrees/ASSAR_Botswana_global_warming.pdf|accessdate=6 August 2019}}</ref> Mmetụta nke okpomọọkụ ụwa nwere ike ibute mbelata na oke idei mmiri na Okavango Delta, nke ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu n'inweta mmiri yana ịzụ anụ ụlọ na ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Murray-Hudson|first=M.|date=2006|title=Scenarios of the impact of local and upstream changes in climate and water use on hydro-ecology in the Okavango Delta, Botswana|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=331|issue=1|pages=73–84|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.041}}</ref> Ọrụ nchekwa nke Conservation International Botswana na mpaghara Okavango Delta gụnyere agụmakwụkwọ na itinye aka na amụma yana nyocha na nlekota dịka nyocha anụ ọhịa dị n'elu ikuku na ọrụ nyocha ngwa ngwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ.<ref name="CIBotswanaAbout">{{Cite web|title=About Conservation International Botswana|work=Conservation International Botswana|url=https://botswana.conservation.org/about-us}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Ndagwurugwu Kalahari == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}  == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|first=P.|author=Allison|year=2007|title=Whatever You Do, Don't Run: True Tales Of A Botswana Safari Guide|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=9780762745654|url=https://archive.org/details/whateveryoudodon00alli}} * {{Cite journal|first=J.|author=Bock|year=2002|title=Learning, Life History, and Productivity: Children's lives in the Okavango Delta of Botswana|journal=Human Nature|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–198|doi=10.1007/s12110-002-1007-4|pmid=26192757|url=<!-- http://anthro.fullerton.edu/jbock/Bock%20HN%202002.pdf Unsure copyright status-->}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Conservation International E debere ya na Wayback Machine * [https://www.okavango.com/concessions.php Ebe ndị Okavango Delta nwere ikike] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205022203/http://www.ngamitimes.com/ The Ngami Times bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu nke Ngamiland] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061006083431/http://www.botswana-tourism.gov.bw/attractions/moremi.html Ebe gọọmentị Botswana na Moremi Game Reserve, n'ime Okavango Delta] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170929000710/http://www.wildentrust.org/ Wild Entrust International] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ Ihe ịtụnanya asaa nke Africa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319185832/http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/natures-most-amazing-events/how-stuff-works/kalahari-elephants.html Discovery Channel - Iju Mmiri nke Kalahari] * [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/molapos.pdf Iju Mmiri na-emebi ihe na molapos nke Okavango Delta] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150401231635/http://www.orc.ub.bw/ Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Okavango] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120807161048/http://168.167.30.198/ori/ Mmiri Okavango dị ugbu a, data ihu igwe na foto satellite] Archived 7 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_J-ODVl9Omg/ 1986 Ihe omuma The End of Eden nke Rick Lomba] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0idyy9maqbml5i1vy220z6aycxo8fdw 0 78135 697316 697311 2026-08-08T12:10:18Z Goodymeraj 16207 697316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Malaria|pronounce={{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɛər|i|ə}}|synonym=Ague, paludism, marsh fever|image=Malaria Parasite Connecting to Human Red Blood Cell (34034143483).jpg|caption=[[Plasmodium|Malaria parasite]] connecting to a [[red blood cell]]|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Mild malaria: fever, chills, vomiting, headache, diarrhoea.<br/>Severe malaria: anaemia, jaundice, coma|complications=[[Epileptic seizure|Seizures]], [[coma]],<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[organ failure]], [[anaemia]], [[cerebral malaria]]<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |title=Malaria |date= |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702235123/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |url-status=live}}</ref>|onset=Usually 10–15 days post exposure<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|duration=Lifelong if not treated|causes=''[[Plasmodium]]'' transmitted by ''[[Anopheles]]'' [[mosquito]]es<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|risks=Exposure to mosquitoes in [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas|diagnosis=Examination of the blood, [[malaria antigen detection tests|antigen detection tests]]<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|differential=|prevention=[[Mosquito net]]s, [[insect repellent]], [[mosquito control]], prophylactic medication<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|treatment=|medication=[[Antimalarial medication]]<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|frequency=282 million (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|deaths=610,000 (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|alt=}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />{{Infobox medical condition|name=Malaria|pronounce={{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɛər|i|ə}}|synonym=Ague, paludism, marsh fever|image=Malaria Parasite Connecting to Human Red Blood Cell (34034143483).jpg|caption=[[Plasmodium|Malaria parasite]] connecting to a [[red blood cell]]|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Mild malaria: fever, chills, vomiting, headache, diarrhoea.<br/>Severe malaria: anaemia, jaundice, coma|complications=[[Epileptic seizure|Seizures]], [[coma]],<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[organ failure]], [[anaemia]], [[cerebral malaria]]<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |title=Malaria |date= |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702235123/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |url-status=live}}</ref>|onset=Usually 10–15 days post exposure<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|duration=Lifelong if not treated|causes=''[[Plasmodium]]'' transmitted by ''[[Anopheles]]'' [[mosquito]]es<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|risks=Exposure to mosquitoes in [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas|diagnosis=Examination of the blood, [[malaria antigen detection tests|antigen detection tests]]<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|differential=|prevention=[[Mosquito net]]s, [[insect repellent]], [[mosquito control]], prophylactic medication<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|treatment=|medication=[[Antimalarial medication]]<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|frequency=282 million (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|deaths=610,000 (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|alt=}}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />Ọrịa '''Ịba''' bụ ọrịa na-efe efe nke anwụnta na-ebute nke ọ bụ anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-ebufe ya ma ọ taa mmadụ.<ref name="WHO-Vector-2023">{{Cite web|title=Vector-borne diseases|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases|accessdate=24 April 2022|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|archivedate=4 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104001515/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Mgbaàmà dị iche nke ịba na mmadụ na-agụnye [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]], Ike ọgwụgwụ, ịgbọ agbọ, na isi ọwụwa.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: An Update|journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics|volume=84|issue=7|pages=521–528|date=July 2017|pmid=28357581|doi=10.1007/s12098-017-2332-2}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ siri ike, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịkpata jaundice, nkụchi obi maọbụ akụkụ ahụ ọbụla, coma, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ. <ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=10 May 2024|publisher=World Health Organization|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite mgbe ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na ise gasịrị mgbe anwụnta Anopheles tara mmadụ.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref name="CDC-FAQ-2023">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html|title=CDC - Malaria - FAQs|date=28 June 2023|accessdate=9 September 2017|archivedate=13 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a gwọghị ya nke ọma, ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịna-arịa ọrịa ahụ ugboro ugboro ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Ndị gbakere na ya bụ ọrịa na-enwekarị ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke ahụ mmadụ, na-enwe ike ibute ọrịa ọzọ mana ha ga-enwe mgbaàmà dị nro.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[:en:Immunity_(medical)|Mgbochi]] a na-abụghị n'ozuzu na-apụ n'anya n'ime ọnwa ole na ole ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụrụ na onye ahụ enweghị ike ịrịa ịba na-aga n'ihu.<ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata ọrịa ịba bụ nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ nke ụdị ''Plasmodium,'' <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> nke a na-agbasa n'ozuzu site na ọtịta nke anwụnta ''Anopheles bu ya bụ ọrịa''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=JAMA|volume=327|issue=6|date=February 2022|pmid=35133414|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468}}</ref> Ọtịta anwụnta ahụ na-ewebata nje na-akpata ya bụ ọrịa site na asọmmiri anwụnta ahụ baa n'ime ọbara.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Nje ndị ahụ na-ebu ụzọ amụba ma tolite n'imeju mmadụ n'egosighị ihe mgbaàmà ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifecycle of the malaria parasite|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=2 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102114122/https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, nje ndị ahụ tozurula etozu ga-agbasa banye n'ime ọbara, ebe ha na-ebute ọrịa ma na-ebibi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie, na-akpata mgbaàmà na-egosi mbute ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaria factsheet|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Public Health England|language=en|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901042339/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms}}</ref> Ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ise na-ebunyekarị ụmụ mmadụ ọrịa.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Ụdị atọ ndị na-akpata ọrịa a n'ụdị siri ike karị bụ ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwmg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' (nke na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ site n'ọrịa ịba), ''P. vivax<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwnQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''P. knowlesi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwoA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' (ịba [[:en:Simian|simian]] nke na-emetụta ọtụtụ puku mmadụ n'afọ). <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|title=Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf|accessdate=19 February 2024|archivedate=22 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222024003/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf}}</ref> ''P. oval<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''[[:en:Plasmodium_malariae|P.&#x20;malariae]]'' na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba dị nro. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> A na-achọpụta ịba site na Nnyocha microscopic nke ọbara site na iji Ihe nkiri ọbara, ma ọ bụ site na nnyocha [[:en:Malaria_antigen_detection_tests|antigen-based]] [[:en:Rapid_diagnostic_test|rapid diagnostic tests]].<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> E mepụtala usoro ndị na-eji [[:en:Polymerase_chain_reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] iji chọpụta [[Dna|DNA]] nke nje ahụ, mana anaghị ejikarị ha eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe ebe ịba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, n'ihi ọnụahịa ha na mgbagwoju anya ha.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> Enwere ike ibelata ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ahụ site na igbochi ọtịta anwụnta site na iji ụgbụ anwụnta na Ihe na-achụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ site n'iji [[:en:Mosquito_control|usoro nchịkwa anwụnta]] dị ka ịgbasa [[Ọgwụ ahụhụ]] na ịwufu mmiri dọ adọ. <ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi dị iji [[:en:Malaria_prophylaxis|gbochie ịba]] n'ebe ọrịa ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Dịka ebe afọ 2023, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) kwadoro [[ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] abụọ.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}</ref> Nguzogide nke nje ahụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ amụbaala ruo na ọtụtụ ọgwụ [[:en:Antimalarial_medication|mgbochi ịba]] ; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' na-eguzogide ọgwụ chloroquine agbasaala ruo n'ọtụtụ ebe ịba na-adịkarị, ọzọkwa nguzogide ọgwụ artemisinin aghọwo nsogbu n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> N'ihi nke a, ọgwụgwọ site n'inye ọgwụ maka ọrịa ịba kwesịrị ịhazi ya ka ọ daba kpọmkwem na Ụdị <nowiki><i id="mw5g">Plasmodium</i></nowiki> a na-achụ yana ebe e butere ya bụ ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Treatment|language=en-us}}</ref> Ọrịa a juru ebe niile n'ógbè tropik yana subtropik ndị dị n'ime nnukwu mpaghara gbara akara equator gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Malaria|title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health|date=2021|pages=227–248|isbn=978-0-19-881680-5|doi=10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0073|edition=7th}}</ref><ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Nke a gụnyere ọtụtụ mpaghara sub-Saharan Africa, [[Asia]], na Latin America.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ihe dị ka nde ndị mmadụ narị abụọ na iri asatọ na abụọ '''('''282 million) ndị butere ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile, kpatara ọnwụ a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ruru narị puku iri isii na iri.<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=World malaria report 2025|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=5 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105141123/https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu na ise nke ndị butere ọrịa ahụ na ndị nwụrụ na ya mere n'Afrịka dị n'okpuru Sahara.<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" /><ref name="WHO-Briefing-2024">{{Cite web|title=Current state: The malaria situation worldwide|url=https://worldmalariareport2024.org/|accessdate=6 January 2026|work=WHO: World Malaria Report Global Briefing Kit 2024|language=en}}</ref> A na-ejikọkarị ịba na ịda ogbenye, ọ na-enwekwa nnukwu mmetụta ọjọọ n'uto akụ na ụba;<ref name="Worrall-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature|journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health|volume=10|issue=10|pages=1047–1059|date=October 2005|pmid=16185240|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x}}</ref> N'[[Afrịka|Africa]], a na-eme atụmatụ na ọrịa a na-akpata nnukwu mfu nke akụ na ụba (nke e mere atụmatụ na ọ ruru ijeri dollar US iri na abụọ kwa afọ n'afọ 2005) n'ihi ịrị elu nke ụgwọ nlekọta ahụike, mbelata ike ndị mmadụ nwere ịrụ ọrụ, na mmetụta ọjọọ ọ na-enwe n'ọrụ njem nleta.<ref name="Greenwood-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=The Lancet|volume=365|issue=9469|pages=1487–1498|year=2005|pmid=15850634|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Malaria.webm|thumbtime=0:02|thumb|Nchịkọta akụkọ vidiyo (script)]] {{Infobox medical condition|name=Malaria|pronounce={{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɛər|i|ə}}|synonym=Ague, paludism, marsh fever|image=Malaria Parasite Connecting to Human Red Blood Cell (34034143483).jpg|caption=[[Plasmodium|Malaria parasite]] connecting to a [[red blood cell]]|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Mild malaria: fever, chills, vomiting, headache, diarrhoea.<br/>Severe malaria: anaemia, jaundice, coma|complications=[[Epileptic seizure|Seizures]], [[coma]],<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[organ failure]], [[anaemia]], [[cerebral malaria]]<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |title=Malaria |date= |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702235123/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |url-status=live}}</ref>|onset=Usually 10–15 days post exposure<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|duration=Lifelong if not treated|causes=''[[Plasmodium]]'' transmitted by ''[[Anopheles]]'' [[mosquito]]es<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|risks=Exposure to mosquitoes in [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas|diagnosis=Examination of the blood, [[malaria antigen detection tests|antigen detection tests]]<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|differential=|prevention=[[Mosquito net]]s, [[insect repellent]], [[mosquito control]], prophylactic medication<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|treatment=|medication=[[Antimalarial medication]]<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|frequency=282 million (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|deaths=610,000 (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|alt=}}  == Mmalite Okwu == Okwu a bụ ''malaria'' (ịba) sitere n'asụsụ Italian nke oge etiti (Medieval Italian) : mala aria, 'ikuku ọjọọ', ma bụrụ akụkụ nke echiche miasma; nke kwuru na ọrịa na-esite n'ikuku rụrụ arụ. N'oge gara aga, a na-akpọ ọrịa a ague, paludism, ma ọ bụ marsh fever, n'ihi njikọ e nwere n'etiti ya na apiti na ala mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=From Shakespeare to Defoe: malaria in England in the Little Ice Age|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1–11|date=1999|pmid=10653562|doi=10.3201/eid0601.000101}}</ref> Okwu malaria pụtara n'asụsụ Bekee ma ọ dịkarịa ala kemgbe afọ 1768<ref>{{Cite book|date=1768|title=A view of the customs, manners, drama, &c. of Italy, as they are described in the Frusta letteraria; and in the Account of Italy in English, written by Mr. Baretti; compared with the Letters from Italy, written by Mr. Sharp|location=London|publisher=W. Nicoll}}</ref> A na-akpọ ngalaba sayensị na-amụ maka ọrịa ịba malariology<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of MALARIOLOGY|work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malariology|language=en|accessdate=19 November 2024|archivedate=2 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802160413/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malariology}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà Ya == [[Faịlụ:Symptoms_of_Malaria.png|thumb|Mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ọrịa ịba <ref name="Fairhurst-2015">{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00276-9|chapter=Malaria (''Plasmodium'' Species)|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases|date=2015|pages=3070–3090.e9|isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3}}</ref>]] Mgbaàmà n'oge mmalite nke ọrịa ịba bụ ahụ ọkụ, oyi, isi ọwụwa, agbọ onunu, na ịgbọ agbọ na afọ ọsịsa; ụdị ya ndị siri ike karị nwere ike igosi ọzịza nke [[:en:Splenomegaly|ọkpụkpụ]] ma ọ bụ imeju, na obere [[:en:Jaundice|jaundice]].<ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2024|title=Symptoms of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/symptoms/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị a nwere ike iyi ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dịka [[:en:Sepsis|sepsis]], [[:en:Gastroenteritis|gastroenteritis]], influenza na Ọrịa nje ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref><ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, mgbaàmà - ọkachasị ahụ ọkụ - nwere ike ịghọ usoro na-eme mgbe niile, na-eme ugboro ugboro kwa ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ ([[:en:Paroxysmal_attack|mkpagbu paroxysmal]]). <ref name="Crutcher-1996" /><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na ise mgbe anwụnta tara nke mbụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịnọ ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa mgbe mmadụ butesịrị ọrịa ahụ tupu ọ pụta. Ndị njem na-aṅụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nwere ike inwe mgbaàmà ya ozugbo ha kwụsịrị ịṅụ ọgwụ ahụ.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref> Oké ịba na-eme mgbe ọrịa Plasmodium ahụ mebiri akụkụ ahụ ndị dị mkpa dị ka akụrụ, imeju, akpa ume ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ. Mgbaàmà gụnyere oke [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]], jaundice, [[:en:Convulsion|ihe ọdụdọ]], mgbagwoju anya, [[:en:Coma|coma]], [[:en:Kidney_failure|nkụchi akụrụ]] na n'ikpeazụ ọnwụ.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba siri ike na-abụkarị nke ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAXs">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na-akpata; a ga-emeso ya dị ka ọnọdụ mberede ahụike. <ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Severe malaria|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/symptoms-and-treatments/severe-malaria|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=7 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407170534/https://www.mmv.org/malaria/symptoms-and-treatments/severe-malaria}}</ref> === Nsogbu === Akparamagwa pụrụ iche nke ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' bụ ikike ya ịmepụta protein na-arapara n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie (RBC) nke ọrịa ahụ dị na ya. RBCs ọrịa a dị na ya na-egbochi capillaries (na-akpata hypoxia) ma na-agbakọta n'akụkụ ndị dị mkpa, na-eguzogide ọrụ ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Autino|first=Beatrice|title=Pathogenesis of Malaria in Tissues and Blood|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|date=4 October 2012|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012061|doi=10.4084/mjhid.2012.061|pmid=23170190}}</ref> Ọrịa ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' na-akpata nsogbu kachasị njọ nke ịba. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ bụ ụdị ọrịa ịba siri ike na-emetụta ụbụrụ. RBCs ọrịa dị na ha na-egbochi capillaries ndị dị na ụbụrụ na-akpata mmeghachi omume ahụike, nke na-emebi Ihe mgbochi ọbara na ụbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schiess|first=Nicoline|title=Pathophysiology and neurologic sequelae of cerebral malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|date=December 2020|volume=19|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12936-020-03336-z|pmid=32703204}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ na-egosipụta mgbaàmà [[:en:Neurological_disorder|na-egosi nsogbu n'ụbụrụ]], dị ka mgbagwoju anya, nkụchi obi maọbụ akụkụ ahụ ọbụla, ma ọ bụ [[:en:Coma|coma]].<ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ, ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya, nwere ike ibute ọnwụ n'ime awa iri anọ na asatọ nke mgbaàmà mbụ gosiri; ndị lagbụrụ ya nwere ike inwe mmerụ ahụ metụtara ụbụrụ na-adịte aka.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012" /><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]] siri ike bụ mgwakọta nke mbibi nke RBCs (ma ndị bu ọrịa ma ndị na-ebughị) yana ịdị ala nke mmepụta RBC n'ụmị ọkpụkpụ; ọ bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ n'ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise<ref>{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Nicholas J.|title=What causes malaria anemia?|journal=Blood|date=14 April 2022|volume=139|issue=15|pages=2268–2269|doi=10.1182/blood.2021015055|pmid=35420692}}</ref> Ịba nwere ike ibute nsogbu iku ume siri ike na ihe ruru pasent iri abụọ na ise nke ndị nwere ya. Ọ na-esite na mmebi nke capillary endothelium, na-emebi alveoli nke akpa ume.<ref name="Greenwood-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=The Lancet|volume=365|issue=9469|pages=1487–1498|year=2005|pmid=15850634|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref><ref name="Taylor-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Walter R.J.|title=Respiratory Manifestations of Malaria|journal=Chest|date=August 2012|volume=142|issue=2|pages=492–505|doi=10.1378/chest.11-2655|pmid=22871759}}</ref> Mgbaàmà bụ oke ịdị mkpụmkpụ nke iku ume na ụcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'egbugbere ọnụ (cyanosis) na-egosi enweghị ikuku oxygen.<ref name="Taylor-2012" /> Ọ bụ onye na-egbu ndị okenye, na-enwe ihe dị ka pasent iri ano nke ọnwụ ndị na-arịa ya ozugbo mgbaàmà ya malitere.<ref name="Taylor-2012" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prenen|first=Fran|title=Resolution of experimental malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome is Alox12 independent and shows residual inflammation|journal=Malaria Journal|date=4 July 2025|volume=24|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12936-025-05462-y|pmid=40615878}}</ref> [[:en:Coinfection|Ịrịakọta]] HIV na ịba na-eme ka ọnwụ dịkwuo elu.<ref name="Korenromp-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria attributable to the HIV-1 epidemic, sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=11|issue=9|pages=1410–1419|date=September 2005|pmid=16229771|doi=10.3201/eid1109.050337}}</ref> Nsogbu ndị ọzọ gụnyere [[:en:Splenomegaly|ọkpụkpụ zara aza]], Imeju zara aza ma ọ bụ ha abụọ.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ihe a na-akpọ [[:en:Blackwater_fever|blackwater fever]] na-eme mgbe haemoglobin sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie [[:en:Lysis|gbawara agbawa]] ma debanye na mamịrị wee gbanwee ụcha ya, nke ihe na-esokarị ya bụ nkụchi akụrụ. <ref name="Bartoloni-2012" /> [[:en:Pregnancy-associated_malaria|Ọrịa ịba n'oge afọ ime]] nwere ike ịkpata [[Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ|ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ]], [[:en:Infant_mortality|ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ]], ime ọpụpụ, na [[:en:Low_birth_weight|lịdị arọ dị ala nke nwa a mụrụ ọhụrụ]], <ref name="Hartman-2010">{{Cite journal|title=The impact of maternal malaria on newborns|journal=Annals of Tropical Paediatrics|volume=30|issue=4|pages=271–282|year=2010|pmid=21118620|doi=10.1179/146532810X12858955921032}}</ref> ọkachasị na ọrịa ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'', ọ na-emekwa n'ọrịa ''P. vivax&nbsp;''. <ref name="Rijken-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria in pregnancy in the Asia-Pacific region|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=1|pages=75–88|date=January 2012|pmid=22192132|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70315-2}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Faịlụ:Life_Cycle_of_the_Malaria_Parasite.jpg|thumb|Usoro ndụ nke nje ịba: A na-ewebata Sporozoites site na ọtịta nke anwụnta. Mgbe ha ruru imeju, ha na-amụba ghọọ ọtụtụ puku merozoites. Merozoites ndị ahụ na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie ma mejupụta, na-emetụtakwu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara uhie uhie ndị ọzọ na-aga. Ụfọdụ nje na-emepụta gametocytes, nke anwụnta na-eburu, na-aga n'ihu na usndụ ya.]] nwỌrịa ịba na-abịa mgbe e nwere mmetụta na [[:en:Parasite|nje]] na ụdị ''Plasmodium'', nke anwụnta nke ụdị ''Anopheles na-ebufe n'etiti ndị mmadụ na-arịa ya.''<ref name="CDC-About-2022">{{Cite web|publisher=CDC-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=22 March 2022|title=Malaria - About Malaria - Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html|accessdate=28 April 2022|language=en-US|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524132501/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html}}</ref> Plasmodium parasite nwere usoro ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-emetụta mmadụ na anwụnta ụ ndị nje ahụ na-anịọanọ n'ime ahụ ha eto n'ogo dị iche iche, na-ewere ụdị dị iche na ogo ọbụla nke usoro ndụ ahụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> * ''Anwụnta Anopheles'' anwụnta na-ebute ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' site ịmịrị ọbara site n'ahụ onye buteburu ọrịa ahụ n'oge gara aga. Oge ọzọ anwụnta ahụ ga-eri nri, arụ ọ ga-ata ga-ewebata ''Plasmodium'' - n'ụdị na-agagharị agagharị a na-akpọ sporozoites - n'ime mmadụ ọhụrụ na-arịabeghị ya bụ ọrịa mbụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> * N'ime mmadụ ọhụrụ a, sporozoites ndị ahụ na-abanye n'ọbara ma gaa n'ime imeju, ebe ha na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ imeju (hepatocytes). <ref name="Cowman-2016">{{Cite journal|date=October 2016|title=Malaria: Biology and Disease|journal=Cell|volume=167|issue=3|pages=610–624|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.055|pmid=27768886}}</ref> * Ha na-eto ma na-ekewa n'ime imeju, ebe hepatocyte nke ọbụla bu ọrịa na-emesị nwee ihe ruru nje na-akpata ọrịa puku iri anọ..<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Mgbe ụbọchị ise ruo ụbọchị iri abụọ na ise gasịrị, hepatocytes ndị a bu ọrịa na-ekewa, na-ewepụta ''Plasmodium'' - n'ụdị dị obere a na-akpọ Merozoites, baa n'ime ọbara.<ref name="Arrow-2004" /> * N'ime ọbara, merozoites ndị ahụ na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie n'otu n'otu, nke ọ bụla na-emepụtaghachi n'ihe karịrị awa 24-72 iji mepụta merozoites 16-32 ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị ahụ butere ọrịa na-agbawa, na-ewepụta merozoites ọhụrụ nke na-ebunyekwa mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọrịa ọzọ, na-akpata okirikiri nke na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje na-amụba n'ime onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> * Obere akụkụ nke nje ahụ anaghị emepụtaghachi, kama ọ na-etolite ghọọ nje ndị a na-akpọ gametocytes nwoke na nwanyị. Gametocytes ndị a na-etolite n'ime ụmị ọkpụkpụ ruo ụbọchị iri na otu, wee laghachi na nrugharị ọbara iji chere ka anwụnta ọzọ mịrị ya mgbe ọ ga-ata.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> * Ozugbo ọ nọ n'ime anwụnta, gametocytes na-enwe mmekọahụ, ma mesịa mepụta ụmụ sporozoites ndị ga-akwaga na [[:en:Salivary_gland|ebe mmepụta asọmmiri]] nke anwụnta ahụ ka o nwee ike gbanye ya dịka ọgwụ n'ime onye ọhụrụ mgbe anwụnta ahụ ga-ata onye ọzọ. <ref name="Arrow-2004" /> <ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Ọrịa imeju anaghị akpata mgbaàmà ọbụla; mgbaàmà niile nke ịba na-esite na ọrịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite ozugbo e nwere ihe karịrị parasites dị narị puku kwa millilitre nke ọbara.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Ọtụtụ n'ime mgbaàmà ndị metụtara oke ịba na-esite na ọchịchọ nke ''P. falciparum'' ịrapara na mgbidi [[:en:Blood_vessel|ebe ndị ọbara si aga]], na-akpata mmebi na arịa ndị metụtara na anụ ahụ ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Nje ndị na-abanye n'ebe ndị ọbara si aga nke akpa ume na-eweta nsogbu iku ume. N'ime ụbụrụ, ha na-eweta [[:en:Coma|coma]]. N'oge ịdị ime, ha na-agbakọta na [[:en:Intervillous_space|di n'etiti otu villium na ibe ya]] ma na-egbochi ọrụ nke placenta, na-enye aka na ịdị arọ dị ala nke nwa ọhụrụ na ịmụ nwa n'oge erughị eru, ma na-abawanye ihe ize ndụ nke ime ọpụpụ na ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie n'oge ọrịa na-akpatakarị ọrịa anaemia, nke a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo njọ site na mbelata mmepụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọhụrụ n'oge ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Naanị anwụnta nwanyị na-eri ọbara; anwụnta nwoke na-eri ihe na-atọ ụtọ nke osisi ma ha anaghị ebufe ọrịa ahụ. Ụmụ nwanyị nke ụdị anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-ahọrọ iri nri n'abalị. Ha na-amalite ịchọ nri n'oge mgbede, ma gaa n'ihu n'abalị ruo mgbe ha nwetara ihe ha ga-eri.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ha nwere ike ime mgbanwe n'ihi na e bidola iji ụgbụ àkwà arahụ ụra nke ukwuu ma malite ịta n'oge, tupu a gbasaa ụgbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaria Mosquitoes Are Biting before Bed-Net Time|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/malaria-mosquitoes-are-biting-before-bed-net-time/|accessdate=29 May 2023|work=Scientific American|archivedate=29 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529022719/https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/malaria-mosquitoes-are-biting-before-bed-net-time/}}</ref> A pụkwara ibute nje ịba site na Mgbanye ọbara, ọ bụ ezie na nke a abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="Owusu-Ofori-2010">{{Cite journal|title=Transfusion-transmitted malaria in countries where malaria is endemic: a review of the literature from sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=51|issue=10|pages=1192–1198|date=November 2010|pmid=20929356|doi=10.1086/656806}}</ref> === Ụdị ''Plasmodium Dị Iche Iche'' === N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ọ bụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAmc">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', P. malariae, ''P. ovale curtisi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAm0">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', ''P. ovale wallikeri<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', ''P. vivax<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnM">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''P. knowlesi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnY">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>''.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> N'etiti ndị butere ọrịa, ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' bụ ụdị a na-ahụkarị (~75%) nke ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' (~20%) na-esochi. <ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' jupụtara n'Africa ma na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ, ebe ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' na-achịkwa n'èzí Africa. <ref name="Sarkar-2009">{{Cite journal|title=Critical care aspects of malaria|journal=Journal of Intensive Care Medicine|volume=25|issue=2|pages=93–103|year=2009|pmid=20018606|doi=10.1177/0885066609356052}}</ref><ref name="Arnott-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Understanding the population genetics of ''Plasmodium vivax'' is essential for malaria control and elimination|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=11|date=January 2012|pmid=22233585|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-14}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> E dekọọla ụfọdụ ọrịa ụmụ mmadụ na ọtụtụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' sitere na enwe ndị dị elu, mana ewezuga ''P. knowlesi&nbsp;'' - ụdị zoonotic nke na-akpata ịba na [[:en:Macaques|macaques]] - ndị anaghị abụkarị ihe dị mkpa maka ahụike ọha na eze. <ref name="Collins-2012">{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': a malaria parasite of monkeys and humans|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=57|pages=107–121|year=2012|id={{Zenodo|1234957}}|pmid=22149265|doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-121510-133540}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref name="Collins-2009">{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': finally being recognized|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=199|issue=8|pages=1107–1108|date=April 2009|pmid=19284287|doi=10.1086/597415}}</ref> Ụdị abụọ - ''P.'' ''vivax'' na ''P. oval'' - na-emepụta ọkwa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ a na-akpọ hypnozoitis nke nwere ike ịnọgide na imeju, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ wepụrụ ọrịa ahụ n'ọbara. Ndị a nwere ike ịmaliteghachi mgbe izu ma ọ bụ ọnwa ole na ole gasịrị ma mee ka ọrịa ahụ laghachi azụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> === Ịba na-apụta ugboro ugboro === Mgbaàmà nke ịba nwere ike ịlaghachi mgbe oge dịgasị iche iche na-enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla gosiri gasịrị. Dabere na ihe kpatara ya, enwere ike ịhazi mmeghachi omume dị ka [[:en:Recrudescence|recrudescence]], [[:en:Relapse|relapse]], ma ọ bụ reinfection. Recrudescence bụ mgbe mgbaàmà na-alaghachi mgbe oge a na-enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla gasịrị n'ihi enweghị ike iwepụ nje ndị dị n'ọbara site na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke.{{sfn|WHO|2015|p=4}}.Relapse bụ mgbe mgbaàmà na-apụta ọzọ mgbe ewepụchara nje ndị ahụ n'ọbara mana ha nọgidere dị ka hypnozoites na-ehi ụra <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: origin of the term 'hypnozoite'|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=781–786|date=2011|pmid=20665090|doi=10.1007/s10739-010-9239-3}}</ref> na mkpụrụ ndụ imeju. Reinfection pụtara na e wepụrụ nje n'ahụ dum mana ọrịa ọhụrụ amalitela. Nlaghachi nke ọrịa n'ime izu abụọ nke ọgwụgwọ na-abụkarị n'ihi ọdịda ọgwụgwọ..{{sfn|WHO|2015|p=41}} == Usoro ọrịa si arụ ọrụ n'ahụ == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Red_blood_cells_infected_with_malaria.jpg|thumb|Electron micrograph na-egosi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke ''Plasmodium falciparum juru na ya'' (n'etiti), na-egosi "knobs" protein adherence]] Ọrịa ịba na-etolite site na usoro abụọ: otu nke na-emetụta imeju (oge exoerythrocytic), na otu nke na na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, ma ọ bụ erythrocytes (oge erythrocyte). Mgbe anwụnta butere ọrịa ahụ na-adụpu akpụkpọ ahụ mmadụ iji rie nri ọbara, sporozoites ndị dị n'ime asọmmiri anwụnta ahụ na-abanye n'ọbara ma kwaga n'ime imeju ebe ha na-emetụta hepatocytes, na-amụba n'enweghị mmekọahụ na n'enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla ruo ụbọchị 8-30.<ref name="Bledsoe-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}</ref> N'oge a, ihe ndị a [[:en:Cellular_differentiation|na-ekewasị]] iji mepụta ọtụtụ puku merozoites, nke, mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ ha gbawara, ga-enuba n'ime ọbara ma metụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie iji malite usoro erythrocytic nke ndụ ha.<ref name="Bledsoe-2005" /> Akụkụ mbụ nke ọrịa ahụ anaghị enwe mgbaàmà ọbụla; mgbaàmà ahụike niile nke ịba nwere njikọ na akụkụ merozoite nke usoro ndụ ya.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref> N'ime nke a, nje ndị ahụ na-amụba n'ụzọ na-enweghị mmekọahụ n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, na-apụta site n'oge ruo n'oge iji bunye ndị ọhụrụ ọrịa. N'ime erythrocyte ọ bụla butere ọrịa, nje ahụ na-amụba, na-eri cytoplasm ka ọ na-amụba. Mgbe ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ gasịrị, erythrocyte ahụ ga-agbawa, na-ewepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ (dị n'etiti iri na isii na iri atọ na abụọ) nke merozoites ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bucşan|first=Allison N.|title=Setting the stage: The initial immune response to blood-stage parasites|journal=Virulence|date=31 December 2020|volume=11|issue=1|pages=88–103|doi=10.1080/21505594.2019.1708053|pmid=31900030}}</ref> Ntọhapụ a nke merozoites n'ime ọbara, tinyere nsi ha niile yana iberibe erythrocyte, na-akpata ahụ ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ nke nwere ike ịbụ nke na-eme nwa oge na nke na-emesi ike. <ref name="CDC-Features-2024" /> [1]<ref name="Bledsoe-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}</ref> N'ime ụdị ụfọdụ nke ''Plasmodium'', ụfọdụ sporozoites anaghị etolite ozugbo ghọọ merozoites na-arụ ọrụ n'oge exoerythrocytic, kama, ha na-emepụta hypnozoites nke na-anọgide na-ehi ụra ruo oge dị iche iche na-esite n'agbata ọtụtụ ọnwa (ọnwa asaa ruo ọnwa iri bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị) ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="White-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of relapse periodicity in ''Plasmodium vivax'' malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=10|date=October 2011|pmid=21989376|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-297}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụra gasịrị, ha na-emegharị ma mepụta merozoites. Hypnozoites na-akpata ogologo oge na nlọghachi azụ na ọrịa ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' na ''P. oval&nbsp;''. <ref name="White-2011" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Okafor|first=Chika N.|title=StatPearls|date=2026|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519021/|chapter=Plasmodium ovale Malaria}}</ref> === Mgbochi nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ === Mgbochi nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ bụ isi njirimara Plasmodium, nke na-eme ka ọ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma na nnọgidesi ike dị ka nje.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rénia|first=Laurent|title=Malaria Parasites: The Great Escape|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|date=7 November 2016|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2016.00463|pmid=27872623}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ''Plasmodium'' genome raara onwe ya nye usoro nke na-ezere ma ọ bụ na-emebi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crabb|first=Brendan S|title=Plasmodium falciparum virulence determinants unveiled|journal=Genome Biology|date=2002|volume=3|issue=11|pages=reviews1031.1|doi=10.1186/gb-2002-3-11-reviews1031|pmid=12441004}}</ref> ==== Imeju ==== [[Faịlụ:Merosome.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke merosome na-apụta site na hepatocyte nwere ọrịa]] Macrophages pụrụ iche a na-akpọ Mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer na-echebe imeju; ha na-achọpụta ihe ndị dị aṅaa dị n'ọbara ma bibie ha. Sporozoites na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer ma na-egbochi ha.<ref name="Pradel-2001">{{Cite journal|author=Pradel|first=Gabriele|title=Malaria Sporozoites Actively Enter and Pass Through Rat Kupffer Cells Prior to Hepatocyte Invasion|journal=Hepatology|date=May 2001|volume=33|issue=5|pages=1154–1165|doi=10.1053/jhep.2001.24237|pmid=11343244}}</ref> Ha na-agafe mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a nwerela nkwarụ (nke na-anwụ mgbe awa ole na ole gasịrị) iji bunye [[:en:Hepatocyte|hepatocytes]] ọrịa.<ref name="Pradel-2001" /> N'ime hepatocyte, ha na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku merozoites n'ime [[:en:Vacuole|vacuole]] nke na-echebe ha pụọ na Usoro nchebe nke mkpụrụ ndụ.<ref name="Ezema-2023">{{Cite journal|author=Ezema|first=Chinonso Anthony|title=Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response|journal=Parasitology Research|date=August 2023|volume=122|issue=8|pages=1715–1731|doi=10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6|pmid=37219610}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, hepatocyte ahụ butere ọrịa na-ewepụta merozoites n'ìgwè a na-akpọ merosomes, nke na-esi na membrane hepatocyta pụta. Membrane a na-ekpuchi merozoites ndị ahụ, na-enyere ha aka ịhere ehere gafee mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer fọdụrụ iji pụọ n'imeju. <ref name="Ezema-2023" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Scheiner|first=Mattea|title=Moving on: How malaria parasites exit the liver|journal=Molecular Microbiology|date=March 2024|volume=121|issue=3|pages=328–340|doi=10.1111/mmi.15141|pmid=37602900}}</ref><ref name="Vaughan-2008">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria parasite pre-erythrocytic stage infection: gliding and hiding|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|volume=4|issue=3|pages=209–218|date=September 2008|pmid=18779047|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2008.08.010}}</ref> ==== Mgbasa N'ime Ahụ ==== [[Faịlụ:Infected_erythrocyte_sequestration_within_the_intervillous_space_of_the_placenta.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke erythrocytes (IE) bu ọrịa na-agbakọta na oghere intervillous na gburugburu villi nke plasịnta.]] Merozoites na-enugharị na usoro nrugharị ọbara nwere ike inweta mwakpo site na leucocytes nke na-elekwasị anya na antigen elu ha. Nje ndị ahụ na-emeri nchebe a site na [[:en:Polymorphism_(biology)|antigenic polymorphism]]; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Pollyanna S.|title=Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|date=17 October 2016|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617|pmid=27799922}}</ref> na ọkwa ọbụla nke usoro ndụ ya ahụ ọ na-egosipụta ụdị dị iche iche nke antigen elu, n'ụzọ dị irè ihe na-agagharị agagharị nke karịrị [[:en:Adaptive_immune_system|usoro ahụike na-emegharị]]. <ref name="Ezema-2023">{{Cite journal|author=Ezema|first=Chinonso Anthony|title=Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response|journal=Parasitology Research|date=August 2023|volume=122|issue=8|pages=1715–1731|doi=10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6|pmid=37219610}}</ref> Ozugbo ha banyere na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (RBC) merozoites nwere ebe nchekwa, nke e kpuchiri pụọ na mmetụta leucocytes ma chebe ya n'ime vacuole. RBCs na-arịa ọrịa ka e nwere ike ịchọpụta ma bibie ya, ma ọ bụghị site na [[:en:Spleen|spleen]] ọ bụrụ phagocytes.<ref name="Lee-2022">{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Wenn-Chyau|title=Evolving perspectives on rosetting in malaria|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=October 2022|volume=38|issue=10|pages=882–889|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.08.001|pmid=36031553}}</ref> Iji zeere nke a, merozoite ahụ na-emepụta protein na-arapara n'ahụ nke na-apụta dị ka bọtịnụ n'elu RBCs butere ọrịa.<ref name="Tilley-2011">{{Cite journal|author=Tilley|first=Leann|title=The Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cell|journal=The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology|date=June 2011|volume=43|issue=6|pages=839–842|doi=10.1016/j.biocel.2011.03.012|pmid=21458590}}</ref> Ndị a na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ abụọ. Ha na-ejikọta na RBCs na-enweghị nje na-emepụta ụyọkọ - nke a na-akpọ "rosettes" - nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-ebute ọrịa dị n'etiti na-echebe mkpụrụ ndụ na ya na-enweghị ọrịa gbara ya gburugburu; rosettes na-egbochi ọbara na-agafe na capillaries.<ref name="Lee-2022" /> RBCs na-arịa ọrịa n'ụzọ ọzọ nwere ike izere ịgafe ọkpụkpụ site na ịrapara (na-agbaso) na mgbidi nke akwara ọbara na anụ ahụ dịka ụbụrụ, akpa ume, na oghere intervillous (n'ime ime). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Franke-Fayard|first=Blandine|title=Sequestration and Tissue Accumulation of Human Malaria Parasites: Can We Learn Anything from Rodent Models of Malaria?|journal=PLOS Pathogens|date=30 September 2010|volume=6|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001032|pmid=20941396}}</ref> Ma ụdị ndị a na-edebe ma ndị a na'ime ha na-egbochi ọrụ nke akụkụ ahụ, na-eduga na nsogbu ndị dị ka ịba ụbụrụ na ịba metụtara ime ime.<ref name="Ezema-2023" /> === Mgbochi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ihi oke ọnwụ na ọrịa nke ịba kpatara - ọkachasị ụdị ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' - ọ etinyela [[:en:Selection_(biology)|nrụgide kachasị]] na [[:en:Human_genome|genome mmadụ]] n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịbeghị anya. Ọtụtụ ihe ndị metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-enye ikike ụfọdụ iguzogide ya gụnyere [[:en:Sickle_cell_trait|àgwà sickle cell]], àgwà [[:en:Thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], ụkọ glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, yana enweghị [[:en:Duffy_antigen|Duffy antigens]] na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Strong selection during the last millennium for African ancestry in the admixed population of Madagascar|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|issue=1|date=March 2018|pmid=29500350|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03342-5}}</ref> <ref name="Kwiatkowski-2005">{{Cite journal|title=How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=77|issue=2|pages=171–192|date=August 2005|pmid=16001361|doi=10.1086/432519}}</ref><ref name="Hedrick-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|date=October 2011|pmid=21427751|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16}}</ref> Mmetụta nke àgwà sickle cell na nguzogide ịba na-egosi ụfọdụ mgbanwe evolushọn nke merela n'ihi ịba zuru ebe niile. Àgwà Sickle cell na-akpata mgbanwe na molekụl haemoglobin d n'ọbara. Dị ka o kwesịrị, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nwere ọdịdị na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke nwere oghere abụọ nke na-enye ha ohere ịgafe obere Capillaries; Otú ọ dị, mgbe e kpughere mkpụrụ ndụ haemoglobin S<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwA2U">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> nke gbanwere, nye obere ikuku oxygen, ma ọ bụ ha akpụkọọ ọnụ n'ihi mmiri ịpụ ha n'ahụ, ha nwere ike ịrapara ọnụ na-emepụta eriri nke na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ gbagọọ dị n'ụdịị mma. N'ime eriri ndị a, mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'iwere ma ọ bụ wepụta ikuku oxygen, mkpụrụ ndụ enweghịkwa ohere nke ọma iji gbasaa n'enweghị ihe mgbochi. N'oge mmalite nke ịba, nje ahụ nwere ike ime ka mkpụrụ ndụ uhie na-arịa ọrịa na-akpụ akpụ, ya mere a na-ewepụ ha n'oge. Nke a na-ebelata ugboro ole nje ịba na-emecha ndụ ha na mkpụrụ ndụ. Ndị mmadụ bụ homozygous (nke nwere mkpụrụ abụọ nke haemoglobin beta allele) nwere sickle-cell anaemia, ebe ndị heterozygous. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmanya ndụ dị mkpirikpi maka ndị nwere ọnọdụ homozygous ga-eme ka àgwà ahụ ghara ịdị ndụ, a na-echekwa àgwà ahụ na mpaghara ndị nwere ịba n'ihi uru nke ụdị heterozygous nyere.<ref name="Hedrick-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|date=October 2011|pmid=21427751|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16}}</ref><ref name="Weatherall-2008">{{Cite journal|title=Genetic variation and susceptibility to infection: the red cell and malaria|journal=British Journal of Haematology|volume=141|issue=3|pages=276–286|date=May 2008|pmid=18410566|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07085.x}}</ref> == Nnyocha == [[Faịlụ:5901_lores.jpg|thumb|Ihe nkiri ọbara bụ [[:en:Gold_standard_(test)|ọkọlọtọ ọla edo]] maka nchọpụta ịba.]] [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.jpg|thumb|Ụdị mgbaaka na gametocytes nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' n'ọbara mmadụ]] N'ihi ọdịdị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ nke mgbaàmà ịba, a na-emekarị nnyocha ya dabere na mgbaàmà ndị o nyere yana akụkọ njem onye ahụ, wee kwado ya na nnyocha e mere n'ụlọ nnyocha iji chọpụta ọnụnọ nke nje ahụ n'ọbara (nnyocha parasitological). N'ebe ịba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) na-atụ aro ka ndị dọkịta chee na ịba dị n'ahụ onye ọ bụla na-akọ na ọ nwere ahụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ onye nwere okpomọkụ dị ugbu a karịa 37.5 °C n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ doro anya kpatara ya.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref> &nbsp;A ga-enyo na ọ bụ ịba na-eme ụmụaka nwere ihe ịrịba ama nke [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]]: [[:en:Palmar_pallor|ime aka na-acha mmiri mmiri]] ma ọ bụ nnyocha ụlọ nnyocha na-egosi ọkwa haemoglobin na-erughị gram asatọ kwa deciliter nke ọbara.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> N'ebe ndị ụwa na-enweghị ịba ma ọ bụ nwere ịba ebe ọ dị obere, a na-atụ aro ime nnyocha naanị maka ndị nwere ike ibute ịba (nwekarịrị ike ịbụ na ha mere njem gaa mpaghara ịba juputara na ya) na ahụ ọkụ a na-akọwaghị akọwa.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /><ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-ejikarị nocha microscopic nke Ihe nkiri ọbara ma ọ bụ Nnyocha nyocha ngwa ngwa nke antigen (RDT) na-egosi ịba. Microscopy - ya bụ, iji [[:en:Light_microscope|light microscope]] na-enyocha ọbara [[:en:Giemsa|Giemsa]] metọrọ - bụ [[:en:Gold_standard_(test)|ọkọlọtọ ọla edo]] maka nchọpụta ịba.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> Ndị oji Microscope eme nnyocha na-adị enyocha ma "ihe nkiri buru ibu" nke ọbara, nke na-enye ha ohere inyocha ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara n'oge dị mkpirikpi, yana "ihe nkiri dị mkpirisi" nke ọbara nke na-enye ha ohere ịhụ nke ọma nje ndị ahụ n'otu n'otu ma chọpụta kpọmkwem ụdị ''Plasmodium'' kpatara ya bụ ịba. <ref name="Ashley-2018" /> N'okpuru ọnọdụ ụlọ nnyocha dị iche iche, onye oji microscope eme nnyocha nwere ike ịchọpụta nje mgbe enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala nje otu narị kwa microliter nke ọbara, nke dị okirikiri ogo dị ala nke ịba na-enwe mgbaàmà.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref> Nnyocha microscope na-adị achọ ọtụtụ ihe iji mee ya, na-achọ ndị ọrụ a zụrụ azụ, ngwá ọrụ e mere maka ya yana ọdịdị na-adịgide adịgide nke [[:en:Microscope_slide|microscopy slides]] na ntụpọ microscopy.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Enwere ike iji nnyocha [[:en:Rapid_diagnostic_test|Rapid diagnostic tests]] (RDTs) iji kwado nchọpụta nke e ji microscope mee; <ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html "Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> a na-ejikwa ha n'ebe microscopy adịghị. RDTs na-eme ngwa ngwa ma dị mfe itinye n'ọrụ n'ebe ndị na-enweghị ụlọ nnyocha zuru oke.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">"5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)". [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria ''WHO Guidelines for Malaria'']. World Health Organization. 13 July 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230318051541/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria Archived] from the original on 18 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Nnyocha ahụ na-achọpụta protein parasite na sample ọbara mkpịsị aka.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Enwere RDTs dịgasị iche iche, na-elekwasị anya na protein nje ahụ gụnyere lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase, ma ọ bụ protein 2 juputara na histidine HRP2, nke bụ naanị ''P''maka ''. falciparum''). <ref name="WHO-2021a" /> A na-eji ule HRP2 eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'Africa, ebe ''P. falciparum'' na-achịkwa.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAshleyPyae_PhyoWoodrow2018">Ashley EA, Pyae Phyo A, Woodrow CJ (April 2018). "Malaria". ''[[The Lancet]]''. '''391''' (10130): <span class="nowrap">1608–</span>1621. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29631781 29631781].</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na HRP2 na-anọgide n'ọbara ruo izu ise mgbe a gwọrcharaọrịa, nyocha HRP2 mgbe ụfọdụ enweghị ike ịigosima onye nahụ o were ịba ugbu a ma ọ bụ na mbụ.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, ụfọdụ nje ''P. falciparum'' enweghị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ''HRP2'', na-eme ka nchọpụta dha ị mgbagwoju anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Poti|first=Kristin E.|title=HRP2: Transforming Malaria Diagnosis, but with Caveats|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=February 2020|volume=36|issue=2|pages=112–126|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.004|pmid=31848119}}</ref> Nnyocha HRP2 a apụghịkwa ịkọwa ole nje ahụ dị n'ime mmadụ, ma ọ bụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụ. <ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c" /> <ref name="Daily 2025">{{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=Johanna P.|date=3 April 2025|title=Malaria|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=392|issue=13|pages=1320–1333|doi=10.1056/NEJMra2405313|pmid=40174226}}</ref> Nnyocha [[:en:Polymerase_chain_reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) bụ usoro kachasị dị nro maka ịchọpụta ịba. Nnyocha ahụ na-eme ka DNA nke nje ahụ dị n'ọbara mụbaa; ọ nwere ike ịchọpụta ''Plasmodium'' ma mata ụdị ọ bụ, ọbụlagodi na ọkwa dị ala n'ọ ọbara.<ref name="Fisher-2022">{{Cite web|author=Fisher|first=John F.|date=2 August 2022|title=Testing for malaria: Rapid diagnostic tests and PCR|url=https://www.medmastery.com/guides/malaria-clinical-guide/testing-malaria-rapid-diagnostic-tests-rdts-and-polymerase-chain|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Medmastery GmbH}}</ref> Ọ chọrọ ngwá ọrụ ụlọ nnyocha pụrụ iche n'ihi ya, ya mere na ọ naghị adịkarị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe; a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na mba ndị mepere emepe iji nyochaa na ndị njem na-alọghachi.<ref name="Fisher-2022" /><ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html "Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Eprel 2026, WHO [[:en:Pre-qualification|kwadoro]] ụdịrị nnyocha ngwa ngwa atọ iji chọpụta ụdị P. falciparum ndị nwere pfhrp2 deletions, nke nwere ike izere nnyocha dabeere na HRP2 a na-ejikarị eme ihe ma kpata nchọpụta ụgha. Nnyocha ọhụrụ ndị ahụ na-elekwasị anya na protein nje pf-LDH a ma na-atụ aro iji ha arụ ọrụ ebe a na-adịghị amata ihe karịrị pasent ise nke ndị bu ọrịa ịba n'ihi nhichapụ pfhrp2.<ref name="prefir">{{Cite web|title=WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests|work=World Health Organization (WHO)|date=24 April 2026|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests|accessdate=28 April 2026|archivedate=27 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests}}</ref> == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:"British_India",_six_stages_of_malaria._Wellcome_L0022443.jpg|alt=Advertisement entitled "The Mosquito Danger". Includes 6 panel cartoon:#1 breadwinner has malaria, family starving; #2 wife selling ornaments; #3 doctor administers quinine; #4 patient recovers; #5 doctor indicating that quinine can be obtained from post office if needed again; #6 man who refused quinine, dead on stretcher.|thumb|Mgbasa ozi maka quinine dị ka ọgwụgwọ ịba site na 1927]] [[Faịlụ:Artemisia_annua.jpg|thumb|''Artemisia annua'', nke a makwaara dị ka osisi wormwood na-atọ ụtọ, ebe mbụ e si nweta artemisinin]] A na-agwọ ịba site n'iji [[:en:Antimalarial_medication|ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]]. Iji hụ na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke ma gbochie nje ahụ ịịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ, ntuziaka ọgwụgwọ kemgbe afọ 2001 na-achọkarị ọgwụ abụọ a ṅụkọtara ọnụ, otu n'ime ha bụ nke sitere na artemisinin na nke ọzọ bụ ọgwụ nkwado.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Multiple first-line therapies as part of the response to antimalarial drug resistance|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240103603|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en|archivedate=27 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127213804/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240103603}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 2025|title=Antimalarial drug resistance|url=https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drug-resistance|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en}}</ref> Njikọ ziri ezi nke ọgwụ ndị ahụ na-adabere na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' kpatara ya, ohere nke inwe nguzogide ọgwụ, eziokwu ndị dị mkpa site na akụkọ ahụike na ime njem nke onye na-arịa ọrịa, na ọṅụṅụ nke ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na mbụ nke onye ahụ na-arịa ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shahbodaghi|first=S. David|title=Malaria: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=American Family Physician|date=September 2022|volume=106|issue=3|pages=270–278|url=https://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=36126008|pmid=36126008}}</ref><ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2024|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ na usoro mba[a] na-adaberekarị na ntuziaka nke WHO nyere nke a na-emelite mgbe niile. <ref name="WHO-Guidelines-9.1-2025">{{Cite web|date=13 August 2025|title=MAGICapp - WHO guidelines for malaria v9.1|url=https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/LwRMXj|accessdate=23 January 2026|work=app.magicapp.org|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925214841/https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/LwRMXj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New and updated malaria guidance|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/guideline-development-process/new-and-updated-malaria-guidance|accessdate=25 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ọtụtụ ụdị ọgwụ dịka nke a ga-aṅụkọta ya ọgwụ mgbochi ịba n'oge ịnata ọgwụgwọ. Ọgwụ ndị dabeere na Artemisinin gụnyere artemether na Artesunate.<ref name="Arrow-2004a">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215631/|chapter=Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance}}</ref> Ihe ndị sitere na Quinoline gụnyere chloroquine, quinine, na mefloquine. Ndị si na Antifolate gụnyere pyrimethamine, proguanil, na sulfadoxin.<ref name="Arrow-2004a" /> Ọgwụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere lumefantrine, atovaquone, doxycycline na clindamycin.<ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}</ref><ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-ahazi ịba dị ka "oke ịba" ma ọ bụ "enweghị nke na-esighi ike". <ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNadjmBehrens2012">Nadjm B, Behrens RH (June 2012). "Malaria: an update for physicians". ''Infectious Disease Clinics of North America''. '''26''' (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>259. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010|10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632637 22632637].</cite></ref> <ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2024|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html "General Approach to Treatment"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbaàmà ndị na-egosi oke ịba gụnyere ndị a (ọ bụghị ndepụta zuru ezu): <ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024" /> * Mmadụ amaghị ebe ọ nọ, coma, ihe ọdụdọ * Oké ụkwara ume ọkụ * Nsogbu iku ume siri ike * Nkụchi akụrụ ma ọ bụ haemoglobin ịdị na mamịrị * Ọsụsọ * Ogo Acidosis ma ọ bụ lactate nke karịrị 5 mmol / L&nbsp; * Ọnọdụ dị elu nke nje ndị a na-ahụ anya na ọbara. === Ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya === Enwere ike ịgwọ ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya site na iji ọgwụ a na-aṅụ n'etiti ụbọchị atọ na ụbọchị asaa.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCDC2025">CDC (24 June 2025). [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html "Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> A ga-ahọrọ usoro ọgwụ ahụ dabere na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' a na-agwọ, ebe nakwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke onye ọrịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọgwụgwọ mbụ a na-ahụkarị maka ịba ''P. falciparum'' na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya bụ Artemether-lumefantrine a na-aṅụ n'ọnụ n'ime ụbọchị atọ.<ref name="Lalloo-2016">{{Cite journal|author=Lalloo|first=David G.|title=UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|date=June 2016|volume=72|issue=6|pages=635–649|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.001|pmid=26880088}}</ref><ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvansHill2025">Evans M, Hill K (May 2025). [https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf "Malaria Treatment Guidance"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''NHS Tayside''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2026, WHO [[:en:Pre-qualification|kwadoro]] usoro artemether-lumefantrine mbụ e mepụtara maka ụmụ a mụrụ ọhụrụ ndị dị n'agbata kilogram abụọ na ise.<ref name="prefir">{{Cite web|title=WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests|work=World Health Organization (WHO)|date=24 April 2026|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests|accessdate=28 April 2026|archivedate=27 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization_(WHO)2026">[https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests "WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests"]. ''World Health Organization (WHO)''. 24 April 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests Archived] from the original on 27 April 2026<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ a adịghị adaba mgbe niile, yabụ a na-atụ aro ngwakọta ọgwụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCDC2025">CDC (24 June 2025). [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html "Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ịmalite ozugbo o kwere mee mgbe a chọpụtachara ya, iji gbochie mgbaàmà siri ike ịmalite.<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|work=Malaria|date=20 May 2025|accessdate=25 January 2026|language=en-us|author=CDC}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ''P. vivax ma ọ bụ P. ovale kpatara ya'' (nke na-emepụta hypnozoites na-ehi ụra n'ime imeju) ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ịga n'ihu ruo ụbọchị asaa ruo iri na anọ.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025" /> === Ịba siri ike na nke dị mgbagwoju anya === Ọrịa ịba siri ike na-abụkarị nke ''P. falciparum'' na-akpata; ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke na-egbu egbu mgbe niile ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Walter|first=Kristin|title=Malaria|journal=JAMA|date=8 February 2022|volume=327|issue=6|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468|pmid=35133414}}</ref> Ọbụnagodi na ọgwụgwọ ya, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'ihi ya dị n'etiti pasent iri na atọ na pasent iri abụọ, nke ndị lanarịrịnụ na-enwekarị mmetụta ọọọ na-eso ya nke na-adị ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sheehy|first=Susanne Helena|title=Malaria: severe, life-threatening|journal=BMJ Clinical Evidence|date=7 March 2011|volume=2011|pmid=21375787}}</ref> Ọgwụgwọ a na-enyekarị maka ya bụ intravenous artesunate, na-enyezi ọgwụ a na-aṅụ n'ọnụ ozugbo onye ọrịa ahụ kwụsiri ike.<ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvansHill2025">Evans M, Hill K (May 2025). [https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf "Malaria Treatment Guidance"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''NHS Tayside''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Treatment of Severe Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html|work=Malaria|date=3 April 2024|accessdate=25 January 2026|language=en-us|author=CDC|archivedate=3 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503143920/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html}}</ref> Ndị ọrịa nwere ike ịka njọ ngwa ngwa nke mere na nlekota anya, ọkacha mma na [[:en:High-dependency_unit|ngalaba ebe nlekọta anya dị elu]], dị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lalloo|first=David G.|title=UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|date=June 2016|volume=72|issue=6|pages=635–649|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.001|pmid=26880088}}</ref> === Afọ Ime === [[:en:Pregnancy-associated_malaria|Ịba n'oge afọ ime]] nwere ike ịbụ ihe siri ike, ikekwe na-egbu egbu, maka nne na nwa; ụmụ nwanyị dị ime nwere ikike okpukpu atọ karịa inweta ịba siri ike.<ref name="CDC-Pregnant-2024">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=3 April 2024|title=Alternatives for Pregnant Women|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/pregnant-women.html|accessdate=26 January 2026|work=Malaria|language=en-us|archivedate=18 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260318025909/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/pregnant-women.html}}</ref> Ọgwụ ụfọdụ nwere ike imerụ nwa e bu n'afọ ahụ, ọkachasị n'oge [[Afọ ime|ọnwa atọ]] mbụ. A na-atụ aro usoro ọgwụgwọ pụrụ iche, nke dịgasị iche dabere na ọnwa atọ nke onye dị ime nọ n'ime ya nakwa na-eweta obere ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="CDC-Pregnant-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Antimalarial drugs for pregnant women|url=https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drugs-pregnant-women|accessdate=26 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=22 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922102803/https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drugs-pregnant-women}}</ref> === Ịguzogide Ọgwụ === [[:en:Drug_resistance|Ịguzogide ọgwụ]] na-eweta nsogbu na-arịwanye elu na ọgwụgwọ ịba; ọnụ ọgụgụ ''Plasmodium'' nwere ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ebe ọ dị elu yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ ngwa ngwa nke na-enyere ha aka ime mgbanwe ma zeere ihe ịma aka sitere na ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Sinha-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Challenges of drug-resistant malaria|journal=Parasite|volume=21|year=2014|pmid=25402734|doi=10.1051/parasite/2014059}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Igwe|first=Matthew Chibunna|title=Evolutionary biology of antimalarial drug resistance: Understanding of the evolutionary dynamics|journal=Medicine|date=14 March 2025|volume=104|issue=11|doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000041878|pmid=40101051}}</ref> Nje ndị ''P. falciparum'' malitere ịzụlite iguzogide ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọgwụ mgbochi ịba mbụ e mere, chloroquine, n'afọ ndị 1950; kemgbe ahụ, iguzogide chloroquin agbasaala na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nje a niile. <ref name="MMV-History">{{Cite web|title=History of antimalarial drugs|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria-medicines/history-antimalarials-drugs|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=16 June 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616062607/https://www.mmv.org/malaria-medicines/history-antimalarials-drugs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=8 April 2024|title=Drug Resistance in the Malaria-Endemic World|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/drug-resistance.html|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Malaria|language=en-us|archivedate=7 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907153441/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/drug-resistance.html}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ proguanil karịị dị ngwa ngwa; ewepụtara ọgwụ ahụ na 1948 wee malite ịhụta nguzogide ya n'afọ sochirinụ, na 1949. <ref name="MMV-History" /> N'afọ 2001, ịba nke na-eguzogidetụ artemisinin pụtara na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia; nguzogide ọgwụ ahụ emechaala gbasaa n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref name="MMV-History" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 April 2023|title=Current antimalarial drugs at risk due to resistance|url=https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/news/current-antimalarial-drugs-at-risk-due-to-resistance|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University|language=en|archivedate=20 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120025023/https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/news/current-antimalarial-drugs-at-risk-due-to-resistance}}</ref> Iji merie nguzogide ọgwụ, enwere ike inye ọgwụ na njikọ yana ọgwụ ọzọ, karịa otu e kwesiburu isi ṅụ ya, ma ọ bụ ṅụru ọgwụ ruo ogologo oge karịa; enwere mkpa ngwa ngwa maka iwebata ọgwụ ndị ọhụrụ maka ọgwụgwọ ya. <ref name="MMV-History" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Antony|first=HiasindhAshmi|date=2016|title=Antimalarial drug resistance: An overview|journal=Tropical Parasitology|volume=6|issue=1|pages=30–41|doi=10.4103/2229-5070.175081|pmid=26998432}}</ref> == Ihe omuma == Mgbe a gwọrọ ya nke ọma, ndị na-arịa ịba na-esighị ike nwere ike ịtụ anya mgbake zuru oke.<ref name="CDC-FAQ-2010a">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html#treatment|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): If I get malaria, will I have it for the rest of my life?|publisher=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=8 February 2010|accessdate=14 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html#treatment|archivedate=13 May 2012}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, oke ịba nwere ike ịga n'ihu ngwa ngwa ma kpata ọnwụ n'ime awa ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ole na ole.<ref name="Trampuz-2003">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical review: Severe malaria|journal=Critical Care|volume=7|issue=4|pages=315–323|date=August 2003|pmid=12930555|doi=10.1186/cc2183}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ kachasị njọ nke ọrịa ahụ, [[:en:Fatality_rate|ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ]] nwere ike iru pasent iri abụọ, ọbụlagodi na nlekọta siri ike na ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNadjmBehrens2012">Nadjm B, Behrens RH (June 2012). "Malaria: an update for physicians". ''Infectious Disease Clinics of North America''. '''26''' (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>259. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010|10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632637 22632637].</cite></ref> Ịba nwere ike imebi ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọkachasị ụbụrụ, akụrụ, imeju na ọkpụkpụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2025|title=Malaria: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000621.htm|accessdate=28 January 2026|work=medlineplus.gov|language=en|archivedate=17 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117064956/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000621.htm}}</ref> N'oge ịbụ nwata, ịba na-akpata anaemia n'oge uto ụbụrụ ngwa ngwa, yana mmebi ụbụrụ nke na-esite na ịba na-emetụta ụbụrụ.<ref name="Fernando-2010">{{Cite journal|title=The 'hidden' burden of malaria: cognitive impairment following infection|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=9|date=December 2010|pmid=21171998|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-366}}</ref> Ndị lanarịrị ọrịa ịba n'ụbụrụ nwere ohere dị ukwuu nke ụbụrụ na echiche, Nsogbu omume, na [[:en:Epilepsy|ihe ọdụdọ]].<ref name="Idro-2010">{{Cite journal|date=October 2010|title=Cerebral malaria: mechanisms of brain injury and strategies for improved neurocognitive outcome|journal=Pediatric Research|volume=68|issue=4|pages=267–274|doi=10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181eee738|pmid=20606600}}</ref> == Mgbochi == [[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anwụnta Anopheles stephensi'' n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ọbara n'ahụ mmadụ (obere ọbara na-atụsịsị dị ka ihe karịrị akarị). Anwụnta a bụ ihe na-ekesa ịba, njikwa anwụnta bụkwanụ ụzọ dị irè iji belata ọdịdị nke ịba]] Ụzọ e ji gbochi ịba gụnyere ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, ibibi anwụnta na igbochi ọtịta anwụnta.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria "Fact sheet about malaria"]. ''World Health Organization''. 4 December 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Archived] from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọgwụ Mgbochi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>O gosipụtara na o siri ike ịmepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ịba dị irè. Nje a emeela ọtụtụ atụmatụ iji zeere mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ mmadụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Pollyanna S.|date=2016|title=Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617|pmid=27799922}}</ref> E nwere ụdị ise nke ''plasmodium''; nke ọbụla n'ime ndị a nwere ọkwa ndụ atọ n'ime ahụ mmadụ - sporozoite, merozoite, na gametocyte. Nke ọbụla n'ogo atọ ndị a nwere antigen dị iche iche n'elu ya, nke pụtara na mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike megide otu n'ime oge ndụ ndị a mana ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ megide ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Good-2021">{{Cite journal|author=Good|first=Michael F.|title=Biological strategies and political hurdles in developing malaria vaccines|journal=Expert Review of Vaccines|date=February 2021|volume=20|issue=2|pages=93–95|doi=10.1080/14760584.2021.1889094|pmid=33595407}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nje ndị ahụ pụtara na antigen ndị ahụ n'onwe ha nwere ike ịdị iche ọbụna n'ime otu oge ndụ.<ref name="Good-2021" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Day|first=Karen P.|date=16 May 2017|title=Evidence of strain structure in Plasmodium falciparum var gene repertoires in children from Gabon, West Africa|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=20|pages=E4103–E4111|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613018114|pmid=28461509}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ikike ahụịke yiri ka ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ etolite- nke a na-enweta site na ọtụtụ ọrịa - bụ naanị akụkụ, ọ naghị adịte aka. <ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCrutcherHoffman1996">Crutcher JM, Hoffman SL (1996). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/ "Malaria"]. ''Medical Microbiology'' (4th&nbsp;ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-9631172-1-2|<bdi>978-0-9631172-1-2</bdi>]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21413352 21413352]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210423100221/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/ Archived] from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="CDC-Vaccines-2024">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2 April 2024|title=Malaria Vaccines|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/malaria-vaccines.html|accessdate=9 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=12 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112092027/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/malaria-vaccines.html}}</ref> Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap setịpụrụ ihe o bu n'obi imezu maka ọgwụ mgbochi ịba ọhụrụ iji nwee ike ichebe ma ọ dịkarịa ala pasent iri asaa na ise megide ịba.<ref name="CDC-Vaccines-2024" /> Nnyocha mbụ e mere maka ọgwụ mgbochi gbasara kpọmkwem maka ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nke e nwetara ihe nwere isi na ya mere na 1967 site na igbanye ụmụ oke ''Plasmodium'' sporozoites dị ndụ, nke e ji ọkụ radiation [[:en:Attenuator_(genetics)|mee ka ike gwụ ya]], nke nyere nchebe dị ukwuu nye ụmụ oke ndị ahụ mgbe a gbanyere ha sporozoites nkịtị ka nọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nussenzweig|first=R. S.|title=Protective Immunity produced by the Injection of X-irradiated Sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei|journal=Nature|date=October 1967|volume=216|issue=5111|pages=160–162|doi=10.1038/216160a0|pmid=6057225}}</ref><ref name="Vanderberg-2009">{{Cite journal|title=Reflections on early malaria vaccine studies, the first successful human malaria vaccination, and beyond|journal=Vaccine|volume=27|issue=1|pages=2–9|date=January 2009|pmid=18973784|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.028}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, WHO na ndị na-akwado ọgwụ mgbochi ịba setịpụrụ ihe ha bu n'obi imezu imepụta ọgwụ mgbochi e mere iji kwụsị mgbasa nke ịba na ebumnuche ogologo oge nke iwepụ ịba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Malaria Report 2013|url=https://www.who.int/entity/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2013/wmr2013_no_profiles.pdf?ua=1|accessdate=13 February 2014|publisher=World Health Organization|format=PDF}}</ref> Dịka ebe ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2026, enyela ikike ịgba [[ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] abụọ maka ọgwụgwọ ịba.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization "WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization"]. 2 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization Archived] from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụ mgbochi mbụ a kwadoro maka ''P. falciparum'' bụ RTS,S, nke e ji aha Mosquirix mara, <ref name="EMA Mosquirix">{{Cite web|date=October 2015|title=Mosquirix: Opinion on medicine for use outside EU|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/opinion-medicine-use-outside-EU/human/mosquirix|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123055901/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/mosquirix-h-w-2300|archivedate=23 November 2019|accessdate=22 November 2019|work=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> nke gazuru [[:en:Clinical_trial|nnwale ahụike]] na 2014. WHO nakweere ụzọ nlezianya iji nye ya [[:en:Pre-qualification|prequalification]], sikwa otu ahụ dịka akụkụ nke mmemme mmejuputa ọgwụ ịba (MVIP) kwadoo mmemme nnwale na mba atọ dị na mpaghara Sahara - Ghana, Kenya na Malawi - malite na 2019. Ihe omume ndị a lekwasịrị anya n'ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise, ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ịba siri ike na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Willyard|first=Cassandra|title=The slow roll-out of the world's first malaria vaccine|journal=Nature|date=22 December 2022|volume=612|issue=7941|pages=S48–S49|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-04343-7|pmid=36536213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|date=March 2020|title=Q&A on the malaria vaccine implementation programme (MVIP)|url=https://www.who.int/malaria/media/malaria-vaccine-implementation-qa/en/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513074401/https://www.who.int/malaria/media/malaria-vaccine-implementation-qa/en/|archivedate=13 May 2020|accessdate=6 May 2020|publisher=WHO}}</ref> Ruo 2023, nde ụmụaka atọ enwetala ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ, na-egosi mbelata nke oke ịba yana mbelata nke ọnwụ ụmụaka (site na ihe niile na-kpata ya) ruo ogo pasent iri na atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Life-saving malaria vaccines reach children in 17 endemic countries in 2024|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/life-saving-malaria-vaccines-reach-children-in-17-endemic-countries-in-2024|accessdate=10 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en|archivedate=28 December 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228035119/https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/life-saving-malaria-vaccines-reach-children-in-17-endemic-countries-in-2024}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria "Fact sheet about malaria"]. ''World Health Organization''. 4 December 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Archived] from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=David|date=7 November 2023|title=RTS,S vaccine pilot: 13% mortality reduction fuels hope for malaria control|url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/rtss-vaccine-pilot-13-mortality-reduction-fuels-hope-malaria-control|accessdate=10 January 2026|work=GAVI The Vaccine Alliance|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ mgbochi nke abụọ bụ R21 / Matrix-M, nke nwere ikike ọgwụgwọ ruru ogo pasent iri asaa na asaa nke gosipụtara na nnwale mbụ na ọkwa ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ dị elu karịa nke RTS,S.<ref name="Roxby-2021">{{Cite web|date=23 April 2021|title=Malaria vaccine hailed as potential breakthrough|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56858158|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424010402/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56858158|archivedate=24 April 2021|accessdate=24 April 2021|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> A chọpụtara na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ịba R-21/Matrix M na-ebelata ọrịa ịba site ruo n'ogo pasent iri asaa na ise n'ógbè ndị nwere mgbasa nke na-eme n'oge n'oge nakwa ruo n'ogo pasent iri isii na asatọ n'ógbè ndị mgbasa ya na-adị n'ime afọ niile n'ime ụmụaka nọ na mpaghara Sahara Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Datoo|first=Mehreen|date=10 February 2024|title=Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial|journal=The Lancet|volume=403|issue=10426|pages=533–544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02511-4|pmid=38310910}}</ref> WHO kwadoro ọgwụ mgbochi ịba R-21/Matrix M maka igbochi ịba n'ime ụmụaka na 2023.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization "WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization"]. 2 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization Archived] from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Nchịkwa anwụnta === [[Faịlụ:Mansprayingkeroseneoil.jpg|thumb|Nwoke na-awụsa mmanụ kerosene na mmiri na-anaghị ekwo ekwo, [[:en:Panama_Canal_Zone|Panama Canal Zon]], 1912]] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ebumnuche nke njikwa anwụnta bụ iji gbochie anwụnta ịta ụmụ mmadụ - ma ọ bụ site na iji ụdị ihe mgbochi ụfọdụ, ma ọ bụ ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta. Enwere ike ịhazi ha n'ozuzu dị ka nchedo onwe onye, njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'èzí ụlọ obibi na ụlọ dị iche iche, usoro njikwa nke ime ụlọ na ụlọ, na ndị a na-etinye n'ime akwa ụlọ.<ref name="EPA-Control-2016">{{Cite web|title=Success in Mosquito Control: An Integrated Approach|url=https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/success-mosquito-control-integrated-approach|work=www.epa.gov|date=5 July 2016|accessdate=1 February 2026|language=en|first=OCSPP|author=US EPA|archivedate=6 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206223356/https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/success-mosquito-control-integrated-approach}}</ref> ==== Nchebe onwe onye ==== A na-atụ aro ihe ndị na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ, dị ka [[:en:DEET|DEET]] ma ọ bụ picaridin, maka ndị njem. A na-atụkwa aro uwe mwụda nke na-ekpuchi akụkụ ahụ nke ukwuu. Enwere ike iji permethrin nụchaa uwe dị ka ihe nchebe ọzọ.<ref name="mosquitobiteavoidance">{{Cite web|title=Mosquito bite avoidance: advice for travellers|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mosquito-bite-avoidance-for-travellers/mosquito-bite-avoidance-advice-for-travellers--2|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=GOV.UK|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124113031/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mosquito-bite-avoidance-for-travellers/mosquito-bite-avoidance-advice-for-travellers--2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Avoid bug bites {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=wwwnc.cdc.gov|archivedate=13 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313104044/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites}}</ref> ==== Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi ==== Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ anwụnta na-amụ ụmụ [[:en:Standing_water|na mmiri na-anaghị ekwo ekwo]], mbelata isi ebe ha si apụta dị nnọọ mfe dị ka ịwufucha mmiri niile dọọrọ adọrọ dị gburugburu ụlọ, site na iwuchi maọbụ ikpocha ọwara mmiri, ebe ndị dị apịtị apịtị na akụkụ osisi ndị na-ere ere nke ọma. Ikpochapụ ebe ndị a na-amụ anwụnta nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ dị irè ma na-adịgide adịgide iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta n'ejighị ọgwụ ahụhụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=25 September 2014|title=Integrating the public in mosquito management: active education by community peers can lead to significant reduction in peridomestic container mosquito habitats|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108504|pmid=25255027}}</ref> Ọ ga-ekwe omume iji larvicides gbuo larvae anwụnta n'ime ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ndị a na-enweghị ike ikpocha.<ref name="Mississippi-2025">{{Cite web|date=13 February 2025|title=Mosquito Prevention: What the Homeowner Can Do|url=https://www.msdh.ms.gov/page/14,1097,93.html|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=Mississippi State Department of Health|language=en|archivedate=14 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214232607/https://www.msdh.ms.gov/page/14,1097,93.html}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|title=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2015|isbn=978-92-4-154912-7|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2015}}}} * {{Cite book|title=World Malaria Report 2022|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2022|isbn=978-92-4-006489-8|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2022}}}} == Ịgụrụ Gawa == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-malaria-day/2026 Akụkọ mkpọsa nke World Malaria Day 2026] * [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ WHO maka ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) * [https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/malaria/index.html Ebe nrụọrụ CDC na ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) * [https://www.paho.org/en/topics/malaria Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ PAHO na ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) {{Medical condition classification and resources|ICD11={{ICD11|1F40}}–{{ICD11|1F45}}|ICD10={{ICD10|B50}}–{{ICD10|B54}}|ICD9={{ICD9|084}}|DiseasesDB=7728|MedlinePlus=000621|OMIM=248310|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=1385|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|305}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1357}}|MeshName=Malaria|MeshNumber=C03.752.250.552|Orphanet=673|Scholia=Q12156}}{{Malaria}}{{Chromalveolate diseases}}{{Diseases of Poverty}}{{Effective altruism}}{{Eradication of infectious disease}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] opgq17gxt7je95gc5gl2earp0a40tha 697318 697316 2026-08-08T12:16:03Z Goodymeraj 16207 697318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Malaria|pronounce={{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɛər|i|ə}}|synonym=Ague, paludism, marsh fever|image=Malaria Parasite Connecting to Human Red Blood Cell (34034143483).jpg|caption=[[Plasmodium|Malaria parasite]] connecting to a [[red blood cell]]|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Mild malaria: fever, chills, vomiting, headache, diarrhoea.<br/>Severe malaria: anaemia, jaundice, coma|complications=[[Epileptic seizure|Seizures]], [[coma]],<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[organ failure]], [[anaemia]], [[cerebral malaria]]<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |title=Malaria |date= |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702235123/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |url-status=live}}</ref>|onset=Usually 10–15 days post exposure<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|duration=Lifelong if not treated|causes=''[[Plasmodium]]'' transmitted by ''[[Anopheles]]'' [[mosquito]]es<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|risks=Exposure to mosquitoes in [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas|diagnosis=Examination of the blood, [[malaria antigen detection tests|antigen detection tests]]<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|differential=|prevention=[[Mosquito net]]s, [[insect repellent]], [[mosquito control]], prophylactic medication<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|treatment=|medication=[[Antimalarial medication]]<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|frequency=282 million (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|deaths=610,000 (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|alt=}}{{Infobox medical condition|name=Malaria|pronounce={{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɛər|i|ə}}|synonym=Ague, paludism, marsh fever|image=Malaria Parasite Connecting to Human Red Blood Cell (34034143483).jpg|caption=[[Plasmodium|Malaria parasite]] connecting to a [[red blood cell]]|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Mild malaria: fever, chills, vomiting, headache, diarrhoea.<br/>Severe malaria: anaemia, jaundice, coma|complications=[[Epileptic seizure|Seizures]], [[coma]],<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[organ failure]], [[anaemia]], [[cerebral malaria]]<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |title=Malaria |date= |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702235123/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |url-status=live}}</ref>|onset=Usually 10–15 days post exposure<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|duration=Lifelong if not treated|causes=''[[Plasmodium]]'' transmitted by ''[[Anopheles]]'' [[mosquito]]es<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|risks=Exposure to mosquitoes in [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas|diagnosis=Examination of the blood, [[malaria antigen detection tests|antigen detection tests]]<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|differential=|prevention=[[Mosquito net]]s, [[insect repellent]], [[mosquito control]], prophylactic medication<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|treatment=|medication=[[Antimalarial medication]]<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|frequency=282 million (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|deaths=610,000 (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|alt=}} Ọrịa '''Ịba''' bụ ọrịa na-efe efe nke anwụnta na-ebute nke ọ bụ anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-ebufe ya ma ọ taa mmadụ.<ref name="WHO-Vector-2023">{{Cite web|title=Vector-borne diseases|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases|accessdate=24 April 2022|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|archivedate=4 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104001515/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Mgbaàmà dị iche nke ịba na mmadụ na-agụnye [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]], Ike ọgwụgwụ, ịgbọ agbọ, na isi ọwụwa.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: An Update|journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics|volume=84|issue=7|pages=521–528|date=July 2017|pmid=28357581|doi=10.1007/s12098-017-2332-2}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ siri ike, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịkpata jaundice, nkụchi obi maọbụ akụkụ ahụ ọbụla, coma, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ. <ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=10 May 2024|publisher=World Health Organization|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite mgbe ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na ise gasịrị mgbe anwụnta Anopheles tara mmadụ.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref name="CDC-FAQ-2023">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html|title=CDC - Malaria - FAQs|date=28 June 2023|accessdate=9 September 2017|archivedate=13 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a gwọghị ya nke ọma, ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịna-arịa ọrịa ahụ ugboro ugboro ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Ndị gbakere na ya bụ ọrịa na-enwekarị ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke ahụ mmadụ, na-enwe ike ibute ọrịa ọzọ mana ha ga-enwe mgbaàmà dị nro.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[:en:Immunity_(medical)|Mgbochi]] a na-abụghị n'ozuzu na-apụ n'anya n'ime ọnwa ole na ole ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụrụ na onye ahụ enweghị ike ịrịa ịba na-aga n'ihu.<ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata ọrịa ịba bụ nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ nke ụdị ''Plasmodium,'' <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> nke a na-agbasa n'ozuzu site na ọtịta nke anwụnta ''Anopheles bu ya bụ ọrịa''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=JAMA|volume=327|issue=6|date=February 2022|pmid=35133414|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468}}</ref> Ọtịta anwụnta ahụ na-ewebata nje na-akpata ya bụ ọrịa site na asọmmiri anwụnta ahụ baa n'ime ọbara.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Nje ndị ahụ na-ebu ụzọ amụba ma tolite n'imeju mmadụ n'egosighị ihe mgbaàmà ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifecycle of the malaria parasite|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=2 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102114122/https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, nje ndị ahụ tozurula etozu ga-agbasa banye n'ime ọbara, ebe ha na-ebute ọrịa ma na-ebibi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie, na-akpata mgbaàmà na-egosi mbute ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaria factsheet|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Public Health England|language=en|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901042339/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms}}</ref> Ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ise na-ebunyekarị ụmụ mmadụ ọrịa.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Ụdị atọ ndị na-akpata ọrịa a n'ụdị siri ike karị bụ ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwmg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' (nke na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ site n'ọrịa ịba), ''P. vivax<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwnQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''P. knowlesi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwoA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' (ịba [[:en:Simian|simian]] nke na-emetụta ọtụtụ puku mmadụ n'afọ). <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|title=Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf|accessdate=19 February 2024|archivedate=22 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222024003/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf}}</ref> ''P. oval<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''[[:en:Plasmodium_malariae|P.&#x20;malariae]]'' na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba dị nro. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> A na-achọpụta ịba site na Nnyocha microscopic nke ọbara site na iji Ihe nkiri ọbara, ma ọ bụ site na nnyocha [[:en:Malaria_antigen_detection_tests|antigen-based]] [[:en:Rapid_diagnostic_test|rapid diagnostic tests]].<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> E mepụtala usoro ndị na-eji [[:en:Polymerase_chain_reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] iji chọpụta [[Dna|DNA]] nke nje ahụ, mana anaghị ejikarị ha eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe ebe ịba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, n'ihi ọnụahịa ha na mgbagwoju anya ha.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> Enwere ike ibelata ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ahụ site na igbochi ọtịta anwụnta site na iji ụgbụ anwụnta na Ihe na-achụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ site n'iji [[:en:Mosquito_control|usoro nchịkwa anwụnta]] dị ka ịgbasa [[Ọgwụ ahụhụ]] na ịwufu mmiri dọ adọ. <ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi dị iji [[:en:Malaria_prophylaxis|gbochie ịba]] n'ebe ọrịa ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Dịka ebe afọ 2023, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) kwadoro [[ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] abụọ.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}</ref> Nguzogide nke nje ahụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ amụbaala ruo na ọtụtụ ọgwụ [[:en:Antimalarial_medication|mgbochi ịba]] ; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' na-eguzogide ọgwụ chloroquine agbasaala ruo n'ọtụtụ ebe ịba na-adịkarị, ọzọkwa nguzogide ọgwụ artemisinin aghọwo nsogbu n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> N'ihi nke a, ọgwụgwọ site n'inye ọgwụ maka ọrịa ịba kwesịrị ịhazi ya ka ọ daba kpọmkwem na Ụdị <nowiki><i id="mw5g">Plasmodium</i></nowiki> a na-achụ yana ebe e butere ya bụ ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Treatment|language=en-us}}</ref> Ọrịa a juru ebe niile n'ógbè tropik yana subtropik ndị dị n'ime nnukwu mpaghara gbara akara equator gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Malaria|title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health|date=2021|pages=227–248|isbn=978-0-19-881680-5|doi=10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0073|edition=7th}}</ref><ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Nke a gụnyere ọtụtụ mpaghara sub-Saharan Africa, [[Asia]], na Latin America.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ihe dị ka nde ndị mmadụ narị abụọ na iri asatọ na abụọ '''('''282 million) ndị butere ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile, kpatara ọnwụ a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ruru narị puku iri isii na iri.<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=World malaria report 2025|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=5 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105141123/https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu na ise nke ndị butere ọrịa ahụ na ndị nwụrụ na ya mere n'Afrịka dị n'okpuru Sahara.<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" /><ref name="WHO-Briefing-2024">{{Cite web|title=Current state: The malaria situation worldwide|url=https://worldmalariareport2024.org/|accessdate=6 January 2026|work=WHO: World Malaria Report Global Briefing Kit 2024|language=en}}</ref> A na-ejikọkarị ịba na ịda ogbenye, ọ na-enwekwa nnukwu mmetụta ọjọọ n'uto akụ na ụba;<ref name="Worrall-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature|journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health|volume=10|issue=10|pages=1047–1059|date=October 2005|pmid=16185240|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x}}</ref> N'[[Afrịka|Africa]], a na-eme atụmatụ na ọrịa a na-akpata nnukwu mfu nke akụ na ụba (nke e mere atụmatụ na ọ ruru ijeri dollar US iri na abụọ kwa afọ n'afọ 2005) n'ihi ịrị elu nke ụgwọ nlekọta ahụike, mbelata ike ndị mmadụ nwere ịrụ ọrụ, na mmetụta ọjọọ ọ na-enwe n'ọrụ njem nleta.<ref name="Greenwood-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=The Lancet|volume=365|issue=9469|pages=1487–1498|year=2005|pmid=15850634|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Malaria.webm|thumbtime=0:02|thumb|Nchịkọta akụkọ vidiyo (script)]] {{Infobox medical condition|name=Malaria|pronounce={{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɛər|i|ə}}|synonym=Ague, paludism, marsh fever|image=Malaria Parasite Connecting to Human Red Blood Cell (34034143483).jpg|caption=[[Plasmodium|Malaria parasite]] connecting to a [[red blood cell]]|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Mild malaria: fever, chills, vomiting, headache, diarrhoea.<br/>Severe malaria: anaemia, jaundice, coma|complications=[[Epileptic seizure|Seizures]], [[coma]],<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[organ failure]], [[anaemia]], [[cerebral malaria]]<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |title=Malaria |date= |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702235123/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |url-status=live}}</ref>|onset=Usually 10–15 days post exposure<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|duration=Lifelong if not treated|causes=''[[Plasmodium]]'' transmitted by ''[[Anopheles]]'' [[mosquito]]es<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|risks=Exposure to mosquitoes in [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas|diagnosis=Examination of the blood, [[malaria antigen detection tests|antigen detection tests]]<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|differential=|prevention=[[Mosquito net]]s, [[insect repellent]], [[mosquito control]], prophylactic medication<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|treatment=|medication=[[Antimalarial medication]]<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|frequency=282 million (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|deaths=610,000 (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|alt=}}  == Mmalite Okwu == Okwu a bụ ''malaria'' (ịba) sitere n'asụsụ Italian nke oge etiti (Medieval Italian) : mala aria, 'ikuku ọjọọ', ma bụrụ akụkụ nke echiche miasma; nke kwuru na ọrịa na-esite n'ikuku rụrụ arụ. N'oge gara aga, a na-akpọ ọrịa a ague, paludism, ma ọ bụ marsh fever, n'ihi njikọ e nwere n'etiti ya na apiti na ala mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=From Shakespeare to Defoe: malaria in England in the Little Ice Age|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1–11|date=1999|pmid=10653562|doi=10.3201/eid0601.000101}}</ref> Okwu malaria pụtara n'asụsụ Bekee ma ọ dịkarịa ala kemgbe afọ 1768<ref>{{Cite book|date=1768|title=A view of the customs, manners, drama, &c. of Italy, as they are described in the Frusta letteraria; and in the Account of Italy in English, written by Mr. Baretti; compared with the Letters from Italy, written by Mr. Sharp|location=London|publisher=W. Nicoll}}</ref> A na-akpọ ngalaba sayensị na-amụ maka ọrịa ịba malariology<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of MALARIOLOGY|work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malariology|language=en|accessdate=19 November 2024|archivedate=2 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802160413/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malariology}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà Ya == [[Faịlụ:Symptoms_of_Malaria.png|thumb|Mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ọrịa ịba <ref name="Fairhurst-2015">{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00276-9|chapter=Malaria (''Plasmodium'' Species)|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases|date=2015|pages=3070–3090.e9|isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3}}</ref>]] Mgbaàmà n'oge mmalite nke ọrịa ịba bụ ahụ ọkụ, oyi, isi ọwụwa, agbọ onunu, na ịgbọ agbọ na afọ ọsịsa; ụdị ya ndị siri ike karị nwere ike igosi ọzịza nke [[:en:Splenomegaly|ọkpụkpụ]] ma ọ bụ imeju, na obere [[:en:Jaundice|jaundice]].<ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2024|title=Symptoms of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/symptoms/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị a nwere ike iyi ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dịka [[:en:Sepsis|sepsis]], [[:en:Gastroenteritis|gastroenteritis]], influenza na Ọrịa nje ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref><ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, mgbaàmà - ọkachasị ahụ ọkụ - nwere ike ịghọ usoro na-eme mgbe niile, na-eme ugboro ugboro kwa ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ ([[:en:Paroxysmal_attack|mkpagbu paroxysmal]]). <ref name="Crutcher-1996" /><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na ise mgbe anwụnta tara nke mbụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịnọ ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa mgbe mmadụ butesịrị ọrịa ahụ tupu ọ pụta. Ndị njem na-aṅụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nwere ike inwe mgbaàmà ya ozugbo ha kwụsịrị ịṅụ ọgwụ ahụ.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref> Oké ịba na-eme mgbe ọrịa Plasmodium ahụ mebiri akụkụ ahụ ndị dị mkpa dị ka akụrụ, imeju, akpa ume ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ. Mgbaàmà gụnyere oke [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]], jaundice, [[:en:Convulsion|ihe ọdụdọ]], mgbagwoju anya, [[:en:Coma|coma]], [[:en:Kidney_failure|nkụchi akụrụ]] na n'ikpeazụ ọnwụ.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba siri ike na-abụkarị nke ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAXs">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na-akpata; a ga-emeso ya dị ka ọnọdụ mberede ahụike. <ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Severe malaria|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/symptoms-and-treatments/severe-malaria|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=7 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407170534/https://www.mmv.org/malaria/symptoms-and-treatments/severe-malaria}}</ref> === Nsogbu === Akparamagwa pụrụ iche nke ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' bụ ikike ya ịmepụta protein na-arapara n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie (RBC) nke ọrịa ahụ dị na ya. RBCs ọrịa a dị na ya na-egbochi capillaries (na-akpata hypoxia) ma na-agbakọta n'akụkụ ndị dị mkpa, na-eguzogide ọrụ ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Autino|first=Beatrice|title=Pathogenesis of Malaria in Tissues and Blood|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|date=4 October 2012|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012061|doi=10.4084/mjhid.2012.061|pmid=23170190}}</ref> Ọrịa ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' na-akpata nsogbu kachasị njọ nke ịba. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ bụ ụdị ọrịa ịba siri ike na-emetụta ụbụrụ. RBCs ọrịa dị na ha na-egbochi capillaries ndị dị na ụbụrụ na-akpata mmeghachi omume ahụike, nke na-emebi Ihe mgbochi ọbara na ụbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schiess|first=Nicoline|title=Pathophysiology and neurologic sequelae of cerebral malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|date=December 2020|volume=19|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12936-020-03336-z|pmid=32703204}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ na-egosipụta mgbaàmà [[:en:Neurological_disorder|na-egosi nsogbu n'ụbụrụ]], dị ka mgbagwoju anya, nkụchi obi maọbụ akụkụ ahụ ọbụla, ma ọ bụ [[:en:Coma|coma]].<ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ, ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya, nwere ike ibute ọnwụ n'ime awa iri anọ na asatọ nke mgbaàmà mbụ gosiri; ndị lagbụrụ ya nwere ike inwe mmerụ ahụ metụtara ụbụrụ na-adịte aka.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012" /><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]] siri ike bụ mgwakọta nke mbibi nke RBCs (ma ndị bu ọrịa ma ndị na-ebughị) yana ịdị ala nke mmepụta RBC n'ụmị ọkpụkpụ; ọ bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ n'ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise<ref>{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Nicholas J.|title=What causes malaria anemia?|journal=Blood|date=14 April 2022|volume=139|issue=15|pages=2268–2269|doi=10.1182/blood.2021015055|pmid=35420692}}</ref> Ịba nwere ike ibute nsogbu iku ume siri ike na ihe ruru pasent iri abụọ na ise nke ndị nwere ya. Ọ na-esite na mmebi nke capillary endothelium, na-emebi alveoli nke akpa ume.<ref name="Greenwood-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=The Lancet|volume=365|issue=9469|pages=1487–1498|year=2005|pmid=15850634|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref><ref name="Taylor-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Walter R.J.|title=Respiratory Manifestations of Malaria|journal=Chest|date=August 2012|volume=142|issue=2|pages=492–505|doi=10.1378/chest.11-2655|pmid=22871759}}</ref> Mgbaàmà bụ oke ịdị mkpụmkpụ nke iku ume na ụcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'egbugbere ọnụ (cyanosis) na-egosi enweghị ikuku oxygen.<ref name="Taylor-2012" /> Ọ bụ onye na-egbu ndị okenye, na-enwe ihe dị ka pasent iri ano nke ọnwụ ndị na-arịa ya ozugbo mgbaàmà ya malitere.<ref name="Taylor-2012" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prenen|first=Fran|title=Resolution of experimental malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome is Alox12 independent and shows residual inflammation|journal=Malaria Journal|date=4 July 2025|volume=24|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12936-025-05462-y|pmid=40615878}}</ref> [[:en:Coinfection|Ịrịakọta]] HIV na ịba na-eme ka ọnwụ dịkwuo elu.<ref name="Korenromp-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria attributable to the HIV-1 epidemic, sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=11|issue=9|pages=1410–1419|date=September 2005|pmid=16229771|doi=10.3201/eid1109.050337}}</ref> Nsogbu ndị ọzọ gụnyere [[:en:Splenomegaly|ọkpụkpụ zara aza]], Imeju zara aza ma ọ bụ ha abụọ.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ihe a na-akpọ [[:en:Blackwater_fever|blackwater fever]] na-eme mgbe haemoglobin sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie [[:en:Lysis|gbawara agbawa]] ma debanye na mamịrị wee gbanwee ụcha ya, nke ihe na-esokarị ya bụ nkụchi akụrụ. <ref name="Bartoloni-2012" /> [[:en:Pregnancy-associated_malaria|Ọrịa ịba n'oge afọ ime]] nwere ike ịkpata [[Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ|ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ]], [[:en:Infant_mortality|ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ]], ime ọpụpụ, na [[:en:Low_birth_weight|lịdị arọ dị ala nke nwa a mụrụ ọhụrụ]], <ref name="Hartman-2010">{{Cite journal|title=The impact of maternal malaria on newborns|journal=Annals of Tropical Paediatrics|volume=30|issue=4|pages=271–282|year=2010|pmid=21118620|doi=10.1179/146532810X12858955921032}}</ref> ọkachasị na ọrịa ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'', ọ na-emekwa n'ọrịa ''P. vivax&nbsp;''. <ref name="Rijken-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria in pregnancy in the Asia-Pacific region|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=1|pages=75–88|date=January 2012|pmid=22192132|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70315-2}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Faịlụ:Life_Cycle_of_the_Malaria_Parasite.jpg|thumb|Usoro ndụ nke nje ịba: A na-ewebata Sporozoites site na ọtịta nke anwụnta. Mgbe ha ruru imeju, ha na-amụba ghọọ ọtụtụ puku merozoites. Merozoites ndị ahụ na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie ma mejupụta, na-emetụtakwu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara uhie uhie ndị ọzọ na-aga. Ụfọdụ nje na-emepụta gametocytes, nke anwụnta na-eburu, na-aga n'ihu na usndụ ya.]] nwỌrịa ịba na-abịa mgbe e nwere mmetụta na [[:en:Parasite|nje]] na ụdị ''Plasmodium'', nke anwụnta nke ụdị ''Anopheles na-ebufe n'etiti ndị mmadụ na-arịa ya.''<ref name="CDC-About-2022">{{Cite web|publisher=CDC-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=22 March 2022|title=Malaria - About Malaria - Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html|accessdate=28 April 2022|language=en-US|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524132501/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html}}</ref> Plasmodium parasite nwere usoro ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-emetụta mmadụ na anwụnta ụ ndị nje ahụ na-anịọanọ n'ime ahụ ha eto n'ogo dị iche iche, na-ewere ụdị dị iche na ogo ọbụla nke usoro ndụ ahụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> * ''Anwụnta Anopheles'' anwụnta na-ebute ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' site ịmịrị ọbara site n'ahụ onye buteburu ọrịa ahụ n'oge gara aga. Oge ọzọ anwụnta ahụ ga-eri nri, arụ ọ ga-ata ga-ewebata ''Plasmodium'' - n'ụdị na-agagharị agagharị a na-akpọ sporozoites - n'ime mmadụ ọhụrụ na-arịabeghị ya bụ ọrịa mbụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> * N'ime mmadụ ọhụrụ a, sporozoites ndị ahụ na-abanye n'ọbara ma gaa n'ime imeju, ebe ha na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ imeju (hepatocytes). <ref name="Cowman-2016">{{Cite journal|date=October 2016|title=Malaria: Biology and Disease|journal=Cell|volume=167|issue=3|pages=610–624|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.055|pmid=27768886}}</ref> * Ha na-eto ma na-ekewa n'ime imeju, ebe hepatocyte nke ọbụla bu ọrịa na-emesị nwee ihe ruru nje na-akpata ọrịa puku iri anọ..<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Mgbe ụbọchị ise ruo ụbọchị iri abụọ na ise gasịrị, hepatocytes ndị a bu ọrịa na-ekewa, na-ewepụta ''Plasmodium'' - n'ụdị dị obere a na-akpọ Merozoites, baa n'ime ọbara.<ref name="Arrow-2004" /> * N'ime ọbara, merozoites ndị ahụ na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie n'otu n'otu, nke ọ bụla na-emepụtaghachi n'ihe karịrị awa 24-72 iji mepụta merozoites 16-32 ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị ahụ butere ọrịa na-agbawa, na-ewepụta merozoites ọhụrụ nke na-ebunyekwa mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọrịa ọzọ, na-akpata okirikiri nke na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje na-amụba n'ime onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> * Obere akụkụ nke nje ahụ anaghị emepụtaghachi, kama ọ na-etolite ghọọ nje ndị a na-akpọ gametocytes nwoke na nwanyị. Gametocytes ndị a na-etolite n'ime ụmị ọkpụkpụ ruo ụbọchị iri na otu, wee laghachi na nrugharị ọbara iji chere ka anwụnta ọzọ mịrị ya mgbe ọ ga-ata.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> * Ozugbo ọ nọ n'ime anwụnta, gametocytes na-enwe mmekọahụ, ma mesịa mepụta ụmụ sporozoites ndị ga-akwaga na [[:en:Salivary_gland|ebe mmepụta asọmmiri]] nke anwụnta ahụ ka o nwee ike gbanye ya dịka ọgwụ n'ime onye ọhụrụ mgbe anwụnta ahụ ga-ata onye ọzọ. <ref name="Arrow-2004" /> <ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Ọrịa imeju anaghị akpata mgbaàmà ọbụla; mgbaàmà niile nke ịba na-esite na ọrịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite ozugbo e nwere ihe karịrị parasites dị narị puku kwa millilitre nke ọbara.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Ọtụtụ n'ime mgbaàmà ndị metụtara oke ịba na-esite na ọchịchọ nke ''P. falciparum'' ịrapara na mgbidi [[:en:Blood_vessel|ebe ndị ọbara si aga]], na-akpata mmebi na arịa ndị metụtara na anụ ahụ ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Nje ndị na-abanye n'ebe ndị ọbara si aga nke akpa ume na-eweta nsogbu iku ume. N'ime ụbụrụ, ha na-eweta [[:en:Coma|coma]]. N'oge ịdị ime, ha na-agbakọta na [[:en:Intervillous_space|di n'etiti otu villium na ibe ya]] ma na-egbochi ọrụ nke placenta, na-enye aka na ịdị arọ dị ala nke nwa ọhụrụ na ịmụ nwa n'oge erughị eru, ma na-abawanye ihe ize ndụ nke ime ọpụpụ na ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie n'oge ọrịa na-akpatakarị ọrịa anaemia, nke a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo njọ site na mbelata mmepụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọhụrụ n'oge ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Naanị anwụnta nwanyị na-eri ọbara; anwụnta nwoke na-eri ihe na-atọ ụtọ nke osisi ma ha anaghị ebufe ọrịa ahụ. Ụmụ nwanyị nke ụdị anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-ahọrọ iri nri n'abalị. Ha na-amalite ịchọ nri n'oge mgbede, ma gaa n'ihu n'abalị ruo mgbe ha nwetara ihe ha ga-eri.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ha nwere ike ime mgbanwe n'ihi na e bidola iji ụgbụ àkwà arahụ ụra nke ukwuu ma malite ịta n'oge, tupu a gbasaa ụgbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaria Mosquitoes Are Biting before Bed-Net Time|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/malaria-mosquitoes-are-biting-before-bed-net-time/|accessdate=29 May 2023|work=Scientific American|archivedate=29 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529022719/https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/malaria-mosquitoes-are-biting-before-bed-net-time/}}</ref> A pụkwara ibute nje ịba site na Mgbanye ọbara, ọ bụ ezie na nke a abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="Owusu-Ofori-2010">{{Cite journal|title=Transfusion-transmitted malaria in countries where malaria is endemic: a review of the literature from sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=51|issue=10|pages=1192–1198|date=November 2010|pmid=20929356|doi=10.1086/656806}}</ref> === Ụdị ''Plasmodium Dị Iche Iche'' === N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ọ bụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAmc">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', P. malariae, ''P. ovale curtisi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAm0">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', ''P. ovale wallikeri<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', ''P. vivax<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnM">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''P. knowlesi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnY">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>''.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> N'etiti ndị butere ọrịa, ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' bụ ụdị a na-ahụkarị (~75%) nke ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' (~20%) na-esochi. <ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' jupụtara n'Africa ma na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ, ebe ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' na-achịkwa n'èzí Africa. <ref name="Sarkar-2009">{{Cite journal|title=Critical care aspects of malaria|journal=Journal of Intensive Care Medicine|volume=25|issue=2|pages=93–103|year=2009|pmid=20018606|doi=10.1177/0885066609356052}}</ref><ref name="Arnott-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Understanding the population genetics of ''Plasmodium vivax'' is essential for malaria control and elimination|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=11|date=January 2012|pmid=22233585|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-14}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> E dekọọla ụfọdụ ọrịa ụmụ mmadụ na ọtụtụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' sitere na enwe ndị dị elu, mana ewezuga ''P. knowlesi&nbsp;'' - ụdị zoonotic nke na-akpata ịba na [[:en:Macaques|macaques]] - ndị anaghị abụkarị ihe dị mkpa maka ahụike ọha na eze. <ref name="Collins-2012">{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': a malaria parasite of monkeys and humans|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=57|pages=107–121|year=2012|id={{Zenodo|1234957}}|pmid=22149265|doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-121510-133540}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref name="Collins-2009">{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': finally being recognized|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=199|issue=8|pages=1107–1108|date=April 2009|pmid=19284287|doi=10.1086/597415}}</ref> Ụdị abụọ - ''P.'' ''vivax'' na ''P. oval'' - na-emepụta ọkwa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ a na-akpọ hypnozoitis nke nwere ike ịnọgide na imeju, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ wepụrụ ọrịa ahụ n'ọbara. Ndị a nwere ike ịmaliteghachi mgbe izu ma ọ bụ ọnwa ole na ole gasịrị ma mee ka ọrịa ahụ laghachi azụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> === Ịba na-apụta ugboro ugboro === Mgbaàmà nke ịba nwere ike ịlaghachi mgbe oge dịgasị iche iche na-enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla gosiri gasịrị. Dabere na ihe kpatara ya, enwere ike ịhazi mmeghachi omume dị ka [[:en:Recrudescence|recrudescence]], [[:en:Relapse|relapse]], ma ọ bụ reinfection. Recrudescence bụ mgbe mgbaàmà na-alaghachi mgbe oge a na-enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla gasịrị n'ihi enweghị ike iwepụ nje ndị dị n'ọbara site na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke.{{sfn|WHO|2015|p=4}}.Relapse bụ mgbe mgbaàmà na-apụta ọzọ mgbe ewepụchara nje ndị ahụ n'ọbara mana ha nọgidere dị ka hypnozoites na-ehi ụra <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: origin of the term 'hypnozoite'|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=781–786|date=2011|pmid=20665090|doi=10.1007/s10739-010-9239-3}}</ref> na mkpụrụ ndụ imeju. Reinfection pụtara na e wepụrụ nje n'ahụ dum mana ọrịa ọhụrụ amalitela. Nlaghachi nke ọrịa n'ime izu abụọ nke ọgwụgwọ na-abụkarị n'ihi ọdịda ọgwụgwọ..{{sfn|WHO|2015|p=41}} == Usoro ọrịa si arụ ọrụ n'ahụ == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Red_blood_cells_infected_with_malaria.jpg|thumb|Electron micrograph na-egosi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke ''Plasmodium falciparum juru na ya'' (n'etiti), na-egosi "knobs" protein adherence]] Ọrịa ịba na-etolite site na usoro abụọ: otu nke na-emetụta imeju (oge exoerythrocytic), na otu nke na na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, ma ọ bụ erythrocytes (oge erythrocyte). Mgbe anwụnta butere ọrịa ahụ na-adụpu akpụkpọ ahụ mmadụ iji rie nri ọbara, sporozoites ndị dị n'ime asọmmiri anwụnta ahụ na-abanye n'ọbara ma kwaga n'ime imeju ebe ha na-emetụta hepatocytes, na-amụba n'enweghị mmekọahụ na n'enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla ruo ụbọchị 8-30.<ref name="Bledsoe-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}</ref> N'oge a, ihe ndị a [[:en:Cellular_differentiation|na-ekewasị]] iji mepụta ọtụtụ puku merozoites, nke, mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ ha gbawara, ga-enuba n'ime ọbara ma metụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie iji malite usoro erythrocytic nke ndụ ha.<ref name="Bledsoe-2005" /> Akụkụ mbụ nke ọrịa ahụ anaghị enwe mgbaàmà ọbụla; mgbaàmà ahụike niile nke ịba nwere njikọ na akụkụ merozoite nke usoro ndụ ya.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref> N'ime nke a, nje ndị ahụ na-amụba n'ụzọ na-enweghị mmekọahụ n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, na-apụta site n'oge ruo n'oge iji bunye ndị ọhụrụ ọrịa. N'ime erythrocyte ọ bụla butere ọrịa, nje ahụ na-amụba, na-eri cytoplasm ka ọ na-amụba. Mgbe ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ gasịrị, erythrocyte ahụ ga-agbawa, na-ewepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ (dị n'etiti iri na isii na iri atọ na abụọ) nke merozoites ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bucşan|first=Allison N.|title=Setting the stage: The initial immune response to blood-stage parasites|journal=Virulence|date=31 December 2020|volume=11|issue=1|pages=88–103|doi=10.1080/21505594.2019.1708053|pmid=31900030}}</ref> Ntọhapụ a nke merozoites n'ime ọbara, tinyere nsi ha niile yana iberibe erythrocyte, na-akpata ahụ ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ nke nwere ike ịbụ nke na-eme nwa oge na nke na-emesi ike. <ref name="CDC-Features-2024" /> [1]<ref name="Bledsoe-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}</ref> N'ime ụdị ụfọdụ nke ''Plasmodium'', ụfọdụ sporozoites anaghị etolite ozugbo ghọọ merozoites na-arụ ọrụ n'oge exoerythrocytic, kama, ha na-emepụta hypnozoites nke na-anọgide na-ehi ụra ruo oge dị iche iche na-esite n'agbata ọtụtụ ọnwa (ọnwa asaa ruo ọnwa iri bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị) ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="White-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of relapse periodicity in ''Plasmodium vivax'' malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=10|date=October 2011|pmid=21989376|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-297}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụra gasịrị, ha na-emegharị ma mepụta merozoites. Hypnozoites na-akpata ogologo oge na nlọghachi azụ na ọrịa ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' na ''P. oval&nbsp;''. <ref name="White-2011" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Okafor|first=Chika N.|title=StatPearls|date=2026|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519021/|chapter=Plasmodium ovale Malaria}}</ref> === Mgbochi nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ === Mgbochi nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ bụ isi njirimara Plasmodium, nke na-eme ka ọ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma na nnọgidesi ike dị ka nje.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rénia|first=Laurent|title=Malaria Parasites: The Great Escape|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|date=7 November 2016|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2016.00463|pmid=27872623}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ''Plasmodium'' genome raara onwe ya nye usoro nke na-ezere ma ọ bụ na-emebi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crabb|first=Brendan S|title=Plasmodium falciparum virulence determinants unveiled|journal=Genome Biology|date=2002|volume=3|issue=11|pages=reviews1031.1|doi=10.1186/gb-2002-3-11-reviews1031|pmid=12441004}}</ref> ==== Imeju ==== [[Faịlụ:Merosome.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke merosome na-apụta site na hepatocyte nwere ọrịa]] Macrophages pụrụ iche a na-akpọ Mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer na-echebe imeju; ha na-achọpụta ihe ndị dị aṅaa dị n'ọbara ma bibie ha. Sporozoites na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer ma na-egbochi ha.<ref name="Pradel-2001">{{Cite journal|author=Pradel|first=Gabriele|title=Malaria Sporozoites Actively Enter and Pass Through Rat Kupffer Cells Prior to Hepatocyte Invasion|journal=Hepatology|date=May 2001|volume=33|issue=5|pages=1154–1165|doi=10.1053/jhep.2001.24237|pmid=11343244}}</ref> Ha na-agafe mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a nwerela nkwarụ (nke na-anwụ mgbe awa ole na ole gasịrị) iji bunye [[:en:Hepatocyte|hepatocytes]] ọrịa.<ref name="Pradel-2001" /> N'ime hepatocyte, ha na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku merozoites n'ime [[:en:Vacuole|vacuole]] nke na-echebe ha pụọ na Usoro nchebe nke mkpụrụ ndụ.<ref name="Ezema-2023">{{Cite journal|author=Ezema|first=Chinonso Anthony|title=Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response|journal=Parasitology Research|date=August 2023|volume=122|issue=8|pages=1715–1731|doi=10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6|pmid=37219610}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, hepatocyte ahụ butere ọrịa na-ewepụta merozoites n'ìgwè a na-akpọ merosomes, nke na-esi na membrane hepatocyta pụta. Membrane a na-ekpuchi merozoites ndị ahụ, na-enyere ha aka ịhere ehere gafee mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer fọdụrụ iji pụọ n'imeju. <ref name="Ezema-2023" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Scheiner|first=Mattea|title=Moving on: How malaria parasites exit the liver|journal=Molecular Microbiology|date=March 2024|volume=121|issue=3|pages=328–340|doi=10.1111/mmi.15141|pmid=37602900}}</ref><ref name="Vaughan-2008">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria parasite pre-erythrocytic stage infection: gliding and hiding|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|volume=4|issue=3|pages=209–218|date=September 2008|pmid=18779047|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2008.08.010}}</ref> ==== Mgbasa N'ime Ahụ ==== [[Faịlụ:Infected_erythrocyte_sequestration_within_the_intervillous_space_of_the_placenta.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke erythrocytes (IE) bu ọrịa na-agbakọta na oghere intervillous na gburugburu villi nke plasịnta.]] Merozoites na-enugharị na usoro nrugharị ọbara nwere ike inweta mwakpo site na leucocytes nke na-elekwasị anya na antigen elu ha. Nje ndị ahụ na-emeri nchebe a site na [[:en:Polymorphism_(biology)|antigenic polymorphism]]; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Pollyanna S.|title=Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|date=17 October 2016|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617|pmid=27799922}}</ref> na ọkwa ọbụla nke usoro ndụ ya ahụ ọ na-egosipụta ụdị dị iche iche nke antigen elu, n'ụzọ dị irè ihe na-agagharị agagharị nke karịrị [[:en:Adaptive_immune_system|usoro ahụike na-emegharị]]. <ref name="Ezema-2023">{{Cite journal|author=Ezema|first=Chinonso Anthony|title=Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response|journal=Parasitology Research|date=August 2023|volume=122|issue=8|pages=1715–1731|doi=10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6|pmid=37219610}}</ref> Ozugbo ha banyere na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (RBC) merozoites nwere ebe nchekwa, nke e kpuchiri pụọ na mmetụta leucocytes ma chebe ya n'ime vacuole. RBCs na-arịa ọrịa ka e nwere ike ịchọpụta ma bibie ya, ma ọ bụghị site na [[:en:Spleen|spleen]] ọ bụrụ phagocytes.<ref name="Lee-2022">{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Wenn-Chyau|title=Evolving perspectives on rosetting in malaria|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=October 2022|volume=38|issue=10|pages=882–889|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.08.001|pmid=36031553}}</ref> Iji zeere nke a, merozoite ahụ na-emepụta protein na-arapara n'ahụ nke na-apụta dị ka bọtịnụ n'elu RBCs butere ọrịa.<ref name="Tilley-2011">{{Cite journal|author=Tilley|first=Leann|title=The Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cell|journal=The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology|date=June 2011|volume=43|issue=6|pages=839–842|doi=10.1016/j.biocel.2011.03.012|pmid=21458590}}</ref> Ndị a na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ abụọ. Ha na-ejikọta na RBCs na-enweghị nje na-emepụta ụyọkọ - nke a na-akpọ "rosettes" - nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-ebute ọrịa dị n'etiti na-echebe mkpụrụ ndụ na ya na-enweghị ọrịa gbara ya gburugburu; rosettes na-egbochi ọbara na-agafe na capillaries.<ref name="Lee-2022" /> RBCs na-arịa ọrịa n'ụzọ ọzọ nwere ike izere ịgafe ọkpụkpụ site na ịrapara (na-agbaso) na mgbidi nke akwara ọbara na anụ ahụ dịka ụbụrụ, akpa ume, na oghere intervillous (n'ime ime). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Franke-Fayard|first=Blandine|title=Sequestration and Tissue Accumulation of Human Malaria Parasites: Can We Learn Anything from Rodent Models of Malaria?|journal=PLOS Pathogens|date=30 September 2010|volume=6|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001032|pmid=20941396}}</ref> Ma ụdị ndị a na-edebe ma ndị a na'ime ha na-egbochi ọrụ nke akụkụ ahụ, na-eduga na nsogbu ndị dị ka ịba ụbụrụ na ịba metụtara ime ime.<ref name="Ezema-2023" /> === Mgbochi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ihi oke ọnwụ na ọrịa nke ịba kpatara - ọkachasị ụdị ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' - ọ etinyela [[:en:Selection_(biology)|nrụgide kachasị]] na [[:en:Human_genome|genome mmadụ]] n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịbeghị anya. Ọtụtụ ihe ndị metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-enye ikike ụfọdụ iguzogide ya gụnyere [[:en:Sickle_cell_trait|àgwà sickle cell]], àgwà [[:en:Thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], ụkọ glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, yana enweghị [[:en:Duffy_antigen|Duffy antigens]] na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Strong selection during the last millennium for African ancestry in the admixed population of Madagascar|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|issue=1|date=March 2018|pmid=29500350|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03342-5}}</ref> <ref name="Kwiatkowski-2005">{{Cite journal|title=How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=77|issue=2|pages=171–192|date=August 2005|pmid=16001361|doi=10.1086/432519}}</ref><ref name="Hedrick-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|date=October 2011|pmid=21427751|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16}}</ref> Mmetụta nke àgwà sickle cell na nguzogide ịba na-egosi ụfọdụ mgbanwe evolushọn nke merela n'ihi ịba zuru ebe niile. Àgwà Sickle cell na-akpata mgbanwe na molekụl haemoglobin d n'ọbara. Dị ka o kwesịrị, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nwere ọdịdị na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke nwere oghere abụọ nke na-enye ha ohere ịgafe obere Capillaries; Otú ọ dị, mgbe e kpughere mkpụrụ ndụ haemoglobin S<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwA2U">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> nke gbanwere, nye obere ikuku oxygen, ma ọ bụ ha akpụkọọ ọnụ n'ihi mmiri ịpụ ha n'ahụ, ha nwere ike ịrapara ọnụ na-emepụta eriri nke na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ gbagọọ dị n'ụdịị mma. N'ime eriri ndị a, mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'iwere ma ọ bụ wepụta ikuku oxygen, mkpụrụ ndụ enweghịkwa ohere nke ọma iji gbasaa n'enweghị ihe mgbochi. N'oge mmalite nke ịba, nje ahụ nwere ike ime ka mkpụrụ ndụ uhie na-arịa ọrịa na-akpụ akpụ, ya mere a na-ewepụ ha n'oge. Nke a na-ebelata ugboro ole nje ịba na-emecha ndụ ha na mkpụrụ ndụ. Ndị mmadụ bụ homozygous (nke nwere mkpụrụ abụọ nke haemoglobin beta allele) nwere sickle-cell anaemia, ebe ndị heterozygous. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmanya ndụ dị mkpirikpi maka ndị nwere ọnọdụ homozygous ga-eme ka àgwà ahụ ghara ịdị ndụ, a na-echekwa àgwà ahụ na mpaghara ndị nwere ịba n'ihi uru nke ụdị heterozygous nyere.<ref name="Hedrick-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|date=October 2011|pmid=21427751|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16}}</ref><ref name="Weatherall-2008">{{Cite journal|title=Genetic variation and susceptibility to infection: the red cell and malaria|journal=British Journal of Haematology|volume=141|issue=3|pages=276–286|date=May 2008|pmid=18410566|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07085.x}}</ref> == Nnyocha == [[Faịlụ:5901_lores.jpg|thumb|Ihe nkiri ọbara bụ [[:en:Gold_standard_(test)|ọkọlọtọ ọla edo]] maka nchọpụta ịba.]] [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.jpg|thumb|Ụdị mgbaaka na gametocytes nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' n'ọbara mmadụ]] N'ihi ọdịdị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ nke mgbaàmà ịba, a na-emekarị nnyocha ya dabere na mgbaàmà ndị o nyere yana akụkọ njem onye ahụ, wee kwado ya na nnyocha e mere n'ụlọ nnyocha iji chọpụta ọnụnọ nke nje ahụ n'ọbara (nnyocha parasitological). N'ebe ịba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) na-atụ aro ka ndị dọkịta chee na ịba dị n'ahụ onye ọ bụla na-akọ na ọ nwere ahụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ onye nwere okpomọkụ dị ugbu a karịa 37.5 °C n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ doro anya kpatara ya.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref> &nbsp;A ga-enyo na ọ bụ ịba na-eme ụmụaka nwere ihe ịrịba ama nke [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]]: [[:en:Palmar_pallor|ime aka na-acha mmiri mmiri]] ma ọ bụ nnyocha ụlọ nnyocha na-egosi ọkwa haemoglobin na-erughị gram asatọ kwa deciliter nke ọbara.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> N'ebe ndị ụwa na-enweghị ịba ma ọ bụ nwere ịba ebe ọ dị obere, a na-atụ aro ime nnyocha naanị maka ndị nwere ike ibute ịba (nwekarịrị ike ịbụ na ha mere njem gaa mpaghara ịba juputara na ya) na ahụ ọkụ a na-akọwaghị akọwa.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /><ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-ejikarị nocha microscopic nke Ihe nkiri ọbara ma ọ bụ Nnyocha nyocha ngwa ngwa nke antigen (RDT) na-egosi ịba. Microscopy - ya bụ, iji [[:en:Light_microscope|light microscope]] na-enyocha ọbara [[:en:Giemsa|Giemsa]] metọrọ - bụ [[:en:Gold_standard_(test)|ọkọlọtọ ọla edo]] maka nchọpụta ịba.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> Ndị oji Microscope eme nnyocha na-adị enyocha ma "ihe nkiri buru ibu" nke ọbara, nke na-enye ha ohere inyocha ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara n'oge dị mkpirikpi, yana "ihe nkiri dị mkpirisi" nke ọbara nke na-enye ha ohere ịhụ nke ọma nje ndị ahụ n'otu n'otu ma chọpụta kpọmkwem ụdị ''Plasmodium'' kpatara ya bụ ịba. <ref name="Ashley-2018" /> N'okpuru ọnọdụ ụlọ nnyocha dị iche iche, onye oji microscope eme nnyocha nwere ike ịchọpụta nje mgbe enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala nje otu narị kwa microliter nke ọbara, nke dị okirikiri ogo dị ala nke ịba na-enwe mgbaàmà.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref> Nnyocha microscope na-adị achọ ọtụtụ ihe iji mee ya, na-achọ ndị ọrụ a zụrụ azụ, ngwá ọrụ e mere maka ya yana ọdịdị na-adịgide adịgide nke [[:en:Microscope_slide|microscopy slides]] na ntụpọ microscopy.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Enwere ike iji nnyocha [[:en:Rapid_diagnostic_test|Rapid diagnostic tests]] (RDTs) iji kwado nchọpụta nke e ji microscope mee; <ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html "Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> a na-ejikwa ha n'ebe microscopy adịghị. RDTs na-eme ngwa ngwa ma dị mfe itinye n'ọrụ n'ebe ndị na-enweghị ụlọ nnyocha zuru oke.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">"5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)". [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria ''WHO Guidelines for Malaria'']. World Health Organization. 13 July 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230318051541/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria Archived] from the original on 18 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Nnyocha ahụ na-achọpụta protein parasite na sample ọbara mkpịsị aka.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Enwere RDTs dịgasị iche iche, na-elekwasị anya na protein nje ahụ gụnyere lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase, ma ọ bụ protein 2 juputara na histidine HRP2, nke bụ naanị ''P''maka ''. falciparum''). <ref name="WHO-2021a" /> A na-eji ule HRP2 eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'Africa, ebe ''P. falciparum'' na-achịkwa.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAshleyPyae_PhyoWoodrow2018">Ashley EA, Pyae Phyo A, Woodrow CJ (April 2018). "Malaria". ''[[The Lancet]]''. '''391''' (10130): <span class="nowrap">1608–</span>1621. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29631781 29631781].</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na HRP2 na-anọgide n'ọbara ruo izu ise mgbe a gwọrcharaọrịa, nyocha HRP2 mgbe ụfọdụ enweghị ike ịigosima onye nahụ o were ịba ugbu a ma ọ bụ na mbụ.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, ụfọdụ nje ''P. falciparum'' enweghị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ''HRP2'', na-eme ka nchọpụta dha ị mgbagwoju anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Poti|first=Kristin E.|title=HRP2: Transforming Malaria Diagnosis, but with Caveats|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=February 2020|volume=36|issue=2|pages=112–126|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.004|pmid=31848119}}</ref> Nnyocha HRP2 a apụghịkwa ịkọwa ole nje ahụ dị n'ime mmadụ, ma ọ bụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụ. <ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c" /> <ref name="Daily 2025">{{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=Johanna P.|date=3 April 2025|title=Malaria|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=392|issue=13|pages=1320–1333|doi=10.1056/NEJMra2405313|pmid=40174226}}</ref> Nnyocha [[:en:Polymerase_chain_reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) bụ usoro kachasị dị nro maka ịchọpụta ịba. Nnyocha ahụ na-eme ka DNA nke nje ahụ dị n'ọbara mụbaa; ọ nwere ike ịchọpụta ''Plasmodium'' ma mata ụdị ọ bụ, ọbụlagodi na ọkwa dị ala n'ọ ọbara.<ref name="Fisher-2022">{{Cite web|author=Fisher|first=John F.|date=2 August 2022|title=Testing for malaria: Rapid diagnostic tests and PCR|url=https://www.medmastery.com/guides/malaria-clinical-guide/testing-malaria-rapid-diagnostic-tests-rdts-and-polymerase-chain|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Medmastery GmbH}}</ref> Ọ chọrọ ngwá ọrụ ụlọ nnyocha pụrụ iche n'ihi ya, ya mere na ọ naghị adịkarị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe; a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na mba ndị mepere emepe iji nyochaa na ndị njem na-alọghachi.<ref name="Fisher-2022" /><ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html "Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Eprel 2026, WHO [[:en:Pre-qualification|kwadoro]] ụdịrị nnyocha ngwa ngwa atọ iji chọpụta ụdị P. falciparum ndị nwere pfhrp2 deletions, nke nwere ike izere nnyocha dabeere na HRP2 a na-ejikarị eme ihe ma kpata nchọpụta ụgha. Nnyocha ọhụrụ ndị ahụ na-elekwasị anya na protein nje pf-LDH a ma na-atụ aro iji ha arụ ọrụ ebe a na-adịghị amata ihe karịrị pasent ise nke ndị bu ọrịa ịba n'ihi nhichapụ pfhrp2.<ref name="prefir">{{Cite web|title=WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests|work=World Health Organization (WHO)|date=24 April 2026|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests|accessdate=28 April 2026|archivedate=27 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests}}</ref> == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:"British_India",_six_stages_of_malaria._Wellcome_L0022443.jpg|alt=Advertisement entitled "The Mosquito Danger". Includes 6 panel cartoon:#1 breadwinner has malaria, family starving; #2 wife selling ornaments; #3 doctor administers quinine; #4 patient recovers; #5 doctor indicating that quinine can be obtained from post office if needed again; #6 man who refused quinine, dead on stretcher.|thumb|Mgbasa ozi maka quinine dị ka ọgwụgwọ ịba site na 1927]] [[Faịlụ:Artemisia_annua.jpg|thumb|''Artemisia annua'', nke a makwaara dị ka osisi wormwood na-atọ ụtọ, ebe mbụ e si nweta artemisinin]] A na-agwọ ịba site n'iji [[:en:Antimalarial_medication|ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]]. Iji hụ na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke ma gbochie nje ahụ ịịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ, ntuziaka ọgwụgwọ kemgbe afọ 2001 na-achọkarị ọgwụ abụọ a ṅụkọtara ọnụ, otu n'ime ha bụ nke sitere na artemisinin na nke ọzọ bụ ọgwụ nkwado.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Multiple first-line therapies as part of the response to antimalarial drug resistance|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240103603|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en|archivedate=27 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127213804/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240103603}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 2025|title=Antimalarial drug resistance|url=https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drug-resistance|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en}}</ref> Njikọ ziri ezi nke ọgwụ ndị ahụ na-adabere na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' kpatara ya, ohere nke inwe nguzogide ọgwụ, eziokwu ndị dị mkpa site na akụkọ ahụike na ime njem nke onye na-arịa ọrịa, na ọṅụṅụ nke ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na mbụ nke onye ahụ na-arịa ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shahbodaghi|first=S. David|title=Malaria: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=American Family Physician|date=September 2022|volume=106|issue=3|pages=270–278|url=https://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=36126008|pmid=36126008}}</ref><ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2024|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ na usoro mba[a] na-adaberekarị na ntuziaka nke WHO nyere nke a na-emelite mgbe niile. <ref name="WHO-Guidelines-9.1-2025">{{Cite web|date=13 August 2025|title=MAGICapp - WHO guidelines for malaria v9.1|url=https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/LwRMXj|accessdate=23 January 2026|work=app.magicapp.org|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925214841/https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/LwRMXj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New and updated malaria guidance|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/guideline-development-process/new-and-updated-malaria-guidance|accessdate=25 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ọtụtụ ụdị ọgwụ dịka nke a ga-aṅụkọta ya ọgwụ mgbochi ịba n'oge ịnata ọgwụgwọ. Ọgwụ ndị dabeere na Artemisinin gụnyere artemether na Artesunate.<ref name="Arrow-2004a">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215631/|chapter=Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance}}</ref> Ihe ndị sitere na Quinoline gụnyere chloroquine, quinine, na mefloquine. Ndị si na Antifolate gụnyere pyrimethamine, proguanil, na sulfadoxin.<ref name="Arrow-2004a" /> Ọgwụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere lumefantrine, atovaquone, doxycycline na clindamycin.<ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}</ref><ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-ahazi ịba dị ka "oke ịba" ma ọ bụ "enweghị nke na-esighi ike". <ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNadjmBehrens2012">Nadjm B, Behrens RH (June 2012). "Malaria: an update for physicians". ''Infectious Disease Clinics of North America''. '''26''' (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>259. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010|10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632637 22632637].</cite></ref> <ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2024|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html "General Approach to Treatment"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbaàmà ndị na-egosi oke ịba gụnyere ndị a (ọ bụghị ndepụta zuru ezu): <ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024" /> * Mmadụ amaghị ebe ọ nọ, coma, ihe ọdụdọ * Oké ụkwara ume ọkụ * Nsogbu iku ume siri ike * Nkụchi akụrụ ma ọ bụ haemoglobin ịdị na mamịrị * Ọsụsọ * Ogo Acidosis ma ọ bụ lactate nke karịrị 5 mmol / L&nbsp; * Ọnọdụ dị elu nke nje ndị a na-ahụ anya na ọbara. === Ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya === Enwere ike ịgwọ ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya site na iji ọgwụ a na-aṅụ n'etiti ụbọchị atọ na ụbọchị asaa.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCDC2025">CDC (24 June 2025). [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html "Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> A ga-ahọrọ usoro ọgwụ ahụ dabere na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' a na-agwọ, ebe nakwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke onye ọrịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọgwụgwọ mbụ a na-ahụkarị maka ịba ''P. falciparum'' na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya bụ Artemether-lumefantrine a na-aṅụ n'ọnụ n'ime ụbọchị atọ.<ref name="Lalloo-2016">{{Cite journal|author=Lalloo|first=David G.|title=UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|date=June 2016|volume=72|issue=6|pages=635–649|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.001|pmid=26880088}}</ref><ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvansHill2025">Evans M, Hill K (May 2025). [https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf "Malaria Treatment Guidance"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''NHS Tayside''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2026, WHO [[:en:Pre-qualification|kwadoro]] usoro artemether-lumefantrine mbụ e mepụtara maka ụmụ a mụrụ ọhụrụ ndị dị n'agbata kilogram abụọ na ise.<ref name="prefir">{{Cite web|title=WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests|work=World Health Organization (WHO)|date=24 April 2026|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests|accessdate=28 April 2026|archivedate=27 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization_(WHO)2026">[https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests "WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests"]. ''World Health Organization (WHO)''. 24 April 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests Archived] from the original on 27 April 2026<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ a adịghị adaba mgbe niile, yabụ a na-atụ aro ngwakọta ọgwụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCDC2025">CDC (24 June 2025). [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html "Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ịmalite ozugbo o kwere mee mgbe a chọpụtachara ya, iji gbochie mgbaàmà siri ike ịmalite.<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|work=Malaria|date=20 May 2025|accessdate=25 January 2026|language=en-us|author=CDC}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ''P. vivax ma ọ bụ P. ovale kpatara ya'' (nke na-emepụta hypnozoites na-ehi ụra n'ime imeju) ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ịga n'ihu ruo ụbọchị asaa ruo iri na anọ.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025" /> === Ịba siri ike na nke dị mgbagwoju anya === Ọrịa ịba siri ike na-abụkarị nke ''P. falciparum'' na-akpata; ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke na-egbu egbu mgbe niile ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Walter|first=Kristin|title=Malaria|journal=JAMA|date=8 February 2022|volume=327|issue=6|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468|pmid=35133414}}</ref> Ọbụnagodi na ọgwụgwọ ya, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'ihi ya dị n'etiti pasent iri na atọ na pasent iri abụọ, nke ndị lanarịrịnụ na-enwekarị mmetụta ọọọ na-eso ya nke na-adị ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sheehy|first=Susanne Helena|title=Malaria: severe, life-threatening|journal=BMJ Clinical Evidence|date=7 March 2011|volume=2011|pmid=21375787}}</ref> Ọgwụgwọ a na-enyekarị maka ya bụ intravenous artesunate, na-enyezi ọgwụ a na-aṅụ n'ọnụ ozugbo onye ọrịa ahụ kwụsiri ike.<ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvansHill2025">Evans M, Hill K (May 2025). [https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf "Malaria Treatment Guidance"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''NHS Tayside''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Treatment of Severe Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html|work=Malaria|date=3 April 2024|accessdate=25 January 2026|language=en-us|author=CDC|archivedate=3 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503143920/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html}}</ref> Ndị ọrịa nwere ike ịka njọ ngwa ngwa nke mere na nlekota anya, ọkacha mma na [[:en:High-dependency_unit|ngalaba ebe nlekọta anya dị elu]], dị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lalloo|first=David G.|title=UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|date=June 2016|volume=72|issue=6|pages=635–649|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.001|pmid=26880088}}</ref> === Afọ Ime === [[:en:Pregnancy-associated_malaria|Ịba n'oge afọ ime]] nwere ike ịbụ ihe siri ike, ikekwe na-egbu egbu, maka nne na nwa; ụmụ nwanyị dị ime nwere ikike okpukpu atọ karịa inweta ịba siri ike.<ref name="CDC-Pregnant-2024">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=3 April 2024|title=Alternatives for Pregnant Women|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/pregnant-women.html|accessdate=26 January 2026|work=Malaria|language=en-us|archivedate=18 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260318025909/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/pregnant-women.html}}</ref> Ọgwụ ụfọdụ nwere ike imerụ nwa e bu n'afọ ahụ, ọkachasị n'oge [[Afọ ime|ọnwa atọ]] mbụ. A na-atụ aro usoro ọgwụgwọ pụrụ iche, nke dịgasị iche dabere na ọnwa atọ nke onye dị ime nọ n'ime ya nakwa na-eweta obere ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="CDC-Pregnant-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Antimalarial drugs for pregnant women|url=https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drugs-pregnant-women|accessdate=26 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=22 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922102803/https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drugs-pregnant-women}}</ref> === Ịguzogide Ọgwụ === [[:en:Drug_resistance|Ịguzogide ọgwụ]] na-eweta nsogbu na-arịwanye elu na ọgwụgwọ ịba; ọnụ ọgụgụ ''Plasmodium'' nwere ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ebe ọ dị elu yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ ngwa ngwa nke na-enyere ha aka ime mgbanwe ma zeere ihe ịma aka sitere na ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Sinha-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Challenges of drug-resistant malaria|journal=Parasite|volume=21|year=2014|pmid=25402734|doi=10.1051/parasite/2014059}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Igwe|first=Matthew Chibunna|title=Evolutionary biology of antimalarial drug resistance: Understanding of the evolutionary dynamics|journal=Medicine|date=14 March 2025|volume=104|issue=11|doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000041878|pmid=40101051}}</ref> Nje ndị ''P. falciparum'' malitere ịzụlite iguzogide ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọgwụ mgbochi ịba mbụ e mere, chloroquine, n'afọ ndị 1950; kemgbe ahụ, iguzogide chloroquin agbasaala na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nje a niile. <ref name="MMV-History">{{Cite web|title=History of antimalarial drugs|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria-medicines/history-antimalarials-drugs|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=16 June 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616062607/https://www.mmv.org/malaria-medicines/history-antimalarials-drugs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=8 April 2024|title=Drug Resistance in the Malaria-Endemic World|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/drug-resistance.html|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Malaria|language=en-us|archivedate=7 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907153441/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/drug-resistance.html}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ proguanil karịị dị ngwa ngwa; ewepụtara ọgwụ ahụ na 1948 wee malite ịhụta nguzogide ya n'afọ sochirinụ, na 1949. <ref name="MMV-History" /> N'afọ 2001, ịba nke na-eguzogidetụ artemisinin pụtara na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia; nguzogide ọgwụ ahụ emechaala gbasaa n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref name="MMV-History" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 April 2023|title=Current antimalarial drugs at risk due to resistance|url=https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/news/current-antimalarial-drugs-at-risk-due-to-resistance|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University|language=en|archivedate=20 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120025023/https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/news/current-antimalarial-drugs-at-risk-due-to-resistance}}</ref> Iji merie nguzogide ọgwụ, enwere ike inye ọgwụ na njikọ yana ọgwụ ọzọ, karịa otu e kwesiburu isi ṅụ ya, ma ọ bụ ṅụru ọgwụ ruo ogologo oge karịa; enwere mkpa ngwa ngwa maka iwebata ọgwụ ndị ọhụrụ maka ọgwụgwọ ya. <ref name="MMV-History" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Antony|first=HiasindhAshmi|date=2016|title=Antimalarial drug resistance: An overview|journal=Tropical Parasitology|volume=6|issue=1|pages=30–41|doi=10.4103/2229-5070.175081|pmid=26998432}}</ref> == Ihe omuma == Mgbe a gwọrọ ya nke ọma, ndị na-arịa ịba na-esighị ike nwere ike ịtụ anya mgbake zuru oke.<ref name="CDC-FAQ-2010a">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html#treatment|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): If I get malaria, will I have it for the rest of my life?|publisher=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=8 February 2010|accessdate=14 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html#treatment|archivedate=13 May 2012}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, oke ịba nwere ike ịga n'ihu ngwa ngwa ma kpata ọnwụ n'ime awa ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ole na ole.<ref name="Trampuz-2003">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical review: Severe malaria|journal=Critical Care|volume=7|issue=4|pages=315–323|date=August 2003|pmid=12930555|doi=10.1186/cc2183}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ kachasị njọ nke ọrịa ahụ, [[:en:Fatality_rate|ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ]] nwere ike iru pasent iri abụọ, ọbụlagodi na nlekọta siri ike na ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNadjmBehrens2012">Nadjm B, Behrens RH (June 2012). "Malaria: an update for physicians". ''Infectious Disease Clinics of North America''. '''26''' (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>259. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010|10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632637 22632637].</cite></ref> Ịba nwere ike imebi ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọkachasị ụbụrụ, akụrụ, imeju na ọkpụkpụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2025|title=Malaria: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000621.htm|accessdate=28 January 2026|work=medlineplus.gov|language=en|archivedate=17 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117064956/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000621.htm}}</ref> N'oge ịbụ nwata, ịba na-akpata anaemia n'oge uto ụbụrụ ngwa ngwa, yana mmebi ụbụrụ nke na-esite na ịba na-emetụta ụbụrụ.<ref name="Fernando-2010">{{Cite journal|title=The 'hidden' burden of malaria: cognitive impairment following infection|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=9|date=December 2010|pmid=21171998|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-366}}</ref> Ndị lanarịrị ọrịa ịba n'ụbụrụ nwere ohere dị ukwuu nke ụbụrụ na echiche, Nsogbu omume, na [[:en:Epilepsy|ihe ọdụdọ]].<ref name="Idro-2010">{{Cite journal|date=October 2010|title=Cerebral malaria: mechanisms of brain injury and strategies for improved neurocognitive outcome|journal=Pediatric Research|volume=68|issue=4|pages=267–274|doi=10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181eee738|pmid=20606600}}</ref> == Mgbochi == [[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anwụnta Anopheles stephensi'' n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ọbara n'ahụ mmadụ (obere ọbara na-atụsịsị dị ka ihe karịrị akarị). Anwụnta a bụ ihe na-ekesa ịba, njikwa anwụnta bụkwanụ ụzọ dị irè iji belata ọdịdị nke ịba]] Ụzọ e ji gbochi ịba gụnyere ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, ibibi anwụnta na igbochi ọtịta anwụnta.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria "Fact sheet about malaria"]. ''World Health Organization''. 4 December 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Archived] from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọgwụ Mgbochi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>O gosipụtara na o siri ike ịmepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ịba dị irè. Nje a emeela ọtụtụ atụmatụ iji zeere mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ mmadụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Pollyanna S.|date=2016|title=Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617|pmid=27799922}}</ref> E nwere ụdị ise nke ''plasmodium''; nke ọbụla n'ime ndị a nwere ọkwa ndụ atọ n'ime ahụ mmadụ - sporozoite, merozoite, na gametocyte. Nke ọbụla n'ogo atọ ndị a nwere antigen dị iche iche n'elu ya, nke pụtara na mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike megide otu n'ime oge ndụ ndị a mana ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ megide ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Good-2021">{{Cite journal|author=Good|first=Michael F.|title=Biological strategies and political hurdles in developing malaria vaccines|journal=Expert Review of Vaccines|date=February 2021|volume=20|issue=2|pages=93–95|doi=10.1080/14760584.2021.1889094|pmid=33595407}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nje ndị ahụ pụtara na antigen ndị ahụ n'onwe ha nwere ike ịdị iche ọbụna n'ime otu oge ndụ.<ref name="Good-2021" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Day|first=Karen P.|date=16 May 2017|title=Evidence of strain structure in Plasmodium falciparum var gene repertoires in children from Gabon, West Africa|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=20|pages=E4103–E4111|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613018114|pmid=28461509}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ikike ahụịke yiri ka ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ etolite- nke a na-enweta site na ọtụtụ ọrịa - bụ naanị akụkụ, ọ naghị adịte aka. <ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCrutcherHoffman1996">Crutcher JM, Hoffman SL (1996). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/ "Malaria"]. ''Medical Microbiology'' (4th&nbsp;ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-9631172-1-2|<bdi>978-0-9631172-1-2</bdi>]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21413352 21413352]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210423100221/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/ Archived] from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="CDC-Vaccines-2024">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2 April 2024|title=Malaria Vaccines|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/malaria-vaccines.html|accessdate=9 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=12 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112092027/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/malaria-vaccines.html}}</ref> Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap setịpụrụ ihe o bu n'obi imezu maka ọgwụ mgbochi ịba ọhụrụ iji nwee ike ichebe ma ọ dịkarịa ala pasent iri asaa na ise megide ịba.<ref name="CDC-Vaccines-2024" /> Nnyocha mbụ e mere maka ọgwụ mgbochi gbasara kpọmkwem maka ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nke e nwetara ihe nwere isi na ya mere na 1967 site na igbanye ụmụ oke ''Plasmodium'' sporozoites dị ndụ, nke e ji ọkụ radiation [[:en:Attenuator_(genetics)|mee ka ike gwụ ya]], nke nyere nchebe dị ukwuu nye ụmụ oke ndị ahụ mgbe a gbanyere ha sporozoites nkịtị ka nọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nussenzweig|first=R. S.|title=Protective Immunity produced by the Injection of X-irradiated Sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei|journal=Nature|date=October 1967|volume=216|issue=5111|pages=160–162|doi=10.1038/216160a0|pmid=6057225}}</ref><ref name="Vanderberg-2009">{{Cite journal|title=Reflections on early malaria vaccine studies, the first successful human malaria vaccination, and beyond|journal=Vaccine|volume=27|issue=1|pages=2–9|date=January 2009|pmid=18973784|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.028}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, WHO na ndị na-akwado ọgwụ mgbochi ịba setịpụrụ ihe ha bu n'obi imezu imepụta ọgwụ mgbochi e mere iji kwụsị mgbasa nke ịba na ebumnuche ogologo oge nke iwepụ ịba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Malaria Report 2013|url=https://www.who.int/entity/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2013/wmr2013_no_profiles.pdf?ua=1|accessdate=13 February 2014|publisher=World Health Organization|format=PDF}}</ref> Dịka ebe ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2026, enyela ikike ịgba [[ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] abụọ maka ọgwụgwọ ịba.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization "WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization"]. 2 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization Archived] from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụ mgbochi mbụ a kwadoro maka ''P. falciparum'' bụ RTS,S, nke e ji aha Mosquirix mara, <ref name="EMA Mosquirix">{{Cite web|date=October 2015|title=Mosquirix: Opinion on medicine for use outside EU|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/opinion-medicine-use-outside-EU/human/mosquirix|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123055901/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/mosquirix-h-w-2300|archivedate=23 November 2019|accessdate=22 November 2019|work=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> nke gazuru [[:en:Clinical_trial|nnwale ahụike]] na 2014. WHO nakweere ụzọ nlezianya iji nye ya [[:en:Pre-qualification|prequalification]], sikwa otu ahụ dịka akụkụ nke mmemme mmejuputa ọgwụ ịba (MVIP) kwadoo mmemme nnwale na mba atọ dị na mpaghara Sahara - Ghana, Kenya na Malawi - malite na 2019. Ihe omume ndị a lekwasịrị anya n'ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise, ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ịba siri ike na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Willyard|first=Cassandra|title=The slow roll-out of the world's first malaria vaccine|journal=Nature|date=22 December 2022|volume=612|issue=7941|pages=S48–S49|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-04343-7|pmid=36536213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|date=March 2020|title=Q&A on the malaria vaccine implementation programme (MVIP)|url=https://www.who.int/malaria/media/malaria-vaccine-implementation-qa/en/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513074401/https://www.who.int/malaria/media/malaria-vaccine-implementation-qa/en/|archivedate=13 May 2020|accessdate=6 May 2020|publisher=WHO}}</ref> Ruo 2023, nde ụmụaka atọ enwetala ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ, na-egosi mbelata nke oke ịba yana mbelata nke ọnwụ ụmụaka (site na ihe niile na-kpata ya) ruo ogo pasent iri na atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Life-saving malaria vaccines reach children in 17 endemic countries in 2024|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/life-saving-malaria-vaccines-reach-children-in-17-endemic-countries-in-2024|accessdate=10 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en|archivedate=28 December 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228035119/https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/life-saving-malaria-vaccines-reach-children-in-17-endemic-countries-in-2024}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria "Fact sheet about malaria"]. ''World Health Organization''. 4 December 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Archived] from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=David|date=7 November 2023|title=RTS,S vaccine pilot: 13% mortality reduction fuels hope for malaria control|url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/rtss-vaccine-pilot-13-mortality-reduction-fuels-hope-malaria-control|accessdate=10 January 2026|work=GAVI The Vaccine Alliance|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ mgbochi nke abụọ bụ R21 / Matrix-M, nke nwere ikike ọgwụgwọ ruru ogo pasent iri asaa na asaa nke gosipụtara na nnwale mbụ na ọkwa ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ dị elu karịa nke RTS,S.<ref name="Roxby-2021">{{Cite web|date=23 April 2021|title=Malaria vaccine hailed as potential breakthrough|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56858158|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424010402/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56858158|archivedate=24 April 2021|accessdate=24 April 2021|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> A chọpụtara na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ịba R-21/Matrix M na-ebelata ọrịa ịba site ruo n'ogo pasent iri asaa na ise n'ógbè ndị nwere mgbasa nke na-eme n'oge n'oge nakwa ruo n'ogo pasent iri isii na asatọ n'ógbè ndị mgbasa ya na-adị n'ime afọ niile n'ime ụmụaka nọ na mpaghara Sahara Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Datoo|first=Mehreen|date=10 February 2024|title=Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial|journal=The Lancet|volume=403|issue=10426|pages=533–544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02511-4|pmid=38310910}}</ref> WHO kwadoro ọgwụ mgbochi ịba R-21/Matrix M maka igbochi ịba n'ime ụmụaka na 2023.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization "WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization"]. 2 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization Archived] from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Nchịkwa anwụnta === [[Faịlụ:Mansprayingkeroseneoil.jpg|thumb|Nwoke na-awụsa mmanụ kerosene na mmiri na-anaghị ekwo ekwo, [[:en:Panama_Canal_Zone|Panama Canal Zon]], 1912]] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ebumnuche nke njikwa anwụnta bụ iji gbochie anwụnta ịta ụmụ mmadụ - ma ọ bụ site na iji ụdị ihe mgbochi ụfọdụ, ma ọ bụ ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta. Enwere ike ịhazi ha n'ozuzu dị ka nchedo onwe onye, njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'èzí ụlọ obibi na ụlọ dị iche iche, usoro njikwa nke ime ụlọ na ụlọ, na ndị a na-etinye n'ime akwa ụlọ.<ref name="EPA-Control-2016">{{Cite web|title=Success in Mosquito Control: An Integrated Approach|url=https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/success-mosquito-control-integrated-approach|work=www.epa.gov|date=5 July 2016|accessdate=1 February 2026|language=en|first=OCSPP|author=US EPA|archivedate=6 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206223356/https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/success-mosquito-control-integrated-approach}}</ref> ==== Nchebe onwe onye ==== A na-atụ aro ihe ndị na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ, dị ka [[:en:DEET|DEET]] ma ọ bụ picaridin, maka ndị njem. A na-atụkwa aro uwe mwụda nke na-ekpuchi akụkụ ahụ nke ukwuu. Enwere ike iji permethrin nụchaa uwe dị ka ihe nchebe ọzọ.<ref name="mosquitobiteavoidance">{{Cite web|title=Mosquito bite avoidance: advice for travellers|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mosquito-bite-avoidance-for-travellers/mosquito-bite-avoidance-advice-for-travellers--2|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=GOV.UK|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124113031/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mosquito-bite-avoidance-for-travellers/mosquito-bite-avoidance-advice-for-travellers--2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Avoid bug bites {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=wwwnc.cdc.gov|archivedate=13 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313104044/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites}}</ref> ==== Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi ==== Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ anwụnta na-amụ ụmụ [[:en:Standing_water|na mmiri na-anaghị ekwo ekwo]], mbelata isi ebe ha si apụta dị nnọọ mfe dị ka ịwufucha mmiri niile dọọrọ adọrọ dị gburugburu ụlọ, site na iwuchi maọbụ ikpocha ọwara mmiri, ebe ndị dị apịtị apịtị na akụkụ osisi ndị na-ere ere nke ọma. Ikpochapụ ebe ndị a na-amụ anwụnta nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ dị irè ma na-adịgide adịgide iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta n'ejighị ọgwụ ahụhụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=25 September 2014|title=Integrating the public in mosquito management: active education by community peers can lead to significant reduction in peridomestic container mosquito habitats|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108504|pmid=25255027}}</ref> Ọ ga-ekwe omume iji larvicides gbuo larvae anwụnta n'ime ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ndị a na-enweghị ike ikpocha.<ref name="Mississippi-2025">{{Cite web|date=13 February 2025|title=Mosquito Prevention: What the Homeowner Can Do|url=https://www.msdh.ms.gov/page/14,1097,93.html|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=Mississippi State Department of Health|language=en|archivedate=14 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214232607/https://www.msdh.ms.gov/page/14,1097,93.html}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|title=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2015|isbn=978-92-4-154912-7|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2015}}}} * {{Cite book|title=World Malaria Report 2022|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2022|isbn=978-92-4-006489-8|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2022}}}} == Ịgụrụ Gawa == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-malaria-day/2026 Akụkọ mkpọsa nke World Malaria Day 2026] * [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ WHO maka ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) * [https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/malaria/index.html Ebe nrụọrụ CDC na ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) * [https://www.paho.org/en/topics/malaria Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ PAHO na ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) {{Medical condition classification and resources|ICD11={{ICD11|1F40}}–{{ICD11|1F45}}|ICD10={{ICD10|B50}}–{{ICD10|B54}}|ICD9={{ICD9|084}}|DiseasesDB=7728|MedlinePlus=000621|OMIM=248310|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=1385|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|305}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1357}}|MeshName=Malaria|MeshNumber=C03.752.250.552|Orphanet=673|Scholia=Q12156}}{{Malaria}}{{Chromalveolate diseases}}{{Diseases of Poverty}}{{Effective altruism}}{{Eradication of infectious disease}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ktzzqfec1rodnijzchez81unq2skgyc 697320 697318 2026-08-08T12:30:49Z Goodymeraj 16207 697320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Malaria|pronounce={{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɛər|i|ə}}|synonym=Ague, paludism, marsh fever|image=Malaria Parasite Connecting to Human Red Blood Cell (34034143483).jpg|caption=[[Plasmodium|Malaria parasite]] connecting to a [[red blood cell]]|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Mild malaria: fever, chills, vomiting, headache, diarrhoea.<br/>Severe malaria: anaemia, jaundice, coma|complications=[[Epileptic seizure|Seizures]], [[coma]],<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[organ failure]], [[anaemia]], [[cerebral malaria]]<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |title=Malaria |date= |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702235123/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |url-status=live}}</ref>|onset=Usually 10–15 days post exposure<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|duration=Lifelong if not treated|causes=''[[Plasmodium]]'' transmitted by ''[[Anopheles]]'' [[mosquito]]es<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|risks=Exposure to mosquitoes in [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas|diagnosis=Examination of the blood, [[malaria antigen detection tests|antigen detection tests]]<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|differential=|prevention=[[Mosquito net]]s, [[insect repellent]], [[mosquito control]], prophylactic medication<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|treatment=|medication=[[Antimalarial medication]]<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|frequency=282 million (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|deaths=610,000 (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|alt=}} Ọrịa '''Ịba''' bụ ọrịa na-efe efe nke anwụnta na-ebute nke ọ bụ anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-ebufe ya ma ọ taa mmadụ.<ref name="WHO-Vector-2023">{{Cite web|title=Vector-borne diseases|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases|accessdate=24 April 2022|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|archivedate=4 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104001515/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Mgbaàmà dị iche nke ịba na mmadụ na-agụnye [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]], Ike ọgwụgwụ, ịgbọ agbọ, na isi ọwụwa.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: An Update|journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics|volume=84|issue=7|pages=521–528|date=July 2017|pmid=28357581|doi=10.1007/s12098-017-2332-2}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ siri ike, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịkpata jaundice, nkụchi obi maọbụ akụkụ ahụ ọbụla, coma, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ. <ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=10 May 2024|publisher=World Health Organization|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite mgbe ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na ise gasịrị mgbe anwụnta Anopheles tara mmadụ.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref name="CDC-FAQ-2023">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html|title=CDC - Malaria - FAQs|date=28 June 2023|accessdate=9 September 2017|archivedate=13 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a gwọghị ya nke ọma, ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịna-arịa ọrịa ahụ ugboro ugboro ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Ndị gbakere na ya bụ ọrịa na-enwekarị ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke ahụ mmadụ, na-enwe ike ibute ọrịa ọzọ mana ha ga-enwe mgbaàmà dị nro.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[:en:Immunity_(medical)|Mgbochi]] a na-abụghị n'ozuzu na-apụ n'anya n'ime ọnwa ole na ole ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụrụ na onye ahụ enweghị ike ịrịa ịba na-aga n'ihu.<ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata ọrịa ịba bụ nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ nke ụdị ''Plasmodium,'' <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> nke a na-agbasa n'ozuzu site na ọtịta nke anwụnta ''Anopheles bu ya bụ ọrịa''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=JAMA|volume=327|issue=6|date=February 2022|pmid=35133414|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468}}</ref> Ọtịta anwụnta ahụ na-ewebata nje na-akpata ya bụ ọrịa site na asọmmiri anwụnta ahụ baa n'ime ọbara.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Nje ndị ahụ na-ebu ụzọ amụba ma tolite n'imeju mmadụ n'egosighị ihe mgbaàmà ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifecycle of the malaria parasite|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=2 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102114122/https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, nje ndị ahụ tozurula etozu ga-agbasa banye n'ime ọbara, ebe ha na-ebute ọrịa ma na-ebibi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie, na-akpata mgbaàmà na-egosi mbute ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaria factsheet|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Public Health England|language=en|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901042339/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms}}</ref> Ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ise na-ebunyekarị ụmụ mmadụ ọrịa.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Ụdị atọ ndị na-akpata ọrịa a n'ụdị siri ike karị bụ ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwmg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' (nke na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ site n'ọrịa ịba), ''P. vivax<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwnQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''P. knowlesi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwoA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' (ịba [[:en:Simian|simian]] nke na-emetụta ọtụtụ puku mmadụ n'afọ). <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|title=Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf|accessdate=19 February 2024|archivedate=22 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222024003/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf}}</ref> ''P. oval<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''[[:en:Plasmodium_malariae|P.&#x20;malariae]]'' na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba dị nro. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> A na-achọpụta ịba site na Nnyocha microscopic nke ọbara site na iji Ihe nkiri ọbara, ma ọ bụ site na nnyocha [[:en:Malaria_antigen_detection_tests|antigen-based]] [[:en:Rapid_diagnostic_test|rapid diagnostic tests]].<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> E mepụtala usoro ndị na-eji [[:en:Polymerase_chain_reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] iji chọpụta [[Dna|DNA]] nke nje ahụ, mana anaghị ejikarị ha eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe ebe ịba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, n'ihi ọnụahịa ha na mgbagwoju anya ha.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> Enwere ike ibelata ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ahụ site na igbochi ọtịta anwụnta site na iji ụgbụ anwụnta na Ihe na-achụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ site n'iji [[:en:Mosquito_control|usoro nchịkwa anwụnta]] dị ka ịgbasa [[Ọgwụ ahụhụ]] na ịwufu mmiri dọ adọ. <ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi dị iji [[:en:Malaria_prophylaxis|gbochie ịba]] n'ebe ọrịa ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Dịka ebe afọ 2023, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) kwadoro [[ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] abụọ.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}</ref> Nguzogide nke nje ahụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ amụbaala ruo na ọtụtụ ọgwụ [[:en:Antimalarial_medication|mgbochi ịba]] ; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' na-eguzogide ọgwụ chloroquine agbasaala ruo n'ọtụtụ ebe ịba na-adịkarị, ọzọkwa nguzogide ọgwụ artemisinin aghọwo nsogbu n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> N'ihi nke a, ọgwụgwọ site n'inye ọgwụ maka ọrịa ịba kwesịrị ịhazi ya ka ọ daba kpọmkwem na Ụdị <nowiki><i id="mw5g">Plasmodium</i></nowiki> a na-achụ yana ebe e butere ya bụ ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Treatment|language=en-us}}</ref> Ọrịa a juru ebe niile n'ógbè tropik yana subtropik ndị dị n'ime nnukwu mpaghara gbara akara equator gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Malaria|title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health|date=2021|pages=227–248|isbn=978-0-19-881680-5|doi=10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0073|edition=7th}}</ref><ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Nke a gụnyere ọtụtụ mpaghara sub-Saharan Africa, [[Asia]], na Latin America.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ihe dị ka nde ndị mmadụ narị abụọ na iri asatọ na abụọ '''('''282 million) ndị butere ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile, kpatara ọnwụ a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ruru narị puku iri isii na iri.<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=World malaria report 2025|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=5 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105141123/https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu na ise nke ndị butere ọrịa ahụ na ndị nwụrụ na ya mere n'Afrịka dị n'okpuru Sahara.<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" /><ref name="WHO-Briefing-2024">{{Cite web|title=Current state: The malaria situation worldwide|url=https://worldmalariareport2024.org/|accessdate=6 January 2026|work=WHO: World Malaria Report Global Briefing Kit 2024|language=en}}</ref> A na-ejikọkarị ịba na ịda ogbenye, ọ na-enwekwa nnukwu mmetụta ọjọọ n'uto akụ na ụba;<ref name="Worrall-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature|journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health|volume=10|issue=10|pages=1047–1059|date=October 2005|pmid=16185240|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x}}</ref> N'[[Afrịka|Africa]], a na-eme atụmatụ na ọrịa a na-akpata nnukwu mfu nke akụ na ụba (nke e mere atụmatụ na ọ ruru ijeri dollar US iri na abụọ kwa afọ n'afọ 2005) n'ihi ịrị elu nke ụgwọ nlekọta ahụike, mbelata ike ndị mmadụ nwere ịrụ ọrụ, na mmetụta ọjọọ ọ na-enwe n'ọrụ njem nleta.<ref name="Greenwood-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=The Lancet|volume=365|issue=9469|pages=1487–1498|year=2005|pmid=15850634|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Malaria.webm|thumbtime=0:02|thumb|Nchịkọta akụkọ vidiyo (script)]] == Mmalite Okwu == Okwu a bụ ''malaria'' (ịba) sitere n'asụsụ Italian nke oge etiti (Medieval Italian) : mala aria, 'ikuku ọjọọ', ma bụrụ akụkụ nke echiche miasma; nke kwuru na ọrịa na-esite n'ikuku rụrụ arụ. N'oge gara aga, a na-akpọ ọrịa a ague, paludism, ma ọ bụ marsh fever, n'ihi njikọ e nwere n'etiti ya na apiti na ala mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=From Shakespeare to Defoe: malaria in England in the Little Ice Age|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1–11|date=1999|pmid=10653562|doi=10.3201/eid0601.000101}}</ref> Okwu malaria pụtara n'asụsụ Bekee ma ọ dịkarịa ala kemgbe afọ 1768<ref>{{Cite book|date=1768|title=A view of the customs, manners, drama, &c. of Italy, as they are described in the Frusta letteraria; and in the Account of Italy in English, written by Mr. Baretti; compared with the Letters from Italy, written by Mr. Sharp|location=London|publisher=W. Nicoll}}</ref> A na-akpọ ngalaba sayensị na-amụ maka ọrịa ịba malariology<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of MALARIOLOGY|work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malariology|language=en|accessdate=19 November 2024|archivedate=2 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802160413/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malariology}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà Ya == [[Faịlụ:Symptoms_of_Malaria.png|thumb|Mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ọrịa ịba <ref name="Fairhurst-2015">{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00276-9|chapter=Malaria (''Plasmodium'' Species)|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases|date=2015|pages=3070–3090.e9|isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3}}</ref>]] Mgbaàmà n'oge mmalite nke ọrịa ịba bụ ahụ ọkụ, oyi, isi ọwụwa, agbọ onunu, na ịgbọ agbọ na afọ ọsịsa; ụdị ya ndị siri ike karị nwere ike igosi ọzịza nke [[:en:Splenomegaly|ọkpụkpụ]] ma ọ bụ imeju, na obere [[:en:Jaundice|jaundice]].<ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2024|title=Symptoms of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/symptoms/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị a nwere ike iyi ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dịka [[:en:Sepsis|sepsis]], [[:en:Gastroenteritis|gastroenteritis]], influenza na Ọrịa nje ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref><ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, mgbaàmà - ọkachasị ahụ ọkụ - nwere ike ịghọ usoro na-eme mgbe niile, na-eme ugboro ugboro kwa ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ ([[:en:Paroxysmal_attack|mkpagbu paroxysmal]]). <ref name="Crutcher-1996" /><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na ise mgbe anwụnta tara nke mbụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịnọ ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa mgbe mmadụ butesịrị ọrịa ahụ tupu ọ pụta. Ndị njem na-aṅụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nwere ike inwe mgbaàmà ya ozugbo ha kwụsịrị ịṅụ ọgwụ ahụ.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref> Oké ịba na-eme mgbe ọrịa Plasmodium ahụ mebiri akụkụ ahụ ndị dị mkpa dị ka akụrụ, imeju, akpa ume ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ. Mgbaàmà gụnyere oke [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]], jaundice, [[:en:Convulsion|ihe ọdụdọ]], mgbagwoju anya, [[:en:Coma|coma]], [[:en:Kidney_failure|nkụchi akụrụ]] na n'ikpeazụ ọnwụ.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba siri ike na-abụkarị nke ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAXs">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na-akpata; a ga-emeso ya dị ka ọnọdụ mberede ahụike. <ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Severe malaria|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/symptoms-and-treatments/severe-malaria|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=7 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407170534/https://www.mmv.org/malaria/symptoms-and-treatments/severe-malaria}}</ref> === Nsogbu === Akparamagwa pụrụ iche nke ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' bụ ikike ya ịmepụta protein na-arapara n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie (RBC) nke ọrịa ahụ dị na ya. RBCs ọrịa a dị na ya na-egbochi capillaries (na-akpata hypoxia) ma na-agbakọta n'akụkụ ndị dị mkpa, na-eguzogide ọrụ ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Autino|first=Beatrice|title=Pathogenesis of Malaria in Tissues and Blood|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|date=4 October 2012|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012061|doi=10.4084/mjhid.2012.061|pmid=23170190}}</ref> Ọrịa ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' na-akpata nsogbu kachasị njọ nke ịba. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ bụ ụdị ọrịa ịba siri ike na-emetụta ụbụrụ. RBCs ọrịa dị na ha na-egbochi capillaries ndị dị na ụbụrụ na-akpata mmeghachi omume ahụike, nke na-emebi Ihe mgbochi ọbara na ụbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schiess|first=Nicoline|title=Pathophysiology and neurologic sequelae of cerebral malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|date=December 2020|volume=19|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12936-020-03336-z|pmid=32703204}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ na-egosipụta mgbaàmà [[:en:Neurological_disorder|na-egosi nsogbu n'ụbụrụ]], dị ka mgbagwoju anya, nkụchi obi maọbụ akụkụ ahụ ọbụla, ma ọ bụ [[:en:Coma|coma]].<ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ, ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya, nwere ike ibute ọnwụ n'ime awa iri anọ na asatọ nke mgbaàmà mbụ gosiri; ndị lagbụrụ ya nwere ike inwe mmerụ ahụ metụtara ụbụrụ na-adịte aka.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012" /><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]] siri ike bụ mgwakọta nke mbibi nke RBCs (ma ndị bu ọrịa ma ndị na-ebughị) yana ịdị ala nke mmepụta RBC n'ụmị ọkpụkpụ; ọ bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ n'ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise<ref>{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Nicholas J.|title=What causes malaria anemia?|journal=Blood|date=14 April 2022|volume=139|issue=15|pages=2268–2269|doi=10.1182/blood.2021015055|pmid=35420692}}</ref> Ịba nwere ike ibute nsogbu iku ume siri ike na ihe ruru pasent iri abụọ na ise nke ndị nwere ya. Ọ na-esite na mmebi nke capillary endothelium, na-emebi alveoli nke akpa ume.<ref name="Greenwood-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=The Lancet|volume=365|issue=9469|pages=1487–1498|year=2005|pmid=15850634|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref><ref name="Taylor-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Walter R.J.|title=Respiratory Manifestations of Malaria|journal=Chest|date=August 2012|volume=142|issue=2|pages=492–505|doi=10.1378/chest.11-2655|pmid=22871759}}</ref> Mgbaàmà bụ oke ịdị mkpụmkpụ nke iku ume na ụcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'egbugbere ọnụ (cyanosis) na-egosi enweghị ikuku oxygen.<ref name="Taylor-2012" /> Ọ bụ onye na-egbu ndị okenye, na-enwe ihe dị ka pasent iri ano nke ọnwụ ndị na-arịa ya ozugbo mgbaàmà ya malitere.<ref name="Taylor-2012" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prenen|first=Fran|title=Resolution of experimental malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome is Alox12 independent and shows residual inflammation|journal=Malaria Journal|date=4 July 2025|volume=24|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12936-025-05462-y|pmid=40615878}}</ref> [[:en:Coinfection|Ịrịakọta]] HIV na ịba na-eme ka ọnwụ dịkwuo elu.<ref name="Korenromp-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria attributable to the HIV-1 epidemic, sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=11|issue=9|pages=1410–1419|date=September 2005|pmid=16229771|doi=10.3201/eid1109.050337}}</ref> Nsogbu ndị ọzọ gụnyere [[:en:Splenomegaly|ọkpụkpụ zara aza]], Imeju zara aza ma ọ bụ ha abụọ.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ihe a na-akpọ [[:en:Blackwater_fever|blackwater fever]] na-eme mgbe haemoglobin sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie [[:en:Lysis|gbawara agbawa]] ma debanye na mamịrị wee gbanwee ụcha ya, nke ihe na-esokarị ya bụ nkụchi akụrụ. <ref name="Bartoloni-2012" /> [[:en:Pregnancy-associated_malaria|Ọrịa ịba n'oge afọ ime]] nwere ike ịkpata [[Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ|ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ]], [[:en:Infant_mortality|ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ]], ime ọpụpụ, na [[:en:Low_birth_weight|lịdị arọ dị ala nke nwa a mụrụ ọhụrụ]], <ref name="Hartman-2010">{{Cite journal|title=The impact of maternal malaria on newborns|journal=Annals of Tropical Paediatrics|volume=30|issue=4|pages=271–282|year=2010|pmid=21118620|doi=10.1179/146532810X12858955921032}}</ref> ọkachasị na ọrịa ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'', ọ na-emekwa n'ọrịa ''P. vivax&nbsp;''. <ref name="Rijken-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria in pregnancy in the Asia-Pacific region|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=1|pages=75–88|date=January 2012|pmid=22192132|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70315-2}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Faịlụ:Life_Cycle_of_the_Malaria_Parasite.jpg|thumb|Usoro ndụ nke nje ịba: A na-ewebata Sporozoites site na ọtịta nke anwụnta. Mgbe ha ruru imeju, ha na-amụba ghọọ ọtụtụ puku merozoites. Merozoites ndị ahụ na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie ma mejupụta, na-emetụtakwu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara uhie uhie ndị ọzọ na-aga. Ụfọdụ nje na-emepụta gametocytes, nke anwụnta na-eburu, na-aga n'ihu na usndụ ya.]] nwỌrịa ịba na-abịa mgbe e nwere mmetụta na [[:en:Parasite|nje]] na ụdị ''Plasmodium'', nke anwụnta nke ụdị ''Anopheles na-ebufe n'etiti ndị mmadụ na-arịa ya.''<ref name="CDC-About-2022">{{Cite web|publisher=CDC-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=22 March 2022|title=Malaria - About Malaria - Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html|accessdate=28 April 2022|language=en-US|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524132501/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html}}</ref> Plasmodium parasite nwere usoro ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-emetụta mmadụ na anwụnta ụ ndị nje ahụ na-anịọanọ n'ime ahụ ha eto n'ogo dị iche iche, na-ewere ụdị dị iche na ogo ọbụla nke usoro ndụ ahụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> * ''Anwụnta Anopheles'' anwụnta na-ebute ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' site ịmịrị ọbara site n'ahụ onye buteburu ọrịa ahụ n'oge gara aga. Oge ọzọ anwụnta ahụ ga-eri nri, arụ ọ ga-ata ga-ewebata ''Plasmodium'' - n'ụdị na-agagharị agagharị a na-akpọ sporozoites - n'ime mmadụ ọhụrụ na-arịabeghị ya bụ ọrịa mbụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> * N'ime mmadụ ọhụrụ a, sporozoites ndị ahụ na-abanye n'ọbara ma gaa n'ime imeju, ebe ha na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ imeju (hepatocytes). <ref name="Cowman-2016">{{Cite journal|date=October 2016|title=Malaria: Biology and Disease|journal=Cell|volume=167|issue=3|pages=610–624|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.055|pmid=27768886}}</ref> * Ha na-eto ma na-ekewa n'ime imeju, ebe hepatocyte nke ọbụla bu ọrịa na-emesị nwee ihe ruru nje na-akpata ọrịa puku iri anọ..<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Mgbe ụbọchị ise ruo ụbọchị iri abụọ na ise gasịrị, hepatocytes ndị a bu ọrịa na-ekewa, na-ewepụta ''Plasmodium'' - n'ụdị dị obere a na-akpọ Merozoites, baa n'ime ọbara.<ref name="Arrow-2004" /> * N'ime ọbara, merozoites ndị ahụ na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie n'otu n'otu, nke ọ bụla na-emepụtaghachi n'ihe karịrị awa 24-72 iji mepụta merozoites 16-32 ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị ahụ butere ọrịa na-agbawa, na-ewepụta merozoites ọhụrụ nke na-ebunyekwa mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọrịa ọzọ, na-akpata okirikiri nke na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje na-amụba n'ime onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> * Obere akụkụ nke nje ahụ anaghị emepụtaghachi, kama ọ na-etolite ghọọ nje ndị a na-akpọ gametocytes nwoke na nwanyị. Gametocytes ndị a na-etolite n'ime ụmị ọkpụkpụ ruo ụbọchị iri na otu, wee laghachi na nrugharị ọbara iji chere ka anwụnta ọzọ mịrị ya mgbe ọ ga-ata.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> * Ozugbo ọ nọ n'ime anwụnta, gametocytes na-enwe mmekọahụ, ma mesịa mepụta ụmụ sporozoites ndị ga-akwaga na [[:en:Salivary_gland|ebe mmepụta asọmmiri]] nke anwụnta ahụ ka o nwee ike gbanye ya dịka ọgwụ n'ime onye ọhụrụ mgbe anwụnta ahụ ga-ata onye ọzọ. <ref name="Arrow-2004" /> <ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Ọrịa imeju anaghị akpata mgbaàmà ọbụla; mgbaàmà niile nke ịba na-esite na ọrịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite ozugbo e nwere ihe karịrị parasites dị narị puku kwa millilitre nke ọbara.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Ọtụtụ n'ime mgbaàmà ndị metụtara oke ịba na-esite na ọchịchọ nke ''P. falciparum'' ịrapara na mgbidi [[:en:Blood_vessel|ebe ndị ọbara si aga]], na-akpata mmebi na arịa ndị metụtara na anụ ahụ ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Nje ndị na-abanye n'ebe ndị ọbara si aga nke akpa ume na-eweta nsogbu iku ume. N'ime ụbụrụ, ha na-eweta [[:en:Coma|coma]]. N'oge ịdị ime, ha na-agbakọta na [[:en:Intervillous_space|di n'etiti otu villium na ibe ya]] ma na-egbochi ọrụ nke placenta, na-enye aka na ịdị arọ dị ala nke nwa ọhụrụ na ịmụ nwa n'oge erughị eru, ma na-abawanye ihe ize ndụ nke ime ọpụpụ na ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie n'oge ọrịa na-akpatakarị ọrịa anaemia, nke a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo njọ site na mbelata mmepụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọhụrụ n'oge ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Naanị anwụnta nwanyị na-eri ọbara; anwụnta nwoke na-eri ihe na-atọ ụtọ nke osisi ma ha anaghị ebufe ọrịa ahụ. Ụmụ nwanyị nke ụdị anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-ahọrọ iri nri n'abalị. Ha na-amalite ịchọ nri n'oge mgbede, ma gaa n'ihu n'abalị ruo mgbe ha nwetara ihe ha ga-eri.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ha nwere ike ime mgbanwe n'ihi na e bidola iji ụgbụ àkwà arahụ ụra nke ukwuu ma malite ịta n'oge, tupu a gbasaa ụgbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaria Mosquitoes Are Biting before Bed-Net Time|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/malaria-mosquitoes-are-biting-before-bed-net-time/|accessdate=29 May 2023|work=Scientific American|archivedate=29 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529022719/https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/malaria-mosquitoes-are-biting-before-bed-net-time/}}</ref> A pụkwara ibute nje ịba site na Mgbanye ọbara, ọ bụ ezie na nke a abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="Owusu-Ofori-2010">{{Cite journal|title=Transfusion-transmitted malaria in countries where malaria is endemic: a review of the literature from sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=51|issue=10|pages=1192–1198|date=November 2010|pmid=20929356|doi=10.1086/656806}}</ref> === Ụdị ''Plasmodium Dị Iche Iche'' === N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ọ bụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAmc">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', P. malariae, ''P. ovale curtisi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAm0">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', ''P. ovale wallikeri<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', ''P. vivax<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnM">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''P. knowlesi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnY">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>''.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> N'etiti ndị butere ọrịa, ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' bụ ụdị a na-ahụkarị (~75%) nke ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' (~20%) na-esochi. <ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' jupụtara n'Africa ma na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ, ebe ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' na-achịkwa n'èzí Africa. <ref name="Sarkar-2009">{{Cite journal|title=Critical care aspects of malaria|journal=Journal of Intensive Care Medicine|volume=25|issue=2|pages=93–103|year=2009|pmid=20018606|doi=10.1177/0885066609356052}}</ref><ref name="Arnott-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Understanding the population genetics of ''Plasmodium vivax'' is essential for malaria control and elimination|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=11|date=January 2012|pmid=22233585|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-14}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> E dekọọla ụfọdụ ọrịa ụmụ mmadụ na ọtụtụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' sitere na enwe ndị dị elu, mana ewezuga ''P. knowlesi&nbsp;'' - ụdị zoonotic nke na-akpata ịba na [[:en:Macaques|macaques]] - ndị anaghị abụkarị ihe dị mkpa maka ahụike ọha na eze. <ref name="Collins-2012">{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': a malaria parasite of monkeys and humans|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=57|pages=107–121|year=2012|id={{Zenodo|1234957}}|pmid=22149265|doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-121510-133540}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref name="Collins-2009">{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': finally being recognized|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=199|issue=8|pages=1107–1108|date=April 2009|pmid=19284287|doi=10.1086/597415}}</ref> Ụdị abụọ - ''P.'' ''vivax'' na ''P. oval'' - na-emepụta ọkwa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ a na-akpọ hypnozoitis nke nwere ike ịnọgide na imeju, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ wepụrụ ọrịa ahụ n'ọbara. Ndị a nwere ike ịmaliteghachi mgbe izu ma ọ bụ ọnwa ole na ole gasịrị ma mee ka ọrịa ahụ laghachi azụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> === Ịba na-apụta ugboro ugboro === Mgbaàmà nke ịba nwere ike ịlaghachi mgbe oge dịgasị iche iche na-enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla gosiri gasịrị. Dabere na ihe kpatara ya, enwere ike ịhazi mmeghachi omume dị ka [[:en:Recrudescence|recrudescence]], [[:en:Relapse|relapse]], ma ọ bụ reinfection. Recrudescence bụ mgbe mgbaàmà na-alaghachi mgbe oge a na-enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla gasịrị n'ihi enweghị ike iwepụ nje ndị dị n'ọbara site na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke.{{sfn|WHO|2015|p=4}}.Relapse bụ mgbe mgbaàmà na-apụta ọzọ mgbe ewepụchara nje ndị ahụ n'ọbara mana ha nọgidere dị ka hypnozoites na-ehi ụra <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: origin of the term 'hypnozoite'|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=781–786|date=2011|pmid=20665090|doi=10.1007/s10739-010-9239-3}}</ref> na mkpụrụ ndụ imeju. Reinfection pụtara na e wepụrụ nje n'ahụ dum mana ọrịa ọhụrụ amalitela. Nlaghachi nke ọrịa n'ime izu abụọ nke ọgwụgwọ na-abụkarị n'ihi ọdịda ọgwụgwọ..{{sfn|WHO|2015|p=41}} == Usoro ọrịa si arụ ọrụ n'ahụ == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Red_blood_cells_infected_with_malaria.jpg|thumb|Electron micrograph na-egosi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke ''Plasmodium falciparum juru na ya'' (n'etiti), na-egosi "knobs" protein adherence]] Ọrịa ịba na-etolite site na usoro abụọ: otu nke na-emetụta imeju (oge exoerythrocytic), na otu nke na na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, ma ọ bụ erythrocytes (oge erythrocyte). Mgbe anwụnta butere ọrịa ahụ na-adụpu akpụkpọ ahụ mmadụ iji rie nri ọbara, sporozoites ndị dị n'ime asọmmiri anwụnta ahụ na-abanye n'ọbara ma kwaga n'ime imeju ebe ha na-emetụta hepatocytes, na-amụba n'enweghị mmekọahụ na n'enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla ruo ụbọchị 8-30.<ref name="Bledsoe-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}</ref> N'oge a, ihe ndị a [[:en:Cellular_differentiation|na-ekewasị]] iji mepụta ọtụtụ puku merozoites, nke, mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ ha gbawara, ga-enuba n'ime ọbara ma metụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie iji malite usoro erythrocytic nke ndụ ha.<ref name="Bledsoe-2005" /> Akụkụ mbụ nke ọrịa ahụ anaghị enwe mgbaàmà ọbụla; mgbaàmà ahụike niile nke ịba nwere njikọ na akụkụ merozoite nke usoro ndụ ya.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref> N'ime nke a, nje ndị ahụ na-amụba n'ụzọ na-enweghị mmekọahụ n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, na-apụta site n'oge ruo n'oge iji bunye ndị ọhụrụ ọrịa. N'ime erythrocyte ọ bụla butere ọrịa, nje ahụ na-amụba, na-eri cytoplasm ka ọ na-amụba. Mgbe ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ gasịrị, erythrocyte ahụ ga-agbawa, na-ewepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ (dị n'etiti iri na isii na iri atọ na abụọ) nke merozoites ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bucşan|first=Allison N.|title=Setting the stage: The initial immune response to blood-stage parasites|journal=Virulence|date=31 December 2020|volume=11|issue=1|pages=88–103|doi=10.1080/21505594.2019.1708053|pmid=31900030}}</ref> Ntọhapụ a nke merozoites n'ime ọbara, tinyere nsi ha niile yana iberibe erythrocyte, na-akpata ahụ ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ nke nwere ike ịbụ nke na-eme nwa oge na nke na-emesi ike. <ref name="CDC-Features-2024" /> [1]<ref name="Bledsoe-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}</ref> N'ime ụdị ụfọdụ nke ''Plasmodium'', ụfọdụ sporozoites anaghị etolite ozugbo ghọọ merozoites na-arụ ọrụ n'oge exoerythrocytic, kama, ha na-emepụta hypnozoites nke na-anọgide na-ehi ụra ruo oge dị iche iche na-esite n'agbata ọtụtụ ọnwa (ọnwa asaa ruo ọnwa iri bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị) ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="White-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of relapse periodicity in ''Plasmodium vivax'' malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=10|date=October 2011|pmid=21989376|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-297}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụra gasịrị, ha na-emegharị ma mepụta merozoites. Hypnozoites na-akpata ogologo oge na nlọghachi azụ na ọrịa ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' na ''P. oval&nbsp;''. <ref name="White-2011" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Okafor|first=Chika N.|title=StatPearls|date=2026|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519021/|chapter=Plasmodium ovale Malaria}}</ref> === Mgbochi nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ === Mgbochi nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ bụ isi njirimara Plasmodium, nke na-eme ka ọ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma na nnọgidesi ike dị ka nje.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rénia|first=Laurent|title=Malaria Parasites: The Great Escape|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|date=7 November 2016|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2016.00463|pmid=27872623}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ''Plasmodium'' genome raara onwe ya nye usoro nke na-ezere ma ọ bụ na-emebi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crabb|first=Brendan S|title=Plasmodium falciparum virulence determinants unveiled|journal=Genome Biology|date=2002|volume=3|issue=11|pages=reviews1031.1|doi=10.1186/gb-2002-3-11-reviews1031|pmid=12441004}}</ref> ==== Imeju ==== [[Faịlụ:Merosome.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke merosome na-apụta site na hepatocyte nwere ọrịa]] Macrophages pụrụ iche a na-akpọ Mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer na-echebe imeju; ha na-achọpụta ihe ndị dị aṅaa dị n'ọbara ma bibie ha. Sporozoites na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer ma na-egbochi ha.<ref name="Pradel-2001">{{Cite journal|author=Pradel|first=Gabriele|title=Malaria Sporozoites Actively Enter and Pass Through Rat Kupffer Cells Prior to Hepatocyte Invasion|journal=Hepatology|date=May 2001|volume=33|issue=5|pages=1154–1165|doi=10.1053/jhep.2001.24237|pmid=11343244}}</ref> Ha na-agafe mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a nwerela nkwarụ (nke na-anwụ mgbe awa ole na ole gasịrị) iji bunye [[:en:Hepatocyte|hepatocytes]] ọrịa.<ref name="Pradel-2001" /> N'ime hepatocyte, ha na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku merozoites n'ime [[:en:Vacuole|vacuole]] nke na-echebe ha pụọ na Usoro nchebe nke mkpụrụ ndụ.<ref name="Ezema-2023">{{Cite journal|author=Ezema|first=Chinonso Anthony|title=Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response|journal=Parasitology Research|date=August 2023|volume=122|issue=8|pages=1715–1731|doi=10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6|pmid=37219610}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, hepatocyte ahụ butere ọrịa na-ewepụta merozoites n'ìgwè a na-akpọ merosomes, nke na-esi na membrane hepatocyta pụta. Membrane a na-ekpuchi merozoites ndị ahụ, na-enyere ha aka ịhere ehere gafee mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer fọdụrụ iji pụọ n'imeju. <ref name="Ezema-2023" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Scheiner|first=Mattea|title=Moving on: How malaria parasites exit the liver|journal=Molecular Microbiology|date=March 2024|volume=121|issue=3|pages=328–340|doi=10.1111/mmi.15141|pmid=37602900}}</ref><ref name="Vaughan-2008">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria parasite pre-erythrocytic stage infection: gliding and hiding|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|volume=4|issue=3|pages=209–218|date=September 2008|pmid=18779047|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2008.08.010}}</ref> ==== Mgbasa N'ime Ahụ ==== [[Faịlụ:Infected_erythrocyte_sequestration_within_the_intervillous_space_of_the_placenta.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke erythrocytes (IE) bu ọrịa na-agbakọta na oghere intervillous na gburugburu villi nke plasịnta.]] Merozoites na-enugharị na usoro nrugharị ọbara nwere ike inweta mwakpo site na leucocytes nke na-elekwasị anya na antigen elu ha. Nje ndị ahụ na-emeri nchebe a site na [[:en:Polymorphism_(biology)|antigenic polymorphism]]; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Pollyanna S.|title=Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|date=17 October 2016|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617|pmid=27799922}}</ref> na ọkwa ọbụla nke usoro ndụ ya ahụ ọ na-egosipụta ụdị dị iche iche nke antigen elu, n'ụzọ dị irè ihe na-agagharị agagharị nke karịrị [[:en:Adaptive_immune_system|usoro ahụike na-emegharị]]. <ref name="Ezema-2023">{{Cite journal|author=Ezema|first=Chinonso Anthony|title=Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response|journal=Parasitology Research|date=August 2023|volume=122|issue=8|pages=1715–1731|doi=10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6|pmid=37219610}}</ref> Ozugbo ha banyere na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (RBC) merozoites nwere ebe nchekwa, nke e kpuchiri pụọ na mmetụta leucocytes ma chebe ya n'ime vacuole. RBCs na-arịa ọrịa ka e nwere ike ịchọpụta ma bibie ya, ma ọ bụghị site na [[:en:Spleen|spleen]] ọ bụrụ phagocytes.<ref name="Lee-2022">{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Wenn-Chyau|title=Evolving perspectives on rosetting in malaria|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=October 2022|volume=38|issue=10|pages=882–889|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.08.001|pmid=36031553}}</ref> Iji zeere nke a, merozoite ahụ na-emepụta protein na-arapara n'ahụ nke na-apụta dị ka bọtịnụ n'elu RBCs butere ọrịa.<ref name="Tilley-2011">{{Cite journal|author=Tilley|first=Leann|title=The Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cell|journal=The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology|date=June 2011|volume=43|issue=6|pages=839–842|doi=10.1016/j.biocel.2011.03.012|pmid=21458590}}</ref> Ndị a na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ abụọ. Ha na-ejikọta na RBCs na-enweghị nje na-emepụta ụyọkọ - nke a na-akpọ "rosettes" - nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-ebute ọrịa dị n'etiti na-echebe mkpụrụ ndụ na ya na-enweghị ọrịa gbara ya gburugburu; rosettes na-egbochi ọbara na-agafe na capillaries.<ref name="Lee-2022" /> RBCs na-arịa ọrịa n'ụzọ ọzọ nwere ike izere ịgafe ọkpụkpụ site na ịrapara (na-agbaso) na mgbidi nke akwara ọbara na anụ ahụ dịka ụbụrụ, akpa ume, na oghere intervillous (n'ime ime). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Franke-Fayard|first=Blandine|title=Sequestration and Tissue Accumulation of Human Malaria Parasites: Can We Learn Anything from Rodent Models of Malaria?|journal=PLOS Pathogens|date=30 September 2010|volume=6|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001032|pmid=20941396}}</ref> Ma ụdị ndị a na-edebe ma ndị a na'ime ha na-egbochi ọrụ nke akụkụ ahụ, na-eduga na nsogbu ndị dị ka ịba ụbụrụ na ịba metụtara ime ime.<ref name="Ezema-2023" /> === Mgbochi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ihi oke ọnwụ na ọrịa nke ịba kpatara - ọkachasị ụdị ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' - ọ etinyela [[:en:Selection_(biology)|nrụgide kachasị]] na [[:en:Human_genome|genome mmadụ]] n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịbeghị anya. Ọtụtụ ihe ndị metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-enye ikike ụfọdụ iguzogide ya gụnyere [[:en:Sickle_cell_trait|àgwà sickle cell]], àgwà [[:en:Thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], ụkọ glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, yana enweghị [[:en:Duffy_antigen|Duffy antigens]] na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Strong selection during the last millennium for African ancestry in the admixed population of Madagascar|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|issue=1|date=March 2018|pmid=29500350|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03342-5}}</ref> <ref name="Kwiatkowski-2005">{{Cite journal|title=How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=77|issue=2|pages=171–192|date=August 2005|pmid=16001361|doi=10.1086/432519}}</ref><ref name="Hedrick-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|date=October 2011|pmid=21427751|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16}}</ref> Mmetụta nke àgwà sickle cell na nguzogide ịba na-egosi ụfọdụ mgbanwe evolushọn nke merela n'ihi ịba zuru ebe niile. Àgwà Sickle cell na-akpata mgbanwe na molekụl haemoglobin d n'ọbara. Dị ka o kwesịrị, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nwere ọdịdị na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke nwere oghere abụọ nke na-enye ha ohere ịgafe obere Capillaries; Otú ọ dị, mgbe e kpughere mkpụrụ ndụ haemoglobin S<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwA2U">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> nke gbanwere, nye obere ikuku oxygen, ma ọ bụ ha akpụkọọ ọnụ n'ihi mmiri ịpụ ha n'ahụ, ha nwere ike ịrapara ọnụ na-emepụta eriri nke na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ gbagọọ dị n'ụdịị mma. N'ime eriri ndị a, mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'iwere ma ọ bụ wepụta ikuku oxygen, mkpụrụ ndụ enweghịkwa ohere nke ọma iji gbasaa n'enweghị ihe mgbochi. N'oge mmalite nke ịba, nje ahụ nwere ike ime ka mkpụrụ ndụ uhie na-arịa ọrịa na-akpụ akpụ, ya mere a na-ewepụ ha n'oge. Nke a na-ebelata ugboro ole nje ịba na-emecha ndụ ha na mkpụrụ ndụ. Ndị mmadụ bụ homozygous (nke nwere mkpụrụ abụọ nke haemoglobin beta allele) nwere sickle-cell anaemia, ebe ndị heterozygous. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmanya ndụ dị mkpirikpi maka ndị nwere ọnọdụ homozygous ga-eme ka àgwà ahụ ghara ịdị ndụ, a na-echekwa àgwà ahụ na mpaghara ndị nwere ịba n'ihi uru nke ụdị heterozygous nyere.<ref name="Hedrick-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|date=October 2011|pmid=21427751|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16}}</ref><ref name="Weatherall-2008">{{Cite journal|title=Genetic variation and susceptibility to infection: the red cell and malaria|journal=British Journal of Haematology|volume=141|issue=3|pages=276–286|date=May 2008|pmid=18410566|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07085.x}}</ref> == Nnyocha == [[Faịlụ:5901_lores.jpg|thumb|Ihe nkiri ọbara bụ [[:en:Gold_standard_(test)|ọkọlọtọ ọla edo]] maka nchọpụta ịba.]] [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.jpg|thumb|Ụdị mgbaaka na gametocytes nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' n'ọbara mmadụ]] N'ihi ọdịdị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ nke mgbaàmà ịba, a na-emekarị nnyocha ya dabere na mgbaàmà ndị o nyere yana akụkọ njem onye ahụ, wee kwado ya na nnyocha e mere n'ụlọ nnyocha iji chọpụta ọnụnọ nke nje ahụ n'ọbara (nnyocha parasitological). N'ebe ịba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) na-atụ aro ka ndị dọkịta chee na ịba dị n'ahụ onye ọ bụla na-akọ na ọ nwere ahụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ onye nwere okpomọkụ dị ugbu a karịa 37.5 °C n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ doro anya kpatara ya.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref> &nbsp;A ga-enyo na ọ bụ ịba na-eme ụmụaka nwere ihe ịrịba ama nke [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]]: [[:en:Palmar_pallor|ime aka na-acha mmiri mmiri]] ma ọ bụ nnyocha ụlọ nnyocha na-egosi ọkwa haemoglobin na-erughị gram asatọ kwa deciliter nke ọbara.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> N'ebe ndị ụwa na-enweghị ịba ma ọ bụ nwere ịba ebe ọ dị obere, a na-atụ aro ime nnyocha naanị maka ndị nwere ike ibute ịba (nwekarịrị ike ịbụ na ha mere njem gaa mpaghara ịba juputara na ya) na ahụ ọkụ a na-akọwaghị akọwa.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /><ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-ejikarị nocha microscopic nke Ihe nkiri ọbara ma ọ bụ Nnyocha nyocha ngwa ngwa nke antigen (RDT) na-egosi ịba. Microscopy - ya bụ, iji [[:en:Light_microscope|light microscope]] na-enyocha ọbara [[:en:Giemsa|Giemsa]] metọrọ - bụ [[:en:Gold_standard_(test)|ọkọlọtọ ọla edo]] maka nchọpụta ịba.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> Ndị oji Microscope eme nnyocha na-adị enyocha ma "ihe nkiri buru ibu" nke ọbara, nke na-enye ha ohere inyocha ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara n'oge dị mkpirikpi, yana "ihe nkiri dị mkpirisi" nke ọbara nke na-enye ha ohere ịhụ nke ọma nje ndị ahụ n'otu n'otu ma chọpụta kpọmkwem ụdị ''Plasmodium'' kpatara ya bụ ịba. <ref name="Ashley-2018" /> N'okpuru ọnọdụ ụlọ nnyocha dị iche iche, onye oji microscope eme nnyocha nwere ike ịchọpụta nje mgbe enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala nje otu narị kwa microliter nke ọbara, nke dị okirikiri ogo dị ala nke ịba na-enwe mgbaàmà.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref> Nnyocha microscope na-adị achọ ọtụtụ ihe iji mee ya, na-achọ ndị ọrụ a zụrụ azụ, ngwá ọrụ e mere maka ya yana ọdịdị na-adịgide adịgide nke [[:en:Microscope_slide|microscopy slides]] na ntụpọ microscopy.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Enwere ike iji nnyocha [[:en:Rapid_diagnostic_test|Rapid diagnostic tests]] (RDTs) iji kwado nchọpụta nke e ji microscope mee; <ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html "Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> a na-ejikwa ha n'ebe microscopy adịghị. RDTs na-eme ngwa ngwa ma dị mfe itinye n'ọrụ n'ebe ndị na-enweghị ụlọ nnyocha zuru oke.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">"5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)". [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria ''WHO Guidelines for Malaria'']. World Health Organization. 13 July 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230318051541/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria Archived] from the original on 18 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Nnyocha ahụ na-achọpụta protein parasite na sample ọbara mkpịsị aka.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Enwere RDTs dịgasị iche iche, na-elekwasị anya na protein nje ahụ gụnyere lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase, ma ọ bụ protein 2 juputara na histidine HRP2, nke bụ naanị ''P''maka ''. falciparum''). <ref name="WHO-2021a" /> A na-eji ule HRP2 eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'Africa, ebe ''P. falciparum'' na-achịkwa.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAshleyPyae_PhyoWoodrow2018">Ashley EA, Pyae Phyo A, Woodrow CJ (April 2018). "Malaria". ''[[The Lancet]]''. '''391''' (10130): <span class="nowrap">1608–</span>1621. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29631781 29631781].</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na HRP2 na-anọgide n'ọbara ruo izu ise mgbe a gwọrcharaọrịa, nyocha HRP2 mgbe ụfọdụ enweghị ike ịigosima onye nahụ o were ịba ugbu a ma ọ bụ na mbụ.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, ụfọdụ nje ''P. falciparum'' enweghị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ''HRP2'', na-eme ka nchọpụta dha ị mgbagwoju anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Poti|first=Kristin E.|title=HRP2: Transforming Malaria Diagnosis, but with Caveats|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=February 2020|volume=36|issue=2|pages=112–126|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.004|pmid=31848119}}</ref> Nnyocha HRP2 a apụghịkwa ịkọwa ole nje ahụ dị n'ime mmadụ, ma ọ bụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụ. <ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c" /> <ref name="Daily 2025">{{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=Johanna P.|date=3 April 2025|title=Malaria|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=392|issue=13|pages=1320–1333|doi=10.1056/NEJMra2405313|pmid=40174226}}</ref> Nnyocha [[:en:Polymerase_chain_reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) bụ usoro kachasị dị nro maka ịchọpụta ịba. Nnyocha ahụ na-eme ka DNA nke nje ahụ dị n'ọbara mụbaa; ọ nwere ike ịchọpụta ''Plasmodium'' ma mata ụdị ọ bụ, ọbụlagodi na ọkwa dị ala n'ọ ọbara.<ref name="Fisher-2022">{{Cite web|author=Fisher|first=John F.|date=2 August 2022|title=Testing for malaria: Rapid diagnostic tests and PCR|url=https://www.medmastery.com/guides/malaria-clinical-guide/testing-malaria-rapid-diagnostic-tests-rdts-and-polymerase-chain|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Medmastery GmbH}}</ref> Ọ chọrọ ngwá ọrụ ụlọ nnyocha pụrụ iche n'ihi ya, ya mere na ọ naghị adịkarị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe; a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na mba ndị mepere emepe iji nyochaa na ndị njem na-alọghachi.<ref name="Fisher-2022" /><ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html "Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Eprel 2026, WHO [[:en:Pre-qualification|kwadoro]] ụdịrị nnyocha ngwa ngwa atọ iji chọpụta ụdị P. falciparum ndị nwere pfhrp2 deletions, nke nwere ike izere nnyocha dabeere na HRP2 a na-ejikarị eme ihe ma kpata nchọpụta ụgha. Nnyocha ọhụrụ ndị ahụ na-elekwasị anya na protein nje pf-LDH a ma na-atụ aro iji ha arụ ọrụ ebe a na-adịghị amata ihe karịrị pasent ise nke ndị bu ọrịa ịba n'ihi nhichapụ pfhrp2.<ref name="prefir">{{Cite web|title=WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests|work=World Health Organization (WHO)|date=24 April 2026|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests|accessdate=28 April 2026|archivedate=27 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests}}</ref> == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:"British_India",_six_stages_of_malaria._Wellcome_L0022443.jpg|alt=Advertisement entitled "The Mosquito Danger". Includes 6 panel cartoon:#1 breadwinner has malaria, family starving; #2 wife selling ornaments; #3 doctor administers quinine; #4 patient recovers; #5 doctor indicating that quinine can be obtained from post office if needed again; #6 man who refused quinine, dead on stretcher.|thumb|Mgbasa ozi maka quinine dị ka ọgwụgwọ ịba site na 1927]] [[Faịlụ:Artemisia_annua.jpg|thumb|''Artemisia annua'', nke a makwaara dị ka osisi wormwood na-atọ ụtọ, ebe mbụ e si nweta artemisinin]] A na-agwọ ịba site n'iji [[:en:Antimalarial_medication|ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]]. Iji hụ na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke ma gbochie nje ahụ ịịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ, ntuziaka ọgwụgwọ kemgbe afọ 2001 na-achọkarị ọgwụ abụọ a ṅụkọtara ọnụ, otu n'ime ha bụ nke sitere na artemisinin na nke ọzọ bụ ọgwụ nkwado.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Multiple first-line therapies as part of the response to antimalarial drug resistance|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240103603|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en|archivedate=27 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127213804/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240103603}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 2025|title=Antimalarial drug resistance|url=https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drug-resistance|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en}}</ref> Njikọ ziri ezi nke ọgwụ ndị ahụ na-adabere na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' kpatara ya, ohere nke inwe nguzogide ọgwụ, eziokwu ndị dị mkpa site na akụkọ ahụike na ime njem nke onye na-arịa ọrịa, na ọṅụṅụ nke ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na mbụ nke onye ahụ na-arịa ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shahbodaghi|first=S. David|title=Malaria: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=American Family Physician|date=September 2022|volume=106|issue=3|pages=270–278|url=https://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=36126008|pmid=36126008}}</ref><ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2024|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ na usoro mba[a] na-adaberekarị na ntuziaka nke WHO nyere nke a na-emelite mgbe niile. <ref name="WHO-Guidelines-9.1-2025">{{Cite web|date=13 August 2025|title=MAGICapp - WHO guidelines for malaria v9.1|url=https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/LwRMXj|accessdate=23 January 2026|work=app.magicapp.org|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925214841/https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/LwRMXj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New and updated malaria guidance|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/guideline-development-process/new-and-updated-malaria-guidance|accessdate=25 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ọtụtụ ụdị ọgwụ dịka nke a ga-aṅụkọta ya ọgwụ mgbochi ịba n'oge ịnata ọgwụgwọ. Ọgwụ ndị dabeere na Artemisinin gụnyere artemether na Artesunate.<ref name="Arrow-2004a">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215631/|chapter=Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance}}</ref> Ihe ndị sitere na Quinoline gụnyere chloroquine, quinine, na mefloquine. Ndị si na Antifolate gụnyere pyrimethamine, proguanil, na sulfadoxin.<ref name="Arrow-2004a" /> Ọgwụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere lumefantrine, atovaquone, doxycycline na clindamycin.<ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}</ref><ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-ahazi ịba dị ka "oke ịba" ma ọ bụ "enweghị nke na-esighi ike". <ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNadjmBehrens2012">Nadjm B, Behrens RH (June 2012). "Malaria: an update for physicians". ''Infectious Disease Clinics of North America''. '''26''' (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>259. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010|10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632637 22632637].</cite></ref> <ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2024|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html "General Approach to Treatment"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbaàmà ndị na-egosi oke ịba gụnyere ndị a (ọ bụghị ndepụta zuru ezu): <ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024" /> * Mmadụ amaghị ebe ọ nọ, coma, ihe ọdụdọ * Oké ụkwara ume ọkụ * Nsogbu iku ume siri ike * Nkụchi akụrụ ma ọ bụ haemoglobin ịdị na mamịrị * Ọsụsọ * Ogo Acidosis ma ọ bụ lactate nke karịrị 5 mmol / L&nbsp; * Ọnọdụ dị elu nke nje ndị a na-ahụ anya na ọbara. === Ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya === Enwere ike ịgwọ ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya site na iji ọgwụ a na-aṅụ n'etiti ụbọchị atọ na ụbọchị asaa.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCDC2025">CDC (24 June 2025). [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html "Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> A ga-ahọrọ usoro ọgwụ ahụ dabere na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' a na-agwọ, ebe nakwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke onye ọrịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọgwụgwọ mbụ a na-ahụkarị maka ịba ''P. falciparum'' na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya bụ Artemether-lumefantrine a na-aṅụ n'ọnụ n'ime ụbọchị atọ.<ref name="Lalloo-2016">{{Cite journal|author=Lalloo|first=David G.|title=UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|date=June 2016|volume=72|issue=6|pages=635–649|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.001|pmid=26880088}}</ref><ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvansHill2025">Evans M, Hill K (May 2025). [https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf "Malaria Treatment Guidance"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''NHS Tayside''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2026, WHO [[:en:Pre-qualification|kwadoro]] usoro artemether-lumefantrine mbụ e mepụtara maka ụmụ a mụrụ ọhụrụ ndị dị n'agbata kilogram abụọ na ise.<ref name="prefir">{{Cite web|title=WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests|work=World Health Organization (WHO)|date=24 April 2026|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests|accessdate=28 April 2026|archivedate=27 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization_(WHO)2026">[https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests "WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests"]. ''World Health Organization (WHO)''. 24 April 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests Archived] from the original on 27 April 2026<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ a adịghị adaba mgbe niile, yabụ a na-atụ aro ngwakọta ọgwụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCDC2025">CDC (24 June 2025). [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html "Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ịmalite ozugbo o kwere mee mgbe a chọpụtachara ya, iji gbochie mgbaàmà siri ike ịmalite.<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|work=Malaria|date=20 May 2025|accessdate=25 January 2026|language=en-us|author=CDC}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ''P. vivax ma ọ bụ P. ovale kpatara ya'' (nke na-emepụta hypnozoites na-ehi ụra n'ime imeju) ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ịga n'ihu ruo ụbọchị asaa ruo iri na anọ.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025" /> === Ịba siri ike na nke dị mgbagwoju anya === Ọrịa ịba siri ike na-abụkarị nke ''P. falciparum'' na-akpata; ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke na-egbu egbu mgbe niile ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Walter|first=Kristin|title=Malaria|journal=JAMA|date=8 February 2022|volume=327|issue=6|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468|pmid=35133414}}</ref> Ọbụnagodi na ọgwụgwọ ya, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'ihi ya dị n'etiti pasent iri na atọ na pasent iri abụọ, nke ndị lanarịrịnụ na-enwekarị mmetụta ọọọ na-eso ya nke na-adị ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sheehy|first=Susanne Helena|title=Malaria: severe, life-threatening|journal=BMJ Clinical Evidence|date=7 March 2011|volume=2011|pmid=21375787}}</ref> Ọgwụgwọ a na-enyekarị maka ya bụ intravenous artesunate, na-enyezi ọgwụ a na-aṅụ n'ọnụ ozugbo onye ọrịa ahụ kwụsiri ike.<ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvansHill2025">Evans M, Hill K (May 2025). [https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf "Malaria Treatment Guidance"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''NHS Tayside''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Treatment of Severe Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html|work=Malaria|date=3 April 2024|accessdate=25 January 2026|language=en-us|author=CDC|archivedate=3 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503143920/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html}}</ref> Ndị ọrịa nwere ike ịka njọ ngwa ngwa nke mere na nlekota anya, ọkacha mma na [[:en:High-dependency_unit|ngalaba ebe nlekọta anya dị elu]], dị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lalloo|first=David G.|title=UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|date=June 2016|volume=72|issue=6|pages=635–649|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.001|pmid=26880088}}</ref> === Afọ Ime === [[:en:Pregnancy-associated_malaria|Ịba n'oge afọ ime]] nwere ike ịbụ ihe siri ike, ikekwe na-egbu egbu, maka nne na nwa; ụmụ nwanyị dị ime nwere ikike okpukpu atọ karịa inweta ịba siri ike.<ref name="CDC-Pregnant-2024">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=3 April 2024|title=Alternatives for Pregnant Women|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/pregnant-women.html|accessdate=26 January 2026|work=Malaria|language=en-us|archivedate=18 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260318025909/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/pregnant-women.html}}</ref> Ọgwụ ụfọdụ nwere ike imerụ nwa e bu n'afọ ahụ, ọkachasị n'oge [[Afọ ime|ọnwa atọ]] mbụ. A na-atụ aro usoro ọgwụgwọ pụrụ iche, nke dịgasị iche dabere na ọnwa atọ nke onye dị ime nọ n'ime ya nakwa na-eweta obere ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="CDC-Pregnant-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Antimalarial drugs for pregnant women|url=https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drugs-pregnant-women|accessdate=26 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=22 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922102803/https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drugs-pregnant-women}}</ref> === Ịguzogide Ọgwụ === [[:en:Drug_resistance|Ịguzogide ọgwụ]] na-eweta nsogbu na-arịwanye elu na ọgwụgwọ ịba; ọnụ ọgụgụ ''Plasmodium'' nwere ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ebe ọ dị elu yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ ngwa ngwa nke na-enyere ha aka ime mgbanwe ma zeere ihe ịma aka sitere na ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Sinha-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Challenges of drug-resistant malaria|journal=Parasite|volume=21|year=2014|pmid=25402734|doi=10.1051/parasite/2014059}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Igwe|first=Matthew Chibunna|title=Evolutionary biology of antimalarial drug resistance: Understanding of the evolutionary dynamics|journal=Medicine|date=14 March 2025|volume=104|issue=11|doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000041878|pmid=40101051}}</ref> Nje ndị ''P. falciparum'' malitere ịzụlite iguzogide ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọgwụ mgbochi ịba mbụ e mere, chloroquine, n'afọ ndị 1950; kemgbe ahụ, iguzogide chloroquin agbasaala na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nje a niile. <ref name="MMV-History">{{Cite web|title=History of antimalarial drugs|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria-medicines/history-antimalarials-drugs|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=16 June 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616062607/https://www.mmv.org/malaria-medicines/history-antimalarials-drugs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=8 April 2024|title=Drug Resistance in the Malaria-Endemic World|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/drug-resistance.html|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Malaria|language=en-us|archivedate=7 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907153441/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/drug-resistance.html}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ proguanil karịị dị ngwa ngwa; ewepụtara ọgwụ ahụ na 1948 wee malite ịhụta nguzogide ya n'afọ sochirinụ, na 1949. <ref name="MMV-History" /> N'afọ 2001, ịba nke na-eguzogidetụ artemisinin pụtara na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia; nguzogide ọgwụ ahụ emechaala gbasaa n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref name="MMV-History" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 April 2023|title=Current antimalarial drugs at risk due to resistance|url=https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/news/current-antimalarial-drugs-at-risk-due-to-resistance|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University|language=en|archivedate=20 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120025023/https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/news/current-antimalarial-drugs-at-risk-due-to-resistance}}</ref> Iji merie nguzogide ọgwụ, enwere ike inye ọgwụ na njikọ yana ọgwụ ọzọ, karịa otu e kwesiburu isi ṅụ ya, ma ọ bụ ṅụru ọgwụ ruo ogologo oge karịa; enwere mkpa ngwa ngwa maka iwebata ọgwụ ndị ọhụrụ maka ọgwụgwọ ya. <ref name="MMV-History" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Antony|first=HiasindhAshmi|date=2016|title=Antimalarial drug resistance: An overview|journal=Tropical Parasitology|volume=6|issue=1|pages=30–41|doi=10.4103/2229-5070.175081|pmid=26998432}}</ref> == Ihe omuma == Mgbe a gwọrọ ya nke ọma, ndị na-arịa ịba na-esighị ike nwere ike ịtụ anya mgbake zuru oke.<ref name="CDC-FAQ-2010a">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html#treatment|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): If I get malaria, will I have it for the rest of my life?|publisher=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=8 February 2010|accessdate=14 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html#treatment|archivedate=13 May 2012}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, oke ịba nwere ike ịga n'ihu ngwa ngwa ma kpata ọnwụ n'ime awa ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ole na ole.<ref name="Trampuz-2003">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical review: Severe malaria|journal=Critical Care|volume=7|issue=4|pages=315–323|date=August 2003|pmid=12930555|doi=10.1186/cc2183}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ kachasị njọ nke ọrịa ahụ, [[:en:Fatality_rate|ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ]] nwere ike iru pasent iri abụọ, ọbụlagodi na nlekọta siri ike na ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNadjmBehrens2012">Nadjm B, Behrens RH (June 2012). "Malaria: an update for physicians". ''Infectious Disease Clinics of North America''. '''26''' (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>259. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010|10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632637 22632637].</cite></ref> Ịba nwere ike imebi ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọkachasị ụbụrụ, akụrụ, imeju na ọkpụkpụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2025|title=Malaria: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000621.htm|accessdate=28 January 2026|work=medlineplus.gov|language=en|archivedate=17 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117064956/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000621.htm}}</ref> N'oge ịbụ nwata, ịba na-akpata anaemia n'oge uto ụbụrụ ngwa ngwa, yana mmebi ụbụrụ nke na-esite na ịba na-emetụta ụbụrụ.<ref name="Fernando-2010">{{Cite journal|title=The 'hidden' burden of malaria: cognitive impairment following infection|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=9|date=December 2010|pmid=21171998|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-366}}</ref> Ndị lanarịrị ọrịa ịba n'ụbụrụ nwere ohere dị ukwuu nke ụbụrụ na echiche, Nsogbu omume, na [[:en:Epilepsy|ihe ọdụdọ]].<ref name="Idro-2010">{{Cite journal|date=October 2010|title=Cerebral malaria: mechanisms of brain injury and strategies for improved neurocognitive outcome|journal=Pediatric Research|volume=68|issue=4|pages=267–274|doi=10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181eee738|pmid=20606600}}</ref> == Mgbochi == [[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anwụnta Anopheles stephensi'' n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ọbara n'ahụ mmadụ (obere ọbara na-atụsịsị dị ka ihe karịrị akarị). Anwụnta a bụ ihe na-ekesa ịba, njikwa anwụnta bụkwanụ ụzọ dị irè iji belata ọdịdị nke ịba]] Ụzọ e ji gbochi ịba gụnyere ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, ibibi anwụnta na igbochi ọtịta anwụnta.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria "Fact sheet about malaria"]. ''World Health Organization''. 4 December 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Archived] from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọgwụ Mgbochi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>O gosipụtara na o siri ike ịmepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ịba dị irè. Nje a emeela ọtụtụ atụmatụ iji zeere mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ mmadụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Pollyanna S.|date=2016|title=Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617|pmid=27799922}}</ref> E nwere ụdị ise nke ''plasmodium''; nke ọbụla n'ime ndị a nwere ọkwa ndụ atọ n'ime ahụ mmadụ - sporozoite, merozoite, na gametocyte. Nke ọbụla n'ogo atọ ndị a nwere antigen dị iche iche n'elu ya, nke pụtara na mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike megide otu n'ime oge ndụ ndị a mana ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ megide ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Good-2021">{{Cite journal|author=Good|first=Michael F.|title=Biological strategies and political hurdles in developing malaria vaccines|journal=Expert Review of Vaccines|date=February 2021|volume=20|issue=2|pages=93–95|doi=10.1080/14760584.2021.1889094|pmid=33595407}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nje ndị ahụ pụtara na antigen ndị ahụ n'onwe ha nwere ike ịdị iche ọbụna n'ime otu oge ndụ.<ref name="Good-2021" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Day|first=Karen P.|date=16 May 2017|title=Evidence of strain structure in Plasmodium falciparum var gene repertoires in children from Gabon, West Africa|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=20|pages=E4103–E4111|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613018114|pmid=28461509}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ikike ahụịke yiri ka ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ etolite- nke a na-enweta site na ọtụtụ ọrịa - bụ naanị akụkụ, ọ naghị adịte aka. <ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCrutcherHoffman1996">Crutcher JM, Hoffman SL (1996). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/ "Malaria"]. ''Medical Microbiology'' (4th&nbsp;ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-9631172-1-2|<bdi>978-0-9631172-1-2</bdi>]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21413352 21413352]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210423100221/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/ Archived] from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="CDC-Vaccines-2024">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2 April 2024|title=Malaria Vaccines|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/malaria-vaccines.html|accessdate=9 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=12 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112092027/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/malaria-vaccines.html}}</ref> Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap setịpụrụ ihe o bu n'obi imezu maka ọgwụ mgbochi ịba ọhụrụ iji nwee ike ichebe ma ọ dịkarịa ala pasent iri asaa na ise megide ịba.<ref name="CDC-Vaccines-2024" /> Nnyocha mbụ e mere maka ọgwụ mgbochi gbasara kpọmkwem maka ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nke e nwetara ihe nwere isi na ya mere na 1967 site na igbanye ụmụ oke ''Plasmodium'' sporozoites dị ndụ, nke e ji ọkụ radiation [[:en:Attenuator_(genetics)|mee ka ike gwụ ya]], nke nyere nchebe dị ukwuu nye ụmụ oke ndị ahụ mgbe a gbanyere ha sporozoites nkịtị ka nọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nussenzweig|first=R. S.|title=Protective Immunity produced by the Injection of X-irradiated Sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei|journal=Nature|date=October 1967|volume=216|issue=5111|pages=160–162|doi=10.1038/216160a0|pmid=6057225}}</ref><ref name="Vanderberg-2009">{{Cite journal|title=Reflections on early malaria vaccine studies, the first successful human malaria vaccination, and beyond|journal=Vaccine|volume=27|issue=1|pages=2–9|date=January 2009|pmid=18973784|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.028}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, WHO na ndị na-akwado ọgwụ mgbochi ịba setịpụrụ ihe ha bu n'obi imezu imepụta ọgwụ mgbochi e mere iji kwụsị mgbasa nke ịba na ebumnuche ogologo oge nke iwepụ ịba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Malaria Report 2013|url=https://www.who.int/entity/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2013/wmr2013_no_profiles.pdf?ua=1|accessdate=13 February 2014|publisher=World Health Organization|format=PDF}}</ref> Dịka ebe ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2026, enyela ikike ịgba [[ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] abụọ maka ọgwụgwọ ịba.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization "WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization"]. 2 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization Archived] from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụ mgbochi mbụ a kwadoro maka ''P. falciparum'' bụ RTS,S, nke e ji aha Mosquirix mara, <ref name="EMA Mosquirix">{{Cite web|date=October 2015|title=Mosquirix: Opinion on medicine for use outside EU|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/opinion-medicine-use-outside-EU/human/mosquirix|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123055901/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/mosquirix-h-w-2300|archivedate=23 November 2019|accessdate=22 November 2019|work=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> nke gazuru [[:en:Clinical_trial|nnwale ahụike]] na 2014. WHO nakweere ụzọ nlezianya iji nye ya [[:en:Pre-qualification|prequalification]], sikwa otu ahụ dịka akụkụ nke mmemme mmejuputa ọgwụ ịba (MVIP) kwadoo mmemme nnwale na mba atọ dị na mpaghara Sahara - Ghana, Kenya na Malawi - malite na 2019. Ihe omume ndị a lekwasịrị anya n'ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise, ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ịba siri ike na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Willyard|first=Cassandra|title=The slow roll-out of the world's first malaria vaccine|journal=Nature|date=22 December 2022|volume=612|issue=7941|pages=S48–S49|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-04343-7|pmid=36536213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|date=March 2020|title=Q&A on the malaria vaccine implementation programme (MVIP)|url=https://www.who.int/malaria/media/malaria-vaccine-implementation-qa/en/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513074401/https://www.who.int/malaria/media/malaria-vaccine-implementation-qa/en/|archivedate=13 May 2020|accessdate=6 May 2020|publisher=WHO}}</ref> Ruo 2023, nde ụmụaka atọ enwetala ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ, na-egosi mbelata nke oke ịba yana mbelata nke ọnwụ ụmụaka (site na ihe niile na-kpata ya) ruo ogo pasent iri na atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Life-saving malaria vaccines reach children in 17 endemic countries in 2024|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/life-saving-malaria-vaccines-reach-children-in-17-endemic-countries-in-2024|accessdate=10 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en|archivedate=28 December 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228035119/https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/life-saving-malaria-vaccines-reach-children-in-17-endemic-countries-in-2024}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria "Fact sheet about malaria"]. ''World Health Organization''. 4 December 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Archived] from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=David|date=7 November 2023|title=RTS,S vaccine pilot: 13% mortality reduction fuels hope for malaria control|url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/rtss-vaccine-pilot-13-mortality-reduction-fuels-hope-malaria-control|accessdate=10 January 2026|work=GAVI The Vaccine Alliance|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ mgbochi nke abụọ bụ R21 / Matrix-M, nke nwere ikike ọgwụgwọ ruru ogo pasent iri asaa na asaa nke gosipụtara na nnwale mbụ na ọkwa ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ dị elu karịa nke RTS,S.<ref name="Roxby-2021">{{Cite web|date=23 April 2021|title=Malaria vaccine hailed as potential breakthrough|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56858158|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424010402/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56858158|archivedate=24 April 2021|accessdate=24 April 2021|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> A chọpụtara na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ịba R-21/Matrix M na-ebelata ọrịa ịba site ruo n'ogo pasent iri asaa na ise n'ógbè ndị nwere mgbasa nke na-eme n'oge n'oge nakwa ruo n'ogo pasent iri isii na asatọ n'ógbè ndị mgbasa ya na-adị n'ime afọ niile n'ime ụmụaka nọ na mpaghara Sahara Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Datoo|first=Mehreen|date=10 February 2024|title=Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial|journal=The Lancet|volume=403|issue=10426|pages=533–544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02511-4|pmid=38310910}}</ref> WHO kwadoro ọgwụ mgbochi ịba R-21/Matrix M maka igbochi ịba n'ime ụmụaka na 2023.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization "WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization"]. 2 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization Archived] from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Nchịkwa anwụnta === [[Faịlụ:Mansprayingkeroseneoil.jpg|thumb|Nwoke na-awụsa mmanụ kerosene na mmiri na-anaghị ekwo ekwo, [[:en:Panama_Canal_Zone|Panama Canal Zon]], 1912]] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ebumnuche nke njikwa anwụnta bụ iji gbochie anwụnta ịta ụmụ mmadụ - ma ọ bụ site na iji ụdị ihe mgbochi ụfọdụ, ma ọ bụ ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta. Enwere ike ịhazi ha n'ozuzu dị ka nchedo onwe onye, njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'èzí ụlọ obibi na ụlọ dị iche iche, usoro njikwa nke ime ụlọ na ụlọ, na ndị a na-etinye n'ime akwa ụlọ.<ref name="EPA-Control-2016">{{Cite web|title=Success in Mosquito Control: An Integrated Approach|url=https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/success-mosquito-control-integrated-approach|work=www.epa.gov|date=5 July 2016|accessdate=1 February 2026|language=en|first=OCSPP|author=US EPA|archivedate=6 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206223356/https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/success-mosquito-control-integrated-approach}}</ref> ==== Nchebe onwe onye ==== A na-atụ aro ihe ndị na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ, dị ka [[:en:DEET|DEET]] ma ọ bụ picaridin, maka ndị njem. A na-atụkwa aro uwe mwụda nke na-ekpuchi akụkụ ahụ nke ukwuu. Enwere ike iji permethrin nụchaa uwe dị ka ihe nchebe ọzọ.<ref name="mosquitobiteavoidance">{{Cite web|title=Mosquito bite avoidance: advice for travellers|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mosquito-bite-avoidance-for-travellers/mosquito-bite-avoidance-advice-for-travellers--2|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=GOV.UK|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124113031/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mosquito-bite-avoidance-for-travellers/mosquito-bite-avoidance-advice-for-travellers--2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Avoid bug bites {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=wwwnc.cdc.gov|archivedate=13 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313104044/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites}}</ref> ==== Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi ==== Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ anwụnta na-amụ ụmụ [[:en:Standing_water|na mmiri na-anaghị ekwo ekwo]], mbelata isi ebe ha si apụta dị nnọọ mfe dị ka ịwufucha mmiri niile dọọrọ adọrọ dị gburugburu ụlọ, site na iwuchi maọbụ ikpocha ọwara mmiri, ebe ndị dị apịtị apịtị na akụkụ osisi ndị na-ere ere nke ọma. Ikpochapụ ebe ndị a na-amụ anwụnta nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ dị irè ma na-adịgide adịgide iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta n'ejighị ọgwụ ahụhụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=25 September 2014|title=Integrating the public in mosquito management: active education by community peers can lead to significant reduction in peridomestic container mosquito habitats|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108504|pmid=25255027}}</ref> Ọ ga-ekwe omume iji larvicides gbuo larvae anwụnta n'ime ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ndị a na-enweghị ike ikpocha.<ref name="Mississippi-2025">{{Cite web|date=13 February 2025|title=Mosquito Prevention: What the Homeowner Can Do|url=https://www.msdh.ms.gov/page/14,1097,93.html|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=Mississippi State Department of Health|language=en|archivedate=14 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214232607/https://www.msdh.ms.gov/page/14,1097,93.html}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|title=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2015|isbn=978-92-4-154912-7|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2015}}}} * {{Cite book|title=World Malaria Report 2022|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2022|isbn=978-92-4-006489-8|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2022}}}} == Ịgụrụ Gawa == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-malaria-day/2026 Akụkọ mkpọsa nke World Malaria Day 2026] * [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ WHO maka ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) * [https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/malaria/index.html Ebe nrụọrụ CDC na ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) * [https://www.paho.org/en/topics/malaria Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ PAHO na ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) {{Medical condition classification and resources|ICD11={{ICD11|1F40}}–{{ICD11|1F45}}|ICD10={{ICD10|B50}}–{{ICD10|B54}}|ICD9={{ICD9|084}}|DiseasesDB=7728|MedlinePlus=000621|OMIM=248310|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=1385|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|305}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1357}}|MeshName=Malaria|MeshNumber=C03.752.250.552|Orphanet=673|Scholia=Q12156}}{{Malaria}}{{Chromalveolate diseases}}{{Diseases of Poverty}}{{Effective altruism}}{{Eradication of infectious disease}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5nub0tmqbxhqgosoc5bjgzsuailxxtn 697344 697320 2026-08-08T15:45:41Z Goodymeraj 16207 697344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Malaria|pronounce={{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɛər|i|ə}}|synonym=Ague, paludism, marsh fever|image=Malaria Parasite Connecting to Human Red Blood Cell (34034143483).jpg|caption=[[Plasmodium|Malaria parasite]] connecting to a [[red blood cell]]|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Mild malaria: fever, chills, vomiting, headache, diarrhoea.<br/>Severe malaria: anaemia, jaundice, coma|complications=[[Epileptic seizure|Seizures]], [[coma]],<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[organ failure]], [[anaemia]], [[cerebral malaria]]<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |title=Malaria |date= |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702235123/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |url-status=live}}</ref>|onset=Usually 10–15 days post exposure<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|duration=Lifelong if not treated|causes=''[[Plasmodium]]'' transmitted by ''[[Anopheles]]'' [[mosquito]]es<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|risks=Exposure to mosquitoes in [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas|diagnosis=Examination of the blood, [[malaria antigen detection tests|antigen detection tests]]<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|differential=|prevention=[[Mosquito net]]s, [[insect repellent]], [[mosquito control]], prophylactic medication<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|treatment=|medication=[[Antimalarial medication]]<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|frequency=282 million (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|deaths=610,000 (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|alt=}} Ọrịa '''Ịba''' bụ ọrịa na-efe efe nke anwụnta na-ebute nke ọ bụ anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-ekesa ya ma ọ taa mmadụ.<ref name="WHO-Vector-2023">{{Cite web|title=Vector-borne diseases|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases|accessdate=24 April 2022|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|archivedate=4 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104001515/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Mgbaàmà dị iche nke ịba na mmadụ na-agụnye [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]], Ike ọgwụgwụ, ịgbọ agbọ, na isi ọwụwa.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: An Update|journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics|volume=84|issue=7|pages=521–528|date=July 2017|pmid=28357581|doi=10.1007/s12098-017-2332-2}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ siri ike, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịkpata jaundice, nkụchi obi maọbụ akụkụ ahụ ọbụla, coma, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ. <ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=10 May 2024|publisher=World Health Organization|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite mgbe ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na ise gasịrị mgbe anwụnta Anopheles tara mmadụ.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref name="CDC-FAQ-2023">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html|title=CDC - Malaria - FAQs|date=28 June 2023|accessdate=9 September 2017|archivedate=13 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a gwọghị ya nke ọma, ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịna-arịa ọrịa ahụ ugboro ugboro ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Ndị gbakere na ya bụ ọrịa na-enwekarị ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke ahụ mmadụ, na-enwe ike ibute ọrịa ọzọ mana ha ga-enwe mgbaàmà dị nro.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[:en:Immunity_(medical)|Mgbochi]] a na-abụghị n'ozuzu na-apụ n'anya n'ime ọnwa ole na ole ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụrụ na onye ahụ enweghị ike ịrịa ịba na-aga n'ihu.<ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata ọrịa ịba bụ nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ nke ụdị ''Plasmodium,'' <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> nke a na-agbasa n'ozuzu site na ọtịta nke anwụnta ''Anopheles bu ya bụ ọrịa''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=JAMA|volume=327|issue=6|date=February 2022|pmid=35133414|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468}}</ref> Ọtịta anwụnta ahụ na-ewebata nje na-akpata ya bụ ọrịa site na asọmmiri anwụnta ahụ baa n'ime ọbara.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Nje ndị ahụ na-ebu ụzọ amụba ma tolite n'imeju mmadụ n'egosighị ihe mgbaàmà ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifecycle of the malaria parasite|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=2 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102114122/https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, nje ndị ahụ tozurula etozu ga-agbasa banye n'ime ọbara, ebe ha na-ebute ọrịa ma na-ebibi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie, na-akpata mgbaàmà na-egosi mbute ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaria factsheet|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Public Health England|language=en|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901042339/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms}}</ref> Ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ise na-ebunyekarị ụmụ mmadụ ọrịa.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Ụdị atọ ndị na-akpata ọrịa a n'ụdị siri ike karị bụ ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwmg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' (nke na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ site n'ọrịa ịba), ''P. vivax<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwnQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''P. knowlesi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwoA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' (ịba [[:en:Simian|simian]] nke na-emetụta ọtụtụ puku mmadụ n'afọ). <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|title=Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf|accessdate=19 February 2024|archivedate=22 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222024003/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf}}</ref> ''P. oval<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''[[:en:Plasmodium_malariae|P.&#x20;malariae]]'' na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba dị nro. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> A na-achọpụta ịba site na Nnyocha microscopic nke ọbara site na iji Ihe nkiri ọbara, ma ọ bụ site na nnyocha [[:en:Malaria_antigen_detection_tests|antigen-based]] [[:en:Rapid_diagnostic_test|rapid diagnostic tests]].<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> E mepụtala usoro ndị na-eji [[:en:Polymerase_chain_reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] iji chọpụta [[Dna|DNA]] nke nje ahụ, mana anaghị ejikarị ha eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe ebe ịba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, n'ihi ọnụahịa ha na mgbagwoju anya ha.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> Enwere ike ibelata ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ahụ site na igbochi ọtịta anwụnta site na iji ụgbụ anwụnta na Ihe na-achụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ site n'iji [[:en:Mosquito_control|usoro nchịkwa anwụnta]] dị ka ịgbasa [[Ọgwụ ahụhụ]] na ịwufu mmiri dọ adọ. <ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi dị iji [[:en:Malaria_prophylaxis|gbochie ịba]] n'ebe ọrịa ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Dịka ebe afọ 2023, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) kwadoro [[ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] abụọ.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}</ref> Nguzogide nke nje ahụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ amụbaala ruo na ọtụtụ ọgwụ [[:en:Antimalarial_medication|mgbochi ịba]] ; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' na-eguzogide ọgwụ chloroquine agbasaala ruo n'ọtụtụ ebe ịba na-adịkarị, ọzọkwa nguzogide ọgwụ artemisinin aghọwo nsogbu n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> N'ihi nke a, ọgwụgwọ site n'inye ọgwụ maka ọrịa ịba kwesịrị ịhazi ya ka ọ daba kpọmkwem na Ụdị <nowiki><i id="mw5g">Plasmodium</i></nowiki> a na-achụ yana ebe e butere ya bụ ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Treatment|language=en-us}}</ref> Ọrịa a juru ebe niile n'ógbè tropik yana subtropik ndị dị n'ime nnukwu mpaghara gbara akara equator gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Malaria|title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health|date=2021|pages=227–248|isbn=978-0-19-881680-5|doi=10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0073|edition=7th}}</ref><ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Nke a gụnyere ọtụtụ mpaghara sub-Saharan Africa, [[Asia]], na Latin America.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ihe dị ka nde ndị mmadụ narị abụọ na iri asatọ na abụọ '''('''282 million) ndị butere ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile, kpatara ọnwụ a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ruru narị puku iri isii na iri.<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=World malaria report 2025|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=5 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105141123/https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu na ise nke ndị butere ọrịa ahụ na ndị nwụrụ na ya mere n'Afrịka dị n'okpuru Sahara.<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" /><ref name="WHO-Briefing-2024">{{Cite web|title=Current state: The malaria situation worldwide|url=https://worldmalariareport2024.org/|accessdate=6 January 2026|work=WHO: World Malaria Report Global Briefing Kit 2024|language=en}}</ref> A na-ejikọkarị ịba na ịda ogbenye, ọ na-enwekwa nnukwu mmetụta ọjọọ n'uto akụ na ụba;<ref name="Worrall-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature|journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health|volume=10|issue=10|pages=1047–1059|date=October 2005|pmid=16185240|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x}}</ref> N'[[Afrịka|Africa]], a na-eme atụmatụ na ọrịa a na-akpata nnukwu mfu nke akụ na ụba (nke e mere atụmatụ na ọ ruru ijeri dollar US iri na abụọ kwa afọ n'afọ 2005) n'ihi ịrị elu nke ụgwọ nlekọta ahụike, mbelata ike ndị mmadụ nwere ịrụ ọrụ, na mmetụta ọjọọ ọ na-enwe n'ọrụ njem nleta.<ref name="Greenwood-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=The Lancet|volume=365|issue=9469|pages=1487–1498|year=2005|pmid=15850634|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Malaria.webm|thumbtime=0:02|thumb|Nchịkọta akụkọ vidiyo (script)]] == Mmalite Okwu == Okwu a bụ ''malaria'' (ịba) sitere n'asụsụ Italian nke oge etiti (Medieval Italian) : mala aria, 'ikuku ọjọọ', ma bụrụ akụkụ nke echiche miasma; nke kwuru na ọrịa na-esite n'ikuku rụrụ arụ. N'oge gara aga, a na-akpọ ọrịa a ague, paludism, ma ọ bụ marsh fever, n'ihi njikọ e nwere n'etiti ya na apiti na ala mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=From Shakespeare to Defoe: malaria in England in the Little Ice Age|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1–11|date=1999|pmid=10653562|doi=10.3201/eid0601.000101}}</ref> Okwu malaria pụtara n'asụsụ Bekee ma ọ dịkarịa ala kemgbe afọ 1768<ref>{{Cite book|date=1768|title=A view of the customs, manners, drama, &c. of Italy, as they are described in the Frusta letteraria; and in the Account of Italy in English, written by Mr. Baretti; compared with the Letters from Italy, written by Mr. Sharp|location=London|publisher=W. Nicoll}}</ref> A na-akpọ ngalaba sayensị na-amụ maka ọrịa ịba malariology<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of MALARIOLOGY|work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malariology|language=en|accessdate=19 November 2024|archivedate=2 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802160413/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malariology}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà Ya == [[Faịlụ:Symptoms_of_Malaria.png|thumb|Mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ọrịa ịba <ref name="Fairhurst-2015">{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00276-9|chapter=Malaria (''Plasmodium'' Species)|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases|date=2015|pages=3070–3090.e9|isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3}}</ref>]] Mgbaàmà n'oge mmalite nke ọrịa ịba bụ ahụ ọkụ, oyi, isi ọwụwa, agbọ onunu, na ịgbọ agbọ na afọ ọsịsa; ụdị ya ndị siri ike karị nwere ike igosi ọzịza nke [[:en:Splenomegaly|ọkpụkpụ]] ma ọ bụ imeju, na obere [[:en:Jaundice|jaundice]].<ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2024|title=Symptoms of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/symptoms/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị a nwere ike iyi ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dịka [[:en:Sepsis|sepsis]], [[:en:Gastroenteritis|gastroenteritis]], influenza na Ọrịa nje ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref><ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, mgbaàmà - ọkachasị ahụ ọkụ - nwere ike ịghọ usoro na-eme mgbe niile, na-eme ugboro ugboro kwa ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ ([[:en:Paroxysmal_attack|mkpagbu paroxysmal]]). <ref name="Crutcher-1996" /><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na ise mgbe anwụnta tara nke mbụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịnọ ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa mgbe mmadụ butesịrị ọrịa ahụ tupu ọ pụta. Ndị njem na-aṅụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nwere ike inwe mgbaàmà ya ozugbo ha kwụsịrị ịṅụ ọgwụ ahụ.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref> Oké ịba na-eme mgbe ọrịa Plasmodium ahụ mebiri akụkụ ahụ ndị dị mkpa dị ka akụrụ, imeju, akpa ume ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ. Mgbaàmà gụnyere oke [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]], jaundice, [[:en:Convulsion|ihe ọdụdọ]], mgbagwoju anya, [[:en:Coma|coma]], [[:en:Kidney_failure|nkụchi akụrụ]] na n'ikpeazụ ọnwụ.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba siri ike na-abụkarị nke ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAXs">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na-akpata; a ga-emeso ya dị ka ọnọdụ mberede ahụike. <ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Severe malaria|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/symptoms-and-treatments/severe-malaria|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=7 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407170534/https://www.mmv.org/malaria/symptoms-and-treatments/severe-malaria}}</ref> === Nsogbu === Akparamagwa pụrụ iche nke ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' bụ ikike ya ịmepụta protein na-arapara n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie (RBC) nke ọrịa ahụ dị na ya. RBCs ọrịa a dị na ya na-egbochi capillaries (na-akpata hypoxia) ma na-agbakọta n'akụkụ ndị dị mkpa, na-eguzogide ọrụ ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Autino|first=Beatrice|title=Pathogenesis of Malaria in Tissues and Blood|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|date=4 October 2012|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012061|doi=10.4084/mjhid.2012.061|pmid=23170190}}</ref> Ọrịa ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' na-akpata nsogbu kachasị njọ nke ịba. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ bụ ụdị ọrịa ịba siri ike na-emetụta ụbụrụ. RBCs ọrịa dị na ha na-egbochi capillaries ndị dị na ụbụrụ na-akpata mmeghachi omume ahụike, nke na-emebi Ihe mgbochi ọbara na ụbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schiess|first=Nicoline|title=Pathophysiology and neurologic sequelae of cerebral malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|date=December 2020|volume=19|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12936-020-03336-z|pmid=32703204}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ na-egosipụta mgbaàmà [[:en:Neurological_disorder|na-egosi nsogbu n'ụbụrụ]], dị ka mgbagwoju anya, nkụchi obi maọbụ akụkụ ahụ ọbụla, ma ọ bụ [[:en:Coma|coma]].<ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ, ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya, nwere ike ibute ọnwụ n'ime awa iri anọ na asatọ nke mgbaàmà mbụ gosiri; ndị lagbụrụ ya nwere ike inwe mmerụ ahụ metụtara ụbụrụ na-adịte aka.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012" /><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]] siri ike bụ mgwakọta nke mbibi nke RBCs (ma ndị bu ọrịa ma ndị na-ebughị) yana ịdị ala nke mmepụta RBC n'ụmị ọkpụkpụ; ọ bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ n'ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise<ref>{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Nicholas J.|title=What causes malaria anemia?|journal=Blood|date=14 April 2022|volume=139|issue=15|pages=2268–2269|doi=10.1182/blood.2021015055|pmid=35420692}}</ref> Ịba nwere ike ibute nsogbu iku ume siri ike na ihe ruru pasent iri abụọ na ise nke ndị nwere ya. Ọ na-esite na mmebi nke capillary endothelium, na-emebi alveoli nke akpa ume.<ref name="Greenwood-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=The Lancet|volume=365|issue=9469|pages=1487–1498|year=2005|pmid=15850634|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref><ref name="Taylor-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Walter R.J.|title=Respiratory Manifestations of Malaria|journal=Chest|date=August 2012|volume=142|issue=2|pages=492–505|doi=10.1378/chest.11-2655|pmid=22871759}}</ref> Mgbaàmà bụ oke ịdị mkpụmkpụ nke iku ume na ụcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'egbugbere ọnụ (cyanosis) na-egosi enweghị ikuku oxygen.<ref name="Taylor-2012" /> Ọ bụ onye na-egbu ndị okenye, na-enwe ihe dị ka pasent iri ano nke ọnwụ ndị na-arịa ya ozugbo mgbaàmà ya malitere.<ref name="Taylor-2012" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prenen|first=Fran|title=Resolution of experimental malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome is Alox12 independent and shows residual inflammation|journal=Malaria Journal|date=4 July 2025|volume=24|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12936-025-05462-y|pmid=40615878}}</ref> [[:en:Coinfection|Ịrịakọta]] HIV na ịba na-eme ka ọnwụ dịkwuo elu.<ref name="Korenromp-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria attributable to the HIV-1 epidemic, sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=11|issue=9|pages=1410–1419|date=September 2005|pmid=16229771|doi=10.3201/eid1109.050337}}</ref> Nsogbu ndị ọzọ gụnyere [[:en:Splenomegaly|ọkpụkpụ zara aza]], Imeju zara aza ma ọ bụ ha abụọ.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ihe a na-akpọ [[:en:Blackwater_fever|blackwater fever]] na-eme mgbe haemoglobin sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie [[:en:Lysis|gbawara agbawa]] ma debanye na mamịrị wee gbanwee ụcha ya, nke ihe na-esokarị ya bụ nkụchi akụrụ. <ref name="Bartoloni-2012" /> [[:en:Pregnancy-associated_malaria|Ọrịa ịba n'oge afọ ime]] nwere ike ịkpata [[Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ|ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ]], [[:en:Infant_mortality|ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ]], ime ọpụpụ, na [[:en:Low_birth_weight|lịdị arọ dị ala nke nwa a mụrụ ọhụrụ]], <ref name="Hartman-2010">{{Cite journal|title=The impact of maternal malaria on newborns|journal=Annals of Tropical Paediatrics|volume=30|issue=4|pages=271–282|year=2010|pmid=21118620|doi=10.1179/146532810X12858955921032}}</ref> ọkachasị na ọrịa ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'', ọ na-emekwa n'ọrịa ''P. vivax&nbsp;''. <ref name="Rijken-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria in pregnancy in the Asia-Pacific region|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=1|pages=75–88|date=January 2012|pmid=22192132|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70315-2}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Faịlụ:Life_Cycle_of_the_Malaria_Parasite.jpg|thumb|Usoro ndụ nke nje ịba: A na-ewebata Sporozoites site na ọtịta nke anwụnta. Mgbe ha ruru imeju, ha na-amụba ghọọ ọtụtụ puku merozoites. Merozoites ndị ahụ na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie ma mejupụta, na-emetụtakwu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara uhie uhie ndị ọzọ na-aga. Ụfọdụ nje na-emepụta gametocytes, nke anwụnta na-eburu, na-aga n'ihu na usndụ ya.]] nwỌrịa ịba na-abịa mgbe e nwere mmetụta na [[:en:Parasite|nje]] na ụdị ''Plasmodium'', nke anwụnta nke ụdị ''Anopheles na-ebufe n'etiti ndị mmadụ na-arịa ya.''<ref name="CDC-About-2022">{{Cite web|publisher=CDC-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=22 March 2022|title=Malaria - About Malaria - Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html|accessdate=28 April 2022|language=en-US|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524132501/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html}}</ref> Plasmodium parasite nwere usoro ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-emetụta mmadụ na anwụnta ụ ndị nje ahụ na-anịọanọ n'ime ahụ ha eto n'ogo dị iche iche, na-ewere ụdị dị iche na ogo ọbụla nke usoro ndụ ahụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> * ''Anwụnta Anopheles'' anwụnta na-ebute ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' site ịmịrị ọbara site n'ahụ onye buteburu ọrịa ahụ n'oge gara aga. Oge ọzọ anwụnta ahụ ga-eri nri, arụ ọ ga-ata ga-ewebata ''Plasmodium'' - n'ụdị na-agagharị agagharị a na-akpọ sporozoites - n'ime mmadụ ọhụrụ na-arịabeghị ya bụ ọrịa mbụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> * N'ime mmadụ ọhụrụ a, sporozoites ndị ahụ na-abanye n'ọbara ma gaa n'ime imeju, ebe ha na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ imeju (hepatocytes). <ref name="Cowman-2016">{{Cite journal|date=October 2016|title=Malaria: Biology and Disease|journal=Cell|volume=167|issue=3|pages=610–624|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.055|pmid=27768886}}</ref> * Ha na-eto ma na-ekewa n'ime imeju, ebe hepatocyte nke ọbụla bu ọrịa na-emesị nwee ihe ruru nje na-akpata ọrịa puku iri anọ..<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Mgbe ụbọchị ise ruo ụbọchị iri abụọ na ise gasịrị, hepatocytes ndị a bu ọrịa na-ekewa, na-ewepụta ''Plasmodium'' - n'ụdị dị obere a na-akpọ Merozoites, baa n'ime ọbara.<ref name="Arrow-2004" /> * N'ime ọbara, merozoites ndị ahụ na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie n'otu n'otu, nke ọ bụla na-emepụtaghachi n'ihe karịrị awa 24-72 iji mepụta merozoites 16-32 ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị ahụ butere ọrịa na-agbawa, na-ewepụta merozoites ọhụrụ nke na-ebunyekwa mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọrịa ọzọ, na-akpata okirikiri nke na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje na-amụba n'ime onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> * Obere akụkụ nke nje ahụ anaghị emepụtaghachi, kama ọ na-etolite ghọọ nje ndị a na-akpọ gametocytes nwoke na nwanyị. Gametocytes ndị a na-etolite n'ime ụmị ọkpụkpụ ruo ụbọchị iri na otu, wee laghachi na nrugharị ọbara iji chere ka anwụnta ọzọ mịrị ya mgbe ọ ga-ata.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> * Ozugbo ọ nọ n'ime anwụnta, gametocytes na-enwe mmekọahụ, ma mesịa mepụta ụmụ sporozoites ndị ga-akwaga na [[:en:Salivary_gland|ebe mmepụta asọmmiri]] nke anwụnta ahụ ka o nwee ike gbanye ya dịka ọgwụ n'ime onye ọhụrụ mgbe anwụnta ahụ ga-ata onye ọzọ. <ref name="Arrow-2004" /> <ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Ọrịa imeju anaghị akpata mgbaàmà ọbụla; mgbaàmà niile nke ịba na-esite na ọrịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite ozugbo e nwere ihe karịrị parasites dị narị puku kwa millilitre nke ọbara.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Ọtụtụ n'ime mgbaàmà ndị metụtara oke ịba na-esite na ọchịchọ nke ''P. falciparum'' ịrapara na mgbidi [[:en:Blood_vessel|ebe ndị ọbara si aga]], na-akpata mmebi na arịa ndị metụtara na anụ ahụ ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Nje ndị na-abanye n'ebe ndị ọbara si aga nke akpa ume na-eweta nsogbu iku ume. N'ime ụbụrụ, ha na-eweta [[:en:Coma|coma]]. N'oge ịdị ime, ha na-agbakọta na [[:en:Intervillous_space|di n'etiti otu villium na ibe ya]] ma na-egbochi ọrụ nke placenta, na-enye aka na ịdị arọ dị ala nke nwa ọhụrụ na ịmụ nwa n'oge erughị eru, ma na-abawanye ihe ize ndụ nke ime ọpụpụ na ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie n'oge ọrịa na-akpatakarị ọrịa anaemia, nke a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo njọ site na mbelata mmepụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọhụrụ n'oge ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Naanị anwụnta nwanyị na-eri ọbara; anwụnta nwoke na-eri ihe na-atọ ụtọ nke osisi ma ha anaghị ebufe ọrịa ahụ. Ụmụ nwanyị nke ụdị anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-ahọrọ iri nri n'abalị. Ha na-amalite ịchọ nri n'oge mgbede, ma gaa n'ihu n'abalị ruo mgbe ha nwetara ihe ha ga-eri.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ha nwere ike ime mgbanwe n'ihi na e bidola iji ụgbụ àkwà arahụ ụra nke ukwuu ma malite ịta n'oge, tupu a gbasaa ụgbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaria Mosquitoes Are Biting before Bed-Net Time|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/malaria-mosquitoes-are-biting-before-bed-net-time/|accessdate=29 May 2023|work=Scientific American|archivedate=29 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529022719/https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/malaria-mosquitoes-are-biting-before-bed-net-time/}}</ref> A pụkwara ibute nje ịba site na Mgbanye ọbara, ọ bụ ezie na nke a abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="Owusu-Ofori-2010">{{Cite journal|title=Transfusion-transmitted malaria in countries where malaria is endemic: a review of the literature from sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=51|issue=10|pages=1192–1198|date=November 2010|pmid=20929356|doi=10.1086/656806}}</ref> === Ụdị ''Plasmodium Dị Iche Iche'' === N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ọ bụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAmc">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', P. malariae, ''P. ovale curtisi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAm0">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', ''P. ovale wallikeri<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', ''P. vivax<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnM">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''P. knowlesi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnY">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>''.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> N'etiti ndị butere ọrịa, ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' bụ ụdị a na-ahụkarị (~75%) nke ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' (~20%) na-esochi. <ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' jupụtara n'Africa ma na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ, ebe ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' na-achịkwa n'èzí Africa. <ref name="Sarkar-2009">{{Cite journal|title=Critical care aspects of malaria|journal=Journal of Intensive Care Medicine|volume=25|issue=2|pages=93–103|year=2009|pmid=20018606|doi=10.1177/0885066609356052}}</ref><ref name="Arnott-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Understanding the population genetics of ''Plasmodium vivax'' is essential for malaria control and elimination|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=11|date=January 2012|pmid=22233585|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-14}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> E dekọọla ụfọdụ ọrịa ụmụ mmadụ na ọtụtụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' sitere na enwe ndị dị elu, mana ewezuga ''P. knowlesi&nbsp;'' - ụdị zoonotic nke na-akpata ịba na [[:en:Macaques|macaques]] - ndị anaghị abụkarị ihe dị mkpa maka ahụike ọha na eze. <ref name="Collins-2012">{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': a malaria parasite of monkeys and humans|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=57|pages=107–121|year=2012|id={{Zenodo|1234957}}|pmid=22149265|doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-121510-133540}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref name="Collins-2009">{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': finally being recognized|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=199|issue=8|pages=1107–1108|date=April 2009|pmid=19284287|doi=10.1086/597415}}</ref> Ụdị abụọ - ''P.'' ''vivax'' na ''P. oval'' - na-emepụta ọkwa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ a na-akpọ hypnozoitis nke nwere ike ịnọgide na imeju, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ wepụrụ ọrịa ahụ n'ọbara. Ndị a nwere ike ịmaliteghachi mgbe izu ma ọ bụ ọnwa ole na ole gasịrị ma mee ka ọrịa ahụ laghachi azụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> === Ịba na-apụta ugboro ugboro === Mgbaàmà nke ịba nwere ike ịlaghachi mgbe oge dịgasị iche iche na-enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla gosiri gasịrị. Dabere na ihe kpatara ya, enwere ike ịhazi mmeghachi omume dị ka [[:en:Recrudescence|recrudescence]], [[:en:Relapse|relapse]], ma ọ bụ reinfection. Recrudescence bụ mgbe mgbaàmà na-alaghachi mgbe oge a na-enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla gasịrị n'ihi enweghị ike iwepụ nje ndị dị n'ọbara site na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke.{{sfn|WHO|2015|p=4}}.Relapse bụ mgbe mgbaàmà na-apụta ọzọ mgbe ewepụchara nje ndị ahụ n'ọbara mana ha nọgidere dị ka hypnozoites na-ehi ụra <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: origin of the term 'hypnozoite'|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=781–786|date=2011|pmid=20665090|doi=10.1007/s10739-010-9239-3}}</ref> na mkpụrụ ndụ imeju. Reinfection pụtara na e wepụrụ nje n'ahụ dum mana ọrịa ọhụrụ amalitela. Nlaghachi nke ọrịa n'ime izu abụọ nke ọgwụgwọ na-abụkarị n'ihi ọdịda ọgwụgwọ..{{sfn|WHO|2015|p=41}} == Usoro ọrịa si arụ ọrụ n'ahụ == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Red_blood_cells_infected_with_malaria.jpg|thumb|Electron micrograph na-egosi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke ''Plasmodium falciparum juru na ya'' (n'etiti), na-egosi "knobs" protein adherence]] Ọrịa ịba na-etolite site na usoro abụọ: otu nke na-emetụta imeju (oge exoerythrocytic), na otu nke na na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, ma ọ bụ erythrocytes (oge erythrocyte). Mgbe anwụnta butere ọrịa ahụ na-adụpu akpụkpọ ahụ mmadụ iji rie nri ọbara, sporozoites ndị dị n'ime asọmmiri anwụnta ahụ na-abanye n'ọbara ma kwaga n'ime imeju ebe ha na-emetụta hepatocytes, na-amụba n'enweghị mmekọahụ na n'enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla ruo ụbọchị 8-30.<ref name="Bledsoe-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}</ref> N'oge a, ihe ndị a [[:en:Cellular_differentiation|na-ekewasị]] iji mepụta ọtụtụ puku merozoites, nke, mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ ha gbawara, ga-enuba n'ime ọbara ma metụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie iji malite usoro erythrocytic nke ndụ ha.<ref name="Bledsoe-2005" /> Akụkụ mbụ nke ọrịa ahụ anaghị enwe mgbaàmà ọbụla; mgbaàmà ahụike niile nke ịba nwere njikọ na akụkụ merozoite nke usoro ndụ ya.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref> N'ime nke a, nje ndị ahụ na-amụba n'ụzọ na-enweghị mmekọahụ n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, na-apụta site n'oge ruo n'oge iji bunye ndị ọhụrụ ọrịa. N'ime erythrocyte ọ bụla butere ọrịa, nje ahụ na-amụba, na-eri cytoplasm ka ọ na-amụba. Mgbe ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ gasịrị, erythrocyte ahụ ga-agbawa, na-ewepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ (dị n'etiti iri na isii na iri atọ na abụọ) nke merozoites ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bucşan|first=Allison N.|title=Setting the stage: The initial immune response to blood-stage parasites|journal=Virulence|date=31 December 2020|volume=11|issue=1|pages=88–103|doi=10.1080/21505594.2019.1708053|pmid=31900030}}</ref> Ntọhapụ a nke merozoites n'ime ọbara, tinyere nsi ha niile yana iberibe erythrocyte, na-akpata ahụ ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ nke nwere ike ịbụ nke na-eme nwa oge na nke na-emesi ike. <ref name="CDC-Features-2024" /> [1]<ref name="Bledsoe-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}</ref> N'ime ụdị ụfọdụ nke ''Plasmodium'', ụfọdụ sporozoites anaghị etolite ozugbo ghọọ merozoites na-arụ ọrụ n'oge exoerythrocytic, kama, ha na-emepụta hypnozoites nke na-anọgide na-ehi ụra ruo oge dị iche iche na-esite n'agbata ọtụtụ ọnwa (ọnwa asaa ruo ọnwa iri bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị) ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="White-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of relapse periodicity in ''Plasmodium vivax'' malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=10|date=October 2011|pmid=21989376|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-297}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụra gasịrị, ha na-emegharị ma mepụta merozoites. Hypnozoites na-akpata ogologo oge na nlọghachi azụ na ọrịa ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' na ''P. oval&nbsp;''. <ref name="White-2011" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Okafor|first=Chika N.|title=StatPearls|date=2026|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519021/|chapter=Plasmodium ovale Malaria}}</ref> === Mgbochi nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ === Mgbochi nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ bụ isi njirimara Plasmodium, nke na-eme ka ọ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma na nnọgidesi ike dị ka nje.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rénia|first=Laurent|title=Malaria Parasites: The Great Escape|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|date=7 November 2016|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2016.00463|pmid=27872623}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ''Plasmodium'' genome raara onwe ya nye usoro nke na-ezere ma ọ bụ na-emebi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crabb|first=Brendan S|title=Plasmodium falciparum virulence determinants unveiled|journal=Genome Biology|date=2002|volume=3|issue=11|pages=reviews1031.1|doi=10.1186/gb-2002-3-11-reviews1031|pmid=12441004}}</ref> ==== Imeju ==== [[Faịlụ:Merosome.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke merosome na-apụta site na hepatocyte nwere ọrịa]] Macrophages pụrụ iche a na-akpọ Mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer na-echebe imeju; ha na-achọpụta ihe ndị dị aṅaa dị n'ọbara ma bibie ha. Sporozoites na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer ma na-egbochi ha.<ref name="Pradel-2001">{{Cite journal|author=Pradel|first=Gabriele|title=Malaria Sporozoites Actively Enter and Pass Through Rat Kupffer Cells Prior to Hepatocyte Invasion|journal=Hepatology|date=May 2001|volume=33|issue=5|pages=1154–1165|doi=10.1053/jhep.2001.24237|pmid=11343244}}</ref> Ha na-agafe mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a nwerela nkwarụ (nke na-anwụ mgbe awa ole na ole gasịrị) iji bunye [[:en:Hepatocyte|hepatocytes]] ọrịa.<ref name="Pradel-2001" /> N'ime hepatocyte, ha na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku merozoites n'ime [[:en:Vacuole|vacuole]] nke na-echebe ha pụọ na Usoro nchebe nke mkpụrụ ndụ.<ref name="Ezema-2023">{{Cite journal|author=Ezema|first=Chinonso Anthony|title=Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response|journal=Parasitology Research|date=August 2023|volume=122|issue=8|pages=1715–1731|doi=10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6|pmid=37219610}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, hepatocyte ahụ butere ọrịa na-ewepụta merozoites n'ìgwè a na-akpọ merosomes, nke na-esi na membrane hepatocyta pụta. Membrane a na-ekpuchi merozoites ndị ahụ, na-enyere ha aka ịhere ehere gafee mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer fọdụrụ iji pụọ n'imeju. <ref name="Ezema-2023" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Scheiner|first=Mattea|title=Moving on: How malaria parasites exit the liver|journal=Molecular Microbiology|date=March 2024|volume=121|issue=3|pages=328–340|doi=10.1111/mmi.15141|pmid=37602900}}</ref><ref name="Vaughan-2008">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria parasite pre-erythrocytic stage infection: gliding and hiding|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|volume=4|issue=3|pages=209–218|date=September 2008|pmid=18779047|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2008.08.010}}</ref> ==== Mgbasa N'ime Ahụ ==== [[Faịlụ:Infected_erythrocyte_sequestration_within_the_intervillous_space_of_the_placenta.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke erythrocytes (IE) bu ọrịa na-agbakọta na oghere intervillous na gburugburu villi nke plasịnta.]] Merozoites na-enugharị na usoro nrugharị ọbara nwere ike inweta mwakpo site na leucocytes nke na-elekwasị anya na antigen elu ha. Nje ndị ahụ na-emeri nchebe a site na [[:en:Polymorphism_(biology)|antigenic polymorphism]]; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Pollyanna S.|title=Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|date=17 October 2016|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617|pmid=27799922}}</ref> na ọkwa ọbụla nke usoro ndụ ya ahụ ọ na-egosipụta ụdị dị iche iche nke antigen elu, n'ụzọ dị irè ihe na-agagharị agagharị nke karịrị [[:en:Adaptive_immune_system|usoro ahụike na-emegharị]]. <ref name="Ezema-2023">{{Cite journal|author=Ezema|first=Chinonso Anthony|title=Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response|journal=Parasitology Research|date=August 2023|volume=122|issue=8|pages=1715–1731|doi=10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6|pmid=37219610}}</ref> Ozugbo ha banyere na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (RBC) merozoites nwere ebe nchekwa, nke e kpuchiri pụọ na mmetụta leucocytes ma chebe ya n'ime vacuole. RBCs na-arịa ọrịa ka e nwere ike ịchọpụta ma bibie ya, ma ọ bụghị site na [[:en:Spleen|spleen]] ọ bụrụ phagocytes.<ref name="Lee-2022">{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Wenn-Chyau|title=Evolving perspectives on rosetting in malaria|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=October 2022|volume=38|issue=10|pages=882–889|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.08.001|pmid=36031553}}</ref> Iji zeere nke a, merozoite ahụ na-emepụta protein na-arapara n'ahụ nke na-apụta dị ka bọtịnụ n'elu RBCs butere ọrịa.<ref name="Tilley-2011">{{Cite journal|author=Tilley|first=Leann|title=The Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cell|journal=The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology|date=June 2011|volume=43|issue=6|pages=839–842|doi=10.1016/j.biocel.2011.03.012|pmid=21458590}}</ref> Ndị a na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ abụọ. Ha na-ejikọta na RBCs na-enweghị nje na-emepụta ụyọkọ - nke a na-akpọ "rosettes" - nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-ebute ọrịa dị n'etiti na-echebe mkpụrụ ndụ na ya na-enweghị ọrịa gbara ya gburugburu; rosettes na-egbochi ọbara na-agafe na capillaries.<ref name="Lee-2022" /> RBCs na-arịa ọrịa n'ụzọ ọzọ nwere ike izere ịgafe ọkpụkpụ site na ịrapara (na-agbaso) na mgbidi nke akwara ọbara na anụ ahụ dịka ụbụrụ, akpa ume, na oghere intervillous (n'ime ime). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Franke-Fayard|first=Blandine|title=Sequestration and Tissue Accumulation of Human Malaria Parasites: Can We Learn Anything from Rodent Models of Malaria?|journal=PLOS Pathogens|date=30 September 2010|volume=6|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001032|pmid=20941396}}</ref> Ma ụdị ndị a na-edebe ma ndị a na'ime ha na-egbochi ọrụ nke akụkụ ahụ, na-eduga na nsogbu ndị dị ka ịba ụbụrụ na ịba metụtara ime ime.<ref name="Ezema-2023" /> === Mgbochi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ihi oke ọnwụ na ọrịa nke ịba kpatara - ọkachasị ụdị ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' - ọ etinyela [[:en:Selection_(biology)|nrụgide kachasị]] na [[:en:Human_genome|genome mmadụ]] n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịbeghị anya. Ọtụtụ ihe ndị metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-enye ikike ụfọdụ iguzogide ya gụnyere [[:en:Sickle_cell_trait|àgwà sickle cell]], àgwà [[:en:Thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], ụkọ glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, yana enweghị [[:en:Duffy_antigen|Duffy antigens]] na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Strong selection during the last millennium for African ancestry in the admixed population of Madagascar|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|issue=1|date=March 2018|pmid=29500350|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03342-5}}</ref> <ref name="Kwiatkowski-2005">{{Cite journal|title=How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=77|issue=2|pages=171–192|date=August 2005|pmid=16001361|doi=10.1086/432519}}</ref><ref name="Hedrick-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|date=October 2011|pmid=21427751|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16}}</ref> Mmetụta nke àgwà sickle cell na nguzogide ịba na-egosi ụfọdụ mgbanwe evolushọn nke merela n'ihi ịba zuru ebe niile. Àgwà Sickle cell na-akpata mgbanwe na molekụl haemoglobin d n'ọbara. Dị ka o kwesịrị, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nwere ọdịdị na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke nwere oghere abụọ nke na-enye ha ohere ịgafe obere Capillaries; Otú ọ dị, mgbe e kpughere mkpụrụ ndụ haemoglobin S<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwA2U">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> nke gbanwere, nye obere ikuku oxygen, ma ọ bụ ha akpụkọọ ọnụ n'ihi mmiri ịpụ ha n'ahụ, ha nwere ike ịrapara ọnụ na-emepụta eriri nke na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ gbagọọ dị n'ụdịị mma. N'ime eriri ndị a, mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'iwere ma ọ bụ wepụta ikuku oxygen, mkpụrụ ndụ enweghịkwa ohere nke ọma iji gbasaa n'enweghị ihe mgbochi. N'oge mmalite nke ịba, nje ahụ nwere ike ime ka mkpụrụ ndụ uhie na-arịa ọrịa na-akpụ akpụ, ya mere a na-ewepụ ha n'oge. Nke a na-ebelata ugboro ole nje ịba na-emecha ndụ ha na mkpụrụ ndụ. Ndị mmadụ bụ homozygous (nke nwere mkpụrụ abụọ nke haemoglobin beta allele) nwere sickle-cell anaemia, ebe ndị heterozygous. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmanya ndụ dị mkpirikpi maka ndị nwere ọnọdụ homozygous ga-eme ka àgwà ahụ ghara ịdị ndụ, a na-echekwa àgwà ahụ na mpaghara ndị nwere ịba n'ihi uru nke ụdị heterozygous nyere.<ref name="Hedrick-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|date=October 2011|pmid=21427751|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16}}</ref><ref name="Weatherall-2008">{{Cite journal|title=Genetic variation and susceptibility to infection: the red cell and malaria|journal=British Journal of Haematology|volume=141|issue=3|pages=276–286|date=May 2008|pmid=18410566|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07085.x}}</ref> == Nnyocha == [[Faịlụ:5901_lores.jpg|thumb|Ihe nkiri ọbara bụ [[:en:Gold_standard_(test)|ọkọlọtọ ọla edo]] maka nchọpụta ịba.]] [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.jpg|thumb|Ụdị mgbaaka na gametocytes nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' n'ọbara mmadụ]] N'ihi ọdịdị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ nke mgbaàmà ịba, a na-emekarị nnyocha ya dabere na mgbaàmà ndị o nyere yana akụkọ njem onye ahụ, wee kwado ya na nnyocha e mere n'ụlọ nnyocha iji chọpụta ọnụnọ nke nje ahụ n'ọbara (nnyocha parasitological). N'ebe ịba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) na-atụ aro ka ndị dọkịta chee na ịba dị n'ahụ onye ọ bụla na-akọ na ọ nwere ahụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ onye nwere okpomọkụ dị ugbu a karịa 37.5 °C n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ doro anya kpatara ya.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref> &nbsp;A ga-enyo na ọ bụ ịba na-eme ụmụaka nwere ihe ịrịba ama nke [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]]: [[:en:Palmar_pallor|ime aka na-acha mmiri mmiri]] ma ọ bụ nnyocha ụlọ nnyocha na-egosi ọkwa haemoglobin na-erughị gram asatọ kwa deciliter nke ọbara.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> N'ebe ndị ụwa na-enweghị ịba ma ọ bụ nwere ịba ebe ọ dị obere, a na-atụ aro ime nnyocha naanị maka ndị nwere ike ibute ịba (nwekarịrị ike ịbụ na ha mere njem gaa mpaghara ịba juputara na ya) na ahụ ọkụ a na-akọwaghị akọwa.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /><ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-ejikarị nocha microscopic nke Ihe nkiri ọbara ma ọ bụ Nnyocha nyocha ngwa ngwa nke antigen (RDT) na-egosi ịba. Microscopy - ya bụ, iji [[:en:Light_microscope|light microscope]] na-enyocha ọbara [[:en:Giemsa|Giemsa]] metọrọ - bụ [[:en:Gold_standard_(test)|ọkọlọtọ ọla edo]] maka nchọpụta ịba.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> Ndị oji Microscope eme nnyocha na-adị enyocha ma "ihe nkiri buru ibu" nke ọbara, nke na-enye ha ohere inyocha ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara n'oge dị mkpirikpi, yana "ihe nkiri dị mkpirisi" nke ọbara nke na-enye ha ohere ịhụ nke ọma nje ndị ahụ n'otu n'otu ma chọpụta kpọmkwem ụdị ''Plasmodium'' kpatara ya bụ ịba. <ref name="Ashley-2018" /> N'okpuru ọnọdụ ụlọ nnyocha dị iche iche, onye oji microscope eme nnyocha nwere ike ịchọpụta nje mgbe enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala nje otu narị kwa microliter nke ọbara, nke dị okirikiri ogo dị ala nke ịba na-enwe mgbaàmà.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref> Nnyocha microscope na-adị achọ ọtụtụ ihe iji mee ya, na-achọ ndị ọrụ a zụrụ azụ, ngwá ọrụ e mere maka ya yana ọdịdị na-adịgide adịgide nke [[:en:Microscope_slide|microscopy slides]] na ntụpọ microscopy.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Enwere ike iji nnyocha [[:en:Rapid_diagnostic_test|Rapid diagnostic tests]] (RDTs) iji kwado nchọpụta nke e ji microscope mee; <ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html "Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> a na-ejikwa ha n'ebe microscopy adịghị. RDTs na-eme ngwa ngwa ma dị mfe itinye n'ọrụ n'ebe ndị na-enweghị ụlọ nnyocha zuru oke.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">"5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)". [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria ''WHO Guidelines for Malaria'']. World Health Organization. 13 July 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230318051541/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria Archived] from the original on 18 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Nnyocha ahụ na-achọpụta protein parasite na sample ọbara mkpịsị aka.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Enwere RDTs dịgasị iche iche, na-elekwasị anya na protein nje ahụ gụnyere lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase, ma ọ bụ protein 2 juputara na histidine HRP2, nke bụ naanị ''P''maka ''. falciparum''). <ref name="WHO-2021a" /> A na-eji ule HRP2 eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'Africa, ebe ''P. falciparum'' na-achịkwa.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAshleyPyae_PhyoWoodrow2018">Ashley EA, Pyae Phyo A, Woodrow CJ (April 2018). "Malaria". ''[[The Lancet]]''. '''391''' (10130): <span class="nowrap">1608–</span>1621. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29631781 29631781].</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na HRP2 na-anọgide n'ọbara ruo izu ise mgbe a gwọrcharaọrịa, nyocha HRP2 mgbe ụfọdụ enweghị ike ịigosima onye nahụ o were ịba ugbu a ma ọ bụ na mbụ.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, ụfọdụ nje ''P. falciparum'' enweghị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ''HRP2'', na-eme ka nchọpụta dha ị mgbagwoju anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Poti|first=Kristin E.|title=HRP2: Transforming Malaria Diagnosis, but with Caveats|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=February 2020|volume=36|issue=2|pages=112–126|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.004|pmid=31848119}}</ref> Nnyocha HRP2 a apụghịkwa ịkọwa ole nje ahụ dị n'ime mmadụ, ma ọ bụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụ. <ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c" /> <ref name="Daily 2025">{{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=Johanna P.|date=3 April 2025|title=Malaria|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=392|issue=13|pages=1320–1333|doi=10.1056/NEJMra2405313|pmid=40174226}}</ref> Nnyocha [[:en:Polymerase_chain_reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) bụ usoro kachasị dị nro maka ịchọpụta ịba. Nnyocha ahụ na-eme ka DNA nke nje ahụ dị n'ọbara mụbaa; ọ nwere ike ịchọpụta ''Plasmodium'' ma mata ụdị ọ bụ, ọbụlagodi na ọkwa dị ala n'ọ ọbara.<ref name="Fisher-2022">{{Cite web|author=Fisher|first=John F.|date=2 August 2022|title=Testing for malaria: Rapid diagnostic tests and PCR|url=https://www.medmastery.com/guides/malaria-clinical-guide/testing-malaria-rapid-diagnostic-tests-rdts-and-polymerase-chain|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Medmastery GmbH}}</ref> Ọ chọrọ ngwá ọrụ ụlọ nnyocha pụrụ iche n'ihi ya, ya mere na ọ naghị adịkarị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe; a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na mba ndị mepere emepe iji nyochaa na ndị njem na-alọghachi.<ref name="Fisher-2022" /><ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html "Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Eprel 2026, WHO [[:en:Pre-qualification|kwadoro]] ụdịrị nnyocha ngwa ngwa atọ iji chọpụta ụdị P. falciparum ndị nwere pfhrp2 deletions, nke nwere ike izere nnyocha dabeere na HRP2 a na-ejikarị eme ihe ma kpata nchọpụta ụgha. Nnyocha ọhụrụ ndị ahụ na-elekwasị anya na protein nje pf-LDH a ma na-atụ aro iji ha arụ ọrụ ebe a na-adịghị amata ihe karịrị pasent ise nke ndị bu ọrịa ịba n'ihi nhichapụ pfhrp2.<ref name="prefir">{{Cite web|title=WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests|work=World Health Organization (WHO)|date=24 April 2026|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests|accessdate=28 April 2026|archivedate=27 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests}}</ref> == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:"British_India",_six_stages_of_malaria._Wellcome_L0022443.jpg|alt=Advertisement entitled "The Mosquito Danger". Includes 6 panel cartoon:#1 breadwinner has malaria, family starving; #2 wife selling ornaments; #3 doctor administers quinine; #4 patient recovers; #5 doctor indicating that quinine can be obtained from post office if needed again; #6 man who refused quinine, dead on stretcher.|thumb|Mgbasa ozi maka quinine dị ka ọgwụgwọ ịba site na 1927]] [[Faịlụ:Artemisia_annua.jpg|thumb|''Artemisia annua'', nke a makwaara dị ka osisi wormwood na-atọ ụtọ, ebe mbụ e si nweta artemisinin]] A na-agwọ ịba site n'iji [[:en:Antimalarial_medication|ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]]. Iji hụ na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke ma gbochie nje ahụ ịịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ, ntuziaka ọgwụgwọ kemgbe afọ 2001 na-achọkarị ọgwụ abụọ a ṅụkọtara ọnụ, otu n'ime ha bụ nke sitere na artemisinin na nke ọzọ bụ ọgwụ nkwado.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Multiple first-line therapies as part of the response to antimalarial drug resistance|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240103603|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en|archivedate=27 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127213804/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240103603}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 2025|title=Antimalarial drug resistance|url=https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drug-resistance|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en}}</ref> Njikọ ziri ezi nke ọgwụ ndị ahụ na-adabere na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' kpatara ya, ohere nke inwe nguzogide ọgwụ, eziokwu ndị dị mkpa site na akụkọ ahụike na ime njem nke onye na-arịa ọrịa, na ọṅụṅụ nke ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na mbụ nke onye ahụ na-arịa ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shahbodaghi|first=S. David|title=Malaria: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=American Family Physician|date=September 2022|volume=106|issue=3|pages=270–278|url=https://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=36126008|pmid=36126008}}</ref><ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2024|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ na usoro mba[a] na-adaberekarị na ntuziaka nke WHO nyere nke a na-emelite mgbe niile. <ref name="WHO-Guidelines-9.1-2025">{{Cite web|date=13 August 2025|title=MAGICapp - WHO guidelines for malaria v9.1|url=https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/LwRMXj|accessdate=23 January 2026|work=app.magicapp.org|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925214841/https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/LwRMXj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New and updated malaria guidance|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/guideline-development-process/new-and-updated-malaria-guidance|accessdate=25 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ọtụtụ ụdị ọgwụ dịka nke a ga-aṅụkọta ya ọgwụ mgbochi ịba n'oge ịnata ọgwụgwọ. Ọgwụ ndị dabeere na Artemisinin gụnyere artemether na Artesunate.<ref name="Arrow-2004a">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215631/|chapter=Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance}}</ref> Ihe ndị sitere na Quinoline gụnyere chloroquine, quinine, na mefloquine. Ndị si na Antifolate gụnyere pyrimethamine, proguanil, na sulfadoxin.<ref name="Arrow-2004a" /> Ọgwụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere lumefantrine, atovaquone, doxycycline na clindamycin.<ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}</ref><ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-ahazi ịba dị ka "oke ịba" ma ọ bụ "enweghị nke na-esighi ike". <ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNadjmBehrens2012">Nadjm B, Behrens RH (June 2012). "Malaria: an update for physicians". ''Infectious Disease Clinics of North America''. '''26''' (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>259. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010|10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632637 22632637].</cite></ref> <ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2024|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html "General Approach to Treatment"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbaàmà ndị na-egosi oke ịba gụnyere ndị a (ọ bụghị ndepụta zuru ezu): <ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024" /> * Mmadụ amaghị ebe ọ nọ, coma, ihe ọdụdọ * Oké ụkwara ume ọkụ * Nsogbu iku ume siri ike * Nkụchi akụrụ ma ọ bụ haemoglobin ịdị na mamịrị * Ọsụsọ * Ogo Acidosis ma ọ bụ lactate nke karịrị 5 mmol / L&nbsp; * Ọnọdụ dị elu nke nje ndị a na-ahụ anya na ọbara. === Ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya === Enwere ike ịgwọ ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya site na iji ọgwụ a na-aṅụ n'etiti ụbọchị atọ na ụbọchị asaa.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCDC2025">CDC (24 June 2025). [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html "Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> A ga-ahọrọ usoro ọgwụ ahụ dabere na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' a na-agwọ, ebe nakwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke onye ọrịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọgwụgwọ mbụ a na-ahụkarị maka ịba ''P. falciparum'' na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya bụ Artemether-lumefantrine a na-aṅụ n'ọnụ n'ime ụbọchị atọ.<ref name="Lalloo-2016">{{Cite journal|author=Lalloo|first=David G.|title=UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|date=June 2016|volume=72|issue=6|pages=635–649|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.001|pmid=26880088}}</ref><ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvansHill2025">Evans M, Hill K (May 2025). [https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf "Malaria Treatment Guidance"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''NHS Tayside''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2026, WHO [[:en:Pre-qualification|kwadoro]] usoro artemether-lumefantrine mbụ e mepụtara maka ụmụ a mụrụ ọhụrụ ndị dị n'agbata kilogram abụọ na ise.<ref name="prefir">{{Cite web|title=WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests|work=World Health Organization (WHO)|date=24 April 2026|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests|accessdate=28 April 2026|archivedate=27 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization_(WHO)2026">[https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests "WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests"]. ''World Health Organization (WHO)''. 24 April 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests Archived] from the original on 27 April 2026<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ a adịghị adaba mgbe niile, yabụ a na-atụ aro ngwakọta ọgwụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCDC2025">CDC (24 June 2025). [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html "Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ịmalite ozugbo o kwere mee mgbe a chọpụtachara ya, iji gbochie mgbaàmà siri ike ịmalite.<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|work=Malaria|date=20 May 2025|accessdate=25 January 2026|language=en-us|author=CDC}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ''P. vivax ma ọ bụ P. ovale kpatara ya'' (nke na-emepụta hypnozoites na-ehi ụra n'ime imeju) ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ịga n'ihu ruo ụbọchị asaa ruo iri na anọ.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025" /> === Ịba siri ike na nke dị mgbagwoju anya === Ọrịa ịba siri ike na-abụkarị nke ''P. falciparum'' na-akpata; ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke na-egbu egbu mgbe niile ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Walter|first=Kristin|title=Malaria|journal=JAMA|date=8 February 2022|volume=327|issue=6|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468|pmid=35133414}}</ref> Ọbụnagodi na ọgwụgwọ ya, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'ihi ya dị n'etiti pasent iri na atọ na pasent iri abụọ, nke ndị lanarịrịnụ na-enwekarị mmetụta ọọọ na-eso ya nke na-adị ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sheehy|first=Susanne Helena|title=Malaria: severe, life-threatening|journal=BMJ Clinical Evidence|date=7 March 2011|volume=2011|pmid=21375787}}</ref> Ọgwụgwọ a na-enyekarị maka ya bụ intravenous artesunate, na-enyezi ọgwụ a na-aṅụ n'ọnụ ozugbo onye ọrịa ahụ kwụsiri ike.<ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvansHill2025">Evans M, Hill K (May 2025). [https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf "Malaria Treatment Guidance"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''NHS Tayside''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Treatment of Severe Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html|work=Malaria|date=3 April 2024|accessdate=25 January 2026|language=en-us|author=CDC|archivedate=3 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503143920/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html}}</ref> Ndị ọrịa nwere ike ịka njọ ngwa ngwa nke mere na nlekota anya, ọkacha mma na [[:en:High-dependency_unit|ngalaba ebe nlekọta anya dị elu]], dị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lalloo|first=David G.|title=UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|date=June 2016|volume=72|issue=6|pages=635–649|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.001|pmid=26880088}}</ref> === Afọ Ime === [[:en:Pregnancy-associated_malaria|Ịba n'oge afọ ime]] nwere ike ịbụ ihe siri ike, ikekwe na-egbu egbu, maka nne na nwa; ụmụ nwanyị dị ime nwere ikike okpukpu atọ karịa inweta ịba siri ike.<ref name="CDC-Pregnant-2024">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=3 April 2024|title=Alternatives for Pregnant Women|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/pregnant-women.html|accessdate=26 January 2026|work=Malaria|language=en-us|archivedate=18 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260318025909/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/pregnant-women.html}}</ref> Ọgwụ ụfọdụ nwere ike imerụ nwa e bu n'afọ ahụ, ọkachasị n'oge [[Afọ ime|ọnwa atọ]] mbụ. A na-atụ aro usoro ọgwụgwọ pụrụ iche, nke dịgasị iche dabere na ọnwa atọ nke onye dị ime nọ n'ime ya nakwa na-eweta obere ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="CDC-Pregnant-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Antimalarial drugs for pregnant women|url=https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drugs-pregnant-women|accessdate=26 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=22 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922102803/https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drugs-pregnant-women}}</ref> === Ịguzogide Ọgwụ === [[:en:Drug_resistance|Ịguzogide ọgwụ]] na-eweta nsogbu na-arịwanye elu na ọgwụgwọ ịba; ọnụ ọgụgụ ''Plasmodium'' nwere ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ebe ọ dị elu yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ ngwa ngwa nke na-enyere ha aka ime mgbanwe ma zeere ihe ịma aka sitere na ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Sinha-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Challenges of drug-resistant malaria|journal=Parasite|volume=21|year=2014|pmid=25402734|doi=10.1051/parasite/2014059}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Igwe|first=Matthew Chibunna|title=Evolutionary biology of antimalarial drug resistance: Understanding of the evolutionary dynamics|journal=Medicine|date=14 March 2025|volume=104|issue=11|doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000041878|pmid=40101051}}</ref> Nje ndị ''P. falciparum'' malitere ịzụlite iguzogide ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọgwụ mgbochi ịba mbụ e mere, chloroquine, n'afọ ndị 1950; kemgbe ahụ, iguzogide chloroquin agbasaala na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nje a niile. <ref name="MMV-History">{{Cite web|title=History of antimalarial drugs|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria-medicines/history-antimalarials-drugs|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=16 June 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616062607/https://www.mmv.org/malaria-medicines/history-antimalarials-drugs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=8 April 2024|title=Drug Resistance in the Malaria-Endemic World|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/drug-resistance.html|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Malaria|language=en-us|archivedate=7 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907153441/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/drug-resistance.html}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ proguanil karịị dị ngwa ngwa; ewepụtara ọgwụ ahụ na 1948 wee malite ịhụta nguzogide ya n'afọ sochirinụ, na 1949. <ref name="MMV-History" /> N'afọ 2001, ịba nke na-eguzogidetụ artemisinin pụtara na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia; nguzogide ọgwụ ahụ emechaala gbasaa n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref name="MMV-History" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 April 2023|title=Current antimalarial drugs at risk due to resistance|url=https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/news/current-antimalarial-drugs-at-risk-due-to-resistance|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University|language=en|archivedate=20 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120025023/https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/news/current-antimalarial-drugs-at-risk-due-to-resistance}}</ref> Iji merie nguzogide ọgwụ, enwere ike inye ọgwụ na njikọ yana ọgwụ ọzọ, karịa otu e kwesiburu isi ṅụ ya, ma ọ bụ ṅụru ọgwụ ruo ogologo oge karịa; enwere mkpa ngwa ngwa maka iwebata ọgwụ ndị ọhụrụ maka ọgwụgwọ ya. <ref name="MMV-History" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Antony|first=HiasindhAshmi|date=2016|title=Antimalarial drug resistance: An overview|journal=Tropical Parasitology|volume=6|issue=1|pages=30–41|doi=10.4103/2229-5070.175081|pmid=26998432}}</ref> == Ihe omuma == Mgbe a gwọrọ ya nke ọma, ndị na-arịa ịba na-esighị ike nwere ike ịtụ anya mgbake zuru oke.<ref name="CDC-FAQ-2010a">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html#treatment|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): If I get malaria, will I have it for the rest of my life?|publisher=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=8 February 2010|accessdate=14 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html#treatment|archivedate=13 May 2012}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, oke ịba nwere ike ịga n'ihu ngwa ngwa ma kpata ọnwụ n'ime awa ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ole na ole.<ref name="Trampuz-2003">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical review: Severe malaria|journal=Critical Care|volume=7|issue=4|pages=315–323|date=August 2003|pmid=12930555|doi=10.1186/cc2183}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ kachasị njọ nke ọrịa ahụ, [[:en:Fatality_rate|ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ]] nwere ike iru pasent iri abụọ, ọbụlagodi na nlekọta siri ike na ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNadjmBehrens2012">Nadjm B, Behrens RH (June 2012). "Malaria: an update for physicians". ''Infectious Disease Clinics of North America''. '''26''' (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>259. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010|10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632637 22632637].</cite></ref> Ịba nwere ike imebi ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọkachasị ụbụrụ, akụrụ, imeju na ọkpụkpụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2025|title=Malaria: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000621.htm|accessdate=28 January 2026|work=medlineplus.gov|language=en|archivedate=17 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117064956/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000621.htm}}</ref> N'oge ịbụ nwata, ịba na-akpata anaemia n'oge uto ụbụrụ ngwa ngwa, yana mmebi ụbụrụ nke na-esite na ịba na-emetụta ụbụrụ.<ref name="Fernando-2010">{{Cite journal|title=The 'hidden' burden of malaria: cognitive impairment following infection|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=9|date=December 2010|pmid=21171998|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-366}}</ref> Ndị lanarịrị ọrịa ịba n'ụbụrụ nwere ohere dị ukwuu nke ụbụrụ na echiche, Nsogbu omume, na [[:en:Epilepsy|ihe ọdụdọ]].<ref name="Idro-2010">{{Cite journal|date=October 2010|title=Cerebral malaria: mechanisms of brain injury and strategies for improved neurocognitive outcome|journal=Pediatric Research|volume=68|issue=4|pages=267–274|doi=10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181eee738|pmid=20606600}}</ref> == Mgbochi == [[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anwụnta Anopheles stephensi'' n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ọbara n'ahụ mmadụ (obere ọbara na-atụsịsị dị ka ihe karịrị akarị). Anwụnta a bụ ihe na-ekesa ịba, njikwa anwụnta bụkwanụ ụzọ dị irè iji belata ọdịdị nke ịba]] Ụzọ e ji gbochi ịba gụnyere ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, ibibi anwụnta na igbochi ọtịta anwụnta.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria "Fact sheet about malaria"]. ''World Health Organization''. 4 December 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Archived] from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọgwụ Mgbochi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>O gosipụtara na o siri ike ịmepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ịba dị irè. Nje a emeela ọtụtụ atụmatụ iji zeere mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ mmadụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Pollyanna S.|date=2016|title=Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617|pmid=27799922}}</ref> E nwere ụdị ise nke ''plasmodium''; nke ọbụla n'ime ndị a nwere ọkwa ndụ atọ n'ime ahụ mmadụ - sporozoite, merozoite, na gametocyte. Nke ọbụla n'ogo atọ ndị a nwere antigen dị iche iche n'elu ya, nke pụtara na mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike megide otu n'ime oge ndụ ndị a mana ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ megide ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Good-2021">{{Cite journal|author=Good|first=Michael F.|title=Biological strategies and political hurdles in developing malaria vaccines|journal=Expert Review of Vaccines|date=February 2021|volume=20|issue=2|pages=93–95|doi=10.1080/14760584.2021.1889094|pmid=33595407}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nje ndị ahụ pụtara na antigen ndị ahụ n'onwe ha nwere ike ịdị iche ọbụna n'ime otu oge ndụ.<ref name="Good-2021" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Day|first=Karen P.|date=16 May 2017|title=Evidence of strain structure in Plasmodium falciparum var gene repertoires in children from Gabon, West Africa|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=20|pages=E4103–E4111|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613018114|pmid=28461509}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ikike ahụịke yiri ka ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ etolite- nke a na-enweta site na ọtụtụ ọrịa - bụ naanị akụkụ, ọ naghị adịte aka. <ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCrutcherHoffman1996">Crutcher JM, Hoffman SL (1996). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/ "Malaria"]. ''Medical Microbiology'' (4th&nbsp;ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-9631172-1-2|<bdi>978-0-9631172-1-2</bdi>]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21413352 21413352]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210423100221/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/ Archived] from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="CDC-Vaccines-2024">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2 April 2024|title=Malaria Vaccines|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/malaria-vaccines.html|accessdate=9 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=12 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112092027/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/malaria-vaccines.html}}</ref> Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap setịpụrụ ihe o bu n'obi imezu maka ọgwụ mgbochi ịba ọhụrụ iji nwee ike ichebe ma ọ dịkarịa ala pasent iri asaa na ise megide ịba.<ref name="CDC-Vaccines-2024" /> Nnyocha mbụ e mere maka ọgwụ mgbochi gbasara kpọmkwem maka ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nke e nwetara ihe nwere isi na ya mere na 1967 site na igbanye ụmụ oke ''Plasmodium'' sporozoites dị ndụ, nke e ji ọkụ radiation [[:en:Attenuator_(genetics)|mee ka ike gwụ ya]], nke nyere nchebe dị ukwuu nye ụmụ oke ndị ahụ mgbe a gbanyere ha sporozoites nkịtị ka nọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nussenzweig|first=R. S.|title=Protective Immunity produced by the Injection of X-irradiated Sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei|journal=Nature|date=October 1967|volume=216|issue=5111|pages=160–162|doi=10.1038/216160a0|pmid=6057225}}</ref><ref name="Vanderberg-2009">{{Cite journal|title=Reflections on early malaria vaccine studies, the first successful human malaria vaccination, and beyond|journal=Vaccine|volume=27|issue=1|pages=2–9|date=January 2009|pmid=18973784|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.028}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, WHO na ndị na-akwado ọgwụ mgbochi ịba setịpụrụ ihe ha bu n'obi imezu imepụta ọgwụ mgbochi e mere iji kwụsị mgbasa nke ịba na ebumnuche ogologo oge nke iwepụ ịba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Malaria Report 2013|url=https://www.who.int/entity/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2013/wmr2013_no_profiles.pdf?ua=1|accessdate=13 February 2014|publisher=World Health Organization|format=PDF}}</ref> Dịka ebe ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2026, enyela ikike ịgba [[ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] abụọ maka ọgwụgwọ ịba.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization "WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization"]. 2 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization Archived] from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụ mgbochi mbụ a kwadoro maka ''P. falciparum'' bụ RTS,S, nke e ji aha Mosquirix mara, <ref name="EMA Mosquirix">{{Cite web|date=October 2015|title=Mosquirix: Opinion on medicine for use outside EU|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/opinion-medicine-use-outside-EU/human/mosquirix|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123055901/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/mosquirix-h-w-2300|archivedate=23 November 2019|accessdate=22 November 2019|work=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> nke gazuru [[:en:Clinical_trial|nnwale ahụike]] na 2014. WHO nakweere ụzọ nlezianya iji nye ya [[:en:Pre-qualification|prequalification]], sikwa otu ahụ dịka akụkụ nke mmemme mmejuputa ọgwụ ịba (MVIP) kwadoo mmemme nnwale na mba atọ dị na mpaghara Sahara - Ghana, Kenya na Malawi - malite na 2019. Ihe omume ndị a lekwasịrị anya n'ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise, ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ịba siri ike na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Willyard|first=Cassandra|title=The slow roll-out of the world's first malaria vaccine|journal=Nature|date=22 December 2022|volume=612|issue=7941|pages=S48–S49|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-04343-7|pmid=36536213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|date=March 2020|title=Q&A on the malaria vaccine implementation programme (MVIP)|url=https://www.who.int/malaria/media/malaria-vaccine-implementation-qa/en/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513074401/https://www.who.int/malaria/media/malaria-vaccine-implementation-qa/en/|archivedate=13 May 2020|accessdate=6 May 2020|publisher=WHO}}</ref> Ruo 2023, nde ụmụaka atọ enwetala ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ, na-egosi mbelata nke oke ịba yana mbelata nke ọnwụ ụmụaka (site na ihe niile na-kpata ya) ruo ogo pasent iri na atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Life-saving malaria vaccines reach children in 17 endemic countries in 2024|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/life-saving-malaria-vaccines-reach-children-in-17-endemic-countries-in-2024|accessdate=10 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en|archivedate=28 December 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228035119/https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/life-saving-malaria-vaccines-reach-children-in-17-endemic-countries-in-2024}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria "Fact sheet about malaria"]. ''World Health Organization''. 4 December 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Archived] from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=David|date=7 November 2023|title=RTS,S vaccine pilot: 13% mortality reduction fuels hope for malaria control|url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/rtss-vaccine-pilot-13-mortality-reduction-fuels-hope-malaria-control|accessdate=10 January 2026|work=GAVI The Vaccine Alliance|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ mgbochi nke abụọ bụ R21 / Matrix-M, nke nwere ikike ọgwụgwọ ruru ogo pasent iri asaa na asaa nke gosipụtara na nnwale mbụ na ọkwa ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ dị elu karịa nke RTS,S.<ref name="Roxby-2021">{{Cite web|date=23 April 2021|title=Malaria vaccine hailed as potential breakthrough|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56858158|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424010402/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56858158|archivedate=24 April 2021|accessdate=24 April 2021|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> A chọpụtara na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ịba R-21/Matrix M na-ebelata ọrịa ịba site ruo n'ogo pasent iri asaa na ise n'ógbè ndị nwere mgbasa nke na-eme n'oge n'oge nakwa ruo n'ogo pasent iri isii na asatọ n'ógbè ndị mgbasa ya na-adị n'ime afọ niile n'ime ụmụaka nọ na mpaghara Sahara Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Datoo|first=Mehreen|date=10 February 2024|title=Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial|journal=The Lancet|volume=403|issue=10426|pages=533–544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02511-4|pmid=38310910}}</ref> WHO kwadoro ọgwụ mgbochi ịba R-21/Matrix M maka igbochi ịba n'ime ụmụaka na 2023.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization "WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization"]. 2 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization Archived] from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Nchịkwa anwụnta === [[Faịlụ:Mansprayingkeroseneoil.jpg|thumb|Nwoke na-awụsa mmanụ kerosene na mmiri na-anaghị ekwo ekwo, [[:en:Panama_Canal_Zone|Panama Canal Zon]], 1912]] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ebumnuche nke njikwa anwụnta bụ iji gbochie anwụnta ịta ụmụ mmadụ - ma ọ bụ site na iji ụdị ihe mgbochi ụfọdụ, ma ọ bụ ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta. Enwere ike ịhazi ha n'ozuzu dị ka nchedo onwe onye, njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'èzí ụlọ obibi na ụlọ dị iche iche, usoro njikwa nke ime ụlọ na ụlọ, na ndị a na-etinye n'ime akwa ụlọ.<ref name="EPA-Control-2016">{{Cite web|title=Success in Mosquito Control: An Integrated Approach|url=https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/success-mosquito-control-integrated-approach|work=www.epa.gov|date=5 July 2016|accessdate=1 February 2026|language=en|first=OCSPP|author=US EPA|archivedate=6 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206223356/https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/success-mosquito-control-integrated-approach}}</ref> ==== Nchebe onwe onye ==== A na-atụ aro ihe ndị na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ, dị ka [[:en:DEET|DEET]] ma ọ bụ picaridin, maka ndị njem. A na-atụkwa aro uwe mwụda nke na-ekpuchi akụkụ ahụ nke ukwuu. Enwere ike iji permethrin nụchaa uwe dị ka ihe nchebe ọzọ.<ref name="mosquitobiteavoidance">{{Cite web|title=Mosquito bite avoidance: advice for travellers|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mosquito-bite-avoidance-for-travellers/mosquito-bite-avoidance-advice-for-travellers--2|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=GOV.UK|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124113031/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mosquito-bite-avoidance-for-travellers/mosquito-bite-avoidance-advice-for-travellers--2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Avoid bug bites {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=wwwnc.cdc.gov|archivedate=13 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313104044/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites}}</ref> ==== Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi ==== Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ anwụnta na-amụ ụmụ [[:en:Standing_water|na mmiri na-anaghị ekwo ekwo]], mbelata isi ebe ha si apụta dị nnọọ mfe dị ka ịwufucha mmiri niile dọọrọ adọrọ dị gburugburu ụlọ, site na iwuchi maọbụ ikpocha ọwara mmiri, ebe ndị dị apịtị apịtị na akụkụ osisi ndị na-ere ere nke ọma. Ikpochapụ ebe ndị a na-amụ anwụnta nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ dị irè ma na-adịgide adịgide iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta n'ejighị ọgwụ ahụhụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=25 September 2014|title=Integrating the public in mosquito management: active education by community peers can lead to significant reduction in peridomestic container mosquito habitats|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108504|pmid=25255027}}</ref> Ọ ga-ekwe omume iji larvicides gbuo larvae anwụnta n'ime ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ndị a na-enweghị ike ikpocha.<ref name="Mississippi-2025">{{Cite web|date=13 February 2025|title=Mosquito Prevention: What the Homeowner Can Do|url=https://www.msdh.ms.gov/page/14,1097,93.html|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=Mississippi State Department of Health|language=en|archivedate=14 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214232607/https://www.msdh.ms.gov/page/14,1097,93.html}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|title=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2015|isbn=978-92-4-154912-7|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2015}}}} * {{Cite book|title=World Malaria Report 2022|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2022|isbn=978-92-4-006489-8|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2022}}}} == Ịgụrụ Gawa == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-malaria-day/2026 Akụkọ mkpọsa nke World Malaria Day 2026] * [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ WHO maka ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) * [https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/malaria/index.html Ebe nrụọrụ CDC na ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) * [https://www.paho.org/en/topics/malaria Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ PAHO na ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) {{Medical condition classification and resources|ICD11={{ICD11|1F40}}–{{ICD11|1F45}}|ICD10={{ICD10|B50}}–{{ICD10|B54}}|ICD9={{ICD9|084}}|DiseasesDB=7728|MedlinePlus=000621|OMIM=248310|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=1385|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|305}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1357}}|MeshName=Malaria|MeshNumber=C03.752.250.552|Orphanet=673|Scholia=Q12156}}{{Malaria}}{{Chromalveolate diseases}}{{Diseases of Poverty}}{{Effective altruism}}{{Eradication of infectious disease}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jrdfkno5bxra8nqzk2ak0nfv7h13ik8 697345 697344 2026-08-08T15:47:05Z Goodymeraj 16207 697345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Malaria|pronounce={{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɛər|i|ə}}|synonym=Ague, paludism, marsh fever|image=Malaria Parasite Connecting to Human Red Blood Cell (34034143483).jpg|caption=[[Plasmodium|Malaria parasite]] connecting to a [[red blood cell]]|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Mild malaria: fever, chills, vomiting, headache, diarrhoea.<br/>Severe malaria: anaemia, jaundice, coma|complications=[[Epileptic seizure|Seizures]], [[coma]],<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[organ failure]], [[anaemia]], [[cerebral malaria]]<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |title=Malaria |date= |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702235123/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |url-status=live}}</ref>|onset=Usually 10–15 days post exposure<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|duration=Lifelong if not treated|causes=''[[Plasmodium]]'' transmitted by ''[[Anopheles]]'' [[mosquito]]es<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|risks=Exposure to mosquitoes in [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas|diagnosis=Examination of the blood, [[malaria antigen detection tests|antigen detection tests]]<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|differential=|prevention=[[Mosquito net]]s, [[insect repellent]], [[mosquito control]], prophylactic medication<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|treatment=|medication=[[Antimalarial medication]]<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|frequency=282 million (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|deaths=610,000 (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|alt=}} Ọrịa '''Ịba''' bụ ọrịa na-efe efe nke anwụnta na-ebute nke ọ bụ anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-ekesa ya ma ọ taa mmadụ.<ref name="WHO-Vector-2023">{{Cite web|title=Vector-borne diseases|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases|accessdate=24 April 2022|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|archivedate=4 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104001515/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Mgbaàmà dị iche nke ịba na mmadụ na-agụnye [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]], Ike ọgwụgwụ, ịgbọ agbọ, na isi ọwụwa.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: An Update|journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics|volume=84|issue=7|pages=521–528|date=July 2017|pmid=28357581|doi=10.1007/s12098-017-2332-2}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ siri ike, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịkpata jaundice, nkụchi obi maọbụ akụkụ ahụ ọbụla, coma, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ. <ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=10 May 2024|publisher=World Health Organization|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite mgbe ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na ise gasịrị mgbe anwụnta Anopheles tara mmadụ.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref name="CDC-FAQ-2023">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html|title=CDC - Malaria - FAQs|date=28 June 2023|accessdate=9 September 2017|archivedate=13 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a gwọghị ya nke ọma, ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịna-arịa ọrịa ahụ ugboro ugboro ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Ndị gbakere na ya bụ ọrịa na-enwekarị ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke ahụ mmadụ, na-enwe ike ibute ịba ọzọ mana ha ga-enwe mgbaàmà dị nro.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[:en:Immunity_(medical)|Mgbochi]] a na-abụghị n'ozuzu na-apụ n'anya n'ime ọnwa ole na ole ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụrụ na onye ahụ enweghị ike ịrịa ịba na-aga n'ihu.<ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata ọrịa ịba bụ nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ nke ụdị ''Plasmodium,'' <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> nke a na-agbasa n'ozuzu site na ọtịta nke anwụnta ''Anopheles bu ya bụ ọrịa''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=JAMA|volume=327|issue=6|date=February 2022|pmid=35133414|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468}}</ref> Ọtịta anwụnta ahụ na-ewebata nje na-akpata ya bụ ọrịa site na asọmmiri anwụnta ahụ baa n'ime ọbara.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Nje ndị ahụ na-ebu ụzọ amụba ma tolite n'imeju mmadụ n'egosighị ihe mgbaàmà ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifecycle of the malaria parasite|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=2 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102114122/https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, nje ndị ahụ tozurula etozu ga-agbasa banye n'ime ọbara, ebe ha na-ebute ọrịa ma na-ebibi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie, na-akpata mgbaàmà na-egosi mbute ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaria factsheet|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Public Health England|language=en|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901042339/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms}}</ref> Ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ise na-ebunyekarị ụmụ mmadụ ọrịa.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Ụdị atọ ndị na-akpata ọrịa a n'ụdị siri ike karị bụ ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwmg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' (nke na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ site n'ọrịa ịba), ''P. vivax<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwnQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''P. knowlesi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwoA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' (ịba [[:en:Simian|simian]] nke na-emetụta ọtụtụ puku mmadụ n'afọ). <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|title=Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf|accessdate=19 February 2024|archivedate=22 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222024003/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf}}</ref> ''P. oval<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''[[:en:Plasmodium_malariae|P.&#x20;malariae]]'' na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba dị nro. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> A na-achọpụta ịba site na Nnyocha microscopic nke ọbara site na iji Ihe nkiri ọbara, ma ọ bụ site na nnyocha [[:en:Malaria_antigen_detection_tests|antigen-based]] [[:en:Rapid_diagnostic_test|rapid diagnostic tests]].<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> E mepụtala usoro ndị na-eji [[:en:Polymerase_chain_reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] iji chọpụta [[Dna|DNA]] nke nje ahụ, mana anaghị ejikarị ha eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe ebe ịba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, n'ihi ọnụahịa ha na mgbagwoju anya ha.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> Enwere ike ibelata ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ahụ site na igbochi ọtịta anwụnta site na iji ụgbụ anwụnta na Ihe na-achụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ site n'iji [[:en:Mosquito_control|usoro nchịkwa anwụnta]] dị ka ịgbasa [[Ọgwụ ahụhụ]] na ịwufu mmiri dọ adọ. <ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi dị iji [[:en:Malaria_prophylaxis|gbochie ịba]] n'ebe ọrịa ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Dịka ebe afọ 2023, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) kwadoro [[ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] abụọ.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}</ref> Nguzogide nke nje ahụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ amụbaala ruo na ọtụtụ ọgwụ [[:en:Antimalarial_medication|mgbochi ịba]] ; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' na-eguzogide ọgwụ chloroquine agbasaala ruo n'ọtụtụ ebe ịba na-adịkarị, ọzọkwa nguzogide ọgwụ artemisinin aghọwo nsogbu n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> N'ihi nke a, ọgwụgwọ site n'inye ọgwụ maka ọrịa ịba kwesịrị ịhazi ya ka ọ daba kpọmkwem na Ụdị <nowiki><i id="mw5g">Plasmodium</i></nowiki> a na-achụ yana ebe e butere ya bụ ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Treatment|language=en-us}}</ref> Ọrịa a juru ebe niile n'ógbè tropik yana subtropik ndị dị n'ime nnukwu mpaghara gbara akara equator gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Malaria|title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health|date=2021|pages=227–248|isbn=978-0-19-881680-5|doi=10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0073|edition=7th}}</ref><ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Nke a gụnyere ọtụtụ mpaghara sub-Saharan Africa, [[Asia]], na Latin America.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ihe dị ka nde ndị mmadụ narị abụọ na iri asatọ na abụọ '''('''282 million) ndị butere ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile, kpatara ọnwụ a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ruru narị puku iri isii na iri.<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=World malaria report 2025|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=5 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105141123/https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu na ise nke ndị butere ọrịa ahụ na ndị nwụrụ na ya mere n'Afrịka dị n'okpuru Sahara.<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" /><ref name="WHO-Briefing-2024">{{Cite web|title=Current state: The malaria situation worldwide|url=https://worldmalariareport2024.org/|accessdate=6 January 2026|work=WHO: World Malaria Report Global Briefing Kit 2024|language=en}}</ref> A na-ejikọkarị ịba na ịda ogbenye, ọ na-enwekwa nnukwu mmetụta ọjọọ n'uto akụ na ụba;<ref name="Worrall-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature|journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health|volume=10|issue=10|pages=1047–1059|date=October 2005|pmid=16185240|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x}}</ref> N'[[Afrịka|Africa]], a na-eme atụmatụ na ọrịa a na-akpata nnukwu mfu nke akụ na ụba (nke e mere atụmatụ na ọ ruru ijeri dollar US iri na abụọ kwa afọ n'afọ 2005) n'ihi ịrị elu nke ụgwọ nlekọta ahụike, mbelata ike ndị mmadụ nwere ịrụ ọrụ, na mmetụta ọjọọ ọ na-enwe n'ọrụ njem nleta.<ref name="Greenwood-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=The Lancet|volume=365|issue=9469|pages=1487–1498|year=2005|pmid=15850634|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Malaria.webm|thumbtime=0:02|thumb|Nchịkọta akụkọ vidiyo (script)]] == Mmalite Okwu == Okwu a bụ ''malaria'' (ịba) sitere n'asụsụ Italian nke oge etiti (Medieval Italian) : mala aria, 'ikuku ọjọọ', ma bụrụ akụkụ nke echiche miasma; nke kwuru na ọrịa na-esite n'ikuku rụrụ arụ. N'oge gara aga, a na-akpọ ọrịa a ague, paludism, ma ọ bụ marsh fever, n'ihi njikọ e nwere n'etiti ya na apiti na ala mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=From Shakespeare to Defoe: malaria in England in the Little Ice Age|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1–11|date=1999|pmid=10653562|doi=10.3201/eid0601.000101}}</ref> Okwu malaria pụtara n'asụsụ Bekee ma ọ dịkarịa ala kemgbe afọ 1768<ref>{{Cite book|date=1768|title=A view of the customs, manners, drama, &c. of Italy, as they are described in the Frusta letteraria; and in the Account of Italy in English, written by Mr. Baretti; compared with the Letters from Italy, written by Mr. Sharp|location=London|publisher=W. Nicoll}}</ref> A na-akpọ ngalaba sayensị na-amụ maka ọrịa ịba malariology<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of MALARIOLOGY|work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malariology|language=en|accessdate=19 November 2024|archivedate=2 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802160413/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malariology}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà Ya == [[Faịlụ:Symptoms_of_Malaria.png|thumb|Mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ọrịa ịba <ref name="Fairhurst-2015">{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00276-9|chapter=Malaria (''Plasmodium'' Species)|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases|date=2015|pages=3070–3090.e9|isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3}}</ref>]] Mgbaàmà n'oge mmalite nke ọrịa ịba bụ ahụ ọkụ, oyi, isi ọwụwa, agbọ onunu, na ịgbọ agbọ na afọ ọsịsa; ụdị ya ndị siri ike karị nwere ike igosi ọzịza nke [[:en:Splenomegaly|ọkpụkpụ]] ma ọ bụ imeju, na obere [[:en:Jaundice|jaundice]].<ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2024|title=Symptoms of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/symptoms/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị a nwere ike iyi ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dịka [[:en:Sepsis|sepsis]], [[:en:Gastroenteritis|gastroenteritis]], influenza na Ọrịa nje ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref><ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, mgbaàmà - ọkachasị ahụ ọkụ - nwere ike ịghọ usoro na-eme mgbe niile, na-eme ugboro ugboro kwa ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ ([[:en:Paroxysmal_attack|mkpagbu paroxysmal]]). <ref name="Crutcher-1996" /><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na ise mgbe anwụnta tara nke mbụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịnọ ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa mgbe mmadụ butesịrị ọrịa ahụ tupu ọ pụta. Ndị njem na-aṅụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nwere ike inwe mgbaàmà ya ozugbo ha kwụsịrị ịṅụ ọgwụ ahụ.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref> Oké ịba na-eme mgbe ọrịa Plasmodium ahụ mebiri akụkụ ahụ ndị dị mkpa dị ka akụrụ, imeju, akpa ume ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ. Mgbaàmà gụnyere oke [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]], jaundice, [[:en:Convulsion|ihe ọdụdọ]], mgbagwoju anya, [[:en:Coma|coma]], [[:en:Kidney_failure|nkụchi akụrụ]] na n'ikpeazụ ọnwụ.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba siri ike na-abụkarị nke ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAXs">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na-akpata; a ga-emeso ya dị ka ọnọdụ mberede ahụike. <ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Severe malaria|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/symptoms-and-treatments/severe-malaria|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=7 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407170534/https://www.mmv.org/malaria/symptoms-and-treatments/severe-malaria}}</ref> === Nsogbu === Akparamagwa pụrụ iche nke ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' bụ ikike ya ịmepụta protein na-arapara n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie (RBC) nke ọrịa ahụ dị na ya. RBCs ọrịa a dị na ya na-egbochi capillaries (na-akpata hypoxia) ma na-agbakọta n'akụkụ ndị dị mkpa, na-eguzogide ọrụ ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Autino|first=Beatrice|title=Pathogenesis of Malaria in Tissues and Blood|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|date=4 October 2012|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012061|doi=10.4084/mjhid.2012.061|pmid=23170190}}</ref> Ọrịa ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' na-akpata nsogbu kachasị njọ nke ịba. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ bụ ụdị ọrịa ịba siri ike na-emetụta ụbụrụ. RBCs ọrịa dị na ha na-egbochi capillaries ndị dị na ụbụrụ na-akpata mmeghachi omume ahụike, nke na-emebi Ihe mgbochi ọbara na ụbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schiess|first=Nicoline|title=Pathophysiology and neurologic sequelae of cerebral malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|date=December 2020|volume=19|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12936-020-03336-z|pmid=32703204}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ na-egosipụta mgbaàmà [[:en:Neurological_disorder|na-egosi nsogbu n'ụbụrụ]], dị ka mgbagwoju anya, nkụchi obi maọbụ akụkụ ahụ ọbụla, ma ọ bụ [[:en:Coma|coma]].<ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ, ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya, nwere ike ibute ọnwụ n'ime awa iri anọ na asatọ nke mgbaàmà mbụ gosiri; ndị lagbụrụ ya nwere ike inwe mmerụ ahụ metụtara ụbụrụ na-adịte aka.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012" /><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]] siri ike bụ mgwakọta nke mbibi nke RBCs (ma ndị bu ọrịa ma ndị na-ebughị) yana ịdị ala nke mmepụta RBC n'ụmị ọkpụkpụ; ọ bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ n'ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise<ref>{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Nicholas J.|title=What causes malaria anemia?|journal=Blood|date=14 April 2022|volume=139|issue=15|pages=2268–2269|doi=10.1182/blood.2021015055|pmid=35420692}}</ref> Ịba nwere ike ibute nsogbu iku ume siri ike na ihe ruru pasent iri abụọ na ise nke ndị nwere ya. Ọ na-esite na mmebi nke capillary endothelium, na-emebi alveoli nke akpa ume.<ref name="Greenwood-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=The Lancet|volume=365|issue=9469|pages=1487–1498|year=2005|pmid=15850634|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref><ref name="Taylor-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Walter R.J.|title=Respiratory Manifestations of Malaria|journal=Chest|date=August 2012|volume=142|issue=2|pages=492–505|doi=10.1378/chest.11-2655|pmid=22871759}}</ref> Mgbaàmà bụ oke ịdị mkpụmkpụ nke iku ume na ụcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'egbugbere ọnụ (cyanosis) na-egosi enweghị ikuku oxygen.<ref name="Taylor-2012" /> Ọ bụ onye na-egbu ndị okenye, na-enwe ihe dị ka pasent iri ano nke ọnwụ ndị na-arịa ya ozugbo mgbaàmà ya malitere.<ref name="Taylor-2012" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prenen|first=Fran|title=Resolution of experimental malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome is Alox12 independent and shows residual inflammation|journal=Malaria Journal|date=4 July 2025|volume=24|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12936-025-05462-y|pmid=40615878}}</ref> [[:en:Coinfection|Ịrịakọta]] HIV na ịba na-eme ka ọnwụ dịkwuo elu.<ref name="Korenromp-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria attributable to the HIV-1 epidemic, sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=11|issue=9|pages=1410–1419|date=September 2005|pmid=16229771|doi=10.3201/eid1109.050337}}</ref> Nsogbu ndị ọzọ gụnyere [[:en:Splenomegaly|ọkpụkpụ zara aza]], Imeju zara aza ma ọ bụ ha abụọ.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ihe a na-akpọ [[:en:Blackwater_fever|blackwater fever]] na-eme mgbe haemoglobin sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie [[:en:Lysis|gbawara agbawa]] ma debanye na mamịrị wee gbanwee ụcha ya, nke ihe na-esokarị ya bụ nkụchi akụrụ. <ref name="Bartoloni-2012" /> [[:en:Pregnancy-associated_malaria|Ọrịa ịba n'oge afọ ime]] nwere ike ịkpata [[Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ|ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ]], [[:en:Infant_mortality|ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ]], ime ọpụpụ, na [[:en:Low_birth_weight|lịdị arọ dị ala nke nwa a mụrụ ọhụrụ]], <ref name="Hartman-2010">{{Cite journal|title=The impact of maternal malaria on newborns|journal=Annals of Tropical Paediatrics|volume=30|issue=4|pages=271–282|year=2010|pmid=21118620|doi=10.1179/146532810X12858955921032}}</ref> ọkachasị na ọrịa ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'', ọ na-emekwa n'ọrịa ''P. vivax&nbsp;''. <ref name="Rijken-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria in pregnancy in the Asia-Pacific region|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=1|pages=75–88|date=January 2012|pmid=22192132|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70315-2}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Faịlụ:Life_Cycle_of_the_Malaria_Parasite.jpg|thumb|Usoro ndụ nke nje ịba: A na-ewebata Sporozoites site na ọtịta nke anwụnta. Mgbe ha ruru imeju, ha na-amụba ghọọ ọtụtụ puku merozoites. Merozoites ndị ahụ na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie ma mejupụta, na-emetụtakwu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara uhie uhie ndị ọzọ na-aga. Ụfọdụ nje na-emepụta gametocytes, nke anwụnta na-eburu, na-aga n'ihu na usndụ ya.]] nwỌrịa ịba na-abịa mgbe e nwere mmetụta na [[:en:Parasite|nje]] na ụdị ''Plasmodium'', nke anwụnta nke ụdị ''Anopheles na-ebufe n'etiti ndị mmadụ na-arịa ya.''<ref name="CDC-About-2022">{{Cite web|publisher=CDC-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=22 March 2022|title=Malaria - About Malaria - Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html|accessdate=28 April 2022|language=en-US|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524132501/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html}}</ref> Plasmodium parasite nwere usoro ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-emetụta mmadụ na anwụnta ụ ndị nje ahụ na-anịọanọ n'ime ahụ ha eto n'ogo dị iche iche, na-ewere ụdị dị iche na ogo ọbụla nke usoro ndụ ahụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> * ''Anwụnta Anopheles'' anwụnta na-ebute ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' site ịmịrị ọbara site n'ahụ onye buteburu ọrịa ahụ n'oge gara aga. Oge ọzọ anwụnta ahụ ga-eri nri, arụ ọ ga-ata ga-ewebata ''Plasmodium'' - n'ụdị na-agagharị agagharị a na-akpọ sporozoites - n'ime mmadụ ọhụrụ na-arịabeghị ya bụ ọrịa mbụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> * N'ime mmadụ ọhụrụ a, sporozoites ndị ahụ na-abanye n'ọbara ma gaa n'ime imeju, ebe ha na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ imeju (hepatocytes). <ref name="Cowman-2016">{{Cite journal|date=October 2016|title=Malaria: Biology and Disease|journal=Cell|volume=167|issue=3|pages=610–624|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.055|pmid=27768886}}</ref> * Ha na-eto ma na-ekewa n'ime imeju, ebe hepatocyte nke ọbụla bu ọrịa na-emesị nwee ihe ruru nje na-akpata ọrịa puku iri anọ..<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Mgbe ụbọchị ise ruo ụbọchị iri abụọ na ise gasịrị, hepatocytes ndị a bu ọrịa na-ekewa, na-ewepụta ''Plasmodium'' - n'ụdị dị obere a na-akpọ Merozoites, baa n'ime ọbara.<ref name="Arrow-2004" /> * N'ime ọbara, merozoites ndị ahụ na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie n'otu n'otu, nke ọ bụla na-emepụtaghachi n'ihe karịrị awa 24-72 iji mepụta merozoites 16-32 ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị ahụ butere ọrịa na-agbawa, na-ewepụta merozoites ọhụrụ nke na-ebunyekwa mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọrịa ọzọ, na-akpata okirikiri nke na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje na-amụba n'ime onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> * Obere akụkụ nke nje ahụ anaghị emepụtaghachi, kama ọ na-etolite ghọọ nje ndị a na-akpọ gametocytes nwoke na nwanyị. Gametocytes ndị a na-etolite n'ime ụmị ọkpụkpụ ruo ụbọchị iri na otu, wee laghachi na nrugharị ọbara iji chere ka anwụnta ọzọ mịrị ya mgbe ọ ga-ata.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> * Ozugbo ọ nọ n'ime anwụnta, gametocytes na-enwe mmekọahụ, ma mesịa mepụta ụmụ sporozoites ndị ga-akwaga na [[:en:Salivary_gland|ebe mmepụta asọmmiri]] nke anwụnta ahụ ka o nwee ike gbanye ya dịka ọgwụ n'ime onye ọhụrụ mgbe anwụnta ahụ ga-ata onye ọzọ. <ref name="Arrow-2004" /> <ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Ọrịa imeju anaghị akpata mgbaàmà ọbụla; mgbaàmà niile nke ịba na-esite na ọrịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite ozugbo e nwere ihe karịrị parasites dị narị puku kwa millilitre nke ọbara.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Ọtụtụ n'ime mgbaàmà ndị metụtara oke ịba na-esite na ọchịchọ nke ''P. falciparum'' ịrapara na mgbidi [[:en:Blood_vessel|ebe ndị ọbara si aga]], na-akpata mmebi na arịa ndị metụtara na anụ ahụ ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Nje ndị na-abanye n'ebe ndị ọbara si aga nke akpa ume na-eweta nsogbu iku ume. N'ime ụbụrụ, ha na-eweta [[:en:Coma|coma]]. N'oge ịdị ime, ha na-agbakọta na [[:en:Intervillous_space|di n'etiti otu villium na ibe ya]] ma na-egbochi ọrụ nke placenta, na-enye aka na ịdị arọ dị ala nke nwa ọhụrụ na ịmụ nwa n'oge erughị eru, ma na-abawanye ihe ize ndụ nke ime ọpụpụ na ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie n'oge ọrịa na-akpatakarị ọrịa anaemia, nke a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo njọ site na mbelata mmepụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọhụrụ n'oge ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Naanị anwụnta nwanyị na-eri ọbara; anwụnta nwoke na-eri ihe na-atọ ụtọ nke osisi ma ha anaghị ebufe ọrịa ahụ. Ụmụ nwanyị nke ụdị anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-ahọrọ iri nri n'abalị. Ha na-amalite ịchọ nri n'oge mgbede, ma gaa n'ihu n'abalị ruo mgbe ha nwetara ihe ha ga-eri.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ha nwere ike ime mgbanwe n'ihi na e bidola iji ụgbụ àkwà arahụ ụra nke ukwuu ma malite ịta n'oge, tupu a gbasaa ụgbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaria Mosquitoes Are Biting before Bed-Net Time|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/malaria-mosquitoes-are-biting-before-bed-net-time/|accessdate=29 May 2023|work=Scientific American|archivedate=29 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529022719/https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/malaria-mosquitoes-are-biting-before-bed-net-time/}}</ref> A pụkwara ibute nje ịba site na Mgbanye ọbara, ọ bụ ezie na nke a abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="Owusu-Ofori-2010">{{Cite journal|title=Transfusion-transmitted malaria in countries where malaria is endemic: a review of the literature from sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=51|issue=10|pages=1192–1198|date=November 2010|pmid=20929356|doi=10.1086/656806}}</ref> === Ụdị ''Plasmodium Dị Iche Iche'' === N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ọ bụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAmc">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', P. malariae, ''P. ovale curtisi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAm0">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', ''P. ovale wallikeri<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', ''P. vivax<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnM">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''P. knowlesi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnY">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>''.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> N'etiti ndị butere ọrịa, ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' bụ ụdị a na-ahụkarị (~75%) nke ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' (~20%) na-esochi. <ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' jupụtara n'Africa ma na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ, ebe ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' na-achịkwa n'èzí Africa. <ref name="Sarkar-2009">{{Cite journal|title=Critical care aspects of malaria|journal=Journal of Intensive Care Medicine|volume=25|issue=2|pages=93–103|year=2009|pmid=20018606|doi=10.1177/0885066609356052}}</ref><ref name="Arnott-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Understanding the population genetics of ''Plasmodium vivax'' is essential for malaria control and elimination|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=11|date=January 2012|pmid=22233585|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-14}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> E dekọọla ụfọdụ ọrịa ụmụ mmadụ na ọtụtụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' sitere na enwe ndị dị elu, mana ewezuga ''P. knowlesi&nbsp;'' - ụdị zoonotic nke na-akpata ịba na [[:en:Macaques|macaques]] - ndị anaghị abụkarị ihe dị mkpa maka ahụike ọha na eze. <ref name="Collins-2012">{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': a malaria parasite of monkeys and humans|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=57|pages=107–121|year=2012|id={{Zenodo|1234957}}|pmid=22149265|doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-121510-133540}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref name="Collins-2009">{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': finally being recognized|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=199|issue=8|pages=1107–1108|date=April 2009|pmid=19284287|doi=10.1086/597415}}</ref> Ụdị abụọ - ''P.'' ''vivax'' na ''P. oval'' - na-emepụta ọkwa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ a na-akpọ hypnozoitis nke nwere ike ịnọgide na imeju, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ wepụrụ ọrịa ahụ n'ọbara. Ndị a nwere ike ịmaliteghachi mgbe izu ma ọ bụ ọnwa ole na ole gasịrị ma mee ka ọrịa ahụ laghachi azụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> === Ịba na-apụta ugboro ugboro === Mgbaàmà nke ịba nwere ike ịlaghachi mgbe oge dịgasị iche iche na-enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla gosiri gasịrị. Dabere na ihe kpatara ya, enwere ike ịhazi mmeghachi omume dị ka [[:en:Recrudescence|recrudescence]], [[:en:Relapse|relapse]], ma ọ bụ reinfection. Recrudescence bụ mgbe mgbaàmà na-alaghachi mgbe oge a na-enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla gasịrị n'ihi enweghị ike iwepụ nje ndị dị n'ọbara site na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke.{{sfn|WHO|2015|p=4}}.Relapse bụ mgbe mgbaàmà na-apụta ọzọ mgbe ewepụchara nje ndị ahụ n'ọbara mana ha nọgidere dị ka hypnozoites na-ehi ụra <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: origin of the term 'hypnozoite'|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=781–786|date=2011|pmid=20665090|doi=10.1007/s10739-010-9239-3}}</ref> na mkpụrụ ndụ imeju. Reinfection pụtara na e wepụrụ nje n'ahụ dum mana ọrịa ọhụrụ amalitela. Nlaghachi nke ọrịa n'ime izu abụọ nke ọgwụgwọ na-abụkarị n'ihi ọdịda ọgwụgwọ..{{sfn|WHO|2015|p=41}} == Usoro ọrịa si arụ ọrụ n'ahụ == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Red_blood_cells_infected_with_malaria.jpg|thumb|Electron micrograph na-egosi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke ''Plasmodium falciparum juru na ya'' (n'etiti), na-egosi "knobs" protein adherence]] Ọrịa ịba na-etolite site na usoro abụọ: otu nke na-emetụta imeju (oge exoerythrocytic), na otu nke na na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, ma ọ bụ erythrocytes (oge erythrocyte). Mgbe anwụnta butere ọrịa ahụ na-adụpu akpụkpọ ahụ mmadụ iji rie nri ọbara, sporozoites ndị dị n'ime asọmmiri anwụnta ahụ na-abanye n'ọbara ma kwaga n'ime imeju ebe ha na-emetụta hepatocytes, na-amụba n'enweghị mmekọahụ na n'enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla ruo ụbọchị 8-30.<ref name="Bledsoe-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}</ref> N'oge a, ihe ndị a [[:en:Cellular_differentiation|na-ekewasị]] iji mepụta ọtụtụ puku merozoites, nke, mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ ha gbawara, ga-enuba n'ime ọbara ma metụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie iji malite usoro erythrocytic nke ndụ ha.<ref name="Bledsoe-2005" /> Akụkụ mbụ nke ọrịa ahụ anaghị enwe mgbaàmà ọbụla; mgbaàmà ahụike niile nke ịba nwere njikọ na akụkụ merozoite nke usoro ndụ ya.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref> N'ime nke a, nje ndị ahụ na-amụba n'ụzọ na-enweghị mmekọahụ n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, na-apụta site n'oge ruo n'oge iji bunye ndị ọhụrụ ọrịa. N'ime erythrocyte ọ bụla butere ọrịa, nje ahụ na-amụba, na-eri cytoplasm ka ọ na-amụba. Mgbe ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ gasịrị, erythrocyte ahụ ga-agbawa, na-ewepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ (dị n'etiti iri na isii na iri atọ na abụọ) nke merozoites ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bucşan|first=Allison N.|title=Setting the stage: The initial immune response to blood-stage parasites|journal=Virulence|date=31 December 2020|volume=11|issue=1|pages=88–103|doi=10.1080/21505594.2019.1708053|pmid=31900030}}</ref> Ntọhapụ a nke merozoites n'ime ọbara, tinyere nsi ha niile yana iberibe erythrocyte, na-akpata ahụ ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ nke nwere ike ịbụ nke na-eme nwa oge na nke na-emesi ike. <ref name="CDC-Features-2024" /> [1]<ref name="Bledsoe-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}</ref> N'ime ụdị ụfọdụ nke ''Plasmodium'', ụfọdụ sporozoites anaghị etolite ozugbo ghọọ merozoites na-arụ ọrụ n'oge exoerythrocytic, kama, ha na-emepụta hypnozoites nke na-anọgide na-ehi ụra ruo oge dị iche iche na-esite n'agbata ọtụtụ ọnwa (ọnwa asaa ruo ọnwa iri bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị) ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="White-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of relapse periodicity in ''Plasmodium vivax'' malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=10|date=October 2011|pmid=21989376|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-297}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụra gasịrị, ha na-emegharị ma mepụta merozoites. Hypnozoites na-akpata ogologo oge na nlọghachi azụ na ọrịa ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' na ''P. oval&nbsp;''. <ref name="White-2011" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Okafor|first=Chika N.|title=StatPearls|date=2026|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519021/|chapter=Plasmodium ovale Malaria}}</ref> === Mgbochi nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ === Mgbochi nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ bụ isi njirimara Plasmodium, nke na-eme ka ọ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma na nnọgidesi ike dị ka nje.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rénia|first=Laurent|title=Malaria Parasites: The Great Escape|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|date=7 November 2016|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2016.00463|pmid=27872623}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ''Plasmodium'' genome raara onwe ya nye usoro nke na-ezere ma ọ bụ na-emebi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crabb|first=Brendan S|title=Plasmodium falciparum virulence determinants unveiled|journal=Genome Biology|date=2002|volume=3|issue=11|pages=reviews1031.1|doi=10.1186/gb-2002-3-11-reviews1031|pmid=12441004}}</ref> ==== Imeju ==== [[Faịlụ:Merosome.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke merosome na-apụta site na hepatocyte nwere ọrịa]] Macrophages pụrụ iche a na-akpọ Mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer na-echebe imeju; ha na-achọpụta ihe ndị dị aṅaa dị n'ọbara ma bibie ha. Sporozoites na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer ma na-egbochi ha.<ref name="Pradel-2001">{{Cite journal|author=Pradel|first=Gabriele|title=Malaria Sporozoites Actively Enter and Pass Through Rat Kupffer Cells Prior to Hepatocyte Invasion|journal=Hepatology|date=May 2001|volume=33|issue=5|pages=1154–1165|doi=10.1053/jhep.2001.24237|pmid=11343244}}</ref> Ha na-agafe mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a nwerela nkwarụ (nke na-anwụ mgbe awa ole na ole gasịrị) iji bunye [[:en:Hepatocyte|hepatocytes]] ọrịa.<ref name="Pradel-2001" /> N'ime hepatocyte, ha na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku merozoites n'ime [[:en:Vacuole|vacuole]] nke na-echebe ha pụọ na Usoro nchebe nke mkpụrụ ndụ.<ref name="Ezema-2023">{{Cite journal|author=Ezema|first=Chinonso Anthony|title=Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response|journal=Parasitology Research|date=August 2023|volume=122|issue=8|pages=1715–1731|doi=10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6|pmid=37219610}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, hepatocyte ahụ butere ọrịa na-ewepụta merozoites n'ìgwè a na-akpọ merosomes, nke na-esi na membrane hepatocyta pụta. Membrane a na-ekpuchi merozoites ndị ahụ, na-enyere ha aka ịhere ehere gafee mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer fọdụrụ iji pụọ n'imeju. <ref name="Ezema-2023" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Scheiner|first=Mattea|title=Moving on: How malaria parasites exit the liver|journal=Molecular Microbiology|date=March 2024|volume=121|issue=3|pages=328–340|doi=10.1111/mmi.15141|pmid=37602900}}</ref><ref name="Vaughan-2008">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria parasite pre-erythrocytic stage infection: gliding and hiding|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|volume=4|issue=3|pages=209–218|date=September 2008|pmid=18779047|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2008.08.010}}</ref> ==== Mgbasa N'ime Ahụ ==== [[Faịlụ:Infected_erythrocyte_sequestration_within_the_intervillous_space_of_the_placenta.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke erythrocytes (IE) bu ọrịa na-agbakọta na oghere intervillous na gburugburu villi nke plasịnta.]] Merozoites na-enugharị na usoro nrugharị ọbara nwere ike inweta mwakpo site na leucocytes nke na-elekwasị anya na antigen elu ha. Nje ndị ahụ na-emeri nchebe a site na [[:en:Polymorphism_(biology)|antigenic polymorphism]]; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Pollyanna S.|title=Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|date=17 October 2016|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617|pmid=27799922}}</ref> na ọkwa ọbụla nke usoro ndụ ya ahụ ọ na-egosipụta ụdị dị iche iche nke antigen elu, n'ụzọ dị irè ihe na-agagharị agagharị nke karịrị [[:en:Adaptive_immune_system|usoro ahụike na-emegharị]]. <ref name="Ezema-2023">{{Cite journal|author=Ezema|first=Chinonso Anthony|title=Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response|journal=Parasitology Research|date=August 2023|volume=122|issue=8|pages=1715–1731|doi=10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6|pmid=37219610}}</ref> Ozugbo ha banyere na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (RBC) merozoites nwere ebe nchekwa, nke e kpuchiri pụọ na mmetụta leucocytes ma chebe ya n'ime vacuole. RBCs na-arịa ọrịa ka e nwere ike ịchọpụta ma bibie ya, ma ọ bụghị site na [[:en:Spleen|spleen]] ọ bụrụ phagocytes.<ref name="Lee-2022">{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Wenn-Chyau|title=Evolving perspectives on rosetting in malaria|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=October 2022|volume=38|issue=10|pages=882–889|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.08.001|pmid=36031553}}</ref> Iji zeere nke a, merozoite ahụ na-emepụta protein na-arapara n'ahụ nke na-apụta dị ka bọtịnụ n'elu RBCs butere ọrịa.<ref name="Tilley-2011">{{Cite journal|author=Tilley|first=Leann|title=The Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cell|journal=The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology|date=June 2011|volume=43|issue=6|pages=839–842|doi=10.1016/j.biocel.2011.03.012|pmid=21458590}}</ref> Ndị a na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ abụọ. Ha na-ejikọta na RBCs na-enweghị nje na-emepụta ụyọkọ - nke a na-akpọ "rosettes" - nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-ebute ọrịa dị n'etiti na-echebe mkpụrụ ndụ na ya na-enweghị ọrịa gbara ya gburugburu; rosettes na-egbochi ọbara na-agafe na capillaries.<ref name="Lee-2022" /> RBCs na-arịa ọrịa n'ụzọ ọzọ nwere ike izere ịgafe ọkpụkpụ site na ịrapara (na-agbaso) na mgbidi nke akwara ọbara na anụ ahụ dịka ụbụrụ, akpa ume, na oghere intervillous (n'ime ime). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Franke-Fayard|first=Blandine|title=Sequestration and Tissue Accumulation of Human Malaria Parasites: Can We Learn Anything from Rodent Models of Malaria?|journal=PLOS Pathogens|date=30 September 2010|volume=6|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001032|pmid=20941396}}</ref> Ma ụdị ndị a na-edebe ma ndị a na'ime ha na-egbochi ọrụ nke akụkụ ahụ, na-eduga na nsogbu ndị dị ka ịba ụbụrụ na ịba metụtara ime ime.<ref name="Ezema-2023" /> === Mgbochi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ihi oke ọnwụ na ọrịa nke ịba kpatara - ọkachasị ụdị ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' - ọ etinyela [[:en:Selection_(biology)|nrụgide kachasị]] na [[:en:Human_genome|genome mmadụ]] n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịbeghị anya. Ọtụtụ ihe ndị metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-enye ikike ụfọdụ iguzogide ya gụnyere [[:en:Sickle_cell_trait|àgwà sickle cell]], àgwà [[:en:Thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], ụkọ glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, yana enweghị [[:en:Duffy_antigen|Duffy antigens]] na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Strong selection during the last millennium for African ancestry in the admixed population of Madagascar|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|issue=1|date=March 2018|pmid=29500350|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03342-5}}</ref> <ref name="Kwiatkowski-2005">{{Cite journal|title=How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=77|issue=2|pages=171–192|date=August 2005|pmid=16001361|doi=10.1086/432519}}</ref><ref name="Hedrick-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|date=October 2011|pmid=21427751|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16}}</ref> Mmetụta nke àgwà sickle cell na nguzogide ịba na-egosi ụfọdụ mgbanwe evolushọn nke merela n'ihi ịba zuru ebe niile. Àgwà Sickle cell na-akpata mgbanwe na molekụl haemoglobin d n'ọbara. Dị ka o kwesịrị, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nwere ọdịdị na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke nwere oghere abụọ nke na-enye ha ohere ịgafe obere Capillaries; Otú ọ dị, mgbe e kpughere mkpụrụ ndụ haemoglobin S<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwA2U">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> nke gbanwere, nye obere ikuku oxygen, ma ọ bụ ha akpụkọọ ọnụ n'ihi mmiri ịpụ ha n'ahụ, ha nwere ike ịrapara ọnụ na-emepụta eriri nke na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ gbagọọ dị n'ụdịị mma. N'ime eriri ndị a, mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'iwere ma ọ bụ wepụta ikuku oxygen, mkpụrụ ndụ enweghịkwa ohere nke ọma iji gbasaa n'enweghị ihe mgbochi. N'oge mmalite nke ịba, nje ahụ nwere ike ime ka mkpụrụ ndụ uhie na-arịa ọrịa na-akpụ akpụ, ya mere a na-ewepụ ha n'oge. Nke a na-ebelata ugboro ole nje ịba na-emecha ndụ ha na mkpụrụ ndụ. Ndị mmadụ bụ homozygous (nke nwere mkpụrụ abụọ nke haemoglobin beta allele) nwere sickle-cell anaemia, ebe ndị heterozygous. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmanya ndụ dị mkpirikpi maka ndị nwere ọnọdụ homozygous ga-eme ka àgwà ahụ ghara ịdị ndụ, a na-echekwa àgwà ahụ na mpaghara ndị nwere ịba n'ihi uru nke ụdị heterozygous nyere.<ref name="Hedrick-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|date=October 2011|pmid=21427751|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16}}</ref><ref name="Weatherall-2008">{{Cite journal|title=Genetic variation and susceptibility to infection: the red cell and malaria|journal=British Journal of Haematology|volume=141|issue=3|pages=276–286|date=May 2008|pmid=18410566|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07085.x}}</ref> == Nnyocha == [[Faịlụ:5901_lores.jpg|thumb|Ihe nkiri ọbara bụ [[:en:Gold_standard_(test)|ọkọlọtọ ọla edo]] maka nchọpụta ịba.]] [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.jpg|thumb|Ụdị mgbaaka na gametocytes nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' n'ọbara mmadụ]] N'ihi ọdịdị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ nke mgbaàmà ịba, a na-emekarị nnyocha ya dabere na mgbaàmà ndị o nyere yana akụkọ njem onye ahụ, wee kwado ya na nnyocha e mere n'ụlọ nnyocha iji chọpụta ọnụnọ nke nje ahụ n'ọbara (nnyocha parasitological). N'ebe ịba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) na-atụ aro ka ndị dọkịta chee na ịba dị n'ahụ onye ọ bụla na-akọ na ọ nwere ahụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ onye nwere okpomọkụ dị ugbu a karịa 37.5 °C n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ doro anya kpatara ya.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref> &nbsp;A ga-enyo na ọ bụ ịba na-eme ụmụaka nwere ihe ịrịba ama nke [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]]: [[:en:Palmar_pallor|ime aka na-acha mmiri mmiri]] ma ọ bụ nnyocha ụlọ nnyocha na-egosi ọkwa haemoglobin na-erughị gram asatọ kwa deciliter nke ọbara.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> N'ebe ndị ụwa na-enweghị ịba ma ọ bụ nwere ịba ebe ọ dị obere, a na-atụ aro ime nnyocha naanị maka ndị nwere ike ibute ịba (nwekarịrị ike ịbụ na ha mere njem gaa mpaghara ịba juputara na ya) na ahụ ọkụ a na-akọwaghị akọwa.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /><ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-ejikarị nocha microscopic nke Ihe nkiri ọbara ma ọ bụ Nnyocha nyocha ngwa ngwa nke antigen (RDT) na-egosi ịba. Microscopy - ya bụ, iji [[:en:Light_microscope|light microscope]] na-enyocha ọbara [[:en:Giemsa|Giemsa]] metọrọ - bụ [[:en:Gold_standard_(test)|ọkọlọtọ ọla edo]] maka nchọpụta ịba.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> Ndị oji Microscope eme nnyocha na-adị enyocha ma "ihe nkiri buru ibu" nke ọbara, nke na-enye ha ohere inyocha ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara n'oge dị mkpirikpi, yana "ihe nkiri dị mkpirisi" nke ọbara nke na-enye ha ohere ịhụ nke ọma nje ndị ahụ n'otu n'otu ma chọpụta kpọmkwem ụdị ''Plasmodium'' kpatara ya bụ ịba. <ref name="Ashley-2018" /> N'okpuru ọnọdụ ụlọ nnyocha dị iche iche, onye oji microscope eme nnyocha nwere ike ịchọpụta nje mgbe enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala nje otu narị kwa microliter nke ọbara, nke dị okirikiri ogo dị ala nke ịba na-enwe mgbaàmà.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref> Nnyocha microscope na-adị achọ ọtụtụ ihe iji mee ya, na-achọ ndị ọrụ a zụrụ azụ, ngwá ọrụ e mere maka ya yana ọdịdị na-adịgide adịgide nke [[:en:Microscope_slide|microscopy slides]] na ntụpọ microscopy.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Enwere ike iji nnyocha [[:en:Rapid_diagnostic_test|Rapid diagnostic tests]] (RDTs) iji kwado nchọpụta nke e ji microscope mee; <ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html "Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> a na-ejikwa ha n'ebe microscopy adịghị. RDTs na-eme ngwa ngwa ma dị mfe itinye n'ọrụ n'ebe ndị na-enweghị ụlọ nnyocha zuru oke.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">"5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)". [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria ''WHO Guidelines for Malaria'']. World Health Organization. 13 July 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230318051541/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria Archived] from the original on 18 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Nnyocha ahụ na-achọpụta protein parasite na sample ọbara mkpịsị aka.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Enwere RDTs dịgasị iche iche, na-elekwasị anya na protein nje ahụ gụnyere lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase, ma ọ bụ protein 2 juputara na histidine HRP2, nke bụ naanị ''P''maka ''. falciparum''). <ref name="WHO-2021a" /> A na-eji ule HRP2 eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'Africa, ebe ''P. falciparum'' na-achịkwa.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAshleyPyae_PhyoWoodrow2018">Ashley EA, Pyae Phyo A, Woodrow CJ (April 2018). "Malaria". ''[[The Lancet]]''. '''391''' (10130): <span class="nowrap">1608–</span>1621. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29631781 29631781].</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na HRP2 na-anọgide n'ọbara ruo izu ise mgbe a gwọrcharaọrịa, nyocha HRP2 mgbe ụfọdụ enweghị ike ịigosima onye nahụ o were ịba ugbu a ma ọ bụ na mbụ.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, ụfọdụ nje ''P. falciparum'' enweghị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ''HRP2'', na-eme ka nchọpụta dha ị mgbagwoju anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Poti|first=Kristin E.|title=HRP2: Transforming Malaria Diagnosis, but with Caveats|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=February 2020|volume=36|issue=2|pages=112–126|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.004|pmid=31848119}}</ref> Nnyocha HRP2 a apụghịkwa ịkọwa ole nje ahụ dị n'ime mmadụ, ma ọ bụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụ. <ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c" /> <ref name="Daily 2025">{{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=Johanna P.|date=3 April 2025|title=Malaria|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=392|issue=13|pages=1320–1333|doi=10.1056/NEJMra2405313|pmid=40174226}}</ref> Nnyocha [[:en:Polymerase_chain_reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) bụ usoro kachasị dị nro maka ịchọpụta ịba. Nnyocha ahụ na-eme ka DNA nke nje ahụ dị n'ọbara mụbaa; ọ nwere ike ịchọpụta ''Plasmodium'' ma mata ụdị ọ bụ, ọbụlagodi na ọkwa dị ala n'ọ ọbara.<ref name="Fisher-2022">{{Cite web|author=Fisher|first=John F.|date=2 August 2022|title=Testing for malaria: Rapid diagnostic tests and PCR|url=https://www.medmastery.com/guides/malaria-clinical-guide/testing-malaria-rapid-diagnostic-tests-rdts-and-polymerase-chain|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Medmastery GmbH}}</ref> Ọ chọrọ ngwá ọrụ ụlọ nnyocha pụrụ iche n'ihi ya, ya mere na ọ naghị adịkarị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe; a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na mba ndị mepere emepe iji nyochaa na ndị njem na-alọghachi.<ref name="Fisher-2022" /><ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html "Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Eprel 2026, WHO [[:en:Pre-qualification|kwadoro]] ụdịrị nnyocha ngwa ngwa atọ iji chọpụta ụdị P. falciparum ndị nwere pfhrp2 deletions, nke nwere ike izere nnyocha dabeere na HRP2 a na-ejikarị eme ihe ma kpata nchọpụta ụgha. Nnyocha ọhụrụ ndị ahụ na-elekwasị anya na protein nje pf-LDH a ma na-atụ aro iji ha arụ ọrụ ebe a na-adịghị amata ihe karịrị pasent ise nke ndị bu ọrịa ịba n'ihi nhichapụ pfhrp2.<ref name="prefir">{{Cite web|title=WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests|work=World Health Organization (WHO)|date=24 April 2026|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests|accessdate=28 April 2026|archivedate=27 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests}}</ref> == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:"British_India",_six_stages_of_malaria._Wellcome_L0022443.jpg|alt=Advertisement entitled "The Mosquito Danger". Includes 6 panel cartoon:#1 breadwinner has malaria, family starving; #2 wife selling ornaments; #3 doctor administers quinine; #4 patient recovers; #5 doctor indicating that quinine can be obtained from post office if needed again; #6 man who refused quinine, dead on stretcher.|thumb|Mgbasa ozi maka quinine dị ka ọgwụgwọ ịba site na 1927]] [[Faịlụ:Artemisia_annua.jpg|thumb|''Artemisia annua'', nke a makwaara dị ka osisi wormwood na-atọ ụtọ, ebe mbụ e si nweta artemisinin]] A na-agwọ ịba site n'iji [[:en:Antimalarial_medication|ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]]. Iji hụ na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke ma gbochie nje ahụ ịịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ, ntuziaka ọgwụgwọ kemgbe afọ 2001 na-achọkarị ọgwụ abụọ a ṅụkọtara ọnụ, otu n'ime ha bụ nke sitere na artemisinin na nke ọzọ bụ ọgwụ nkwado.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Multiple first-line therapies as part of the response to antimalarial drug resistance|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240103603|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en|archivedate=27 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127213804/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240103603}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 2025|title=Antimalarial drug resistance|url=https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drug-resistance|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en}}</ref> Njikọ ziri ezi nke ọgwụ ndị ahụ na-adabere na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' kpatara ya, ohere nke inwe nguzogide ọgwụ, eziokwu ndị dị mkpa site na akụkọ ahụike na ime njem nke onye na-arịa ọrịa, na ọṅụṅụ nke ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na mbụ nke onye ahụ na-arịa ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shahbodaghi|first=S. David|title=Malaria: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=American Family Physician|date=September 2022|volume=106|issue=3|pages=270–278|url=https://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=36126008|pmid=36126008}}</ref><ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2024|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ na usoro mba[a] na-adaberekarị na ntuziaka nke WHO nyere nke a na-emelite mgbe niile. <ref name="WHO-Guidelines-9.1-2025">{{Cite web|date=13 August 2025|title=MAGICapp - WHO guidelines for malaria v9.1|url=https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/LwRMXj|accessdate=23 January 2026|work=app.magicapp.org|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925214841/https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/LwRMXj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New and updated malaria guidance|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/guideline-development-process/new-and-updated-malaria-guidance|accessdate=25 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ọtụtụ ụdị ọgwụ dịka nke a ga-aṅụkọta ya ọgwụ mgbochi ịba n'oge ịnata ọgwụgwọ. Ọgwụ ndị dabeere na Artemisinin gụnyere artemether na Artesunate.<ref name="Arrow-2004a">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215631/|chapter=Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance}}</ref> Ihe ndị sitere na Quinoline gụnyere chloroquine, quinine, na mefloquine. Ndị si na Antifolate gụnyere pyrimethamine, proguanil, na sulfadoxin.<ref name="Arrow-2004a" /> Ọgwụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere lumefantrine, atovaquone, doxycycline na clindamycin.<ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}</ref><ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-ahazi ịba dị ka "oke ịba" ma ọ bụ "enweghị nke na-esighi ike". <ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNadjmBehrens2012">Nadjm B, Behrens RH (June 2012). "Malaria: an update for physicians". ''Infectious Disease Clinics of North America''. '''26''' (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>259. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010|10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632637 22632637].</cite></ref> <ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2024|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html "General Approach to Treatment"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbaàmà ndị na-egosi oke ịba gụnyere ndị a (ọ bụghị ndepụta zuru ezu): <ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024" /> * Mmadụ amaghị ebe ọ nọ, coma, ihe ọdụdọ * Oké ụkwara ume ọkụ * Nsogbu iku ume siri ike * Nkụchi akụrụ ma ọ bụ haemoglobin ịdị na mamịrị * Ọsụsọ * Ogo Acidosis ma ọ bụ lactate nke karịrị 5 mmol / L&nbsp; * Ọnọdụ dị elu nke nje ndị a na-ahụ anya na ọbara. === Ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya === Enwere ike ịgwọ ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya site na iji ọgwụ a na-aṅụ n'etiti ụbọchị atọ na ụbọchị asaa.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCDC2025">CDC (24 June 2025). [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html "Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> A ga-ahọrọ usoro ọgwụ ahụ dabere na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' a na-agwọ, ebe nakwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke onye ọrịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọgwụgwọ mbụ a na-ahụkarị maka ịba ''P. falciparum'' na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya bụ Artemether-lumefantrine a na-aṅụ n'ọnụ n'ime ụbọchị atọ.<ref name="Lalloo-2016">{{Cite journal|author=Lalloo|first=David G.|title=UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|date=June 2016|volume=72|issue=6|pages=635–649|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.001|pmid=26880088}}</ref><ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvansHill2025">Evans M, Hill K (May 2025). [https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf "Malaria Treatment Guidance"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''NHS Tayside''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2026, WHO [[:en:Pre-qualification|kwadoro]] usoro artemether-lumefantrine mbụ e mepụtara maka ụmụ a mụrụ ọhụrụ ndị dị n'agbata kilogram abụọ na ise.<ref name="prefir">{{Cite web|title=WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests|work=World Health Organization (WHO)|date=24 April 2026|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests|accessdate=28 April 2026|archivedate=27 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization_(WHO)2026">[https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests "WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests"]. ''World Health Organization (WHO)''. 24 April 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests Archived] from the original on 27 April 2026<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ a adịghị adaba mgbe niile, yabụ a na-atụ aro ngwakọta ọgwụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCDC2025">CDC (24 June 2025). [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html "Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ịmalite ozugbo o kwere mee mgbe a chọpụtachara ya, iji gbochie mgbaàmà siri ike ịmalite.<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|work=Malaria|date=20 May 2025|accessdate=25 January 2026|language=en-us|author=CDC}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ''P. vivax ma ọ bụ P. ovale kpatara ya'' (nke na-emepụta hypnozoites na-ehi ụra n'ime imeju) ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ịga n'ihu ruo ụbọchị asaa ruo iri na anọ.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025" /> === Ịba siri ike na nke dị mgbagwoju anya === Ọrịa ịba siri ike na-abụkarị nke ''P. falciparum'' na-akpata; ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke na-egbu egbu mgbe niile ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Walter|first=Kristin|title=Malaria|journal=JAMA|date=8 February 2022|volume=327|issue=6|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468|pmid=35133414}}</ref> Ọbụnagodi na ọgwụgwọ ya, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'ihi ya dị n'etiti pasent iri na atọ na pasent iri abụọ, nke ndị lanarịrịnụ na-enwekarị mmetụta ọọọ na-eso ya nke na-adị ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sheehy|first=Susanne Helena|title=Malaria: severe, life-threatening|journal=BMJ Clinical Evidence|date=7 March 2011|volume=2011|pmid=21375787}}</ref> Ọgwụgwọ a na-enyekarị maka ya bụ intravenous artesunate, na-enyezi ọgwụ a na-aṅụ n'ọnụ ozugbo onye ọrịa ahụ kwụsiri ike.<ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvansHill2025">Evans M, Hill K (May 2025). [https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf "Malaria Treatment Guidance"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''NHS Tayside''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Treatment of Severe Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html|work=Malaria|date=3 April 2024|accessdate=25 January 2026|language=en-us|author=CDC|archivedate=3 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503143920/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html}}</ref> Ndị ọrịa nwere ike ịka njọ ngwa ngwa nke mere na nlekota anya, ọkacha mma na [[:en:High-dependency_unit|ngalaba ebe nlekọta anya dị elu]], dị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lalloo|first=David G.|title=UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|date=June 2016|volume=72|issue=6|pages=635–649|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.001|pmid=26880088}}</ref> === Afọ Ime === [[:en:Pregnancy-associated_malaria|Ịba n'oge afọ ime]] nwere ike ịbụ ihe siri ike, ikekwe na-egbu egbu, maka nne na nwa; ụmụ nwanyị dị ime nwere ikike okpukpu atọ karịa inweta ịba siri ike.<ref name="CDC-Pregnant-2024">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=3 April 2024|title=Alternatives for Pregnant Women|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/pregnant-women.html|accessdate=26 January 2026|work=Malaria|language=en-us|archivedate=18 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260318025909/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/pregnant-women.html}}</ref> Ọgwụ ụfọdụ nwere ike imerụ nwa e bu n'afọ ahụ, ọkachasị n'oge [[Afọ ime|ọnwa atọ]] mbụ. A na-atụ aro usoro ọgwụgwọ pụrụ iche, nke dịgasị iche dabere na ọnwa atọ nke onye dị ime nọ n'ime ya nakwa na-eweta obere ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="CDC-Pregnant-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Antimalarial drugs for pregnant women|url=https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drugs-pregnant-women|accessdate=26 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=22 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922102803/https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drugs-pregnant-women}}</ref> === Ịguzogide Ọgwụ === [[:en:Drug_resistance|Ịguzogide ọgwụ]] na-eweta nsogbu na-arịwanye elu na ọgwụgwọ ịba; ọnụ ọgụgụ ''Plasmodium'' nwere ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ebe ọ dị elu yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ ngwa ngwa nke na-enyere ha aka ime mgbanwe ma zeere ihe ịma aka sitere na ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Sinha-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Challenges of drug-resistant malaria|journal=Parasite|volume=21|year=2014|pmid=25402734|doi=10.1051/parasite/2014059}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Igwe|first=Matthew Chibunna|title=Evolutionary biology of antimalarial drug resistance: Understanding of the evolutionary dynamics|journal=Medicine|date=14 March 2025|volume=104|issue=11|doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000041878|pmid=40101051}}</ref> Nje ndị ''P. falciparum'' malitere ịzụlite iguzogide ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọgwụ mgbochi ịba mbụ e mere, chloroquine, n'afọ ndị 1950; kemgbe ahụ, iguzogide chloroquin agbasaala na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nje a niile. <ref name="MMV-History">{{Cite web|title=History of antimalarial drugs|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria-medicines/history-antimalarials-drugs|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=16 June 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616062607/https://www.mmv.org/malaria-medicines/history-antimalarials-drugs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=8 April 2024|title=Drug Resistance in the Malaria-Endemic World|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/drug-resistance.html|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Malaria|language=en-us|archivedate=7 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907153441/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/drug-resistance.html}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ proguanil karịị dị ngwa ngwa; ewepụtara ọgwụ ahụ na 1948 wee malite ịhụta nguzogide ya n'afọ sochirinụ, na 1949. <ref name="MMV-History" /> N'afọ 2001, ịba nke na-eguzogidetụ artemisinin pụtara na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia; nguzogide ọgwụ ahụ emechaala gbasaa n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref name="MMV-History" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 April 2023|title=Current antimalarial drugs at risk due to resistance|url=https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/news/current-antimalarial-drugs-at-risk-due-to-resistance|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University|language=en|archivedate=20 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120025023/https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/news/current-antimalarial-drugs-at-risk-due-to-resistance}}</ref> Iji merie nguzogide ọgwụ, enwere ike inye ọgwụ na njikọ yana ọgwụ ọzọ, karịa otu e kwesiburu isi ṅụ ya, ma ọ bụ ṅụru ọgwụ ruo ogologo oge karịa; enwere mkpa ngwa ngwa maka iwebata ọgwụ ndị ọhụrụ maka ọgwụgwọ ya. <ref name="MMV-History" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Antony|first=HiasindhAshmi|date=2016|title=Antimalarial drug resistance: An overview|journal=Tropical Parasitology|volume=6|issue=1|pages=30–41|doi=10.4103/2229-5070.175081|pmid=26998432}}</ref> == Ihe omuma == Mgbe a gwọrọ ya nke ọma, ndị na-arịa ịba na-esighị ike nwere ike ịtụ anya mgbake zuru oke.<ref name="CDC-FAQ-2010a">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html#treatment|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): If I get malaria, will I have it for the rest of my life?|publisher=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=8 February 2010|accessdate=14 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html#treatment|archivedate=13 May 2012}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, oke ịba nwere ike ịga n'ihu ngwa ngwa ma kpata ọnwụ n'ime awa ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ole na ole.<ref name="Trampuz-2003">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical review: Severe malaria|journal=Critical Care|volume=7|issue=4|pages=315–323|date=August 2003|pmid=12930555|doi=10.1186/cc2183}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ kachasị njọ nke ọrịa ahụ, [[:en:Fatality_rate|ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ]] nwere ike iru pasent iri abụọ, ọbụlagodi na nlekọta siri ike na ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNadjmBehrens2012">Nadjm B, Behrens RH (June 2012). "Malaria: an update for physicians". ''Infectious Disease Clinics of North America''. '''26''' (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>259. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010|10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632637 22632637].</cite></ref> Ịba nwere ike imebi ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọkachasị ụbụrụ, akụrụ, imeju na ọkpụkpụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2025|title=Malaria: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000621.htm|accessdate=28 January 2026|work=medlineplus.gov|language=en|archivedate=17 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117064956/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000621.htm}}</ref> N'oge ịbụ nwata, ịba na-akpata anaemia n'oge uto ụbụrụ ngwa ngwa, yana mmebi ụbụrụ nke na-esite na ịba na-emetụta ụbụrụ.<ref name="Fernando-2010">{{Cite journal|title=The 'hidden' burden of malaria: cognitive impairment following infection|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=9|date=December 2010|pmid=21171998|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-366}}</ref> Ndị lanarịrị ọrịa ịba n'ụbụrụ nwere ohere dị ukwuu nke ụbụrụ na echiche, Nsogbu omume, na [[:en:Epilepsy|ihe ọdụdọ]].<ref name="Idro-2010">{{Cite journal|date=October 2010|title=Cerebral malaria: mechanisms of brain injury and strategies for improved neurocognitive outcome|journal=Pediatric Research|volume=68|issue=4|pages=267–274|doi=10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181eee738|pmid=20606600}}</ref> == Mgbochi == [[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anwụnta Anopheles stephensi'' n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ọbara n'ahụ mmadụ (obere ọbara na-atụsịsị dị ka ihe karịrị akarị). Anwụnta a bụ ihe na-ekesa ịba, njikwa anwụnta bụkwanụ ụzọ dị irè iji belata ọdịdị nke ịba]] Ụzọ e ji gbochi ịba gụnyere ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, ibibi anwụnta na igbochi ọtịta anwụnta.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria "Fact sheet about malaria"]. ''World Health Organization''. 4 December 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Archived] from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọgwụ Mgbochi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>O gosipụtara na o siri ike ịmepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ịba dị irè. Nje a emeela ọtụtụ atụmatụ iji zeere mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ mmadụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Pollyanna S.|date=2016|title=Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617|pmid=27799922}}</ref> E nwere ụdị ise nke ''plasmodium''; nke ọbụla n'ime ndị a nwere ọkwa ndụ atọ n'ime ahụ mmadụ - sporozoite, merozoite, na gametocyte. Nke ọbụla n'ogo atọ ndị a nwere antigen dị iche iche n'elu ya, nke pụtara na mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike megide otu n'ime oge ndụ ndị a mana ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ megide ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Good-2021">{{Cite journal|author=Good|first=Michael F.|title=Biological strategies and political hurdles in developing malaria vaccines|journal=Expert Review of Vaccines|date=February 2021|volume=20|issue=2|pages=93–95|doi=10.1080/14760584.2021.1889094|pmid=33595407}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nje ndị ahụ pụtara na antigen ndị ahụ n'onwe ha nwere ike ịdị iche ọbụna n'ime otu oge ndụ.<ref name="Good-2021" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Day|first=Karen P.|date=16 May 2017|title=Evidence of strain structure in Plasmodium falciparum var gene repertoires in children from Gabon, West Africa|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=20|pages=E4103–E4111|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613018114|pmid=28461509}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ikike ahụịke yiri ka ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ etolite- nke a na-enweta site na ọtụtụ ọrịa - bụ naanị akụkụ, ọ naghị adịte aka. <ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCrutcherHoffman1996">Crutcher JM, Hoffman SL (1996). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/ "Malaria"]. ''Medical Microbiology'' (4th&nbsp;ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-9631172-1-2|<bdi>978-0-9631172-1-2</bdi>]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21413352 21413352]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210423100221/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/ Archived] from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="CDC-Vaccines-2024">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2 April 2024|title=Malaria Vaccines|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/malaria-vaccines.html|accessdate=9 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=12 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112092027/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/malaria-vaccines.html}}</ref> Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap setịpụrụ ihe o bu n'obi imezu maka ọgwụ mgbochi ịba ọhụrụ iji nwee ike ichebe ma ọ dịkarịa ala pasent iri asaa na ise megide ịba.<ref name="CDC-Vaccines-2024" /> Nnyocha mbụ e mere maka ọgwụ mgbochi gbasara kpọmkwem maka ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nke e nwetara ihe nwere isi na ya mere na 1967 site na igbanye ụmụ oke ''Plasmodium'' sporozoites dị ndụ, nke e ji ọkụ radiation [[:en:Attenuator_(genetics)|mee ka ike gwụ ya]], nke nyere nchebe dị ukwuu nye ụmụ oke ndị ahụ mgbe a gbanyere ha sporozoites nkịtị ka nọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nussenzweig|first=R. S.|title=Protective Immunity produced by the Injection of X-irradiated Sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei|journal=Nature|date=October 1967|volume=216|issue=5111|pages=160–162|doi=10.1038/216160a0|pmid=6057225}}</ref><ref name="Vanderberg-2009">{{Cite journal|title=Reflections on early malaria vaccine studies, the first successful human malaria vaccination, and beyond|journal=Vaccine|volume=27|issue=1|pages=2–9|date=January 2009|pmid=18973784|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.028}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, WHO na ndị na-akwado ọgwụ mgbochi ịba setịpụrụ ihe ha bu n'obi imezu imepụta ọgwụ mgbochi e mere iji kwụsị mgbasa nke ịba na ebumnuche ogologo oge nke iwepụ ịba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Malaria Report 2013|url=https://www.who.int/entity/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2013/wmr2013_no_profiles.pdf?ua=1|accessdate=13 February 2014|publisher=World Health Organization|format=PDF}}</ref> Dịka ebe ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2026, enyela ikike ịgba [[ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] abụọ maka ọgwụgwọ ịba.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization "WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization"]. 2 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization Archived] from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụ mgbochi mbụ a kwadoro maka ''P. falciparum'' bụ RTS,S, nke e ji aha Mosquirix mara, <ref name="EMA Mosquirix">{{Cite web|date=October 2015|title=Mosquirix: Opinion on medicine for use outside EU|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/opinion-medicine-use-outside-EU/human/mosquirix|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123055901/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/mosquirix-h-w-2300|archivedate=23 November 2019|accessdate=22 November 2019|work=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> nke gazuru [[:en:Clinical_trial|nnwale ahụike]] na 2014. WHO nakweere ụzọ nlezianya iji nye ya [[:en:Pre-qualification|prequalification]], sikwa otu ahụ dịka akụkụ nke mmemme mmejuputa ọgwụ ịba (MVIP) kwadoo mmemme nnwale na mba atọ dị na mpaghara Sahara - Ghana, Kenya na Malawi - malite na 2019. Ihe omume ndị a lekwasịrị anya n'ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise, ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ịba siri ike na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Willyard|first=Cassandra|title=The slow roll-out of the world's first malaria vaccine|journal=Nature|date=22 December 2022|volume=612|issue=7941|pages=S48–S49|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-04343-7|pmid=36536213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|date=March 2020|title=Q&A on the malaria vaccine implementation programme (MVIP)|url=https://www.who.int/malaria/media/malaria-vaccine-implementation-qa/en/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513074401/https://www.who.int/malaria/media/malaria-vaccine-implementation-qa/en/|archivedate=13 May 2020|accessdate=6 May 2020|publisher=WHO}}</ref> Ruo 2023, nde ụmụaka atọ enwetala ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ, na-egosi mbelata nke oke ịba yana mbelata nke ọnwụ ụmụaka (site na ihe niile na-kpata ya) ruo ogo pasent iri na atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Life-saving malaria vaccines reach children in 17 endemic countries in 2024|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/life-saving-malaria-vaccines-reach-children-in-17-endemic-countries-in-2024|accessdate=10 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en|archivedate=28 December 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228035119/https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/life-saving-malaria-vaccines-reach-children-in-17-endemic-countries-in-2024}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria "Fact sheet about malaria"]. ''World Health Organization''. 4 December 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Archived] from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=David|date=7 November 2023|title=RTS,S vaccine pilot: 13% mortality reduction fuels hope for malaria control|url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/rtss-vaccine-pilot-13-mortality-reduction-fuels-hope-malaria-control|accessdate=10 January 2026|work=GAVI The Vaccine Alliance|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ mgbochi nke abụọ bụ R21 / Matrix-M, nke nwere ikike ọgwụgwọ ruru ogo pasent iri asaa na asaa nke gosipụtara na nnwale mbụ na ọkwa ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ dị elu karịa nke RTS,S.<ref name="Roxby-2021">{{Cite web|date=23 April 2021|title=Malaria vaccine hailed as potential breakthrough|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56858158|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424010402/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56858158|archivedate=24 April 2021|accessdate=24 April 2021|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> A chọpụtara na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ịba R-21/Matrix M na-ebelata ọrịa ịba site ruo n'ogo pasent iri asaa na ise n'ógbè ndị nwere mgbasa nke na-eme n'oge n'oge nakwa ruo n'ogo pasent iri isii na asatọ n'ógbè ndị mgbasa ya na-adị n'ime afọ niile n'ime ụmụaka nọ na mpaghara Sahara Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Datoo|first=Mehreen|date=10 February 2024|title=Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial|journal=The Lancet|volume=403|issue=10426|pages=533–544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02511-4|pmid=38310910}}</ref> WHO kwadoro ọgwụ mgbochi ịba R-21/Matrix M maka igbochi ịba n'ime ụmụaka na 2023.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization "WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization"]. 2 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization Archived] from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Nchịkwa anwụnta === [[Faịlụ:Mansprayingkeroseneoil.jpg|thumb|Nwoke na-awụsa mmanụ kerosene na mmiri na-anaghị ekwo ekwo, [[:en:Panama_Canal_Zone|Panama Canal Zon]], 1912]] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ebumnuche nke njikwa anwụnta bụ iji gbochie anwụnta ịta ụmụ mmadụ - ma ọ bụ site na iji ụdị ihe mgbochi ụfọdụ, ma ọ bụ ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta. Enwere ike ịhazi ha n'ozuzu dị ka nchedo onwe onye, njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'èzí ụlọ obibi na ụlọ dị iche iche, usoro njikwa nke ime ụlọ na ụlọ, na ndị a na-etinye n'ime akwa ụlọ.<ref name="EPA-Control-2016">{{Cite web|title=Success in Mosquito Control: An Integrated Approach|url=https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/success-mosquito-control-integrated-approach|work=www.epa.gov|date=5 July 2016|accessdate=1 February 2026|language=en|first=OCSPP|author=US EPA|archivedate=6 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206223356/https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/success-mosquito-control-integrated-approach}}</ref> ==== Nchebe onwe onye ==== A na-atụ aro ihe ndị na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ, dị ka [[:en:DEET|DEET]] ma ọ bụ picaridin, maka ndị njem. A na-atụkwa aro uwe mwụda nke na-ekpuchi akụkụ ahụ nke ukwuu. Enwere ike iji permethrin nụchaa uwe dị ka ihe nchebe ọzọ.<ref name="mosquitobiteavoidance">{{Cite web|title=Mosquito bite avoidance: advice for travellers|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mosquito-bite-avoidance-for-travellers/mosquito-bite-avoidance-advice-for-travellers--2|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=GOV.UK|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124113031/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mosquito-bite-avoidance-for-travellers/mosquito-bite-avoidance-advice-for-travellers--2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Avoid bug bites {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=wwwnc.cdc.gov|archivedate=13 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313104044/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites}}</ref> ==== Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi ==== Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ anwụnta na-amụ ụmụ [[:en:Standing_water|na mmiri na-anaghị ekwo ekwo]], mbelata isi ebe ha si apụta dị nnọọ mfe dị ka ịwufucha mmiri niile dọọrọ adọrọ dị gburugburu ụlọ, site na iwuchi maọbụ ikpocha ọwara mmiri, ebe ndị dị apịtị apịtị na akụkụ osisi ndị na-ere ere nke ọma. Ikpochapụ ebe ndị a na-amụ anwụnta nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ dị irè ma na-adịgide adịgide iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta n'ejighị ọgwụ ahụhụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=25 September 2014|title=Integrating the public in mosquito management: active education by community peers can lead to significant reduction in peridomestic container mosquito habitats|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108504|pmid=25255027}}</ref> Ọ ga-ekwe omume iji larvicides gbuo larvae anwụnta n'ime ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ndị a na-enweghị ike ikpocha.<ref name="Mississippi-2025">{{Cite web|date=13 February 2025|title=Mosquito Prevention: What the Homeowner Can Do|url=https://www.msdh.ms.gov/page/14,1097,93.html|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=Mississippi State Department of Health|language=en|archivedate=14 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214232607/https://www.msdh.ms.gov/page/14,1097,93.html}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|title=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2015|isbn=978-92-4-154912-7|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2015}}}} * {{Cite book|title=World Malaria Report 2022|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2022|isbn=978-92-4-006489-8|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2022}}}} == Ịgụrụ Gawa == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-malaria-day/2026 Akụkọ mkpọsa nke World Malaria Day 2026] * [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ WHO maka ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) * [https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/malaria/index.html Ebe nrụọrụ CDC na ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) * [https://www.paho.org/en/topics/malaria Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ PAHO na ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) {{Medical condition classification and resources|ICD11={{ICD11|1F40}}–{{ICD11|1F45}}|ICD10={{ICD10|B50}}–{{ICD10|B54}}|ICD9={{ICD9|084}}|DiseasesDB=7728|MedlinePlus=000621|OMIM=248310|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=1385|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|305}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1357}}|MeshName=Malaria|MeshNumber=C03.752.250.552|Orphanet=673|Scholia=Q12156}}{{Malaria}}{{Chromalveolate diseases}}{{Diseases of Poverty}}{{Effective altruism}}{{Eradication of infectious disease}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cpgm6hruicseeu59qkiqjsq13jwh4hi 697346 697345 2026-08-08T15:49:49Z Goodymeraj 16207 697346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Malaria|pronounce={{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɛər|i|ə}}|synonym=Ague, paludism, marsh fever|image=Malaria Parasite Connecting to Human Red Blood Cell (34034143483).jpg|caption=[[Plasmodium|Malaria parasite]] connecting to a [[red blood cell]]|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Mild malaria: fever, chills, vomiting, headache, diarrhoea.<br/>Severe malaria: anaemia, jaundice, coma|complications=[[Epileptic seizure|Seizures]], [[coma]],<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[organ failure]], [[anaemia]], [[cerebral malaria]]<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |title=Malaria |date= |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702235123/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |url-status=live}}</ref>|onset=Usually 10–15 days post exposure<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|duration=Lifelong if not treated|causes=''[[Plasmodium]]'' transmitted by ''[[Anopheles]]'' [[mosquito]]es<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|risks=Exposure to mosquitoes in [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas|diagnosis=Examination of the blood, [[malaria antigen detection tests|antigen detection tests]]<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|differential=|prevention=[[Mosquito net]]s, [[insect repellent]], [[mosquito control]], prophylactic medication<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|treatment=|medication=[[Antimalarial medication]]<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|frequency=282 million (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|deaths=610,000 (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|alt=}} Ọrịa '''Ịba''' bụ ọrịa na-efe efe nke anwụnta na-ebute nke ọ bụ anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-ekesa ya ma ọ taa mmadụ.<ref name="WHO-Vector-2023">{{Cite web|title=Vector-borne diseases|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases|accessdate=24 April 2022|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|archivedate=4 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104001515/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Mgbaàmà dị iche nke ịba na mmadụ na-agụnye [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]], Ike ọgwụgwụ, ịgbọ agbọ, na isi ọwụwa.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: An Update|journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics|volume=84|issue=7|pages=521–528|date=July 2017|pmid=28357581|doi=10.1007/s12098-017-2332-2}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ siri ike, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịkpata jaundice, nkụchi obi maọbụ akụkụ ahụ ọbụla, coma, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ. <ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=10 May 2024|publisher=World Health Organization|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite mgbe ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na ise gasịrị mgbe anwụnta Anopheles tara mmadụ.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref name="CDC-FAQ-2023">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html|title=CDC - Malaria - FAQs|date=28 June 2023|accessdate=9 September 2017|archivedate=13 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a gwọghị ya nke ọma, ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịna-arịa ọrịa ahụ ugboro ugboro ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Ndị gbakere na ya bụ ọrịa na-enwekarị usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ nke siri ike, na-enwe ike ibute ịba ọzọ mana ha ga-enwe mgbaàmà dị nro.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[:en:Immunity_(medical)|Nguzogide ọrịa]] a na-abụghị n'ozuzu na-apụ n'anya n'ime ọnwa ole na ole ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụrụ na onye ahụ enweghị ike ịrịa ịba na-aga n'ihu.<ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata ọrịa ịba bụ nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ nke ụdị ''Plasmodium,'' <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> nke a na-agbasa n'ozuzu site na ọtịta nke anwụnta ''Anopheles bu ya bụ ọrịa''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=JAMA|volume=327|issue=6|date=February 2022|pmid=35133414|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468}}</ref> Ọtịta anwụnta ahụ na-ewebata nje na-akpata ya bụ ọrịa site na asọmmiri anwụnta ahụ baa n'ime ọbara.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Nje ndị ahụ na-ebu ụzọ amụba ma tolite n'imeju mmadụ n'egosighị ihe mgbaàmà ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifecycle of the malaria parasite|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=2 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102114122/https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, nje ndị ahụ tozurula etozu ga-agbasa banye n'ime ọbara, ebe ha na-ebute ọrịa ma na-ebibi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie, na-akpata mgbaàmà na-egosi mbute ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaria factsheet|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Public Health England|language=en|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901042339/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms}}</ref> Ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ise na-ebunyekarị ụmụ mmadụ ọrịa.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Ụdị atọ ndị na-akpata ọrịa a n'ụdị siri ike karị bụ ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwmg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' (nke na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ site n'ọrịa ịba), ''P. vivax<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwnQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''P. knowlesi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwoA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' (ịba [[:en:Simian|simian]] nke na-emetụta ọtụtụ puku mmadụ n'afọ). <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|title=Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf|accessdate=19 February 2024|archivedate=22 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222024003/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf}}</ref> ''P. oval<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''[[:en:Plasmodium_malariae|P.&#x20;malariae]]'' na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba dị nro. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> A na-achọpụta ịba site na Nnyocha microscopic nke ọbara site na iji Ihe nkiri ọbara, ma ọ bụ site na nnyocha [[:en:Malaria_antigen_detection_tests|antigen-based]] [[:en:Rapid_diagnostic_test|rapid diagnostic tests]].<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> E mepụtala usoro ndị na-eji [[:en:Polymerase_chain_reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] iji chọpụta [[Dna|DNA]] nke nje ahụ, mana anaghị ejikarị ha eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe ebe ịba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, n'ihi ọnụahịa ha na mgbagwoju anya ha.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> Enwere ike ibelata ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ahụ site na igbochi ọtịta anwụnta site na iji ụgbụ anwụnta na Ihe na-achụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ site n'iji [[:en:Mosquito_control|usoro nchịkwa anwụnta]] dị ka ịgbasa [[Ọgwụ ahụhụ]] na ịwufu mmiri dọ adọ. <ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi dị iji [[:en:Malaria_prophylaxis|gbochie ịba]] n'ebe ọrịa ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Dịka ebe afọ 2023, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) kwadoro [[ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] abụọ.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}</ref> Nguzogide nke nje ahụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ amụbaala ruo na ọtụtụ ọgwụ [[:en:Antimalarial_medication|mgbochi ịba]] ; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' na-eguzogide ọgwụ chloroquine agbasaala ruo n'ọtụtụ ebe ịba na-adịkarị, ọzọkwa nguzogide ọgwụ artemisinin aghọwo nsogbu n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> N'ihi nke a, ọgwụgwọ site n'inye ọgwụ maka ọrịa ịba kwesịrị ịhazi ya ka ọ daba kpọmkwem na Ụdị <nowiki><i id="mw5g">Plasmodium</i></nowiki> a na-achụ yana ebe e butere ya bụ ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Treatment|language=en-us}}</ref> Ọrịa a juru ebe niile n'ógbè tropik yana subtropik ndị dị n'ime nnukwu mpaghara gbara akara equator gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Malaria|title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health|date=2021|pages=227–248|isbn=978-0-19-881680-5|doi=10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0073|edition=7th}}</ref><ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Nke a gụnyere ọtụtụ mpaghara sub-Saharan Africa, [[Asia]], na Latin America.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ihe dị ka nde ndị mmadụ narị abụọ na iri asatọ na abụọ '''('''282 million) ndị butere ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile, kpatara ọnwụ a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ruru narị puku iri isii na iri.<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=World malaria report 2025|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=5 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105141123/https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu na ise nke ndị butere ọrịa ahụ na ndị nwụrụ na ya mere n'Afrịka dị n'okpuru Sahara.<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" /><ref name="WHO-Briefing-2024">{{Cite web|title=Current state: The malaria situation worldwide|url=https://worldmalariareport2024.org/|accessdate=6 January 2026|work=WHO: World Malaria Report Global Briefing Kit 2024|language=en}}</ref> A na-ejikọkarị ịba na ịda ogbenye, ọ na-enwekwa nnukwu mmetụta ọjọọ n'uto akụ na ụba;<ref name="Worrall-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature|journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health|volume=10|issue=10|pages=1047–1059|date=October 2005|pmid=16185240|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x}}</ref> N'[[Afrịka|Africa]], a na-eme atụmatụ na ọrịa a na-akpata nnukwu mfu nke akụ na ụba (nke e mere atụmatụ na ọ ruru ijeri dollar US iri na abụọ kwa afọ n'afọ 2005) n'ihi ịrị elu nke ụgwọ nlekọta ahụike, mbelata ike ndị mmadụ nwere ịrụ ọrụ, na mmetụta ọjọọ ọ na-enwe n'ọrụ njem nleta.<ref name="Greenwood-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=The Lancet|volume=365|issue=9469|pages=1487–1498|year=2005|pmid=15850634|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Malaria.webm|thumbtime=0:02|thumb|Nchịkọta akụkọ vidiyo (script)]] == Mmalite Okwu == Okwu a bụ ''malaria'' (ịba) sitere n'asụsụ Italian nke oge etiti (Medieval Italian) : mala aria, 'ikuku ọjọọ', ma bụrụ akụkụ nke echiche miasma; nke kwuru na ọrịa na-esite n'ikuku rụrụ arụ. N'oge gara aga, a na-akpọ ọrịa a ague, paludism, ma ọ bụ marsh fever, n'ihi njikọ e nwere n'etiti ya na apiti na ala mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=From Shakespeare to Defoe: malaria in England in the Little Ice Age|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1–11|date=1999|pmid=10653562|doi=10.3201/eid0601.000101}}</ref> Okwu malaria pụtara n'asụsụ Bekee ma ọ dịkarịa ala kemgbe afọ 1768<ref>{{Cite book|date=1768|title=A view of the customs, manners, drama, &c. of Italy, as they are described in the Frusta letteraria; and in the Account of Italy in English, written by Mr. Baretti; compared with the Letters from Italy, written by Mr. Sharp|location=London|publisher=W. Nicoll}}</ref> A na-akpọ ngalaba sayensị na-amụ maka ọrịa ịba malariology<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of MALARIOLOGY|work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malariology|language=en|accessdate=19 November 2024|archivedate=2 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802160413/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malariology}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà Ya == [[Faịlụ:Symptoms_of_Malaria.png|thumb|Mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ọrịa ịba <ref name="Fairhurst-2015">{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00276-9|chapter=Malaria (''Plasmodium'' Species)|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases|date=2015|pages=3070–3090.e9|isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3}}</ref>]] Mgbaàmà n'oge mmalite nke ọrịa ịba bụ ahụ ọkụ, oyi, isi ọwụwa, agbọ onunu, na ịgbọ agbọ na afọ ọsịsa; ụdị ya ndị siri ike karị nwere ike igosi ọzịza nke [[:en:Splenomegaly|ọkpụkpụ]] ma ọ bụ imeju, na obere [[:en:Jaundice|jaundice]].<ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2024|title=Symptoms of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/symptoms/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị a nwere ike iyi ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dịka [[:en:Sepsis|sepsis]], [[:en:Gastroenteritis|gastroenteritis]], influenza na Ọrịa nje ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref><ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, mgbaàmà - ọkachasị ahụ ọkụ - nwere ike ịghọ usoro na-eme mgbe niile, na-eme ugboro ugboro kwa ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ ([[:en:Paroxysmal_attack|mkpagbu paroxysmal]]). <ref name="Crutcher-1996" /><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na ise mgbe anwụnta tara nke mbụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịnọ ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa mgbe mmadụ butesịrị ọrịa ahụ tupu ọ pụta. Ndị njem na-aṅụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nwere ike inwe mgbaàmà ya ozugbo ha kwụsịrị ịṅụ ọgwụ ahụ.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref> Oké ịba na-eme mgbe ọrịa Plasmodium ahụ mebiri akụkụ ahụ ndị dị mkpa dị ka akụrụ, imeju, akpa ume ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ. Mgbaàmà gụnyere oke [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]], jaundice, [[:en:Convulsion|ihe ọdụdọ]], mgbagwoju anya, [[:en:Coma|coma]], [[:en:Kidney_failure|nkụchi akụrụ]] na n'ikpeazụ ọnwụ.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba siri ike na-abụkarị nke ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAXs">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na-akpata; a ga-emeso ya dị ka ọnọdụ mberede ahụike. <ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Severe malaria|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/symptoms-and-treatments/severe-malaria|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=7 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407170534/https://www.mmv.org/malaria/symptoms-and-treatments/severe-malaria}}</ref> === Nsogbu === Akparamagwa pụrụ iche nke ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' bụ ikike ya ịmepụta protein na-arapara n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie (RBC) nke ọrịa ahụ dị na ya. RBCs ọrịa a dị na ya na-egbochi capillaries (na-akpata hypoxia) ma na-agbakọta n'akụkụ ndị dị mkpa, na-eguzogide ọrụ ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Autino|first=Beatrice|title=Pathogenesis of Malaria in Tissues and Blood|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|date=4 October 2012|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012061|doi=10.4084/mjhid.2012.061|pmid=23170190}}</ref> Ọrịa ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' na-akpata nsogbu kachasị njọ nke ịba. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ bụ ụdị ọrịa ịba siri ike na-emetụta ụbụrụ. RBCs ọrịa dị na ha na-egbochi capillaries ndị dị na ụbụrụ na-akpata mmeghachi omume ahụike, nke na-emebi Ihe mgbochi ọbara na ụbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schiess|first=Nicoline|title=Pathophysiology and neurologic sequelae of cerebral malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|date=December 2020|volume=19|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12936-020-03336-z|pmid=32703204}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ na-egosipụta mgbaàmà [[:en:Neurological_disorder|na-egosi nsogbu n'ụbụrụ]], dị ka mgbagwoju anya, nkụchi obi maọbụ akụkụ ahụ ọbụla, ma ọ bụ [[:en:Coma|coma]].<ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ, ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya, nwere ike ibute ọnwụ n'ime awa iri anọ na asatọ nke mgbaàmà mbụ gosiri; ndị lagbụrụ ya nwere ike inwe mmerụ ahụ metụtara ụbụrụ na-adịte aka.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012" /><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]] siri ike bụ mgwakọta nke mbibi nke RBCs (ma ndị bu ọrịa ma ndị na-ebughị) yana ịdị ala nke mmepụta RBC n'ụmị ọkpụkpụ; ọ bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ n'ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise<ref>{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Nicholas J.|title=What causes malaria anemia?|journal=Blood|date=14 April 2022|volume=139|issue=15|pages=2268–2269|doi=10.1182/blood.2021015055|pmid=35420692}}</ref> Ịba nwere ike ibute nsogbu iku ume siri ike na ihe ruru pasent iri abụọ na ise nke ndị nwere ya. Ọ na-esite na mmebi nke capillary endothelium, na-emebi alveoli nke akpa ume.<ref name="Greenwood-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=The Lancet|volume=365|issue=9469|pages=1487–1498|year=2005|pmid=15850634|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref><ref name="Taylor-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Walter R.J.|title=Respiratory Manifestations of Malaria|journal=Chest|date=August 2012|volume=142|issue=2|pages=492–505|doi=10.1378/chest.11-2655|pmid=22871759}}</ref> Mgbaàmà bụ oke ịdị mkpụmkpụ nke iku ume na ụcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'egbugbere ọnụ (cyanosis) na-egosi enweghị ikuku oxygen.<ref name="Taylor-2012" /> Ọ bụ onye na-egbu ndị okenye, na-enwe ihe dị ka pasent iri ano nke ọnwụ ndị na-arịa ya ozugbo mgbaàmà ya malitere.<ref name="Taylor-2012" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prenen|first=Fran|title=Resolution of experimental malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome is Alox12 independent and shows residual inflammation|journal=Malaria Journal|date=4 July 2025|volume=24|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12936-025-05462-y|pmid=40615878}}</ref> [[:en:Coinfection|Ịrịakọta]] HIV na ịba na-eme ka ọnwụ dịkwuo elu.<ref name="Korenromp-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria attributable to the HIV-1 epidemic, sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=11|issue=9|pages=1410–1419|date=September 2005|pmid=16229771|doi=10.3201/eid1109.050337}}</ref> Nsogbu ndị ọzọ gụnyere [[:en:Splenomegaly|ọkpụkpụ zara aza]], Imeju zara aza ma ọ bụ ha abụọ.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ihe a na-akpọ [[:en:Blackwater_fever|blackwater fever]] na-eme mgbe haemoglobin sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie [[:en:Lysis|gbawara agbawa]] ma debanye na mamịrị wee gbanwee ụcha ya, nke ihe na-esokarị ya bụ nkụchi akụrụ. <ref name="Bartoloni-2012" /> [[:en:Pregnancy-associated_malaria|Ọrịa ịba n'oge afọ ime]] nwere ike ịkpata [[Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ|ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ]], [[:en:Infant_mortality|ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ]], ime ọpụpụ, na [[:en:Low_birth_weight|lịdị arọ dị ala nke nwa a mụrụ ọhụrụ]], <ref name="Hartman-2010">{{Cite journal|title=The impact of maternal malaria on newborns|journal=Annals of Tropical Paediatrics|volume=30|issue=4|pages=271–282|year=2010|pmid=21118620|doi=10.1179/146532810X12858955921032}}</ref> ọkachasị na ọrịa ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'', ọ na-emekwa n'ọrịa ''P. vivax&nbsp;''. <ref name="Rijken-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria in pregnancy in the Asia-Pacific region|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=1|pages=75–88|date=January 2012|pmid=22192132|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70315-2}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Faịlụ:Life_Cycle_of_the_Malaria_Parasite.jpg|thumb|Usoro ndụ nke nje ịba: A na-ewebata Sporozoites site na ọtịta nke anwụnta. Mgbe ha ruru imeju, ha na-amụba ghọọ ọtụtụ puku merozoites. Merozoites ndị ahụ na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie ma mejupụta, na-emetụtakwu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara uhie uhie ndị ọzọ na-aga. Ụfọdụ nje na-emepụta gametocytes, nke anwụnta na-eburu, na-aga n'ihu na usndụ ya.]] nwỌrịa ịba na-abịa mgbe e nwere mmetụta na [[:en:Parasite|nje]] na ụdị ''Plasmodium'', nke anwụnta nke ụdị ''Anopheles na-ebufe n'etiti ndị mmadụ na-arịa ya.''<ref name="CDC-About-2022">{{Cite web|publisher=CDC-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=22 March 2022|title=Malaria - About Malaria - Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html|accessdate=28 April 2022|language=en-US|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524132501/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html}}</ref> Plasmodium parasite nwere usoro ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-emetụta mmadụ na anwụnta ụ ndị nje ahụ na-anịọanọ n'ime ahụ ha eto n'ogo dị iche iche, na-ewere ụdị dị iche na ogo ọbụla nke usoro ndụ ahụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> * ''Anwụnta Anopheles'' anwụnta na-ebute ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' site ịmịrị ọbara site n'ahụ onye buteburu ọrịa ahụ n'oge gara aga. Oge ọzọ anwụnta ahụ ga-eri nri, arụ ọ ga-ata ga-ewebata ''Plasmodium'' - n'ụdị na-agagharị agagharị a na-akpọ sporozoites - n'ime mmadụ ọhụrụ na-arịabeghị ya bụ ọrịa mbụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> * N'ime mmadụ ọhụrụ a, sporozoites ndị ahụ na-abanye n'ọbara ma gaa n'ime imeju, ebe ha na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ imeju (hepatocytes). <ref name="Cowman-2016">{{Cite journal|date=October 2016|title=Malaria: Biology and Disease|journal=Cell|volume=167|issue=3|pages=610–624|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.055|pmid=27768886}}</ref> * Ha na-eto ma na-ekewa n'ime imeju, ebe hepatocyte nke ọbụla bu ọrịa na-emesị nwee ihe ruru nje na-akpata ọrịa puku iri anọ..<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Mgbe ụbọchị ise ruo ụbọchị iri abụọ na ise gasịrị, hepatocytes ndị a bu ọrịa na-ekewa, na-ewepụta ''Plasmodium'' - n'ụdị dị obere a na-akpọ Merozoites, baa n'ime ọbara.<ref name="Arrow-2004" /> * N'ime ọbara, merozoites ndị ahụ na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie n'otu n'otu, nke ọ bụla na-emepụtaghachi n'ihe karịrị awa 24-72 iji mepụta merozoites 16-32 ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị ahụ butere ọrịa na-agbawa, na-ewepụta merozoites ọhụrụ nke na-ebunyekwa mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọrịa ọzọ, na-akpata okirikiri nke na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje na-amụba n'ime onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> * Obere akụkụ nke nje ahụ anaghị emepụtaghachi, kama ọ na-etolite ghọọ nje ndị a na-akpọ gametocytes nwoke na nwanyị. Gametocytes ndị a na-etolite n'ime ụmị ọkpụkpụ ruo ụbọchị iri na otu, wee laghachi na nrugharị ọbara iji chere ka anwụnta ọzọ mịrị ya mgbe ọ ga-ata.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> * Ozugbo ọ nọ n'ime anwụnta, gametocytes na-enwe mmekọahụ, ma mesịa mepụta ụmụ sporozoites ndị ga-akwaga na [[:en:Salivary_gland|ebe mmepụta asọmmiri]] nke anwụnta ahụ ka o nwee ike gbanye ya dịka ọgwụ n'ime onye ọhụrụ mgbe anwụnta ahụ ga-ata onye ọzọ. <ref name="Arrow-2004" /> <ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Ọrịa imeju anaghị akpata mgbaàmà ọbụla; mgbaàmà niile nke ịba na-esite na ọrịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite ozugbo e nwere ihe karịrị parasites dị narị puku kwa millilitre nke ọbara.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Ọtụtụ n'ime mgbaàmà ndị metụtara oke ịba na-esite na ọchịchọ nke ''P. falciparum'' ịrapara na mgbidi [[:en:Blood_vessel|ebe ndị ọbara si aga]], na-akpata mmebi na arịa ndị metụtara na anụ ahụ ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Nje ndị na-abanye n'ebe ndị ọbara si aga nke akpa ume na-eweta nsogbu iku ume. N'ime ụbụrụ, ha na-eweta [[:en:Coma|coma]]. N'oge ịdị ime, ha na-agbakọta na [[:en:Intervillous_space|di n'etiti otu villium na ibe ya]] ma na-egbochi ọrụ nke placenta, na-enye aka na ịdị arọ dị ala nke nwa ọhụrụ na ịmụ nwa n'oge erughị eru, ma na-abawanye ihe ize ndụ nke ime ọpụpụ na ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie n'oge ọrịa na-akpatakarị ọrịa anaemia, nke a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo njọ site na mbelata mmepụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọhụrụ n'oge ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Naanị anwụnta nwanyị na-eri ọbara; anwụnta nwoke na-eri ihe na-atọ ụtọ nke osisi ma ha anaghị ebufe ọrịa ahụ. Ụmụ nwanyị nke ụdị anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-ahọrọ iri nri n'abalị. Ha na-amalite ịchọ nri n'oge mgbede, ma gaa n'ihu n'abalị ruo mgbe ha nwetara ihe ha ga-eri.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ha nwere ike ime mgbanwe n'ihi na e bidola iji ụgbụ àkwà arahụ ụra nke ukwuu ma malite ịta n'oge, tupu a gbasaa ụgbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaria Mosquitoes Are Biting before Bed-Net Time|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/malaria-mosquitoes-are-biting-before-bed-net-time/|accessdate=29 May 2023|work=Scientific American|archivedate=29 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529022719/https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/malaria-mosquitoes-are-biting-before-bed-net-time/}}</ref> A pụkwara ibute nje ịba site na Mgbanye ọbara, ọ bụ ezie na nke a abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="Owusu-Ofori-2010">{{Cite journal|title=Transfusion-transmitted malaria in countries where malaria is endemic: a review of the literature from sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=51|issue=10|pages=1192–1198|date=November 2010|pmid=20929356|doi=10.1086/656806}}</ref> === Ụdị ''Plasmodium Dị Iche Iche'' === N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ọ bụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAmc">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', P. malariae, ''P. ovale curtisi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAm0">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', ''P. ovale wallikeri<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', ''P. vivax<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnM">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''P. knowlesi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnY">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>''.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> N'etiti ndị butere ọrịa, ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' bụ ụdị a na-ahụkarị (~75%) nke ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' (~20%) na-esochi. <ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' jupụtara n'Africa ma na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ, ebe ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' na-achịkwa n'èzí Africa. <ref name="Sarkar-2009">{{Cite journal|title=Critical care aspects of malaria|journal=Journal of Intensive Care Medicine|volume=25|issue=2|pages=93–103|year=2009|pmid=20018606|doi=10.1177/0885066609356052}}</ref><ref name="Arnott-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Understanding the population genetics of ''Plasmodium vivax'' is essential for malaria control and elimination|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=11|date=January 2012|pmid=22233585|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-14}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> E dekọọla ụfọdụ ọrịa ụmụ mmadụ na ọtụtụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' sitere na enwe ndị dị elu, mana ewezuga ''P. knowlesi&nbsp;'' - ụdị zoonotic nke na-akpata ịba na [[:en:Macaques|macaques]] - ndị anaghị abụkarị ihe dị mkpa maka ahụike ọha na eze. <ref name="Collins-2012">{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': a malaria parasite of monkeys and humans|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=57|pages=107–121|year=2012|id={{Zenodo|1234957}}|pmid=22149265|doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-121510-133540}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref name="Collins-2009">{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': finally being recognized|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=199|issue=8|pages=1107–1108|date=April 2009|pmid=19284287|doi=10.1086/597415}}</ref> Ụdị abụọ - ''P.'' ''vivax'' na ''P. oval'' - na-emepụta ọkwa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ a na-akpọ hypnozoitis nke nwere ike ịnọgide na imeju, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ wepụrụ ọrịa ahụ n'ọbara. Ndị a nwere ike ịmaliteghachi mgbe izu ma ọ bụ ọnwa ole na ole gasịrị ma mee ka ọrịa ahụ laghachi azụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> === Ịba na-apụta ugboro ugboro === Mgbaàmà nke ịba nwere ike ịlaghachi mgbe oge dịgasị iche iche na-enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla gosiri gasịrị. Dabere na ihe kpatara ya, enwere ike ịhazi mmeghachi omume dị ka [[:en:Recrudescence|recrudescence]], [[:en:Relapse|relapse]], ma ọ bụ reinfection. Recrudescence bụ mgbe mgbaàmà na-alaghachi mgbe oge a na-enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla gasịrị n'ihi enweghị ike iwepụ nje ndị dị n'ọbara site na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke.{{sfn|WHO|2015|p=4}}.Relapse bụ mgbe mgbaàmà na-apụta ọzọ mgbe ewepụchara nje ndị ahụ n'ọbara mana ha nọgidere dị ka hypnozoites na-ehi ụra <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: origin of the term 'hypnozoite'|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=781–786|date=2011|pmid=20665090|doi=10.1007/s10739-010-9239-3}}</ref> na mkpụrụ ndụ imeju. Reinfection pụtara na e wepụrụ nje n'ahụ dum mana ọrịa ọhụrụ amalitela. Nlaghachi nke ọrịa n'ime izu abụọ nke ọgwụgwọ na-abụkarị n'ihi ọdịda ọgwụgwọ..{{sfn|WHO|2015|p=41}} == Usoro ọrịa si arụ ọrụ n'ahụ == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Red_blood_cells_infected_with_malaria.jpg|thumb|Electron micrograph na-egosi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke ''Plasmodium falciparum juru na ya'' (n'etiti), na-egosi "knobs" protein adherence]] Ọrịa ịba na-etolite site na usoro abụọ: otu nke na-emetụta imeju (oge exoerythrocytic), na otu nke na na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, ma ọ bụ erythrocytes (oge erythrocyte). Mgbe anwụnta butere ọrịa ahụ na-adụpu akpụkpọ ahụ mmadụ iji rie nri ọbara, sporozoites ndị dị n'ime asọmmiri anwụnta ahụ na-abanye n'ọbara ma kwaga n'ime imeju ebe ha na-emetụta hepatocytes, na-amụba n'enweghị mmekọahụ na n'enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla ruo ụbọchị 8-30.<ref name="Bledsoe-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}</ref> N'oge a, ihe ndị a [[:en:Cellular_differentiation|na-ekewasị]] iji mepụta ọtụtụ puku merozoites, nke, mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ ha gbawara, ga-enuba n'ime ọbara ma metụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie iji malite usoro erythrocytic nke ndụ ha.<ref name="Bledsoe-2005" /> Akụkụ mbụ nke ọrịa ahụ anaghị enwe mgbaàmà ọbụla; mgbaàmà ahụike niile nke ịba nwere njikọ na akụkụ merozoite nke usoro ndụ ya.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref> N'ime nke a, nje ndị ahụ na-amụba n'ụzọ na-enweghị mmekọahụ n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, na-apụta site n'oge ruo n'oge iji bunye ndị ọhụrụ ọrịa. N'ime erythrocyte ọ bụla butere ọrịa, nje ahụ na-amụba, na-eri cytoplasm ka ọ na-amụba. Mgbe ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ gasịrị, erythrocyte ahụ ga-agbawa, na-ewepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ (dị n'etiti iri na isii na iri atọ na abụọ) nke merozoites ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bucşan|first=Allison N.|title=Setting the stage: The initial immune response to blood-stage parasites|journal=Virulence|date=31 December 2020|volume=11|issue=1|pages=88–103|doi=10.1080/21505594.2019.1708053|pmid=31900030}}</ref> Ntọhapụ a nke merozoites n'ime ọbara, tinyere nsi ha niile yana iberibe erythrocyte, na-akpata ahụ ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ nke nwere ike ịbụ nke na-eme nwa oge na nke na-emesi ike. <ref name="CDC-Features-2024" /> [1]<ref name="Bledsoe-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}</ref> N'ime ụdị ụfọdụ nke ''Plasmodium'', ụfọdụ sporozoites anaghị etolite ozugbo ghọọ merozoites na-arụ ọrụ n'oge exoerythrocytic, kama, ha na-emepụta hypnozoites nke na-anọgide na-ehi ụra ruo oge dị iche iche na-esite n'agbata ọtụtụ ọnwa (ọnwa asaa ruo ọnwa iri bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị) ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="White-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of relapse periodicity in ''Plasmodium vivax'' malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=10|date=October 2011|pmid=21989376|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-297}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụra gasịrị, ha na-emegharị ma mepụta merozoites. Hypnozoites na-akpata ogologo oge na nlọghachi azụ na ọrịa ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' na ''P. oval&nbsp;''. <ref name="White-2011" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Okafor|first=Chika N.|title=StatPearls|date=2026|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519021/|chapter=Plasmodium ovale Malaria}}</ref> === Mgbochi nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ === Mgbochi nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ bụ isi njirimara Plasmodium, nke na-eme ka ọ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma na nnọgidesi ike dị ka nje.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rénia|first=Laurent|title=Malaria Parasites: The Great Escape|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|date=7 November 2016|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2016.00463|pmid=27872623}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ''Plasmodium'' genome raara onwe ya nye usoro nke na-ezere ma ọ bụ na-emebi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crabb|first=Brendan S|title=Plasmodium falciparum virulence determinants unveiled|journal=Genome Biology|date=2002|volume=3|issue=11|pages=reviews1031.1|doi=10.1186/gb-2002-3-11-reviews1031|pmid=12441004}}</ref> ==== Imeju ==== [[Faịlụ:Merosome.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke merosome na-apụta site na hepatocyte nwere ọrịa]] Macrophages pụrụ iche a na-akpọ Mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer na-echebe imeju; ha na-achọpụta ihe ndị dị aṅaa dị n'ọbara ma bibie ha. Sporozoites na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer ma na-egbochi ha.<ref name="Pradel-2001">{{Cite journal|author=Pradel|first=Gabriele|title=Malaria Sporozoites Actively Enter and Pass Through Rat Kupffer Cells Prior to Hepatocyte Invasion|journal=Hepatology|date=May 2001|volume=33|issue=5|pages=1154–1165|doi=10.1053/jhep.2001.24237|pmid=11343244}}</ref> Ha na-agafe mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a nwerela nkwarụ (nke na-anwụ mgbe awa ole na ole gasịrị) iji bunye [[:en:Hepatocyte|hepatocytes]] ọrịa.<ref name="Pradel-2001" /> N'ime hepatocyte, ha na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku merozoites n'ime [[:en:Vacuole|vacuole]] nke na-echebe ha pụọ na Usoro nchebe nke mkpụrụ ndụ.<ref name="Ezema-2023">{{Cite journal|author=Ezema|first=Chinonso Anthony|title=Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response|journal=Parasitology Research|date=August 2023|volume=122|issue=8|pages=1715–1731|doi=10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6|pmid=37219610}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, hepatocyte ahụ butere ọrịa na-ewepụta merozoites n'ìgwè a na-akpọ merosomes, nke na-esi na membrane hepatocyta pụta. Membrane a na-ekpuchi merozoites ndị ahụ, na-enyere ha aka ịhere ehere gafee mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer fọdụrụ iji pụọ n'imeju. <ref name="Ezema-2023" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Scheiner|first=Mattea|title=Moving on: How malaria parasites exit the liver|journal=Molecular Microbiology|date=March 2024|volume=121|issue=3|pages=328–340|doi=10.1111/mmi.15141|pmid=37602900}}</ref><ref name="Vaughan-2008">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria parasite pre-erythrocytic stage infection: gliding and hiding|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|volume=4|issue=3|pages=209–218|date=September 2008|pmid=18779047|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2008.08.010}}</ref> ==== Mgbasa N'ime Ahụ ==== [[Faịlụ:Infected_erythrocyte_sequestration_within_the_intervillous_space_of_the_placenta.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke erythrocytes (IE) bu ọrịa na-agbakọta na oghere intervillous na gburugburu villi nke plasịnta.]] Merozoites na-enugharị na usoro nrugharị ọbara nwere ike inweta mwakpo site na leucocytes nke na-elekwasị anya na antigen elu ha. Nje ndị ahụ na-emeri nchebe a site na [[:en:Polymorphism_(biology)|antigenic polymorphism]]; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Pollyanna S.|title=Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|date=17 October 2016|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617|pmid=27799922}}</ref> na ọkwa ọbụla nke usoro ndụ ya ahụ ọ na-egosipụta ụdị dị iche iche nke antigen elu, n'ụzọ dị irè ihe na-agagharị agagharị nke karịrị [[:en:Adaptive_immune_system|usoro ahụike na-emegharị]]. <ref name="Ezema-2023">{{Cite journal|author=Ezema|first=Chinonso Anthony|title=Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response|journal=Parasitology Research|date=August 2023|volume=122|issue=8|pages=1715–1731|doi=10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6|pmid=37219610}}</ref> Ozugbo ha banyere na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (RBC) merozoites nwere ebe nchekwa, nke e kpuchiri pụọ na mmetụta leucocytes ma chebe ya n'ime vacuole. RBCs na-arịa ọrịa ka e nwere ike ịchọpụta ma bibie ya, ma ọ bụghị site na [[:en:Spleen|spleen]] ọ bụrụ phagocytes.<ref name="Lee-2022">{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Wenn-Chyau|title=Evolving perspectives on rosetting in malaria|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=October 2022|volume=38|issue=10|pages=882–889|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.08.001|pmid=36031553}}</ref> Iji zeere nke a, merozoite ahụ na-emepụta protein na-arapara n'ahụ nke na-apụta dị ka bọtịnụ n'elu RBCs butere ọrịa.<ref name="Tilley-2011">{{Cite journal|author=Tilley|first=Leann|title=The Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cell|journal=The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology|date=June 2011|volume=43|issue=6|pages=839–842|doi=10.1016/j.biocel.2011.03.012|pmid=21458590}}</ref> Ndị a na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ abụọ. Ha na-ejikọta na RBCs na-enweghị nje na-emepụta ụyọkọ - nke a na-akpọ "rosettes" - nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-ebute ọrịa dị n'etiti na-echebe mkpụrụ ndụ na ya na-enweghị ọrịa gbara ya gburugburu; rosettes na-egbochi ọbara na-agafe na capillaries.<ref name="Lee-2022" /> RBCs na-arịa ọrịa n'ụzọ ọzọ nwere ike izere ịgafe ọkpụkpụ site na ịrapara (na-agbaso) na mgbidi nke akwara ọbara na anụ ahụ dịka ụbụrụ, akpa ume, na oghere intervillous (n'ime ime). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Franke-Fayard|first=Blandine|title=Sequestration and Tissue Accumulation of Human Malaria Parasites: Can We Learn Anything from Rodent Models of Malaria?|journal=PLOS Pathogens|date=30 September 2010|volume=6|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001032|pmid=20941396}}</ref> Ma ụdị ndị a na-edebe ma ndị a na'ime ha na-egbochi ọrụ nke akụkụ ahụ, na-eduga na nsogbu ndị dị ka ịba ụbụrụ na ịba metụtara ime ime.<ref name="Ezema-2023" /> === Mgbochi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ihi oke ọnwụ na ọrịa nke ịba kpatara - ọkachasị ụdị ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' - ọ etinyela [[:en:Selection_(biology)|nrụgide kachasị]] na [[:en:Human_genome|genome mmadụ]] n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịbeghị anya. Ọtụtụ ihe ndị metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-enye ikike ụfọdụ iguzogide ya gụnyere [[:en:Sickle_cell_trait|àgwà sickle cell]], àgwà [[:en:Thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], ụkọ glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, yana enweghị [[:en:Duffy_antigen|Duffy antigens]] na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Strong selection during the last millennium for African ancestry in the admixed population of Madagascar|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|issue=1|date=March 2018|pmid=29500350|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03342-5}}</ref> <ref name="Kwiatkowski-2005">{{Cite journal|title=How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=77|issue=2|pages=171–192|date=August 2005|pmid=16001361|doi=10.1086/432519}}</ref><ref name="Hedrick-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|date=October 2011|pmid=21427751|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16}}</ref> Mmetụta nke àgwà sickle cell na nguzogide ịba na-egosi ụfọdụ mgbanwe evolushọn nke merela n'ihi ịba zuru ebe niile. Àgwà Sickle cell na-akpata mgbanwe na molekụl haemoglobin d n'ọbara. Dị ka o kwesịrị, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nwere ọdịdị na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke nwere oghere abụọ nke na-enye ha ohere ịgafe obere Capillaries; Otú ọ dị, mgbe e kpughere mkpụrụ ndụ haemoglobin S<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwA2U">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> nke gbanwere, nye obere ikuku oxygen, ma ọ bụ ha akpụkọọ ọnụ n'ihi mmiri ịpụ ha n'ahụ, ha nwere ike ịrapara ọnụ na-emepụta eriri nke na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ gbagọọ dị n'ụdịị mma. N'ime eriri ndị a, mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'iwere ma ọ bụ wepụta ikuku oxygen, mkpụrụ ndụ enweghịkwa ohere nke ọma iji gbasaa n'enweghị ihe mgbochi. N'oge mmalite nke ịba, nje ahụ nwere ike ime ka mkpụrụ ndụ uhie na-arịa ọrịa na-akpụ akpụ, ya mere a na-ewepụ ha n'oge. Nke a na-ebelata ugboro ole nje ịba na-emecha ndụ ha na mkpụrụ ndụ. Ndị mmadụ bụ homozygous (nke nwere mkpụrụ abụọ nke haemoglobin beta allele) nwere sickle-cell anaemia, ebe ndị heterozygous. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmanya ndụ dị mkpirikpi maka ndị nwere ọnọdụ homozygous ga-eme ka àgwà ahụ ghara ịdị ndụ, a na-echekwa àgwà ahụ na mpaghara ndị nwere ịba n'ihi uru nke ụdị heterozygous nyere.<ref name="Hedrick-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|date=October 2011|pmid=21427751|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16}}</ref><ref name="Weatherall-2008">{{Cite journal|title=Genetic variation and susceptibility to infection: the red cell and malaria|journal=British Journal of Haematology|volume=141|issue=3|pages=276–286|date=May 2008|pmid=18410566|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07085.x}}</ref> == Nnyocha == [[Faịlụ:5901_lores.jpg|thumb|Ihe nkiri ọbara bụ [[:en:Gold_standard_(test)|ọkọlọtọ ọla edo]] maka nchọpụta ịba.]] [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.jpg|thumb|Ụdị mgbaaka na gametocytes nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' n'ọbara mmadụ]] N'ihi ọdịdị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ nke mgbaàmà ịba, a na-emekarị nnyocha ya dabere na mgbaàmà ndị o nyere yana akụkọ njem onye ahụ, wee kwado ya na nnyocha e mere n'ụlọ nnyocha iji chọpụta ọnụnọ nke nje ahụ n'ọbara (nnyocha parasitological). N'ebe ịba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) na-atụ aro ka ndị dọkịta chee na ịba dị n'ahụ onye ọ bụla na-akọ na ọ nwere ahụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ onye nwere okpomọkụ dị ugbu a karịa 37.5 °C n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ doro anya kpatara ya.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref> &nbsp;A ga-enyo na ọ bụ ịba na-eme ụmụaka nwere ihe ịrịba ama nke [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]]: [[:en:Palmar_pallor|ime aka na-acha mmiri mmiri]] ma ọ bụ nnyocha ụlọ nnyocha na-egosi ọkwa haemoglobin na-erughị gram asatọ kwa deciliter nke ọbara.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> N'ebe ndị ụwa na-enweghị ịba ma ọ bụ nwere ịba ebe ọ dị obere, a na-atụ aro ime nnyocha naanị maka ndị nwere ike ibute ịba (nwekarịrị ike ịbụ na ha mere njem gaa mpaghara ịba juputara na ya) na ahụ ọkụ a na-akọwaghị akọwa.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /><ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-ejikarị nocha microscopic nke Ihe nkiri ọbara ma ọ bụ Nnyocha nyocha ngwa ngwa nke antigen (RDT) na-egosi ịba. Microscopy - ya bụ, iji [[:en:Light_microscope|light microscope]] na-enyocha ọbara [[:en:Giemsa|Giemsa]] metọrọ - bụ [[:en:Gold_standard_(test)|ọkọlọtọ ọla edo]] maka nchọpụta ịba.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> Ndị oji Microscope eme nnyocha na-adị enyocha ma "ihe nkiri buru ibu" nke ọbara, nke na-enye ha ohere inyocha ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara n'oge dị mkpirikpi, yana "ihe nkiri dị mkpirisi" nke ọbara nke na-enye ha ohere ịhụ nke ọma nje ndị ahụ n'otu n'otu ma chọpụta kpọmkwem ụdị ''Plasmodium'' kpatara ya bụ ịba. <ref name="Ashley-2018" /> N'okpuru ọnọdụ ụlọ nnyocha dị iche iche, onye oji microscope eme nnyocha nwere ike ịchọpụta nje mgbe enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala nje otu narị kwa microliter nke ọbara, nke dị okirikiri ogo dị ala nke ịba na-enwe mgbaàmà.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref> Nnyocha microscope na-adị achọ ọtụtụ ihe iji mee ya, na-achọ ndị ọrụ a zụrụ azụ, ngwá ọrụ e mere maka ya yana ọdịdị na-adịgide adịgide nke [[:en:Microscope_slide|microscopy slides]] na ntụpọ microscopy.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Enwere ike iji nnyocha [[:en:Rapid_diagnostic_test|Rapid diagnostic tests]] (RDTs) iji kwado nchọpụta nke e ji microscope mee; <ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html "Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> a na-ejikwa ha n'ebe microscopy adịghị. RDTs na-eme ngwa ngwa ma dị mfe itinye n'ọrụ n'ebe ndị na-enweghị ụlọ nnyocha zuru oke.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">"5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)". [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria ''WHO Guidelines for Malaria'']. World Health Organization. 13 July 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230318051541/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria Archived] from the original on 18 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Nnyocha ahụ na-achọpụta protein parasite na sample ọbara mkpịsị aka.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Enwere RDTs dịgasị iche iche, na-elekwasị anya na protein nje ahụ gụnyere lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase, ma ọ bụ protein 2 juputara na histidine HRP2, nke bụ naanị ''P''maka ''. falciparum''). <ref name="WHO-2021a" /> A na-eji ule HRP2 eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'Africa, ebe ''P. falciparum'' na-achịkwa.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAshleyPyae_PhyoWoodrow2018">Ashley EA, Pyae Phyo A, Woodrow CJ (April 2018). "Malaria". ''[[The Lancet]]''. '''391''' (10130): <span class="nowrap">1608–</span>1621. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29631781 29631781].</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na HRP2 na-anọgide n'ọbara ruo izu ise mgbe a gwọrcharaọrịa, nyocha HRP2 mgbe ụfọdụ enweghị ike ịigosima onye nahụ o were ịba ugbu a ma ọ bụ na mbụ.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, ụfọdụ nje ''P. falciparum'' enweghị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ''HRP2'', na-eme ka nchọpụta dha ị mgbagwoju anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Poti|first=Kristin E.|title=HRP2: Transforming Malaria Diagnosis, but with Caveats|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=February 2020|volume=36|issue=2|pages=112–126|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.004|pmid=31848119}}</ref> Nnyocha HRP2 a apụghịkwa ịkọwa ole nje ahụ dị n'ime mmadụ, ma ọ bụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụ. <ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c" /> <ref name="Daily 2025">{{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=Johanna P.|date=3 April 2025|title=Malaria|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=392|issue=13|pages=1320–1333|doi=10.1056/NEJMra2405313|pmid=40174226}}</ref> Nnyocha [[:en:Polymerase_chain_reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) bụ usoro kachasị dị nro maka ịchọpụta ịba. Nnyocha ahụ na-eme ka DNA nke nje ahụ dị n'ọbara mụbaa; ọ nwere ike ịchọpụta ''Plasmodium'' ma mata ụdị ọ bụ, ọbụlagodi na ọkwa dị ala n'ọ ọbara.<ref name="Fisher-2022">{{Cite web|author=Fisher|first=John F.|date=2 August 2022|title=Testing for malaria: Rapid diagnostic tests and PCR|url=https://www.medmastery.com/guides/malaria-clinical-guide/testing-malaria-rapid-diagnostic-tests-rdts-and-polymerase-chain|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Medmastery GmbH}}</ref> Ọ chọrọ ngwá ọrụ ụlọ nnyocha pụrụ iche n'ihi ya, ya mere na ọ naghị adịkarị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe; a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na mba ndị mepere emepe iji nyochaa na ndị njem na-alọghachi.<ref name="Fisher-2022" /><ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html "Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Eprel 2026, WHO [[:en:Pre-qualification|kwadoro]] ụdịrị nnyocha ngwa ngwa atọ iji chọpụta ụdị P. falciparum ndị nwere pfhrp2 deletions, nke nwere ike izere nnyocha dabeere na HRP2 a na-ejikarị eme ihe ma kpata nchọpụta ụgha. Nnyocha ọhụrụ ndị ahụ na-elekwasị anya na protein nje pf-LDH a ma na-atụ aro iji ha arụ ọrụ ebe a na-adịghị amata ihe karịrị pasent ise nke ndị bu ọrịa ịba n'ihi nhichapụ pfhrp2.<ref name="prefir">{{Cite web|title=WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests|work=World Health Organization (WHO)|date=24 April 2026|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests|accessdate=28 April 2026|archivedate=27 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests}}</ref> == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:"British_India",_six_stages_of_malaria._Wellcome_L0022443.jpg|alt=Advertisement entitled "The Mosquito Danger". Includes 6 panel cartoon:#1 breadwinner has malaria, family starving; #2 wife selling ornaments; #3 doctor administers quinine; #4 patient recovers; #5 doctor indicating that quinine can be obtained from post office if needed again; #6 man who refused quinine, dead on stretcher.|thumb|Mgbasa ozi maka quinine dị ka ọgwụgwọ ịba site na 1927]] [[Faịlụ:Artemisia_annua.jpg|thumb|''Artemisia annua'', nke a makwaara dị ka osisi wormwood na-atọ ụtọ, ebe mbụ e si nweta artemisinin]] A na-agwọ ịba site n'iji [[:en:Antimalarial_medication|ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]]. Iji hụ na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke ma gbochie nje ahụ ịịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ, ntuziaka ọgwụgwọ kemgbe afọ 2001 na-achọkarị ọgwụ abụọ a ṅụkọtara ọnụ, otu n'ime ha bụ nke sitere na artemisinin na nke ọzọ bụ ọgwụ nkwado.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Multiple first-line therapies as part of the response to antimalarial drug resistance|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240103603|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en|archivedate=27 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127213804/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240103603}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 2025|title=Antimalarial drug resistance|url=https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drug-resistance|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en}}</ref> Njikọ ziri ezi nke ọgwụ ndị ahụ na-adabere na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' kpatara ya, ohere nke inwe nguzogide ọgwụ, eziokwu ndị dị mkpa site na akụkọ ahụike na ime njem nke onye na-arịa ọrịa, na ọṅụṅụ nke ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na mbụ nke onye ahụ na-arịa ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shahbodaghi|first=S. David|title=Malaria: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=American Family Physician|date=September 2022|volume=106|issue=3|pages=270–278|url=https://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=36126008|pmid=36126008}}</ref><ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2024|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ na usoro mba[a] na-adaberekarị na ntuziaka nke WHO nyere nke a na-emelite mgbe niile. <ref name="WHO-Guidelines-9.1-2025">{{Cite web|date=13 August 2025|title=MAGICapp - WHO guidelines for malaria v9.1|url=https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/LwRMXj|accessdate=23 January 2026|work=app.magicapp.org|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925214841/https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/LwRMXj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New and updated malaria guidance|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/guideline-development-process/new-and-updated-malaria-guidance|accessdate=25 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ọtụtụ ụdị ọgwụ dịka nke a ga-aṅụkọta ya ọgwụ mgbochi ịba n'oge ịnata ọgwụgwọ. Ọgwụ ndị dabeere na Artemisinin gụnyere artemether na Artesunate.<ref name="Arrow-2004a">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215631/|chapter=Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance}}</ref> Ihe ndị sitere na Quinoline gụnyere chloroquine, quinine, na mefloquine. Ndị si na Antifolate gụnyere pyrimethamine, proguanil, na sulfadoxin.<ref name="Arrow-2004a" /> Ọgwụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere lumefantrine, atovaquone, doxycycline na clindamycin.<ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}</ref><ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-ahazi ịba dị ka "oke ịba" ma ọ bụ "enweghị nke na-esighi ike". <ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNadjmBehrens2012">Nadjm B, Behrens RH (June 2012). "Malaria: an update for physicians". ''Infectious Disease Clinics of North America''. '''26''' (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>259. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010|10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632637 22632637].</cite></ref> <ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2024|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html "General Approach to Treatment"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbaàmà ndị na-egosi oke ịba gụnyere ndị a (ọ bụghị ndepụta zuru ezu): <ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024" /> * Mmadụ amaghị ebe ọ nọ, coma, ihe ọdụdọ * Oké ụkwara ume ọkụ * Nsogbu iku ume siri ike * Nkụchi akụrụ ma ọ bụ haemoglobin ịdị na mamịrị * Ọsụsọ * Ogo Acidosis ma ọ bụ lactate nke karịrị 5 mmol / L&nbsp; * Ọnọdụ dị elu nke nje ndị a na-ahụ anya na ọbara. === Ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya === Enwere ike ịgwọ ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya site na iji ọgwụ a na-aṅụ n'etiti ụbọchị atọ na ụbọchị asaa.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCDC2025">CDC (24 June 2025). [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html "Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> A ga-ahọrọ usoro ọgwụ ahụ dabere na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' a na-agwọ, ebe nakwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke onye ọrịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọgwụgwọ mbụ a na-ahụkarị maka ịba ''P. falciparum'' na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya bụ Artemether-lumefantrine a na-aṅụ n'ọnụ n'ime ụbọchị atọ.<ref name="Lalloo-2016">{{Cite journal|author=Lalloo|first=David G.|title=UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|date=June 2016|volume=72|issue=6|pages=635–649|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.001|pmid=26880088}}</ref><ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvansHill2025">Evans M, Hill K (May 2025). [https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf "Malaria Treatment Guidance"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''NHS Tayside''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2026, WHO [[:en:Pre-qualification|kwadoro]] usoro artemether-lumefantrine mbụ e mepụtara maka ụmụ a mụrụ ọhụrụ ndị dị n'agbata kilogram abụọ na ise.<ref name="prefir">{{Cite web|title=WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests|work=World Health Organization (WHO)|date=24 April 2026|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests|accessdate=28 April 2026|archivedate=27 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization_(WHO)2026">[https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests "WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests"]. ''World Health Organization (WHO)''. 24 April 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests Archived] from the original on 27 April 2026<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ a adịghị adaba mgbe niile, yabụ a na-atụ aro ngwakọta ọgwụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCDC2025">CDC (24 June 2025). [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html "Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ịmalite ozugbo o kwere mee mgbe a chọpụtachara ya, iji gbochie mgbaàmà siri ike ịmalite.<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|work=Malaria|date=20 May 2025|accessdate=25 January 2026|language=en-us|author=CDC}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ''P. vivax ma ọ bụ P. ovale kpatara ya'' (nke na-emepụta hypnozoites na-ehi ụra n'ime imeju) ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ịga n'ihu ruo ụbọchị asaa ruo iri na anọ.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025" /> === Ịba siri ike na nke dị mgbagwoju anya === Ọrịa ịba siri ike na-abụkarị nke ''P. falciparum'' na-akpata; ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke na-egbu egbu mgbe niile ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Walter|first=Kristin|title=Malaria|journal=JAMA|date=8 February 2022|volume=327|issue=6|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468|pmid=35133414}}</ref> Ọbụnagodi na ọgwụgwọ ya, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'ihi ya dị n'etiti pasent iri na atọ na pasent iri abụọ, nke ndị lanarịrịnụ na-enwekarị mmetụta ọọọ na-eso ya nke na-adị ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sheehy|first=Susanne Helena|title=Malaria: severe, life-threatening|journal=BMJ Clinical Evidence|date=7 March 2011|volume=2011|pmid=21375787}}</ref> Ọgwụgwọ a na-enyekarị maka ya bụ intravenous artesunate, na-enyezi ọgwụ a na-aṅụ n'ọnụ ozugbo onye ọrịa ahụ kwụsiri ike.<ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvansHill2025">Evans M, Hill K (May 2025). [https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf "Malaria Treatment Guidance"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''NHS Tayside''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Treatment of Severe Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html|work=Malaria|date=3 April 2024|accessdate=25 January 2026|language=en-us|author=CDC|archivedate=3 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503143920/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html}}</ref> Ndị ọrịa nwere ike ịka njọ ngwa ngwa nke mere na nlekota anya, ọkacha mma na [[:en:High-dependency_unit|ngalaba ebe nlekọta anya dị elu]], dị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lalloo|first=David G.|title=UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|date=June 2016|volume=72|issue=6|pages=635–649|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.001|pmid=26880088}}</ref> === Afọ Ime === [[:en:Pregnancy-associated_malaria|Ịba n'oge afọ ime]] nwere ike ịbụ ihe siri ike, ikekwe na-egbu egbu, maka nne na nwa; ụmụ nwanyị dị ime nwere ikike okpukpu atọ karịa inweta ịba siri ike.<ref name="CDC-Pregnant-2024">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=3 April 2024|title=Alternatives for Pregnant Women|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/pregnant-women.html|accessdate=26 January 2026|work=Malaria|language=en-us|archivedate=18 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260318025909/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/pregnant-women.html}}</ref> Ọgwụ ụfọdụ nwere ike imerụ nwa e bu n'afọ ahụ, ọkachasị n'oge [[Afọ ime|ọnwa atọ]] mbụ. A na-atụ aro usoro ọgwụgwọ pụrụ iche, nke dịgasị iche dabere na ọnwa atọ nke onye dị ime nọ n'ime ya nakwa na-eweta obere ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="CDC-Pregnant-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Antimalarial drugs for pregnant women|url=https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drugs-pregnant-women|accessdate=26 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=22 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922102803/https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drugs-pregnant-women}}</ref> === Ịguzogide Ọgwụ === [[:en:Drug_resistance|Ịguzogide ọgwụ]] na-eweta nsogbu na-arịwanye elu na ọgwụgwọ ịba; ọnụ ọgụgụ ''Plasmodium'' nwere ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ebe ọ dị elu yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ ngwa ngwa nke na-enyere ha aka ime mgbanwe ma zeere ihe ịma aka sitere na ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Sinha-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Challenges of drug-resistant malaria|journal=Parasite|volume=21|year=2014|pmid=25402734|doi=10.1051/parasite/2014059}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Igwe|first=Matthew Chibunna|title=Evolutionary biology of antimalarial drug resistance: Understanding of the evolutionary dynamics|journal=Medicine|date=14 March 2025|volume=104|issue=11|doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000041878|pmid=40101051}}</ref> Nje ndị ''P. falciparum'' malitere ịzụlite iguzogide ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọgwụ mgbochi ịba mbụ e mere, chloroquine, n'afọ ndị 1950; kemgbe ahụ, iguzogide chloroquin agbasaala na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nje a niile. <ref name="MMV-History">{{Cite web|title=History of antimalarial drugs|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria-medicines/history-antimalarials-drugs|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=16 June 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616062607/https://www.mmv.org/malaria-medicines/history-antimalarials-drugs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=8 April 2024|title=Drug Resistance in the Malaria-Endemic World|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/drug-resistance.html|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Malaria|language=en-us|archivedate=7 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907153441/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/drug-resistance.html}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ proguanil karịị dị ngwa ngwa; ewepụtara ọgwụ ahụ na 1948 wee malite ịhụta nguzogide ya n'afọ sochirinụ, na 1949. <ref name="MMV-History" /> N'afọ 2001, ịba nke na-eguzogidetụ artemisinin pụtara na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia; nguzogide ọgwụ ahụ emechaala gbasaa n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref name="MMV-History" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 April 2023|title=Current antimalarial drugs at risk due to resistance|url=https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/news/current-antimalarial-drugs-at-risk-due-to-resistance|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University|language=en|archivedate=20 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120025023/https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/news/current-antimalarial-drugs-at-risk-due-to-resistance}}</ref> Iji merie nguzogide ọgwụ, enwere ike inye ọgwụ na njikọ yana ọgwụ ọzọ, karịa otu e kwesiburu isi ṅụ ya, ma ọ bụ ṅụru ọgwụ ruo ogologo oge karịa; enwere mkpa ngwa ngwa maka iwebata ọgwụ ndị ọhụrụ maka ọgwụgwọ ya. <ref name="MMV-History" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Antony|first=HiasindhAshmi|date=2016|title=Antimalarial drug resistance: An overview|journal=Tropical Parasitology|volume=6|issue=1|pages=30–41|doi=10.4103/2229-5070.175081|pmid=26998432}}</ref> == Ihe omuma == Mgbe a gwọrọ ya nke ọma, ndị na-arịa ịba na-esighị ike nwere ike ịtụ anya mgbake zuru oke.<ref name="CDC-FAQ-2010a">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html#treatment|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): If I get malaria, will I have it for the rest of my life?|publisher=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=8 February 2010|accessdate=14 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html#treatment|archivedate=13 May 2012}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, oke ịba nwere ike ịga n'ihu ngwa ngwa ma kpata ọnwụ n'ime awa ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ole na ole.<ref name="Trampuz-2003">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical review: Severe malaria|journal=Critical Care|volume=7|issue=4|pages=315–323|date=August 2003|pmid=12930555|doi=10.1186/cc2183}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ kachasị njọ nke ọrịa ahụ, [[:en:Fatality_rate|ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ]] nwere ike iru pasent iri abụọ, ọbụlagodi na nlekọta siri ike na ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNadjmBehrens2012">Nadjm B, Behrens RH (June 2012). "Malaria: an update for physicians". ''Infectious Disease Clinics of North America''. '''26''' (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>259. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010|10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632637 22632637].</cite></ref> Ịba nwere ike imebi ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọkachasị ụbụrụ, akụrụ, imeju na ọkpụkpụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2025|title=Malaria: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000621.htm|accessdate=28 January 2026|work=medlineplus.gov|language=en|archivedate=17 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117064956/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000621.htm}}</ref> N'oge ịbụ nwata, ịba na-akpata anaemia n'oge uto ụbụrụ ngwa ngwa, yana mmebi ụbụrụ nke na-esite na ịba na-emetụta ụbụrụ.<ref name="Fernando-2010">{{Cite journal|title=The 'hidden' burden of malaria: cognitive impairment following infection|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=9|date=December 2010|pmid=21171998|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-366}}</ref> Ndị lanarịrị ọrịa ịba n'ụbụrụ nwere ohere dị ukwuu nke ụbụrụ na echiche, Nsogbu omume, na [[:en:Epilepsy|ihe ọdụdọ]].<ref name="Idro-2010">{{Cite journal|date=October 2010|title=Cerebral malaria: mechanisms of brain injury and strategies for improved neurocognitive outcome|journal=Pediatric Research|volume=68|issue=4|pages=267–274|doi=10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181eee738|pmid=20606600}}</ref> == Mgbochi == [[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anwụnta Anopheles stephensi'' n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ọbara n'ahụ mmadụ (obere ọbara na-atụsịsị dị ka ihe karịrị akarị). Anwụnta a bụ ihe na-ekesa ịba, njikwa anwụnta bụkwanụ ụzọ dị irè iji belata ọdịdị nke ịba]] Ụzọ e ji gbochi ịba gụnyere ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, ibibi anwụnta na igbochi ọtịta anwụnta.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria "Fact sheet about malaria"]. ''World Health Organization''. 4 December 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Archived] from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọgwụ Mgbochi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>O gosipụtara na o siri ike ịmepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ịba dị irè. Nje a emeela ọtụtụ atụmatụ iji zeere mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ mmadụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Pollyanna S.|date=2016|title=Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617|pmid=27799922}}</ref> E nwere ụdị ise nke ''plasmodium''; nke ọbụla n'ime ndị a nwere ọkwa ndụ atọ n'ime ahụ mmadụ - sporozoite, merozoite, na gametocyte. Nke ọbụla n'ogo atọ ndị a nwere antigen dị iche iche n'elu ya, nke pụtara na mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike megide otu n'ime oge ndụ ndị a mana ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ megide ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Good-2021">{{Cite journal|author=Good|first=Michael F.|title=Biological strategies and political hurdles in developing malaria vaccines|journal=Expert Review of Vaccines|date=February 2021|volume=20|issue=2|pages=93–95|doi=10.1080/14760584.2021.1889094|pmid=33595407}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nje ndị ahụ pụtara na antigen ndị ahụ n'onwe ha nwere ike ịdị iche ọbụna n'ime otu oge ndụ.<ref name="Good-2021" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Day|first=Karen P.|date=16 May 2017|title=Evidence of strain structure in Plasmodium falciparum var gene repertoires in children from Gabon, West Africa|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=20|pages=E4103–E4111|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613018114|pmid=28461509}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ikike ahụịke yiri ka ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ etolite- nke a na-enweta site na ọtụtụ ọrịa - bụ naanị akụkụ, ọ naghị adịte aka. <ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCrutcherHoffman1996">Crutcher JM, Hoffman SL (1996). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/ "Malaria"]. ''Medical Microbiology'' (4th&nbsp;ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-9631172-1-2|<bdi>978-0-9631172-1-2</bdi>]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21413352 21413352]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210423100221/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/ Archived] from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="CDC-Vaccines-2024">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2 April 2024|title=Malaria Vaccines|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/malaria-vaccines.html|accessdate=9 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=12 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112092027/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/malaria-vaccines.html}}</ref> Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap setịpụrụ ihe o bu n'obi imezu maka ọgwụ mgbochi ịba ọhụrụ iji nwee ike ichebe ma ọ dịkarịa ala pasent iri asaa na ise megide ịba.<ref name="CDC-Vaccines-2024" /> Nnyocha mbụ e mere maka ọgwụ mgbochi gbasara kpọmkwem maka ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nke e nwetara ihe nwere isi na ya mere na 1967 site na igbanye ụmụ oke ''Plasmodium'' sporozoites dị ndụ, nke e ji ọkụ radiation [[:en:Attenuator_(genetics)|mee ka ike gwụ ya]], nke nyere nchebe dị ukwuu nye ụmụ oke ndị ahụ mgbe a gbanyere ha sporozoites nkịtị ka nọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nussenzweig|first=R. S.|title=Protective Immunity produced by the Injection of X-irradiated Sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei|journal=Nature|date=October 1967|volume=216|issue=5111|pages=160–162|doi=10.1038/216160a0|pmid=6057225}}</ref><ref name="Vanderberg-2009">{{Cite journal|title=Reflections on early malaria vaccine studies, the first successful human malaria vaccination, and beyond|journal=Vaccine|volume=27|issue=1|pages=2–9|date=January 2009|pmid=18973784|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.028}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, WHO na ndị na-akwado ọgwụ mgbochi ịba setịpụrụ ihe ha bu n'obi imezu imepụta ọgwụ mgbochi e mere iji kwụsị mgbasa nke ịba na ebumnuche ogologo oge nke iwepụ ịba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Malaria Report 2013|url=https://www.who.int/entity/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2013/wmr2013_no_profiles.pdf?ua=1|accessdate=13 February 2014|publisher=World Health Organization|format=PDF}}</ref> Dịka ebe ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2026, enyela ikike ịgba [[ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] abụọ maka ọgwụgwọ ịba.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization "WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization"]. 2 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization Archived] from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụ mgbochi mbụ a kwadoro maka ''P. falciparum'' bụ RTS,S, nke e ji aha Mosquirix mara, <ref name="EMA Mosquirix">{{Cite web|date=October 2015|title=Mosquirix: Opinion on medicine for use outside EU|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/opinion-medicine-use-outside-EU/human/mosquirix|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123055901/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/mosquirix-h-w-2300|archivedate=23 November 2019|accessdate=22 November 2019|work=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> nke gazuru [[:en:Clinical_trial|nnwale ahụike]] na 2014. WHO nakweere ụzọ nlezianya iji nye ya [[:en:Pre-qualification|prequalification]], sikwa otu ahụ dịka akụkụ nke mmemme mmejuputa ọgwụ ịba (MVIP) kwadoo mmemme nnwale na mba atọ dị na mpaghara Sahara - Ghana, Kenya na Malawi - malite na 2019. Ihe omume ndị a lekwasịrị anya n'ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise, ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ịba siri ike na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Willyard|first=Cassandra|title=The slow roll-out of the world's first malaria vaccine|journal=Nature|date=22 December 2022|volume=612|issue=7941|pages=S48–S49|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-04343-7|pmid=36536213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|date=March 2020|title=Q&A on the malaria vaccine implementation programme (MVIP)|url=https://www.who.int/malaria/media/malaria-vaccine-implementation-qa/en/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513074401/https://www.who.int/malaria/media/malaria-vaccine-implementation-qa/en/|archivedate=13 May 2020|accessdate=6 May 2020|publisher=WHO}}</ref> Ruo 2023, nde ụmụaka atọ enwetala ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ, na-egosi mbelata nke oke ịba yana mbelata nke ọnwụ ụmụaka (site na ihe niile na-kpata ya) ruo ogo pasent iri na atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Life-saving malaria vaccines reach children in 17 endemic countries in 2024|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/life-saving-malaria-vaccines-reach-children-in-17-endemic-countries-in-2024|accessdate=10 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en|archivedate=28 December 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228035119/https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/life-saving-malaria-vaccines-reach-children-in-17-endemic-countries-in-2024}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria "Fact sheet about malaria"]. ''World Health Organization''. 4 December 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Archived] from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=David|date=7 November 2023|title=RTS,S vaccine pilot: 13% mortality reduction fuels hope for malaria control|url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/rtss-vaccine-pilot-13-mortality-reduction-fuels-hope-malaria-control|accessdate=10 January 2026|work=GAVI The Vaccine Alliance|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ mgbochi nke abụọ bụ R21 / Matrix-M, nke nwere ikike ọgwụgwọ ruru ogo pasent iri asaa na asaa nke gosipụtara na nnwale mbụ na ọkwa ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ dị elu karịa nke RTS,S.<ref name="Roxby-2021">{{Cite web|date=23 April 2021|title=Malaria vaccine hailed as potential breakthrough|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56858158|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424010402/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56858158|archivedate=24 April 2021|accessdate=24 April 2021|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> A chọpụtara na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ịba R-21/Matrix M na-ebelata ọrịa ịba site ruo n'ogo pasent iri asaa na ise n'ógbè ndị nwere mgbasa nke na-eme n'oge n'oge nakwa ruo n'ogo pasent iri isii na asatọ n'ógbè ndị mgbasa ya na-adị n'ime afọ niile n'ime ụmụaka nọ na mpaghara Sahara Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Datoo|first=Mehreen|date=10 February 2024|title=Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial|journal=The Lancet|volume=403|issue=10426|pages=533–544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02511-4|pmid=38310910}}</ref> WHO kwadoro ọgwụ mgbochi ịba R-21/Matrix M maka igbochi ịba n'ime ụmụaka na 2023.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization "WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization"]. 2 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization Archived] from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Nchịkwa anwụnta === [[Faịlụ:Mansprayingkeroseneoil.jpg|thumb|Nwoke na-awụsa mmanụ kerosene na mmiri na-anaghị ekwo ekwo, [[:en:Panama_Canal_Zone|Panama Canal Zon]], 1912]] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ebumnuche nke njikwa anwụnta bụ iji gbochie anwụnta ịta ụmụ mmadụ - ma ọ bụ site na iji ụdị ihe mgbochi ụfọdụ, ma ọ bụ ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta. Enwere ike ịhazi ha n'ozuzu dị ka nchedo onwe onye, njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'èzí ụlọ obibi na ụlọ dị iche iche, usoro njikwa nke ime ụlọ na ụlọ, na ndị a na-etinye n'ime akwa ụlọ.<ref name="EPA-Control-2016">{{Cite web|title=Success in Mosquito Control: An Integrated Approach|url=https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/success-mosquito-control-integrated-approach|work=www.epa.gov|date=5 July 2016|accessdate=1 February 2026|language=en|first=OCSPP|author=US EPA|archivedate=6 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206223356/https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/success-mosquito-control-integrated-approach}}</ref> ==== Nchebe onwe onye ==== A na-atụ aro ihe ndị na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ, dị ka [[:en:DEET|DEET]] ma ọ bụ picaridin, maka ndị njem. A na-atụkwa aro uwe mwụda nke na-ekpuchi akụkụ ahụ nke ukwuu. Enwere ike iji permethrin nụchaa uwe dị ka ihe nchebe ọzọ.<ref name="mosquitobiteavoidance">{{Cite web|title=Mosquito bite avoidance: advice for travellers|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mosquito-bite-avoidance-for-travellers/mosquito-bite-avoidance-advice-for-travellers--2|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=GOV.UK|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124113031/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mosquito-bite-avoidance-for-travellers/mosquito-bite-avoidance-advice-for-travellers--2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Avoid bug bites {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=wwwnc.cdc.gov|archivedate=13 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313104044/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites}}</ref> ==== Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi ==== Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ anwụnta na-amụ ụmụ [[:en:Standing_water|na mmiri na-anaghị ekwo ekwo]], mbelata isi ebe ha si apụta dị nnọọ mfe dị ka ịwufucha mmiri niile dọọrọ adọrọ dị gburugburu ụlọ, site na iwuchi maọbụ ikpocha ọwara mmiri, ebe ndị dị apịtị apịtị na akụkụ osisi ndị na-ere ere nke ọma. Ikpochapụ ebe ndị a na-amụ anwụnta nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ dị irè ma na-adịgide adịgide iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta n'ejighị ọgwụ ahụhụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=25 September 2014|title=Integrating the public in mosquito management: active education by community peers can lead to significant reduction in peridomestic container mosquito habitats|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108504|pmid=25255027}}</ref> Ọ ga-ekwe omume iji larvicides gbuo larvae anwụnta n'ime ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ndị a na-enweghị ike ikpocha.<ref name="Mississippi-2025">{{Cite web|date=13 February 2025|title=Mosquito Prevention: What the Homeowner Can Do|url=https://www.msdh.ms.gov/page/14,1097,93.html|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=Mississippi State Department of Health|language=en|archivedate=14 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214232607/https://www.msdh.ms.gov/page/14,1097,93.html}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|title=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2015|isbn=978-92-4-154912-7|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2015}}}} * {{Cite book|title=World Malaria Report 2022|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2022|isbn=978-92-4-006489-8|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2022}}}} == Ịgụrụ Gawa == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-malaria-day/2026 Akụkọ mkpọsa nke World Malaria Day 2026] * [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ WHO maka ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) * [https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/malaria/index.html Ebe nrụọrụ CDC na ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) * [https://www.paho.org/en/topics/malaria Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ PAHO na ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) {{Medical condition classification and resources|ICD11={{ICD11|1F40}}–{{ICD11|1F45}}|ICD10={{ICD10|B50}}–{{ICD10|B54}}|ICD9={{ICD9|084}}|DiseasesDB=7728|MedlinePlus=000621|OMIM=248310|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=1385|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|305}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1357}}|MeshName=Malaria|MeshNumber=C03.752.250.552|Orphanet=673|Scholia=Q12156}}{{Malaria}}{{Chromalveolate diseases}}{{Diseases of Poverty}}{{Effective altruism}}{{Eradication of infectious disease}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hotud2t1kaesg7utd0in9ygprpuf94f 697347 697346 2026-08-08T15:52:09Z Goodymeraj 16207 697347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Malaria|pronounce={{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɛər|i|ə}}|synonym=Ague, paludism, marsh fever|image=Malaria Parasite Connecting to Human Red Blood Cell (34034143483).jpg|caption=[[Plasmodium|Malaria parasite]] connecting to a [[red blood cell]]|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Mild malaria: fever, chills, vomiting, headache, diarrhoea.<br/>Severe malaria: anaemia, jaundice, coma|complications=[[Epileptic seizure|Seizures]], [[coma]],<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[organ failure]], [[anaemia]], [[cerebral malaria]]<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |title=Malaria |date= |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702235123/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |url-status=live}}</ref>|onset=Usually 10–15 days post exposure<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|duration=Lifelong if not treated|causes=''[[Plasmodium]]'' transmitted by ''[[Anopheles]]'' [[mosquito]]es<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|risks=Exposure to mosquitoes in [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas|diagnosis=Examination of the blood, [[malaria antigen detection tests|antigen detection tests]]<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|differential=|prevention=[[Mosquito net]]s, [[insect repellent]], [[mosquito control]], prophylactic medication<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|treatment=|medication=[[Antimalarial medication]]<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|frequency=282 million (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|deaths=610,000 (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|alt=}} Ọrịa '''Ịba''' bụ ọrịa na-efe efe nke anwụnta na-ebute nke ọ bụ anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-ekesa ya ma ọ taa mmadụ.<ref name="WHO-Vector-2023">{{Cite web|title=Vector-borne diseases|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases|accessdate=24 April 2022|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|archivedate=4 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104001515/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Mgbaàmà dị iche nke ịba na mmadụ na-agụnye [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]], Ike ọgwụgwụ, ịgbọ agbọ, na isi ọwụwa.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: An Update|journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics|volume=84|issue=7|pages=521–528|date=July 2017|pmid=28357581|doi=10.1007/s12098-017-2332-2}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ siri ike, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịkpata jaundice, nkụchi obi maọbụ akụkụ ahụ ọbụla, coma, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ. <ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=10 May 2024|publisher=World Health Organization|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite mgbe ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na ise gasịrị mgbe anwụnta Anopheles tara mmadụ.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref name="CDC-FAQ-2023">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html|title=CDC - Malaria - FAQs|date=28 June 2023|accessdate=9 September 2017|archivedate=13 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a gwọghị ya nke ọma, ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịna-arịa ọrịa ahụ ugboro ugboro ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Ndị gbakere na ya bụ ọrịa na-enwekarị usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ nke siri ike, na-enwe ike ibute ịba ọzọ mana ha ga-enwe mgbaàmà dị nro.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[:en:Immunity_(medical)|Nguzogide ọrịa]] a na-abụghị n'ozuzu na-apụ n'anya n'ime ọnwa ole na ole ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụrụ na onye ahụ enweghị ike ịrịa ịba na-aga n'ihu.<ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata ọrịa ịba bụ nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ nke ụdị ''Plasmodium,'' <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> nke ụzọ izugbe e si agbasa ya bụ ọrịa bụ mgbe anwụnta ''Anopheles bu ya bụ ọrịa tara mmadụ''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=JAMA|volume=327|issue=6|date=February 2022|pmid=35133414|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468}}</ref> Ọtịta anwụnta ahụ na-ewebata nje na-akpata ya bụ ọrịa site na asọmmiri anwụnta ahụ baa n'ime ọbara.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Nje ndị ahụ na-ebu ụzọ amụba ma tolite n'imeju mmadụ n'egosighị ihe mgbaàmà ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifecycle of the malaria parasite|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=2 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102114122/https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, nje ndị ahụ tozurula etozu ga-agbasa banye n'ime ọbara, ebe ha na-ebute ọrịa ma na-ebibi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie, na-akpata mgbaàmà na-egosi mbute ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaria factsheet|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Public Health England|language=en|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901042339/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms}}</ref> Ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ise na-ebunyekarị ụmụ mmadụ ọrịa.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Ụdị atọ ndị na-akpata ọrịa a n'ụdị siri ike karị bụ ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwmg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' (nke na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ site n'ọrịa ịba), ''P. vivax<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwnQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''P. knowlesi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwoA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' (ịba [[:en:Simian|simian]] nke na-emetụta ọtụtụ puku mmadụ n'afọ). <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|title=Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf|accessdate=19 February 2024|archivedate=22 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222024003/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf}}</ref> ''P. oval<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''[[:en:Plasmodium_malariae|P.&#x20;malariae]]'' na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba dị nro. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> A na-achọpụta ịba site na Nnyocha microscopic nke ọbara site na iji Ihe nkiri ọbara, ma ọ bụ site na nnyocha [[:en:Malaria_antigen_detection_tests|antigen-based]] [[:en:Rapid_diagnostic_test|rapid diagnostic tests]].<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> E mepụtala usoro ndị na-eji [[:en:Polymerase_chain_reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] iji chọpụta [[Dna|DNA]] nke nje ahụ, mana anaghị ejikarị ha eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe ebe ịba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, n'ihi ọnụahịa ha na mgbagwoju anya ha.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> Enwere ike ibelata ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ahụ site na igbochi ọtịta anwụnta site na iji ụgbụ anwụnta na Ihe na-achụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ site n'iji [[:en:Mosquito_control|usoro nchịkwa anwụnta]] dị ka ịgbasa [[Ọgwụ ahụhụ]] na ịwufu mmiri dọ adọ. <ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi dị iji [[:en:Malaria_prophylaxis|gbochie ịba]] n'ebe ọrịa ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Dịka ebe afọ 2023, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) kwadoro [[ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] abụọ.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}</ref> Nguzogide nke nje ahụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ amụbaala ruo na ọtụtụ ọgwụ [[:en:Antimalarial_medication|mgbochi ịba]] ; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' na-eguzogide ọgwụ chloroquine agbasaala ruo n'ọtụtụ ebe ịba na-adịkarị, ọzọkwa nguzogide ọgwụ artemisinin aghọwo nsogbu n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> N'ihi nke a, ọgwụgwọ site n'inye ọgwụ maka ọrịa ịba kwesịrị ịhazi ya ka ọ daba kpọmkwem na Ụdị <nowiki><i id="mw5g">Plasmodium</i></nowiki> a na-achụ yana ebe e butere ya bụ ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Treatment|language=en-us}}</ref> Ọrịa a juru ebe niile n'ógbè tropik yana subtropik ndị dị n'ime nnukwu mpaghara gbara akara equator gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Malaria|title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health|date=2021|pages=227–248|isbn=978-0-19-881680-5|doi=10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0073|edition=7th}}</ref><ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Nke a gụnyere ọtụtụ mpaghara sub-Saharan Africa, [[Asia]], na Latin America.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ihe dị ka nde ndị mmadụ narị abụọ na iri asatọ na abụọ '''('''282 million) ndị butere ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile, kpatara ọnwụ a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ruru narị puku iri isii na iri.<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=World malaria report 2025|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=5 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105141123/https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu na ise nke ndị butere ọrịa ahụ na ndị nwụrụ na ya mere n'Afrịka dị n'okpuru Sahara.<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" /><ref name="WHO-Briefing-2024">{{Cite web|title=Current state: The malaria situation worldwide|url=https://worldmalariareport2024.org/|accessdate=6 January 2026|work=WHO: World Malaria Report Global Briefing Kit 2024|language=en}}</ref> A na-ejikọkarị ịba na ịda ogbenye, ọ na-enwekwa nnukwu mmetụta ọjọọ n'uto akụ na ụba;<ref name="Worrall-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature|journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health|volume=10|issue=10|pages=1047–1059|date=October 2005|pmid=16185240|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x}}</ref> N'[[Afrịka|Africa]], a na-eme atụmatụ na ọrịa a na-akpata nnukwu mfu nke akụ na ụba (nke e mere atụmatụ na ọ ruru ijeri dollar US iri na abụọ kwa afọ n'afọ 2005) n'ihi ịrị elu nke ụgwọ nlekọta ahụike, mbelata ike ndị mmadụ nwere ịrụ ọrụ, na mmetụta ọjọọ ọ na-enwe n'ọrụ njem nleta.<ref name="Greenwood-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=The Lancet|volume=365|issue=9469|pages=1487–1498|year=2005|pmid=15850634|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Malaria.webm|thumbtime=0:02|thumb|Nchịkọta akụkọ vidiyo (script)]] == Mmalite Okwu == Okwu a bụ ''malaria'' (ịba) sitere n'asụsụ Italian nke oge etiti (Medieval Italian) : mala aria, 'ikuku ọjọọ', ma bụrụ akụkụ nke echiche miasma; nke kwuru na ọrịa na-esite n'ikuku rụrụ arụ. N'oge gara aga, a na-akpọ ọrịa a ague, paludism, ma ọ bụ marsh fever, n'ihi njikọ e nwere n'etiti ya na apiti na ala mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=From Shakespeare to Defoe: malaria in England in the Little Ice Age|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1–11|date=1999|pmid=10653562|doi=10.3201/eid0601.000101}}</ref> Okwu malaria pụtara n'asụsụ Bekee ma ọ dịkarịa ala kemgbe afọ 1768<ref>{{Cite book|date=1768|title=A view of the customs, manners, drama, &c. of Italy, as they are described in the Frusta letteraria; and in the Account of Italy in English, written by Mr. Baretti; compared with the Letters from Italy, written by Mr. Sharp|location=London|publisher=W. Nicoll}}</ref> A na-akpọ ngalaba sayensị na-amụ maka ọrịa ịba malariology<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of MALARIOLOGY|work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malariology|language=en|accessdate=19 November 2024|archivedate=2 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802160413/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malariology}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà Ya == [[Faịlụ:Symptoms_of_Malaria.png|thumb|Mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ọrịa ịba <ref name="Fairhurst-2015">{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00276-9|chapter=Malaria (''Plasmodium'' Species)|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases|date=2015|pages=3070–3090.e9|isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3}}</ref>]] Mgbaàmà n'oge mmalite nke ọrịa ịba bụ ahụ ọkụ, oyi, isi ọwụwa, agbọ onunu, na ịgbọ agbọ na afọ ọsịsa; ụdị ya ndị siri ike karị nwere ike igosi ọzịza nke [[:en:Splenomegaly|ọkpụkpụ]] ma ọ bụ imeju, na obere [[:en:Jaundice|jaundice]].<ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2024|title=Symptoms of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/symptoms/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị a nwere ike iyi ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dịka [[:en:Sepsis|sepsis]], [[:en:Gastroenteritis|gastroenteritis]], influenza na Ọrịa nje ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref><ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, mgbaàmà - ọkachasị ahụ ọkụ - nwere ike ịghọ usoro na-eme mgbe niile, na-eme ugboro ugboro kwa ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ ([[:en:Paroxysmal_attack|mkpagbu paroxysmal]]). <ref name="Crutcher-1996" /><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na ise mgbe anwụnta tara nke mbụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịnọ ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa mgbe mmadụ butesịrị ọrịa ahụ tupu ọ pụta. Ndị njem na-aṅụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nwere ike inwe mgbaàmà ya ozugbo ha kwụsịrị ịṅụ ọgwụ ahụ.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref> Oké ịba na-eme mgbe ọrịa Plasmodium ahụ mebiri akụkụ ahụ ndị dị mkpa dị ka akụrụ, imeju, akpa ume ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ. Mgbaàmà gụnyere oke [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]], jaundice, [[:en:Convulsion|ihe ọdụdọ]], mgbagwoju anya, [[:en:Coma|coma]], [[:en:Kidney_failure|nkụchi akụrụ]] na n'ikpeazụ ọnwụ.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba siri ike na-abụkarị nke ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAXs">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na-akpata; a ga-emeso ya dị ka ọnọdụ mberede ahụike. <ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Severe malaria|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/symptoms-and-treatments/severe-malaria|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=7 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407170534/https://www.mmv.org/malaria/symptoms-and-treatments/severe-malaria}}</ref> === Nsogbu === Akparamagwa pụrụ iche nke ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' bụ ikike ya ịmepụta protein na-arapara n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie (RBC) nke ọrịa ahụ dị na ya. RBCs ọrịa a dị na ya na-egbochi capillaries (na-akpata hypoxia) ma na-agbakọta n'akụkụ ndị dị mkpa, na-eguzogide ọrụ ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Autino|first=Beatrice|title=Pathogenesis of Malaria in Tissues and Blood|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|date=4 October 2012|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012061|doi=10.4084/mjhid.2012.061|pmid=23170190}}</ref> Ọrịa ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' na-akpata nsogbu kachasị njọ nke ịba. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ bụ ụdị ọrịa ịba siri ike na-emetụta ụbụrụ. RBCs ọrịa dị na ha na-egbochi capillaries ndị dị na ụbụrụ na-akpata mmeghachi omume ahụike, nke na-emebi Ihe mgbochi ọbara na ụbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schiess|first=Nicoline|title=Pathophysiology and neurologic sequelae of cerebral malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|date=December 2020|volume=19|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12936-020-03336-z|pmid=32703204}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ na-egosipụta mgbaàmà [[:en:Neurological_disorder|na-egosi nsogbu n'ụbụrụ]], dị ka mgbagwoju anya, nkụchi obi maọbụ akụkụ ahụ ọbụla, ma ọ bụ [[:en:Coma|coma]].<ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ, ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya, nwere ike ibute ọnwụ n'ime awa iri anọ na asatọ nke mgbaàmà mbụ gosiri; ndị lagbụrụ ya nwere ike inwe mmerụ ahụ metụtara ụbụrụ na-adịte aka.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012" /><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]] siri ike bụ mgwakọta nke mbibi nke RBCs (ma ndị bu ọrịa ma ndị na-ebughị) yana ịdị ala nke mmepụta RBC n'ụmị ọkpụkpụ; ọ bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ n'ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise<ref>{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Nicholas J.|title=What causes malaria anemia?|journal=Blood|date=14 April 2022|volume=139|issue=15|pages=2268–2269|doi=10.1182/blood.2021015055|pmid=35420692}}</ref> Ịba nwere ike ibute nsogbu iku ume siri ike na ihe ruru pasent iri abụọ na ise nke ndị nwere ya. Ọ na-esite na mmebi nke capillary endothelium, na-emebi alveoli nke akpa ume.<ref name="Greenwood-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=The Lancet|volume=365|issue=9469|pages=1487–1498|year=2005|pmid=15850634|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref><ref name="Taylor-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Walter R.J.|title=Respiratory Manifestations of Malaria|journal=Chest|date=August 2012|volume=142|issue=2|pages=492–505|doi=10.1378/chest.11-2655|pmid=22871759}}</ref> Mgbaàmà bụ oke ịdị mkpụmkpụ nke iku ume na ụcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'egbugbere ọnụ (cyanosis) na-egosi enweghị ikuku oxygen.<ref name="Taylor-2012" /> Ọ bụ onye na-egbu ndị okenye, na-enwe ihe dị ka pasent iri ano nke ọnwụ ndị na-arịa ya ozugbo mgbaàmà ya malitere.<ref name="Taylor-2012" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prenen|first=Fran|title=Resolution of experimental malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome is Alox12 independent and shows residual inflammation|journal=Malaria Journal|date=4 July 2025|volume=24|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12936-025-05462-y|pmid=40615878}}</ref> [[:en:Coinfection|Ịrịakọta]] HIV na ịba na-eme ka ọnwụ dịkwuo elu.<ref name="Korenromp-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria attributable to the HIV-1 epidemic, sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=11|issue=9|pages=1410–1419|date=September 2005|pmid=16229771|doi=10.3201/eid1109.050337}}</ref> Nsogbu ndị ọzọ gụnyere [[:en:Splenomegaly|ọkpụkpụ zara aza]], Imeju zara aza ma ọ bụ ha abụọ.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ihe a na-akpọ [[:en:Blackwater_fever|blackwater fever]] na-eme mgbe haemoglobin sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie [[:en:Lysis|gbawara agbawa]] ma debanye na mamịrị wee gbanwee ụcha ya, nke ihe na-esokarị ya bụ nkụchi akụrụ. <ref name="Bartoloni-2012" /> [[:en:Pregnancy-associated_malaria|Ọrịa ịba n'oge afọ ime]] nwere ike ịkpata [[Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ|ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ]], [[:en:Infant_mortality|ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ]], ime ọpụpụ, na [[:en:Low_birth_weight|lịdị arọ dị ala nke nwa a mụrụ ọhụrụ]], <ref name="Hartman-2010">{{Cite journal|title=The impact of maternal malaria on newborns|journal=Annals of Tropical Paediatrics|volume=30|issue=4|pages=271–282|year=2010|pmid=21118620|doi=10.1179/146532810X12858955921032}}</ref> ọkachasị na ọrịa ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'', ọ na-emekwa n'ọrịa ''P. vivax&nbsp;''. <ref name="Rijken-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria in pregnancy in the Asia-Pacific region|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=1|pages=75–88|date=January 2012|pmid=22192132|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70315-2}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Faịlụ:Life_Cycle_of_the_Malaria_Parasite.jpg|thumb|Usoro ndụ nke nje ịba: A na-ewebata Sporozoites site na ọtịta nke anwụnta. Mgbe ha ruru imeju, ha na-amụba ghọọ ọtụtụ puku merozoites. Merozoites ndị ahụ na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie ma mejupụta, na-emetụtakwu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara uhie uhie ndị ọzọ na-aga. Ụfọdụ nje na-emepụta gametocytes, nke anwụnta na-eburu, na-aga n'ihu na usndụ ya.]] nwỌrịa ịba na-abịa mgbe e nwere mmetụta na [[:en:Parasite|nje]] na ụdị ''Plasmodium'', nke anwụnta nke ụdị ''Anopheles na-ebufe n'etiti ndị mmadụ na-arịa ya.''<ref name="CDC-About-2022">{{Cite web|publisher=CDC-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=22 March 2022|title=Malaria - About Malaria - Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html|accessdate=28 April 2022|language=en-US|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524132501/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html}}</ref> Plasmodium parasite nwere usoro ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-emetụta mmadụ na anwụnta ụ ndị nje ahụ na-anịọanọ n'ime ahụ ha eto n'ogo dị iche iche, na-ewere ụdị dị iche na ogo ọbụla nke usoro ndụ ahụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> * ''Anwụnta Anopheles'' anwụnta na-ebute ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' site ịmịrị ọbara site n'ahụ onye buteburu ọrịa ahụ n'oge gara aga. Oge ọzọ anwụnta ahụ ga-eri nri, arụ ọ ga-ata ga-ewebata ''Plasmodium'' - n'ụdị na-agagharị agagharị a na-akpọ sporozoites - n'ime mmadụ ọhụrụ na-arịabeghị ya bụ ọrịa mbụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> * N'ime mmadụ ọhụrụ a, sporozoites ndị ahụ na-abanye n'ọbara ma gaa n'ime imeju, ebe ha na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ imeju (hepatocytes). <ref name="Cowman-2016">{{Cite journal|date=October 2016|title=Malaria: Biology and Disease|journal=Cell|volume=167|issue=3|pages=610–624|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.055|pmid=27768886}}</ref> * Ha na-eto ma na-ekewa n'ime imeju, ebe hepatocyte nke ọbụla bu ọrịa na-emesị nwee ihe ruru nje na-akpata ọrịa puku iri anọ..<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Mgbe ụbọchị ise ruo ụbọchị iri abụọ na ise gasịrị, hepatocytes ndị a bu ọrịa na-ekewa, na-ewepụta ''Plasmodium'' - n'ụdị dị obere a na-akpọ Merozoites, baa n'ime ọbara.<ref name="Arrow-2004" /> * N'ime ọbara, merozoites ndị ahụ na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie n'otu n'otu, nke ọ bụla na-emepụtaghachi n'ihe karịrị awa 24-72 iji mepụta merozoites 16-32 ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị ahụ butere ọrịa na-agbawa, na-ewepụta merozoites ọhụrụ nke na-ebunyekwa mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọrịa ọzọ, na-akpata okirikiri nke na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje na-amụba n'ime onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> * Obere akụkụ nke nje ahụ anaghị emepụtaghachi, kama ọ na-etolite ghọọ nje ndị a na-akpọ gametocytes nwoke na nwanyị. Gametocytes ndị a na-etolite n'ime ụmị ọkpụkpụ ruo ụbọchị iri na otu, wee laghachi na nrugharị ọbara iji chere ka anwụnta ọzọ mịrị ya mgbe ọ ga-ata.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> * Ozugbo ọ nọ n'ime anwụnta, gametocytes na-enwe mmekọahụ, ma mesịa mepụta ụmụ sporozoites ndị ga-akwaga na [[:en:Salivary_gland|ebe mmepụta asọmmiri]] nke anwụnta ahụ ka o nwee ike gbanye ya dịka ọgwụ n'ime onye ọhụrụ mgbe anwụnta ahụ ga-ata onye ọzọ. <ref name="Arrow-2004" /> <ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Ọrịa imeju anaghị akpata mgbaàmà ọbụla; mgbaàmà niile nke ịba na-esite na ọrịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite ozugbo e nwere ihe karịrị parasites dị narị puku kwa millilitre nke ọbara.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Ọtụtụ n'ime mgbaàmà ndị metụtara oke ịba na-esite na ọchịchọ nke ''P. falciparum'' ịrapara na mgbidi [[:en:Blood_vessel|ebe ndị ọbara si aga]], na-akpata mmebi na arịa ndị metụtara na anụ ahụ ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Nje ndị na-abanye n'ebe ndị ọbara si aga nke akpa ume na-eweta nsogbu iku ume. N'ime ụbụrụ, ha na-eweta [[:en:Coma|coma]]. N'oge ịdị ime, ha na-agbakọta na [[:en:Intervillous_space|di n'etiti otu villium na ibe ya]] ma na-egbochi ọrụ nke placenta, na-enye aka na ịdị arọ dị ala nke nwa ọhụrụ na ịmụ nwa n'oge erughị eru, ma na-abawanye ihe ize ndụ nke ime ọpụpụ na ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie n'oge ọrịa na-akpatakarị ọrịa anaemia, nke a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo njọ site na mbelata mmepụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọhụrụ n'oge ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Naanị anwụnta nwanyị na-eri ọbara; anwụnta nwoke na-eri ihe na-atọ ụtọ nke osisi ma ha anaghị ebufe ọrịa ahụ. Ụmụ nwanyị nke ụdị anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-ahọrọ iri nri n'abalị. Ha na-amalite ịchọ nri n'oge mgbede, ma gaa n'ihu n'abalị ruo mgbe ha nwetara ihe ha ga-eri.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ha nwere ike ime mgbanwe n'ihi na e bidola iji ụgbụ àkwà arahụ ụra nke ukwuu ma malite ịta n'oge, tupu a gbasaa ụgbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaria Mosquitoes Are Biting before Bed-Net Time|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/malaria-mosquitoes-are-biting-before-bed-net-time/|accessdate=29 May 2023|work=Scientific American|archivedate=29 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529022719/https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/malaria-mosquitoes-are-biting-before-bed-net-time/}}</ref> A pụkwara ibute nje ịba site na Mgbanye ọbara, ọ bụ ezie na nke a abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="Owusu-Ofori-2010">{{Cite journal|title=Transfusion-transmitted malaria in countries where malaria is endemic: a review of the literature from sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=51|issue=10|pages=1192–1198|date=November 2010|pmid=20929356|doi=10.1086/656806}}</ref> === Ụdị ''Plasmodium Dị Iche Iche'' === N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ọ bụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAmc">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', P. malariae, ''P. ovale curtisi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAm0">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', ''P. ovale wallikeri<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', ''P. vivax<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnM">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''P. knowlesi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnY">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>''.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> N'etiti ndị butere ọrịa, ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' bụ ụdị a na-ahụkarị (~75%) nke ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' (~20%) na-esochi. <ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' jupụtara n'Africa ma na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ, ebe ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' na-achịkwa n'èzí Africa. <ref name="Sarkar-2009">{{Cite journal|title=Critical care aspects of malaria|journal=Journal of Intensive Care Medicine|volume=25|issue=2|pages=93–103|year=2009|pmid=20018606|doi=10.1177/0885066609356052}}</ref><ref name="Arnott-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Understanding the population genetics of ''Plasmodium vivax'' is essential for malaria control and elimination|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=11|date=January 2012|pmid=22233585|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-14}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> E dekọọla ụfọdụ ọrịa ụmụ mmadụ na ọtụtụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' sitere na enwe ndị dị elu, mana ewezuga ''P. knowlesi&nbsp;'' - ụdị zoonotic nke na-akpata ịba na [[:en:Macaques|macaques]] - ndị anaghị abụkarị ihe dị mkpa maka ahụike ọha na eze. <ref name="Collins-2012">{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': a malaria parasite of monkeys and humans|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=57|pages=107–121|year=2012|id={{Zenodo|1234957}}|pmid=22149265|doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-121510-133540}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref name="Collins-2009">{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': finally being recognized|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=199|issue=8|pages=1107–1108|date=April 2009|pmid=19284287|doi=10.1086/597415}}</ref> Ụdị abụọ - ''P.'' ''vivax'' na ''P. oval'' - na-emepụta ọkwa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ a na-akpọ hypnozoitis nke nwere ike ịnọgide na imeju, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ wepụrụ ọrịa ahụ n'ọbara. Ndị a nwere ike ịmaliteghachi mgbe izu ma ọ bụ ọnwa ole na ole gasịrị ma mee ka ọrịa ahụ laghachi azụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> === Ịba na-apụta ugboro ugboro === Mgbaàmà nke ịba nwere ike ịlaghachi mgbe oge dịgasị iche iche na-enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla gosiri gasịrị. Dabere na ihe kpatara ya, enwere ike ịhazi mmeghachi omume dị ka [[:en:Recrudescence|recrudescence]], [[:en:Relapse|relapse]], ma ọ bụ reinfection. Recrudescence bụ mgbe mgbaàmà na-alaghachi mgbe oge a na-enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla gasịrị n'ihi enweghị ike iwepụ nje ndị dị n'ọbara site na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke.{{sfn|WHO|2015|p=4}}.Relapse bụ mgbe mgbaàmà na-apụta ọzọ mgbe ewepụchara nje ndị ahụ n'ọbara mana ha nọgidere dị ka hypnozoites na-ehi ụra <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: origin of the term 'hypnozoite'|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=781–786|date=2011|pmid=20665090|doi=10.1007/s10739-010-9239-3}}</ref> na mkpụrụ ndụ imeju. Reinfection pụtara na e wepụrụ nje n'ahụ dum mana ọrịa ọhụrụ amalitela. Nlaghachi nke ọrịa n'ime izu abụọ nke ọgwụgwọ na-abụkarị n'ihi ọdịda ọgwụgwọ..{{sfn|WHO|2015|p=41}} == Usoro ọrịa si arụ ọrụ n'ahụ == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Red_blood_cells_infected_with_malaria.jpg|thumb|Electron micrograph na-egosi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke ''Plasmodium falciparum juru na ya'' (n'etiti), na-egosi "knobs" protein adherence]] Ọrịa ịba na-etolite site na usoro abụọ: otu nke na-emetụta imeju (oge exoerythrocytic), na otu nke na na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, ma ọ bụ erythrocytes (oge erythrocyte). Mgbe anwụnta butere ọrịa ahụ na-adụpu akpụkpọ ahụ mmadụ iji rie nri ọbara, sporozoites ndị dị n'ime asọmmiri anwụnta ahụ na-abanye n'ọbara ma kwaga n'ime imeju ebe ha na-emetụta hepatocytes, na-amụba n'enweghị mmekọahụ na n'enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla ruo ụbọchị 8-30.<ref name="Bledsoe-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}</ref> N'oge a, ihe ndị a [[:en:Cellular_differentiation|na-ekewasị]] iji mepụta ọtụtụ puku merozoites, nke, mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ ha gbawara, ga-enuba n'ime ọbara ma metụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie iji malite usoro erythrocytic nke ndụ ha.<ref name="Bledsoe-2005" /> Akụkụ mbụ nke ọrịa ahụ anaghị enwe mgbaàmà ọbụla; mgbaàmà ahụike niile nke ịba nwere njikọ na akụkụ merozoite nke usoro ndụ ya.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref> N'ime nke a, nje ndị ahụ na-amụba n'ụzọ na-enweghị mmekọahụ n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, na-apụta site n'oge ruo n'oge iji bunye ndị ọhụrụ ọrịa. N'ime erythrocyte ọ bụla butere ọrịa, nje ahụ na-amụba, na-eri cytoplasm ka ọ na-amụba. Mgbe ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ gasịrị, erythrocyte ahụ ga-agbawa, na-ewepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ (dị n'etiti iri na isii na iri atọ na abụọ) nke merozoites ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bucşan|first=Allison N.|title=Setting the stage: The initial immune response to blood-stage parasites|journal=Virulence|date=31 December 2020|volume=11|issue=1|pages=88–103|doi=10.1080/21505594.2019.1708053|pmid=31900030}}</ref> Ntọhapụ a nke merozoites n'ime ọbara, tinyere nsi ha niile yana iberibe erythrocyte, na-akpata ahụ ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ nke nwere ike ịbụ nke na-eme nwa oge na nke na-emesi ike. <ref name="CDC-Features-2024" /> [1]<ref name="Bledsoe-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}</ref> N'ime ụdị ụfọdụ nke ''Plasmodium'', ụfọdụ sporozoites anaghị etolite ozugbo ghọọ merozoites na-arụ ọrụ n'oge exoerythrocytic, kama, ha na-emepụta hypnozoites nke na-anọgide na-ehi ụra ruo oge dị iche iche na-esite n'agbata ọtụtụ ọnwa (ọnwa asaa ruo ọnwa iri bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị) ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="White-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of relapse periodicity in ''Plasmodium vivax'' malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=10|date=October 2011|pmid=21989376|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-297}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụra gasịrị, ha na-emegharị ma mepụta merozoites. Hypnozoites na-akpata ogologo oge na nlọghachi azụ na ọrịa ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' na ''P. oval&nbsp;''. <ref name="White-2011" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Okafor|first=Chika N.|title=StatPearls|date=2026|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519021/|chapter=Plasmodium ovale Malaria}}</ref> === Mgbochi nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ === Mgbochi nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ bụ isi njirimara Plasmodium, nke na-eme ka ọ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma na nnọgidesi ike dị ka nje.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rénia|first=Laurent|title=Malaria Parasites: The Great Escape|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|date=7 November 2016|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2016.00463|pmid=27872623}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ''Plasmodium'' genome raara onwe ya nye usoro nke na-ezere ma ọ bụ na-emebi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crabb|first=Brendan S|title=Plasmodium falciparum virulence determinants unveiled|journal=Genome Biology|date=2002|volume=3|issue=11|pages=reviews1031.1|doi=10.1186/gb-2002-3-11-reviews1031|pmid=12441004}}</ref> ==== Imeju ==== [[Faịlụ:Merosome.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke merosome na-apụta site na hepatocyte nwere ọrịa]] Macrophages pụrụ iche a na-akpọ Mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer na-echebe imeju; ha na-achọpụta ihe ndị dị aṅaa dị n'ọbara ma bibie ha. Sporozoites na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer ma na-egbochi ha.<ref name="Pradel-2001">{{Cite journal|author=Pradel|first=Gabriele|title=Malaria Sporozoites Actively Enter and Pass Through Rat Kupffer Cells Prior to Hepatocyte Invasion|journal=Hepatology|date=May 2001|volume=33|issue=5|pages=1154–1165|doi=10.1053/jhep.2001.24237|pmid=11343244}}</ref> Ha na-agafe mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a nwerela nkwarụ (nke na-anwụ mgbe awa ole na ole gasịrị) iji bunye [[:en:Hepatocyte|hepatocytes]] ọrịa.<ref name="Pradel-2001" /> N'ime hepatocyte, ha na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku merozoites n'ime [[:en:Vacuole|vacuole]] nke na-echebe ha pụọ na Usoro nchebe nke mkpụrụ ndụ.<ref name="Ezema-2023">{{Cite journal|author=Ezema|first=Chinonso Anthony|title=Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response|journal=Parasitology Research|date=August 2023|volume=122|issue=8|pages=1715–1731|doi=10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6|pmid=37219610}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, hepatocyte ahụ butere ọrịa na-ewepụta merozoites n'ìgwè a na-akpọ merosomes, nke na-esi na membrane hepatocyta pụta. Membrane a na-ekpuchi merozoites ndị ahụ, na-enyere ha aka ịhere ehere gafee mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer fọdụrụ iji pụọ n'imeju. <ref name="Ezema-2023" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Scheiner|first=Mattea|title=Moving on: How malaria parasites exit the liver|journal=Molecular Microbiology|date=March 2024|volume=121|issue=3|pages=328–340|doi=10.1111/mmi.15141|pmid=37602900}}</ref><ref name="Vaughan-2008">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria parasite pre-erythrocytic stage infection: gliding and hiding|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|volume=4|issue=3|pages=209–218|date=September 2008|pmid=18779047|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2008.08.010}}</ref> ==== Mgbasa N'ime Ahụ ==== [[Faịlụ:Infected_erythrocyte_sequestration_within_the_intervillous_space_of_the_placenta.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke erythrocytes (IE) bu ọrịa na-agbakọta na oghere intervillous na gburugburu villi nke plasịnta.]] Merozoites na-enugharị na usoro nrugharị ọbara nwere ike inweta mwakpo site na leucocytes nke na-elekwasị anya na antigen elu ha. Nje ndị ahụ na-emeri nchebe a site na [[:en:Polymorphism_(biology)|antigenic polymorphism]]; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Pollyanna S.|title=Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|date=17 October 2016|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617|pmid=27799922}}</ref> na ọkwa ọbụla nke usoro ndụ ya ahụ ọ na-egosipụta ụdị dị iche iche nke antigen elu, n'ụzọ dị irè ihe na-agagharị agagharị nke karịrị [[:en:Adaptive_immune_system|usoro ahụike na-emegharị]]. <ref name="Ezema-2023">{{Cite journal|author=Ezema|first=Chinonso Anthony|title=Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response|journal=Parasitology Research|date=August 2023|volume=122|issue=8|pages=1715–1731|doi=10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6|pmid=37219610}}</ref> Ozugbo ha banyere na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (RBC) merozoites nwere ebe nchekwa, nke e kpuchiri pụọ na mmetụta leucocytes ma chebe ya n'ime vacuole. RBCs na-arịa ọrịa ka e nwere ike ịchọpụta ma bibie ya, ma ọ bụghị site na [[:en:Spleen|spleen]] ọ bụrụ phagocytes.<ref name="Lee-2022">{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Wenn-Chyau|title=Evolving perspectives on rosetting in malaria|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=October 2022|volume=38|issue=10|pages=882–889|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.08.001|pmid=36031553}}</ref> Iji zeere nke a, merozoite ahụ na-emepụta protein na-arapara n'ahụ nke na-apụta dị ka bọtịnụ n'elu RBCs butere ọrịa.<ref name="Tilley-2011">{{Cite journal|author=Tilley|first=Leann|title=The Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cell|journal=The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology|date=June 2011|volume=43|issue=6|pages=839–842|doi=10.1016/j.biocel.2011.03.012|pmid=21458590}}</ref> Ndị a na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ abụọ. Ha na-ejikọta na RBCs na-enweghị nje na-emepụta ụyọkọ - nke a na-akpọ "rosettes" - nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-ebute ọrịa dị n'etiti na-echebe mkpụrụ ndụ na ya na-enweghị ọrịa gbara ya gburugburu; rosettes na-egbochi ọbara na-agafe na capillaries.<ref name="Lee-2022" /> RBCs na-arịa ọrịa n'ụzọ ọzọ nwere ike izere ịgafe ọkpụkpụ site na ịrapara (na-agbaso) na mgbidi nke akwara ọbara na anụ ahụ dịka ụbụrụ, akpa ume, na oghere intervillous (n'ime ime). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Franke-Fayard|first=Blandine|title=Sequestration and Tissue Accumulation of Human Malaria Parasites: Can We Learn Anything from Rodent Models of Malaria?|journal=PLOS Pathogens|date=30 September 2010|volume=6|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001032|pmid=20941396}}</ref> Ma ụdị ndị a na-edebe ma ndị a na'ime ha na-egbochi ọrụ nke akụkụ ahụ, na-eduga na nsogbu ndị dị ka ịba ụbụrụ na ịba metụtara ime ime.<ref name="Ezema-2023" /> === Mgbochi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ihi oke ọnwụ na ọrịa nke ịba kpatara - ọkachasị ụdị ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' - ọ etinyela [[:en:Selection_(biology)|nrụgide kachasị]] na [[:en:Human_genome|genome mmadụ]] n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịbeghị anya. Ọtụtụ ihe ndị metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-enye ikike ụfọdụ iguzogide ya gụnyere [[:en:Sickle_cell_trait|àgwà sickle cell]], àgwà [[:en:Thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], ụkọ glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, yana enweghị [[:en:Duffy_antigen|Duffy antigens]] na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Strong selection during the last millennium for African ancestry in the admixed population of Madagascar|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|issue=1|date=March 2018|pmid=29500350|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03342-5}}</ref> <ref name="Kwiatkowski-2005">{{Cite journal|title=How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=77|issue=2|pages=171–192|date=August 2005|pmid=16001361|doi=10.1086/432519}}</ref><ref name="Hedrick-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|date=October 2011|pmid=21427751|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16}}</ref> Mmetụta nke àgwà sickle cell na nguzogide ịba na-egosi ụfọdụ mgbanwe evolushọn nke merela n'ihi ịba zuru ebe niile. Àgwà Sickle cell na-akpata mgbanwe na molekụl haemoglobin d n'ọbara. Dị ka o kwesịrị, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nwere ọdịdị na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke nwere oghere abụọ nke na-enye ha ohere ịgafe obere Capillaries; Otú ọ dị, mgbe e kpughere mkpụrụ ndụ haemoglobin S<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwA2U">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> nke gbanwere, nye obere ikuku oxygen, ma ọ bụ ha akpụkọọ ọnụ n'ihi mmiri ịpụ ha n'ahụ, ha nwere ike ịrapara ọnụ na-emepụta eriri nke na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ gbagọọ dị n'ụdịị mma. N'ime eriri ndị a, mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'iwere ma ọ bụ wepụta ikuku oxygen, mkpụrụ ndụ enweghịkwa ohere nke ọma iji gbasaa n'enweghị ihe mgbochi. N'oge mmalite nke ịba, nje ahụ nwere ike ime ka mkpụrụ ndụ uhie na-arịa ọrịa na-akpụ akpụ, ya mere a na-ewepụ ha n'oge. Nke a na-ebelata ugboro ole nje ịba na-emecha ndụ ha na mkpụrụ ndụ. Ndị mmadụ bụ homozygous (nke nwere mkpụrụ abụọ nke haemoglobin beta allele) nwere sickle-cell anaemia, ebe ndị heterozygous. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmanya ndụ dị mkpirikpi maka ndị nwere ọnọdụ homozygous ga-eme ka àgwà ahụ ghara ịdị ndụ, a na-echekwa àgwà ahụ na mpaghara ndị nwere ịba n'ihi uru nke ụdị heterozygous nyere.<ref name="Hedrick-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|date=October 2011|pmid=21427751|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16}}</ref><ref name="Weatherall-2008">{{Cite journal|title=Genetic variation and susceptibility to infection: the red cell and malaria|journal=British Journal of Haematology|volume=141|issue=3|pages=276–286|date=May 2008|pmid=18410566|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07085.x}}</ref> == Nnyocha == [[Faịlụ:5901_lores.jpg|thumb|Ihe nkiri ọbara bụ [[:en:Gold_standard_(test)|ọkọlọtọ ọla edo]] maka nchọpụta ịba.]] [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.jpg|thumb|Ụdị mgbaaka na gametocytes nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' n'ọbara mmadụ]] N'ihi ọdịdị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ nke mgbaàmà ịba, a na-emekarị nnyocha ya dabere na mgbaàmà ndị o nyere yana akụkọ njem onye ahụ, wee kwado ya na nnyocha e mere n'ụlọ nnyocha iji chọpụta ọnụnọ nke nje ahụ n'ọbara (nnyocha parasitological). N'ebe ịba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) na-atụ aro ka ndị dọkịta chee na ịba dị n'ahụ onye ọ bụla na-akọ na ọ nwere ahụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ onye nwere okpomọkụ dị ugbu a karịa 37.5 °C n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ doro anya kpatara ya.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref> &nbsp;A ga-enyo na ọ bụ ịba na-eme ụmụaka nwere ihe ịrịba ama nke [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]]: [[:en:Palmar_pallor|ime aka na-acha mmiri mmiri]] ma ọ bụ nnyocha ụlọ nnyocha na-egosi ọkwa haemoglobin na-erughị gram asatọ kwa deciliter nke ọbara.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> N'ebe ndị ụwa na-enweghị ịba ma ọ bụ nwere ịba ebe ọ dị obere, a na-atụ aro ime nnyocha naanị maka ndị nwere ike ibute ịba (nwekarịrị ike ịbụ na ha mere njem gaa mpaghara ịba juputara na ya) na ahụ ọkụ a na-akọwaghị akọwa.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /><ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-ejikarị nocha microscopic nke Ihe nkiri ọbara ma ọ bụ Nnyocha nyocha ngwa ngwa nke antigen (RDT) na-egosi ịba. Microscopy - ya bụ, iji [[:en:Light_microscope|light microscope]] na-enyocha ọbara [[:en:Giemsa|Giemsa]] metọrọ - bụ [[:en:Gold_standard_(test)|ọkọlọtọ ọla edo]] maka nchọpụta ịba.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> Ndị oji Microscope eme nnyocha na-adị enyocha ma "ihe nkiri buru ibu" nke ọbara, nke na-enye ha ohere inyocha ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara n'oge dị mkpirikpi, yana "ihe nkiri dị mkpirisi" nke ọbara nke na-enye ha ohere ịhụ nke ọma nje ndị ahụ n'otu n'otu ma chọpụta kpọmkwem ụdị ''Plasmodium'' kpatara ya bụ ịba. <ref name="Ashley-2018" /> N'okpuru ọnọdụ ụlọ nnyocha dị iche iche, onye oji microscope eme nnyocha nwere ike ịchọpụta nje mgbe enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala nje otu narị kwa microliter nke ọbara, nke dị okirikiri ogo dị ala nke ịba na-enwe mgbaàmà.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref> Nnyocha microscope na-adị achọ ọtụtụ ihe iji mee ya, na-achọ ndị ọrụ a zụrụ azụ, ngwá ọrụ e mere maka ya yana ọdịdị na-adịgide adịgide nke [[:en:Microscope_slide|microscopy slides]] na ntụpọ microscopy.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Enwere ike iji nnyocha [[:en:Rapid_diagnostic_test|Rapid diagnostic tests]] (RDTs) iji kwado nchọpụta nke e ji microscope mee; <ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html "Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> a na-ejikwa ha n'ebe microscopy adịghị. RDTs na-eme ngwa ngwa ma dị mfe itinye n'ọrụ n'ebe ndị na-enweghị ụlọ nnyocha zuru oke.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">"5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)". [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria ''WHO Guidelines for Malaria'']. World Health Organization. 13 July 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230318051541/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria Archived] from the original on 18 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Nnyocha ahụ na-achọpụta protein parasite na sample ọbara mkpịsị aka.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Enwere RDTs dịgasị iche iche, na-elekwasị anya na protein nje ahụ gụnyere lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase, ma ọ bụ protein 2 juputara na histidine HRP2, nke bụ naanị ''P''maka ''. falciparum''). <ref name="WHO-2021a" /> A na-eji ule HRP2 eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'Africa, ebe ''P. falciparum'' na-achịkwa.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAshleyPyae_PhyoWoodrow2018">Ashley EA, Pyae Phyo A, Woodrow CJ (April 2018). "Malaria". ''[[The Lancet]]''. '''391''' (10130): <span class="nowrap">1608–</span>1621. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29631781 29631781].</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na HRP2 na-anọgide n'ọbara ruo izu ise mgbe a gwọrcharaọrịa, nyocha HRP2 mgbe ụfọdụ enweghị ike ịigosima onye nahụ o were ịba ugbu a ma ọ bụ na mbụ.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, ụfọdụ nje ''P. falciparum'' enweghị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ''HRP2'', na-eme ka nchọpụta dha ị mgbagwoju anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Poti|first=Kristin E.|title=HRP2: Transforming Malaria Diagnosis, but with Caveats|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=February 2020|volume=36|issue=2|pages=112–126|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.004|pmid=31848119}}</ref> Nnyocha HRP2 a apụghịkwa ịkọwa ole nje ahụ dị n'ime mmadụ, ma ọ bụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụ. <ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c" /> <ref name="Daily 2025">{{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=Johanna P.|date=3 April 2025|title=Malaria|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=392|issue=13|pages=1320–1333|doi=10.1056/NEJMra2405313|pmid=40174226}}</ref> Nnyocha [[:en:Polymerase_chain_reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) bụ usoro kachasị dị nro maka ịchọpụta ịba. Nnyocha ahụ na-eme ka DNA nke nje ahụ dị n'ọbara mụbaa; ọ nwere ike ịchọpụta ''Plasmodium'' ma mata ụdị ọ bụ, ọbụlagodi na ọkwa dị ala n'ọ ọbara.<ref name="Fisher-2022">{{Cite web|author=Fisher|first=John F.|date=2 August 2022|title=Testing for malaria: Rapid diagnostic tests and PCR|url=https://www.medmastery.com/guides/malaria-clinical-guide/testing-malaria-rapid-diagnostic-tests-rdts-and-polymerase-chain|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Medmastery GmbH}}</ref> Ọ chọrọ ngwá ọrụ ụlọ nnyocha pụrụ iche n'ihi ya, ya mere na ọ naghị adịkarị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe; a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na mba ndị mepere emepe iji nyochaa na ndị njem na-alọghachi.<ref name="Fisher-2022" /><ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html "Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Eprel 2026, WHO [[:en:Pre-qualification|kwadoro]] ụdịrị nnyocha ngwa ngwa atọ iji chọpụta ụdị P. falciparum ndị nwere pfhrp2 deletions, nke nwere ike izere nnyocha dabeere na HRP2 a na-ejikarị eme ihe ma kpata nchọpụta ụgha. Nnyocha ọhụrụ ndị ahụ na-elekwasị anya na protein nje pf-LDH a ma na-atụ aro iji ha arụ ọrụ ebe a na-adịghị amata ihe karịrị pasent ise nke ndị bu ọrịa ịba n'ihi nhichapụ pfhrp2.<ref name="prefir">{{Cite web|title=WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests|work=World Health Organization (WHO)|date=24 April 2026|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests|accessdate=28 April 2026|archivedate=27 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests}}</ref> == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:"British_India",_six_stages_of_malaria._Wellcome_L0022443.jpg|alt=Advertisement entitled "The Mosquito Danger". Includes 6 panel cartoon:#1 breadwinner has malaria, family starving; #2 wife selling ornaments; #3 doctor administers quinine; #4 patient recovers; #5 doctor indicating that quinine can be obtained from post office if needed again; #6 man who refused quinine, dead on stretcher.|thumb|Mgbasa ozi maka quinine dị ka ọgwụgwọ ịba site na 1927]] [[Faịlụ:Artemisia_annua.jpg|thumb|''Artemisia annua'', nke a makwaara dị ka osisi wormwood na-atọ ụtọ, ebe mbụ e si nweta artemisinin]] A na-agwọ ịba site n'iji [[:en:Antimalarial_medication|ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]]. Iji hụ na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke ma gbochie nje ahụ ịịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ, ntuziaka ọgwụgwọ kemgbe afọ 2001 na-achọkarị ọgwụ abụọ a ṅụkọtara ọnụ, otu n'ime ha bụ nke sitere na artemisinin na nke ọzọ bụ ọgwụ nkwado.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Multiple first-line therapies as part of the response to antimalarial drug resistance|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240103603|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en|archivedate=27 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127213804/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240103603}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 2025|title=Antimalarial drug resistance|url=https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drug-resistance|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en}}</ref> Njikọ ziri ezi nke ọgwụ ndị ahụ na-adabere na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' kpatara ya, ohere nke inwe nguzogide ọgwụ, eziokwu ndị dị mkpa site na akụkọ ahụike na ime njem nke onye na-arịa ọrịa, na ọṅụṅụ nke ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na mbụ nke onye ahụ na-arịa ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shahbodaghi|first=S. David|title=Malaria: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=American Family Physician|date=September 2022|volume=106|issue=3|pages=270–278|url=https://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=36126008|pmid=36126008}}</ref><ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2024|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ na usoro mba[a] na-adaberekarị na ntuziaka nke WHO nyere nke a na-emelite mgbe niile. <ref name="WHO-Guidelines-9.1-2025">{{Cite web|date=13 August 2025|title=MAGICapp - WHO guidelines for malaria v9.1|url=https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/LwRMXj|accessdate=23 January 2026|work=app.magicapp.org|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925214841/https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/LwRMXj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New and updated malaria guidance|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/guideline-development-process/new-and-updated-malaria-guidance|accessdate=25 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ọtụtụ ụdị ọgwụ dịka nke a ga-aṅụkọta ya ọgwụ mgbochi ịba n'oge ịnata ọgwụgwọ. Ọgwụ ndị dabeere na Artemisinin gụnyere artemether na Artesunate.<ref name="Arrow-2004a">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215631/|chapter=Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance}}</ref> Ihe ndị sitere na Quinoline gụnyere chloroquine, quinine, na mefloquine. Ndị si na Antifolate gụnyere pyrimethamine, proguanil, na sulfadoxin.<ref name="Arrow-2004a" /> Ọgwụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere lumefantrine, atovaquone, doxycycline na clindamycin.<ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}</ref><ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-ahazi ịba dị ka "oke ịba" ma ọ bụ "enweghị nke na-esighi ike". <ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNadjmBehrens2012">Nadjm B, Behrens RH (June 2012). "Malaria: an update for physicians". ''Infectious Disease Clinics of North America''. '''26''' (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>259. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010|10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632637 22632637].</cite></ref> <ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2024|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html "General Approach to Treatment"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbaàmà ndị na-egosi oke ịba gụnyere ndị a (ọ bụghị ndepụta zuru ezu): <ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024" /> * Mmadụ amaghị ebe ọ nọ, coma, ihe ọdụdọ * Oké ụkwara ume ọkụ * Nsogbu iku ume siri ike * Nkụchi akụrụ ma ọ bụ haemoglobin ịdị na mamịrị * Ọsụsọ * Ogo Acidosis ma ọ bụ lactate nke karịrị 5 mmol / L&nbsp; * Ọnọdụ dị elu nke nje ndị a na-ahụ anya na ọbara. === Ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya === Enwere ike ịgwọ ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya site na iji ọgwụ a na-aṅụ n'etiti ụbọchị atọ na ụbọchị asaa.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCDC2025">CDC (24 June 2025). [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html "Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> A ga-ahọrọ usoro ọgwụ ahụ dabere na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' a na-agwọ, ebe nakwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke onye ọrịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọgwụgwọ mbụ a na-ahụkarị maka ịba ''P. falciparum'' na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya bụ Artemether-lumefantrine a na-aṅụ n'ọnụ n'ime ụbọchị atọ.<ref name="Lalloo-2016">{{Cite journal|author=Lalloo|first=David G.|title=UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|date=June 2016|volume=72|issue=6|pages=635–649|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.001|pmid=26880088}}</ref><ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvansHill2025">Evans M, Hill K (May 2025). [https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf "Malaria Treatment Guidance"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''NHS Tayside''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2026, WHO [[:en:Pre-qualification|kwadoro]] usoro artemether-lumefantrine mbụ e mepụtara maka ụmụ a mụrụ ọhụrụ ndị dị n'agbata kilogram abụọ na ise.<ref name="prefir">{{Cite web|title=WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests|work=World Health Organization (WHO)|date=24 April 2026|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests|accessdate=28 April 2026|archivedate=27 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization_(WHO)2026">[https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests "WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests"]. ''World Health Organization (WHO)''. 24 April 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests Archived] from the original on 27 April 2026<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ a adịghị adaba mgbe niile, yabụ a na-atụ aro ngwakọta ọgwụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCDC2025">CDC (24 June 2025). [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html "Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ịmalite ozugbo o kwere mee mgbe a chọpụtachara ya, iji gbochie mgbaàmà siri ike ịmalite.<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|work=Malaria|date=20 May 2025|accessdate=25 January 2026|language=en-us|author=CDC}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ''P. vivax ma ọ bụ P. ovale kpatara ya'' (nke na-emepụta hypnozoites na-ehi ụra n'ime imeju) ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ịga n'ihu ruo ụbọchị asaa ruo iri na anọ.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025" /> === Ịba siri ike na nke dị mgbagwoju anya === Ọrịa ịba siri ike na-abụkarị nke ''P. falciparum'' na-akpata; ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke na-egbu egbu mgbe niile ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Walter|first=Kristin|title=Malaria|journal=JAMA|date=8 February 2022|volume=327|issue=6|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468|pmid=35133414}}</ref> Ọbụnagodi na ọgwụgwọ ya, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'ihi ya dị n'etiti pasent iri na atọ na pasent iri abụọ, nke ndị lanarịrịnụ na-enwekarị mmetụta ọọọ na-eso ya nke na-adị ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sheehy|first=Susanne Helena|title=Malaria: severe, life-threatening|journal=BMJ Clinical Evidence|date=7 March 2011|volume=2011|pmid=21375787}}</ref> Ọgwụgwọ a na-enyekarị maka ya bụ intravenous artesunate, na-enyezi ọgwụ a na-aṅụ n'ọnụ ozugbo onye ọrịa ahụ kwụsiri ike.<ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvansHill2025">Evans M, Hill K (May 2025). [https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf "Malaria Treatment Guidance"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''NHS Tayside''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Treatment of Severe Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html|work=Malaria|date=3 April 2024|accessdate=25 January 2026|language=en-us|author=CDC|archivedate=3 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503143920/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html}}</ref> Ndị ọrịa nwere ike ịka njọ ngwa ngwa nke mere na nlekota anya, ọkacha mma na [[:en:High-dependency_unit|ngalaba ebe nlekọta anya dị elu]], dị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lalloo|first=David G.|title=UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|date=June 2016|volume=72|issue=6|pages=635–649|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.001|pmid=26880088}}</ref> === Afọ Ime === [[:en:Pregnancy-associated_malaria|Ịba n'oge afọ ime]] nwere ike ịbụ ihe siri ike, ikekwe na-egbu egbu, maka nne na nwa; ụmụ nwanyị dị ime nwere ikike okpukpu atọ karịa inweta ịba siri ike.<ref name="CDC-Pregnant-2024">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=3 April 2024|title=Alternatives for Pregnant Women|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/pregnant-women.html|accessdate=26 January 2026|work=Malaria|language=en-us|archivedate=18 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260318025909/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/pregnant-women.html}}</ref> Ọgwụ ụfọdụ nwere ike imerụ nwa e bu n'afọ ahụ, ọkachasị n'oge [[Afọ ime|ọnwa atọ]] mbụ. A na-atụ aro usoro ọgwụgwọ pụrụ iche, nke dịgasị iche dabere na ọnwa atọ nke onye dị ime nọ n'ime ya nakwa na-eweta obere ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="CDC-Pregnant-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Antimalarial drugs for pregnant women|url=https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drugs-pregnant-women|accessdate=26 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=22 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922102803/https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drugs-pregnant-women}}</ref> === Ịguzogide Ọgwụ === [[:en:Drug_resistance|Ịguzogide ọgwụ]] na-eweta nsogbu na-arịwanye elu na ọgwụgwọ ịba; ọnụ ọgụgụ ''Plasmodium'' nwere ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ebe ọ dị elu yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ ngwa ngwa nke na-enyere ha aka ime mgbanwe ma zeere ihe ịma aka sitere na ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Sinha-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Challenges of drug-resistant malaria|journal=Parasite|volume=21|year=2014|pmid=25402734|doi=10.1051/parasite/2014059}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Igwe|first=Matthew Chibunna|title=Evolutionary biology of antimalarial drug resistance: Understanding of the evolutionary dynamics|journal=Medicine|date=14 March 2025|volume=104|issue=11|doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000041878|pmid=40101051}}</ref> Nje ndị ''P. falciparum'' malitere ịzụlite iguzogide ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọgwụ mgbochi ịba mbụ e mere, chloroquine, n'afọ ndị 1950; kemgbe ahụ, iguzogide chloroquin agbasaala na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nje a niile. <ref name="MMV-History">{{Cite web|title=History of antimalarial drugs|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria-medicines/history-antimalarials-drugs|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=16 June 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616062607/https://www.mmv.org/malaria-medicines/history-antimalarials-drugs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=8 April 2024|title=Drug Resistance in the Malaria-Endemic World|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/drug-resistance.html|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Malaria|language=en-us|archivedate=7 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907153441/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/drug-resistance.html}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ proguanil karịị dị ngwa ngwa; ewepụtara ọgwụ ahụ na 1948 wee malite ịhụta nguzogide ya n'afọ sochirinụ, na 1949. <ref name="MMV-History" /> N'afọ 2001, ịba nke na-eguzogidetụ artemisinin pụtara na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia; nguzogide ọgwụ ahụ emechaala gbasaa n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref name="MMV-History" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 April 2023|title=Current antimalarial drugs at risk due to resistance|url=https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/news/current-antimalarial-drugs-at-risk-due-to-resistance|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University|language=en|archivedate=20 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120025023/https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/news/current-antimalarial-drugs-at-risk-due-to-resistance}}</ref> Iji merie nguzogide ọgwụ, enwere ike inye ọgwụ na njikọ yana ọgwụ ọzọ, karịa otu e kwesiburu isi ṅụ ya, ma ọ bụ ṅụru ọgwụ ruo ogologo oge karịa; enwere mkpa ngwa ngwa maka iwebata ọgwụ ndị ọhụrụ maka ọgwụgwọ ya. <ref name="MMV-History" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Antony|first=HiasindhAshmi|date=2016|title=Antimalarial drug resistance: An overview|journal=Tropical Parasitology|volume=6|issue=1|pages=30–41|doi=10.4103/2229-5070.175081|pmid=26998432}}</ref> == Ihe omuma == Mgbe a gwọrọ ya nke ọma, ndị na-arịa ịba na-esighị ike nwere ike ịtụ anya mgbake zuru oke.<ref name="CDC-FAQ-2010a">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html#treatment|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): If I get malaria, will I have it for the rest of my life?|publisher=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=8 February 2010|accessdate=14 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html#treatment|archivedate=13 May 2012}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, oke ịba nwere ike ịga n'ihu ngwa ngwa ma kpata ọnwụ n'ime awa ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ole na ole.<ref name="Trampuz-2003">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical review: Severe malaria|journal=Critical Care|volume=7|issue=4|pages=315–323|date=August 2003|pmid=12930555|doi=10.1186/cc2183}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ kachasị njọ nke ọrịa ahụ, [[:en:Fatality_rate|ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ]] nwere ike iru pasent iri abụọ, ọbụlagodi na nlekọta siri ike na ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNadjmBehrens2012">Nadjm B, Behrens RH (June 2012). "Malaria: an update for physicians". ''Infectious Disease Clinics of North America''. '''26''' (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>259. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010|10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632637 22632637].</cite></ref> Ịba nwere ike imebi ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọkachasị ụbụrụ, akụrụ, imeju na ọkpụkpụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2025|title=Malaria: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000621.htm|accessdate=28 January 2026|work=medlineplus.gov|language=en|archivedate=17 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117064956/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000621.htm}}</ref> N'oge ịbụ nwata, ịba na-akpata anaemia n'oge uto ụbụrụ ngwa ngwa, yana mmebi ụbụrụ nke na-esite na ịba na-emetụta ụbụrụ.<ref name="Fernando-2010">{{Cite journal|title=The 'hidden' burden of malaria: cognitive impairment following infection|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=9|date=December 2010|pmid=21171998|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-366}}</ref> Ndị lanarịrị ọrịa ịba n'ụbụrụ nwere ohere dị ukwuu nke ụbụrụ na echiche, Nsogbu omume, na [[:en:Epilepsy|ihe ọdụdọ]].<ref name="Idro-2010">{{Cite journal|date=October 2010|title=Cerebral malaria: mechanisms of brain injury and strategies for improved neurocognitive outcome|journal=Pediatric Research|volume=68|issue=4|pages=267–274|doi=10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181eee738|pmid=20606600}}</ref> == Mgbochi == [[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anwụnta Anopheles stephensi'' n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ọbara n'ahụ mmadụ (obere ọbara na-atụsịsị dị ka ihe karịrị akarị). Anwụnta a bụ ihe na-ekesa ịba, njikwa anwụnta bụkwanụ ụzọ dị irè iji belata ọdịdị nke ịba]] Ụzọ e ji gbochi ịba gụnyere ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, ibibi anwụnta na igbochi ọtịta anwụnta.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria "Fact sheet about malaria"]. ''World Health Organization''. 4 December 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Archived] from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọgwụ Mgbochi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>O gosipụtara na o siri ike ịmepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ịba dị irè. Nje a emeela ọtụtụ atụmatụ iji zeere mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ mmadụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Pollyanna S.|date=2016|title=Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617|pmid=27799922}}</ref> E nwere ụdị ise nke ''plasmodium''; nke ọbụla n'ime ndị a nwere ọkwa ndụ atọ n'ime ahụ mmadụ - sporozoite, merozoite, na gametocyte. Nke ọbụla n'ogo atọ ndị a nwere antigen dị iche iche n'elu ya, nke pụtara na mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike megide otu n'ime oge ndụ ndị a mana ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ megide ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Good-2021">{{Cite journal|author=Good|first=Michael F.|title=Biological strategies and political hurdles in developing malaria vaccines|journal=Expert Review of Vaccines|date=February 2021|volume=20|issue=2|pages=93–95|doi=10.1080/14760584.2021.1889094|pmid=33595407}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nje ndị ahụ pụtara na antigen ndị ahụ n'onwe ha nwere ike ịdị iche ọbụna n'ime otu oge ndụ.<ref name="Good-2021" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Day|first=Karen P.|date=16 May 2017|title=Evidence of strain structure in Plasmodium falciparum var gene repertoires in children from Gabon, West Africa|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=20|pages=E4103–E4111|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613018114|pmid=28461509}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ikike ahụịke yiri ka ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ etolite- nke a na-enweta site na ọtụtụ ọrịa - bụ naanị akụkụ, ọ naghị adịte aka. <ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCrutcherHoffman1996">Crutcher JM, Hoffman SL (1996). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/ "Malaria"]. ''Medical Microbiology'' (4th&nbsp;ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-9631172-1-2|<bdi>978-0-9631172-1-2</bdi>]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21413352 21413352]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210423100221/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/ Archived] from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="CDC-Vaccines-2024">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2 April 2024|title=Malaria Vaccines|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/malaria-vaccines.html|accessdate=9 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=12 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112092027/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/malaria-vaccines.html}}</ref> Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap setịpụrụ ihe o bu n'obi imezu maka ọgwụ mgbochi ịba ọhụrụ iji nwee ike ichebe ma ọ dịkarịa ala pasent iri asaa na ise megide ịba.<ref name="CDC-Vaccines-2024" /> Nnyocha mbụ e mere maka ọgwụ mgbochi gbasara kpọmkwem maka ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nke e nwetara ihe nwere isi na ya mere na 1967 site na igbanye ụmụ oke ''Plasmodium'' sporozoites dị ndụ, nke e ji ọkụ radiation [[:en:Attenuator_(genetics)|mee ka ike gwụ ya]], nke nyere nchebe dị ukwuu nye ụmụ oke ndị ahụ mgbe a gbanyere ha sporozoites nkịtị ka nọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nussenzweig|first=R. S.|title=Protective Immunity produced by the Injection of X-irradiated Sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei|journal=Nature|date=October 1967|volume=216|issue=5111|pages=160–162|doi=10.1038/216160a0|pmid=6057225}}</ref><ref name="Vanderberg-2009">{{Cite journal|title=Reflections on early malaria vaccine studies, the first successful human malaria vaccination, and beyond|journal=Vaccine|volume=27|issue=1|pages=2–9|date=January 2009|pmid=18973784|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.028}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, WHO na ndị na-akwado ọgwụ mgbochi ịba setịpụrụ ihe ha bu n'obi imezu imepụta ọgwụ mgbochi e mere iji kwụsị mgbasa nke ịba na ebumnuche ogologo oge nke iwepụ ịba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Malaria Report 2013|url=https://www.who.int/entity/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2013/wmr2013_no_profiles.pdf?ua=1|accessdate=13 February 2014|publisher=World Health Organization|format=PDF}}</ref> Dịka ebe ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2026, enyela ikike ịgba [[ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] abụọ maka ọgwụgwọ ịba.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization "WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization"]. 2 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization Archived] from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụ mgbochi mbụ a kwadoro maka ''P. falciparum'' bụ RTS,S, nke e ji aha Mosquirix mara, <ref name="EMA Mosquirix">{{Cite web|date=October 2015|title=Mosquirix: Opinion on medicine for use outside EU|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/opinion-medicine-use-outside-EU/human/mosquirix|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123055901/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/mosquirix-h-w-2300|archivedate=23 November 2019|accessdate=22 November 2019|work=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> nke gazuru [[:en:Clinical_trial|nnwale ahụike]] na 2014. WHO nakweere ụzọ nlezianya iji nye ya [[:en:Pre-qualification|prequalification]], sikwa otu ahụ dịka akụkụ nke mmemme mmejuputa ọgwụ ịba (MVIP) kwadoo mmemme nnwale na mba atọ dị na mpaghara Sahara - Ghana, Kenya na Malawi - malite na 2019. Ihe omume ndị a lekwasịrị anya n'ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise, ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ịba siri ike na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Willyard|first=Cassandra|title=The slow roll-out of the world's first malaria vaccine|journal=Nature|date=22 December 2022|volume=612|issue=7941|pages=S48–S49|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-04343-7|pmid=36536213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|date=March 2020|title=Q&A on the malaria vaccine implementation programme (MVIP)|url=https://www.who.int/malaria/media/malaria-vaccine-implementation-qa/en/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513074401/https://www.who.int/malaria/media/malaria-vaccine-implementation-qa/en/|archivedate=13 May 2020|accessdate=6 May 2020|publisher=WHO}}</ref> Ruo 2023, nde ụmụaka atọ enwetala ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ, na-egosi mbelata nke oke ịba yana mbelata nke ọnwụ ụmụaka (site na ihe niile na-kpata ya) ruo ogo pasent iri na atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Life-saving malaria vaccines reach children in 17 endemic countries in 2024|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/life-saving-malaria-vaccines-reach-children-in-17-endemic-countries-in-2024|accessdate=10 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en|archivedate=28 December 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228035119/https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/life-saving-malaria-vaccines-reach-children-in-17-endemic-countries-in-2024}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria "Fact sheet about malaria"]. ''World Health Organization''. 4 December 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Archived] from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=David|date=7 November 2023|title=RTS,S vaccine pilot: 13% mortality reduction fuels hope for malaria control|url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/rtss-vaccine-pilot-13-mortality-reduction-fuels-hope-malaria-control|accessdate=10 January 2026|work=GAVI The Vaccine Alliance|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ mgbochi nke abụọ bụ R21 / Matrix-M, nke nwere ikike ọgwụgwọ ruru ogo pasent iri asaa na asaa nke gosipụtara na nnwale mbụ na ọkwa ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ dị elu karịa nke RTS,S.<ref name="Roxby-2021">{{Cite web|date=23 April 2021|title=Malaria vaccine hailed as potential breakthrough|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56858158|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424010402/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56858158|archivedate=24 April 2021|accessdate=24 April 2021|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> A chọpụtara na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ịba R-21/Matrix M na-ebelata ọrịa ịba site ruo n'ogo pasent iri asaa na ise n'ógbè ndị nwere mgbasa nke na-eme n'oge n'oge nakwa ruo n'ogo pasent iri isii na asatọ n'ógbè ndị mgbasa ya na-adị n'ime afọ niile n'ime ụmụaka nọ na mpaghara Sahara Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Datoo|first=Mehreen|date=10 February 2024|title=Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial|journal=The Lancet|volume=403|issue=10426|pages=533–544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02511-4|pmid=38310910}}</ref> WHO kwadoro ọgwụ mgbochi ịba R-21/Matrix M maka igbochi ịba n'ime ụmụaka na 2023.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization "WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization"]. 2 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization Archived] from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Nchịkwa anwụnta === [[Faịlụ:Mansprayingkeroseneoil.jpg|thumb|Nwoke na-awụsa mmanụ kerosene na mmiri na-anaghị ekwo ekwo, [[:en:Panama_Canal_Zone|Panama Canal Zon]], 1912]] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ebumnuche nke njikwa anwụnta bụ iji gbochie anwụnta ịta ụmụ mmadụ - ma ọ bụ site na iji ụdị ihe mgbochi ụfọdụ, ma ọ bụ ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta. Enwere ike ịhazi ha n'ozuzu dị ka nchedo onwe onye, njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'èzí ụlọ obibi na ụlọ dị iche iche, usoro njikwa nke ime ụlọ na ụlọ, na ndị a na-etinye n'ime akwa ụlọ.<ref name="EPA-Control-2016">{{Cite web|title=Success in Mosquito Control: An Integrated Approach|url=https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/success-mosquito-control-integrated-approach|work=www.epa.gov|date=5 July 2016|accessdate=1 February 2026|language=en|first=OCSPP|author=US EPA|archivedate=6 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206223356/https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/success-mosquito-control-integrated-approach}}</ref> ==== Nchebe onwe onye ==== A na-atụ aro ihe ndị na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ, dị ka [[:en:DEET|DEET]] ma ọ bụ picaridin, maka ndị njem. A na-atụkwa aro uwe mwụda nke na-ekpuchi akụkụ ahụ nke ukwuu. Enwere ike iji permethrin nụchaa uwe dị ka ihe nchebe ọzọ.<ref name="mosquitobiteavoidance">{{Cite web|title=Mosquito bite avoidance: advice for travellers|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mosquito-bite-avoidance-for-travellers/mosquito-bite-avoidance-advice-for-travellers--2|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=GOV.UK|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124113031/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mosquito-bite-avoidance-for-travellers/mosquito-bite-avoidance-advice-for-travellers--2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Avoid bug bites {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=wwwnc.cdc.gov|archivedate=13 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313104044/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites}}</ref> ==== Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi ==== Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ anwụnta na-amụ ụmụ [[:en:Standing_water|na mmiri na-anaghị ekwo ekwo]], mbelata isi ebe ha si apụta dị nnọọ mfe dị ka ịwufucha mmiri niile dọọrọ adọrọ dị gburugburu ụlọ, site na iwuchi maọbụ ikpocha ọwara mmiri, ebe ndị dị apịtị apịtị na akụkụ osisi ndị na-ere ere nke ọma. Ikpochapụ ebe ndị a na-amụ anwụnta nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ dị irè ma na-adịgide adịgide iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta n'ejighị ọgwụ ahụhụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=25 September 2014|title=Integrating the public in mosquito management: active education by community peers can lead to significant reduction in peridomestic container mosquito habitats|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108504|pmid=25255027}}</ref> Ọ ga-ekwe omume iji larvicides gbuo larvae anwụnta n'ime ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ndị a na-enweghị ike ikpocha.<ref name="Mississippi-2025">{{Cite web|date=13 February 2025|title=Mosquito Prevention: What the Homeowner Can Do|url=https://www.msdh.ms.gov/page/14,1097,93.html|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=Mississippi State Department of Health|language=en|archivedate=14 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214232607/https://www.msdh.ms.gov/page/14,1097,93.html}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|title=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2015|isbn=978-92-4-154912-7|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2015}}}} * {{Cite book|title=World Malaria Report 2022|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2022|isbn=978-92-4-006489-8|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2022}}}} == Ịgụrụ Gawa == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-malaria-day/2026 Akụkọ mkpọsa nke World Malaria Day 2026] * [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ WHO maka ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) * [https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/malaria/index.html Ebe nrụọrụ CDC na ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) * [https://www.paho.org/en/topics/malaria Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ PAHO na ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) {{Medical condition classification and resources|ICD11={{ICD11|1F40}}–{{ICD11|1F45}}|ICD10={{ICD10|B50}}–{{ICD10|B54}}|ICD9={{ICD9|084}}|DiseasesDB=7728|MedlinePlus=000621|OMIM=248310|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=1385|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|305}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1357}}|MeshName=Malaria|MeshNumber=C03.752.250.552|Orphanet=673|Scholia=Q12156}}{{Malaria}}{{Chromalveolate diseases}}{{Diseases of Poverty}}{{Effective altruism}}{{Eradication of infectious disease}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7qx2hrnehr50cvpq7ymrxfn3c7jtf80 697349 697347 2026-08-08T16:05:50Z Goodymeraj 16207 697349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Malaria|pronounce={{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɛər|i|ə}}|synonym=Ague, paludism, marsh fever|image=Malaria Parasite Connecting to Human Red Blood Cell (34034143483).jpg|caption=[[Plasmodium|Malaria parasite]] connecting to a [[red blood cell]]|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Mild malaria: fever, chills, vomiting, headache, diarrhoea.<br/>Severe malaria: anaemia, jaundice, coma|complications=[[Epileptic seizure|Seizures]], [[coma]],<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[organ failure]], [[anaemia]], [[cerebral malaria]]<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |title=Malaria |date= |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702235123/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |url-status=live}}</ref>|onset=Usually 10–15 days post exposure<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|duration=Lifelong if not treated|causes=''[[Plasmodium]]'' transmitted by ''[[Anopheles]]'' [[mosquito]]es<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|risks=Exposure to mosquitoes in [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas|diagnosis=Examination of the blood, [[malaria antigen detection tests|antigen detection tests]]<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|differential=|prevention=[[Mosquito net]]s, [[insect repellent]], [[mosquito control]], prophylactic medication<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|treatment=|medication=[[Antimalarial medication]]<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|frequency=282 million (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|deaths=610,000 (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|alt=}} Ọrịa '''Ịba''' bụ ọrịa na-efe efe nke anwụnta na-ebute nke ọ bụ anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-ekesa ya ma ọ taa mmadụ.<ref name="WHO-Vector-2023">{{Cite web|title=Vector-borne diseases|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases|accessdate=24 April 2022|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|archivedate=4 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104001515/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Mgbaàmà dị iche nke ịba na mmadụ na-agụnye [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]], Ike ọgwụgwụ, ịgbọ agbọ, na isi ọwụwa.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: An Update|journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics|volume=84|issue=7|pages=521–528|date=July 2017|pmid=28357581|doi=10.1007/s12098-017-2332-2}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ siri ike, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịkpata jaundice, nkụchi obi maọbụ akụkụ ahụ ọbụla, coma, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ. <ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=10 May 2024|publisher=World Health Organization|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite mgbe ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na ise gasịrị mgbe anwụnta Anopheles tara mmadụ.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref name="CDC-FAQ-2023">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html|title=CDC - Malaria - FAQs|date=28 June 2023|accessdate=9 September 2017|archivedate=13 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a gwọghị ya nke ọma, ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịna-arịa ọrịa ahụ ugboro ugboro ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Ndị gbakere na ya bụ ọrịa na-enwekarị usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ nke siri ike, na-enwe ike ibute ịba ọzọ mana ha ga-enwe mgbaàmà dị nro.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[:en:Immunity_(medical)|Nguzogide ọrịa]] a na-abụghị n'ozuzu na-apụ n'anya n'ime ọnwa ole na ole ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụrụ na onye ahụ enweghị ike ịrịa ịba na-aga n'ihu.<ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata ọrịa ịba bụ nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ nke ụdị ''Plasmodium,'' <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> nke ụzọ izugbe e si agbasa ya bụ ọrịa bụ mgbe anwụnta ''Anopheles bu ya bụ ọrịa tara mmadụ''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=JAMA|volume=327|issue=6|date=February 2022|pmid=35133414|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468}}</ref> Ọtịta anwụnta ahụ na-ewebata nje na-akpata ya bụ ọrịa site na asọmmiri anwụnta ahụ baa n'ime ọbara.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Nje ndị ahụ na-ebu ụzọ amụba ma tolite n'imeju mmadụ n'egosighị ihe mgbaàmà ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifecycle of the malaria parasite|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=2 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102114122/https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, nje ndị ahụ tozurula etozu ga-agbasa banye n'ime ọbara, ebe ha na-ebute ọrịa ma na-ebibi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie, na-akpata mgbaàmà na-egosi mbute ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaria factsheet|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Public Health England|language=en|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901042339/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms}}</ref> Ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ise na-ebunyekarị ụmụ mmadụ ọrịa.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Ụdị atọ ndị na-akpata ọrịa a n'ụdị siri ike karị bụ ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwmg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' (nke na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ site n'ọrịa ịba), ''P. vivax<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwnQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''P. knowlesi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwoA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' (ịba [[:en:Simian|simian]] nke na-emetụta ọtụtụ puku mmadụ n'afọ). <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|title=Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf|accessdate=19 February 2024|archivedate=22 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222024003/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf}}</ref> ''P. oval<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''[[:en:Plasmodium_malariae|P.&#x20;malariae]]'' na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba dị nro. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> A na-achọpụta ịba site na Nnyocha microscopic nke ọbara site na iji Ihe nkiri ọbara, ma ọ bụ site na nnyocha [[:en:Malaria_antigen_detection_tests|antigen-based]] [[:en:Rapid_diagnostic_test|rapid diagnostic tests]].<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> E mepụtala usoro ndị na-eji [[:en:Polymerase_chain_reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] iji chọpụta [[Dna|DNA]] nke nje ahụ, mana anaghị ejikarị ha eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe ebe ịba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, n'ihi ọnụahịa ha na mgbagwoju anya ha.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> Enwere ike ibelata ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ahụ site na igbochi ọtịta anwụnta site na iji ụgbụ anwụnta na Ihe na-achụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ site n'iji [[:en:Mosquito_control|usoro nchịkwa anwụnta]] dị ka ịgbasa [[Ọgwụ ahụhụ]] na ịwufu mmiri dọ adọ. <ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi dị iji [[:en:Malaria_prophylaxis|gbochie ịba]] n'ebe ndị a na-ahụkarị ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Dịka ebe afọ 2023, Òtù Ahụike Ụwa (WHO) kwadoro [[ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] abụọ.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}</ref> Nguzogide nke nje ahụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ amụbaala ruo na ọtụtụ ọgwụ [[:en:Antimalarial_medication|mgbochi ịba]] ; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' na-eguzogide ọgwụ chloroquine agbasaala ruo n'ọtụtụ ebe ịba na-adịkarị, ọzọkwa nguzogide ọgwụ artemisinin aghọwo nsogbu n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> N'ihi nke a, ọgwụgwọ site n'inye ọgwụ maka ọrịa ịba kwesịrị ịhazi ya ka ọ daba kpọmkwem na Ụdị <nowiki><i id="mw5g">Plasmodium</i></nowiki> a na-achụ yana ebe e butere ya bụ ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Treatment|language=en-us}}</ref> Ọrịa a juru ebe niile n'ógbè tropik yana subtropik ndị dị n'ime nnukwu mpaghara gbara akara equator gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Malaria|title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health|date=2021|pages=227–248|isbn=978-0-19-881680-5|doi=10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0073|edition=7th}}</ref><ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Nke a gụnyere ọtụtụ mpaghara sub-Saharan Africa, [[Asia]], na Latin America.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ihe dị ka nde ndị mmadụ narị abụọ na iri asatọ na abụọ '''('''282 million) ndị butere ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile, kpatara ọnwụ a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ruru narị puku iri isii na iri (610,000).<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=World malaria report 2025|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=5 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105141123/https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu na ise nke ndị butere ọrịa ahụ na ndị nwụrụ na ya mere n'Afrịka dị n'okpuru Sahara.<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" /><ref name="WHO-Briefing-2024">{{Cite web|title=Current state: The malaria situation worldwide|url=https://worldmalariareport2024.org/|accessdate=6 January 2026|work=WHO: World Malaria Report Global Briefing Kit 2024|language=en}}</ref> A na-ejikọkarị ịba na ịda ogbenye, ọ na-enwekwa nnukwu mmetụta ọjọọ n'uto akụ na ụba;<ref name="Worrall-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature|journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health|volume=10|issue=10|pages=1047–1059|date=October 2005|pmid=16185240|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x}}</ref> N'[[Afrịka|Africa]], a na-eme atụmatụ na ọrịa a na-akpata nnukwu mfu nke akụ na ụba (nke e mere atụmatụ ya n'afọ 2005 na ọ ruru ijeri dollar US iri na abụọ kwa afọ) n'ihi ịrị elu nke ụgwọ nlekọta ahụike, mbelata ike ndị mmadụ nwere ịrụ ọrụ, na mmetụta ọjọọ ọ na-enwe n'ọrụ njem nleta.<ref name="Greenwood-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=The Lancet|volume=365|issue=9469|pages=1487–1498|year=2005|pmid=15850634|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Malaria.webm|thumbtime=0:02|thumb|Nchịkọta akụkọ vidiyo (script)]] == Mmalite Okwu == Okwu a bụ ''malaria'' (ịba) sitere n'asụsụ Italian nke oge etiti (Medieval Italian) : mala aria, 'ikuku ọjọọ', ma bụrụ akụkụ nke echiche miasma; nke kwuru na ọrịa a na-esite n'ikuku rụrụ arụ. N'oge gara aga, a na-akpọ ọrịa a ague, paludism, ma ọ bụ marsh fever, n'ihi njikọ e nwere n'etiti ya na apiti na ala mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=From Shakespeare to Defoe: malaria in England in the Little Ice Age|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1–11|date=1999|pmid=10653562|doi=10.3201/eid0601.000101}}</ref> Okwu malaria pụtara n'asụsụ Bekee ma ọ dịkarịa ala kemgbe afọ 1768<ref>{{Cite book|date=1768|title=A view of the customs, manners, drama, &c. of Italy, as they are described in the Frusta letteraria; and in the Account of Italy in English, written by Mr. Baretti; compared with the Letters from Italy, written by Mr. Sharp|location=London|publisher=W. Nicoll}}</ref> A na-akpọ ngalaba sayensị na-amụ maka ọrịa ịba malariology<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of MALARIOLOGY|work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malariology|language=en|accessdate=19 November 2024|archivedate=2 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802160413/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malariology}}</ref> == Otu O si Egosi yana mgbaàmà Ya == [[Faịlụ:Symptoms_of_Malaria.png|thumb|Mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ọrịa ịba <ref name="Fairhurst-2015">{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00276-9|chapter=Malaria (''Plasmodium'' Species)|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases|date=2015|pages=3070–3090.e9|isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3}}</ref>]] Mgbaàmà n'oge mmalite nke ọrịa ịba bụ ahụ ọkụ, oyi, isi ọwụwa, agbọ onunu, ịgbọ agbọ na afọ ọsịsa; ụdị ya ndị siri ike karị nwere ike igosi ọzịza nke [[:en:Splenomegaly|ọkpụkpụ]] ma ọ bụ imeju, na obere [[:en:Jaundice|jaundice]].<ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2024|title=Symptoms of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/symptoms/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị a nwere ike iyi ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dịka [[:en:Sepsis|sepsis]], [[:en:Gastroenteritis|gastroenteritis]], influenza na Ọrịa nje ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref><ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ma onye na-arịa ya enwetaghị ọgwụgwọ, mgbaàmà ndị a - ọkachasị ahụ ọkụ - nwere ike ịghọ usoro na-eme mgbe niile, na-eme ugboro ugboro kwa ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ ([[:en:Paroxysmal_attack|mkpagbu paroxysmal]]). <ref name="Crutcher-1996" /><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na ise mgbe anwụnta tara nke mbụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịnọ ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa mgbe mmadụ butesịrị ọrịa ahụ tupu ọ pụta. Ndị njem na-aṅụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nwere ike inwe mgbaàmà ya ozugbo ha kwụsịrị ịṅụ ọgwụ ahụ.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref> Oké ịba na-eme mgbe ọrịa Plasmodium ahụ mebiri akụkụ ahụ ndị dị mkpa dị ka akụrụ, imeju, akpa ume ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ. Mgbaàmà gụnyere oke [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]], jaundice, [[:en:Convulsion|ihe ọdụdọ]], mgbagwoju anya, [[:en:Coma|coma]], [[:en:Kidney_failure|nkụchi akụrụ]] na n'ikpeazụ ọnwụ.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba siri ike na-abụkarị nke ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAXs">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na-akpata; a ga-emeso ya dị ka ọnọdụ mberede ahụike. <ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Severe malaria|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/symptoms-and-treatments/severe-malaria|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=7 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407170534/https://www.mmv.org/malaria/symptoms-and-treatments/severe-malaria}}</ref> === Nsogbu === Akparamagwa pụrụ iche nke ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' bụ ikike ya ịmepụta protein na-arapara n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (RBC) nke ọrịa ahụ dị na ya. RBCs ọrịa a dị na ya na-egbochi capillaries (na-akpata hypoxia) ma na-agbakọta n'akụkụ ndị dị mkpa, na-eguzogide ọrụ ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Autino|first=Beatrice|title=Pathogenesis of Malaria in Tissues and Blood|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|date=4 October 2012|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012061|doi=10.4084/mjhid.2012.061|pmid=23170190}}</ref> Ọrịa ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' na-akpata nsogbu kachasị njọ nke ịba. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ bụ ụdị ọrịa ịba siri ike na-emetụta ụbụrụ. RBCs ọrịa dị na ha na-egbochi capillaries ndị dị na ụbụrụ na-akpata mmeghachi omume ahụike, nke na-emebi Ihe mgbochi ọbara na ụbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schiess|first=Nicoline|title=Pathophysiology and neurologic sequelae of cerebral malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|date=December 2020|volume=19|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12936-020-03336-z|pmid=32703204}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ na-egosipụta mgbaàmà [[:en:Neurological_disorder|na-egosi nsogbu n'ụbụrụ]], dị ka mgbagwoju anya, nkụchi obi maọbụ akụkụ ahụ ọbụla, ma ọ bụ [[:en:Coma|coma]].<ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ, ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya, nwere ike ibute ọnwụ n'ime awa iri anọ na asatọ nke mgbaàmà mbụ gosiri; ndị lagbụrụ ya nwere ike inwe mmerụ ahụ metụtara ụbụrụ na-adịte aka.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012" /><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]] siri ike bụ mgwakọta nke mbibi nke RBCs (ma ndị bu ọrịa ma ndị na-ebughị) yana ịdị ala nke mmepụta RBC n'ụmị ọkpụkpụ; ọ bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ n'ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise<ref>{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Nicholas J.|title=What causes malaria anemia?|journal=Blood|date=14 April 2022|volume=139|issue=15|pages=2268–2269|doi=10.1182/blood.2021015055|pmid=35420692}}</ref> Ịba nwere ike ibute nsogbu iku ume siri ike na ihe ruru pasent iri abụọ na ise nke ndị nwere ya. Ọ na-esite na mmebi nke capillary endothelium, na-emebi alveoli nke akpa ume.<ref name="Greenwood-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=The Lancet|volume=365|issue=9469|pages=1487–1498|year=2005|pmid=15850634|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref><ref name="Taylor-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Walter R.J.|title=Respiratory Manifestations of Malaria|journal=Chest|date=August 2012|volume=142|issue=2|pages=492–505|doi=10.1378/chest.11-2655|pmid=22871759}}</ref> Mgbaàmà bụ oke ịdị mkpụmkpụ nke iku ume na ụcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'egbugbere ọnụ (cyanosis) na-egosi enweghị ikuku oxygen.<ref name="Taylor-2012" /> Ọ bụ onye na-egbu ndị okenye, na-enwe ihe dị ka pasent iri ano nke ọnwụ ndị na-arịa ya ozugbo mgbaàmà ya malitere.<ref name="Taylor-2012" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prenen|first=Fran|title=Resolution of experimental malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome is Alox12 independent and shows residual inflammation|journal=Malaria Journal|date=4 July 2025|volume=24|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12936-025-05462-y|pmid=40615878}}</ref> [[:en:Coinfection|Ịrịakọta]] HIV na ịba na-eme ka ọnwụ dịkwuo elu.<ref name="Korenromp-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria attributable to the HIV-1 epidemic, sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=11|issue=9|pages=1410–1419|date=September 2005|pmid=16229771|doi=10.3201/eid1109.050337}}</ref> Nsogbu ndị ọzọ gụnyere [[:en:Splenomegaly|ọkpụkpụ zara aza]], Imeju zara aza ma ọ bụ ha abụọ.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ihe a na-akpọ [[:en:Blackwater_fever|blackwater fever]] na-eme mgbe haemoglobin sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie [[:en:Lysis|gbawara agbawa]] ma debanye na mamịrị wee gbanwee ụcha ya, nke ihe na-esokarị ya bụ nkụchi akụrụ. <ref name="Bartoloni-2012" /> [[:en:Pregnancy-associated_malaria|Ọrịa ịba n'oge afọ ime]] nwere ike ịkpata [[Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ|ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ]], [[:en:Infant_mortality|ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ]], ime ọpụpụ, na [[:en:Low_birth_weight|lịdị arọ dị ala nke nwa a mụrụ ọhụrụ]], <ref name="Hartman-2010">{{Cite journal|title=The impact of maternal malaria on newborns|journal=Annals of Tropical Paediatrics|volume=30|issue=4|pages=271–282|year=2010|pmid=21118620|doi=10.1179/146532810X12858955921032}}</ref> ọkachasị na ọrịa ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'', ọ na-emekwa n'ọrịa ''P. vivax&nbsp;''. <ref name="Rijken-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria in pregnancy in the Asia-Pacific region|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=1|pages=75–88|date=January 2012|pmid=22192132|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70315-2}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Faịlụ:Life_Cycle_of_the_Malaria_Parasite.jpg|thumb|Usoro ndụ nke nje ịba: A na-ewebata Sporozoites site na ọtịta nke anwụnta. Mgbe ha ruru imeju, ha na-amụba ghọọ ọtụtụ puku merozoites. Merozoites ndị ahụ na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie ma mejupụta, na-emetụtakwu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara uhie uhie ndị ọzọ na-aga. Ụfọdụ nje na-emepụta gametocytes, nke anwụnta na-eburu, na-aga n'ihu na usndụ ya.]] nwỌrịa ịba na-abịa mgbe e nwere mmetụta na [[:en:Parasite|nje]] na ụdị ''Plasmodium'', nke anwụnta nke ụdị ''Anopheles na-ebufe n'etiti ndị mmadụ na-arịa ya.''<ref name="CDC-About-2022">{{Cite web|publisher=CDC-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=22 March 2022|title=Malaria - About Malaria - Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html|accessdate=28 April 2022|language=en-US|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524132501/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html}}</ref> Plasmodium parasite nwere usoro ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-emetụta mmadụ na anwụnta ụ ndị nje ahụ na-anịọanọ n'ime ahụ ha eto n'ogo dị iche iche, na-ewere ụdị dị iche na ogo ọbụla nke usoro ndụ ahụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> * ''Anwụnta Anopheles'' anwụnta na-ebute ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' site ịmịrị ọbara site n'ahụ onye buteburu ọrịa ahụ n'oge gara aga. Oge ọzọ anwụnta ahụ ga-eri nri, arụ ọ ga-ata ga-ewebata ''Plasmodium'' - n'ụdị na-agagharị agagharị a na-akpọ sporozoites - n'ime mmadụ ọhụrụ na-arịabeghị ya bụ ọrịa mbụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> * N'ime mmadụ ọhụrụ a, sporozoites ndị ahụ na-abanye n'ọbara ma gaa n'ime imeju, ebe ha na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ imeju (hepatocytes). <ref name="Cowman-2016">{{Cite journal|date=October 2016|title=Malaria: Biology and Disease|journal=Cell|volume=167|issue=3|pages=610–624|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.055|pmid=27768886}}</ref> * Ha na-eto ma na-ekewa n'ime imeju, ebe hepatocyte nke ọbụla bu ọrịa na-emesị nwee ihe ruru nje na-akpata ọrịa puku iri anọ..<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Mgbe ụbọchị ise ruo ụbọchị iri abụọ na ise gasịrị, hepatocytes ndị a bu ọrịa na-ekewa, na-ewepụta ''Plasmodium'' - n'ụdị dị obere a na-akpọ Merozoites, baa n'ime ọbara.<ref name="Arrow-2004" /> * N'ime ọbara, merozoites ndị ahụ na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie n'otu n'otu, nke ọ bụla na-emepụtaghachi n'ihe karịrị awa 24-72 iji mepụta merozoites 16-32 ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị ahụ butere ọrịa na-agbawa, na-ewepụta merozoites ọhụrụ nke na-ebunyekwa mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọrịa ọzọ, na-akpata okirikiri nke na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje na-amụba n'ime onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> * Obere akụkụ nke nje ahụ anaghị emepụtaghachi, kama ọ na-etolite ghọọ nje ndị a na-akpọ gametocytes nwoke na nwanyị. Gametocytes ndị a na-etolite n'ime ụmị ọkpụkpụ ruo ụbọchị iri na otu, wee laghachi na nrugharị ọbara iji chere ka anwụnta ọzọ mịrị ya mgbe ọ ga-ata.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> * Ozugbo ọ nọ n'ime anwụnta, gametocytes na-enwe mmekọahụ, ma mesịa mepụta ụmụ sporozoites ndị ga-akwaga na [[:en:Salivary_gland|ebe mmepụta asọmmiri]] nke anwụnta ahụ ka o nwee ike gbanye ya dịka ọgwụ n'ime onye ọhụrụ mgbe anwụnta ahụ ga-ata onye ọzọ. <ref name="Arrow-2004" /> <ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Ọrịa imeju anaghị akpata mgbaàmà ọbụla; mgbaàmà niile nke ịba na-esite na ọrịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite ozugbo e nwere ihe karịrị parasites dị narị puku kwa millilitre nke ọbara.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Ọtụtụ n'ime mgbaàmà ndị metụtara oke ịba na-esite na ọchịchọ nke ''P. falciparum'' ịrapara na mgbidi [[:en:Blood_vessel|ebe ndị ọbara si aga]], na-akpata mmebi na arịa ndị metụtara na anụ ahụ ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Nje ndị na-abanye n'ebe ndị ọbara si aga nke akpa ume na-eweta nsogbu iku ume. N'ime ụbụrụ, ha na-eweta [[:en:Coma|coma]]. N'oge ịdị ime, ha na-agbakọta na [[:en:Intervillous_space|di n'etiti otu villium na ibe ya]] ma na-egbochi ọrụ nke placenta, na-enye aka na ịdị arọ dị ala nke nwa ọhụrụ na ịmụ nwa n'oge erughị eru, ma na-abawanye ihe ize ndụ nke ime ọpụpụ na ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie n'oge ọrịa na-akpatakarị ọrịa anaemia, nke a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo njọ site na mbelata mmepụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọhụrụ n'oge ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Naanị anwụnta nwanyị na-eri ọbara; anwụnta nwoke na-eri ihe na-atọ ụtọ nke osisi ma ha anaghị ebufe ọrịa ahụ. Ụmụ nwanyị nke ụdị anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-ahọrọ iri nri n'abalị. Ha na-amalite ịchọ nri n'oge mgbede, ma gaa n'ihu n'abalị ruo mgbe ha nwetara ihe ha ga-eri.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ha nwere ike ime mgbanwe n'ihi na e bidola iji ụgbụ àkwà arahụ ụra nke ukwuu ma malite ịta n'oge, tupu a gbasaa ụgbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaria Mosquitoes Are Biting before Bed-Net Time|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/malaria-mosquitoes-are-biting-before-bed-net-time/|accessdate=29 May 2023|work=Scientific American|archivedate=29 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529022719/https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/malaria-mosquitoes-are-biting-before-bed-net-time/}}</ref> A pụkwara ibute nje ịba site na Mgbanye ọbara, ọ bụ ezie na nke a abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="Owusu-Ofori-2010">{{Cite journal|title=Transfusion-transmitted malaria in countries where malaria is endemic: a review of the literature from sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=51|issue=10|pages=1192–1198|date=November 2010|pmid=20929356|doi=10.1086/656806}}</ref> === Ụdị ''Plasmodium Dị Iche Iche'' === N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ọ bụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAmc">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', P. malariae, ''P. ovale curtisi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAm0">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', ''P. ovale wallikeri<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', ''P. vivax<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnM">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''P. knowlesi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnY">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>''.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> N'etiti ndị butere ọrịa, ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' bụ ụdị a na-ahụkarị (~75%) nke ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' (~20%) na-esochi. <ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' jupụtara n'Africa ma na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ, ebe ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' na-achịkwa n'èzí Africa. <ref name="Sarkar-2009">{{Cite journal|title=Critical care aspects of malaria|journal=Journal of Intensive Care Medicine|volume=25|issue=2|pages=93–103|year=2009|pmid=20018606|doi=10.1177/0885066609356052}}</ref><ref name="Arnott-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Understanding the population genetics of ''Plasmodium vivax'' is essential for malaria control and elimination|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=11|date=January 2012|pmid=22233585|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-14}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> E dekọọla ụfọdụ ọrịa ụmụ mmadụ na ọtụtụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' sitere na enwe ndị dị elu, mana ewezuga ''P. knowlesi&nbsp;'' - ụdị zoonotic nke na-akpata ịba na [[:en:Macaques|macaques]] - ndị anaghị abụkarị ihe dị mkpa maka ahụike ọha na eze. <ref name="Collins-2012">{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': a malaria parasite of monkeys and humans|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=57|pages=107–121|year=2012|id={{Zenodo|1234957}}|pmid=22149265|doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-121510-133540}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref name="Collins-2009">{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': finally being recognized|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=199|issue=8|pages=1107–1108|date=April 2009|pmid=19284287|doi=10.1086/597415}}</ref> Ụdị abụọ - ''P.'' ''vivax'' na ''P. oval'' - na-emepụta ọkwa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ a na-akpọ hypnozoitis nke nwere ike ịnọgide na imeju, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ wepụrụ ọrịa ahụ n'ọbara. Ndị a nwere ike ịmaliteghachi mgbe izu ma ọ bụ ọnwa ole na ole gasịrị ma mee ka ọrịa ahụ laghachi azụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> === Ịba na-apụta ugboro ugboro === Mgbaàmà nke ịba nwere ike ịlaghachi mgbe oge dịgasị iche iche na-enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla gosiri gasịrị. Dabere na ihe kpatara ya, enwere ike ịhazi mmeghachi omume dị ka [[:en:Recrudescence|recrudescence]], [[:en:Relapse|relapse]], ma ọ bụ reinfection. Recrudescence bụ mgbe mgbaàmà na-alaghachi mgbe oge a na-enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla gasịrị n'ihi enweghị ike iwepụ nje ndị dị n'ọbara site na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke.{{sfn|WHO|2015|p=4}}.Relapse bụ mgbe mgbaàmà na-apụta ọzọ mgbe ewepụchara nje ndị ahụ n'ọbara mana ha nọgidere dị ka hypnozoites na-ehi ụra <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: origin of the term 'hypnozoite'|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=781–786|date=2011|pmid=20665090|doi=10.1007/s10739-010-9239-3}}</ref> na mkpụrụ ndụ imeju. Reinfection pụtara na e wepụrụ nje n'ahụ dum mana ọrịa ọhụrụ amalitela. Nlaghachi nke ọrịa n'ime izu abụọ nke ọgwụgwọ na-abụkarị n'ihi ọdịda ọgwụgwọ..{{sfn|WHO|2015|p=41}} == Usoro ọrịa si arụ ọrụ n'ahụ == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Red_blood_cells_infected_with_malaria.jpg|thumb|Electron micrograph na-egosi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke ''Plasmodium falciparum juru na ya'' (n'etiti), na-egosi "knobs" protein adherence]] Ọrịa ịba na-etolite site na usoro abụọ: otu nke na-emetụta imeju (oge exoerythrocytic), na otu nke na na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, ma ọ bụ erythrocytes (oge erythrocyte). Mgbe anwụnta butere ọrịa ahụ na-adụpu akpụkpọ ahụ mmadụ iji rie nri ọbara, sporozoites ndị dị n'ime asọmmiri anwụnta ahụ na-abanye n'ọbara ma kwaga n'ime imeju ebe ha na-emetụta hepatocytes, na-amụba n'enweghị mmekọahụ na n'enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla ruo ụbọchị 8-30.<ref name="Bledsoe-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}</ref> N'oge a, ihe ndị a [[:en:Cellular_differentiation|na-ekewasị]] iji mepụta ọtụtụ puku merozoites, nke, mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ ha gbawara, ga-enuba n'ime ọbara ma metụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie iji malite usoro erythrocytic nke ndụ ha.<ref name="Bledsoe-2005" /> Akụkụ mbụ nke ọrịa ahụ anaghị enwe mgbaàmà ọbụla; mgbaàmà ahụike niile nke ịba nwere njikọ na akụkụ merozoite nke usoro ndụ ya.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref> N'ime nke a, nje ndị ahụ na-amụba n'ụzọ na-enweghị mmekọahụ n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, na-apụta site n'oge ruo n'oge iji bunye ndị ọhụrụ ọrịa. N'ime erythrocyte ọ bụla butere ọrịa, nje ahụ na-amụba, na-eri cytoplasm ka ọ na-amụba. Mgbe ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ gasịrị, erythrocyte ahụ ga-agbawa, na-ewepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ (dị n'etiti iri na isii na iri atọ na abụọ) nke merozoites ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bucşan|first=Allison N.|title=Setting the stage: The initial immune response to blood-stage parasites|journal=Virulence|date=31 December 2020|volume=11|issue=1|pages=88–103|doi=10.1080/21505594.2019.1708053|pmid=31900030}}</ref> Ntọhapụ a nke merozoites n'ime ọbara, tinyere nsi ha niile yana iberibe erythrocyte, na-akpata ahụ ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ nke nwere ike ịbụ nke na-eme nwa oge na nke na-emesi ike. <ref name="CDC-Features-2024" /> [1]<ref name="Bledsoe-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}</ref> N'ime ụdị ụfọdụ nke ''Plasmodium'', ụfọdụ sporozoites anaghị etolite ozugbo ghọọ merozoites na-arụ ọrụ n'oge exoerythrocytic, kama, ha na-emepụta hypnozoites nke na-anọgide na-ehi ụra ruo oge dị iche iche na-esite n'agbata ọtụtụ ọnwa (ọnwa asaa ruo ọnwa iri bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị) ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="White-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of relapse periodicity in ''Plasmodium vivax'' malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=10|date=October 2011|pmid=21989376|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-297}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụra gasịrị, ha na-emegharị ma mepụta merozoites. Hypnozoites na-akpata ogologo oge na nlọghachi azụ na ọrịa ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' na ''P. oval&nbsp;''. <ref name="White-2011" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Okafor|first=Chika N.|title=StatPearls|date=2026|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519021/|chapter=Plasmodium ovale Malaria}}</ref> === Mgbochi nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ === Mgbochi nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ bụ isi njirimara Plasmodium, nke na-eme ka ọ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma na nnọgidesi ike dị ka nje.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rénia|first=Laurent|title=Malaria Parasites: The Great Escape|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|date=7 November 2016|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2016.00463|pmid=27872623}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ''Plasmodium'' genome raara onwe ya nye usoro nke na-ezere ma ọ bụ na-emebi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crabb|first=Brendan S|title=Plasmodium falciparum virulence determinants unveiled|journal=Genome Biology|date=2002|volume=3|issue=11|pages=reviews1031.1|doi=10.1186/gb-2002-3-11-reviews1031|pmid=12441004}}</ref> ==== Imeju ==== [[Faịlụ:Merosome.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke merosome na-apụta site na hepatocyte nwere ọrịa]] Macrophages pụrụ iche a na-akpọ Mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer na-echebe imeju; ha na-achọpụta ihe ndị dị aṅaa dị n'ọbara ma bibie ha. Sporozoites na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer ma na-egbochi ha.<ref name="Pradel-2001">{{Cite journal|author=Pradel|first=Gabriele|title=Malaria Sporozoites Actively Enter and Pass Through Rat Kupffer Cells Prior to Hepatocyte Invasion|journal=Hepatology|date=May 2001|volume=33|issue=5|pages=1154–1165|doi=10.1053/jhep.2001.24237|pmid=11343244}}</ref> Ha na-agafe mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a nwerela nkwarụ (nke na-anwụ mgbe awa ole na ole gasịrị) iji bunye [[:en:Hepatocyte|hepatocytes]] ọrịa.<ref name="Pradel-2001" /> N'ime hepatocyte, ha na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku merozoites n'ime [[:en:Vacuole|vacuole]] nke na-echebe ha pụọ na Usoro nchebe nke mkpụrụ ndụ.<ref name="Ezema-2023">{{Cite journal|author=Ezema|first=Chinonso Anthony|title=Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response|journal=Parasitology Research|date=August 2023|volume=122|issue=8|pages=1715–1731|doi=10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6|pmid=37219610}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, hepatocyte ahụ butere ọrịa na-ewepụta merozoites n'ìgwè a na-akpọ merosomes, nke na-esi na membrane hepatocyta pụta. Membrane a na-ekpuchi merozoites ndị ahụ, na-enyere ha aka ịhere ehere gafee mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer fọdụrụ iji pụọ n'imeju. <ref name="Ezema-2023" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Scheiner|first=Mattea|title=Moving on: How malaria parasites exit the liver|journal=Molecular Microbiology|date=March 2024|volume=121|issue=3|pages=328–340|doi=10.1111/mmi.15141|pmid=37602900}}</ref><ref name="Vaughan-2008">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria parasite pre-erythrocytic stage infection: gliding and hiding|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|volume=4|issue=3|pages=209–218|date=September 2008|pmid=18779047|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2008.08.010}}</ref> ==== Mgbasa N'ime Ahụ ==== [[Faịlụ:Infected_erythrocyte_sequestration_within_the_intervillous_space_of_the_placenta.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke erythrocytes (IE) bu ọrịa na-agbakọta na oghere intervillous na gburugburu villi nke plasịnta.]] Merozoites na-enugharị na usoro nrugharị ọbara nwere ike inweta mwakpo site na leucocytes nke na-elekwasị anya na antigen elu ha. Nje ndị ahụ na-emeri nchebe a site na [[:en:Polymorphism_(biology)|antigenic polymorphism]]; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Pollyanna S.|title=Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|date=17 October 2016|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617|pmid=27799922}}</ref> na ọkwa ọbụla nke usoro ndụ ya ahụ ọ na-egosipụta ụdị dị iche iche nke antigen elu, n'ụzọ dị irè ihe na-agagharị agagharị nke karịrị [[:en:Adaptive_immune_system|usoro ahụike na-emegharị]]. <ref name="Ezema-2023">{{Cite journal|author=Ezema|first=Chinonso Anthony|title=Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response|journal=Parasitology Research|date=August 2023|volume=122|issue=8|pages=1715–1731|doi=10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6|pmid=37219610}}</ref> Ozugbo ha banyere na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (RBC) merozoites nwere ebe nchekwa, nke e kpuchiri pụọ na mmetụta leucocytes ma chebe ya n'ime vacuole. RBCs na-arịa ọrịa ka e nwere ike ịchọpụta ma bibie ya, ma ọ bụghị site na [[:en:Spleen|spleen]] ọ bụrụ phagocytes.<ref name="Lee-2022">{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Wenn-Chyau|title=Evolving perspectives on rosetting in malaria|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=October 2022|volume=38|issue=10|pages=882–889|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.08.001|pmid=36031553}}</ref> Iji zeere nke a, merozoite ahụ na-emepụta protein na-arapara n'ahụ nke na-apụta dị ka bọtịnụ n'elu RBCs butere ọrịa.<ref name="Tilley-2011">{{Cite journal|author=Tilley|first=Leann|title=The Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cell|journal=The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology|date=June 2011|volume=43|issue=6|pages=839–842|doi=10.1016/j.biocel.2011.03.012|pmid=21458590}}</ref> Ndị a na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ abụọ. Ha na-ejikọta na RBCs na-enweghị nje na-emepụta ụyọkọ - nke a na-akpọ "rosettes" - nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-ebute ọrịa dị n'etiti na-echebe mkpụrụ ndụ na ya na-enweghị ọrịa gbara ya gburugburu; rosettes na-egbochi ọbara na-agafe na capillaries.<ref name="Lee-2022" /> RBCs na-arịa ọrịa n'ụzọ ọzọ nwere ike izere ịgafe ọkpụkpụ site na ịrapara (na-agbaso) na mgbidi nke akwara ọbara na anụ ahụ dịka ụbụrụ, akpa ume, na oghere intervillous (n'ime ime). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Franke-Fayard|first=Blandine|title=Sequestration and Tissue Accumulation of Human Malaria Parasites: Can We Learn Anything from Rodent Models of Malaria?|journal=PLOS Pathogens|date=30 September 2010|volume=6|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001032|pmid=20941396}}</ref> Ma ụdị ndị a na-edebe ma ndị a na'ime ha na-egbochi ọrụ nke akụkụ ahụ, na-eduga na nsogbu ndị dị ka ịba ụbụrụ na ịba metụtara ime ime.<ref name="Ezema-2023" /> === Mgbochi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ihi oke ọnwụ na ọrịa nke ịba kpatara - ọkachasị ụdị ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' - ọ etinyela [[:en:Selection_(biology)|nrụgide kachasị]] na [[:en:Human_genome|genome mmadụ]] n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịbeghị anya. Ọtụtụ ihe ndị metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-enye ikike ụfọdụ iguzogide ya gụnyere [[:en:Sickle_cell_trait|àgwà sickle cell]], àgwà [[:en:Thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], ụkọ glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, yana enweghị [[:en:Duffy_antigen|Duffy antigens]] na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Strong selection during the last millennium for African ancestry in the admixed population of Madagascar|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|issue=1|date=March 2018|pmid=29500350|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03342-5}}</ref> <ref name="Kwiatkowski-2005">{{Cite journal|title=How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=77|issue=2|pages=171–192|date=August 2005|pmid=16001361|doi=10.1086/432519}}</ref><ref name="Hedrick-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|date=October 2011|pmid=21427751|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16}}</ref> Mmetụta nke àgwà sickle cell na nguzogide ịba na-egosi ụfọdụ mgbanwe evolushọn nke merela n'ihi ịba zuru ebe niile. Àgwà Sickle cell na-akpata mgbanwe na molekụl haemoglobin d n'ọbara. Dị ka o kwesịrị, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nwere ọdịdị na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke nwere oghere abụọ nke na-enye ha ohere ịgafe obere Capillaries; Otú ọ dị, mgbe e kpughere mkpụrụ ndụ haemoglobin S<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwA2U">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> nke gbanwere, nye obere ikuku oxygen, ma ọ bụ ha akpụkọọ ọnụ n'ihi mmiri ịpụ ha n'ahụ, ha nwere ike ịrapara ọnụ na-emepụta eriri nke na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ gbagọọ dị n'ụdịị mma. N'ime eriri ndị a, mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'iwere ma ọ bụ wepụta ikuku oxygen, mkpụrụ ndụ enweghịkwa ohere nke ọma iji gbasaa n'enweghị ihe mgbochi. N'oge mmalite nke ịba, nje ahụ nwere ike ime ka mkpụrụ ndụ uhie na-arịa ọrịa na-akpụ akpụ, ya mere a na-ewepụ ha n'oge. Nke a na-ebelata ugboro ole nje ịba na-emecha ndụ ha na mkpụrụ ndụ. Ndị mmadụ bụ homozygous (nke nwere mkpụrụ abụọ nke haemoglobin beta allele) nwere sickle-cell anaemia, ebe ndị heterozygous. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmanya ndụ dị mkpirikpi maka ndị nwere ọnọdụ homozygous ga-eme ka àgwà ahụ ghara ịdị ndụ, a na-echekwa àgwà ahụ na mpaghara ndị nwere ịba n'ihi uru nke ụdị heterozygous nyere.<ref name="Hedrick-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|date=October 2011|pmid=21427751|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16}}</ref><ref name="Weatherall-2008">{{Cite journal|title=Genetic variation and susceptibility to infection: the red cell and malaria|journal=British Journal of Haematology|volume=141|issue=3|pages=276–286|date=May 2008|pmid=18410566|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07085.x}}</ref> == Nnyocha == [[Faịlụ:5901_lores.jpg|thumb|Ihe nkiri ọbara bụ [[:en:Gold_standard_(test)|ọkọlọtọ ọla edo]] maka nchọpụta ịba.]] [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.jpg|thumb|Ụdị mgbaaka na gametocytes nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' n'ọbara mmadụ]] N'ihi ọdịdị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ nke mgbaàmà ịba, a na-emekarị nnyocha ya dabere na mgbaàmà ndị o nyere yana akụkọ njem onye ahụ, wee kwado ya na nnyocha e mere n'ụlọ nnyocha iji chọpụta ọnụnọ nke nje ahụ n'ọbara (nnyocha parasitological). N'ebe ịba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) na-atụ aro ka ndị dọkịta chee na ịba dị n'ahụ onye ọ bụla na-akọ na ọ nwere ahụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ onye nwere okpomọkụ dị ugbu a karịa 37.5 °C n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ doro anya kpatara ya.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref> &nbsp;A ga-enyo na ọ bụ ịba na-eme ụmụaka nwere ihe ịrịba ama nke [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]]: [[:en:Palmar_pallor|ime aka na-acha mmiri mmiri]] ma ọ bụ nnyocha ụlọ nnyocha na-egosi ọkwa haemoglobin na-erughị gram asatọ kwa deciliter nke ọbara.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> N'ebe ndị ụwa na-enweghị ịba ma ọ bụ nwere ịba ebe ọ dị obere, a na-atụ aro ime nnyocha naanị maka ndị nwere ike ibute ịba (nwekarịrị ike ịbụ na ha mere njem gaa mpaghara ịba juputara na ya) na ahụ ọkụ a na-akọwaghị akọwa.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /><ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-ejikarị nocha microscopic nke Ihe nkiri ọbara ma ọ bụ Nnyocha nyocha ngwa ngwa nke antigen (RDT) na-egosi ịba. Microscopy - ya bụ, iji [[:en:Light_microscope|light microscope]] na-enyocha ọbara [[:en:Giemsa|Giemsa]] metọrọ - bụ [[:en:Gold_standard_(test)|ọkọlọtọ ọla edo]] maka nchọpụta ịba.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> Ndị oji Microscope eme nnyocha na-adị enyocha ma "ihe nkiri buru ibu" nke ọbara, nke na-enye ha ohere inyocha ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara n'oge dị mkpirikpi, yana "ihe nkiri dị mkpirisi" nke ọbara nke na-enye ha ohere ịhụ nke ọma nje ndị ahụ n'otu n'otu ma chọpụta kpọmkwem ụdị ''Plasmodium'' kpatara ya bụ ịba. <ref name="Ashley-2018" /> N'okpuru ọnọdụ ụlọ nnyocha dị iche iche, onye oji microscope eme nnyocha nwere ike ịchọpụta nje mgbe enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala nje otu narị kwa microliter nke ọbara, nke dị okirikiri ogo dị ala nke ịba na-enwe mgbaàmà.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref> Nnyocha microscope na-adị achọ ọtụtụ ihe iji mee ya, na-achọ ndị ọrụ a zụrụ azụ, ngwá ọrụ e mere maka ya yana ọdịdị na-adịgide adịgide nke [[:en:Microscope_slide|microscopy slides]] na ntụpọ microscopy.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Enwere ike iji nnyocha [[:en:Rapid_diagnostic_test|Rapid diagnostic tests]] (RDTs) iji kwado nchọpụta nke e ji microscope mee; <ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html "Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> a na-ejikwa ha n'ebe microscopy adịghị. RDTs na-eme ngwa ngwa ma dị mfe itinye n'ọrụ n'ebe ndị na-enweghị ụlọ nnyocha zuru oke.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">"5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)". [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria ''WHO Guidelines for Malaria'']. World Health Organization. 13 July 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230318051541/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria Archived] from the original on 18 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Nnyocha ahụ na-achọpụta protein parasite na sample ọbara mkpịsị aka.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Enwere RDTs dịgasị iche iche, na-elekwasị anya na protein nje ahụ gụnyere lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase, ma ọ bụ protein 2 juputara na histidine HRP2, nke bụ naanị ''P''maka ''. falciparum''). <ref name="WHO-2021a" /> A na-eji ule HRP2 eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'Africa, ebe ''P. falciparum'' na-achịkwa.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAshleyPyae_PhyoWoodrow2018">Ashley EA, Pyae Phyo A, Woodrow CJ (April 2018). "Malaria". ''[[The Lancet]]''. '''391''' (10130): <span class="nowrap">1608–</span>1621. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29631781 29631781].</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na HRP2 na-anọgide n'ọbara ruo izu ise mgbe a gwọrcharaọrịa, nyocha HRP2 mgbe ụfọdụ enweghị ike ịigosima onye nahụ o were ịba ugbu a ma ọ bụ na mbụ.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, ụfọdụ nje ''P. falciparum'' enweghị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ''HRP2'', na-eme ka nchọpụta dha ị mgbagwoju anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Poti|first=Kristin E.|title=HRP2: Transforming Malaria Diagnosis, but with Caveats|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=February 2020|volume=36|issue=2|pages=112–126|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.004|pmid=31848119}}</ref> Nnyocha HRP2 a apụghịkwa ịkọwa ole nje ahụ dị n'ime mmadụ, ma ọ bụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụ. <ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c" /> <ref name="Daily 2025">{{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=Johanna P.|date=3 April 2025|title=Malaria|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=392|issue=13|pages=1320–1333|doi=10.1056/NEJMra2405313|pmid=40174226}}</ref> Nnyocha [[:en:Polymerase_chain_reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) bụ usoro kachasị dị nro maka ịchọpụta ịba. Nnyocha ahụ na-eme ka DNA nke nje ahụ dị n'ọbara mụbaa; ọ nwere ike ịchọpụta ''Plasmodium'' ma mata ụdị ọ bụ, ọbụlagodi na ọkwa dị ala n'ọ ọbara.<ref name="Fisher-2022">{{Cite web|author=Fisher|first=John F.|date=2 August 2022|title=Testing for malaria: Rapid diagnostic tests and PCR|url=https://www.medmastery.com/guides/malaria-clinical-guide/testing-malaria-rapid-diagnostic-tests-rdts-and-polymerase-chain|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Medmastery GmbH}}</ref> Ọ chọrọ ngwá ọrụ ụlọ nnyocha pụrụ iche n'ihi ya, ya mere na ọ naghị adịkarị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe; a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na mba ndị mepere emepe iji nyochaa na ndị njem na-alọghachi.<ref name="Fisher-2022" /><ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html "Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Eprel 2026, WHO [[:en:Pre-qualification|kwadoro]] ụdịrị nnyocha ngwa ngwa atọ iji chọpụta ụdị P. falciparum ndị nwere pfhrp2 deletions, nke nwere ike izere nnyocha dabeere na HRP2 a na-ejikarị eme ihe ma kpata nchọpụta ụgha. Nnyocha ọhụrụ ndị ahụ na-elekwasị anya na protein nje pf-LDH a ma na-atụ aro iji ha arụ ọrụ ebe a na-adịghị amata ihe karịrị pasent ise nke ndị bu ọrịa ịba n'ihi nhichapụ pfhrp2.<ref name="prefir">{{Cite web|title=WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests|work=World Health Organization (WHO)|date=24 April 2026|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests|accessdate=28 April 2026|archivedate=27 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests}}</ref> == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:"British_India",_six_stages_of_malaria._Wellcome_L0022443.jpg|alt=Advertisement entitled "The Mosquito Danger". Includes 6 panel cartoon:#1 breadwinner has malaria, family starving; #2 wife selling ornaments; #3 doctor administers quinine; #4 patient recovers; #5 doctor indicating that quinine can be obtained from post office if needed again; #6 man who refused quinine, dead on stretcher.|thumb|Mgbasa ozi maka quinine dị ka ọgwụgwọ ịba site na 1927]] [[Faịlụ:Artemisia_annua.jpg|thumb|''Artemisia annua'', nke a makwaara dị ka osisi wormwood na-atọ ụtọ, ebe mbụ e si nweta artemisinin]] A na-agwọ ịba site n'iji [[:en:Antimalarial_medication|ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]]. Iji hụ na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke ma gbochie nje ahụ ịịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ, ntuziaka ọgwụgwọ kemgbe afọ 2001 na-achọkarị ọgwụ abụọ a ṅụkọtara ọnụ, otu n'ime ha bụ nke sitere na artemisinin na nke ọzọ bụ ọgwụ nkwado.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Multiple first-line therapies as part of the response to antimalarial drug resistance|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240103603|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en|archivedate=27 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127213804/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240103603}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 2025|title=Antimalarial drug resistance|url=https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drug-resistance|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en}}</ref> Njikọ ziri ezi nke ọgwụ ndị ahụ na-adabere na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' kpatara ya, ohere nke inwe nguzogide ọgwụ, eziokwu ndị dị mkpa site na akụkọ ahụike na ime njem nke onye na-arịa ọrịa, na ọṅụṅụ nke ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na mbụ nke onye ahụ na-arịa ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shahbodaghi|first=S. David|title=Malaria: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=American Family Physician|date=September 2022|volume=106|issue=3|pages=270–278|url=https://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=36126008|pmid=36126008}}</ref><ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2024|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ na usoro mba[a] na-adaberekarị na ntuziaka nke WHO nyere nke a na-emelite mgbe niile. <ref name="WHO-Guidelines-9.1-2025">{{Cite web|date=13 August 2025|title=MAGICapp - WHO guidelines for malaria v9.1|url=https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/LwRMXj|accessdate=23 January 2026|work=app.magicapp.org|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925214841/https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/LwRMXj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New and updated malaria guidance|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/guideline-development-process/new-and-updated-malaria-guidance|accessdate=25 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ọtụtụ ụdị ọgwụ dịka nke a ga-aṅụkọta ya ọgwụ mgbochi ịba n'oge ịnata ọgwụgwọ. Ọgwụ ndị dabeere na Artemisinin gụnyere artemether na Artesunate.<ref name="Arrow-2004a">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215631/|chapter=Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance}}</ref> Ihe ndị sitere na Quinoline gụnyere chloroquine, quinine, na mefloquine. Ndị si na Antifolate gụnyere pyrimethamine, proguanil, na sulfadoxin.<ref name="Arrow-2004a" /> Ọgwụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere lumefantrine, atovaquone, doxycycline na clindamycin.<ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}</ref><ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-ahazi ịba dị ka "oke ịba" ma ọ bụ "enweghị nke na-esighi ike". <ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNadjmBehrens2012">Nadjm B, Behrens RH (June 2012). "Malaria: an update for physicians". ''Infectious Disease Clinics of North America''. '''26''' (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>259. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010|10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632637 22632637].</cite></ref> <ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2024|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html "General Approach to Treatment"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbaàmà ndị na-egosi oke ịba gụnyere ndị a (ọ bụghị ndepụta zuru ezu): <ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024" /> * Mmadụ amaghị ebe ọ nọ, coma, ihe ọdụdọ * Oké ụkwara ume ọkụ * Nsogbu iku ume siri ike * Nkụchi akụrụ ma ọ bụ haemoglobin ịdị na mamịrị * Ọsụsọ * Ogo Acidosis ma ọ bụ lactate nke karịrị 5 mmol / L&nbsp; * Ọnọdụ dị elu nke nje ndị a na-ahụ anya na ọbara. === Ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya === Enwere ike ịgwọ ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya site na iji ọgwụ a na-aṅụ n'etiti ụbọchị atọ na ụbọchị asaa.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCDC2025">CDC (24 June 2025). [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html "Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> A ga-ahọrọ usoro ọgwụ ahụ dabere na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' a na-agwọ, ebe nakwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke onye ọrịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọgwụgwọ mbụ a na-ahụkarị maka ịba ''P. falciparum'' na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya bụ Artemether-lumefantrine a na-aṅụ n'ọnụ n'ime ụbọchị atọ.<ref name="Lalloo-2016">{{Cite journal|author=Lalloo|first=David G.|title=UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|date=June 2016|volume=72|issue=6|pages=635–649|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.001|pmid=26880088}}</ref><ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvansHill2025">Evans M, Hill K (May 2025). [https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf "Malaria Treatment Guidance"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''NHS Tayside''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2026, WHO [[:en:Pre-qualification|kwadoro]] usoro artemether-lumefantrine mbụ e mepụtara maka ụmụ a mụrụ ọhụrụ ndị dị n'agbata kilogram abụọ na ise.<ref name="prefir">{{Cite web|title=WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests|work=World Health Organization (WHO)|date=24 April 2026|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests|accessdate=28 April 2026|archivedate=27 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization_(WHO)2026">[https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests "WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests"]. ''World Health Organization (WHO)''. 24 April 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests Archived] from the original on 27 April 2026<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ a adịghị adaba mgbe niile, yabụ a na-atụ aro ngwakọta ọgwụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCDC2025">CDC (24 June 2025). [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html "Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ịmalite ozugbo o kwere mee mgbe a chọpụtachara ya, iji gbochie mgbaàmà siri ike ịmalite.<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|work=Malaria|date=20 May 2025|accessdate=25 January 2026|language=en-us|author=CDC}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ''P. vivax ma ọ bụ P. ovale kpatara ya'' (nke na-emepụta hypnozoites na-ehi ụra n'ime imeju) ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ịga n'ihu ruo ụbọchị asaa ruo iri na anọ.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025" /> === Ịba siri ike na nke dị mgbagwoju anya === Ọrịa ịba siri ike na-abụkarị nke ''P. falciparum'' na-akpata; ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke na-egbu egbu mgbe niile ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Walter|first=Kristin|title=Malaria|journal=JAMA|date=8 February 2022|volume=327|issue=6|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468|pmid=35133414}}</ref> Ọbụnagodi na ọgwụgwọ ya, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'ihi ya dị n'etiti pasent iri na atọ na pasent iri abụọ, nke ndị lanarịrịnụ na-enwekarị mmetụta ọọọ na-eso ya nke na-adị ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sheehy|first=Susanne Helena|title=Malaria: severe, life-threatening|journal=BMJ Clinical Evidence|date=7 March 2011|volume=2011|pmid=21375787}}</ref> Ọgwụgwọ a na-enyekarị maka ya bụ intravenous artesunate, na-enyezi ọgwụ a na-aṅụ n'ọnụ ozugbo onye ọrịa ahụ kwụsiri ike.<ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvansHill2025">Evans M, Hill K (May 2025). [https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf "Malaria Treatment Guidance"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''NHS Tayside''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Treatment of Severe Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html|work=Malaria|date=3 April 2024|accessdate=25 January 2026|language=en-us|author=CDC|archivedate=3 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503143920/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html}}</ref> Ndị ọrịa nwere ike ịka njọ ngwa ngwa nke mere na nlekota anya, ọkacha mma na [[:en:High-dependency_unit|ngalaba ebe nlekọta anya dị elu]], dị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lalloo|first=David G.|title=UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|date=June 2016|volume=72|issue=6|pages=635–649|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.001|pmid=26880088}}</ref> === Afọ Ime === [[:en:Pregnancy-associated_malaria|Ịba n'oge afọ ime]] nwere ike ịbụ ihe siri ike, ikekwe na-egbu egbu, maka nne na nwa; ụmụ nwanyị dị ime nwere ikike okpukpu atọ karịa inweta ịba siri ike.<ref name="CDC-Pregnant-2024">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=3 April 2024|title=Alternatives for Pregnant Women|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/pregnant-women.html|accessdate=26 January 2026|work=Malaria|language=en-us|archivedate=18 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260318025909/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/pregnant-women.html}}</ref> Ọgwụ ụfọdụ nwere ike imerụ nwa e bu n'afọ ahụ, ọkachasị n'oge [[Afọ ime|ọnwa atọ]] mbụ. A na-atụ aro usoro ọgwụgwọ pụrụ iche, nke dịgasị iche dabere na ọnwa atọ nke onye dị ime nọ n'ime ya nakwa na-eweta obere ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="CDC-Pregnant-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Antimalarial drugs for pregnant women|url=https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drugs-pregnant-women|accessdate=26 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=22 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922102803/https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drugs-pregnant-women}}</ref> === Ịguzogide Ọgwụ === [[:en:Drug_resistance|Ịguzogide ọgwụ]] na-eweta nsogbu na-arịwanye elu na ọgwụgwọ ịba; ọnụ ọgụgụ ''Plasmodium'' nwere ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ebe ọ dị elu yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ ngwa ngwa nke na-enyere ha aka ime mgbanwe ma zeere ihe ịma aka sitere na ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Sinha-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Challenges of drug-resistant malaria|journal=Parasite|volume=21|year=2014|pmid=25402734|doi=10.1051/parasite/2014059}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Igwe|first=Matthew Chibunna|title=Evolutionary biology of antimalarial drug resistance: Understanding of the evolutionary dynamics|journal=Medicine|date=14 March 2025|volume=104|issue=11|doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000041878|pmid=40101051}}</ref> Nje ndị ''P. falciparum'' malitere ịzụlite iguzogide ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọgwụ mgbochi ịba mbụ e mere, chloroquine, n'afọ ndị 1950; kemgbe ahụ, iguzogide chloroquin agbasaala na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nje a niile. <ref name="MMV-History">{{Cite web|title=History of antimalarial drugs|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria-medicines/history-antimalarials-drugs|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=16 June 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616062607/https://www.mmv.org/malaria-medicines/history-antimalarials-drugs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=8 April 2024|title=Drug Resistance in the Malaria-Endemic World|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/drug-resistance.html|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Malaria|language=en-us|archivedate=7 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907153441/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/drug-resistance.html}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ proguanil karịị dị ngwa ngwa; ewepụtara ọgwụ ahụ na 1948 wee malite ịhụta nguzogide ya n'afọ sochirinụ, na 1949. <ref name="MMV-History" /> N'afọ 2001, ịba nke na-eguzogidetụ artemisinin pụtara na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia; nguzogide ọgwụ ahụ emechaala gbasaa n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref name="MMV-History" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 April 2023|title=Current antimalarial drugs at risk due to resistance|url=https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/news/current-antimalarial-drugs-at-risk-due-to-resistance|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University|language=en|archivedate=20 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120025023/https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/news/current-antimalarial-drugs-at-risk-due-to-resistance}}</ref> Iji merie nguzogide ọgwụ, enwere ike inye ọgwụ na njikọ yana ọgwụ ọzọ, karịa otu e kwesiburu isi ṅụ ya, ma ọ bụ ṅụru ọgwụ ruo ogologo oge karịa; enwere mkpa ngwa ngwa maka iwebata ọgwụ ndị ọhụrụ maka ọgwụgwọ ya. <ref name="MMV-History" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Antony|first=HiasindhAshmi|date=2016|title=Antimalarial drug resistance: An overview|journal=Tropical Parasitology|volume=6|issue=1|pages=30–41|doi=10.4103/2229-5070.175081|pmid=26998432}}</ref> == Ihe omuma == Mgbe a gwọrọ ya nke ọma, ndị na-arịa ịba na-esighị ike nwere ike ịtụ anya mgbake zuru oke.<ref name="CDC-FAQ-2010a">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html#treatment|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): If I get malaria, will I have it for the rest of my life?|publisher=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=8 February 2010|accessdate=14 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html#treatment|archivedate=13 May 2012}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, oke ịba nwere ike ịga n'ihu ngwa ngwa ma kpata ọnwụ n'ime awa ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ole na ole.<ref name="Trampuz-2003">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical review: Severe malaria|journal=Critical Care|volume=7|issue=4|pages=315–323|date=August 2003|pmid=12930555|doi=10.1186/cc2183}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ kachasị njọ nke ọrịa ahụ, [[:en:Fatality_rate|ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ]] nwere ike iru pasent iri abụọ, ọbụlagodi na nlekọta siri ike na ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNadjmBehrens2012">Nadjm B, Behrens RH (June 2012). "Malaria: an update for physicians". ''Infectious Disease Clinics of North America''. '''26''' (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>259. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010|10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632637 22632637].</cite></ref> Ịba nwere ike imebi ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọkachasị ụbụrụ, akụrụ, imeju na ọkpụkpụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2025|title=Malaria: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000621.htm|accessdate=28 January 2026|work=medlineplus.gov|language=en|archivedate=17 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117064956/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000621.htm}}</ref> N'oge ịbụ nwata, ịba na-akpata anaemia n'oge uto ụbụrụ ngwa ngwa, yana mmebi ụbụrụ nke na-esite na ịba na-emetụta ụbụrụ.<ref name="Fernando-2010">{{Cite journal|title=The 'hidden' burden of malaria: cognitive impairment following infection|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=9|date=December 2010|pmid=21171998|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-366}}</ref> Ndị lanarịrị ọrịa ịba n'ụbụrụ nwere ohere dị ukwuu nke ụbụrụ na echiche, Nsogbu omume, na [[:en:Epilepsy|ihe ọdụdọ]].<ref name="Idro-2010">{{Cite journal|date=October 2010|title=Cerebral malaria: mechanisms of brain injury and strategies for improved neurocognitive outcome|journal=Pediatric Research|volume=68|issue=4|pages=267–274|doi=10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181eee738|pmid=20606600}}</ref> == Mgbochi == [[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anwụnta Anopheles stephensi'' n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ọbara n'ahụ mmadụ (obere ọbara na-atụsịsị dị ka ihe karịrị akarị). Anwụnta a bụ ihe na-ekesa ịba, njikwa anwụnta bụkwanụ ụzọ dị irè iji belata ọdịdị nke ịba]] Ụzọ e ji gbochi ịba gụnyere ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, ibibi anwụnta na igbochi ọtịta anwụnta.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria "Fact sheet about malaria"]. ''World Health Organization''. 4 December 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Archived] from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọgwụ Mgbochi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>O gosipụtara na o siri ike ịmepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ịba dị irè. Nje a emeela ọtụtụ atụmatụ iji zeere mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ mmadụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Pollyanna S.|date=2016|title=Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617|pmid=27799922}}</ref> E nwere ụdị ise nke ''plasmodium''; nke ọbụla n'ime ndị a nwere ọkwa ndụ atọ n'ime ahụ mmadụ - sporozoite, merozoite, na gametocyte. Nke ọbụla n'ogo atọ ndị a nwere antigen dị iche iche n'elu ya, nke pụtara na mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike megide otu n'ime oge ndụ ndị a mana ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ megide ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Good-2021">{{Cite journal|author=Good|first=Michael F.|title=Biological strategies and political hurdles in developing malaria vaccines|journal=Expert Review of Vaccines|date=February 2021|volume=20|issue=2|pages=93–95|doi=10.1080/14760584.2021.1889094|pmid=33595407}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nje ndị ahụ pụtara na antigen ndị ahụ n'onwe ha nwere ike ịdị iche ọbụna n'ime otu oge ndụ.<ref name="Good-2021" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Day|first=Karen P.|date=16 May 2017|title=Evidence of strain structure in Plasmodium falciparum var gene repertoires in children from Gabon, West Africa|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=20|pages=E4103–E4111|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613018114|pmid=28461509}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ikike ahụịke yiri ka ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ etolite- nke a na-enweta site na ọtụtụ ọrịa - bụ naanị akụkụ, ọ naghị adịte aka. <ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCrutcherHoffman1996">Crutcher JM, Hoffman SL (1996). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/ "Malaria"]. ''Medical Microbiology'' (4th&nbsp;ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-9631172-1-2|<bdi>978-0-9631172-1-2</bdi>]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21413352 21413352]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210423100221/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/ Archived] from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="CDC-Vaccines-2024">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2 April 2024|title=Malaria Vaccines|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/malaria-vaccines.html|accessdate=9 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=12 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112092027/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/malaria-vaccines.html}}</ref> Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap setịpụrụ ihe o bu n'obi imezu maka ọgwụ mgbochi ịba ọhụrụ iji nwee ike ichebe ma ọ dịkarịa ala pasent iri asaa na ise megide ịba.<ref name="CDC-Vaccines-2024" /> Nnyocha mbụ e mere maka ọgwụ mgbochi gbasara kpọmkwem maka ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nke e nwetara ihe nwere isi na ya mere na 1967 site na igbanye ụmụ oke ''Plasmodium'' sporozoites dị ndụ, nke e ji ọkụ radiation [[:en:Attenuator_(genetics)|mee ka ike gwụ ya]], nke nyere nchebe dị ukwuu nye ụmụ oke ndị ahụ mgbe a gbanyere ha sporozoites nkịtị ka nọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nussenzweig|first=R. S.|title=Protective Immunity produced by the Injection of X-irradiated Sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei|journal=Nature|date=October 1967|volume=216|issue=5111|pages=160–162|doi=10.1038/216160a0|pmid=6057225}}</ref><ref name="Vanderberg-2009">{{Cite journal|title=Reflections on early malaria vaccine studies, the first successful human malaria vaccination, and beyond|journal=Vaccine|volume=27|issue=1|pages=2–9|date=January 2009|pmid=18973784|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.028}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, WHO na ndị na-akwado ọgwụ mgbochi ịba setịpụrụ ihe ha bu n'obi imezu imepụta ọgwụ mgbochi e mere iji kwụsị mgbasa nke ịba na ebumnuche ogologo oge nke iwepụ ịba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Malaria Report 2013|url=https://www.who.int/entity/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2013/wmr2013_no_profiles.pdf?ua=1|accessdate=13 February 2014|publisher=World Health Organization|format=PDF}}</ref> Dịka ebe ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2026, enyela ikike ịgba [[ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] abụọ maka ọgwụgwọ ịba.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization "WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization"]. 2 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization Archived] from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụ mgbochi mbụ a kwadoro maka ''P. falciparum'' bụ RTS,S, nke e ji aha Mosquirix mara, <ref name="EMA Mosquirix">{{Cite web|date=October 2015|title=Mosquirix: Opinion on medicine for use outside EU|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/opinion-medicine-use-outside-EU/human/mosquirix|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123055901/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/mosquirix-h-w-2300|archivedate=23 November 2019|accessdate=22 November 2019|work=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> nke gazuru [[:en:Clinical_trial|nnwale ahụike]] na 2014. WHO nakweere ụzọ nlezianya iji nye ya [[:en:Pre-qualification|prequalification]], sikwa otu ahụ dịka akụkụ nke mmemme mmejuputa ọgwụ ịba (MVIP) kwadoo mmemme nnwale na mba atọ dị na mpaghara Sahara - Ghana, Kenya na Malawi - malite na 2019. Ihe omume ndị a lekwasịrị anya n'ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise, ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ịba siri ike na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Willyard|first=Cassandra|title=The slow roll-out of the world's first malaria vaccine|journal=Nature|date=22 December 2022|volume=612|issue=7941|pages=S48–S49|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-04343-7|pmid=36536213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|date=March 2020|title=Q&A on the malaria vaccine implementation programme (MVIP)|url=https://www.who.int/malaria/media/malaria-vaccine-implementation-qa/en/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513074401/https://www.who.int/malaria/media/malaria-vaccine-implementation-qa/en/|archivedate=13 May 2020|accessdate=6 May 2020|publisher=WHO}}</ref> Ruo 2023, nde ụmụaka atọ enwetala ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ, na-egosi mbelata nke oke ịba yana mbelata nke ọnwụ ụmụaka (site na ihe niile na-kpata ya) ruo ogo pasent iri na atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Life-saving malaria vaccines reach children in 17 endemic countries in 2024|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/life-saving-malaria-vaccines-reach-children-in-17-endemic-countries-in-2024|accessdate=10 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en|archivedate=28 December 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228035119/https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/life-saving-malaria-vaccines-reach-children-in-17-endemic-countries-in-2024}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria "Fact sheet about malaria"]. ''World Health Organization''. 4 December 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Archived] from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=David|date=7 November 2023|title=RTS,S vaccine pilot: 13% mortality reduction fuels hope for malaria control|url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/rtss-vaccine-pilot-13-mortality-reduction-fuels-hope-malaria-control|accessdate=10 January 2026|work=GAVI The Vaccine Alliance|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ mgbochi nke abụọ bụ R21 / Matrix-M, nke nwere ikike ọgwụgwọ ruru ogo pasent iri asaa na asaa nke gosipụtara na nnwale mbụ na ọkwa ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ dị elu karịa nke RTS,S.<ref name="Roxby-2021">{{Cite web|date=23 April 2021|title=Malaria vaccine hailed as potential breakthrough|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56858158|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424010402/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56858158|archivedate=24 April 2021|accessdate=24 April 2021|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> A chọpụtara na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ịba R-21/Matrix M na-ebelata ọrịa ịba site ruo n'ogo pasent iri asaa na ise n'ógbè ndị nwere mgbasa nke na-eme n'oge n'oge nakwa ruo n'ogo pasent iri isii na asatọ n'ógbè ndị mgbasa ya na-adị n'ime afọ niile n'ime ụmụaka nọ na mpaghara Sahara Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Datoo|first=Mehreen|date=10 February 2024|title=Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial|journal=The Lancet|volume=403|issue=10426|pages=533–544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02511-4|pmid=38310910}}</ref> WHO kwadoro ọgwụ mgbochi ịba R-21/Matrix M maka igbochi ịba n'ime ụmụaka na 2023.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization "WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization"]. 2 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization Archived] from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Nchịkwa anwụnta === [[Faịlụ:Mansprayingkeroseneoil.jpg|thumb|Nwoke na-awụsa mmanụ kerosene na mmiri na-anaghị ekwo ekwo, [[:en:Panama_Canal_Zone|Panama Canal Zon]], 1912]] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ebumnuche nke njikwa anwụnta bụ iji gbochie anwụnta ịta ụmụ mmadụ - ma ọ bụ site na iji ụdị ihe mgbochi ụfọdụ, ma ọ bụ ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta. Enwere ike ịhazi ha n'ozuzu dị ka nchedo onwe onye, njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'èzí ụlọ obibi na ụlọ dị iche iche, usoro njikwa nke ime ụlọ na ụlọ, na ndị a na-etinye n'ime akwa ụlọ.<ref name="EPA-Control-2016">{{Cite web|title=Success in Mosquito Control: An Integrated Approach|url=https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/success-mosquito-control-integrated-approach|work=www.epa.gov|date=5 July 2016|accessdate=1 February 2026|language=en|first=OCSPP|author=US EPA|archivedate=6 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206223356/https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/success-mosquito-control-integrated-approach}}</ref> ==== Nchebe onwe onye ==== A na-atụ aro ihe ndị na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ, dị ka [[:en:DEET|DEET]] ma ọ bụ picaridin, maka ndị njem. A na-atụkwa aro uwe mwụda nke na-ekpuchi akụkụ ahụ nke ukwuu. Enwere ike iji permethrin nụchaa uwe dị ka ihe nchebe ọzọ.<ref name="mosquitobiteavoidance">{{Cite web|title=Mosquito bite avoidance: advice for travellers|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mosquito-bite-avoidance-for-travellers/mosquito-bite-avoidance-advice-for-travellers--2|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=GOV.UK|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124113031/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mosquito-bite-avoidance-for-travellers/mosquito-bite-avoidance-advice-for-travellers--2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Avoid bug bites {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=wwwnc.cdc.gov|archivedate=13 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313104044/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites}}</ref> ==== Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi ==== Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ anwụnta na-amụ ụmụ [[:en:Standing_water|na mmiri na-anaghị ekwo ekwo]], mbelata isi ebe ha si apụta dị nnọọ mfe dị ka ịwufucha mmiri niile dọọrọ adọrọ dị gburugburu ụlọ, site na iwuchi maọbụ ikpocha ọwara mmiri, ebe ndị dị apịtị apịtị na akụkụ osisi ndị na-ere ere nke ọma. Ikpochapụ ebe ndị a na-amụ anwụnta nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ dị irè ma na-adịgide adịgide iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta n'ejighị ọgwụ ahụhụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=25 September 2014|title=Integrating the public in mosquito management: active education by community peers can lead to significant reduction in peridomestic container mosquito habitats|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108504|pmid=25255027}}</ref> Ọ ga-ekwe omume iji larvicides gbuo larvae anwụnta n'ime ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ndị a na-enweghị ike ikpocha.<ref name="Mississippi-2025">{{Cite web|date=13 February 2025|title=Mosquito Prevention: What the Homeowner Can Do|url=https://www.msdh.ms.gov/page/14,1097,93.html|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=Mississippi State Department of Health|language=en|archivedate=14 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214232607/https://www.msdh.ms.gov/page/14,1097,93.html}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|title=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2015|isbn=978-92-4-154912-7|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2015}}}} * {{Cite book|title=World Malaria Report 2022|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2022|isbn=978-92-4-006489-8|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2022}}}} == Ịgụrụ Gawa == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-malaria-day/2026 Akụkọ mkpọsa nke World Malaria Day 2026] * [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ WHO maka ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) * [https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/malaria/index.html Ebe nrụọrụ CDC na ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) * [https://www.paho.org/en/topics/malaria Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ PAHO na ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) {{Medical condition classification and resources|ICD11={{ICD11|1F40}}–{{ICD11|1F45}}|ICD10={{ICD10|B50}}–{{ICD10|B54}}|ICD9={{ICD9|084}}|DiseasesDB=7728|MedlinePlus=000621|OMIM=248310|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=1385|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|305}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1357}}|MeshName=Malaria|MeshNumber=C03.752.250.552|Orphanet=673|Scholia=Q12156}}{{Malaria}}{{Chromalveolate diseases}}{{Diseases of Poverty}}{{Effective altruism}}{{Eradication of infectious disease}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mhs7l7zsnfudkjv10ae3ultx4y3tcoa 697350 697349 2026-08-08T16:07:26Z Goodymeraj 16207 /* Nsogbu */ 697350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Malaria|pronounce={{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɛər|i|ə}}|synonym=Ague, paludism, marsh fever|image=Malaria Parasite Connecting to Human Red Blood Cell (34034143483).jpg|caption=[[Plasmodium|Malaria parasite]] connecting to a [[red blood cell]]|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Mild malaria: fever, chills, vomiting, headache, diarrhoea.<br/>Severe malaria: anaemia, jaundice, coma|complications=[[Epileptic seizure|Seizures]], [[coma]],<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[organ failure]], [[anaemia]], [[cerebral malaria]]<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |title=Malaria |date= |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702235123/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351184 |url-status=live}}</ref>|onset=Usually 10–15 days post exposure<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|duration=Lifelong if not treated|causes=''[[Plasmodium]]'' transmitted by ''[[Anopheles]]'' [[mosquito]]es<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|risks=Exposure to mosquitoes in [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas|diagnosis=Examination of the blood, [[malaria antigen detection tests|antigen detection tests]]<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|differential=|prevention=[[Mosquito net]]s, [[insect repellent]], [[mosquito control]], prophylactic medication<ref name="Caraballo-2014" />|treatment=|medication=[[Antimalarial medication]]<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" />|frequency=282 million (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|deaths=610,000 (2024)<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" />|alt=}} Ọrịa '''Ịba''' bụ ọrịa na-efe efe nke anwụnta na-ebute nke ọ bụ anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-ekesa ya ma ọ taa mmadụ.<ref name="WHO-Vector-2023">{{Cite web|title=Vector-borne diseases|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases|accessdate=24 April 2022|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|archivedate=4 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104001515/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Mgbaàmà dị iche nke ịba na mmadụ na-agụnye [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]], Ike ọgwụgwụ, ịgbọ agbọ, na isi ọwụwa.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: An Update|journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics|volume=84|issue=7|pages=521–528|date=July 2017|pmid=28357581|doi=10.1007/s12098-017-2332-2}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ siri ike, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịkpata jaundice, nkụchi obi maọbụ akụkụ ahụ ọbụla, coma, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ. <ref name="Caraballo-2014" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=10 May 2024|publisher=World Health Organization|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite mgbe ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na ise gasịrị mgbe anwụnta Anopheles tara mmadụ.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref name="CDC-FAQ-2023">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html|title=CDC - Malaria - FAQs|date=28 June 2023|accessdate=9 September 2017|archivedate=13 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a gwọghị ya nke ọma, ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịna-arịa ọrịa ahụ ugboro ugboro ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Ndị gbakere na ya bụ ọrịa na-enwekarị usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ nke siri ike, na-enwe ike ibute ịba ọzọ mana ha ga-enwe mgbaàmà dị nro.<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> [[:en:Immunity_(medical)|Nguzogide ọrịa]] a na-abụghị n'ozuzu na-apụ n'anya n'ime ọnwa ole na ole ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụrụ na onye ahụ enweghị ike ịrịa ịba na-aga n'ihu.<ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata ọrịa ịba bụ nje ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ nke ụdị ''Plasmodium,'' <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> nke ụzọ izugbe e si agbasa ya bụ ọrịa bụ mgbe anwụnta ''Anopheles bu ya bụ ọrịa tara mmadụ''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=JAMA|volume=327|issue=6|date=February 2022|pmid=35133414|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468}}</ref> Ọtịta anwụnta ahụ na-ewebata nje na-akpata ya bụ ọrịa site na asọmmiri anwụnta ahụ baa n'ime ọbara.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Nje ndị ahụ na-ebu ụzọ amụba ma tolite n'imeju mmadụ n'egosighị ihe mgbaàmà ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lifecycle of the malaria parasite|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=2 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102114122/https://www.mmv.org/malaria/about-malaria/lifecycle-malaria-parasite}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, nje ndị ahụ tozurula etozu ga-agbasa banye n'ime ọbara, ebe ha na-ebute ọrịa ma na-ebibi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie, na-akpata mgbaàmà na-egosi mbute ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaria factsheet|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Public Health England|language=en|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901042339/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/malaria-prevention-transmission-symptoms/malaria-transmission-incubation-period-symptoms}}</ref> Ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ise na-ebunyekarị ụmụ mmadụ ọrịa.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> Ụdị atọ ndị na-akpata ọrịa a n'ụdị siri ike karị bụ ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwmg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' (nke na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ site n'ọrịa ịba), ''P. vivax<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwnQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''P. knowlesi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwoA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' (ịba [[:en:Simian|simian]] nke na-emetụta ọtụtụ puku mmadụ n'afọ). <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|title=Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf|accessdate=19 February 2024|archivedate=22 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222024003/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/global-technical-strategy-for-malaria-2016-2030.pdf}}</ref> ''P. oval<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''[[:en:Plasmodium_malariae|P.&#x20;malariae]]'' na-akpatakarị ụdị ịba dị nro. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /><ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> A na-achọpụta ịba site na Nnyocha microscopic nke ọbara site na iji Ihe nkiri ọbara, ma ọ bụ site na nnyocha [[:en:Malaria_antigen_detection_tests|antigen-based]] [[:en:Rapid_diagnostic_test|rapid diagnostic tests]].<ref name="Caraballo-2014" /> E mepụtala usoro ndị na-eji [[:en:Polymerase_chain_reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] iji chọpụta [[Dna|DNA]] nke nje ahụ, mana anaghị ejikarị ha eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe ebe ịba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, n'ihi ọnụahịa ha na mgbagwoju anya ha.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> Enwere ike ibelata ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ahụ site na igbochi ọtịta anwụnta site na iji ụgbụ anwụnta na Ihe na-achụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ site n'iji [[:en:Mosquito_control|usoro nchịkwa anwụnta]] dị ka ịgbasa [[Ọgwụ ahụhụ]] na ịwufu mmiri dọ adọ. <ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi dị iji [[:en:Malaria_prophylaxis|gbochie ịba]] n'ebe ndị a na-ahụkarị ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Dịka ebe afọ 2023, Òtù Ahụike Ụwa (WHO) kwadoro [[ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] abụọ.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}</ref> Nguzogide nke nje ahụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ amụbaala ruo na ọtụtụ ọgwụ [[:en:Antimalarial_medication|mgbochi ịba]] ; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' na-eguzogide ọgwụ chloroquine agbasaala ruo n'ọtụtụ ebe ịba na-adịkarị, ọzọkwa nguzogide ọgwụ artemisinin aghọwo nsogbu n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025" /> N'ihi nke a, ọgwụgwọ site n'inye ọgwụ maka ọrịa ịba kwesịrị ịhazi ya ka ọ daba kpọmkwem na Ụdị <nowiki><i id="mw5g">Plasmodium</i></nowiki> a na-achụ yana ebe e butere ya bụ ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=8 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Treatment|language=en-us}}</ref> Ọrịa a juru ebe niile n'ógbè tropik yana subtropik ndị dị n'ime nnukwu mpaghara gbara akara equator gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Malaria|title=Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health|date=2021|pages=227–248|isbn=978-0-19-881680-5|doi=10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0073|edition=7th}}</ref><ref name="Caraballo-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1–23; quiz 23–24|date=May 2014|pmid=25207355|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Nke a gụnyere ọtụtụ mpaghara sub-Saharan Africa, [[Asia]], na Latin America.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ihe dị ka nde ndị mmadụ narị abụọ na iri asatọ na abụọ '''('''282 million) ndị butere ọrịa ịba n'ụwa niile, kpatara ọnwụ a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ruru narị puku iri isii na iri (610,000).<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=World malaria report 2025|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=5 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105141123/https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2025}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu na ise nke ndị butere ọrịa ahụ na ndị nwụrụ na ya mere n'Afrịka dị n'okpuru Sahara.<ref name="WHO-Report-2025a" /><ref name="WHO-Briefing-2024">{{Cite web|title=Current state: The malaria situation worldwide|url=https://worldmalariareport2024.org/|accessdate=6 January 2026|work=WHO: World Malaria Report Global Briefing Kit 2024|language=en}}</ref> A na-ejikọkarị ịba na ịda ogbenye, ọ na-enwekwa nnukwu mmetụta ọjọọ n'uto akụ na ụba;<ref name="Worrall-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature|journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health|volume=10|issue=10|pages=1047–1059|date=October 2005|pmid=16185240|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x}}</ref> N'[[Afrịka|Africa]], a na-eme atụmatụ na ọrịa a na-akpata nnukwu mfu nke akụ na ụba (nke e mere atụmatụ ya n'afọ 2005 na ọ ruru ijeri dollar US iri na abụọ kwa afọ) n'ihi ịrị elu nke ụgwọ nlekọta ahụike, mbelata ike ndị mmadụ nwere ịrụ ọrụ, na mmetụta ọjọọ ọ na-enwe n'ọrụ njem nleta.<ref name="Greenwood-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=The Lancet|volume=365|issue=9469|pages=1487–1498|year=2005|pmid=15850634|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Malaria.webm|thumbtime=0:02|thumb|Nchịkọta akụkọ vidiyo (script)]] == Mmalite Okwu == Okwu a bụ ''malaria'' (ịba) sitere n'asụsụ Italian nke oge etiti (Medieval Italian) : mala aria, 'ikuku ọjọọ', ma bụrụ akụkụ nke echiche miasma; nke kwuru na ọrịa a na-esite n'ikuku rụrụ arụ. N'oge gara aga, a na-akpọ ọrịa a ague, paludism, ma ọ bụ marsh fever, n'ihi njikọ e nwere n'etiti ya na apiti na ala mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=From Shakespeare to Defoe: malaria in England in the Little Ice Age|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1–11|date=1999|pmid=10653562|doi=10.3201/eid0601.000101}}</ref> Okwu malaria pụtara n'asụsụ Bekee ma ọ dịkarịa ala kemgbe afọ 1768<ref>{{Cite book|date=1768|title=A view of the customs, manners, drama, &c. of Italy, as they are described in the Frusta letteraria; and in the Account of Italy in English, written by Mr. Baretti; compared with the Letters from Italy, written by Mr. Sharp|location=London|publisher=W. Nicoll}}</ref> A na-akpọ ngalaba sayensị na-amụ maka ọrịa ịba malariology<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of MALARIOLOGY|work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malariology|language=en|accessdate=19 November 2024|archivedate=2 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802160413/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malariology}}</ref> == Otu O si Egosi yana mgbaàmà Ya == [[Faịlụ:Symptoms_of_Malaria.png|thumb|Mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ọrịa ịba <ref name="Fairhurst-2015">{{Cite book|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00276-9|chapter=Malaria (''Plasmodium'' Species)|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases|date=2015|pages=3070–3090.e9|isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3}}</ref>]] Mgbaàmà n'oge mmalite nke ọrịa ịba bụ ahụ ọkụ, oyi, isi ọwụwa, agbọ onunu, ịgbọ agbọ na afọ ọsịsa; ụdị ya ndị siri ike karị nwere ike igosi ọzịza nke [[:en:Splenomegaly|ọkpụkpụ]] ma ọ bụ imeju, na obere [[:en:Jaundice|jaundice]].<ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2024|title=Symptoms of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/symptoms/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị a nwere ike iyi ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dịka [[:en:Sepsis|sepsis]], [[:en:Gastroenteritis|gastroenteritis]], influenza na Ọrịa nje ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref><ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ma onye na-arịa ya enwetaghị ọgwụgwọ, mgbaàmà ndị a - ọkachasị ahụ ọkụ - nwere ike ịghọ usoro na-eme mgbe niile, na-eme ugboro ugboro kwa ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ ([[:en:Paroxysmal_attack|mkpagbu paroxysmal]]). <ref name="Crutcher-1996" /><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite ụbọchị iri ruo ụbọchị iri na ise mgbe anwụnta tara nke mbụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịnọ ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa mgbe mmadụ butesịrị ọrịa ahụ tupu ọ pụta. Ndị njem na-aṅụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nwere ike inwe mgbaàmà ya ozugbo ha kwụsịrị ịṅụ ọgwụ ahụ.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref> Oké ịba na-eme mgbe ọrịa Plasmodium ahụ mebiri akụkụ ahụ ndị dị mkpa dị ka akụrụ, imeju, akpa ume ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ. Mgbaàmà gụnyere oke [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]], jaundice, [[:en:Convulsion|ihe ọdụdọ]], mgbagwoju anya, [[:en:Coma|coma]], [[:en:Kidney_failure|nkụchi akụrụ]] na n'ikpeazụ ọnwụ.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba siri ike na-abụkarị nke ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAXs">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na-akpata; a ga-emeso ya dị ka ọnọdụ mberede ahụike. <ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Severe malaria|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria/symptoms-and-treatments/severe-malaria|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=7 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407170534/https://www.mmv.org/malaria/symptoms-and-treatments/severe-malaria}}</ref> === Nsogbu === Akparamagwa pụrụ iche nke ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' bụ ikike ya ịmepụta protein na-arapara n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (RBC) nke ọrịa ahụ dị na ya. RBCs ọrịa a dị na ya na-egbochi capillaries (na-akpata hypoxia) ma na-agbakọta n'akụkụ ndị dị mkpa, na-eguzogide ọrụ ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Autino|first=Beatrice|title=Pathogenesis of Malaria in Tissues and Blood|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|date=4 October 2012|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012061|doi=10.4084/mjhid.2012.061|pmid=23170190}}</ref> Ọrịa ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' na-akpata nsogbu kachasị njọ nke ịba. <ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ bụ ụdị ọrịa ịba siri ike na-emetụta ụbụrụ. RBCs ọrịa dị na ha na-egbochi capillaries ndị dị na ụbụrụ na-akpata mmeghachi omume ahụike, nke na-emebi Ihe mgbochi ọbara ịba n'ụbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schiess|first=Nicoline|title=Pathophysiology and neurologic sequelae of cerebral malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|date=December 2020|volume=19|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12936-020-03336-z|pmid=32703204}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ na-egosipụta mgbaàmà [[:en:Neurological_disorder|na-egosi nsogbu n'ụbụrụ]], dị ka mgbagwoju anya, nkụchi obi maọbụ akụkụ ahụ ọbụla, ma ọ bụ [[:en:Coma|coma]].<ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ọrịa ịba ụbụrụ, ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya, nwere ike ibute ọnwụ n'ime awa iri anọ na asatọ nke mgbaàmà mbụ gosiri; ndị lagbụrụ ya nwere ike inwe mmerụ ahụ metụtara ụbụrụ na-adịte aka.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012" /><ref name="ECDC-Information-2024">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2024|title=Disease information about malaria|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts|accessdate=29 December 2025|work=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)|language=en|archivedate=6 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706064110/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/malaria/facts}}</ref> Ihe na-akpata [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]] siri ike bụ mgwakọta nke mbibi nke RBCs (ma ndị bu ọrịa ma ndị na-ebughị) yana ịdị ala nke mmepụta RBC n'ụmị ọkpụkpụ; ọ bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ n'ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise<ref>{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Nicholas J.|title=What causes malaria anemia?|journal=Blood|date=14 April 2022|volume=139|issue=15|pages=2268–2269|doi=10.1182/blood.2021015055|pmid=35420692}}</ref> Ịba nwere ike ibute nsogbu iku ume siri ike na ihe ruru pasent iri abụọ na ise nke ndị nwere ya. Ọ na-esite na mmebi nke capillary endothelium, na-emebi alveoli nke akpa ume.<ref name="Greenwood-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria|journal=The Lancet|volume=365|issue=9469|pages=1487–1498|year=2005|pmid=15850634|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref><ref name="Taylor-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Walter R.J.|title=Respiratory Manifestations of Malaria|journal=Chest|date=August 2012|volume=142|issue=2|pages=492–505|doi=10.1378/chest.11-2655|pmid=22871759}}</ref> Mgbaàmà bụ oke ịdị mkpụmkpụ nke iku ume na ụcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'egbugbere ọnụ (cyanosis) na-egosi enweghị ikuku oxygen.<ref name="Taylor-2012" /> Ọ bụ onye na-egbu ndị okenye, na-enwe ihe dị ka pasent iri ano nke ọnwụ ndị na-arịa ya ozugbo mgbaàmà ya malitere.<ref name="Taylor-2012" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prenen|first=Fran|title=Resolution of experimental malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome is Alox12 independent and shows residual inflammation|journal=Malaria Journal|date=4 July 2025|volume=24|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12936-025-05462-y|pmid=40615878}}</ref> [[:en:Coinfection|Ịrịakọta]] HIV na ịba na-eme ka ọnwụ dịkwuo elu.<ref name="Korenromp-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria attributable to the HIV-1 epidemic, sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=11|issue=9|pages=1410–1419|date=September 2005|pmid=16229771|doi=10.3201/eid1109.050337}}</ref> Nsogbu ndị ọzọ gụnyere [[:en:Splenomegaly|ọkpụkpụ zara aza]], Imeju zara aza ma ọ bụ ha abụọ.<ref name="Bartoloni-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e2012026|year=2012|pmid=22708041|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.026}}</ref> Ihe a na-akpọ [[:en:Blackwater_fever|blackwater fever]] na-eme mgbe haemoglobin sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie [[:en:Lysis|gbawara agbawa]] ma debanye na mamịrị wee gbanwee ụcha ya, nke ihe na-esokarị ya bụ nkụchi akụrụ. <ref name="Bartoloni-2012" /> [[:en:Pregnancy-associated_malaria|Ọrịa ịba n'oge afọ ime]] nwere ike ịkpata [[Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ|ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ]], [[:en:Infant_mortality|ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ]], ime ọpụpụ, na [[:en:Low_birth_weight|lịdị arọ dị ala nke nwa a mụrụ ọhụrụ]], <ref name="Hartman-2010">{{Cite journal|title=The impact of maternal malaria on newborns|journal=Annals of Tropical Paediatrics|volume=30|issue=4|pages=271–282|year=2010|pmid=21118620|doi=10.1179/146532810X12858955921032}}</ref> ọkachasị na ọrịa ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'', ọ na-emekwa n'ọrịa ''P. vivax&nbsp;''. <ref name="Rijken-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria in pregnancy in the Asia-Pacific region|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=1|pages=75–88|date=January 2012|pmid=22192132|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70315-2}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Faịlụ:Life_Cycle_of_the_Malaria_Parasite.jpg|thumb|Usoro ndụ nke nje ịba: A na-ewebata Sporozoites site na ọtịta nke anwụnta. Mgbe ha ruru imeju, ha na-amụba ghọọ ọtụtụ puku merozoites. Merozoites ndị ahụ na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie uhie ma mejupụta, na-emetụtakwu mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara uhie uhie ndị ọzọ na-aga. Ụfọdụ nje na-emepụta gametocytes, nke anwụnta na-eburu, na-aga n'ihu na usndụ ya.]] nwỌrịa ịba na-abịa mgbe e nwere mmetụta na [[:en:Parasite|nje]] na ụdị ''Plasmodium'', nke anwụnta nke ụdị ''Anopheles na-ebufe n'etiti ndị mmadụ na-arịa ya.''<ref name="CDC-About-2022">{{Cite web|publisher=CDC-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=22 March 2022|title=Malaria - About Malaria - Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html|accessdate=28 April 2022|language=en-US|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524132501/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html}}</ref> Plasmodium parasite nwere usoro ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-emetụta mmadụ na anwụnta ụ ndị nje ahụ na-anịọanọ n'ime ahụ ha eto n'ogo dị iche iche, na-ewere ụdị dị iche na ogo ọbụla nke usoro ndụ ahụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> * ''Anwụnta Anopheles'' anwụnta na-ebute ọrịa ''Plasmodium'' site ịmịrị ọbara site n'ahụ onye buteburu ọrịa ahụ n'oge gara aga. Oge ọzọ anwụnta ahụ ga-eri nri, arụ ọ ga-ata ga-ewebata ''Plasmodium'' - n'ụdị na-agagharị agagharị a na-akpọ sporozoites - n'ime mmadụ ọhụrụ na-arịabeghị ya bụ ọrịa mbụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> * N'ime mmadụ ọhụrụ a, sporozoites ndị ahụ na-abanye n'ọbara ma gaa n'ime imeju, ebe ha na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ imeju (hepatocytes). <ref name="Cowman-2016">{{Cite journal|date=October 2016|title=Malaria: Biology and Disease|journal=Cell|volume=167|issue=3|pages=610–624|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.055|pmid=27768886}}</ref> * Ha na-eto ma na-ekewa n'ime imeju, ebe hepatocyte nke ọbụla bu ọrịa na-emesị nwee ihe ruru nje na-akpata ọrịa puku iri anọ..<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Mgbe ụbọchị ise ruo ụbọchị iri abụọ na ise gasịrị, hepatocytes ndị a bu ọrịa na-ekewa, na-ewepụta ''Plasmodium'' - n'ụdị dị obere a na-akpọ Merozoites, baa n'ime ọbara.<ref name="Arrow-2004" /> * N'ime ọbara, merozoites ndị ahụ na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie n'otu n'otu, nke ọ bụla na-emepụtaghachi n'ihe karịrị awa 24-72 iji mepụta merozoites 16-32 ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ndị ahụ butere ọrịa na-agbawa, na-ewepụta merozoites ọhụrụ nke na-ebunyekwa mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọrịa ọzọ, na-akpata okirikiri nke na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje na-amụba n'ime onye butere ọrịa.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> * Obere akụkụ nke nje ahụ anaghị emepụtaghachi, kama ọ na-etolite ghọọ nje ndị a na-akpọ gametocytes nwoke na nwanyị. Gametocytes ndị a na-etolite n'ime ụmị ọkpụkpụ ruo ụbọchị iri na otu, wee laghachi na nrugharị ọbara iji chere ka anwụnta ọzọ mịrị ya mgbe ọ ga-ata.<ref name="Cowman-2016" /> * Ozugbo ọ nọ n'ime anwụnta, gametocytes na-enwe mmekọahụ, ma mesịa mepụta ụmụ sporozoites ndị ga-akwaga na [[:en:Salivary_gland|ebe mmepụta asọmmiri]] nke anwụnta ahụ ka o nwee ike gbanye ya dịka ọgwụ n'ime onye ọhụrụ mgbe anwụnta ahụ ga-ata onye ọzọ. <ref name="Arrow-2004" /> <ref name="Cowman-2016" /> Ọrịa imeju anaghị akpata mgbaàmà ọbụla; mgbaàmà niile nke ịba na-esite na ọrịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> Mgbaàmà na-amalite ozugbo e nwere ihe karịrị parasites dị narị puku kwa millilitre nke ọbara.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Ọtụtụ n'ime mgbaàmà ndị metụtara oke ịba na-esite na ọchịchọ nke ''P. falciparum'' ịrapara na mgbidi [[:en:Blood_vessel|ebe ndị ọbara si aga]], na-akpata mmebi na arịa ndị metụtara na anụ ahụ ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Nje ndị na-abanye n'ebe ndị ọbara si aga nke akpa ume na-eweta nsogbu iku ume. N'ime ụbụrụ, ha na-eweta [[:en:Coma|coma]]. N'oge ịdị ime, ha na-agbakọta na [[:en:Intervillous_space|di n'etiti otu villium na ibe ya]] ma na-egbochi ọrụ nke placenta, na-enye aka na ịdị arọ dị ala nke nwa ọhụrụ na ịmụ nwa n'oge erughị eru, ma na-abawanye ihe ize ndụ nke ime ọpụpụ na ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie n'oge ọrịa na-akpatakarị ọrịa anaemia, nke a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo njọ site na mbelata mmepụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie ọhụrụ n'oge ibute ọrịa.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /> Naanị anwụnta nwanyị na-eri ọbara; anwụnta nwoke na-eri ihe na-atọ ụtọ nke osisi ma ha anaghị ebufe ọrịa ahụ. Ụmụ nwanyị nke ụdị anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na-ahọrọ iri nri n'abalị. Ha na-amalite ịchọ nri n'oge mgbede, ma gaa n'ihu n'abalị ruo mgbe ha nwetara ihe ha ga-eri.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ha nwere ike ime mgbanwe n'ihi na e bidola iji ụgbụ àkwà arahụ ụra nke ukwuu ma malite ịta n'oge, tupu a gbasaa ụgbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaria Mosquitoes Are Biting before Bed-Net Time|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/malaria-mosquitoes-are-biting-before-bed-net-time/|accessdate=29 May 2023|work=Scientific American|archivedate=29 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529022719/https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/malaria-mosquitoes-are-biting-before-bed-net-time/}}</ref> A pụkwara ibute nje ịba site na Mgbanye ọbara, ọ bụ ezie na nke a abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="Owusu-Ofori-2010">{{Cite journal|title=Transfusion-transmitted malaria in countries where malaria is endemic: a review of the literature from sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=51|issue=10|pages=1192–1198|date=November 2010|pmid=20929356|doi=10.1086/656806}}</ref> === Ụdị ''Plasmodium Dị Iche Iche'' === N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ọ bụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' isii na-akpata ịba: ''P. falciparum<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAmc">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', P. malariae, ''P. ovale curtisi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAm0">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', ''P. ovale wallikeri<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', ''P. vivax<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnM">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' na ''P. knowlesi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAnY">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>''.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> N'etiti ndị butere ọrịa, ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' bụ ụdị a na-ahụkarị (~75%) nke ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' (~20%) na-esochi. <ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' jupụtara n'Africa ma na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ, ebe ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' na-achịkwa n'èzí Africa. <ref name="Sarkar-2009">{{Cite journal|title=Critical care aspects of malaria|journal=Journal of Intensive Care Medicine|volume=25|issue=2|pages=93–103|year=2009|pmid=20018606|doi=10.1177/0885066609356052}}</ref><ref name="Arnott-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Understanding the population genetics of ''Plasmodium vivax'' is essential for malaria control and elimination|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=11|date=January 2012|pmid=22233585|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-14}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}</ref> E dekọọla ụfọdụ ọrịa ụmụ mmadụ na ọtụtụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' sitere na enwe ndị dị elu, mana ewezuga ''P. knowlesi&nbsp;'' - ụdị zoonotic nke na-akpata ịba na [[:en:Macaques|macaques]] - ndị anaghị abụkarị ihe dị mkpa maka ahụike ọha na eze. <ref name="Collins-2012">{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': a malaria parasite of monkeys and humans|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=57|pages=107–121|year=2012|id={{Zenodo|1234957}}|pmid=22149265|doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-121510-133540}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref name="Collins-2009">{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi'': finally being recognized|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=199|issue=8|pages=1107–1108|date=April 2009|pmid=19284287|doi=10.1086/597415}}</ref> Ụdị abụọ - ''P.'' ''vivax'' na ''P. oval'' - na-emepụta ọkwa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ a na-akpọ hypnozoitis nke nwere ike ịnọgide na imeju, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ wepụrụ ọrịa ahụ n'ọbara. Ndị a nwere ike ịmaliteghachi mgbe izu ma ọ bụ ọnwa ole na ole gasịrị ma mee ka ọrịa ahụ laghachi azụ.<ref name="Arrow-2004">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215619/|chapter=The Parasite, the Mosquito, and the Disease|accessdate=19 January 2026}}</ref> === Ịba na-apụta ugboro ugboro === Mgbaàmà nke ịba nwere ike ịlaghachi mgbe oge dịgasị iche iche na-enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla gosiri gasịrị. Dabere na ihe kpatara ya, enwere ike ịhazi mmeghachi omume dị ka [[:en:Recrudescence|recrudescence]], [[:en:Relapse|relapse]], ma ọ bụ reinfection. Recrudescence bụ mgbe mgbaàmà na-alaghachi mgbe oge a na-enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla gasịrị n'ihi enweghị ike iwepụ nje ndị dị n'ọbara site na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke.{{sfn|WHO|2015|p=4}}.Relapse bụ mgbe mgbaàmà na-apụta ọzọ mgbe ewepụchara nje ndị ahụ n'ọbara mana ha nọgidere dị ka hypnozoites na-ehi ụra <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: origin of the term 'hypnozoite'|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=781–786|date=2011|pmid=20665090|doi=10.1007/s10739-010-9239-3}}</ref> na mkpụrụ ndụ imeju. Reinfection pụtara na e wepụrụ nje n'ahụ dum mana ọrịa ọhụrụ amalitela. Nlaghachi nke ọrịa n'ime izu abụọ nke ọgwụgwọ na-abụkarị n'ihi ọdịda ọgwụgwọ..{{sfn|WHO|2015|p=41}} == Usoro ọrịa si arụ ọrụ n'ahụ == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Red_blood_cells_infected_with_malaria.jpg|thumb|Electron micrograph na-egosi mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke ''Plasmodium falciparum juru na ya'' (n'etiti), na-egosi "knobs" protein adherence]] Ọrịa ịba na-etolite site na usoro abụọ: otu nke na-emetụta imeju (oge exoerythrocytic), na otu nke na na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, ma ọ bụ erythrocytes (oge erythrocyte). Mgbe anwụnta butere ọrịa ahụ na-adụpu akpụkpọ ahụ mmadụ iji rie nri ọbara, sporozoites ndị dị n'ime asọmmiri anwụnta ahụ na-abanye n'ọbara ma kwaga n'ime imeju ebe ha na-emetụta hepatocytes, na-amụba n'enweghị mmekọahụ na n'enweghị mgbaàmà ọbụla ruo ụbọchị 8-30.<ref name="Bledsoe-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}</ref> N'oge a, ihe ndị a [[:en:Cellular_differentiation|na-ekewasị]] iji mepụta ọtụtụ puku merozoites, nke, mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ ha gbawara, ga-enuba n'ime ọbara ma metụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie iji malite usoro erythrocytic nke ndụ ha.<ref name="Bledsoe-2005" /> Akụkụ mbụ nke ọrịa ahụ anaghị enwe mgbaàmà ọbụla; mgbaàmà ahụike niile nke ịba nwere njikọ na akụkụ merozoite nke usoro ndụ ya.<ref name="CDC-Features-2024">{{Cite web|date=20 March 2024|title=Clinical Features of Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=19 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021035/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-features/index.html/}}</ref> N'ime nke a, nje ndị ahụ na-amụba n'ụzọ na-enweghị mmekọahụ n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, na-apụta site n'oge ruo n'oge iji bunye ndị ọhụrụ ọrịa. N'ime erythrocyte ọ bụla butere ọrịa, nje ahụ na-amụba, na-eri cytoplasm ka ọ na-amụba. Mgbe ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ gasịrị, erythrocyte ahụ ga-agbawa, na-ewepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ (dị n'etiti iri na isii na iri atọ na abụọ) nke merozoites ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bucşan|first=Allison N.|title=Setting the stage: The initial immune response to blood-stage parasites|journal=Virulence|date=31 December 2020|volume=11|issue=1|pages=88–103|doi=10.1080/21505594.2019.1708053|pmid=31900030}}</ref> Ntọhapụ a nke merozoites n'ime ọbara, tinyere nsi ha niile yana iberibe erythrocyte, na-akpata ahụ ọkụ na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ nke nwere ike ịbụ nke na-eme nwa oge na nke na-emesi ike. <ref name="CDC-Features-2024" /> [1]<ref name="Bledsoe-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States|journal=Southern Medical Journal|volume=98|issue=12|pages=1197–204; quiz 1205, 1230|date=December 2005|pmid=16440920|doi=10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb}}</ref> N'ime ụdị ụfọdụ nke ''Plasmodium'', ụfọdụ sporozoites anaghị etolite ozugbo ghọọ merozoites na-arụ ọrụ n'oge exoerythrocytic, kama, ha na-emepụta hypnozoites nke na-anọgide na-ehi ụra ruo oge dị iche iche na-esite n'agbata ọtụtụ ọnwa (ọnwa asaa ruo ọnwa iri bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị) ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="White-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Determinants of relapse periodicity in ''Plasmodium vivax'' malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=10|date=October 2011|pmid=21989376|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-297}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụra gasịrị, ha na-emegharị ma mepụta merozoites. Hypnozoites na-akpata ogologo oge na nlọghachi azụ na ọrịa ''P. vivax&nbsp;'' na ''P. oval&nbsp;''. <ref name="White-2011" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Okafor|first=Chika N.|title=StatPearls|date=2026|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519021/|chapter=Plasmodium ovale Malaria}}</ref> === Mgbochi nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ === Mgbochi nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ bụ isi njirimara Plasmodium, nke na-eme ka ọ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma na nnọgidesi ike dị ka nje.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rénia|first=Laurent|title=Malaria Parasites: The Great Escape|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|date=7 November 2016|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2016.00463|pmid=27872623}}</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ''Plasmodium'' genome raara onwe ya nye usoro nke na-ezere ma ọ bụ na-emebi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crabb|first=Brendan S|title=Plasmodium falciparum virulence determinants unveiled|journal=Genome Biology|date=2002|volume=3|issue=11|pages=reviews1031.1|doi=10.1186/gb-2002-3-11-reviews1031|pmid=12441004}}</ref> ==== Imeju ==== [[Faịlụ:Merosome.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke merosome na-apụta site na hepatocyte nwere ọrịa]] Macrophages pụrụ iche a na-akpọ Mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer na-echebe imeju; ha na-achọpụta ihe ndị dị aṅaa dị n'ọbara ma bibie ha. Sporozoites na-awakpo mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer ma na-egbochi ha.<ref name="Pradel-2001">{{Cite journal|author=Pradel|first=Gabriele|title=Malaria Sporozoites Actively Enter and Pass Through Rat Kupffer Cells Prior to Hepatocyte Invasion|journal=Hepatology|date=May 2001|volume=33|issue=5|pages=1154–1165|doi=10.1053/jhep.2001.24237|pmid=11343244}}</ref> Ha na-agafe mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a nwerela nkwarụ (nke na-anwụ mgbe awa ole na ole gasịrị) iji bunye [[:en:Hepatocyte|hepatocytes]] ọrịa.<ref name="Pradel-2001" /> N'ime hepatocyte, ha na-emepụta ọtụtụ puku merozoites n'ime [[:en:Vacuole|vacuole]] nke na-echebe ha pụọ na Usoro nchebe nke mkpụrụ ndụ.<ref name="Ezema-2023">{{Cite journal|author=Ezema|first=Chinonso Anthony|title=Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response|journal=Parasitology Research|date=August 2023|volume=122|issue=8|pages=1715–1731|doi=10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6|pmid=37219610}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, hepatocyte ahụ butere ọrịa na-ewepụta merozoites n'ìgwè a na-akpọ merosomes, nke na-esi na membrane hepatocyta pụta. Membrane a na-ekpuchi merozoites ndị ahụ, na-enyere ha aka ịhere ehere gafee mkpụrụ ndụ Kupffer fọdụrụ iji pụọ n'imeju. <ref name="Ezema-2023" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Scheiner|first=Mattea|title=Moving on: How malaria parasites exit the liver|journal=Molecular Microbiology|date=March 2024|volume=121|issue=3|pages=328–340|doi=10.1111/mmi.15141|pmid=37602900}}</ref><ref name="Vaughan-2008">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria parasite pre-erythrocytic stage infection: gliding and hiding|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|volume=4|issue=3|pages=209–218|date=September 2008|pmid=18779047|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2008.08.010}}</ref> ==== Mgbasa N'ime Ahụ ==== [[Faịlụ:Infected_erythrocyte_sequestration_within_the_intervillous_space_of_the_placenta.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke erythrocytes (IE) bu ọrịa na-agbakọta na oghere intervillous na gburugburu villi nke plasịnta.]] Merozoites na-enugharị na usoro nrugharị ọbara nwere ike inweta mwakpo site na leucocytes nke na-elekwasị anya na antigen elu ha. Nje ndị ahụ na-emeri nchebe a site na [[:en:Polymorphism_(biology)|antigenic polymorphism]]; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Pollyanna S.|title=Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|date=17 October 2016|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617|pmid=27799922}}</ref> na ọkwa ọbụla nke usoro ndụ ya ahụ ọ na-egosipụta ụdị dị iche iche nke antigen elu, n'ụzọ dị irè ihe na-agagharị agagharị nke karịrị [[:en:Adaptive_immune_system|usoro ahụike na-emegharị]]. <ref name="Ezema-2023">{{Cite journal|author=Ezema|first=Chinonso Anthony|title=Escaping the enemy's bullets: an update on how malaria parasites evade host immune response|journal=Parasitology Research|date=August 2023|volume=122|issue=8|pages=1715–1731|doi=10.1007/s00436-023-07868-6|pmid=37219610}}</ref> Ozugbo ha banyere na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (RBC) merozoites nwere ebe nchekwa, nke e kpuchiri pụọ na mmetụta leucocytes ma chebe ya n'ime vacuole. RBCs na-arịa ọrịa ka e nwere ike ịchọpụta ma bibie ya, ma ọ bụghị site na [[:en:Spleen|spleen]] ọ bụrụ phagocytes.<ref name="Lee-2022">{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Wenn-Chyau|title=Evolving perspectives on rosetting in malaria|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=October 2022|volume=38|issue=10|pages=882–889|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2022.08.001|pmid=36031553}}</ref> Iji zeere nke a, merozoite ahụ na-emepụta protein na-arapara n'ahụ nke na-apụta dị ka bọtịnụ n'elu RBCs butere ọrịa.<ref name="Tilley-2011">{{Cite journal|author=Tilley|first=Leann|title=The Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cell|journal=The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology|date=June 2011|volume=43|issue=6|pages=839–842|doi=10.1016/j.biocel.2011.03.012|pmid=21458590}}</ref> Ndị a na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ abụọ. Ha na-ejikọta na RBCs na-enweghị nje na-emepụta ụyọkọ - nke a na-akpọ "rosettes" - nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-ebute ọrịa dị n'etiti na-echebe mkpụrụ ndụ na ya na-enweghị ọrịa gbara ya gburugburu; rosettes na-egbochi ọbara na-agafe na capillaries.<ref name="Lee-2022" /> RBCs na-arịa ọrịa n'ụzọ ọzọ nwere ike izere ịgafe ọkpụkpụ site na ịrapara (na-agbaso) na mgbidi nke akwara ọbara na anụ ahụ dịka ụbụrụ, akpa ume, na oghere intervillous (n'ime ime). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Franke-Fayard|first=Blandine|title=Sequestration and Tissue Accumulation of Human Malaria Parasites: Can We Learn Anything from Rodent Models of Malaria?|journal=PLOS Pathogens|date=30 September 2010|volume=6|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001032|pmid=20941396}}</ref> Ma ụdị ndị a na-edebe ma ndị a na'ime ha na-egbochi ọrụ nke akụkụ ahụ, na-eduga na nsogbu ndị dị ka ịba ụbụrụ na ịba metụtara ime ime.<ref name="Ezema-2023" /> === Mgbochi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ihi oke ọnwụ na ọrịa nke ịba kpatara - ọkachasị ụdị ''P. falciparum&nbsp;'' - ọ etinyela [[:en:Selection_(biology)|nrụgide kachasị]] na [[:en:Human_genome|genome mmadụ]] n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịbeghị anya. Ọtụtụ ihe ndị metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-enye ikike ụfọdụ iguzogide ya gụnyere [[:en:Sickle_cell_trait|àgwà sickle cell]], àgwà [[:en:Thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], ụkọ glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, yana enweghị [[:en:Duffy_antigen|Duffy antigens]] na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Strong selection during the last millennium for African ancestry in the admixed population of Madagascar|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|issue=1|date=March 2018|pmid=29500350|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03342-5}}</ref> <ref name="Kwiatkowski-2005">{{Cite journal|title=How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=77|issue=2|pages=171–192|date=August 2005|pmid=16001361|doi=10.1086/432519}}</ref><ref name="Hedrick-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|date=October 2011|pmid=21427751|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16}}</ref> Mmetụta nke àgwà sickle cell na nguzogide ịba na-egosi ụfọdụ mgbanwe evolushọn nke merela n'ihi ịba zuru ebe niile. Àgwà Sickle cell na-akpata mgbanwe na molekụl haemoglobin d n'ọbara. Dị ka o kwesịrị, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nwere ọdịdị na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke nwere oghere abụọ nke na-enye ha ohere ịgafe obere Capillaries; Otú ọ dị, mgbe e kpughere mkpụrụ ndụ haemoglobin S<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwA2U">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> nke gbanwere, nye obere ikuku oxygen, ma ọ bụ ha akpụkọọ ọnụ n'ihi mmiri ịpụ ha n'ahụ, ha nwere ike ịrapara ọnụ na-emepụta eriri nke na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ gbagọọ dị n'ụdịị mma. N'ime eriri ndị a, mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'iwere ma ọ bụ wepụta ikuku oxygen, mkpụrụ ndụ enweghịkwa ohere nke ọma iji gbasaa n'enweghị ihe mgbochi. N'oge mmalite nke ịba, nje ahụ nwere ike ime ka mkpụrụ ndụ uhie na-arịa ọrịa na-akpụ akpụ, ya mere a na-ewepụ ha n'oge. Nke a na-ebelata ugboro ole nje ịba na-emecha ndụ ha na mkpụrụ ndụ. Ndị mmadụ bụ homozygous (nke nwere mkpụrụ abụọ nke haemoglobin beta allele) nwere sickle-cell anaemia, ebe ndị heterozygous. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmanya ndụ dị mkpirikpi maka ndị nwere ọnọdụ homozygous ga-eme ka àgwà ahụ ghara ịdị ndụ, a na-echekwa àgwà ahụ na mpaghara ndị nwere ịba n'ihi uru nke ụdị heterozygous nyere.<ref name="Hedrick-2011">{{Cite journal|title=Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans|journal=Heredity|volume=107|issue=4|pages=283–304|date=October 2011|pmid=21427751|doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.16}}</ref><ref name="Weatherall-2008">{{Cite journal|title=Genetic variation and susceptibility to infection: the red cell and malaria|journal=British Journal of Haematology|volume=141|issue=3|pages=276–286|date=May 2008|pmid=18410566|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07085.x}}</ref> == Nnyocha == [[Faịlụ:5901_lores.jpg|thumb|Ihe nkiri ọbara bụ [[:en:Gold_standard_(test)|ọkọlọtọ ọla edo]] maka nchọpụta ịba.]] [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium.jpg|thumb|Ụdị mgbaaka na gametocytes nke ''Plasmodium falciparum'' n'ọbara mmadụ]] N'ihi ọdịdị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ nke mgbaàmà ịba, a na-emekarị nnyocha ya dabere na mgbaàmà ndị o nyere yana akụkọ njem onye ahụ, wee kwado ya na nnyocha e mere n'ụlọ nnyocha iji chọpụta ọnụnọ nke nje ahụ n'ọbara (nnyocha parasitological). N'ebe ịba bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) na-atụ aro ka ndị dọkịta chee na ịba dị n'ahụ onye ọ bụla na-akọ na ọ nwere ahụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ onye nwere okpomọkụ dị ugbu a karịa 37.5 °C n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ doro anya kpatara ya.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref> &nbsp;A ga-enyo na ọ bụ ịba na-eme ụmụaka nwere ihe ịrịba ama nke [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|anaemia]]: [[:en:Palmar_pallor|ime aka na-acha mmiri mmiri]] ma ọ bụ nnyocha ụlọ nnyocha na-egosi ọkwa haemoglobin na-erughị gram asatọ kwa deciliter nke ọbara.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> N'ebe ndị ụwa na-enweghị ịba ma ọ bụ nwere ịba ebe ọ dị obere, a na-atụ aro ime nnyocha naanị maka ndị nwere ike ibute ịba (nwekarịrị ike ịbụ na ha mere njem gaa mpaghara ịba juputara na ya) na ahụ ọkụ a na-akọwaghị akọwa.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /><ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-ejikarị nocha microscopic nke Ihe nkiri ọbara ma ọ bụ Nnyocha nyocha ngwa ngwa nke antigen (RDT) na-egosi ịba. Microscopy - ya bụ, iji [[:en:Light_microscope|light microscope]] na-enyocha ọbara [[:en:Giemsa|Giemsa]] metọrọ - bụ [[:en:Gold_standard_(test)|ọkọlọtọ ọla edo]] maka nchọpụta ịba.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}</ref> Ndị oji Microscope eme nnyocha na-adị enyocha ma "ihe nkiri buru ibu" nke ọbara, nke na-enye ha ohere inyocha ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara n'oge dị mkpirikpi, yana "ihe nkiri dị mkpirisi" nke ọbara nke na-enye ha ohere ịhụ nke ọma nje ndị ahụ n'otu n'otu ma chọpụta kpọmkwem ụdị ''Plasmodium'' kpatara ya bụ ịba. <ref name="Ashley-2018" /> N'okpuru ọnọdụ ụlọ nnyocha dị iche iche, onye oji microscope eme nnyocha nwere ike ịchọpụta nje mgbe enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala nje otu narị kwa microliter nke ọbara, nke dị okirikiri ogo dị ala nke ịba na-enwe mgbaàmà.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}</ref> Nnyocha microscope na-adị achọ ọtụtụ ihe iji mee ya, na-achọ ndị ọrụ a zụrụ azụ, ngwá ọrụ e mere maka ya yana ọdịdị na-adịgide adịgide nke [[:en:Microscope_slide|microscopy slides]] na ntụpọ microscopy.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Enwere ike iji nnyocha [[:en:Rapid_diagnostic_test|Rapid diagnostic tests]] (RDTs) iji kwado nchọpụta nke e ji microscope mee; <ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html "Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> a na-ejikwa ha n'ebe microscopy adịghị. RDTs na-eme ngwa ngwa ma dị mfe itinye n'ọrụ n'ebe ndị na-enweghị ụlọ nnyocha zuru oke.<ref name="WHO-2021a">{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria|title=WHO Guidelines for Malaria|date=13 July 2021|publisher=World Health Organization|chapter=5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)|accessdate=20 January 2026}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">"5.1 Diagnosing Malaria (2015)". [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria ''WHO Guidelines for Malaria'']. World Health Organization. 13 July 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230318051541/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/guidelines-for-malaria Archived] from the original on 18 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Nnyocha ahụ na-achọpụta protein parasite na sample ọbara mkpịsị aka.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Enwere RDTs dịgasị iche iche, na-elekwasị anya na protein nje ahụ gụnyere lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase, ma ọ bụ protein 2 juputara na histidine HRP2, nke bụ naanị ''P''maka ''. falciparum''). <ref name="WHO-2021a" /> A na-eji ule HRP2 eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'Africa, ebe ''P. falciparum'' na-achịkwa.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Malaria|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=391|issue=10130|pages=1608–1621|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|pmid=29631781}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAshleyPyae_PhyoWoodrow2018">Ashley EA, Pyae Phyo A, Woodrow CJ (April 2018). "Malaria". ''[[The Lancet]]''. '''391''' (10130): <span class="nowrap">1608–</span>1621. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30324-6]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29631781 29631781].</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na HRP2 na-anọgide n'ọbara ruo izu ise mgbe a gwọrcharaọrịa, nyocha HRP2 mgbe ụfọdụ enweghị ike ịigosima onye nahụ o were ịba ugbu a ma ọ bụ na mbụ.<ref name="WHO-2021a" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, ụfọdụ nje ''P. falciparum'' enweghị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ''HRP2'', na-eme ka nchọpụta dha ị mgbagwoju anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Poti|first=Kristin E.|title=HRP2: Transforming Malaria Diagnosis, but with Caveats|journal=Trends in Parasitology|date=February 2020|volume=36|issue=2|pages=112–126|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.004|pmid=31848119}}</ref> Nnyocha HRP2 a apụghịkwa ịkọwa ole nje ahụ dị n'ime mmadụ, ma ọ bụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ọ bụ. <ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c" /> <ref name="Daily 2025">{{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=Johanna P.|date=3 April 2025|title=Malaria|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=392|issue=13|pages=1320–1333|doi=10.1056/NEJMra2405313|pmid=40174226}}</ref> Nnyocha [[:en:Polymerase_chain_reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) bụ usoro kachasị dị nro maka ịchọpụta ịba. Nnyocha ahụ na-eme ka DNA nke nje ahụ dị n'ọbara mụbaa; ọ nwere ike ịchọpụta ''Plasmodium'' ma mata ụdị ọ bụ, ọbụlagodi na ọkwa dị ala n'ọ ọbara.<ref name="Fisher-2022">{{Cite web|author=Fisher|first=John F.|date=2 August 2022|title=Testing for malaria: Rapid diagnostic tests and PCR|url=https://www.medmastery.com/guides/malaria-clinical-guide/testing-malaria-rapid-diagnostic-tests-rdts-and-polymerase-chain|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Medmastery GmbH}}</ref> Ọ chọrọ ngwá ọrụ ụlọ nnyocha pụrụ iche n'ihi ya, ya mere na ọ naghị adịkarị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe; a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na mba ndị mepere emepe iji nyochaa na ndị njem na-alọghachi.<ref name="Fisher-2022" /><ref name="CDC-Diagnosis-2024c">{{Cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/evaluation-diagnosis.html "Malaria - Evaluation and Diagnosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Eprel 2026, WHO [[:en:Pre-qualification|kwadoro]] ụdịrị nnyocha ngwa ngwa atọ iji chọpụta ụdị P. falciparum ndị nwere pfhrp2 deletions, nke nwere ike izere nnyocha dabeere na HRP2 a na-ejikarị eme ihe ma kpata nchọpụta ụgha. Nnyocha ọhụrụ ndị ahụ na-elekwasị anya na protein nje pf-LDH a ma na-atụ aro iji ha arụ ọrụ ebe a na-adịghị amata ihe karịrị pasent ise nke ndị bu ọrịa ịba n'ihi nhichapụ pfhrp2.<ref name="prefir">{{Cite web|title=WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests|work=World Health Organization (WHO)|date=24 April 2026|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests|accessdate=28 April 2026|archivedate=27 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests}}</ref> == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:"British_India",_six_stages_of_malaria._Wellcome_L0022443.jpg|alt=Advertisement entitled "The Mosquito Danger". Includes 6 panel cartoon:#1 breadwinner has malaria, family starving; #2 wife selling ornaments; #3 doctor administers quinine; #4 patient recovers; #5 doctor indicating that quinine can be obtained from post office if needed again; #6 man who refused quinine, dead on stretcher.|thumb|Mgbasa ozi maka quinine dị ka ọgwụgwọ ịba site na 1927]] [[Faịlụ:Artemisia_annua.jpg|thumb|''Artemisia annua'', nke a makwaara dị ka osisi wormwood na-atọ ụtọ, ebe mbụ e si nweta artemisinin]] A na-agwọ ịba site n'iji [[:en:Antimalarial_medication|ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]]. Iji hụ na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke ma gbochie nje ahụ ịịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ, ntuziaka ọgwụgwọ kemgbe afọ 2001 na-achọkarị ọgwụ abụọ a ṅụkọtara ọnụ, otu n'ime ha bụ nke sitere na artemisinin na nke ọzọ bụ ọgwụ nkwado.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Multiple first-line therapies as part of the response to antimalarial drug resistance|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240103603|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en|archivedate=27 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127213804/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240103603}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 2025|title=Antimalarial drug resistance|url=https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drug-resistance|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en}}</ref> Njikọ ziri ezi nke ọgwụ ndị ahụ na-adabere na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' kpatara ya, ohere nke inwe nguzogide ọgwụ, eziokwu ndị dị mkpa site na akụkọ ahụike na ime njem nke onye na-arịa ọrịa, na ọṅụṅụ nke ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na mbụ nke onye ahụ na-arịa ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shahbodaghi|first=S. David|title=Malaria: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=American Family Physician|date=September 2022|volume=106|issue=3|pages=270–278|url=https://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=36126008|pmid=36126008}}</ref><ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2024|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ na usoro mba[a] na-adaberekarị na ntuziaka nke WHO nyere nke a na-emelite mgbe niile. <ref name="WHO-Guidelines-9.1-2025">{{Cite web|date=13 August 2025|title=MAGICapp - WHO guidelines for malaria v9.1|url=https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/LwRMXj|accessdate=23 January 2026|work=app.magicapp.org|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925214841/https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/LwRMXj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New and updated malaria guidance|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/guideline-development-process/new-and-updated-malaria-guidance|accessdate=25 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ọtụtụ ụdị ọgwụ dịka nke a ga-aṅụkọta ya ọgwụ mgbochi ịba n'oge ịnata ọgwụgwọ. Ọgwụ ndị dabeere na Artemisinin gụnyere artemether na Artesunate.<ref name="Arrow-2004a">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215631/|chapter=Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance}}</ref> Ihe ndị sitere na Quinoline gụnyere chloroquine, quinine, na mefloquine. Ndị si na Antifolate gụnyere pyrimethamine, proguanil, na sulfadoxin.<ref name="Arrow-2004a" /> Ọgwụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere lumefantrine, atovaquone, doxycycline na clindamycin.<ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}</ref><ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-ahazi ịba dị ka "oke ịba" ma ọ bụ "enweghị nke na-esighi ike". <ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNadjmBehrens2012">Nadjm B, Behrens RH (June 2012). "Malaria: an update for physicians". ''Infectious Disease Clinics of North America''. '''26''' (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>259. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010|10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632637 22632637].</cite></ref> <ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024">{{Cite web|date=26 March 2024|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|accessdate=21 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html "General Approach to Treatment"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbaàmà ndị na-egosi oke ịba gụnyere ndị a (ọ bụghị ndepụta zuru ezu): <ref name="CDC-Treatment-2024" /> * Mmadụ amaghị ebe ọ nọ, coma, ihe ọdụdọ * Oké ụkwara ume ọkụ * Nsogbu iku ume siri ike * Nkụchi akụrụ ma ọ bụ haemoglobin ịdị na mamịrị * Ọsụsọ * Ogo Acidosis ma ọ bụ lactate nke karịrị 5 mmol / L&nbsp; * Ọnọdụ dị elu nke nje ndị a na-ahụ anya na ọbara. === Ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya === Enwere ike ịgwọ ịba na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya site na iji ọgwụ a na-aṅụ n'etiti ụbọchị atọ na ụbọchị asaa.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCDC2025">CDC (24 June 2025). [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html "Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> A ga-ahọrọ usoro ọgwụ ahụ dabere na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' a na-agwọ, ebe nakwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke onye ọrịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọgwụgwọ mbụ a na-ahụkarị maka ịba ''P. falciparum'' na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya bụ Artemether-lumefantrine a na-aṅụ n'ọnụ n'ime ụbọchị atọ.<ref name="Lalloo-2016">{{Cite journal|author=Lalloo|first=David G.|title=UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|date=June 2016|volume=72|issue=6|pages=635–649|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.001|pmid=26880088}}</ref><ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvansHill2025">Evans M, Hill K (May 2025). [https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf "Malaria Treatment Guidance"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''NHS Tayside''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2026, WHO [[:en:Pre-qualification|kwadoro]] usoro artemether-lumefantrine mbụ e mepụtara maka ụmụ a mụrụ ọhụrụ ndị dị n'agbata kilogram abụọ na ise.<ref name="prefir">{{Cite web|title=WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests|work=World Health Organization (WHO)|date=24 April 2026|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests|accessdate=28 April 2026|archivedate=27 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization_(WHO)2026">[https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests "WHO prequalifies first-ever malaria treatment for newborns and infants, adds new diagnostic tests"]. ''World Health Organization (WHO)''. 24 April 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260427164029/https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2026-who-prequalifies-first-ever-malaria-treatment-for-newborns-and-infants-adds-new-diagnostic-tests Archived] from the original on 27 April 2026<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ a adịghị adaba mgbe niile, yabụ a na-atụ aro ngwakọta ọgwụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=24 June 2025|title=Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCDC2025">CDC (24 June 2025). [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-uncomplicated.html "Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ịmalite ozugbo o kwere mee mgbe a chọpụtachara ya, iji gbochie mgbaàmà siri ike ịmalite.<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Approach to Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/general-treatment.html|work=Malaria|date=20 May 2025|accessdate=25 January 2026|language=en-us|author=CDC}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ''P. vivax ma ọ bụ P. ovale kpatara ya'' (nke na-emepụta hypnozoites na-ehi ụra n'ime imeju) ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ịga n'ihu ruo ụbọchị asaa ruo iri na anọ.<ref name="CDC-Treatment-2025" /> === Ịba siri ike na nke dị mgbagwoju anya === Ọrịa ịba siri ike na-abụkarị nke ''P. falciparum'' na-akpata; ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke na-egbu egbu mgbe niile ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Walter|first=Kristin|title=Malaria|journal=JAMA|date=8 February 2022|volume=327|issue=6|doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21468|pmid=35133414}}</ref> Ọbụnagodi na ọgwụgwọ ya, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'ihi ya dị n'etiti pasent iri na atọ na pasent iri abụọ, nke ndị lanarịrịnụ na-enwekarị mmetụta ọọọ na-eso ya nke na-adị ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sheehy|first=Susanne Helena|title=Malaria: severe, life-threatening|journal=BMJ Clinical Evidence|date=7 March 2011|volume=2011|pmid=21375787}}</ref> Ọgwụgwọ a na-enyekarị maka ya bụ intravenous artesunate, na-enyezi ọgwụ a na-aṅụ n'ọnụ ozugbo onye ọrịa ahụ kwụsiri ike.<ref name="Evans-2025">{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=M|date=May 2025|title=Malaria Treatment Guidance|url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf|accessdate=24 January 2026|work=NHS Tayside|archivedate=23 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEvansHill2025">Evans M, Hill K (May 2025). [https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf "Malaria Treatment Guidance"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''NHS Tayside''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250723165829/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/Antibiotic%20site/pdf%20docs/MalariaAlgorithm07.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Treatment of Severe Malaria|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html|work=Malaria|date=3 April 2024|accessdate=25 January 2026|language=en-us|author=CDC|archivedate=3 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503143920/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/treatment-of-severe-malaria.html}}</ref> Ndị ọrịa nwere ike ịka njọ ngwa ngwa nke mere na nlekota anya, ọkacha mma na [[:en:High-dependency_unit|ngalaba ebe nlekọta anya dị elu]], dị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lalloo|first=David G.|title=UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016|journal=Journal of Infection|date=June 2016|volume=72|issue=6|pages=635–649|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.001|pmid=26880088}}</ref> === Afọ Ime === [[:en:Pregnancy-associated_malaria|Ịba n'oge afọ ime]] nwere ike ịbụ ihe siri ike, ikekwe na-egbu egbu, maka nne na nwa; ụmụ nwanyị dị ime nwere ikike okpukpu atọ karịa inweta ịba siri ike.<ref name="CDC-Pregnant-2024">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=3 April 2024|title=Alternatives for Pregnant Women|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/pregnant-women.html|accessdate=26 January 2026|work=Malaria|language=en-us|archivedate=18 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260318025909/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/pregnant-women.html}}</ref> Ọgwụ ụfọdụ nwere ike imerụ nwa e bu n'afọ ahụ, ọkachasị n'oge [[Afọ ime|ọnwa atọ]] mbụ. A na-atụ aro usoro ọgwụgwọ pụrụ iche, nke dịgasị iche dabere na ọnwa atọ nke onye dị ime nọ n'ime ya nakwa na-eweta obere ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="CDC-Pregnant-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Antimalarial drugs for pregnant women|url=https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drugs-pregnant-women|accessdate=26 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=22 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922102803/https://www.mmv.org/our-work/antimalarial-drugs-pregnant-women}}</ref> === Ịguzogide Ọgwụ === [[:en:Drug_resistance|Ịguzogide ọgwụ]] na-eweta nsogbu na-arịwanye elu na ọgwụgwọ ịba; ọnụ ọgụgụ ''Plasmodium'' nwere ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ebe ọ dị elu yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ ngwa ngwa nke na-enyere ha aka ime mgbanwe ma zeere ihe ịma aka sitere na ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.<ref name="Sinha-2014">{{Cite journal|title=Challenges of drug-resistant malaria|journal=Parasite|volume=21|year=2014|pmid=25402734|doi=10.1051/parasite/2014059}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Igwe|first=Matthew Chibunna|title=Evolutionary biology of antimalarial drug resistance: Understanding of the evolutionary dynamics|journal=Medicine|date=14 March 2025|volume=104|issue=11|doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000041878|pmid=40101051}}</ref> Nje ndị ''P. falciparum'' malitere ịzụlite iguzogide ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọgwụ mgbochi ịba mbụ e mere, chloroquine, n'afọ ndị 1950; kemgbe ahụ, iguzogide chloroquin agbasaala na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nje a niile. <ref name="MMV-History">{{Cite web|title=History of antimalarial drugs|url=https://www.mmv.org/malaria-medicines/history-antimalarials-drugs|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Medicines for Malaria Venture|language=en|archivedate=16 June 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616062607/https://www.mmv.org/malaria-medicines/history-antimalarials-drugs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=8 April 2024|title=Drug Resistance in the Malaria-Endemic World|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/drug-resistance.html|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Malaria|language=en-us|archivedate=7 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907153441/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/drug-resistance.html}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ proguanil karịị dị ngwa ngwa; ewepụtara ọgwụ ahụ na 1948 wee malite ịhụta nguzogide ya n'afọ sochirinụ, na 1949. <ref name="MMV-History" /> N'afọ 2001, ịba nke na-eguzogidetụ artemisinin pụtara na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia; nguzogide ọgwụ ahụ emechaala gbasaa n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref name="MMV-History" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 April 2023|title=Current antimalarial drugs at risk due to resistance|url=https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/news/current-antimalarial-drugs-at-risk-due-to-resistance|accessdate=27 January 2026|work=Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University|language=en|archivedate=20 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120025023/https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/news/current-antimalarial-drugs-at-risk-due-to-resistance}}</ref> Iji merie nguzogide ọgwụ, enwere ike inye ọgwụ na njikọ yana ọgwụ ọzọ, karịa otu e kwesiburu isi ṅụ ya, ma ọ bụ ṅụru ọgwụ ruo ogologo oge karịa; enwere mkpa ngwa ngwa maka iwebata ọgwụ ndị ọhụrụ maka ọgwụgwọ ya. <ref name="MMV-History" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Antony|first=HiasindhAshmi|date=2016|title=Antimalarial drug resistance: An overview|journal=Tropical Parasitology|volume=6|issue=1|pages=30–41|doi=10.4103/2229-5070.175081|pmid=26998432}}</ref> == Ihe omuma == Mgbe a gwọrọ ya nke ọma, ndị na-arịa ịba na-esighị ike nwere ike ịtụ anya mgbake zuru oke.<ref name="CDC-FAQ-2010a">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html#treatment|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): If I get malaria, will I have it for the rest of my life?|publisher=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=8 February 2010|accessdate=14 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513112631/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html#treatment|archivedate=13 May 2012}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, oke ịba nwere ike ịga n'ihu ngwa ngwa ma kpata ọnwụ n'ime awa ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ole na ole.<ref name="Trampuz-2003">{{Cite journal|title=Clinical review: Severe malaria|journal=Critical Care|volume=7|issue=4|pages=315–323|date=August 2003|pmid=12930555|doi=10.1186/cc2183}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ kachasị njọ nke ọrịa ahụ, [[:en:Fatality_rate|ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ]] nwere ike iru pasent iri abụọ, ọbụlagodi na nlekọta siri ike na ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Nadjm-2012">{{Cite journal|title=Malaria: an update for physicians|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=26|issue=2|pages=243–259|date=June 2012|pmid=22632637|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNadjmBehrens2012">Nadjm B, Behrens RH (June 2012). "Malaria: an update for physicians". ''Infectious Disease Clinics of North America''. '''26''' (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>259. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010|10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632637 22632637].</cite></ref> Ịba nwere ike imebi ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọkachasị ụbụrụ, akụrụ, imeju na ọkpụkpụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2025|title=Malaria: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000621.htm|accessdate=28 January 2026|work=medlineplus.gov|language=en|archivedate=17 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117064956/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000621.htm}}</ref> N'oge ịbụ nwata, ịba na-akpata anaemia n'oge uto ụbụrụ ngwa ngwa, yana mmebi ụbụrụ nke na-esite na ịba na-emetụta ụbụrụ.<ref name="Fernando-2010">{{Cite journal|title=The 'hidden' burden of malaria: cognitive impairment following infection|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=9|date=December 2010|pmid=21171998|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-366}}</ref> Ndị lanarịrị ọrịa ịba n'ụbụrụ nwere ohere dị ukwuu nke ụbụrụ na echiche, Nsogbu omume, na [[:en:Epilepsy|ihe ọdụdọ]].<ref name="Idro-2010">{{Cite journal|date=October 2010|title=Cerebral malaria: mechanisms of brain injury and strategies for improved neurocognitive outcome|journal=Pediatric Research|volume=68|issue=4|pages=267–274|doi=10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181eee738|pmid=20606600}}</ref> == Mgbochi == [[Faịlụ:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg|thumb|''Anwụnta Anopheles stephensi'' n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ọbara n'ahụ mmadụ (obere ọbara na-atụsịsị dị ka ihe karịrị akarị). Anwụnta a bụ ihe na-ekesa ịba, njikwa anwụnta bụkwanụ ụzọ dị irè iji belata ọdịdị nke ịba]] Ụzọ e ji gbochi ịba gụnyere ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, ibibi anwụnta na igbochi ọtịta anwụnta.<ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria "Fact sheet about malaria"]. ''World Health Organization''. 4 December 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Archived] from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọgwụ Mgbochi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>O gosipụtara na o siri ike ịmepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ịba dị irè. Nje a emeela ọtụtụ atụmatụ iji zeere mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ mmadụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Pollyanna S.|date=2016|title=Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=7|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617|pmid=27799922}}</ref> E nwere ụdị ise nke ''plasmodium''; nke ọbụla n'ime ndị a nwere ọkwa ndụ atọ n'ime ahụ mmadụ - sporozoite, merozoite, na gametocyte. Nke ọbụla n'ogo atọ ndị a nwere antigen dị iche iche n'elu ya, nke pụtara na mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike megide otu n'ime oge ndụ ndị a mana ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ megide ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Good-2021">{{Cite journal|author=Good|first=Michael F.|title=Biological strategies and political hurdles in developing malaria vaccines|journal=Expert Review of Vaccines|date=February 2021|volume=20|issue=2|pages=93–95|doi=10.1080/14760584.2021.1889094|pmid=33595407}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nje ndị ahụ pụtara na antigen ndị ahụ n'onwe ha nwere ike ịdị iche ọbụna n'ime otu oge ndụ.<ref name="Good-2021" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Day|first=Karen P.|date=16 May 2017|title=Evidence of strain structure in Plasmodium falciparum var gene repertoires in children from Gabon, West Africa|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=20|pages=E4103–E4111|doi=10.1073/pnas.1613018114|pmid=28461509}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ikike ahụịke yiri ka ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ etolite- nke a na-enweta site na ọtụtụ ọrịa - bụ naanị akụkụ, ọ naghị adịte aka. <ref name="Crutcher-1996">{{Cite book|author=Crutcher|first=James M.|title=Medical Microbiology|date=1996|publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|edition=4th|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/|chapter=Malaria|accessdate=9 January 2026}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCrutcherHoffman1996">Crutcher JM, Hoffman SL (1996). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/ "Malaria"]. ''Medical Microbiology'' (4th&nbsp;ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-9631172-1-2|<bdi>978-0-9631172-1-2</bdi>]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21413352 21413352]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210423100221/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/ Archived] from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="CDC-Vaccines-2024">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2 April 2024|title=Malaria Vaccines|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/malaria-vaccines.html|accessdate=9 January 2026|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archivedate=12 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112092027/https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/php/public-health-strategy/malaria-vaccines.html}}</ref> Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap setịpụrụ ihe o bu n'obi imezu maka ọgwụ mgbochi ịba ọhụrụ iji nwee ike ichebe ma ọ dịkarịa ala pasent iri asaa na ise megide ịba.<ref name="CDC-Vaccines-2024" /> Nnyocha mbụ e mere maka ọgwụ mgbochi gbasara kpọmkwem maka ọgwụ mgbochi ịba nke e nwetara ihe nwere isi na ya mere na 1967 site na igbanye ụmụ oke ''Plasmodium'' sporozoites dị ndụ, nke e ji ọkụ radiation [[:en:Attenuator_(genetics)|mee ka ike gwụ ya]], nke nyere nchebe dị ukwuu nye ụmụ oke ndị ahụ mgbe a gbanyere ha sporozoites nkịtị ka nọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nussenzweig|first=R. S.|title=Protective Immunity produced by the Injection of X-irradiated Sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei|journal=Nature|date=October 1967|volume=216|issue=5111|pages=160–162|doi=10.1038/216160a0|pmid=6057225}}</ref><ref name="Vanderberg-2009">{{Cite journal|title=Reflections on early malaria vaccine studies, the first successful human malaria vaccination, and beyond|journal=Vaccine|volume=27|issue=1|pages=2–9|date=January 2009|pmid=18973784|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.028}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, WHO na ndị na-akwado ọgwụ mgbochi ịba setịpụrụ ihe ha bu n'obi imezu imepụta ọgwụ mgbochi e mere iji kwụsị mgbasa nke ịba na ebumnuche ogologo oge nke iwepụ ịba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Malaria Report 2013|url=https://www.who.int/entity/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2013/wmr2013_no_profiles.pdf?ua=1|accessdate=13 February 2014|publisher=World Health Organization|format=PDF}}</ref> Dịka ebe ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2026, enyela ikike ịgba [[ọgwụ mgbochi ịba]] abụọ maka ọgwụgwọ ịba.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization "WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization"]. 2 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization Archived] from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụ mgbochi mbụ a kwadoro maka ''P. falciparum'' bụ RTS,S, nke e ji aha Mosquirix mara, <ref name="EMA Mosquirix">{{Cite web|date=October 2015|title=Mosquirix: Opinion on medicine for use outside EU|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/opinion-medicine-use-outside-EU/human/mosquirix|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123055901/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/mosquirix-h-w-2300|archivedate=23 November 2019|accessdate=22 November 2019|work=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref> nke gazuru [[:en:Clinical_trial|nnwale ahụike]] na 2014. WHO nakweere ụzọ nlezianya iji nye ya [[:en:Pre-qualification|prequalification]], sikwa otu ahụ dịka akụkụ nke mmemme mmejuputa ọgwụ ịba (MVIP) kwadoo mmemme nnwale na mba atọ dị na mpaghara Sahara - Ghana, Kenya na Malawi - malite na 2019. Ihe omume ndị a lekwasịrị anya n'ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise, ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ịba siri ike na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Willyard|first=Cassandra|title=The slow roll-out of the world's first malaria vaccine|journal=Nature|date=22 December 2022|volume=612|issue=7941|pages=S48–S49|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-04343-7|pmid=36536213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=World Health Organization|date=March 2020|title=Q&A on the malaria vaccine implementation programme (MVIP)|url=https://www.who.int/malaria/media/malaria-vaccine-implementation-qa/en/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513074401/https://www.who.int/malaria/media/malaria-vaccine-implementation-qa/en/|archivedate=13 May 2020|accessdate=6 May 2020|publisher=WHO}}</ref> Ruo 2023, nde ụmụaka atọ enwetala ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ, na-egosi mbelata nke oke ịba yana mbelata nke ọnwụ ụmụaka (site na ihe niile na-kpata ya) ruo ogo pasent iri na atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Life-saving malaria vaccines reach children in 17 endemic countries in 2024|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/life-saving-malaria-vaccines-reach-children-in-17-endemic-countries-in-2024|accessdate=10 January 2026|work=www.who.int|language=en|archivedate=28 December 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228035119/https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/life-saving-malaria-vaccines-reach-children-in-17-endemic-countries-in-2024}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Factsheet-2025">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2025|title=Fact sheet about malaria|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria|accessdate=5 January 2026|work=World Health Organization|language=en|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria "Fact sheet about malaria"]. ''World Health Organization''. 4 December 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200502021814/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Archived] from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=David|date=7 November 2023|title=RTS,S vaccine pilot: 13% mortality reduction fuels hope for malaria control|url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/rtss-vaccine-pilot-13-mortality-reduction-fuels-hope-malaria-control|accessdate=10 January 2026|work=GAVI The Vaccine Alliance|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ mgbochi nke abụọ bụ R21 / Matrix-M, nke nwere ikike ọgwụgwọ ruru ogo pasent iri asaa na asaa nke gosipụtara na nnwale mbụ na ọkwa ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ dị elu karịa nke RTS,S.<ref name="Roxby-2021">{{Cite web|date=23 April 2021|title=Malaria vaccine hailed as potential breakthrough|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56858158|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424010402/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56858158|archivedate=24 April 2021|accessdate=24 April 2021|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> A chọpụtara na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ịba R-21/Matrix M na-ebelata ọrịa ịba site ruo n'ogo pasent iri asaa na ise n'ógbè ndị nwere mgbasa nke na-eme n'oge n'oge nakwa ruo n'ogo pasent iri isii na asatọ n'ógbè ndị mgbasa ya na-adị n'ime afọ niile n'ime ụmụaka nọ na mpaghara Sahara Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Datoo|first=Mehreen|date=10 February 2024|title=Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial|journal=The Lancet|volume=403|issue=10426|pages=533–544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02511-4|pmid=38310910}}</ref> WHO kwadoro ọgwụ mgbochi ịba R-21/Matrix M maka igbochi ịba n'ime ụmụaka na 2023.<ref name="WHO recommends R21-2023">{{Cite web|title=WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization|accessdate=8 December 2023|date=2 October 2023|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization "WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization"]. 2 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003232601/https://www.who.int/news/item/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization Archived] from the original on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Nchịkwa anwụnta === [[Faịlụ:Mansprayingkeroseneoil.jpg|thumb|Nwoke na-awụsa mmanụ kerosene na mmiri na-anaghị ekwo ekwo, [[:en:Panama_Canal_Zone|Panama Canal Zon]], 1912]] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ebumnuche nke njikwa anwụnta bụ iji gbochie anwụnta ịta ụmụ mmadụ - ma ọ bụ site na iji ụdị ihe mgbochi ụfọdụ, ma ọ bụ ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta. Enwere ike ịhazi ha n'ozuzu dị ka nchedo onwe onye, njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'èzí ụlọ obibi na ụlọ dị iche iche, usoro njikwa nke ime ụlọ na ụlọ, na ndị a na-etinye n'ime akwa ụlọ.<ref name="EPA-Control-2016">{{Cite web|title=Success in Mosquito Control: An Integrated Approach|url=https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/success-mosquito-control-integrated-approach|work=www.epa.gov|date=5 July 2016|accessdate=1 February 2026|language=en|first=OCSPP|author=US EPA|archivedate=6 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206223356/https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/success-mosquito-control-integrated-approach}}</ref> ==== Nchebe onwe onye ==== A na-atụ aro ihe ndị na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ, dị ka [[:en:DEET|DEET]] ma ọ bụ picaridin, maka ndị njem. A na-atụkwa aro uwe mwụda nke na-ekpuchi akụkụ ahụ nke ukwuu. Enwere ike iji permethrin nụchaa uwe dị ka ihe nchebe ọzọ.<ref name="mosquitobiteavoidance">{{Cite web|title=Mosquito bite avoidance: advice for travellers|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mosquito-bite-avoidance-for-travellers/mosquito-bite-avoidance-advice-for-travellers--2|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=GOV.UK|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124113031/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mosquito-bite-avoidance-for-travellers/mosquito-bite-avoidance-advice-for-travellers--2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Avoid bug bites {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=wwwnc.cdc.gov|archivedate=13 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313104044/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites}}</ref> ==== Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi ==== Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ anwụnta na-amụ ụmụ [[:en:Standing_water|na mmiri na-anaghị ekwo ekwo]], mbelata isi ebe ha si apụta dị nnọọ mfe dị ka ịwufucha mmiri niile dọọrọ adọrọ dị gburugburu ụlọ, site na iwuchi maọbụ ikpocha ọwara mmiri, ebe ndị dị apịtị apịtị na akụkụ osisi ndị na-ere ere nke ọma. Ikpochapụ ebe ndị a na-amụ anwụnta nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ dị irè ma na-adịgide adịgide iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta n'ejighị ọgwụ ahụhụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=25 September 2014|title=Integrating the public in mosquito management: active education by community peers can lead to significant reduction in peridomestic container mosquito habitats|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=9|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0108504|pmid=25255027}}</ref> Ọ ga-ekwe omume iji larvicides gbuo larvae anwụnta n'ime ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ndị a na-enweghị ike ikpocha.<ref name="Mississippi-2025">{{Cite web|date=13 February 2025|title=Mosquito Prevention: What the Homeowner Can Do|url=https://www.msdh.ms.gov/page/14,1097,93.html|accessdate=2 February 2026|work=Mississippi State Department of Health|language=en|archivedate=14 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214232607/https://www.msdh.ms.gov/page/14,1097,93.html}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|title=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2015|isbn=978-92-4-154912-7|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2015}}}} * {{Cite book|title=World Malaria Report 2022|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2022|isbn=978-92-4-006489-8|ref={{SfnRef|WHO|2022}}}} == Ịgụrụ Gawa == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-malaria-day/2026 Akụkọ mkpọsa nke World Malaria Day 2026] * [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ WHO maka ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) * [https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/malaria/index.html Ebe nrụọrụ CDC na ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) * [https://www.paho.org/en/topics/malaria Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ PAHO na ịba] (E debere ya na Wayback Machine) {{Medical condition classification and resources|ICD11={{ICD11|1F40}}–{{ICD11|1F45}}|ICD10={{ICD10|B50}}–{{ICD10|B54}}|ICD9={{ICD9|084}}|DiseasesDB=7728|MedlinePlus=000621|OMIM=248310|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=1385|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|305}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1357}}|MeshName=Malaria|MeshNumber=C03.752.250.552|Orphanet=673|Scholia=Q12156}}{{Malaria}}{{Chromalveolate diseases}}{{Diseases of Poverty}}{{Effective altruism}}{{Eradication of infectious disease}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] j85l55e1r66b3g96lwei4ra0t0b8ygo 3 78138 697314 2026-08-08T12:00:26Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 697314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=ZeWXeilaQ&Q|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 12:00, 8 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)}} kax4btsr38hh5he5safrpdtisfmx2lw 3 78139 697315 2026-08-08T12:00:36Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 697315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=EKEH DAMIAN|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 12:00, 8 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)}} 00a8eglh9lvx41d3u6ayeghzmd28crm 0 78140 697329 2026-08-08T13:30:10Z Senator Choko 13011 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355799280|A.D.R.A.O. International School]]" 697329 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" |A.D.R.A.O. International School |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ebe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"A.D.R.A.O. International School","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q136313222"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"A.D.R.A.O. International School"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q136313222"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[3.4090847388888887,6.425406288888889],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"A.D.R.A.O. International School","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- class="adr" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="street-address" style="display:inline;">28, Ahmadu Bello Way,</div><br /><div class="locality" style="display:inline;">[[Victoria Island|Àgwàetiti Victoria]], Lagos[[Lagos|Ọdọ Mmiri]]</div>,<div class="region" style="display:inline;">[[Lagos State|Lagos Steeti]],</div><br /><div class="country-name" style="display:inline;">[[Nigeria|Naịjirịa]]</div><br /><templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=A.D.R.A.O._International_School&params=6_25_31.46264_N_3_24_32.70506_E_type:edu <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°25′31.46264′′N</span> <span class="longitude">3°24′32.70506′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.4254062889°N 3.4090847389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">6.4254062889; 3.4090847389</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ihe ọmụma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị ụlọ akwụkwọ | class="infobox-data" |Ụlọ akwụkwọ mba ụwa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Mmekọrịta okpukpe</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ndị na-abụghị okpukpe |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |1963 <span class="noprint"> (Afọ 63 gara aga) &#x20;&nbsp;</span> <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1963</span>)&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |Onye isi Abimbola Omololu-Mulele |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnọdụ | class="infobox-data" |Pre-K Kindergarten Primary School Secondary school<br /><br /><br />Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mmekọahụ | class="infobox-data" |Mmụta na-agbakọta ọnụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Asụsụ | class="infobox-data" |Bekee French<br /> |} '''A.D.R.A.O. International School''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mba ụwa na-akụzi ihe nke Chief Abimbola Omololu-Mulele guzobere n'afo 1963 na Victoria Island dị na Legọs, Naịjịrịa. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị nweere onwe ha kacha ochie na obodo Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanwriter.com/sheun-ominira-bluejack-old-renown/|work=africanwriter.com|author=Ominira-Bluejack, 'Shèun|title=Of Old Renown|date=December 31, 2024|accessdate=September 3, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lagosschoolsonline.com/single-school.php?id=2938|work=lagosschoolsonline.com|title=ADRAO International School|accessdate=September 3, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hotels.ng/places/colleges/3708-adrao-international-school|work=hotels.ng|title=Adrao International School|accessdate=October 3, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DH6jArAtSn4/?igsh=MWNrNTQ1djJpcTF0OQ==|work=instagram.com|title=Remembering ADRAO International School|author=Yemzbo|accessdate=October 3, 2025}}</ref> == Edensibia ==   [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 4z3bng9i3fc71n7d3fa6eae1ru3t9cw 0 78141 697330 2026-08-08T13:34:08Z EKEH DAMIAN 65186 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357474145|Aggrey Memorial Secondary School]]" 697330 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" |Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Aggrey Memorial |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ebe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Aggrey Memorial Secondary School","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q4692293"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Aggrey Memorial Secondary School"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q4692293"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[7.911929,5.378257],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Aggrey Memorial Secondary School","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- class="adr" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="street-address" style="display:inline;">Arochukwu</div><br /><div class="country-name" style="display:inline;">Naịjirịa</div><br /><templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aggrey_Memorial_Secondary_School&params=5.378257_N_7.911929_E_type:edu <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°22′42′′N</span> <span class="longitude">7°54′43′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.378257°N 7.911929°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">5.378257; 7.911929</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:6}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aggrey_Memorial_Secondary_School&params=5.378257_N_7.911929_E_type:edu <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°22′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°54′43″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.378257°N 7.911929°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">5.378257; 7.911929</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ihe ọmụma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |Ụlọ akwụkwọ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |1931 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |[[Alvan Azinna Ikoku]] |} {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" |Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Aggrey Memorial |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ebe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Aggrey Memorial Secondary School","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q4692293"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Aggrey Memorial Secondary School"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q4692293"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[7.911929,5.378257],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Aggrey Memorial Secondary School","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- class="adr" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="street-address" style="display:inline;">Arochukwu</div><br /><div class="country-name" style="display:inline;">Naịjirịa</div><br /><templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aggrey_Memorial_Secondary_School&params=5.378257_N_7.911929_E_type:edu <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°22′42′′N</span> <span class="longitude">7°54′43′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.378257°N 7.911929°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">5.378257; 7.911929</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:6}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aggrey_Memorial_Secondary_School&params=5.378257_N_7.911929_E_type:edu <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°22′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°54′43″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.378257°N 7.911929°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">5.378257; 7.911929</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ihe ọmụma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |Ụlọ akwụkwọ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |1931 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |[[Alvan Azinna Ikoku]] |} Aggrey Memorial Secondary School bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na [[Arochukwu]],obodo Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite web|title=About – Aggrey Memorial Secondary School|url=https://amescoschool.com/about/|accessdate=2021-06-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere ya n'afo 1931, Aggrey Memorial Secondary School bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na-agụkọ akwụkwọ ọnụ. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi obodo Naijiria, [[wiktionary:statesman|onye ọchịchị]], onye na-eme ngagharị iwe na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Alvan Ikoku|Alvan Azinna Ikoku]] guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aggrey Memorial Secondary School Archives|url=https://guardian.ng/tag/aggrey-memorial-secondary-school/|accessdate=2021-06-26|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ndị guzobere ndị ga-akpọ ụlọ ọrụ aha onwe ha, Dr Ikoku kpọrọ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ aha James Emman Kwegyir Aggrey (Ọktoba 18, 1875 - Julaị 30, 1927) onye bụ onye ozi ala ọzọ na onye nkuzi si Obodo [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-29|title={{sic|nolink=y|Alunmi}} to rebuild Aggrey Memorial College|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/alunmi-rebuild-aggrey-memorial-college/|accessdate=2021-06-26|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://amescoschool.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 5diprlrnoeitenpdrjtpoetk3uvt4y2 0 78142 697331 2026-08-08T13:39:54Z Onuoha Kosisochukwu 65185 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361815295|Christian Secondary Commercial School]]" 697331 wikitext text/x-wiki   <references />   Christian Sekondili Commercial School bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gọọmentị dị n' [[Uyo]], Akwa Ibom Steeti nke obodo Naijiria <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iv4DAQAAIAAJ&q=Christian+Secondary+Commercial+School|title=Directory of Post-primary Education Institutions in Nigeria|author=Education|first=Nigeria Federal Ministry of|date=1971-01-01|publisher=Ministry of Information.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/02/school-principal-brutalises-student-for-being-absent-in-school/|title=School Principal Brutalises Student for Being Absent in School|work=BellaNaija|accessdate=2017-03-08|language=en-US}}</ref> <references /> ecfwktkts5b49jpd6jfke121y8w693l 0 78143 697332 2026-08-08T13:45:17Z Chidera chikezie 65189 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345394216|Dore Numa College]]" 697332 wikitext text/x-wiki   Dore Numa Kọọlejị bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke gọvméntị na [[Warri]], Delta Steetị Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freshangleng.com/21274/warri--opuoru-discloses-plans-to-renovate-dore-numa-college--commences-phase-2-distribution-of-furniture-to-schools|title=Warri: Opuoru Discloses Plans To Renovate Dore Numa College, Commences Phase 2 Distribution Of Furniture To Schools|author=Ukah|first=Celestine Chijoke|date=15 August 2022|accessdate=2 April 2023|publisher=FRESHANGLE NEWS}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oasismagazine.com.ng/2022/06/warri-rainstorm-dore-numa-college-ogedegbe-primary-school-appeal-for-renovation-of-infrastructure/|title=Warri Rainstorm: Dore Numa College, Ogedegbe Primary School Appeal For Renovation Of Infrastructure|author=Dafe|first=Daniel|date=21 June 2022|accessdate=2 April 2023|publisher=Oasis Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/delta-govt-distributes-furniture-to-schools-in-warri/|title=Delta govt distributes furniture to schools in Warri|date=18 June 2020|accessdate=2 April 2023|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref>Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ kwà ụbọchị “aha ya bụ Chief Dore Numa . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://urhobodigitallibrarymuseum.com/who-was-chief-dore-numa/|title=Who was Chief Dore Numa?|publisher=Urhobo Historical Society}}</ref> E guzobere ya n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1980 ịjị nye ụmụaka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị na ọkpụrụ ya bu"Nrụgide” na ebụtè ihè ịgà nkè ọmà yà bù “ịjịsịké na ebụté ihe ịga nke ọma". Na ọnwa Juun afo 2013, n'oge nchịkwa nke Gọvanọ [[Emmanuel Eweta Uduaghan|Emmanuel Uduaghan]], Dore Numa College bụ otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Gọvanụ Delta Steeti nyochara, bụ ndị katọrọ imebi ọrụ gọọmentị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị e wuru ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pointblanknews.com/pbn/news/uduaghan-decries-vandalisation-of-government-projects/|title=UDUAGHAN DECRIES VANDALISATION OF GOVERNMENT PROJECTS|date=25 June 2013|accessdate=3 April 2023|publisher=Point Blank News}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba afo 2021, a kọrọ na e nwere esemokwu nzuzo n'etiti ụfọdụ ụmụ akwụkwọ Dore Numa Kọọleji na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ si n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche n'ógbè ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailywatchng.org/warri-hussey-essi-dore-numa-schools-alleged-cult-war-several-injured-others-arrested/|title=Warri: Hussey, Essi, Dore-Numa schools alleged cult war, several injured, others arrested|author=Opukeme|first=Cletus|date=11 December 2021|accessdate=3 April 2023|publisher=Daily Watch}}</ref> Nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị nke Dore Numa Kọọleji aha ya bụ Sharon Taiwo bụkwa onye a na-ere ahịa mmadụ ma nwunye Gọvanọ Delta Steeti, Oriakụ Dame Edith Okowa nyere ya aka n'ụzọ ego. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/tears-as-mother-narrates-how-her-13-year-old-daughter-was-abducted-raped-in-ghana/|title=Tears as mother narrates how her 13-year-old daughter was abducted, raped in Ghana|author=Osayande|first=Monday|date=7 December 2021|accessdate=5 April 2023|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thestreetjournal.org/tears-as-mother-narrates-how-her-13-year-old-daughter-was-abducted-raped-in-ghana/|title=Tears As Mother Narrates How Her 13-Year-Old Daughter Was abducted, Raped In Ghana|date=7 December 2021|accessdate=5 April 2023|publisher=The Street Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thestreetjournal.org/mother-recounts-how-13-year-old-daughter-was-abducted-from-delta-used-as-sex-slave-in-ghana/|title=Mother recounts how 13-year-old daughter was abducted from Delta, used as sex slave in Ghana|author=Daniel|first=Otuya|date=7 December 2021|accessdate=5 April 2023|publisher=The Street Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gbetutv.com/how-my-13-year-old-daughter-was-abducted-and-raped-in-ghana/|title=How my 13-year-old daughter was abducted and raped in Ghana|author=Louis|first=Fadaka|date=8 December 2021|accessdate=5 April 2023|publisher=GbetuTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afriupdate.com/breaking-news/tears-as-mother-narrates-how-her-13-year-old-daughter-was-abducted-raped-in-ghana/|title=Tears as mother narrates how her 13-year-old daughter was abducted, raped in Ghana|author=Abraham|date=7 December 2021|accessdate=5 April 2023|publisher=Afriupdate News}}</ref> == Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama == * Anderson Esiti, onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=10979|title=Sporting Lisbon Preparing To Launch Bid For Anderson Esiti|date=17 November 2013|accessdate=2 April 2023|publisher=All Nigeria Soccer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=15268|title=Anderson Esiti Pledges Allegiance To Estoril Amid Interest From Monaco|date=20 June 2015|accessdate=2 April 2023|publisher=All Nigeria Soccer}}</ref> == Edensibia ==   8i85sl5pvuw7vxudwh08zyiy7kbcvq5 0 78144 697333 2026-08-08T13:54:19Z Onuoha Kosisochukwu 65185 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345270499|College of Education and Legal Studies, Nguru]]" 697333 wikitext text/x-wiki   College of Education and Legal Studies, Nguru bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị elu nke gọọmentị dị na Nguru, Yobe Steeti Naijiria. Onye isi nchịkwa ugbu a bụ Abba Idris Adam.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Delisting Colleges of Legal Studies from TetFund Intervention: A Call for Reconsideration|url=https://dailytrust.com/delisting-colleges-of-legal-studies-from-tetfund-intervention-a-call-for-reconsideration|accessdate=2021-09-03|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-14|title=College of Education and Legal Studies Admission List 2020/2021|url=https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/coels-admission-list/|accessdate=2021-09-03|work=www.myschoolgist.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-01-12|title=Yobe releases N104m for students on scholarships|url=https://m.guardian.ng/appointments/yobe-releases-n104m-for-students-on-scholarships/|accessdate=2021-09-03|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere kọleji nke agụmakwụkwọ na ọmụmụ iwu, Nguru n'afọ 2000. A maara ya n'oge gara aga dị ka Atiku Abubakar College of Legal and Islamic Studies Nguru. Kọleji ahụ na-enye ugbu a mmemme NCE iri abuo na Diploma iri na sayensị, iwu, agụmakwụkwọ, njikwa, nka na sayensụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Directorates|url=https://coels.edu.ng/index.php/directorates|accessdate=2021-09-03|work=coels.edu.ng}}</ref> == Ihe ọmụmụ == Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye ọmụmụ ihe ndị a;<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-14|title=College of Education and Legal Studies COELS School Fees 2021/2022|url=https://o3schools.com/coels-school-fees/|accessdate=2021-09-03|work=O3schools|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Official List of Courses Offered in Atiku Abubakar College of Legal and Islamic Studies (AACOLIS) - Myschool|url=https://myschool.ng/classroom/institution-courses/atiku-abubakar-college-of-legal-and-islamic-studies|accessdate=2021-09-03|work=myschool.ng|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-05|title=College of Education and Legal Studies Admission Form 2020/2021|url=https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/coels-nguru-admission-form/|accessdate=2021-09-03|work=www.myschoolgist.com|language=en}}</ref> * Ọmụmụ Alakụba * [[Asụsụ Hausa|Ndị Hausa]] * [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]] * Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba * [[Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ|mgbakọ na mwepụ]] * [[Integrated Science|Sayensị jikọtara ọnụ]] * Sayensị Kọmputa * Ọmụmụ Ọha * [[Arabic]] * Nkwado na Mmepe Obodo * Akụkọ na Nnyocha * Ọrụ Ọha na Nchịkwa * Udo na Ngwọta Agha * Nchịkwa Ọchịchị * Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa * Ọbá akwụkwọ na sayensị ozi * Mmụta Sayensị nke kor'an * Iwu Obodo * Sharia na Iwu Obodo == Edensibia ==   gcqau4ggdixqivj8ds4po2ab80dij5n 0 78145 697334 2026-08-08T13:57:45Z Perpetual Onyekachi 65187 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339809587|Bells Comprehensive Secondary School]]" 697334 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard ib-school" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme" |Bells Comprehensive Secondary School |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ebe |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Bells Comprehensive Secondary School","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q4884145"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Bells Comprehensive Secondary School"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q4884145"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[3.22126,6.6865],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Bells Comprehensive Secondary School","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- class="adr" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="street-address" style="display:inline;">KM 11 Idiroko Road[[Ota, Nigeria|Ota]], Ogun State<br />[[Ogun State|Ógbè Ogun]]</div><br /><div class="country-name" style="display:inline;">[[Nigeria|Naịjirịa]]</div><br /><templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bells_Comprehensive_Secondary_School&params=6.6865_N_3.22126_E_type:edu_globe:earth_region:NG <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°41′11′′N</span> <span class="longitude">3°13′17′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.68650°N 3.22126°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">6.68650; 3.22126</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:8}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bells_Comprehensive_Secondary_School&params=6.6865_N_3.22126_E_type:edu_globe:earth_region:NG <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°41′11″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°13′17″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.68650°N 3.22126°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">6.68650; 3.22126</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme" |Ihe ọmụma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụkpụrụ nduzi | class="infobox-data" |Mụta ihe. Na-ebi ndụ. Ọkpụkpụ. |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |1991 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Isi</div> | class="infobox-data" |Olajumoke T. Odesanya (Nwunye) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Onye nwe ya</div> | class="infobox-data" |Olusegun Obasanjo<ref name="Admin" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mmekọahụ | class="infobox-data" |[[Co-Education|Mmụta Mmekọrịta]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Afọ | class="infobox-data" |9 ruo 19&#x20; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndebanye aha | class="infobox-data" |500-1000 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.thebellsschools.org/ www.thebellsschools.org]</span> |} '''Bells Comprehensive Secondary School bu''' Ulo akwukwo sekondri nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị di na [[Ota, Ogun|Ota]], Ogun Stati, Nigeria. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-akụziri ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ narị ise wee ruo otu puku. == Edensibia == [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 2nkvfate5vgtfxky5z9xt1ggk84rme7 0 78146 697338 2026-08-08T15:33:45Z Goodymeraj 16207 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1296287962|Gametocyte]]" 697338 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Gray's_7_(ovum_maturation).svg|thumb|400x400px|Atụmatụ na-egosi ihe yiri usoro ntozu okè nke àkwá na mmepe nke spermatids.]] A '''gametocyte''' bụ Eukaryotic germ cell nke na-ekewa site n'usoro mitosis gaa na gametocytes ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ site na meiosis gaa na gametids n'oge gametogenesis. A na-akpọ gametocytes nke ụmụ nwoke ''[[:en:Spermatocyte|spermatocytes]]'', a na-akpọkwa nke ụmụ nwanyị ''oocytes''. == Mmepe Ya == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Mmepe nke gametogonia ịghọ gametocytes ndị bụ isi ka a na-akpọ gametocytogenesis. Mmepe ọzọ nke gametocytes ndị bụ isi ịghọ gametoclites nke abụọ bụ akụkụ nke gametidogenesis. Gametogenesis bụ mmepụta ma ọ bụ mmepụta nke gametes (na-ewere ọnọdụ n'oge meiosis). Mmepe na ntozu nke mkpụrụ ndụ mmekọahụ na-emekwa n'oge meiosis. Gametogenesis bụkwa usoro nke mmepụta na gametes nwoke na nwanyị nke na-eme na gonads ( bụ ovary na testi). Ma nwoke ma nwanyị na-emepụta gametes. A na-akpọ gametocytes nke ụmụ nwoke spermatocytes ma na-akpọ nke ụmụ nwanyị oocytes. A na-ejikwa okwu a bụ gametocyte mee ihe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe a na-ekwu maka gametocytes nke ụdị dị ka ''Plasmodium falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''Plasmodium vivax'', nke na-ebute [[Iba|ịba]]. == Ọrịa Ịba == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg|thumb]] Gametocytes, ndị na-emepụta gametes nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa nke [[:en:Parasitism|nje]] ịba (''Plasmodium'' spp.) na-emepụta n'ime mmadụ site na mgbanwe mmepe site na mmepụta asexual na erythrocytes. Ọ bụ ezie na gametocytes abụghị ihe na-akpata mgbaàmà ahụike, ha na-ahụ na a na-ebufe ịba na onye ọzọ. Mgbe ha ṅụrụ ọbara, a na-ebufe gametocytes na lumen nke anwụnta, ebe ha na-agbanwe ghọọ gametes nwoke na nwanyị. Mgbe ọmụmụ sit na mmekọahụ zuru oke na usoro na-aga n'ihu nke mmepe sporogonic, sporozoites ndị tozuru etozu na-agbakọta na [[:en:Salivary_gland|gland asọmmiri]] nke anwụnta ahụ na-ekesa ya bụ ọrịa, dị njikere ka a ga-etinye ha n'ime onye ọhụrụ. Ya mere, ọnụnọ nke gametocytes na mgbasa nke ndị butere ọrịa dị mkpa maka ịba ka ọ [[:en:Endemic_(epidemiology)|ṅọgide ma]] na-adị na obodo. Gametocytes ụmụ nwoke na nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ ihe ndị mejupụtara usoro ndụ nke nje ịba nke anwụnta na-ewere site na ọbara onye na-arịa ọrịa ma si otú a na-ekesa ọrịa. Gamete precursors ndị a dị nnọọ iche na asexual blood stage counterparts, a na-egosipụtakwa nke a na ịdị iche iche nke [[:en:Gene_expression|usoro ngosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa]], mmepe mkpụrụ ndụ, na metabolism ha n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kuamsab|first=Napaporn|title=Simultaneous detection of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in clinical isolates by multiplex-nested RT-PCR|journal=Malaria Journal|date=10 June 2012|volume=11|issue=1|pages=190|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-190|pmid=22682065}}</ref> === ''Plasmodium falciparum'' === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium_falciparum_01.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|''Plasmodium falciparum'']] Macrogametocytes tozuru etozu bụ nke nwanyị, microgametocyte tozuru etozu bụ nke nwoke. Na ''P. falciparum'', a na-emepụta gametocytes site na ọkwa na-abụghị site na mmekọahụ. Gametocytes niile sitere na otu schizont na-enwe mmekọahụ bụ otu ụdị okikie, ya bụ naanị nwoke nwoke maọbụ naanị nwanyị nwanyị, na-atụ aro na a na-ekpebi ụdị okike na mmalite nke mmepe mmekọahụ. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị okike gametocyte site n'iji microscope site na ọkwa nke atọ na-aga n'ihu. Ha nwere ọdịdị crescent ma ọ bụ sausage. === ''Plasmodium vivax'' === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>''Plasmodium vivax'' bụ nje protozoa nke a na-ebufe n'ahụ mmadụ site na ọtịta nke anwụnta bu ọrịa, ọ bụkwa ihe kpatara otu n'ime ụdị ọrịa ịba ndị a na-ahụkarị [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium_vivax_01.png|thumb|''Plasmodium vivax'']] ịbugharị gametocyte dị mkpa maka nkesa ịba na mmụba nke ya bụ ọrịa; ya mere ọ bụ ihe a na-elekwasị anya maka usoro nchịkwa ịba. Ndị na-arịa ọrịa ịba nwere ike ịnwe gametocytes na-erughị ọnụ ọgụ a ga-ejinwu ngwa microscope wee chọpụta nke enwere ike ịchọpụta site na [[:en:Reverse_transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction|reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction]] na-elekwasị anya na mRNA ndị metụtara gametocyte naanị. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị otu n'ime ụdị kachasị dị ize ndụ, ọ na-emetụta ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ kwa afọ, ọ pụkwara iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ejikarị agwọ ịba. Ozugbo e butere ya bụ ọrịa, ọ nwere ike ịnọ n'ime imeju ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụrụ na e jighị ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị gwọọ ya. Ebe ọ bụ na ọnọdụ ahụ na-emekarị n'akụkụ ebe ndị dara ogbenye juru n'ụwa, ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka a na-enweta ọgwụ ndị a, ụfọdụ ndị na-anọgidekwa na-enwe mmetụta nke ''Plasmodium vivax'' ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Ọrịa ndị a na-emetụta mba ndị dara ogbenye n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ọtụtụ ibuga ndị mmadụ ụlọ ọgwụ bụ maka mgbaàmà mbụ nke ịba ma na-efu ego. Mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ebu ụzọ enwe mmetụta ''Plasmodium vivax'', ha na-egosipụtakarị mgbaàmà nke oke ahụ ọkụ, oyi, ike ọgwụgwụ na ọsụsọ dị ukwuu. Mgbaàmà ndị a na-adịkarị ihe dị ka ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, mana usoro ahụ nwere ike ịdị mgbagwoju anya ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ nwere ọrịa ndị ọzọ. Mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịgbọ agbọ, mgbu uru ahụ, ajụ ibu mmadụ, isi ọwụwa ma ọ bụ ahụ ọkụ nke na-abịa ma na-ala. Mgbe ọrịa a gasịrị, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike izo, mana mgbaàmà ya nwere ike ịlaghachi mgbe niile, ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị ka [[:en:Jaundice|jaundice]] nwere ike ịmalite n'ihi na ''Plasmodium vivax'' na-eguzobe onwe ya n'ime imeju. Enweghị ọgwụ mgbochi ọbụla maka ''Plasmodium vivax'', ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-aga ebe ndị nwere oke ịba nwere ike ịnata ọgwụgwọ maka ya, nke bụ nlekọta site n'inye ọgwụ chloroquine na primaquine, nke onye ahụ ga-aṅụ mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na anọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-plasmodium-vivax.htm|title=What is Plasmodium Vivax? (With pictures)|date=14 January 2024}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  ngz51cy8u1kolsulxkh1xsfrwkfgvls 697339 697338 2026-08-08T15:37:19Z Goodymeraj 16207 697339 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Gray's_7_(ovum_maturation).svg|thumb|400x400px|Atụmatụ na-egosi ihe yiri usoro ntozu okè nke àkwá na mmepe nke spermatids.]] '''Gametocyte''' bụ Eukaryotic germ cell nke na-ekewa site n'usoro mitosis ghọọ gametocytes ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ site na meiosis ghọọ gametids n'oge gametogenesis. A na-akpọ gametocytes nke ụmụ nwoke ''[[:en:Spermatocyte|spermatocyte]]'', a na-akpọkwa nke ụmụ nwanyị ''oocytes''. == Mmepe Ya == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Mmepe nke gametogonia ịghọ gametocytes ndị bụ isi ka a na-akpọ gametocytogenesis. Mmepe ọzọ nke gametocytes ndị bụ isi ịghọ gametoclites nke abụọ bụ akụkụ nke gametidogenesis. Gametogenesis bụ mmepụta ma ọ bụ mmepụta nke gametes (na-ewere ọnọdụ n'oge meiosis). Mmepe na ntozu nke mkpụrụ ndụ mmekọahụ na-emekwa n'oge meiosis. Gametogenesis bụkwa usoro nke mmepụta na gametes nwoke na nwanyị nke na-eme na gonads ( bụ ovary na testi). Ma nwoke ma nwanyị na-emepụta gametes. A na-akpọ gametocytes nke ụmụ nwoke spermatocytes ma na-akpọ nke ụmụ nwanyị oocytes. A na-ejikwa okwu a bụ gametocyte mee ihe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe a na-ekwu maka gametocytes nke ụdị dị ka ''Plasmodium falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''Plasmodium vivax'', nke na-ebute [[Iba|ịba]]. == Ọrịa Ịba == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg|thumb]] Gametocytes, ndị na-emepụta gametes nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa nke [[:en:Parasitism|nje]] ịba (''Plasmodium'' spp.) na-emepụta n'ime mmadụ site na mgbanwe mmepe site na mmepụta asexual na erythrocytes. Ọ bụ ezie na gametocytes abụghị ihe na-akpata mgbaàmà ahụike, ha na-ahụ na a na-ebufe ịba na onye ọzọ. Mgbe ha ṅụrụ ọbara, a na-ebufe gametocytes na lumen nke anwụnta, ebe ha na-agbanwe ghọọ gametes nwoke na nwanyị. Mgbe ọmụmụ sit na mmekọahụ zuru oke na usoro na-aga n'ihu nke mmepe sporogonic, sporozoites ndị tozuru etozu na-agbakọta na [[:en:Salivary_gland|gland asọmmiri]] nke anwụnta ahụ na-ekesa ya bụ ọrịa, dị njikere ka a ga-etinye ha n'ime onye ọhụrụ. Ya mere, ọnụnọ nke gametocytes na mgbasa nke ndị butere ọrịa dị mkpa maka ịba ka ọ [[:en:Endemic_(epidemiology)|ṅọgide ma]] na-adị na obodo. Gametocytes ụmụ nwoke na nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ ihe ndị mejupụtara usoro ndụ nke nje ịba nke anwụnta na-ewere site na ọbara onye na-arịa ọrịa ma si otú a na-ekesa ọrịa. Gamete precursors ndị a dị nnọọ iche na asexual blood stage counterparts, a na-egosipụtakwa nke a na ịdị iche iche nke [[:en:Gene_expression|usoro ngosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa]], mmepe mkpụrụ ndụ, na metabolism ha n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kuamsab|first=Napaporn|title=Simultaneous detection of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in clinical isolates by multiplex-nested RT-PCR|journal=Malaria Journal|date=10 June 2012|volume=11|issue=1|pages=190|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-190|pmid=22682065}}</ref> === ''Plasmodium falciparum'' === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium_falciparum_01.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|''Plasmodium falciparum'']] Macrogametocytes tozuru etozu bụ nke nwanyị, microgametocyte tozuru etozu bụ nke nwoke. Na ''P. falciparum'', a na-emepụta gametocytes site na ọkwa na-abụghị site na mmekọahụ. Gametocytes niile sitere na otu schizont na-enwe mmekọahụ bụ otu ụdị okikie, ya bụ naanị nwoke nwoke maọbụ naanị nwanyị nwanyị, na-atụ aro na a na-ekpebi ụdị okike na mmalite nke mmepe mmekọahụ. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị okike gametocyte site n'iji microscope site na ọkwa nke atọ na-aga n'ihu. Ha nwere ọdịdị crescent ma ọ bụ sausage. === ''Plasmodium vivax'' === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>''Plasmodium vivax'' bụ nje protozoa nke a na-ebufe n'ahụ mmadụ site na ọtịta nke anwụnta bu ọrịa, ọ bụkwa ihe kpatara otu n'ime ụdị ọrịa ịba ndị a na-ahụkarị [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium_vivax_01.png|thumb|''Plasmodium vivax'']] ịbugharị gametocyte dị mkpa maka nkesa ịba na mmụba nke ya bụ ọrịa; ya mere ọ bụ ihe a na-elekwasị anya maka usoro nchịkwa ịba. Ndị na-arịa ọrịa ịba nwere ike ịnwe gametocytes na-erughị ọnụ ọgụ a ga-ejinwu ngwa microscope wee chọpụta nke enwere ike ịchọpụta site na [[:en:Reverse_transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction|reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction]] na-elekwasị anya na mRNA ndị metụtara gametocyte naanị. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị otu n'ime ụdị kachasị dị ize ndụ, ọ na-emetụta ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ kwa afọ, ọ pụkwara iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ejikarị agwọ ịba. Ozugbo e butere ya bụ ọrịa, ọ nwere ike ịnọ n'ime imeju ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụrụ na e jighị ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị gwọọ ya. Ebe ọ bụ na ọnọdụ ahụ na-emekarị n'akụkụ ebe ndị dara ogbenye juru n'ụwa, ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka a na-enweta ọgwụ ndị a, ụfọdụ ndị na-anọgidekwa na-enwe mmetụta nke ''Plasmodium vivax'' ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Ọrịa ndị a na-emetụta mba ndị dara ogbenye n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ọtụtụ ibuga ndị mmadụ ụlọ ọgwụ bụ maka mgbaàmà mbụ nke ịba ma na-efu ego. Mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ebu ụzọ enwe mmetụta ''Plasmodium vivax'', ha na-egosipụtakarị mgbaàmà nke oke ahụ ọkụ, oyi, ike ọgwụgwụ na ọsụsọ dị ukwuu. Mgbaàmà ndị a na-adịkarị ihe dị ka ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, mana usoro ahụ nwere ike ịdị mgbagwoju anya ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ nwere ọrịa ndị ọzọ. Mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịgbọ agbọ, mgbu uru ahụ, ajụ ibu mmadụ, isi ọwụwa ma ọ bụ ahụ ọkụ nke na-abịa ma na-ala. Mgbe ọrịa a gasịrị, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike izo, mana mgbaàmà ya nwere ike ịlaghachi mgbe niile, ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị ka [[:en:Jaundice|jaundice]] nwere ike ịmalite n'ihi na ''Plasmodium vivax'' na-eguzobe onwe ya n'ime imeju. Enweghị ọgwụ mgbochi ọbụla maka ''Plasmodium vivax'', ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-aga ebe ndị nwere oke ịba nwere ike ịnata ọgwụgwọ maka ya, nke bụ nlekọta site n'inye ọgwụ chloroquine na primaquine, nke onye ahụ ga-aṅụ mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na anọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-plasmodium-vivax.htm|title=What is Plasmodium Vivax? (With pictures)|date=14 January 2024}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  ajhr8pmvbcw65fo2p8st8zi40tvbgb8 697340 697339 2026-08-08T15:38:45Z Goodymeraj 16207 697340 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Gray's_7_(ovum_maturation).svg|thumb|400x400px|Atụmatụ na-egosi ihe yiri usoro ntozu okè nke àkwá na mmepe nke spermatids.]] '''Gametocyte''' bụ Eukaryotic germ cell nke na-ekewa site n'usoro mitosis ghọọ gametocytes ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ site na meiosis ghọọ gametids n'oge gametogenesis. A na-akpọ gametocytes nke ụmụ nwoke ''[[:en:Spermatocyte|spermatocyte]]'', a na-akpọkwa nke ụmụ nwanyị ''[[:en:oocyte|oocytes]]''. == Mmepe Ya == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Mmepe nke gametogonia ịghọ gametocytes ndị bụ isi ka a na-akpọ gametocytogenesis. Mmepe ọzọ nke gametocytes ndị bụ isi ịghọ gametoclites nke abụọ bụ akụkụ nke gametidogenesis. Gametogenesis bụ mmepụta ma ọ bụ mmepụta nke gametes (na-ewere ọnọdụ n'oge meiosis). Mmepe na ntozu nke mkpụrụ ndụ mmekọahụ na-emekwa n'oge meiosis. Gametogenesis bụkwa usoro nke mmepụta na gametes nwoke na nwanyị nke na-eme na gonads ( bụ ovary na testi). Ma nwoke ma nwanyị na-emepụta gametes. A na-akpọ gametocytes nke ụmụ nwoke spermatocytes ma na-akpọ nke ụmụ nwanyị oocytes. A na-ejikwa okwu a bụ gametocyte mee ihe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe a na-ekwu maka gametocytes nke ụdị dị ka ''Plasmodium falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''Plasmodium vivax'', nke na-ebute [[Iba|ịba]]. == Ọrịa Ịba == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg|thumb]] Gametocytes, ndị na-emepụta gametes nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa nke [[:en:Parasitism|nje]] ịba (''Plasmodium'' spp.) na-emepụta n'ime mmadụ site na mgbanwe mmepe site na mmepụta asexual na erythrocytes. Ọ bụ ezie na gametocytes abụghị ihe na-akpata mgbaàmà ahụike, ha na-ahụ na a na-ebufe ịba na onye ọzọ. Mgbe ha ṅụrụ ọbara, a na-ebufe gametocytes na lumen nke anwụnta, ebe ha na-agbanwe ghọọ gametes nwoke na nwanyị. Mgbe ọmụmụ sit na mmekọahụ zuru oke na usoro na-aga n'ihu nke mmepe sporogonic, sporozoites ndị tozuru etozu na-agbakọta na [[:en:Salivary_gland|gland asọmmiri]] nke anwụnta ahụ na-ekesa ya bụ ọrịa, dị njikere ka a ga-etinye ha n'ime onye ọhụrụ. Ya mere, ọnụnọ nke gametocytes na mgbasa nke ndị butere ọrịa dị mkpa maka ịba ka ọ [[:en:Endemic_(epidemiology)|ṅọgide ma]] na-adị na obodo. Gametocytes ụmụ nwoke na nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ ihe ndị mejupụtara usoro ndụ nke nje ịba nke anwụnta na-ewere site na ọbara onye na-arịa ọrịa ma si otú a na-ekesa ọrịa. Gamete precursors ndị a dị nnọọ iche na asexual blood stage counterparts, a na-egosipụtakwa nke a na ịdị iche iche nke [[:en:Gene_expression|usoro ngosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa]], mmepe mkpụrụ ndụ, na metabolism ha n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kuamsab|first=Napaporn|title=Simultaneous detection of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in clinical isolates by multiplex-nested RT-PCR|journal=Malaria Journal|date=10 June 2012|volume=11|issue=1|pages=190|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-190|pmid=22682065}}</ref> === ''Plasmodium falciparum'' === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium_falciparum_01.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|''Plasmodium falciparum'']] Macrogametocytes tozuru etozu bụ nke nwanyị, microgametocyte tozuru etozu bụ nke nwoke. Na ''P. falciparum'', a na-emepụta gametocytes site na ọkwa na-abụghị site na mmekọahụ. Gametocytes niile sitere na otu schizont na-enwe mmekọahụ bụ otu ụdị okikie, ya bụ naanị nwoke nwoke maọbụ naanị nwanyị nwanyị, na-atụ aro na a na-ekpebi ụdị okike na mmalite nke mmepe mmekọahụ. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị okike gametocyte site n'iji microscope site na ọkwa nke atọ na-aga n'ihu. Ha nwere ọdịdị crescent ma ọ bụ sausage. === ''Plasmodium vivax'' === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>''Plasmodium vivax'' bụ nje protozoa nke a na-ebufe n'ahụ mmadụ site na ọtịta nke anwụnta bu ọrịa, ọ bụkwa ihe kpatara otu n'ime ụdị ọrịa ịba ndị a na-ahụkarị [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium_vivax_01.png|thumb|''Plasmodium vivax'']] ịbugharị gametocyte dị mkpa maka nkesa ịba na mmụba nke ya bụ ọrịa; ya mere ọ bụ ihe a na-elekwasị anya maka usoro nchịkwa ịba. Ndị na-arịa ọrịa ịba nwere ike ịnwe gametocytes na-erughị ọnụ ọgụ a ga-ejinwu ngwa microscope wee chọpụta nke enwere ike ịchọpụta site na [[:en:Reverse_transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction|reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction]] na-elekwasị anya na mRNA ndị metụtara gametocyte naanị. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị otu n'ime ụdị kachasị dị ize ndụ, ọ na-emetụta ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ kwa afọ, ọ pụkwara iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ejikarị agwọ ịba. Ozugbo e butere ya bụ ọrịa, ọ nwere ike ịnọ n'ime imeju ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụrụ na e jighị ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị gwọọ ya. Ebe ọ bụ na ọnọdụ ahụ na-emekarị n'akụkụ ebe ndị dara ogbenye juru n'ụwa, ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka a na-enweta ọgwụ ndị a, ụfọdụ ndị na-anọgidekwa na-enwe mmetụta nke ''Plasmodium vivax'' ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Ọrịa ndị a na-emetụta mba ndị dara ogbenye n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ọtụtụ ibuga ndị mmadụ ụlọ ọgwụ bụ maka mgbaàmà mbụ nke ịba ma na-efu ego. Mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ebu ụzọ enwe mmetụta ''Plasmodium vivax'', ha na-egosipụtakarị mgbaàmà nke oke ahụ ọkụ, oyi, ike ọgwụgwụ na ọsụsọ dị ukwuu. Mgbaàmà ndị a na-adịkarị ihe dị ka ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, mana usoro ahụ nwere ike ịdị mgbagwoju anya ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ nwere ọrịa ndị ọzọ. Mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịgbọ agbọ, mgbu uru ahụ, ajụ ibu mmadụ, isi ọwụwa ma ọ bụ ahụ ọkụ nke na-abịa ma na-ala. Mgbe ọrịa a gasịrị, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike izo, mana mgbaàmà ya nwere ike ịlaghachi mgbe niile, ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị ka [[:en:Jaundice|jaundice]] nwere ike ịmalite n'ihi na ''Plasmodium vivax'' na-eguzobe onwe ya n'ime imeju. Enweghị ọgwụ mgbochi ọbụla maka ''Plasmodium vivax'', ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-aga ebe ndị nwere oke ịba nwere ike ịnata ọgwụgwọ maka ya, nke bụ nlekọta site n'inye ọgwụ chloroquine na primaquine, nke onye ahụ ga-aṅụ mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na anọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-plasmodium-vivax.htm|title=What is Plasmodium Vivax? (With pictures)|date=14 January 2024}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  2fhrf3kx9at1wcx82jwa2ck41jdqzki 697341 697340 2026-08-08T15:41:24Z Goodymeraj 16207 /* Mmepe Ya */ 697341 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Gray's_7_(ovum_maturation).svg|thumb|400x400px|Atụmatụ na-egosi ihe yiri usoro ntozu okè nke àkwá na mmepe nke spermatids.]] '''Gametocyte''' bụ Eukaryotic germ cell nke na-ekewa site n'usoro mitosis ghọọ gametocytes ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ site na meiosis ghọọ gametids n'oge gametogenesis. A na-akpọ gametocytes nke ụmụ nwoke ''[[:en:Spermatocyte|spermatocyte]]'', a na-akpọkwa nke ụmụ nwanyị ''[[:en:oocyte|oocytes]]''. == Mmepe Ya == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Mmepe nke gametogonia ịghọ gametocytes ndị bụ isi ka a na-akpọ gametocytogenesis. Mmepe ọzọ nke gametocytes ndị bụ isi ịghọ gametoclites nke abụọ bụ akụkụ nke gametidogenesis. Gametogenesis bụ mmepụta ma ọ bụ mmepụta nke gametes (na-ewere ọnọdụ n'oge meiosis). Mmepe na ntozu nke mkpụrụ ndụ mmekọahụ na-emekwa n'oge meiosis. Gametogenesis bụkwa usoro nke mmepụta gametes nwoke na nwanyị nke na-eme na gonads (bụ ovary na testi). Ma nwoke ma nwanyị na-emepụta gametes. A na-akpọ gametocytes nke ụmụ nwoke spermatocytes ma na-akpọ nke ụmụ nwanyị oocytes. A na-ejikwa okwu a bụ gametocyte mee ihe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe a na-ekwu maka gametocytes nke ụdị dị ka ''Plasmodium falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''Plasmodium vivax'', nke na-ebute [[Iba|ịba]]. == Ọrịa Ịba == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg|thumb]] Gametocytes, ndị na-emepụta gametes nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa nke [[:en:Parasitism|nje]] ịba (''Plasmodium'' spp.) na-emepụta n'ime mmadụ site na mgbanwe mmepe site na mmepụta asexual na erythrocytes. Ọ bụ ezie na gametocytes abụghị ihe na-akpata mgbaàmà ahụike, ha na-ahụ na a na-ebufe ịba na onye ọzọ. Mgbe ha ṅụrụ ọbara, a na-ebufe gametocytes na lumen nke anwụnta, ebe ha na-agbanwe ghọọ gametes nwoke na nwanyị. Mgbe ọmụmụ sit na mmekọahụ zuru oke na usoro na-aga n'ihu nke mmepe sporogonic, sporozoites ndị tozuru etozu na-agbakọta na [[:en:Salivary_gland|gland asọmmiri]] nke anwụnta ahụ na-ekesa ya bụ ọrịa, dị njikere ka a ga-etinye ha n'ime onye ọhụrụ. Ya mere, ọnụnọ nke gametocytes na mgbasa nke ndị butere ọrịa dị mkpa maka ịba ka ọ [[:en:Endemic_(epidemiology)|ṅọgide ma]] na-adị na obodo. Gametocytes ụmụ nwoke na nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ ihe ndị mejupụtara usoro ndụ nke nje ịba nke anwụnta na-ewere site na ọbara onye na-arịa ọrịa ma si otú a na-ekesa ọrịa. Gamete precursors ndị a dị nnọọ iche na asexual blood stage counterparts, a na-egosipụtakwa nke a na ịdị iche iche nke [[:en:Gene_expression|usoro ngosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa]], mmepe mkpụrụ ndụ, na metabolism ha n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kuamsab|first=Napaporn|title=Simultaneous detection of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in clinical isolates by multiplex-nested RT-PCR|journal=Malaria Journal|date=10 June 2012|volume=11|issue=1|pages=190|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-190|pmid=22682065}}</ref> === ''Plasmodium falciparum'' === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium_falciparum_01.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|''Plasmodium falciparum'']] Macrogametocytes tozuru etozu bụ nke nwanyị, microgametocyte tozuru etozu bụ nke nwoke. Na ''P. falciparum'', a na-emepụta gametocytes site na ọkwa na-abụghị site na mmekọahụ. Gametocytes niile sitere na otu schizont na-enwe mmekọahụ bụ otu ụdị okikie, ya bụ naanị nwoke nwoke maọbụ naanị nwanyị nwanyị, na-atụ aro na a na-ekpebi ụdị okike na mmalite nke mmepe mmekọahụ. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị okike gametocyte site n'iji microscope site na ọkwa nke atọ na-aga n'ihu. Ha nwere ọdịdị crescent ma ọ bụ sausage. === ''Plasmodium vivax'' === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>''Plasmodium vivax'' bụ nje protozoa nke a na-ebufe n'ahụ mmadụ site na ọtịta nke anwụnta bu ọrịa, ọ bụkwa ihe kpatara otu n'ime ụdị ọrịa ịba ndị a na-ahụkarị [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium_vivax_01.png|thumb|''Plasmodium vivax'']] ịbugharị gametocyte dị mkpa maka nkesa ịba na mmụba nke ya bụ ọrịa; ya mere ọ bụ ihe a na-elekwasị anya maka usoro nchịkwa ịba. Ndị na-arịa ọrịa ịba nwere ike ịnwe gametocytes na-erughị ọnụ ọgụ a ga-ejinwu ngwa microscope wee chọpụta nke enwere ike ịchọpụta site na [[:en:Reverse_transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction|reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction]] na-elekwasị anya na mRNA ndị metụtara gametocyte naanị. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị otu n'ime ụdị kachasị dị ize ndụ, ọ na-emetụta ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ kwa afọ, ọ pụkwara iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ejikarị agwọ ịba. Ozugbo e butere ya bụ ọrịa, ọ nwere ike ịnọ n'ime imeju ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụrụ na e jighị ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị gwọọ ya. Ebe ọ bụ na ọnọdụ ahụ na-emekarị n'akụkụ ebe ndị dara ogbenye juru n'ụwa, ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka a na-enweta ọgwụ ndị a, ụfọdụ ndị na-anọgidekwa na-enwe mmetụta nke ''Plasmodium vivax'' ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Ọrịa ndị a na-emetụta mba ndị dara ogbenye n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ọtụtụ ibuga ndị mmadụ ụlọ ọgwụ bụ maka mgbaàmà mbụ nke ịba ma na-efu ego. Mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ebu ụzọ enwe mmetụta ''Plasmodium vivax'', ha na-egosipụtakarị mgbaàmà nke oke ahụ ọkụ, oyi, ike ọgwụgwụ na ọsụsọ dị ukwuu. Mgbaàmà ndị a na-adịkarị ihe dị ka ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, mana usoro ahụ nwere ike ịdị mgbagwoju anya ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ nwere ọrịa ndị ọzọ. Mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịgbọ agbọ, mgbu uru ahụ, ajụ ibu mmadụ, isi ọwụwa ma ọ bụ ahụ ọkụ nke na-abịa ma na-ala. Mgbe ọrịa a gasịrị, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike izo, mana mgbaàmà ya nwere ike ịlaghachi mgbe niile, ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị ka [[:en:Jaundice|jaundice]] nwere ike ịmalite n'ihi na ''Plasmodium vivax'' na-eguzobe onwe ya n'ime imeju. Enweghị ọgwụ mgbochi ọbụla maka ''Plasmodium vivax'', ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-aga ebe ndị nwere oke ịba nwere ike ịnata ọgwụgwọ maka ya, nke bụ nlekọta site n'inye ọgwụ chloroquine na primaquine, nke onye ahụ ga-aṅụ mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na anọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-plasmodium-vivax.htm|title=What is Plasmodium Vivax? (With pictures)|date=14 January 2024}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  8clovgjyoc0mlre810w5gaodu9t43l5 697342 697341 2026-08-08T15:42:35Z Goodymeraj 16207 /* Mmepe Ya */ 697342 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Gray's_7_(ovum_maturation).svg|thumb|400x400px|Atụmatụ na-egosi ihe yiri usoro ntozu okè nke àkwá na mmepe nke spermatids.]] '''Gametocyte''' bụ Eukaryotic germ cell nke na-ekewa site n'usoro mitosis ghọọ gametocytes ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ site na meiosis ghọọ gametids n'oge gametogenesis. A na-akpọ gametocytes nke ụmụ nwoke ''[[:en:Spermatocyte|spermatocyte]]'', a na-akpọkwa nke ụmụ nwanyị ''[[:en:oocyte|oocytes]]''. == Mmepe Ya == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Mmepe nke gametogonia ịghọ gametocytes ndị bụ isi ka a na-akpọ gametocytogenesis. Mmepe ọzọ nke gametocytes ndị bụ isi ịghọ gametoclites nke abụọ bụ akụkụ nke gametidogenesis. Gametogenesis bụ mmepụta ma ọ bụ mmepụta nke gametes (na-ewere ọnọdụ n'oge meiosis). Mmepe na ntozu nke mkpụrụ ndụ mmekọahụ na-emekwa n'oge meiosis. Gametogenesis bụkwa usoro nke mmepụta gametes nwoke na nwanyị nke na-eme na gonads (bụ ovary na testi). Ma nwoke ma nwanyị na-emepụta gametes. A na-akpọ gametocytes nke ụmụ nwoke spermatocytes ma na-akpọ nke ụmụ nwanyị oocytes. A na-ejikwa okwu a bụ gametocyte mee ihe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe a na-ekwu maka gametocytes nke ụdị dị ka ''Plasmodium falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''Plasmodium vivax'', nke na-ebute [[Ọrịa Iba|Ọrịa ịba]]. == Ọrịa Ịba == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg|thumb]] Gametocytes, ndị na-emepụta gametes nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa nke [[:en:Parasitism|nje]] ịba (''Plasmodium'' spp.) na-emepụta n'ime mmadụ site na mgbanwe mmepe site na mmepụta asexual na erythrocytes. Ọ bụ ezie na gametocytes abụghị ihe na-akpata mgbaàmà ahụike, ha na-ahụ na a na-ebufe ịba na onye ọzọ. Mgbe ha ṅụrụ ọbara, a na-ebufe gametocytes na lumen nke anwụnta, ebe ha na-agbanwe ghọọ gametes nwoke na nwanyị. Mgbe ọmụmụ sit na mmekọahụ zuru oke na usoro na-aga n'ihu nke mmepe sporogonic, sporozoites ndị tozuru etozu na-agbakọta na [[:en:Salivary_gland|gland asọmmiri]] nke anwụnta ahụ na-ekesa ya bụ ọrịa, dị njikere ka a ga-etinye ha n'ime onye ọhụrụ. Ya mere, ọnụnọ nke gametocytes na mgbasa nke ndị butere ọrịa dị mkpa maka ịba ka ọ [[:en:Endemic_(epidemiology)|ṅọgide ma]] na-adị na obodo. Gametocytes ụmụ nwoke na nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ ihe ndị mejupụtara usoro ndụ nke nje ịba nke anwụnta na-ewere site na ọbara onye na-arịa ọrịa ma si otú a na-ekesa ọrịa. Gamete precursors ndị a dị nnọọ iche na asexual blood stage counterparts, a na-egosipụtakwa nke a na ịdị iche iche nke [[:en:Gene_expression|usoro ngosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa]], mmepe mkpụrụ ndụ, na metabolism ha n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kuamsab|first=Napaporn|title=Simultaneous detection of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in clinical isolates by multiplex-nested RT-PCR|journal=Malaria Journal|date=10 June 2012|volume=11|issue=1|pages=190|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-190|pmid=22682065}}</ref> === ''Plasmodium falciparum'' === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium_falciparum_01.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|''Plasmodium falciparum'']] Macrogametocytes tozuru etozu bụ nke nwanyị, microgametocyte tozuru etozu bụ nke nwoke. Na ''P. falciparum'', a na-emepụta gametocytes site na ọkwa na-abụghị site na mmekọahụ. Gametocytes niile sitere na otu schizont na-enwe mmekọahụ bụ otu ụdị okikie, ya bụ naanị nwoke nwoke maọbụ naanị nwanyị nwanyị, na-atụ aro na a na-ekpebi ụdị okike na mmalite nke mmepe mmekọahụ. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị okike gametocyte site n'iji microscope site na ọkwa nke atọ na-aga n'ihu. Ha nwere ọdịdị crescent ma ọ bụ sausage. === ''Plasmodium vivax'' === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>''Plasmodium vivax'' bụ nje protozoa nke a na-ebufe n'ahụ mmadụ site na ọtịta nke anwụnta bu ọrịa, ọ bụkwa ihe kpatara otu n'ime ụdị ọrịa ịba ndị a na-ahụkarị [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium_vivax_01.png|thumb|''Plasmodium vivax'']] ịbugharị gametocyte dị mkpa maka nkesa ịba na mmụba nke ya bụ ọrịa; ya mere ọ bụ ihe a na-elekwasị anya maka usoro nchịkwa ịba. Ndị na-arịa ọrịa ịba nwere ike ịnwe gametocytes na-erughị ọnụ ọgụ a ga-ejinwu ngwa microscope wee chọpụta nke enwere ike ịchọpụta site na [[:en:Reverse_transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction|reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction]] na-elekwasị anya na mRNA ndị metụtara gametocyte naanị. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị otu n'ime ụdị kachasị dị ize ndụ, ọ na-emetụta ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ kwa afọ, ọ pụkwara iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ejikarị agwọ ịba. Ozugbo e butere ya bụ ọrịa, ọ nwere ike ịnọ n'ime imeju ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụrụ na e jighị ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị gwọọ ya. Ebe ọ bụ na ọnọdụ ahụ na-emekarị n'akụkụ ebe ndị dara ogbenye juru n'ụwa, ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka a na-enweta ọgwụ ndị a, ụfọdụ ndị na-anọgidekwa na-enwe mmetụta nke ''Plasmodium vivax'' ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Ọrịa ndị a na-emetụta mba ndị dara ogbenye n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ọtụtụ ibuga ndị mmadụ ụlọ ọgwụ bụ maka mgbaàmà mbụ nke ịba ma na-efu ego. Mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ebu ụzọ enwe mmetụta ''Plasmodium vivax'', ha na-egosipụtakarị mgbaàmà nke oke ahụ ọkụ, oyi, ike ọgwụgwụ na ọsụsọ dị ukwuu. Mgbaàmà ndị a na-adịkarị ihe dị ka ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, mana usoro ahụ nwere ike ịdị mgbagwoju anya ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ nwere ọrịa ndị ọzọ. Mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịgbọ agbọ, mgbu uru ahụ, ajụ ibu mmadụ, isi ọwụwa ma ọ bụ ahụ ọkụ nke na-abịa ma na-ala. Mgbe ọrịa a gasịrị, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike izo, mana mgbaàmà ya nwere ike ịlaghachi mgbe niile, ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị ka [[:en:Jaundice|jaundice]] nwere ike ịmalite n'ihi na ''Plasmodium vivax'' na-eguzobe onwe ya n'ime imeju. Enweghị ọgwụ mgbochi ọbụla maka ''Plasmodium vivax'', ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-aga ebe ndị nwere oke ịba nwere ike ịnata ọgwụgwọ maka ya, nke bụ nlekọta site n'inye ọgwụ chloroquine na primaquine, nke onye ahụ ga-aṅụ mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na anọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-plasmodium-vivax.htm|title=What is Plasmodium Vivax? (With pictures)|date=14 January 2024}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  ijwtldd4tg744or0jev2no482cf81p4 697343 697342 2026-08-08T15:43:10Z Goodymeraj 16207 /* Mmepe Ya */ 697343 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Gray's_7_(ovum_maturation).svg|thumb|400x400px|Atụmatụ na-egosi ihe yiri usoro ntozu okè nke àkwá na mmepe nke spermatids.]] '''Gametocyte''' bụ Eukaryotic germ cell nke na-ekewa site n'usoro mitosis ghọọ gametocytes ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ site na meiosis ghọọ gametids n'oge gametogenesis. A na-akpọ gametocytes nke ụmụ nwoke ''[[:en:Spermatocyte|spermatocyte]]'', a na-akpọkwa nke ụmụ nwanyị ''[[:en:oocyte|oocytes]]''. == Mmepe Ya == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Mmepe nke gametogonia ịghọ gametocytes ndị bụ isi ka a na-akpọ gametocytogenesis. Mmepe ọzọ nke gametocytes ndị bụ isi ịghọ gametoclites nke abụọ bụ akụkụ nke gametidogenesis. Gametogenesis bụ mmepụta ma ọ bụ mmepụta nke gametes (na-ewere ọnọdụ n'oge meiosis). Mmepe na ntozu nke mkpụrụ ndụ mmekọahụ na-emekwa n'oge meiosis. Gametogenesis bụkwa usoro nke mmepụta gametes nwoke na nwanyị nke na-eme na gonads (bụ ovary na testi). Ma nwoke ma nwanyị na-emepụta gametes. A na-akpọ gametocytes nke ụmụ nwoke spermatocytes ma na-akpọ nke ụmụ nwanyị oocytes. A na-ejikwa okwu a bụ gametocyte mee ihe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe a na-ekwu maka gametocytes nke ụdị dị ka ''Plasmodium falciparum'' ma ọ bụ ''Plasmodium vivax'', nke na-ebute [[Iba|Ọrịa ịba]]. == Ọrịa Ịba == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Aedes_aegypti_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg|thumb]] Gametocytes, ndị na-emepụta gametes nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa nke [[:en:Parasitism|nje]] ịba (''Plasmodium'' spp.) na-emepụta n'ime mmadụ site na mgbanwe mmepe site na mmepụta asexual na erythrocytes. Ọ bụ ezie na gametocytes abụghị ihe na-akpata mgbaàmà ahụike, ha na-ahụ na a na-ebufe ịba na onye ọzọ. Mgbe ha ṅụrụ ọbara, a na-ebufe gametocytes na lumen nke anwụnta, ebe ha na-agbanwe ghọọ gametes nwoke na nwanyị. Mgbe ọmụmụ sit na mmekọahụ zuru oke na usoro na-aga n'ihu nke mmepe sporogonic, sporozoites ndị tozuru etozu na-agbakọta na [[:en:Salivary_gland|gland asọmmiri]] nke anwụnta ahụ na-ekesa ya bụ ọrịa, dị njikere ka a ga-etinye ha n'ime onye ọhụrụ. Ya mere, ọnụnọ nke gametocytes na mgbasa nke ndị butere ọrịa dị mkpa maka ịba ka ọ [[:en:Endemic_(epidemiology)|ṅọgide ma]] na-adị na obodo. Gametocytes ụmụ nwoke na nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ ihe ndị mejupụtara usoro ndụ nke nje ịba nke anwụnta na-ewere site na ọbara onye na-arịa ọrịa ma si otú a na-ekesa ọrịa. Gamete precursors ndị a dị nnọọ iche na asexual blood stage counterparts, a na-egosipụtakwa nke a na ịdị iche iche nke [[:en:Gene_expression|usoro ngosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa]], mmepe mkpụrụ ndụ, na metabolism ha n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kuamsab|first=Napaporn|title=Simultaneous detection of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in clinical isolates by multiplex-nested RT-PCR|journal=Malaria Journal|date=10 June 2012|volume=11|issue=1|pages=190|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-190|pmid=22682065}}</ref> === ''Plasmodium falciparum'' === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium_falciparum_01.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|''Plasmodium falciparum'']] Macrogametocytes tozuru etozu bụ nke nwanyị, microgametocyte tozuru etozu bụ nke nwoke. Na ''P. falciparum'', a na-emepụta gametocytes site na ọkwa na-abụghị site na mmekọahụ. Gametocytes niile sitere na otu schizont na-enwe mmekọahụ bụ otu ụdị okikie, ya bụ naanị nwoke nwoke maọbụ naanị nwanyị nwanyị, na-atụ aro na a na-ekpebi ụdị okike na mmalite nke mmepe mmekọahụ. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị okike gametocyte site n'iji microscope site na ọkwa nke atọ na-aga n'ihu. Ha nwere ọdịdị crescent ma ọ bụ sausage. === ''Plasmodium vivax'' === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>''Plasmodium vivax'' bụ nje protozoa nke a na-ebufe n'ahụ mmadụ site na ọtịta nke anwụnta bu ọrịa, ọ bụkwa ihe kpatara otu n'ime ụdị ọrịa ịba ndị a na-ahụkarị [[Faịlụ:Plasmodium_vivax_01.png|thumb|''Plasmodium vivax'']] ịbugharị gametocyte dị mkpa maka nkesa ịba na mmụba nke ya bụ ọrịa; ya mere ọ bụ ihe a na-elekwasị anya maka usoro nchịkwa ịba. Ndị na-arịa ọrịa ịba nwere ike ịnwe gametocytes na-erughị ọnụ ọgụ a ga-ejinwu ngwa microscope wee chọpụta nke enwere ike ịchọpụta site na [[:en:Reverse_transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction|reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction]] na-elekwasị anya na mRNA ndị metụtara gametocyte naanị. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị otu n'ime ụdị kachasị dị ize ndụ, ọ na-emetụta ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ kwa afọ, ọ pụkwara iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ejikarị agwọ ịba. Ozugbo e butere ya bụ ọrịa, ọ nwere ike ịnọ n'ime imeju ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụrụ na e jighị ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị gwọọ ya. Ebe ọ bụ na ọnọdụ ahụ na-emekarị n'akụkụ ebe ndị dara ogbenye juru n'ụwa, ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka a na-enweta ọgwụ ndị a, ụfọdụ ndị na-anọgidekwa na-enwe mmetụta nke ''Plasmodium vivax'' ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Ọrịa ndị a na-emetụta mba ndị dara ogbenye n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ọtụtụ ibuga ndị mmadụ ụlọ ọgwụ bụ maka mgbaàmà mbụ nke ịba ma na-efu ego. Mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ebu ụzọ enwe mmetụta ''Plasmodium vivax'', ha na-egosipụtakarị mgbaàmà nke oke ahụ ọkụ, oyi, ike ọgwụgwụ na ọsụsọ dị ukwuu. Mgbaàmà ndị a na-adịkarị ihe dị ka ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, mana usoro ahụ nwere ike ịdị mgbagwoju anya ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ nwere ọrịa ndị ọzọ. Mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịgbọ agbọ, mgbu uru ahụ, ajụ ibu mmadụ, isi ọwụwa ma ọ bụ ahụ ọkụ nke na-abịa ma na-ala. Mgbe ọrịa a gasịrị, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike izo, mana mgbaàmà ya nwere ike ịlaghachi mgbe niile, ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị ka [[:en:Jaundice|jaundice]] nwere ike ịmalite n'ihi na ''Plasmodium vivax'' na-eguzobe onwe ya n'ime imeju. Enweghị ọgwụ mgbochi ọbụla maka ''Plasmodium vivax'', ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-aga ebe ndị nwere oke ịba nwere ike ịnata ọgwụgwọ maka ya, nke bụ nlekọta site n'inye ọgwụ chloroquine na primaquine, nke onye ahụ ga-aṅụ mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na anọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-plasmodium-vivax.htm|title=What is Plasmodium Vivax? (With pictures)|date=14 January 2024}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  6s2erlilp2dqtlgoooqxmioas30z6d5 0 78147 697357 2026-08-08T19:05:52Z Akwugo 11031 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314206703|Malaria culture]]" 697357 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Synchronsed_P_falciparum_cultures.jpg|thumb|''P. falciparum'' cultures<ref name="Radfar">{{Cite journal|title=Synchronous culture of Plasmodium falciparum at high parasitemia levels|journal=Nat. Protoc.|volume=4|issue=11|pages=1899–915|year=2009|pmid=20010926|doi=10.1038/nprot.2009.198}}</ref>]] Usoro nchebe nje ọịa [[Iba|ịba]] bụ usoro e ji azụ nje ịba n'èzí na-abụghị n'ahụ, ya bụ, na gburugburu ebe obibi ex vivo. Ọ bụ ezie na mgbalị maka mgbasa nke nje na-abụghị nke ụmụ mmadụ maọbụ ụdị anụmanụ malitere kemgbe ogologo oge dị ka n'afọ 1912, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=[[Charles C. Bass|Bass CC]], Johns FM.|title=The Cultivation of Malarial Plasmodia (Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium Falciparum) ''in vitro''|journal=J. Exp. Med.|year=1912|volume=16|pages=567–579|doi=10.1084/jem.16.4.567|pmid=19867597|issue=4}}</ref> ihe ịga nke ọma nke mgbalị mbụ ahụ nwere bụ naanị otu maọbụ naanị nke ole na ole. E guzobere omenala nke na-aga n'ihu nke mbụ gara nke ọma na 1976. <ref name="Trager">{{Cite journal|title=Human malaria parasites in continuous culture|journal=Science|year=1976|volume=193|pages=673–675|pmid=781840|doi=10.1126/science.781840|issue=4254}}</ref> Olileanya mbụ na omenala ''ex vivo'' ga-ebute nchọpụta nke [[Ọgwụ mgbochi ịba|ọgwụ mgbochi]] ọrịa ngwa mgbe ọ torubeghi. Otú ọ dị, mmepụts nke ọgwụ ọhụrụ dị mfe nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Continuous culture of Plasmodium falciparum: its impact on malaria research|journal=Int. J. Parasitol.|year=1997|volume=27|pages=989–1006|pmid=9363481|doi=10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00080-5|issue=9}}</ref> == Ụzọ e si eme ya == [[Faịlụ:Trager_&_Jensen.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe ntinye kandle]] A na-etinye cell obara ọbara nke ọbara mmadụ na-arịa ọrịa n'ime efere maọbụ flask n'ogo dogri 37 °C tinyere Ihe na-edozi ahụ na plasma, serum maọbụ ihe enwere ike iji nọchie serum.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Basco LK|title=Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon. XV. Experimental studies on serum substitutes and supplements and alternative culture media for in vitro drug sensitivity assays using fresh isolates of Plasmodium falciparum|journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.|volume=69|issue=2|pages=168–173|year=2003|pmid=14506772|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.168}}</ref> &nbsp;Akụkụ pụrụ iche nke inkubeshon bụ ngwakọta gas pụrụ iche jupụtara na nitrogen (90-9₂%), CO2 (5%) na oxygen (3-5%), na-enye ohere ka paograsites rụo na 37 °C na cell inkubetọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Trigg PI|title=Recent advances in malaria parasite cultivation and their application to studies on host-parasite relationships: a review|journal=Bull. World Health Organ.|volume=63|issue=2|pages=387–398|year=1985|pmid=3893779|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1985/Vol63-No2/bulletin_1985_63%282%29_387-398.pdf}}</ref> &nbsp;Nhọrọ ọzọ iji gas mee ka ọdịbendị na-agwakọta kpọmkwem gas, bụ iji komkom kandụl. komkom kandle a bụ ihe na-egbochi ikuku nke a na-etinye omenaala a na kandụl ọkụ. kandụl a na-ere ọkụ na-ewere ụfọdụ oxygen ma na-emepụta carbon dioxide (CO₂), nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-agbanyụ ọkụ. carbon dioxide dị na ikuku dị n'etiti 0.036% na 0.039%. &nbsp;&nbsp;Ozugbo CO₂ ruru ihe dịka 5%, kandụl a na-akwụsị ire ọkụ. &nbsp;Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje na-abawanye site na ihe dị ka ụdị ise ihe dịka awa iri anọ na asatọ ọ bụla (n'ọgụgụ nke mbụ). Enwere ike ịchọpụta parasitemia site na Ihe nkiri ọbara, iji mee ka ọ dị n'ime oke achọrọ, enwere ike iji sellụ ọbara ọbara dị mma mee ka ọdịbendị ahụ dịkwuo mfe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schuster FL|title=Cultivation of plasmodium spp|journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev.|volume=15|issue=3|pages=355–364|year=2002|pmid=12097244|url=|doi=10.1128/CMR.15.3.355-364.2002}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Gradient_centrifugation_of_infected_Red_Blood_Cells.jpg|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke erythrocytes nwere ''P. falciparum'' site na centrifugation gradient na Percoll.<ref name="Rüssmann">{{Cite journal|title=The use of percoll gradients, elutriator rotor elution, and mithramycin staining for the isolation and identification of intraerythrocytic stages of plasmodium berghei|journal=Z. Parasitenkd.|volume=66|issue=3|pages=273–280|year=1982|pmid=6177116|doi=10.1007/BF00925344}}</ref>]] Usoro mbụ maka mgbasa nke ''P. falciparum'' kọwara ọdịbendị nke nje ahụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke enweghi mgbanwe (usoro Trager-Jensen). <ref name="Trager">{{Cite journal|title=Human malaria parasites in continuous culture|journal=Science|year=1976|volume=193|pages=673–675|pmid=781840|doi=10.1126/science.781840|issue=4254}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTragerJensen1976">Trager W, Jensen JB (1976). "Human malaria parasites in continuous culture". ''Science''. '''193''' (4254): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>675. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Sci...193..673T 1976Sci...193..673T]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.781840|10.1126/science.781840]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/781840 781840].</cite></ref> James B. Jensen sonyeere ụlọ nnyocha Trager dị ka onye na-eme doctorate na 1976. Ọ họọrọ iji kandụl mee ihe karịa iji incubatọ CO₂. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1976, Milton Friedman, nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ nnyocha Trager nke na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ nnyocha MRC na [[The Gambia|Gambia]], haziri maka iziga ọbara mmadụ nwere ''P. falciparum'' na New York City. A agwakọtara nke a RPMI 1640 (nke ghọrọ ihe kachasị mma n'ime mgbasa ozi azụmahịa) na efere Petri, tinye ya na kandụl ma tinye kpuchie ya. Usoro ahụ toro nke ọma wee ghọọ FCR-3 / Gambia, otu n'ime ụdị ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Ka oge na-aga, a ga-eguzobe usoro ndị ọzọ site na iji usoro yiri nke ahụ na mmetụta nke ịzụlite ''P. falciparum'' na-aga n'ihu dị egwu karịsịa maka nnwale nke ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na maka ịkọwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya. Ọtụtụ akụkọ ndị sochirinụ (site na mmalite afọ 1980 ga), gosipụtara na nkwụsị nke sellụ (iji ịnkụbatọ na-ama jijiji) mụbara uto ọdịbendị nke ukwuu. E gosikwara na ntinye aka iji mepụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-aga n'ihu iji melite akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke uto omenala a metụtara ndị nchọpụta, dị ka ịgbatị mmekọrịta omenaala mgbe usoro mmekọrịta gasịrị, na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọtụtụ ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium falciparum'' culture: The benefits of shaking|journal=Mol. Biochem. Parasitol.|volume=169|issue=1|pages=63–5|year=2010|pmid=19766147|doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.09.005}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nke a, omume nke ịzụlite nje ahụ n'okpuru onọdụ enweghị mgbanwe ka na-agbasa. Uru kachasị ukwuu nke usoro candlejar bụ na enwere ike iji ya mee ihe na ụlọ nnyocha ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe ọ bụla n'ụwa ebe enwere incubatọ, kandle na desiccatọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Sherman, I. W.|authorlink=Irwin Sherman|title=Magic Bullets to Conquer Malaria. From Quinine to Qinghaosu|publisher=ASM Press|isbn=978-1-55581-543-1|year=2010}}</ref> Enwere ike inweta ihe dị ka pasentị iri isii nke sellụ ekpuchiri ka ọghọ ihe ka e nwere ike inweta site n'iji ọnọdụ kachasị mma.<ref name="Radfar">{{Cite journal|title=Synchronous culture of Plasmodium falciparum at high parasitemia levels|journal=Nat. Protoc.|volume=4|issue=11|pages=1899–915|year=2009|pmid=20010926|doi=10.1038/nprot.2009.198}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRadfarMéndezMonerizLinares2009">Radfar A, Méndez D, Moneriz C, Linares M, Marín-García P, Puyet A, Diez A, Bautista JM (2009). "Synchronous culture of Plasmodium falciparum at high parasitemia levels". ''Nat. Protoc''. '''4''' (11): <span class="nowrap">1899–</span>915. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.198|10.1038/nprot.2009.198]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20010926 20010926].</cite></ref> Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya banyere ''P. falciparum'' nke e kewapụrụ kpọmkwem site na ndị ọrịa butere ọrịa na-egosi na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe ndị a na-ahụghị na ex vivo ndị na-eto eto.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2009.07.005|title=Plasmodium falciparum biology: analysis of in vitro versus in vivo growth conditions|journal=Trends Parasitol.|volume=25|issue=10|pages=474–481|year=2009|pmid=19747879}}</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sellụ ndị nwere ọrịa == [[Faịlụ:Blood_stages_of_P._falciparum.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọganihu ọbara nke ''P.falciparum'' <ref name="Radfar">{{Cite journal|title=Synchronous culture of Plasmodium falciparum at high parasitemia levels|journal=Nat. Protoc.|volume=4|issue=11|pages=1899–915|year=2009|pmid=20010926|doi=10.1038/nprot.2009.198}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRadfarMéndezMonerizLinares2009">Radfar A, Méndez D, Moneriz C, Linares M, Marín-García P, Puyet A, Diez A, Bautista JM (2009). "Synchronous culture of Plasmodium falciparum at high parasitemia levels". ''Nat. Protoc''. '''4''' (11): <span class="nowrap">1899–</span>915. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.198|10.1038/nprot.2009.198]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20010926 20010926].</cite></ref>]] [[Faịlụ:Magnetic_collection.jpg|thumb|Nchịkọta magnetik nke ọbara ''P.falciparum'' butere ọrịa<ref name="Spadafora">{{Cite journal|title=Comparison of the in vitro invasive capabilities of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts isolated by Percoll gradient or using magnetic based separation|journal=Malar. J.|volume=10|issue=1|year=2011|pmid=21501476|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-96}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Separation of Plasmodium falciparum Late Stage-infected Erythrocytes by Magnetic Means|journal=J. Vis. Exp.|volume=73|issue=73|year=2013|pmid=23486405|doi=10.3791/50342}}</ref>]] Iji nweta nkwekọrịta na / maọbụ nlekwasị anya nke nke n'ọtụtụ usoro omenaala, ka emepụtara. Enwere ike mee nkwụsi iji usoro gradient Percoll wee kewapụ sellụ ọbara ọbara nwere ọrịa n'ihi na sellụ ndụ ọbara ọbara nwere plasmodia dị obere karịa ndị nkịtị. Trophozoites ndị na-eto eto na erythrocytes n'otu band sara mbara kwekọrọ na [[Density|njupụta]] site na 1.075 ruo 1.100 g / ml, ebe schizonts lekwasịrị anya na njupụta dị ka 1.062 g / ml. Otú ọ dị, e nwere nnyocha ndị na-atụ aro na ụfọdụ ụdị ''P.falciparum'' na-emetụta ikike ha ịwakpo mgbe ha gosipụtara kemịkal a. A pụkwara iji ọdịiche dị n'etiti diamagnetic low-spin oxyhemoglobin na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-enweghị nje na paramagnetic hemozoin na mkpụrụ osisi ọbara uhie nwere nje mee ihe maka ikewapụ onwe ya. Nkewa magnetik egosila na ọ naghị emerụ nje ahụ nke ukwuu ma dị mfe ma dịkwa mfe igbanwe ebe ọ ga-adị nwa nchọcha mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Improved methods for magnetic purification of malaria parasites and haemozoin|journal=Malar. J.|volume=9|issue=1|year=2010|pmid=20074366|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-17|url=http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-9-17.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Optimized high gradient magnetic separation for isolation of Plasmodium-infected red blood cells|journal=Malar. J.|volume=9|issue=1|year=2010|pmid=20122252|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-38|url=http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-9-38.pdf}}</ref> A na-etinye kolum a n'ime ihe na-ejide magnet dị ike ma omenala a na-agafe ya. Kolum a na-ejide erythrocytes ndị nwetara ọrịa na ọkwa kachasị ọhụrụ nke nje, nke enwere ike iwepụ mgbe ewepụrụ ogidi ahụ na magnet. Ọ bụ usoro dị mfe nke na-adịghị achọ ngwá ọrụ dị oke ọnụ ma o yighị ka ọ na-emetụta nje ndị ahụ maka ikike mwakpo ha mgbe e mesịrị.<ref name="Spadafora">{{Cite journal|title=Comparison of the in vitro invasive capabilities of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts isolated by Percoll gradient or using magnetic based separation|journal=Malar. J.|volume=10|issue=1|year=2011|pmid=21501476|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-96}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSpadaforaGerenaKopydlowski2011">Spadafora C, Gerena L, Kopydlowski KM (2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100259 "Comparison of the in vitro invasive capabilities of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts isolated by Percoll gradient or using magnetic based separation"]. ''Malar. J''. '''10''' (1): 96. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-96|10.1186/1475-2875-10-96]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100259 3100259]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21501476 21501476].</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  etsq5z5vvtracimiuc7om2yyux6jd8k 697358 697357 2026-08-08T19:06:35Z Akwugo 11031 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314206703|Malaria culture]]" 697358 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Synchronsed_P_falciparum_cultures.jpg|thumb|''Usoro nchebe nje nke P. falciparum'' <ref name="Radfar">{{Cite journal|title=Synchronous culture of Plasmodium falciparum at high parasitemia levels|journal=Nat. Protoc.|volume=4|issue=11|pages=1899–915|year=2009|pmid=20010926|doi=10.1038/nprot.2009.198}}</ref>]] Usoro nchebe nje ọịa [[Iba|ịba]] bụ usoro e ji azụ nje ịba n'èzí na-abụghị n'ahụ, ya bụ, na gburugburu ebe obibi ex vivo. Ọ bụ ezie na mgbalị maka mgbasa nke nje na-abụghị nke ụmụ mmadụ maọbụ ụdị anụmanụ malitere kemgbe ogologo oge dị ka n'afọ 1912, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=[[Charles C. Bass|Bass CC]], Johns FM.|title=The Cultivation of Malarial Plasmodia (Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium Falciparum) ''in vitro''|journal=J. Exp. Med.|year=1912|volume=16|pages=567–579|doi=10.1084/jem.16.4.567|pmid=19867597|issue=4}}</ref> ihe ịga nke ọma nke mgbalị mbụ ahụ nwere bụ naanị otu maọbụ naanị nke ole na ole. E guzobere omenala nke na-aga n'ihu nke mbụ gara nke ọma na 1976. <ref name="Trager">{{Cite journal|title=Human malaria parasites in continuous culture|journal=Science|year=1976|volume=193|pages=673–675|pmid=781840|doi=10.1126/science.781840|issue=4254}}</ref> Olileanya mbụ na omenala ''ex vivo'' ga-ebute nchọpụta nke [[Ọgwụ mgbochi ịba|ọgwụ mgbochi]] ọrịa ngwa mgbe ọ torubeghi. Otú ọ dị, mmepụts nke ọgwụ ọhụrụ dị mfe nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Continuous culture of Plasmodium falciparum: its impact on malaria research|journal=Int. J. Parasitol.|year=1997|volume=27|pages=989–1006|pmid=9363481|doi=10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00080-5|issue=9}}</ref> == Ụzọ e si eme ya == [[Faịlụ:Trager_&_Jensen.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe ntinye kandle]] A na-etinye cell obara ọbara nke ọbara mmadụ na-arịa ọrịa n'ime efere maọbụ flask n'ogo dogri 37 °C tinyere Ihe na-edozi ahụ na plasma, serum maọbụ ihe enwere ike iji nọchie serum.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Basco LK|title=Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon. XV. Experimental studies on serum substitutes and supplements and alternative culture media for in vitro drug sensitivity assays using fresh isolates of Plasmodium falciparum|journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.|volume=69|issue=2|pages=168–173|year=2003|pmid=14506772|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.168}}</ref> &nbsp;Akụkụ pụrụ iche nke inkubeshon bụ ngwakọta gas pụrụ iche jupụtara na nitrogen (90-9₂%), CO2 (5%) na oxygen (3-5%), na-enye ohere ka paograsites rụo na 37 °C na cell inkubetọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Trigg PI|title=Recent advances in malaria parasite cultivation and their application to studies on host-parasite relationships: a review|journal=Bull. World Health Organ.|volume=63|issue=2|pages=387–398|year=1985|pmid=3893779|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1985/Vol63-No2/bulletin_1985_63%282%29_387-398.pdf}}</ref> &nbsp;Nhọrọ ọzọ iji gas mee ka ọdịbendị na-agwakọta kpọmkwem gas, bụ iji komkom kandụl. komkom kandle a bụ ihe na-egbochi ikuku nke a na-etinye omenaala a na kandụl ọkụ. kandụl a na-ere ọkụ na-ewere ụfọdụ oxygen ma na-emepụta carbon dioxide (CO₂), nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-agbanyụ ọkụ. carbon dioxide dị na ikuku dị n'etiti 0.036% na 0.039%. &nbsp;&nbsp;Ozugbo CO₂ ruru ihe dịka 5%, kandụl a na-akwụsị ire ọkụ. &nbsp;Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje na-abawanye site na ihe dị ka ụdị ise ihe dịka awa iri anọ na asatọ ọ bụla (n'ọgụgụ nke mbụ). Enwere ike ịchọpụta parasitemia site na Ihe nkiri ọbara, iji mee ka ọ dị n'ime oke achọrọ, enwere ike iji sellụ ọbara ọbara dị mma mee ka ọdịbendị ahụ dịkwuo mfe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schuster FL|title=Cultivation of plasmodium spp|journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev.|volume=15|issue=3|pages=355–364|year=2002|pmid=12097244|url=|doi=10.1128/CMR.15.3.355-364.2002}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Gradient_centrifugation_of_infected_Red_Blood_Cells.jpg|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke erythrocytes nwere ''P. falciparum'' site na centrifugation gradient na Percoll.<ref name="Rüssmann">{{Cite journal|title=The use of percoll gradients, elutriator rotor elution, and mithramycin staining for the isolation and identification of intraerythrocytic stages of plasmodium berghei|journal=Z. Parasitenkd.|volume=66|issue=3|pages=273–280|year=1982|pmid=6177116|doi=10.1007/BF00925344}}</ref>]] Usoro mbụ maka mgbasa nke ''P. falciparum'' kọwara ọdịbendị nke nje ahụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke enweghi mgbanwe (usoro Trager-Jensen). <ref name="Trager">{{Cite journal|title=Human malaria parasites in continuous culture|journal=Science|year=1976|volume=193|pages=673–675|pmid=781840|doi=10.1126/science.781840|issue=4254}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTragerJensen1976">Trager W, Jensen JB (1976). "Human malaria parasites in continuous culture". ''Science''. '''193''' (4254): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>675. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Sci...193..673T 1976Sci...193..673T]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.781840|10.1126/science.781840]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/781840 781840].</cite></ref> James B. Jensen sonyeere ụlọ nnyocha Trager dị ka onye na-eme doctorate na 1976. Ọ họọrọ iji kandụl mee ihe karịa iji incubatọ CO₂. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1976, Milton Friedman, nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ nnyocha Trager nke na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ nnyocha MRC na [[The Gambia|Gambia]], haziri maka iziga ọbara mmadụ nwere ''P. falciparum'' na New York City. A agwakọtara nke a RPMI 1640 (nke ghọrọ ihe kachasị mma n'ime mgbasa ozi azụmahịa) na efere Petri, tinye ya na kandụl ma tinye kpuchie ya. Usoro ahụ toro nke ọma wee ghọọ FCR-3 / Gambia, otu n'ime ụdị ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Ka oge na-aga, a ga-eguzobe usoro ndị ọzọ site na iji usoro yiri nke ahụ na mmetụta nke ịzụlite ''P. falciparum'' na-aga n'ihu dị egwu karịsịa maka nnwale nke ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na maka ịkọwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya. Ọtụtụ akụkọ ndị sochirinụ (site na mmalite afọ 1980 ga), gosipụtara na nkwụsị nke sellụ (iji ịnkụbatọ na-ama jijiji) mụbara uto ọdịbendị nke ukwuu. E gosikwara na ntinye aka iji mepụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-aga n'ihu iji melite akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke uto omenala a metụtara ndị nchọpụta, dị ka ịgbatị mmekọrịta omenaala mgbe usoro mmekọrịta gasịrị, na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọtụtụ ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium falciparum'' culture: The benefits of shaking|journal=Mol. Biochem. Parasitol.|volume=169|issue=1|pages=63–5|year=2010|pmid=19766147|doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.09.005}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nke a, omume nke ịzụlite nje ahụ n'okpuru onọdụ enweghị mgbanwe ka na-agbasa. Uru kachasị ukwuu nke usoro candlejar bụ na enwere ike iji ya mee ihe na ụlọ nnyocha ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe ọ bụla n'ụwa ebe enwere incubatọ, kandle na desiccatọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Sherman, I. W.|authorlink=Irwin Sherman|title=Magic Bullets to Conquer Malaria. From Quinine to Qinghaosu|publisher=ASM Press|isbn=978-1-55581-543-1|year=2010}}</ref> Enwere ike inweta ihe dị ka pasentị iri isii nke sellụ ekpuchiri ka ọghọ ihe ka e nwere ike inweta site n'iji ọnọdụ kachasị mma.<ref name="Radfar">{{Cite journal|title=Synchronous culture of Plasmodium falciparum at high parasitemia levels|journal=Nat. Protoc.|volume=4|issue=11|pages=1899–915|year=2009|pmid=20010926|doi=10.1038/nprot.2009.198}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRadfarMéndezMonerizLinares2009">Radfar A, Méndez D, Moneriz C, Linares M, Marín-García P, Puyet A, Diez A, Bautista JM (2009). "Synchronous culture of Plasmodium falciparum at high parasitemia levels". ''Nat. Protoc''. '''4''' (11): <span class="nowrap">1899–</span>915. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.198|10.1038/nprot.2009.198]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20010926 20010926].</cite></ref> Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya banyere ''P. falciparum'' nke e kewapụrụ kpọmkwem site na ndị ọrịa butere ọrịa na-egosi na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe ndị a na-ahụghị na ex vivo ndị na-eto eto.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2009.07.005|title=Plasmodium falciparum biology: analysis of in vitro versus in vivo growth conditions|journal=Trends Parasitol.|volume=25|issue=10|pages=474–481|year=2009|pmid=19747879}}</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sellụ ndị nwere ọrịa == [[Faịlụ:Blood_stages_of_P._falciparum.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọganihu ọbara nke ''P.falciparum'' <ref name="Radfar">{{Cite journal|title=Synchronous culture of Plasmodium falciparum at high parasitemia levels|journal=Nat. Protoc.|volume=4|issue=11|pages=1899–915|year=2009|pmid=20010926|doi=10.1038/nprot.2009.198}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRadfarMéndezMonerizLinares2009">Radfar A, Méndez D, Moneriz C, Linares M, Marín-García P, Puyet A, Diez A, Bautista JM (2009). "Synchronous culture of Plasmodium falciparum at high parasitemia levels". ''Nat. Protoc''. '''4''' (11): <span class="nowrap">1899–</span>915. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.198|10.1038/nprot.2009.198]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20010926 20010926].</cite></ref>]] [[Faịlụ:Magnetic_collection.jpg|thumb|Nchịkọta magnetik nke ọbara ''P.falciparum'' butere ọrịa<ref name="Spadafora">{{Cite journal|title=Comparison of the in vitro invasive capabilities of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts isolated by Percoll gradient or using magnetic based separation|journal=Malar. J.|volume=10|issue=1|year=2011|pmid=21501476|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-96}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Separation of Plasmodium falciparum Late Stage-infected Erythrocytes by Magnetic Means|journal=J. Vis. Exp.|volume=73|issue=73|year=2013|pmid=23486405|doi=10.3791/50342}}</ref>]] Iji nweta nkwekọrịta na / maọbụ nlekwasị anya nke nke n'ọtụtụ usoro omenaala, ka emepụtara. Enwere ike mee nkwụsi iji usoro gradient Percoll wee kewapụ sellụ ọbara ọbara nwere ọrịa n'ihi na sellụ ndụ ọbara ọbara nwere plasmodia dị obere karịa ndị nkịtị. Trophozoites ndị na-eto eto na erythrocytes n'otu band sara mbara kwekọrọ na [[Density|njupụta]] site na 1.075 ruo 1.100 g / ml, ebe schizonts lekwasịrị anya na njupụta dị ka 1.062 g / ml. Otú ọ dị, e nwere nnyocha ndị na-atụ aro na ụfọdụ ụdị ''P.falciparum'' na-emetụta ikike ha ịwakpo mgbe ha gosipụtara kemịkal a. A pụkwara iji ọdịiche dị n'etiti diamagnetic low-spin oxyhemoglobin na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-enweghị nje na paramagnetic hemozoin na mkpụrụ osisi ọbara uhie nwere nje mee ihe maka ikewapụ onwe ya. Nkewa magnetik egosila na ọ naghị emerụ nje ahụ nke ukwuu ma dị mfe ma dịkwa mfe igbanwe ebe ọ ga-adị nwa nchọcha mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Improved methods for magnetic purification of malaria parasites and haemozoin|journal=Malar. J.|volume=9|issue=1|year=2010|pmid=20074366|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-17|url=http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-9-17.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Optimized high gradient magnetic separation for isolation of Plasmodium-infected red blood cells|journal=Malar. J.|volume=9|issue=1|year=2010|pmid=20122252|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-38|url=http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-9-38.pdf}}</ref> A na-etinye kolum a n'ime ihe na-ejide magnet dị ike ma omenala a na-agafe ya. Kolum a na-ejide erythrocytes ndị nwetara ọrịa na ọkwa kachasị ọhụrụ nke nje, nke enwere ike iwepụ mgbe ewepụrụ ogidi ahụ na magnet. Ọ bụ usoro dị mfe nke na-adịghị achọ ngwá ọrụ dị oke ọnụ ma o yighị ka ọ na-emetụta nje ndị ahụ maka ikike mwakpo ha mgbe e mesịrị.<ref name="Spadafora">{{Cite journal|title=Comparison of the in vitro invasive capabilities of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts isolated by Percoll gradient or using magnetic based separation|journal=Malar. J.|volume=10|issue=1|year=2011|pmid=21501476|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-96}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSpadaforaGerenaKopydlowski2011">Spadafora C, Gerena L, Kopydlowski KM (2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100259 "Comparison of the in vitro invasive capabilities of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts isolated by Percoll gradient or using magnetic based separation"]. ''Malar. J''. '''10''' (1): 96. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-96|10.1186/1475-2875-10-96]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100259 3100259]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21501476 21501476].</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  p6o9k12p4qjvj1sis60ob9kk37n29lv 697359 697358 2026-08-08T19:08:03Z Akwugo 11031 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314206703|Malaria culture]]" 697359 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Synchronsed_P_falciparum_cultures.jpg|thumb|''Usoro nchebe nje nke P. falciparum'' <ref name="Radfar">{{Cite journal|title=Synchronous culture of Plasmodium falciparum at high parasitemia levels|journal=Nat. Protoc.|volume=4|issue=11|pages=1899–915|year=2009|pmid=20010926|doi=10.1038/nprot.2009.198}}</ref>]] Usoro nchebe nje ọịa [[Iba|ịba]] bụ usoro e ji azụ nje ịba n'èzí na-abụghị n'ahụ, ya bụ, na gburugburu ebe obibi ex vivo. Ọ bụ ezie na mgbalị maka mgbasa nke nje na-abụghị nke ụmụ mmadụ maọbụ ụdị anụmanụ malitere kemgbe ogologo oge dị ka n'afọ 1912, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=[[Charles C. Bass|Bass CC]], Johns FM.|title=The Cultivation of Malarial Plasmodia (Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium Falciparum) ''in vitro''|journal=J. Exp. Med.|year=1912|volume=16|pages=567–579|doi=10.1084/jem.16.4.567|pmid=19867597|issue=4}}</ref> ihe ịga nke ọma nke mgbalị mbụ ahụ nwere bụ naanị otu maọbụ naanị nke ole na ole. E guzobere omenala nke na-aga n'ihu nke mbụ gara nke ọma na 1976. <ref name="Trager">{{Cite journal|title=Human malaria parasites in continuous culture|journal=Science|year=1976|volume=193|pages=673–675|pmid=781840|doi=10.1126/science.781840|issue=4254}}</ref> Olileanya mbụ na omenala ''ex vivo'' ga-ebute nchọpụta nke [[Ọgwụ mgbochi ịba|ọgwụ mgbochi]] ọrịa ngwa mgbe ọ torubeghi. Otú ọ dị, mmepụts nke ọgwụ ọhụrụ dị mfe nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Continuous culture of Plasmodium falciparum: its impact on malaria research|journal=Int. J. Parasitol.|year=1997|volume=27|pages=989–1006|pmid=9363481|doi=10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00080-5|issue=9}}</ref> == Ụzọ e si eme ya == [[Faịlụ:Trager_&_Jensen.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe ntinye kandle]] A na-etinye cell obara ọbara nke ọbara mmadụ na-arịa ọrịa n'ime efere maọbụ flask n'ogo dogri 37 °C tinyere Ihe na-edozi ahụ na plasma, serum maọbụ ihe enwere ike iji nọchie serum.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Basco LK|title=Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon. XV. Experimental studies on serum substitutes and supplements and alternative culture media for in vitro drug sensitivity assays using fresh isolates of Plasmodium falciparum|journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.|volume=69|issue=2|pages=168–173|year=2003|pmid=14506772|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.168}}</ref> &nbsp;Akụkụ pụrụ iche nke inkubeshon bụ ngwakọta gas pụrụ iche jupụtara na nitrogen (90-9₂%), CO2 (5%) na oxygen (3-5%), na-enye ohere ka paograsites rụo na 37 °C na cell inkubetọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Trigg PI|title=Recent advances in malaria parasite cultivation and their application to studies on host-parasite relationships: a review|journal=Bull. World Health Organ.|volume=63|issue=2|pages=387–398|year=1985|pmid=3893779|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1985/Vol63-No2/bulletin_1985_63%282%29_387-398.pdf}}</ref> &nbsp;Nhọrọ ọzọ iji gas mee ka ọdịbendị na-agwakọta kpọmkwem gas, bụ iji komkom kandụl. komkom kandle a bụ ihe na-egbochi ikuku nke a na-etinye omenaala a na kandụl ọkụ. kandụl a na-ere ọkụ na-ewere ụfọdụ oxygen ma na-emepụta carbon dioxide (CO₂), nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-agbanyụ ọkụ. carbon dioxide dị na ikuku dị n'etiti 0.036% na 0.039%. &nbsp;&nbsp;Ozugbo CO₂ ruru ihe dịka 5%, kandụl a na-akwụsị ire ọkụ. &nbsp;Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje na-abawanye site na ihe dị ka ụdị ise ihe dịka awa iri anọ na asatọ ọ bụla (n'ọgụgụ nke mbụ). Enwere ike ịchọpụta parasitemia site na Ihe nkiri ọbara, iji mee ka ọ dị n'ime oke achọrọ, enwere ike iji sellụ ọbara ọbara dị mma mee ka ọdịbendị ahụ dịkwuo mfe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schuster FL|title=Cultivation of plasmodium spp|journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev.|volume=15|issue=3|pages=355–364|year=2002|pmid=12097244|url=|doi=10.1128/CMR.15.3.355-364.2002}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Gradient_centrifugation_of_infected_Red_Blood_Cells.jpg|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke erythrocytes nwere ''P. falciparum'' site na centrifugation gradient na Percoll.<ref name="Rüssmann">{{Cite journal|title=The use of percoll gradients, elutriator rotor elution, and mithramycin staining for the isolation and identification of intraerythrocytic stages of plasmodium berghei|journal=Z. Parasitenkd.|volume=66|issue=3|pages=273–280|year=1982|pmid=6177116|doi=10.1007/BF00925344}}</ref>]] Usoro mbụ maka mgbasa nke ''P. falciparum'' kọwara ọdịbendị nke nje ahụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke enweghi mgbanwe (usoro Trager-Jensen). <ref name="Trager">{{Cite journal|title=Human malaria parasites in continuous culture|journal=Science|year=1976|volume=193|pages=673–675|pmid=781840|doi=10.1126/science.781840|issue=4254}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTragerJensen1976">Trager W, Jensen JB (1976). "Human malaria parasites in continuous culture". ''Science''. '''193''' (4254): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>675. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Sci...193..673T 1976Sci...193..673T]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.781840|10.1126/science.781840]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/781840 781840].</cite></ref> James B. Jensen sonyeere ụlọ nnyocha Trager dị ka onye na-eme doctorate na 1976. Ọ họọrọ iji kandụl mee ihe karịa iji incubatọ CO₂. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1976, Milton Friedman, nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ nnyocha Trager nke na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ nnyocha MRC na [[The Gambia|Gambia]], haziri maka iziga ọbara mmadụ nwere ''P. falciparum'' na New York City. A agwakọtara nke a RPMI 1640 (nke ghọrọ ihe kachasị mma n'ime mgbasa ozi azụmahịa) na efere Petri, tinye ya na kandụl ma tinye kpuchie ya. Usoro ahụ toro nke ọma wee ghọọ FCR-3 / Gambia, otu n'ime ụdị ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Ka oge na-aga, a ga-eguzobe usoro ndị ọzọ site na iji usoro yiri nke ahụ na mmetụta nke ịzụlite ''P. falciparum'' na-aga n'ihu dị egwu karịsịa maka nnwale nke ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na maka ịkọwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya. Ọtụtụ akụkọ ndị sochirinụ (site na mmalite afọ 1980 ga), gosipụtara na nkwụsị nke sellụ (iji ịnkụbatọ na-ama jijiji) mụbara uto ọdịbendị nke ukwuu. E gosikwara na ntinye aka iji mepụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-aga n'ihu iji melite akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke uto omenala a metụtara ndị nchọpụta, dị ka ịgbatị mmekọrịta omenaala mgbe usoro mmekọrịta gasịrị, na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọtụtụ ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium falciparum'' culture: The benefits of shaking|journal=Mol. Biochem. Parasitol.|volume=169|issue=1|pages=63–5|year=2010|pmid=19766147|doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.09.005}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nke a, omume nke ịzụlite nje ahụ n'okpuru onọdụ enweghị mgbanwe ka na-agbasa. Uru kachasị ukwuu nke usoro candlejar bụ na enwere ike iji ya mee ihe na ụlọ nnyocha ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe ọ bụla n'ụwa ebe enwere incubatọ, kandle na desiccatọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Sherman, I. W.|authorlink=Irwin Sherman|title=Magic Bullets to Conquer Malaria. From Quinine to Qinghaosu|publisher=ASM Press|isbn=978-1-55581-543-1|year=2010}}</ref> Enwere ike inweta ihe dị ka pasentị iri isii nke sellụ ekpuchiri ka ọghọ ihe ka e nwere ike inweta site n'iji ọnọdụ kachasị mma.<ref name="Radfar">{{Cite journal|title=Synchronous culture of Plasmodium falciparum at high parasitemia levels|journal=Nat. Protoc.|volume=4|issue=11|pages=1899–915|year=2009|pmid=20010926|doi=10.1038/nprot.2009.198}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRadfarMéndezMonerizLinares2009">Radfar A, Méndez D, Moneriz C, Linares M, Marín-García P, Puyet A, Diez A, Bautista JM (2009). "Synchronous culture of Plasmodium falciparum at high parasitemia levels". ''Nat. Protoc''. '''4''' (11): <span class="nowrap">1899–</span>915. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.198|10.1038/nprot.2009.198]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20010926 20010926].</cite></ref> Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya banyere ''P. falciparum'' nke e kewapụrụ kpọmkwem site na ndị ọrịa butere ọrịa na-egosi na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe ndị a na-ahụghị na ex vivo ndị na-eto eto.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2009.07.005|title=Plasmodium falciparum biology: analysis of in vitro versus in vivo growth conditions|journal=Trends Parasitol.|volume=25|issue=10|pages=474–481|year=2009|pmid=19747879}}</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sellụ ndị nwere ọrịa == [[Faịlụ:Blood_stages_of_P._falciparum.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọganihu ọbara nke ''P.falciparum'' <ref name="Radfar">{{Cite journal|title=Synchronous culture of Plasmodium falciparum at high parasitemia levels|journal=Nat. Protoc.|volume=4|issue=11|pages=1899–915|year=2009|pmid=20010926|doi=10.1038/nprot.2009.198}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRadfarMéndezMonerizLinares2009">Radfar A, Méndez D, Moneriz C, Linares M, Marín-García P, Puyet A, Diez A, Bautista JM (2009). "Synchronous culture of Plasmodium falciparum at high parasitemia levels". ''Nat. Protoc''. '''4''' (11): <span class="nowrap">1899–</span>915. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.198|10.1038/nprot.2009.198]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20010926 20010926].</cite></ref>]] [[Faịlụ:Magnetic_collection.jpg|thumb|Nchịkọta magnetik nke ọbara ''P.falciparum'' butere ọrịa<ref name="Spadafora">{{Cite journal|title=Comparison of the in vitro invasive capabilities of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts isolated by Percoll gradient or using magnetic based separation|journal=Malar. J.|volume=10|issue=1|year=2011|pmid=21501476|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-96}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Separation of Plasmodium falciparum Late Stage-infected Erythrocytes by Magnetic Means|journal=J. Vis. Exp.|volume=73|issue=73|year=2013|pmid=23486405|doi=10.3791/50342}}</ref>]] Iji nweta nkwekọrịta na / maọbụ nlekwasị anya nke nke n'ọtụtụ usoro omenaala, ka emepụtara. Enwere ike mee nkwụsi iji usoro gradient Percoll wee kewapụ sellụ ọbara ọbara nwere ọrịa n'ihi na sellụ ndụ ọbara ọbara nwere plasmodia dị obere karịa ndị nkịtị. Trophozoites ndị na-eto eto na erythrocytes n'otu band sara mbara kwekọrọ na [[Density|njupụta]] site na 1.075 ruo 1.100 g / ml, ebe schizonts lekwasịrị anya na njupụta dị ka 1.062 g / ml. Otú ọ dị, e nwere nnyocha ndị na-atụ aro na ụfọdụ ụdị ''P.falciparum'' na-emetụta ikike ha ịwakpo mgbe ha gosipụtara kemịkal a. A pụkwara iji ọdịiche dị n'etiti diamagnetic low-spin oxyhemoglobin na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-enweghị nje na paramagnetic hemozoin na mkpụrụ osisi ọbara uhie nwere nje mee ihe maka ikewapụ onwe ya. Nkewa magnetik egosila na ọ naghị emerụ nje ahụ nke ukwuu ma dị mfe ma dịkwa mfe igbanwe ebe ọ ga-adị nwa nchọcha mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Improved methods for magnetic purification of malaria parasites and haemozoin|journal=Malar. J.|volume=9|issue=1|year=2010|pmid=20074366|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-17|url=http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-9-17.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Optimized high gradient magnetic separation for isolation of Plasmodium-infected red blood cells|journal=Malar. J.|volume=9|issue=1|year=2010|pmid=20122252|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-38|url=http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-9-38.pdf}}</ref> A na-etinye kolum a n'ime ihe na-ejide magnet dị ike ma omenala a na-agafe ya. Kolum a na-ejide erythrocytes ndị nwetara ọrịa na ọkwa kachasị ọhụrụ nke nje, nke enwere ike iwepụ mgbe ewepụrụ ogidi ahụ na magnet. Ọ bụ usoro dị mfe nke na-adịghị achọ ngwá ọrụ dị oke ọnụ ma o yighị ka ọ na-emetụta nje ndị ahụ maka ikike mwakpo ha mgbe e mesịrị.<ref name="Spadafora">{{Cite journal|title=Comparison of the in vitro invasive capabilities of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts isolated by Percoll gradient or using magnetic based separation|journal=Malar. J.|volume=10|issue=1|year=2011|pmid=21501476|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-96}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSpadaforaGerenaKopydlowski2011">Spadafora C, Gerena L, Kopydlowski KM (2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100259 "Comparison of the in vitro invasive capabilities of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts isolated by Percoll gradient or using magnetic based separation"]. ''Malar. J''. '''10''' (1): 96. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-96|10.1186/1475-2875-10-96]]</span>. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100259 3100259]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21501476 21501476].</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == • Doolan, D. L. (Editor) (2002) ''Malaria Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Medicine) '', Totowa, NJ: Humana Press,   /   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100618031806/http://www.molbio1.princeton.edu/labs/llinas/protocols.html Usoro iwu] * [http://www1.gelifesciences.com/aptrix/upp00919.nsf/Content/7189AEFF4936BC7AC1257628001CE818/$file/18114850AA.pdf Percoll] E debere ya na Wayback Machine {{malaria}} [[Otú:Ọrịa ịba]] 10d1r4nekc7wz0s0kio1v9ysjijscfr 697362 697359 2026-08-08T19:15:35Z Akwugo 11031 /* */ Fixed reference error 697362 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Synchronsed_P_falciparum_cultures.jpg|thumb|''Usoro nchebe nje nke P. falciparum'' <ref name="Radfar">{{Cite journal|title=Synchronous culture of Plasmodium falciparum at high parasitemia levels|journal=Nat. Protoc.|volume=4|issue=11|pages=1899–915|year=2009|pmid=20010926|doi=10.1038/nprot.2009.198}}</ref>]] Usoro nchebe nje ọịa [[Iba|ịba]] bụ usoro e ji azụ nje ịba n'èzí na-abụghị n'ahụ, ya bụ, na gburugburu ebe obibi ex vivo. Ọ bụ ezie na mgbalị maka mgbasa nke nje na-abụghị nke ụmụ mmadụ maọbụ ụdị anụmanụ malitere kemgbe ogologo oge dị ka n'afọ 1912, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=[[Charles C. Bass|Bass CC]], Johns FM.|title=The Cultivation of Malarial Plasmodia (Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium Falciparum) ''in vitro''|journal=J. Exp. Med.|year=1912|volume=16|pages=567–579|doi=10.1084/jem.16.4.567|pmid=19867597|issue=4}}</ref> ihe ịga nke ọma nke mgbalị mbụ ahụ nwere bụ naanị otu maọbụ naanị nke ole na ole. E guzobere omenala nke na-aga n'ihu nke mbụ gara nke ọma na 1976. <ref name="Trager">{{Cite journal|title=Human malaria parasites in continuous culture|journal=Science|year=1976|volume=193|pages=673–675|pmid=781840|doi=10.1126/science.781840|issue=4254}}</ref> Olileanya mbụ na omenala ''ex vivo'' ga-ebute nchọpụta nke [[Ọgwụ mgbochi ịba|ọgwụ mgbochi]] ọrịa ngwa mgbe ọ torubeghi. Otú ọ dị, mmepụts nke ọgwụ ọhụrụ dị mfe nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Continuous culture of Plasmodium falciparum: its impact on malaria research|journal=Int. J. Parasitol.|year=1997|volume=27|pages=989–1006|pmid=9363481|doi=10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00080-5|issue=9}}</ref> == Ụzọ e si eme ya == [[Faịlụ:Trager_&_Jensen.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe ntinye kandle]] A na-etinye cell obara ọbara nke ọbara mmadụ na-arịa ọrịa n'ime efere maọbụ flask n'ogo dogri 37 °C tinyere Ihe na-edozi ahụ na plasma, serum maọbụ ihe enwere ike iji nọchie serum.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Basco LK|title=Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon. XV. Experimental studies on serum substitutes and supplements and alternative culture media for in vitro drug sensitivity assays using fresh isolates of Plasmodium falciparum|journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.|volume=69|issue=2|pages=168–173|year=2003|pmid=14506772|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.168}}</ref> &nbsp;Akụkụ pụrụ iche nke inkubeshon bụ ngwakọta gas pụrụ iche jupụtara na nitrogen (90-9₂%), CO2 (5%) na oxygen (3-5%), na-enye ohere ka paograsites rụo na 37 °C na cell inkubetọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Trigg PI|title=Recent advances in malaria parasite cultivation and their application to studies on host-parasite relationships: a review|journal=Bull. World Health Organ.|volume=63|issue=2|pages=387–398|year=1985|pmid=3893779|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1985/Vol63-No2/bulletin_1985_63%282%29_387-398.pdf}}</ref> &nbsp;Nhọrọ ọzọ iji gas mee ka ọdịbendị na-agwakọta kpọmkwem gas, bụ iji komkom kandụl. komkom kandle a bụ ihe na-egbochi ikuku nke a na-etinye omenaala a na kandụl ọkụ. kandụl a na-ere ọkụ na-ewere ụfọdụ oxygen ma na-emepụta carbon dioxide (CO₂), nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-agbanyụ ọkụ. carbon dioxide dị na ikuku dị n'etiti 0.036% na 0.039%. &nbsp;&nbsp;Ozugbo CO₂ ruru ihe dịka 5%, kandụl a na-akwụsị ire ọkụ. &nbsp;Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje na-abawanye site na ihe dị ka ụdị ise ihe dịka awa iri anọ na asatọ ọ bụla (n'ọgụgụ nke mbụ). Enwere ike ịchọpụta parasitemia site na Ihe nkiri ọbara, iji mee ka ọ dị n'ime oke achọrọ, enwere ike iji sellụ ọbara ọbara dị mma mee ka ọdịbendị ahụ dịkwuo mfe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schuster FL|title=Cultivation of plasmodium spp|journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev.|volume=15|issue=3|pages=355–364|year=2002|pmid=12097244|url=|doi=10.1128/CMR.15.3.355-364.2002}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Gradient_centrifugation_of_infected_Red_Blood_Cells.jpg|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke erythrocytes nwere ''P. falciparum'' site na centrifugation gradient na Percoll.<ref name="Rüssmann">{{Cite journal|title=The use of percoll gradients, elutriator rotor elution, and mithramycin staining for the isolation and identification of intraerythrocytic stages of plasmodium berghei|journal=Z. Parasitenkd.|volume=66|issue=3|pages=273–280|year=1982|pmid=6177116|doi=10.1007/BF00925344}}</ref>]] Usoro mbụ maka mgbasa nke ''P. falciparum'' kọwara ọdịbendị nke nje ahụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke enweghi mgbanwe (usoro Trager-Jensen). <ref name="Trager" /> James B. Jensen sonyeere ụlọ nnyocha Trager dị ka onye na-eme doctorate na 1976. Ọ họọrọ iji kandụl mee ihe karịa iji incubatọ CO₂. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1976, Milton Friedman, nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ nnyocha Trager nke na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ nnyocha MRC na [[The Gambia|Gambia]], haziri maka iziga ọbara mmadụ nwere ''P. falciparum'' na New York City. A agwakọtara nke a RPMI 1640 (nke ghọrọ ihe kachasị mma n'ime mgbasa ozi azụmahịa) na efere Petri, tinye ya na kandụl ma tinye kpuchie ya. Usoro ahụ toro nke ọma wee ghọọ FCR-3 / Gambia, otu n'ime ụdị ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Ka oge na-aga, a ga-eguzobe usoro ndị ọzọ site na iji usoro yiri nke ahụ na mmetụta nke ịzụlite ''P. falciparum'' na-aga n'ihu dị egwu karịsịa maka nnwale nke ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na maka ịkọwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya. Ọtụtụ akụkọ ndị sochirinụ (site na mmalite afọ 1980 ga), gosipụtara na nkwụsị nke sellụ (iji ịnkụbatọ na-ama jijiji) mụbara uto ọdịbendị nke ukwuu. E gosikwara na ntinye aka iji mepụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-aga n'ihu iji melite akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke uto omenala a metụtara ndị nchọpụta, dị ka ịgbatị mmekọrịta omenaala mgbe usoro mmekọrịta gasịrị, na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọtụtụ ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium falciparum'' culture: The benefits of shaking|journal=Mol. Biochem. Parasitol.|volume=169|issue=1|pages=63–5|year=2010|pmid=19766147|doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.09.005}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nke a, omume nke ịzụlite nje ahụ n'okpuru onọdụ enweghị mgbanwe ka na-agbasa. Uru kachasị ukwuu nke usoro candlejar bụ na enwere ike iji ya mee ihe na ụlọ nnyocha ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe ọ bụla n'ụwa ebe enwere incubatọ, kandle na desiccatọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Sherman, I. W.|authorlink=Irwin Sherman|title=Magic Bullets to Conquer Malaria. From Quinine to Qinghaosu|publisher=ASM Press|isbn=978-1-55581-543-1|year=2010}}</ref> Enwere ike inweta ihe dị ka pasentị iri isii nke sellụ ekpuchiri ka ọghọ ihe ka e nwere ike inweta site n'iji ọnọdụ kachasị mma.<ref name="Radfar" /> Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya banyere ''P. falciparum'' nke e kewapụrụ kpọmkwem site na ndị ọrịa butere ọrịa na-egosi na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe ndị a na-ahụghị na ex vivo ndị na-eto eto.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2009.07.005|title=Plasmodium falciparum biology: analysis of in vitro versus in vivo growth conditions|journal=Trends Parasitol.|volume=25|issue=10|pages=474–481|year=2009|pmid=19747879}}</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sellụ ndị nwere ọrịa == [[Faịlụ:Blood_stages_of_P._falciparum.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọganihu ọbara nke ''P.falciparum'' <ref name="Radfar" />]] [[Faịlụ:Magnetic_collection.jpg|thumb|Nchịkọta magnetik nke ọbara ''P.falciparum'' butere ọrịa<ref name="Spadafora">{{Cite journal|title=Comparison of the in vitro invasive capabilities of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts isolated by Percoll gradient or using magnetic based separation|journal=Malar. J.|volume=10|issue=1|year=2011|pmid=21501476|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-96}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Separation of Plasmodium falciparum Late Stage-infected Erythrocytes by Magnetic Means|journal=J. Vis. Exp.|volume=73|issue=73|year=2013|pmid=23486405|doi=10.3791/50342}}</ref>]] Iji nweta nkwekọrịta na / maọbụ nlekwasị anya nke nke n'ọtụtụ usoro omenaala, ka emepụtara. Enwere ike mee nkwụsi iji usoro gradient Percoll wee kewapụ sellụ ọbara ọbara nwere ọrịa n'ihi na sellụ ndụ ọbara ọbara nwere plasmodia dị obere karịa ndị nkịtị. Trophozoites ndị na-eto eto na erythrocytes n'otu band sara mbara kwekọrọ na [[Density|njupụta]] site na 1.075 ruo 1.100 g / ml, ebe schizonts lekwasịrị anya na njupụta dị ka 1.062 g / ml. Otú ọ dị, e nwere nnyocha ndị na-atụ aro na ụfọdụ ụdị ''P.falciparum'' na-emetụta ikike ha ịwakpo mgbe ha gosipụtara kemịkal a. A pụkwara iji ọdịiche dị n'etiti diamagnetic low-spin oxyhemoglobin na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-enweghị nje na paramagnetic hemozoin na mkpụrụ osisi ọbara uhie nwere nje mee ihe maka ikewapụ onwe ya. Nkewa magnetik egosila na ọ naghị emerụ nje ahụ nke ukwuu ma dị mfe ma dịkwa mfe igbanwe ebe ọ ga-adị nwa nchọcha mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Improved methods for magnetic purification of malaria parasites and haemozoin|journal=Malar. J.|volume=9|issue=1|year=2010|pmid=20074366|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-17|url=http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-9-17.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Optimized high gradient magnetic separation for isolation of Plasmodium-infected red blood cells|journal=Malar. J.|volume=9|issue=1|year=2010|pmid=20122252|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-38|url=http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-9-38.pdf}}</ref> A na-etinye kolum a n'ime ihe na-ejide magnet dị ike ma omenala a na-agafe ya. Kolum a na-ejide erythrocytes ndị nwetara ọrịa na ọkwa kachasị ọhụrụ nke nje, nke enwere ike iwepụ mgbe ewepụrụ ogidi ahụ na magnet. Ọ bụ usoro dị mfe nke na-adịghị achọ ngwá ọrụ dị oke ọnụ ma o yighị ka ọ na-emetụta nje ndị ahụ maka ikike mwakpo ha mgbe e mesịrị.<ref name="Spadafora" /> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == • Doolan, D. L. (Editor) (2002) ''Malaria Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Medicine) '', Totowa, NJ: Humana Press,   /   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100618031806/http://www.molbio1.princeton.edu/labs/llinas/protocols.html Usoro iwu] * [http://www1.gelifesciences.com/aptrix/upp00919.nsf/Content/7189AEFF4936BC7AC1257628001CE818/$file/18114850AA.pdf Percoll] E debere ya na Wayback Machine [[Otú:Ọrịa ịba]] 8lgq11qil72t9vrvelhui5f64hp8z4e 697385 697362 2026-08-09T00:58:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 697385 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Synchronsed_P_falciparum_cultures.jpg|thumb|''Usoro nchebe nje nke P. falciparum'' <ref name="Radfar">{{Cite journal|title=Synchronous culture of Plasmodium falciparum at high parasitemia levels|journal=Nat. Protoc.|volume=4|issue=11|pages=1899–915|year=2009|pmid=20010926|doi=10.1038/nprot.2009.198}}</ref>]] Usoro nchebe nje ọịa [[Iba|ịba]] bụ usoro e ji azụ nje ịba n'èzí na-abụghị n'ahụ, ya bụ, na gburugburu ebe obibi ex vivo. Ọ bụ ezie na mgbalị maka mgbasa nke nje na-abụghị nke ụmụ mmadụ maọbụ ụdị anụmanụ malitere kemgbe ogologo oge dị ka n'afọ 1912, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=[[Charles C. Bass|Bass CC]], Johns FM.|title=The Cultivation of Malarial Plasmodia (Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium Falciparum) ''in vitro''|journal=J. Exp. Med.|year=1912|volume=16|pages=567–579|doi=10.1084/jem.16.4.567|pmid=19867597|issue=4}}</ref> ihe ịga nke ọma nke mgbalị mbụ ahụ nwere bụ naanị otu maọbụ naanị nke ole na ole. E guzobere omenala nke na-aga n'ihu nke mbụ gara nke ọma na 1976. <ref name="Trager">{{Cite journal|title=Human malaria parasites in continuous culture|journal=Science|year=1976|volume=193|pages=673–675|pmid=781840|doi=10.1126/science.781840|issue=4254}}</ref> Olileanya mbụ na omenala ''ex vivo'' ga-ebute nchọpụta nke [[Ọgwụ mgbochi ịba|ọgwụ mgbochi]] ọrịa ngwa mgbe ọ torubeghi. Otú ọ dị, mmepụts nke ọgwụ ọhụrụ dị mfe nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Continuous culture of Plasmodium falciparum: its impact on malaria research|journal=Int. J. Parasitol.|year=1997|volume=27|pages=989–1006|pmid=9363481|doi=10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00080-5|issue=9}}</ref> == Ụzọ e si eme ya == [[Faịlụ:Trager_&_Jensen.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe ntinye kandle]] A na-etinye cell obara ọbara nke ọbara mmadụ na-arịa ọrịa n'ime efere maọbụ flask n'ogo dogri 37 °C tinyere Ihe na-edozi ahụ na plasma, serum maọbụ ihe enwere ike iji nọchie serum.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Basco LK|title=Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon. XV. Experimental studies on serum substitutes and supplements and alternative culture media for in vitro drug sensitivity assays using fresh isolates of Plasmodium falciparum|journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.|volume=69|issue=2|pages=168–173|year=2003|pmid=14506772|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.168}}</ref> &nbsp;Akụkụ pụrụ iche nke inkubeshon bụ ngwakọta gas pụrụ iche jupụtara na nitrogen (90-9₂%), CO2 (5%) na oxygen (3-5%), na-enye ohere ka paograsites rụo na 37 °C na cell inkubetọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Trigg PI|title=Recent advances in malaria parasite cultivation and their application to studies on host-parasite relationships: a review|journal=Bull. World Health Organ.|volume=63|issue=2|pages=387–398|year=1985|pmid=3893779|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1985/Vol63-No2/bulletin_1985_63%282%29_387-398.pdf}}</ref> &nbsp;Nhọrọ ọzọ iji gas mee ka ọdịbendị na-agwakọta kpọmkwem gas, bụ iji komkom kandụl. komkom kandle a bụ ihe na-egbochi ikuku nke a na-etinye omenaala a na kandụl ọkụ. kandụl a na-ere ọkụ na-ewere ụfọdụ oxygen ma na-emepụta carbon dioxide (CO₂), nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-agbanyụ ọkụ. carbon dioxide dị na ikuku dị n'etiti 0.036% na 0.039%. &nbsp;&nbsp;Ozugbo CO₂ ruru ihe dịka 5%, kandụl a na-akwụsị ire ọkụ. &nbsp;Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje na-abawanye site na ihe dị ka ụdị ise ihe dịka awa iri anọ na asatọ ọ bụla (n'ọgụgụ nke mbụ). Enwere ike ịchọpụta parasitemia site na Ihe nkiri ọbara, iji mee ka ọ dị n'ime oke achọrọ, enwere ike iji sellụ ọbara ọbara dị mma mee ka ọdịbendị ahụ dịkwuo mfe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schuster FL|title=Cultivation of plasmodium spp|journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev.|volume=15|issue=3|pages=355–364|year=2002|pmid=12097244|url=|doi=10.1128/CMR.15.3.355-364.2002}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Gradient_centrifugation_of_infected_Red_Blood_Cells.jpg|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke erythrocytes nwere ''P. falciparum'' site na centrifugation gradient na Percoll.<ref name="Rüssmann">{{Cite journal|title=The use of percoll gradients, elutriator rotor elution, and mithramycin staining for the isolation and identification of intraerythrocytic stages of plasmodium berghei|journal=Z. Parasitenkd.|volume=66|issue=3|pages=273–280|year=1982|pmid=6177116|doi=10.1007/BF00925344}}</ref>]] Usoro mbụ maka mgbasa nke ''P. falciparum'' kọwara ọdịbendị nke nje ahụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke enweghi mgbanwe (usoro Trager-Jensen). <ref name="Trager" /> James B. Jensen sonyeere ụlọ nnyocha Trager dị ka onye na-eme doctorate na 1976. Ọ họọrọ iji kandụl mee ihe karịa iji incubatọ CO₂. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1976, Milton Friedman, nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ nnyocha Trager nke na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ nnyocha MRC na [[The Gambia|Gambia]], haziri maka iziga ọbara mmadụ nwere ''P. falciparum'' na New York City. A agwakọtara nke a RPMI 1640 (nke ghọrọ ihe kachasị mma n'ime mgbasa ozi azụmahịa) na efere Petri, tinye ya na kandụl ma tinye kpuchie ya. Usoro ahụ toro nke ọma wee ghọọ FCR-3 / Gambia, otu n'ime ụdị ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Ka oge na-aga, a ga-eguzobe usoro ndị ọzọ site na iji usoro yiri nke ahụ na mmetụta nke ịzụlite ''P. falciparum'' na-aga n'ihu dị egwu karịsịa maka nnwale nke ọgwụ mgbochi ịba na maka ịkọwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya. Ọtụtụ akụkọ ndị sochirinụ (site na mmalite afọ 1980 ga), gosipụtara na nkwụsị nke sellụ (iji ịnkụbatọ na-ama jijiji) mụbara uto ọdịbendị nke ukwuu. E gosikwara na ntinye aka iji mepụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-aga n'ihu iji melite akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke uto omenala a metụtara ndị nchọpụta, dị ka ịgbatị mmekọrịta omenaala mgbe usoro mmekọrịta gasịrị, na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọtụtụ ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=''Plasmodium falciparum'' culture: The benefits of shaking|journal=Mol. Biochem. Parasitol.|volume=169|issue=1|pages=63–5|year=2010|pmid=19766147|doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.09.005}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nke a, omume nke ịzụlite nje ahụ n'okpuru onọdụ enweghị mgbanwe ka na-agbasa. Uru kachasị ukwuu nke usoro candlejar bụ na enwere ike iji ya mee ihe na ụlọ nnyocha ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe ọ bụla n'ụwa ebe enwere incubatọ, kandle na desiccatọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Sherman, I. W.|authorlink=Irwin Sherman|title=Magic Bullets to Conquer Malaria. From Quinine to Qinghaosu|publisher=ASM Press|isbn=978-1-55581-543-1|year=2010}}</ref> Enwere ike inweta ihe dị ka pasentị iri isii nke sellụ ekpuchiri ka ọghọ ihe ka e nwere ike inweta site n'iji ọnọdụ kachasị mma.<ref name="Radfar" /> Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya banyere ''P. falciparum'' nke e kewapụrụ kpọmkwem site na ndị ọrịa butere ọrịa na-egosi na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe ndị a na-ahụghị na ex vivo ndị na-eto eto.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2009.07.005|title=Plasmodium falciparum biology: analysis of in vitro versus in vivo growth conditions|journal=Trends Parasitol.|volume=25|issue=10|pages=474–481|year=2009|pmid=19747879}}</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sellụ ndị nwere ọrịa == [[Faịlụ:Blood_stages_of_P._falciparum.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọganihu ọbara nke ''P.falciparum'' <ref name="Radfar" />]] [[Faịlụ:Magnetic_collection.jpg|thumb|Nchịkọta magnetik nke ọbara ''P.falciparum'' butere ọrịa<ref name="Spadafora">{{Cite journal|title=Comparison of the in vitro invasive capabilities of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts isolated by Percoll gradient or using magnetic based separation|journal=Malar. J.|volume=10|issue=1|year=2011|pmid=21501476|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-96}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Separation of Plasmodium falciparum Late Stage-infected Erythrocytes by Magnetic Means|journal=J. Vis. Exp.|volume=73|issue=73|year=2013|pmid=23486405|doi=10.3791/50342}}</ref>]] Iji nweta nkwekọrịta na / maọbụ nlekwasị anya nke nke n'ọtụtụ usoro omenaala, ka emepụtara. Enwere ike mee nkwụsi iji usoro gradient Percoll wee kewapụ sellụ ọbara ọbara nwere ọrịa n'ihi na sellụ ndụ ọbara ọbara nwere plasmodia dị obere karịa ndị nkịtị. Trophozoites ndị na-eto eto na erythrocytes n'otu band sara mbara kwekọrọ na [[Density|njupụta]] site na 1.075 ruo 1.100 g / ml, ebe schizonts lekwasịrị anya na njupụta dị ka 1.062 g / ml. Otú ọ dị, e nwere nnyocha ndị na-atụ aro na ụfọdụ ụdị ''P.falciparum'' na-emetụta ikike ha ịwakpo mgbe ha gosipụtara kemịkal a. A pụkwara iji ọdịiche dị n'etiti diamagnetic low-spin oxyhemoglobin na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-enweghị nje na paramagnetic hemozoin na mkpụrụ osisi ọbara uhie nwere nje mee ihe maka ikewapụ onwe ya. Nkewa magnetik egosila na ọ naghị emerụ nje ahụ nke ukwuu ma dị mfe ma dịkwa mfe igbanwe ebe ọ ga-adị nwa nchọcha mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Improved methods for magnetic purification of malaria parasites and haemozoin|journal=Malar. J.|volume=9|issue=1|year=2010|pmid=20074366|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-17|url=http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-9-17.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Optimized high gradient magnetic separation for isolation of Plasmodium-infected red blood cells|journal=Malar. J.|volume=9|issue=1|year=2010|pmid=20122252|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-9-38|url=http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-9-38.pdf}}</ref> A na-etinye kolum a n'ime ihe na-ejide magnet dị ike ma omenala a na-agafe ya. Kolum a na-ejide erythrocytes ndị nwetara ọrịa na ọkwa kachasị ọhụrụ nke nje, nke enwere ike iwepụ mgbe ewepụrụ ogidi ahụ na magnet. Ọ bụ usoro dị mfe nke na-adịghị achọ ngwá ọrụ dị oke ọnụ ma o yighị ka ọ na-emetụta nje ndị ahụ maka ikike mwakpo ha mgbe e mesịrị.<ref name="Spadafora" /> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == • Doolan, D. L. (Editor) (2002) ''Malaria Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Medicine) '', Totowa, NJ: Humana Press,   /   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100618031806/http://www.molbio1.princeton.edu/labs/llinas/protocols.html Usoro iwu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711083219/http://www.gelifesciences.com/aptrix/upp00919.nsf/Content/7189AEFF4936BC7AC1257628001CE818/$file/18114850AA.pdf Percoll] E debere ya na Wayback Machine [[Otú:Ọrịa ịba]] 55icuiq77xpbr1d0yzwzhtpxu9bxh82 14 78148 697360 2026-08-08T19:09:47Z Akwugo 11031 . 697360 wikitext text/x-wiki nchịkọ ederede gbasara ọrịa ịba 58vtasieiqeeqfn6enj3pm6y54zh6tg 3 78149 697382 2026-08-09T00:01:02Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 697382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=Chidera chikezie|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 00:01, 9 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)}} l7wtsflufkabkoqss9zvf0ybjqrj07f